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This book addresses the issue of road congestion due to increased traffic in urban and metropolitan areas and the design of an autonomous longitudinal speed controller as a solution to this problem. One of the best ways to increase efficiency of the available road infrastructure is to enable vehicles to move in a platoon with very small distance headway from the preceding vehicle. A Longitudinal Finite State Machine has been developed which acts as a supervisory control to help the following vehicle to merge behind and follow the preceding vehicle. This book also presents the study of the performance of two vehicle following controllers, i.e. LQR based full-state feedback controller and LQR based sequential-state feedback controller, which are enabled and take the control of the vehicle velocity during the “follow” state of the vehicle’s Longitudinal FSM. Finally, a comparison analysis has been presented between the two controllers which help in reducing the distance headway from the preceding vehicle as well as maintaining string stability within the platoon.
|Number of Pages||92|
|Book Type||Industry & industrial studies|
|Country of Manufacture||India|
|Product Brand||LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing|
|Product Packaging Info||Box|
|In The Box||1 Piece|
|Product First Available On ClickOnCare.com||2015-10-08 00:00:00| | <urn:uuid:119329f6-bf25-4e2d-b2f1-dc6ea3b6e6d0> | {
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Born in: Oxford
Education: Ph.D. (Cambridge)
Career: Theoretical Physicist
Stephen Hawking is British theoretical physicist, who presently serves as the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge and a Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. He has been conducting research in fields of cosmology and quantum gravity, since many years. He is known throughout the world, for his contributions in context of black holes. During his career, which spans over more than 40 years, he has put forward numerous theories and also written a number of books, with the aim of helping the common man understand science. Hawking is disabled by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Stephen Hawking was born as ‘Stephen William Hawking’, on 8th January 1942, in Oxford. He is the son of Frank Hawking, a research biologist, and Isobel Hawking. The eldest of the three children of his parents, he had two sisters - Philippa and Mary. Along with that, he also had an adopted brother, Edward. Hawking’s parents had a home in North London. However, because of London being under attack by the Luftwaffe, they moved to Oxford, a much safer location, while Isobel was pregnant with Stephen.
Following the birth of Stephen, Hawking family moved back to its home in North London. In London, Frank headed the division of parasitology, at the National Institute for Medical Research. Hawking and his family moved to St Albans in Hertfordshire, in 1950, when he was around 8 years old. There, he attended St Albans High School for Girls, between 1950 and 1953. The reason was this was the fact that during that time, boys were educated at Girls school till the age of 10. After he became 11 years old, Hawking started attending St Albans School.
Through his schooling, Hawking was a good, but not exceptionally brilliant, student. However, he always displayed an interest in science. After passing high school, he enrolled himself at University College, Oxford, and chose physics as his subject, since mathematic was not offered. During that time, Hawking showed interest in thermodynamics, relativity and quantum mechanics. He received his B.A. degree from Oxford University, in the year 1962, after which he enrolled for studying astronomy.
Since Oxford had an observatory equipped only for studying sunspots and he was more interested in the theoretical aspects, Hawking decided to leave the university. Instead, he joined Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he engaged in the study of theoretical astronomy and cosmology. Soon after, he started developing symptoms of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (Lou Gehrig’s disease). It was only after his disease stabilized that Hawking returned to working on his Ph.D., with the help of his doctoral tutor, Dennis William Sciama.
After getting his PhD, Hawking became first, a Research Fellow, and later, held the post of a Professorial Fellow at Gonville and Caius College. In 1974, Hawking was elected as one of the youngest Fellows of the Royal Society. Eight years down the line, in 1982, he was created a Commander of the Order of the British Empire. In the year 1989, he became a Companion of Honour. Presently, he is serving as a member of the ‘Board of Sponsors’ of The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.
Theoretical cosmology and quantum gravity are the main fields in which Hawking conducts research. The first breakthrough came in the late 1960s, when he and his Cambridge friend and colleague, Roger Penrose, applied a new and intricate mathematical model, the one they had derived using the general theory of relativity, of Albert Einstein. This particular breakthrough helped him in proving the first of many singularity theorems, in 1970. In fact, with this, he proved that singularities are a quite generic feature of general relativity.
Hawking worked with Brandon Carter, Werner Israel and D. Robinson to prove that any black hole is completely described by the three properties - mass, angular momentum and electric charge, supplying a mathematical proof for the same. He also put forward the theory that primordial or mini black holes were formed after the Big Bang, mainly after analyzing gamma ray emissions. He also proposed the four laws of black hole mechanics, along with Bardeen and Carter, after drawing a similarity with thermodynamics.
In 1974, Hawking suggested that black holes thermally create and emit subatomic particles till the time they exhaust their energy and evaporate. Later, the subatomic particles were given the name of Hawking radiation. His collaboration with Jim Hartle resulted in the creation of a model, as per which Universe had no boundary in space-time. Originally, this no-boundary model predicted a closed Universe. However, discussions with Neil Turok led to the conclusion that the model was consistent with a Universe which is not closed.
The other scientific investigations of Hawking include the study of: Quantum Cosmology, Cosmic Inflation, Helium Production In Anisotropic Big Bang Universes, Large N Cosmology, Density Matrix Of the Universe, Topology and Structure of the Universe, Baby Universes, Yang-Mills Instantons and the S Matrix; Anti De Sitter Space, Quantum Entanglement and Entropy; the Nature Of Space And Time, Including The Arrow Of Time; Spacetime Foam, String Theory, Supergravity, Euclidean Quantum Gravity, the Gravitational Hamiltonian; Brans-Dicke and Hoyle-Narlikar Theories Of Gravitation; Gravitational Radiation, and Wormholes.
On 8th January 2007, during his 65th birthday celebrations, Hawking announced that he planned to go on a zero-gravity flight. He intended to do this as a preparation for a sub-orbital spaceflight in 2009, on Virgin Galactic’s space service. On 26th April 2007, he went on a zero-gravity flight in a "Vomit Comet" of Zero Gravity Corporation. During the flight, he experienced weightlessness eight times. With this, Hawking became the first quadriplegic to float free in a weightless state. It was also first time in 40 years that he moved freely beyond the limits of his wheelchair. He was not charged any fee for the flight.
Hawking’s first marriage was with Jane Wilde, a language student. The couple had three children and stayed together till 1991. The main reasons for separation were the increasing disability of Hawking, along with the pressures of his fame. In 1995, he married his nurse, Elaine Mason, the ex-wife of David Mason, designer of the first version of Hawking’s talking computer. In October 2006, he filed for divorce. Hawking’s daughter Lucy Hawking is a novelist. His son, Robert Hawking immigrated to the United States. He is married and also has a child, George Edward Hawking.
Awards and Honors
- 1975 - Eddington Medal
- 1976 - Hughes Medal of the Royal Society
- 1979 - Albert Einstein Medal
- 1982 - Order of the British Empire (Commander)
- 1985 - Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
- 1986 - Member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences
- 1988 - Wolf Prize in Physics
- 1989 - Prince of Asturias Awards in Concord
- 1989 - Companion of Honour
- 1999 - Julius Edgar Lilienfeld Prize of the American Physical Society
- 2003 - Michelson Morley Award of Case Western Reserve University
- 2006 - Copley Medal of the Royal Society | <urn:uuid:217376d3-e7c2-434e-b65c-5425e9306e17> | {
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You most likely have heard that half of our plates should be filled with fruits and veggies; however, that is not always as easy as it sounds. While fruits and veggies provide many great nutrients including vitamins, minerals, fiber, and phytonutrients, it can be a challenge to get some children, and adults, to eat the recommended servings each day.
So how many servings of fruits and veggies do we need every day?
Think of the 5-4-3-2-1 Go!® rule or the Healthy Kids Countdown!
5 servings of fruits and vegetables a day
4 servings of water a day
3 servings of low-fat dairy a day
2 hours or less of screen time a day
AND 1 or more hours of physical activity a day!
This countdown not only applies to kids, but adults too! Since 'one serving' of fruits and veggies can vary based on age, an easy recommendation to follow is one tablespoon of fruit and veggies per meal, per year of age and one tablespoon of fruit or veggie per snack, per year of age.
For an adult, 1 cup of a fresh fruit or veggie or 1/2 cup of canned or frozen is considered one serving. Two servings of fruit and three servings of veggies are appropriate, and total five servings each day.
When selecting fruits and veggies, go for color! Each different colored fruit and veggie contains different nutrients and by choosing a wide range of colorful fruits and veggies we will get the nutrition we need. If serving an apple at breakfast, you could serve grapes and broccoli for lunch, berries for a snack, and sweet potato for dinner.
A common question many parents find themselves asking is 'How can I add more fruit and veggies into meals and snacks?' Here are a few ideas to get you started:
- Add fruits and veggies to smoothies
- Add fruit to oatmeal or cold breakfast cereals
- Add grated, shredded or chopped veggies to scrambled eggs
- Add grated, shredded or chopped veggies to pancake or muffin batter
- Use whole fruit instead of jelly on sandwiches
- Use avocado or hummus in place of mayo on sandwiches and wraps
- Add veggies to sandwiches and wraps
- Replace half of the ground meat in a recipe with lentils or beans
- Add grated, shredded or chopped veggies to lasagna, meat loaf, mashed potatoes, pasta sauce, casseroles, and stews
- Add extra veggies to pizza
- Offer crunchy veggies with hummus or a yogurt dipping sauce
- Replace candy pieces with dried fruit in trail mixes
- Serve fruit with a light yogurt
- Serve cookies or other baked goods made with oats and have fruits and/or veggies incorporated into the dough or batter
Picky eater or not, here are a few additional tips to encourage your child to eat more fruits and veggies:
- Get kids involved in the kitchen - Children enjoy being involved and take a greater interest when involved. In the kitchen, find safe and simple ways to engage your child from selecting which item to serve, to adding ingredients in a recipe to helping serve the item. Children are more likely to eat fruits and veggies when they can help at some point in the preparation process.
- Always offer a fruit and/or veggie at every meal and snack - Being sure to offer a fruit and veggie at each meal and snack should total a minimum of five fruits and veggies each day.
- Continue to offer on a regular basis - Even if your child does not like a specific fruit or veggie, it is okay to still offer them on occasion. Instead of always offering the fruit or veggie prepared a specific way, try a different method of preparation or recipe.
- Be a good role model - As a parent and/or role model, we should also be consuming five servings of fruit and veggies each day too. When we role model healthy habits, our children will notice and be more likely to make healthier choices.
As healthy habits are established, getting the recommended five servings of fruits and veggies should become less of a challenge over time. Keep in mind the goal of a variety of fruits and veggies and five or more servings of fruit and veggies each day to meet nutrient needs. When prepared with care just like main dishes, fruits and veggies take center stage on the plate. Have fun with your child on your culinary adventure to health.
Remember, More Matters!
Stephanie is a registered dietitian/nutritionist and licensed medical nutrition therapist who is employed by SpartanNash as a Regional Wellness Specialist. She received her Bachelor of Science degree from Iowa State University, her Master of Science degree from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, and completed her dietetic internship at the University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics.
Stephanie is ready to provide creative and realistic ways to incorporate healthy eating practices for all lifestyles. As much of a foodie as she is a dietitian, Stephanie enjoys the many colors, flavors, textures and dishes that bring us together around the table. Stephanie was a 2015 Produce for Better Health (PBH) Supermarket Dietitian of the year and keeps up-to-date on current nutrition through continuing education opportunities. | <urn:uuid:0bc2bc0d-526d-4a2b-9f9d-3253a31c3329> | {
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Submitted by Ms. Amanda!
There’s A Cow in the Road by Reeve Lindbergh is a great book, that is written in rhyme, all about a child’s morning routine, with a twist. When the narrator wakes up in the morning to get ready for school, she sees a cow in the road. Then a goat joins the cow! As the narrator continues to get ready, a huge group of animals gather in the road in front of her house. Before she knows it there is a cow, goat, sheep, horse, goose and a pig in the road! Finally, she joins the crowd in the road in front of her house. The crowd is standing there waiting in the road in front of her house... What are they waiting for? They are waiting so they won’t be late, the school bus comes at a quarter to eight! What a cute way to read about time and sequence with children. Each animal shows up at a different time and step in the narrator’s morning routine. The story flows nicely, since it is written in short rhyming sentences. I have loved this story for years and hope you will too! See this book listed in our catalog | <urn:uuid:c612ff63-058b-4059-9ad6-87e03f134f07> | {
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hello, i was only wondering if there were other ways of making a quadratic formula calculator in python.
i recently made one my self by making a module i named quadratic which is shown below:
def get_coefficients(): a = float(raw_input('a = ')) b = float(raw_input('b = ')) c = float(raw_input('c = ')) return (a,b,c) def calculate_solutions(a, b, c): if a == 0: return None else: under_radical = b*b - 4*a*c if under_radical < 0: return None else: root = math.sqrt(under_radical) solution1 = (-b + root) / a * 2 solution2 = (-b - root) / a * 2 return (solution1, solution2) def print_solutions(solutions): if solutions == None: print 'no solution' else: print solutions print solutions
i then made the actual program:
import quadratic print 'hello quadratics' a,b,c = quadratic.get_coefficients() solutions = quadratic.calculate_solutions(a, b, c) quadratic.print_solutions(solutions)
again, i was only wondering if there were other ways of doing this, thank you. | <urn:uuid:a6359307-0791-42a2-94b7-4c4e4355ebcb> | {
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The analysis surrounding Figure 7.1 assumes that public schooling is a “take- it- or- leave- it” option. That is, individuals are not allowed to supplement public education with private lessons. Show how the diagram must be modified if, to the contrary, parents can purchase additional hours of education for their children who are enrolled in public school. Another assumption behind the model is that public education is “free” in the sense that parents do not pay any taxes for it. Show how the model must be modified if public school is financed by taxes levied on parents. 5. Officials at California University of
Answer to relevant QuestionsOfficials at California University of Pennsylvania recently argued that wealthier students should pay higher tuition, and the revenue should be used to offer more scholarships to poorer students [Ansberry, 2010]. This idea ...Suppose that you are planning to take a year vacation to bike across the United States. Someone is willing to sell you a new bicycle for $ 500. At the end of the year, you expect to resell the bicycle for $ 350. The benefit ...Federal law allows workers who leave a job to continue to participate in the health insurance they were receiving through their previous employer. However, they have to pay the full monthly premium (including both the ...In the Czech Republic, people are not directly charged for doctor visits or hospital stays. In-deed, the country’s constitution says that “citizens have on the basis of public insurance the right to free medical care and ...In Brazil, the introduction of Viagra has contributed to a sharp increase in the number of elderly men who marry young women. As is the case in the United States, the Brazilian social security system provides pension ...
Post your question | <urn:uuid:ca907f57-9525-42d9-931e-c60d8211e5c7> | {
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Summary and Analysis
The poet is torn by contrary feelings that he cannot reconcile. His relationship with the youth alternates between pleasure — "Sometime all full with feasting on your sight" — and uneasiness — "And by and by clean starved for a look." Nor does he know whether to be alone with his love or show it off to the world. Embedded in these words lurks a sense of dependence: "So are you to my thoughts as food to life, / Or as sweet-seasoned showers are to the ground." Following as it does the morbid sonnets dealing with death, in this sonnet the poet gains no pleasure either from fulfillment or desire: "Possessing or pursuing no delight / Save what is had or must from you be took." | <urn:uuid:0ed555a7-63fb-4840-a26c-42f899c930b0> | {
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The reaction of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide is
The equation is'. HCl + NaOH ---> NaCl + H20
In one experiment, a student placed 50.0 mL of 1.00 M HCl at 25.5 degrees C on a
coffee cup caìorímeter. To this was added 50.0 mL of L00 M NaOH solution also at
25.5 degrees C. The mixture was stirred, andthe temperaíure quickly increased to a
maximum of 37.8 degrees C.
What is the heAt of reaction in joules per mole of HCl?
Because the solutions are dilute, we can assume that their specitîc heats are close to
that of Water, 4.18 C, and that their densities are 1.00 g/mL. We can also assume
that no heat is lost to the coffee cup itself or to the surrounding air. | <urn:uuid:98c1442f-21a5-4edb-b8a2-a1590001af6c> | {
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UAS Applications for Public Safety
(70% of quiz marks)
More than 900 American public safety agencies use drones to improve officer safety, support tactical actions, reconstruct traffic collisions, support public safety at large events and perform search-and-rescue missions. At least 130 people around the world have been rescued from peril by drones, proving their value in life-or-death situations.(Source: sUASnews)
This course will present an overview of potential applications for UAS for Public Safety.
After completing this training, the student will be more aware, of the possibilities, where UAVs, can provide the means, for law enforcement and emergency services, to do their job better, faster and safer. We hope that you will come away with some things you had not considered.
- What are the impacts, of public perceptions about drone use by government agencies?
- What are the potential applications, and uses for drones, for public agencies?
- What are the pro’s and con’s, of implementing a drone program?
- What criteria are used in the selection of a UAS for public service purposes | <urn:uuid:bc2900ec-8317-4795-91d4-952c8f445cd4> | {
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In rural villages throughout Ethiopia, a communities only source of water is is often a mud puddle, stagnant pond, or contaminated stream. In these areas, bathing and hand-washing are seldom practiced in order to save water. Over half of the developing world’s primary schools do not have access to water and sanitation facilities. Women and children often travel several miles each day carrying water in 40 pound containers only to become sick and even die from the very water they have worked so hard to provide for their families.
How we help
THAF works with our alliance partners to protect springs and provide water collection systems. This prevents the spread of water-borne diseases and eases the burden placed on rural women. While we provide the funding, each of our water projects is proposed, constructed, and managed by the local community. A 2012 survey of water projects in Ethiopia found that when these projects are completed with community involvement, their success rate and long-term sustainability is markedly improved.
More people die from a polluted water every year than from all forms of violence, including war.
United Nations Report | <urn:uuid:66f7a2d2-1b85-46ad-891b-8d9054f51bb9> | {
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Book Crush: Here's a great passive programming idea that will get your patrons interacting with the collection. Set out a ballot box and some pink heart-shaped paper. Ask them to write a valentine to their "book crush". On Valentine's Day, pull all the books that have a valentine and create a display, with the valentines attached. You'll get patrons recommending books to patrons in a fun and unique way!
Host a Book Discussion: Host a book discussion on a book such as The Book of Negroes by Lawrence Hill, and allow your participants to learn and discuss Black history in Canada. A discussion for children or teens could be based on a book such as Underground to Canada by Barbara Smucker, or another book on the above list. If possible, bring in a guest speaker or direct the participants to www.blackhistorycanada.ca to learn more about the history of Canada's Black community.
Create a Banned Books Display: Many people are surprised when one of their favourite titles shows up on a banned books display (such as The Giver and To Kill A Mockingbird). This type of display is a good way to educate people about the history of book challenges and censorship. Check out the Challenged Works list from Freedom to Read to create your display.
Start a Banned Book Club: Start a book club that focuses on challenged works and make your way through some great titles. The Freedom to Read website has details on this idea and many more! | <urn:uuid:1fe7c300-704d-4439-940e-a5486b902c70> | {
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Nuclear Technology / Volume 162 / Number 3 / June 2008 / Pages 333-341
Technical Paper / Nuclear Plant Operations and Control
Silica concentration in the primary coolant of a reactor coolant system of a pressurized water nuclear plant is a considerable operational issue. It also becomes a safety issue if the crud is very significant. To keep its amount to a minimum is the basic requirement for the purpose of zinc injection in the primary system and protection against its deposition on the fuel rod and poor heat transfer on the primary system and piping. A boric acid cleanup machine has been developed, designed, and installed on the base floor at the auxiliary building of the Maanshan power station of Taiwan Power Company. It is located above the boric acid tank (BAT). This machine with reverse osmosis method was used to clean up boric acid of ~62 m3 stored in the BAT. The results show that its performance has excellent efficiency and capability. The silica concentration was reduced to ~0.605 ppm from the original value of ~3.150 ppm. The resulting waste contained ~2.52 wt% of boron depending on the original boron amounts in the BAT. After the cleanup is finished, the concentration of boron in the BAT still maintains its operable and safe operating range of 7000 to 7700 ppm. Finally, the written procedure has been completed in order that the machine will be applied as a routine cleanup system. | <urn:uuid:3105e741-14d0-4dcd-a636-a31f4878606d> | {
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Vandalism Term Paper:
Vandalism is one of the forms of the destructive deviant forms of behaviour of a human being, which ends with the destruction or pollution of the masterpieces of art and culture and all sorts of property (public, private, etc). There are also explanations which define vandalism as the state of the human mind, the type of the character which is directed at the destruction of the beautiful things, the masterpieces of art in particular. The general explanation of the term in the context of law sounds like the destruction of the private or public property on purpose and because of ignorance. Vandalism got its name during the real historical event, which occurred in Rome in 455 AD. The German tribe of the Vandals sacked Rome, stole and destroyed numerous masterpieces and treasures of the ancient civilizations. Since that time the destruction of the property by certain individuals or groups of people has become called vandalism.
For example, the French Revolution and the majority of the revolutions in the world are associated with vandalism, because very often the property and the material values are stolen and destroyed.
Today there are many types of vandalism and the most famous or widespread among them are: graffiti and all its types, like tagging and bombing (generally graffiti which promotes immoral and antisocial information are treated like vandalism); burning of books; desecration of graves; damage of the monuments of culture; damage of the masterpieces of art; burning of churches, etc. Vandals are motivated by numerous factors. For example, some people obtain wealth in this way; for the others it is a game; a revenge; ideology and tactics.
Vandalism is a serious problem which still exists in the human society and requires rapid solutions.
There have been many attempts to stop vandalism but unfortunately it is impossible. A good term paper on vandalism should explain the problem from all sides and touch upon the factors which cause the problem and analyze its effect. One can observe the problem of vandalism on the basis of the case from the real life and analyze the effect of vandalism on the human society. The student is expected to analyze the topic on vandalism in detail and suggest the best solutions to the illegal and destructive actions and demonstrate knowledge and professional skills.
The problem of term paper writing is quite serious, because many students do not know how to compose the paper correctly. So, one can use the advantage of the Internet and read a free vandalism term paper example and catch the appropriate manner of writing at once. A free vandalism term paper sample prepared by an expert can teach the student to analyze the problem well and organize the structure of the paper successfully.
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Enjoy our professional term paper writing service! | <urn:uuid:2e945c60-b737-4770-ad6e-a69c2380fc9a> | {
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Hopf, Domestication of Plants in the Old World. Not only is rice used in a variety of ways as a foodstuff, but it is also an ingredient in medicines and cosmetics, and has a role in crafts and religious ceremonies. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D. To grow rice from seed at Kew, the seed is collected in August when it is brown and dry. Molecular and historical aspects of corn belt dent diversity.
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This research was supported by U. Indeed, the large amount of variation attributable to differences between groups in rice Aromatic rice Hybrid rice Perennial rice Glutinous rice Weedy rice. Centre Regional de Documentation Pedagogique, Nice. Model-based ancestry for each accession. Oryzz has information related to Oryza sativa.
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The grain is the most economically important part of the rice plant, and its endosperm is the final product consumed.
Classification | USDA PLANTS
Provisional checklist of vascular plants for the Korea peninsula flora KPF: Although rice seedlings of paddy rice are transplanted to the main rice field during the rainy season and harvested around October in central Japan, in Okinawa, seeds are planted in February and harvested in July for the first crop, and planted again in July and harvested in November for the second crop.
The seed can be sown quite thickly. Rice extracts, such as starch and oil, are used in a range orgza cosmetic and hygiene products. Origin of the genic diversity of cultivated rice Oryza spp. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta. Mapping and genome organization of microsatellite sequences in rice Oryza sativa L. Crown Agents for the Colonies, London. State noxious weed lists for 46 states. Retrieved from ” https: Received Sep 2; Accepted Dec 2.
Group differences can be explained sativw contrasting demographic histories. Oryza sativa Mature seed heads Inflorescence Scientific classification Kingdom: The statistical significance of the larger allele size in the temperate relative to the tropical japonica group supports the hypothesis that temperate japonica were derived from the tropical japonica group.
Flowering Plants of Seychelles: An update on grass satifa of Uttarkhand Indian Journal of Forestry The source of this variation could include mitigation of the domestication bottleneck by gene flow with sympatric wild relatives or a historically larger effective population size due to overland dispersal routes.
Hopf, Domestication of Plants in the Old World. A greater proportion of diversity is expected to reside in differences between homozygous lines within a heterogenous landrace in rice O lufowote et al. The deep genetic structure in rice may oryzx be an effect of the autogamous breeding system. | <urn:uuid:bce58156-070e-43c1-803f-5b889e3268ee> | {
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How to write an address ... The Address. If you have never given an address before, it can seem a bit intimidating.
However, learning how to write an address is very similar to writing any type of speech.
What is an address?
An address is a special type of speech addressing a group of people. Addresses usually take place at graduations or other ceremonial places or events.
The Gettysburg Address (Abraham Lincoln) is one of the most famous – and shortest – addresses.
So, what do you need to do to figure out how to write an address?
First, when you are learning how to write an address know the details.
You need to know when, where, what time, and for whom you will give the address.
The “who” is especially important.
If you don’t know your audience well, your speech may not be well received. So, if you don’t know the audience well or it’s your first time giving an address, ask the person in charge (the one who asked you to speak) about the audience.
Make notes of any dignitaries, sponsors, or special guests that may need acknowledging and thanking.
This is very important, especially if you’re being paid to speak and the event has sponsors.
Also make notes about the general audience. Are they families of students? Or, are these people company CEOs and their management teams?
Learn who they are, because that's who you'll be speaking to.
In Toastmasters, it is said that the speaker never thanks the audience. They say the audience is supposed to thank the speaker.
That being said, when you craft your address introduction mention any guests or dignitaries and sponsors. It is polite and in some cases mandatory to thank those people for attending.
But never generally thank the audience for your speaking to them. For example, don't say, "thank you for having me today" or "thank you for your attention." (Toastmaster rule…)
Right after you’ve thanked those special guests and sponsors, let the audience know what you plan to talk about.
Below is an example of how to write the opening thank yous.
The body of the address should have three functions.
First, it should be clearly the nitty gritty points of what you want to say.
Second, it should stay on topic with what you said you’d say in your introduction.
Be careful about going “off track." Often, that makes your address longer. Just as when you attend things and want to start and finish on time, your audience wants you to finish speaking when the program says you're supposed to. Don’t over extend your welcome by adding unnecessary garbled junk.
Third, lead the audience through to your conclusion. This means that as you move from point A to point B to point C in your speech, you build it in such a way that the audience can travel with you and sense when you are about to close.
Sometimes you may surprise them with a funny story to illustrate a point or do something spontaneous to keep their attention and make the address more interesting, but it all should have a point. It should make sense why you, the speaker, chose that move.
This step may be the most challenging part of how to write an address. You have to be creative and yet purposeful with your examples and word choice.
The conclusion for your address should bring closure. Your last thoughts might refer to a story you shared to illustrate a point.
May be you want to quote a person or give your audience a challenge to take action.
This is your last shot to connect with the audience and give them something.
I personally prefer to leave on a good note--even when you’re speaking about something sad or negative. I just don’t like to leave people upset, sad, or worried, even for speeches where I challenge them. I like to give people hope.
But it’s your call.
What MUST you do before giving your address?
You must, must, must ... PRACTICE.
Don’t get up there that day and give the address for the first time.
Never read from cards or notes or an 8 ½ x 11 paper.
Memorize your speech. It helps you connect with the audience. I allows you to make eye contact with them--even if you’re looking over their heads because you’re so nervous.
But never ever read from notes. It’s a sign of lack of preparation, inexperience, and someone who doesn’t care about the audience's needs.
If you need help, Toastmasters is a wonderful leadership and speaking club. I have been a member and found it very helpful. Toastmaster members give you the facts you need to hear in a positive and supportive environment. (Yes, they will tell you politely that you stink. BUT, they will also help you fix those issues to help you become a great speaker.)
Write from the heart. That’s my last tip. If you use the tips above, are sincere, and write from your heart, your audience will listen.
Hope this helped you learn how to write an address. As with anything, the more you write and give addresses the better speaker you will become. | <urn:uuid:8f31797a-e432-4b41-bfcd-0aa52830d6e0> | {
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Wrightsville Beach has always been vulnerable to fires because of high winds, wood-frame homes in close proximity and an initial lack of a fire department with necessary equipment.
The community’s volunteer fire brigade formed around 1915, but didn’t have a modern fire engine until the mid-1940s. Eventually, more trucks were added to the fleet and, in 1984, Chief Everett Ward became the first paid firefighter. Here’s a look at the fires that have plagued Wrightsville Beach over the years.
Fire of 1894
There was no volunteer fire department at this time, so this blaze easily destroyed the Island Beach Hotel, which had opened its doors in 1888, along with the properties ballroom and pavilion. The hotel had 160 rooms, a grand ballroom and a 4,300-square-foot pavilion for concerts and dancing.
Fire of 1919
The Seashore Hotel suffered its first major fire in 1919, when the building, which at the time boasted 110 rooms and entertainment like billiards and bowling alleys, was destroyed. A lack of wind and a later thunderstorm helped contain this blaze.
Fire of 1926
In the 1920s, Shell Island was the premier resort for African Americans, with hotels, private cottages, bath halls, concessions and a dance pavilion. Visitors would travel from 50 cities in 10 different states because the resort was so unusual at the time. In June of 1926, a fire started in a dining room and, within a half hour, left the pavilion in ruins. Only five buildings escaped the blaze because of strong southerly winds and a lack of resources. Despite promoting goodwill between whites and blacks in the South, the resort was never rebuilt.
The Great Fire of 1934
This fire which destroyed most of Wrightsville beach is thought to have originated in the Kitty Cottage Either improperly discarded smoking materials or an electric iron is thought to be the cause.
103 buildings were destroyed including the Oceanic Hotel. IN less than 3 hours a third of the beach was destroyed. The City of Wilmington FIre Department was called to assist. At his time there was no automobile bridge and all traffic came on the island by trolley or boat. An engine from Wilmington was loaded on the trolley and responded to Wrightsville Beach. After disembarking from the trolley the engine became stuck in sand.
The fire, at first whipped by a brisk westerly wind, enveloped the Kitty Cottage and then lashed by a gale that shifted to the south-southwest, spread to the historic Oceanic Hotel, a rambling structure of several hundred rooms, and then leaped back to consume the handsome Sprunt, Bear, Wright, and Sternberger summer homes“
1-29-34 Wilmington Star News
Ocean Terrace Hotel Fire - 1955
After the Seashore Hotel survived the Great Fire of 1934, the owners of the Kitty Cottage leased the building and renamed it the Ocean Terrace Hotel. After suffering damage from Hurricane Hazel in 1954, the hotel was ravaged by fire in 1955. By 1964, it was replaced by the Blockade Runner.
On December 6, 1981, at 1:13am, the Wrightsville Beach Volunteer Fire Department responded to 555 S. Lumina to find the Doak Apartments involved in fire. Fire was extending to the Hanover Seaside Club building and the Carolina Temple Apartments immediate north of the Doak was in imminent peril.
In an effort to save the Hanover Seaside Club, three volunteer fire fighters entered it with hose lines. They were Lieutenant Bill Ivins, Firefighter Jon Dennison, and Lieutenant Robert M. Wynn. In the course of this action, a severe flashover occurred on the third floor where Dennison and Wynn were advancing hose. Robert Wynn was killed and Jon Dennison was severely injured with second and third degree burns. Dennison was 21 at the time of the accident, Wynn was 28.
Robert M. Wynn was an assistant manager at the Blockade Runner Hotel and a lieutenant in the volunteer fire department. He had responded from the hotel that morning just as he was getting ready to go off shift. He had come to Wrightsville Beach from Beech Mountain where he had worked in the Parks and Recreation Department. At the time of the tragedy, he was considering going back to his home in Greenville, SC to resume a career in parks and recreation and take care of his ailing father. In the spring of 1983, the Town Board was deliberating the future of what was then called the Municipal Dock. At the time the charter boats had essentially left and there was uncertainty as to the fate of the facility. At that time the Fire Chief Everett Ward suggested that the dock area would be an appropriate memorial to Robert M. Wynn. This suggestion was adopted. The Harbor Island Garden Club assisted in landscaping and was instrumental in the dedication that was conducted in May of 1983. Mr. J. C. Drewry donated the existing flagpole from the old post office at Station One. There was a Robert Wynn Memorial Fund that was utilized to supply the granite monument with the bronze plaque that is there now. The Wrightsville Beach Beach Parks and Recreation Department arranged the memorial and Public Works placed the flagpole into position. Today, the Wrightsville Beach Fire Department maintains the flag at Wynn Plaza as a tribute to Robert M. Wynn.who gave his life in the service of his community on December 6, 1981.
In 2001, through the efforts of other dedicated citizens, the members of the Wrightsville Beach Volunteer Firefighters Association, and an extensive partnership of community leaders, the park was remodeled and rededicated as a new symbol of co-operation and public spirit that Robert Mitchell Wynn represented. His memory is shared with the community and all firefighters who give of themselves throughout the nation on a daily basis. | <urn:uuid:622bb634-94b8-4d75-8674-acc522404609> | {
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Hereditary Fructose Intolerance
Most of us can hardly wait to finish our dinner so that we can plunge into the dessert and satisfy our craving for sweets. We threaten to withhold dessert from our children until they polish off every last vestige of vegetables on their plate. But for about 1 in 20,000 people, this lust for sweets is a completely foreign concept, just the thought of sweetness can make them ill. They suffer from a disease known as hereditary fructose intolerance. When we use the word sugar in everyday language, we generally refer to the stuff we put into our coffee or tea. A chemist, however, would describe this extract of the sugar beet or sugar cane as “sucrose,” since in a scientific context the term “sugar” has a different meaning. It refers to any one of a number of water soluble substances which have a certain commonality in molecular structure and which serve as the body’s prime source of energy. Sucrose can be referred to as “a sugar.”
To complicate things further, sucrose is actually composed of two smaller sugars, namely glucose and fructose, joined together by a chemical bond. In the digestive tract sucrose is broken down into glucose and fructose and both of these compounds can be used by the body as a source of fuel. To put it simply, our bodies burn simple sugars for energy, just as a car burns gasoline. In both cases the major products of the combustion process are water and carbon dioxide. But the conversion of simple sugars into carbon dioxide and water by the body is a complicated business requiring many steps and biological catalysts known as enzymes. The unfortunate people suffering from hereditary fructose intolerance lack one of the enzymes (phosphofructoaldolase) needed to break down fructose. The result is the accumulation of a fructose derivative (fructose-1-phosphate) in the liver which throws the body’s whole energy production system out of whack. In a healthy person, fructose is converted to glucose which the body uses as its main source of energy. Excess glucose is converted to glycogen which can be reconverted to glucose whenever needed. But in hereditary fructose intolerance, glycogen cannot be converted to glucose with the result that blood glucose levels fall. This condition is known as hypoglycemia. Basically, what this means, is that for the affected people, nausea, sweating, tremors, confusion, vomiting, abdominal pain, seizures and even coma can follow the ingestion of any food which contains fructose. A diagnosis of hereditary fructose intolerance is confirmed by a liver biopsy and an examination of the tissue to reveal that that the critical enzyme is missing. Anyone suffering from this condition should carry around glucose tablets to use in case of a hypoglycemic attack if they inadvertantly consume fructose.
Unfortunately it sometimes takes a long time before a proper diagnosis is made. The medical literature records the case of a young Englishman who had a history of infrequent seizures over a ten year period and went through the usual battery of tests aimed at detecting brain abnormalities such as epilepsy. The doctors could find nothing wrong. The only information the patient was able to provide was that he had always disliked sweets, but his physicians were unable to relate this observation to his medical problems. The mystery was finally solved by the gentleman himself. He happened to read an article in the newspaper about hereditary fructose intolerance and recognized the symptoms as his own. Upon reflection, he realized that his attacks of weakness and seizures always followed the ingestion of sugar. Genetic testing revealed that he did indeed suffer from hereditary fructose intolerance. The concept of the required treatment is relatively simple. Avoid fructose! But it is not so simple to put this notion into practice. Since table sugar, or sucrose, breaks down in the body to glucose and fructose, it must be curtailed. Fruits and many vegetables contain fructose and therefore have to be avoided. Even the sweetener sorbitol has to be shunned because it is converted in the body to fructose. Rhubarb, tangerines, grapefruit and tomatoes are low in fructose and do not cause a disturbance. Glucose is fine as a sweetener, and in fact, as mentioned, hypoglycemic seizures characteristic of fructose intolerance can be treated with glucose. So, an understanding of the chemistry of fructose metabolism has led to at least at partial solution to the problem of fructose intolerance. But it is unfortunate that now, when modern research is demonstrating the beneficial effects of eating fruits and vegetables on cancer and heart disease, the sufferers of hereditary fructose intolerance have to be counseled to stay away from these foods. One man’s treat is another one’s poison! Can the fructose intolerant people take solice in anything? Why yes! Since they avoid sugar, they do not get cavities. | <urn:uuid:822c2fe9-acb8-4d95-9f82-29970bc95130> | {
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Have you ever smelled a baby’s milky breath? It’s sweet and fresh. Unfortunately for many of us, that’s not always the case with adults! We’ve all experienced someone else’s bad breath. Or maybe a trusted friend told us our own breath needed improvement. But there are those other times when we just weren’t sure. Our mouths felt sour but we couldn’t tell if we were in danger of offending our friends or co-workers. How can you tell if you have bad breath?
Bad Breath Self-Tests
If you’re not with someone you’re comfortable asking (and how many people would we be willing to ask to smell our breath?), try this test instead. Lick your wrist and let it dry for a moment. Then sniff your wrist. That will give you a chance to experience what other people experience.
If you’re at home, you can also run some floss between your back teeth and then smell the floss. Or, if you have a tongue scraper, run it across your tongue and smell any coating it collects. If you don’t have a tongue scraper, gently use a spoon to scrape the back of your tongue. Then smell any of the coating collected on the spoon.
Causes for Bad Breath
Bad breath can also occur after a spicy meal, foods with onion or garlic, or an alcoholic or sugary drink. These smells are usually just temporary and can often be eliminated by brushing your teeth or using mouthwash.
Longer-lasting bad breath is usually the result of an excessive amount of bacteria growing in your mouth. The mouth is a great place for bacteria to multiply. It’s warm and wet and there’s all kinds of nutrients. Bacteria thrive between the teeth, on the tongue and in the back of the throat.
If these bacteria are allowed to remain undisturbed, the smell factor increases. Keeping the bacteria count down involves regular brushing (at least twice daily), flossing thoroughly every day and regular visits to your dentist to keep your teeth and gums healthy.
Health Problems Can Also Cause Bad Breath
Any pockets of infection in your gums or teeth – even if they are painless – increase your chances of smelly breath. Of course, smoking or any use of tobacco not only tends to give you bad breath, it increases your risk of gum disease which then increases the likelihood of bad breath even more. Because smoking impairs a smoker’s ability to smell, he may have bad breath and not be aware of it.
Eliminating Sources of Bad Breath
Most of the reasons for bad breath are fairly easy to overcome. There are some chronic health conditions resulting in bad breath that take a little more work to resolve. Chronic sinusitis or bronchitis, diabetes, infection in the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal, liver or kidney problems can all contribute to sour breath. For these, you need to work with your doctor.
If you note that your breath is not ideal, the first place to start is your own schedule of dental care. Make sure you are following your dentist’s recommendations on oral health care. Then make an appointment with your dentist to rule out any infected pockets in your gums or any abscessed teeth.
Consider adding a tongue scraper to your oral care regimen. If you don’t have one, you can use your toothbrush to scrub away any coating. If you have any dentures, make sure you take them out at night and clean them thoroughly. Using a floss threader to clean under bridges will not only reduce your chance of bad breath, it will help your bridge last longer.
By now it should be obvious that you don’t have to resign yourself to bad breath! Take these actions instead and make sure you maintain the dental care schedule recommended by your dentist.
Please do not hesitate to ask questions or discuss your concerns during your next appointment at StarBrite Dental. Make an appointment by calling (301) 770-1070 . Or you can fill out the form below.
View the previous post: My Philosophy of Dentistry: A Message from a Rockville Dentist
View the next post: Nighttime Bacteria: What Happens in Your Mouth While You Sleep
Return to main page for: Dentist Rockville MD | <urn:uuid:ba33d956-5d33-4510-869a-1c1d0e5f319a> | {
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This is one of the findings of research undertaken by the University of South Australia’s Australian Centre for Child Protection (ACCP) which saw a total of 200 foster carers being surveyed about how they can be better supported to look after children in care.
The research, which was recently presented at a major European conference on Child Abuse and Neglect, documented the behaviours that foster carers find challenging and that threated placement stability while highlighting the importance of carers receiving accurate information about children’s behavioural needs, and of receiving flexible and high quality interpersonal support.
The problem behaviours included aggressive, controlling and defiant behaviour, anxiety focused behaviours, high risk behaviours including drug and alcohol use, and problems related to cognition, language and memory.
The ACCP’s Dr Sara McLean, a registered psychologist in child and adolescent mental health, who undertook the research, explains that the impact of early adverse experiences including neglect may result in developmental disorders.
“Sadly, the behavioural and emotional problems of some children in foster care mean that they struggle to attain a stable and continuous relationship within a foster family,” Dr McLean says.
“These children can experience ‘placement drift’; moving from foster home to foster home, with repeated loss of social and community relationships. Without effective intervention, the impact of behavioural problems on children’s educational, vocational and mental health outcomes is substantial.”
Dr McLean highlights how supporting carers ultimately would improve the lives of those children.
“This program of research stands to have a significant impact on the lives of children in out of home care, their carers and those who work to support them,” she says.
“By asking carers about the behaviours that they find problematic, there is an opportunity to develop more tailored supports that better respond to carers’ needs.
“Developing strategies to better support foster carers to deal with challenging behaviours resulting from abuse and neglect will fill a significant gap in the current service landscape, and will have significant implications for reducing foster carer stress.
“It will also enhance the stability of children’s lives, assisting them to reach their full social, emotional and educational potential.”
Currently more than 39, 000 Australian children are living in foster care due to abuse or neglect in their family of origin – a figure which has doubled over the past decade.
The long term aim of this program of research is to develop more effective supports for foster carers and children placed in foster care by methods including:
- Working with foster carers, teachers and the community to explore why conventional behaviour management approaches may not be effective with some children in care and how to modify discipline approaches accordingly.
- Developing a user friendly, guided therapeutic approach that will identify areas of functional difficulty for children with behavioural concerns, encouraging supports that enable more effective responses to children with challenging behavioural concerns placed in foster care.
“Ultimately, we hope that this program of research will result in more tailored assessments, resources, training and supports for foster carers to manage brain-based challenging behaviour and therefore to enhance the stability of children’s lives,” Dr McLean says.
Dr Sara McLean office (08) 8302 2939
Will Venn office (08) 8302 2986 | <urn:uuid:b6d341d6-11fd-4978-b4df-dd98fc0eaf6e> | {
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Lipoic acid (also known as alpha lipoic acid) is an antioxidant available as an over-the-counter supplement taken by people with a variety of conditions, including HIV and diabetes. It is currently being studied as a potential neuroprotector for people with multiple sclerosis (MS).
In animal models of MS, lipoic acid has been shown to reduce inflammation and degeneration of the optic nerve and spinal cord.
How lipoic acid works
In MS, damage to the myelin sheath, the protective layer that surrounds nerve fibers, disrupts the transmission of nerve signals. This damage is thought to be caused by immune system cells, like T-cells, mistakenly attacking myelin. These cells move into the brain and spinal cord and begin to target myelin, leading to an inflammatory response.
The exact mechanism for lipoic acid as a treatment for MS is unknown, and the results of studies are mixed. It is believed that lipoic acid may have immunomodulatory (altering the immune response) and anti-inflammatory properties, both of which work against damage to nerves (neuroprotection).
There is evidence to suggest that lipoic acid may affect the signaling process that triggers the inflammatory response. A pilot study in people suggested it can reduce the number of T-cells that migrate into the brain and spinal cord, thus lessening the risk that they could attack and damage myelin. Lower levels were reported through measurements of biomarkers associated with T-cell migration into the brain and spinal cord. (Biomarkers are substances associated with a particular disease or response to treatment.)
Lipoic acid in clinical trials
The effects of lipoic acid has been studied in several clinical trials, mostly small studies.
An early pilot study compared oral lipoic acid given at different doses to 37 MS patients over a two-week period. The treatment was well-tolerated and appeared to reduce the level of T-cell migration into the brain and spinal cord. Results were published in the scientific journal Multiple Sclerosis in 2005.
A pilot study with 51 patients explored the effect of lipoic acid compared to a placebo in patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) over a two-year period. The results were positive, with the treatment reported to have reduced the speed of brain tissue loss and improved patients’ walking speed. Data were presented at the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS) Congress and the 68th annual American Academy of Neurology meeting in 2016.
A Phase 1 trial (NCT00997438) completed in 2016 aimed to assess the potential benefit of lipoic acid in patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and SPMS, as well as observe how lipoic acid is broken down in the body in both MS patients and healthy participants. No serious adverse events or notable side effects were observed.
A Phase 2/3 trial (NCT01188811) to determine whether lipoic acid can protect the brain and slow disability in people with SPMS finished in 2016. Reported results showed a reduction in brain atrophy, suggesting it could play a neuroprotective role in SPMS. Lipoic acid was also found to be safe and well-tolerated; noted side effects were gastrointestinal.
A Phase 2 trial (NCT02133664), completed in 2017, aimed to determine whether lipoic acid and omega-3 fatty acids can improve cognitive function in RRMS or SPMS patients. Participants were randomly assigned lipoic acid and omega-3 fatty acids or a placebo for a period of 12 weeks. The ability to perform a range of cognitive tests was assessed at the start and end of the trial, and data compared. Results did not suggest that the treatment provides a significant benefit to cognition after 12 weeks.
A Phase 2 trial (NCT03161028) in progressive MS patients is planned but not yet enrolling participants. The U.S. trial aims to assess the neuroprotective capability of lipoic acid compared to placebo over two years. Neuroprotection will be evaluated through changes in measures of brain volume, as captured in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Changes in mobility will also be evaluated using the timed 25-foot walk test and the 2-minute timed walk test.
The potential side effects of lipoic acid in MS have not been fully explored. Lipoic acid as a treatment for other conditions has been reported to cause headaches, sensations akin to pins and needles, skin rashes, and muscle cramps.
Lipoic acid has not yet been compared to current MS therapies in clinical trials, so its relative effectiveness is not currently known.
Note: Multiple Sclerosis News Today is strictly a news and information website about the disease. It does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. This content is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this website. | <urn:uuid:e1f8b235-0d90-4303-81f2-bfd9f76d354f> | {
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Many people are now hearing about alkaline water and wondering about the benefits of alkaline water. This introduction to alkaline ionic water and alkaline ionizers will explain the importance of body pH balance and the alkaline body and drinking alkaline water.
So What is Alkaline Water?
We all know that water is made up of 2 hydrogen molecules and 1 oxygen molecule known as H2O. Alkaline water in the simplest form exists when water contains more OH- ions than H+ ions. These ions are measured in terms called pH. What is pH? pH stands for "parts hydrogen". However, this ratio of 2:1 only exists in a neutral water of pH 7. Since alkaline water contains more OH- ions, one finds that alkaline water also has more oxygen molecules than half of the H+ hydrogen ions present. This decrease in H+ ions results in an alkaline pH 7+. The most popular method today for producing alkaline water in the home is the alkaline ionizer, also commonly called an alkaline water machine or alkalizer.
Body pH Balance and the Alkaline Body
Human blood maintains a body pH balance ranging in value of 7.3 to 7.45. Some common foods that are acidic include all kinds of soda. Soda can be easily found with a pH of 2.5. Add this to about 10 gallons of water with a pH of 7.4 and the pH will drop to about pH 4.6. Why is this important? The body contains about 10 gallons of slightly alkaline water. Thankfully, the body's homeostasis counteracts this stress on the body pH balance and prevents that fatal pH of 4.6. Nonetheless, damage is done and maintaining an acidic diet can take its toll on the alkaline body leading to acidosis, because the alkaline body becomes ill when under the stress of acidosis.
Other common acidic foods are lemons, apples, oranges, and grapefruit. However, even though an acidic food may register an acidic pH, this does not mean that that food necessarily causes the body to become acidic. In fact, many acidic fruits turn alkaline in the body and make for a beneficial alkaline diet. How could this be?
Acidic Alkaline Foods
What is meant by acid alkaline foods? Very simply, there are foods including the list of fruits above that will measure an acidic pH as an acidic food, yet in the body, these foods become a source of alkalinity. These foods contain minerals that are responsible for balancing pH in the body. Some common acid forming minerals are sulfur, phosphorous, chlorine and iodine. Alkaline minerals examples are potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium and iron. This does not mean that all acid forming minerals are bad for you. The measure of a food being considered as an alkalizing food vs. an acidic food is in the proportion of the alkaline minerals compared to acidic minerals. Alkaline diets traditionally consist of alkaline foods with high proportions of alkaline minerals such as those high in potassium or rich in potassium.
So, back to our soda example, soda is high in phosphoric acid and depleted of alkaline minerals. Even though a fruit like oranges or apples will measure acidic pH when tested with litmus paper, the organic acids in these fruits burn off easily in the body, resulting in plentiful amounts of potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium and iron.
Between stress and unhealthy diets, acidic wastes accumulate in the once alkaline body and the balancing of body pH is seriously compromised. Stress creates more acid and an ulcer is a great example of the effects of stress. Many other degenerative diseases are now being recognized as the result of an acidic environment.
List of Alkaline Foods and Acidic Foods
Here is a list of alkaline foods (alkaline forming foods) in order of alkalinity:
ginger, kidney beans, spinach, soybeans, bananas, chestnuts, carrots, mushrooms, strawberries, potatoes, cabbage, radishes, squash, bamboo shoots, sweet potatoes, turnips, orange juice, apples, egg whites, pears, grape juice, cucumbers, watermelons, eggplants, coffee, onions, tea, string beans, human milk, cow's milk, and tofu or bean curd. (From a table by Aihara1)
This list of acidic foods is in order of acidity:
rice bran, egg yolk, oatmeal, brown rice, tuna, chicken, carp, bream, oysters, salmon, buckwheat flour, clams, scallops, pork, peanuts, herring eggs, beef, cheese, whole barley, shrimp, peas, beer, bread, chicken soup, butter, and asparagus. (From a table by Aihara1)
Remember that it is the moderation and proper balance of these foods that provide both the acid forming and alkaline forming minerals needed by the body.
Alkaline Ionizers, Alkaline Water Machines & Drinking Alkaline Water
Removing waste products from the body is imperative. Since our goal is to remove the acidic wastes from an acidic diet, the right solution is drinking alkaline water. Besides converting to alkaline diets, alkaline water with a pH of 10 contains so many hydroxyl ions (OH-) that this translates into just over 33mg of ionized calcium in one glass. Other minerals found in the water will create ionized magnesium, ionized potassium, and ionized sodium. Drinking 5 glasses of alkaline water daily will gradually correct the body pH balance and restore the alkaline body by removing the acidic wastes build up causing body acidity and even more severely, acidosis - a medical condition in which the acid-base balance in the blood plasma becomes acidic, which can become a dangerous condition that weakens all body systems.
Alkaline ionizers actually produce alkaline water by splitting the filtered water into alkaline and acid water through the use of electrolysis by passing the water across electrically ionized plates. First developed in the 1950s in Japan, consumer alkaline water machines are now produced predominantly in Korea. After lengthy studies and data collected by doctors in Japan, it was concluded that alkaline water made by alkaline water ionizers was non-toxic, but also very beneficial for those with symptoms of adult diseases. Introduced in 1985 in the United States of America, toxicity tests first performed on April 14, 1986 following FDA specifications (FR vol 143 No. 163.81-1 1978) found no toxicity in the alkaline water produced by alkaline ionizers tested. The resulting alkaline water is structured water reported to hydrate, oxygenate, detoxify and alkalize the body.
As with any technology, alkaline water machines have certainly advanced. Although there are many varieties of alkaline ionizers in the marketplace, the Jupiter Science Ionizer line including the Jupiter Athena Ionizer, Jupiter Delphi Ionizer, Jupiter Isis Ionizer (formerly Jupiter Melody Ionizer) and the Jupiter Venus Ionizer provide from the very affordable, high-quality water ionizer to the very sophisticated, most advanced method of producing alkaline water.
So take charge of your health today!
1. Aihara, Herman - "Acid & Alkaline", George Ohsawa Macrobiotic Foundation, Oroville, CA 1986
2. Whang, Sang Y - "Reverse Aging", Sang Whang, Miami, Florida 1990, 16ed. 2002 | <urn:uuid:fbdd2c03-2af9-440c-8970-0b1ce22203ec> | {
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Structure and Function in Agroecosystem Design and Management presents an advanced discussion of the need to design agricultural systems that 1) increase reliance on biological interactions in agroecosystems as a means of decreasing dependence on the use of large quantities of agrochemicals and the consumption of fossil fuel energy and 2) continue to produce optimal crop yields. Written by international experts, this book discusses biological interactions, matter circulation, and disturbance operating within the agroecosystems in question. The book covers matter cycling and focuses on reducing practices that require the consumption of large quantities of agrochemicals and fossil fuels. The editors then explore the effects of environmental changes and how they will change the management of the next generation of agroecosystems.Is it possible to replace current technologies based on fossil energy with proper interactions operating between crops, livestock, and other organisms to enhance production? If the answer is yes, then modern agriculture can be transformed into an integrated system in which the use of complex biotic interactions is the key technology. Structure and Function in Agroecosystem Design and Management focuses on how can work when designed according to sound ecological practices, and provides the foundation to manage them in an ecologically efficient manner.
There are currently no reviews for this product. Be the first to review this product! | <urn:uuid:af47e044-1632-40a7-a5c3-56a887b924d3> | {
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This article is missing information about identity of namesake saint.April 2019)(
Saint Vith (French)
View of Sankt Vith
|• Mayor||Christian Krings (Krings-FBL)|
|• Governing party/ies||Krings-FBL|
|• Total||146.93 km2 (56.73 sq mi)|
|• Density||66/km2 (170/sq mi)|
St. Vith (German: Sankt Vith; French: Saint-Vith; Luxembourgish: Sankt Väit, pronounced [ˌzɑŋkt ˈvæːɪ̯t]) is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège, and in the German speaking Community of Belgium. It was named after Saint Vitus.
The municipality consists of the following sub-municipalities: Sankt Vith, Crombach, Lommersweiler, Recht, and Schönberg.
St. Vith was an important marketplace of the region by the 12th century and received town rights in 1350. The town was damaged by fires in 1543, 1602, and 1689. It was part of the Duchy of Luxemburg until the defeat of French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. As a result of the Congress of Vienna it was given to the Kingdom of Prussia.
An important road and railway junction, St. Vith was fought over in the 1944 Battle of the Bulge during World War II. The United States Army defended the town against German assault for a few days, delaying the German attack plan, before eventually being forced to retreat. Once it was captured by German forces, the town was bombed by the US Air Force on 25 and 26 December 1944 and by RAF Bomber Command with 300 aircraft on the 26. St. Vith was mostly destroyed during the ground battle and subsequent air attack. American forces retook the town on January 23, 1945. The only pre-war architecture remaining is the Büchel Tower.
- "Wettelijke Bevolking per gemeente op 1 januari 2018". Statbel. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
- "Bomber Command 60th Anniversary Battle Diary December 1944 Archived 2007-07-06 at the UK Government Web Archive | <urn:uuid:060e7898-0c03-49aa-af22-a29a300a7154> | {
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In the middle of the open sea, there is no fell. That was what two young Greenlanders came to realise when they set out on the long and highly unusual journey from their own shores to those of Denmark in 1724. If we are to believe the drum song that one of them later wrote about the trip, he even climbed up the ship’s mast to look for land and fells. But it made little difference.
Surprisingly enough, he found exactly what he was looking for when he arrived in Copenhagen. For, here stood what he in the song refers to as, “the man-made fell”, which he and his friend ascended, “’through a twisted hollow, through the tube”. Or as it says, in translation as well, in a different and slightly longer version of the song:
“This yes hello, yes hello yes yes this
This I ascended
Up through the man-made fell’s inner screw walk
This yes hello yes how beautiful the inside was
Hello yes yes how shiny bright the inside was
Hello yes yes, hello yes yes this ha á á
So beautiful inside so bright inside
I walked up through it I walked higher and higher up through it
This man-made fell’s inner screw walk
Do not walked through it do not climb it
Do not step on the large surface on the top
This large tin roof its large floor on the top
In many people this
This yes yes hello this yes yes yes yes
yes yes yes”.
There is general consensus that the fell, which the two Greenlanders ascended, is the Round Tower. The flat platform on top fits, but above all, the whitewashed spiral ramp that runs up into the air fits. Already the missionary Poul Egede (1708-89), who heard the song in its original version in the 1720s, explains that its author described impressions from his trip, among them of “the houses externally and internally wonderful and great, and the Round Tower in particular, which he calls a made mountain with a spiral walk all the way to the top”.
Poul Egede heard the song in Greenland, for one of the major causes of the two Greenlanders’ trip, which lasted almost a year, was that they should return and tell their fellow countrymen about Denmark. By doing so, they should improve the impression of the Danes, who were otherwise perceived by the Greenlanders as “people who have neither land nor houses, but ceaselessly float around on the sea”, as Poul Egede’s father, the Norwegian-born missionary and coloniser Hans Egede (1686-1758), writes.
The Hunt for the Catholic Norsemen
There were several reasons why the Danes wanted to brand themselves better to the Greenlanders. Greenland was actually a Norwegian possession but had been under Danish rule since 1380 when Norway entered into a union with Denmark. However, Denmark’s interest in the North Atlantic island had been limited, and an actual colonisation only began when Hans Egede sailed to Greenland in 1721 in order to convert those Norsemen he believed still lived there, from Catholics to Protestants.
When Hans Egede found no Norsemen whose salvation he could help on the way, he tried among the Inuit instead. The mission was to be financed by the private Bergen Greenland Company, to which the Danish-Norwegian king had given monopoly on trade in Greenland, but there was still competition from Dutch whalers who travelled up there, so it was worth being on good terms with the Greenlanders.
Advertising Campaign in Kayak
The Danish-Norwegian author Ludvig Holberg (1684-1754), who dealt with the situation in Greenland in several of his writings, for instance wrote that one should treat the Greenlanders well, “since the benefits that can be expected from trading very much rests on the inhabitants’ love, which shall encourage them to trade their commodities with the Danes and the Norwegians rather than the Dutchmen”. Even if the trade turns out not to be profitable, there are still some benefits, Holberg writes, for “Although one might not make a profit on trading, it will still be worth the while since one gets the opportunity to enlighten a considerable lot of crude pagans”.
Holberg himself experienced the two young travelling Greenlanders, Pôq and Qiperoq, in Copenhagen. The Bergen Greenland Company, which was already ailing financially at that time, arranged an advertising campaign during their stay, where Pôq and Qiperoq paddled the kayak through the canals of Copenhagen to the tunes of orchestral music as part of a larger procession that ended with boats full of Greenlandic commodities. The stay in Denmark also included a visit to the King himself.
On the way back to Greenland Qiperoq died but Pôq made it home and sang his song about the man-made fell, until he and his entire family a few years later, during another visit to Denmark, were infected with smallpox and died. The song, however, lived its own life and wandered from Western Greenland, where it was originally sung, to Eastern Greenland, where it was recorded and written down many years later. Similarly, the memory of Pôq’s and Qiperoq’s visit has been kept alive by being portrayed in a novel and immortalized on stamps. And the fell in the middle of Copenhagen – it is still there with its inner screw walk. | <urn:uuid:5be76f05-a17b-4eb4-bd52-5ca01bb70ea0> | {
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With the holidays fast approaching, it is vital to take active steps to keep your children safe, especially when in public places. Here are some ideas.
Keeping your child safe when in public areas
Inform your child
Before leaving home, have a chat with your child about where you will be going and what you will be doing, so that your child will have some level of knowledge and expectation of the outing and the activities that it will involve.
Act out scenarios
Play a little game where you and your child will act out scenarios of what to do if either of you get separated. This will prepare him or her on how to react if the situation does arise. You should also advise your child on who he or she should go to for help or assistance.
Choose a spot where you and your child are to go to and wait for the other if you are separated. Try finding a spot with a distinctive feature such as a water feature or a structure that appeals to your child.
Teach your child your telephone number and full name. If he or she is too young to remember this, consider writing it down and placing it in his or her pocket.
Try not to panic and stress if you and your child become separated. Stay calm and remember all the things that you advised him or her to do before leaving home.
While All4Women endeavours to ensure health articles are based on scientific research, health articles should not be considered as a replacement for professional medical advice. Should you have concerns related to this content, it is advised that you discuss them with your personal healthcare provider. | <urn:uuid:caebf727-49bf-4857-8c60-c80fa7486a8f> | {
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The UK Government has an objective of reducing road deaths and serious injuries by 40 per cent (50 per cent for children) by the year 2010 (using the average for 1994-98 as the baseline). Key factors in achieving that objective are improved road user behaviour and acceptance of engineering and enforcement initiatives that increase road safety. Education and publicity play a key role in raising consumer awareness and acceptance.
Road safety publicity aims to:
It does this by:
The basic approach is national publicity using a mix of emotion and facts that raise the profile of road safety. The campaign utilises a range of media channels - TV, radio, press, posters, ambient etc. - to provide a national platform to stimulate complementary regional and local authority activity and to encourage private sector companies to cascade messages to their employees and customers. A range of free publicity material is made available to local authorities and others to promote consistency of messages at national and local level. The campaign has also entered into sports sponsorship with the Rugby Football League and the English Football League to enable to spread the messages across to a wider audience using a celebrity based approach.
Road Safety advertising has been a key priority for many years. In the past, advertising focussed on specific themes such as drink drive and Seat belts. In recent years it has communicated many more messages - such as fatigue and use of mobile phones. The campaign wanted people to see that these extra individual messages were part of an overall campaign to improve road safety. So in June 2000 a new campaign was launched under one banner - THINK! - to unite our various road safety messages.
Can you see the bike?
The rationale for THINK!
The aim of Government road safety campaigns is to reinforce the need for drivers and other road users to take responsibility for their own safety and for the safety of others on the road. In the wider context, the theme of personal and social responsibility is central to the Government's philosophy and to its transport policies to encourage more responsible travel choices.
The encouragement of more people to walk or cycle instead of driving makes the promotion of safety for more vulnerable road users and the responsible and considerate behaviour of drivers even more important.
Road safety publicity campaigns raise public awareness that accidents do not just happen, rather they are caused. Public awareness campaigns can help to influence the attitudes and behaviours that cause accidents. They also create public acceptance for safety engineering and police enforcement and they give national focus and context for local initiatives aimed at making the roads safer and for third parties to carry road safety messages in the context of their own commercial activities.
The THINK! campaign was therefore launched:
The THINK! campaign is not about the motorist as such, or the pedestrians, or cyclists, motor cyclists, etc. It is about people, about the citizen, about each and all of us. It is about how we all use our roads safely, whether we happen to be motoring, walking, cycling or whatever. This is mainly to build a mood of "we're all in it together" to have greater effect.
The expression "show me the child at seven and I'll show you the adult" neatly encapsulates our approach. We target people from childhood to adulthood, aiming to instil good practice at a very early age with frequent reminders for teenagers and adults. | <urn:uuid:1a4268a2-3dda-45f9-ad22-8e70cf90ee68> | {
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People are divided on biofuels: on the one hand they are a decent alternative to oil and coal, on the other their creation has resulted in the destruction of forests, damage to biodiversity and the replacement of food crops. To combat this, the European Commission has set up seven schemes to ensure that biofuels used in the EU are produced in an environmentally sustainable way.
The new rules mean that biofuel companies have to seek certification from one of these schemes or from a similar national scheme. Biofuels have long been part of the EU’s plan to cut CO2 emissions. Along with wind energy and other renewable fuels, biofuels also aim to break the continent’s dependency on foreign oil and Russian natural gas.
The new regulation means that within the EU, biofuels will now be created in a sustainable and regulated way. This means verification will be done with respect to where and how biofuels and produced, and to make sure they aren’t made from food crops or are grown on environmentally sensitive land. If they are found to do so, they will not qualify for the scheme.
Biofuel producers will also have to meet certain standards — as well as meeting the commission’s criteria, all biofuel will have to emit at least 35% less greenhouse gases than fossil fuels.
In a statement, the EU Energy Commissioner, Guenther Oettinger, said that the side effects of biofuel production were “a real concern… particularly in the big producing countries, south-east Asia and in South America”.
With many people going hungry due to the displacement of food production for that of biofuel crops, Oettinger said that it was “an evolution which we cannot accept.”
The main aim of the EU is to have biofuel and other renewable sources account for 10% of transport fuel by 2020. While this target may seem low, bear in mind that many countries in the EU are surpassing their “20% by 2020″ target. Currently the continent imports about 26% of biodiesel and 31% of bioethanol from Brazil and the US.
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Moon ♓ Pisces
Previous main lunar phase is the Last Quarter before 6 days on 15 March 2088 at 09:29.
Moon rises after midnight to early morning and sets in the afternoon. It is visible in the early morning low to the east.
Moon is passing about ∠13° of ♓ Pisces tropical zodiac sector.
Lunar disc appears visually 3% narrower than solar disc. Moon and Sun apparent angular diameters are ∠1869" and ∠1925".
Next Full Moon is the Pink Moon of April 2088 after 15 days on 6 April 2088 at 00:59.
There is medium ocean tide on this date. Sun and Moon gravitational forces are not aligned, but meet at very acute angle, so their combined tidal force is moderate.
The Moon is 27 days old. Earth's natural satellite is moving from the second to the final part of current synodic month. This is lunation 1090 of Meeus index or 2043 from Brown series.
Length of current 1090 lunation is 29 days, 12 hours and 51 minutes. It is 2 hours and 27 minutes longer than next lunation 1091 length.
Length of current synodic month is 7 minutes longer than the mean length of synodic month, but it is still 6 hours and 56 minutes shorter, compared to 21st century longest.
This lunation true anomaly is ∠278.3°. At the beginning of next synodic month true anomaly will be ∠309.1°. The length of upcoming synodic months will keep decreasing since the true anomaly gets closer to the value of New Moon at point of perigee (∠0° or ∠360°).
7 days after point of apogee on 14 March 2088 at 10:38 in ♐ Sagittarius. The lunar orbit is getting closer, while the Moon is moving inward the Earth. It will keep this direction for the next 4 days, until it get to the point of next perigee on 26 March 2088 at 07:42 in ♉ Taurus.
Moon is 383 455 km (238 268 mi) away from Earth on this date. Moon moves closer next 4 days until perigee, when Earth-Moon distance will reach 366 634 km (227 816 mi).
10 days after its ascending node on 11 March 2088 at 08:26 in ♏ Scorpio, the Moon is following the northern part of its orbit for the next 3 days, until it will cross the ecliptic from North to South in descending node on 25 March 2088 at 08:46 in ♉ Taurus.
10 days after beginning of current draconic month in ♏ Scorpio, the Moon is moving from the beginning to the first part of it.
6 days after previous South standstill on 15 March 2088 at 00:16 in ♐ Sagittarius, when Moon has reached southern declination of ∠-19.517°. Next 6 days the lunar orbit moves northward to face North declination of ∠19.444° in the next northern standstill on 28 March 2088 at 10:38 in ♊ Gemini.
After 1 day on 23 March 2088 at 00:00 in ♈ Aries, the Moon will be in New Moon geocentric conjunction with the Sun and this alignment forms next Sun-Moon-Earth syzygy. | <urn:uuid:c1fc7947-a092-441a-a3da-778dbc27e787> | {
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Star clusters are collections of stars held together by their mutual gravitational attraction. The orbit of the stars within them are dominated by close interactions with other stars. This distinguishes them from galaxies, in which the orbits of stars, such as the Sun, are governed by the overall smooth potential of the very distant stars and dark matter. Also, there is no evidence for the presence of dark matter in star clusters. Clusters are extremely interesting objects to study from a dynamical point-of-view. The topic of dynamical evolution of star clusters is the classical N-body problem: finding the motion of N points of given masses, mutually attracting themselves as the inverse square of their distance. | <urn:uuid:8f6bffaf-c893-41a6-aa8c-4064f9508ec4> | {
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I need a serious help please
Let Y be the metabolic rate of an organism, Yc the metabolic rate of a single cell, Nc(t) the total number of cells at time t, mc the mass of a cell, and Ec the energy required to create a new cell. The cell properties, Ec, mc, and Yc, are assumed to be constant and invariant with respect to the size of the organism. Thus
Y = YcNc + Ec(dNc/dt).
Let m be the total body mass of the organism at time t, and m = mcNc.(Note that Nc is the total number of cells in a body and is proportional to mass m, while the total number of capillaries Nn is proportional to 3/4 power of m.) Y=Y0(m)^(3/4)
a.show that the above equation can be written as
dm/dt = am^(3/4) - bm
with a = Y0mc / Ec and b = Yc/Ec
b.Let m = M be the mass of a matured organism, when it stops growing (dm/dt = 0). Find M, and show that the above equation can be rewritten as
dm/dt = am^(3/4)[1-(m/M)^(1/4)].
c.Let r = (m/M)^(1/4), and R = 1-r. Then the above equation becomes
dR/dt = -(a/4M^(1/4))R.
Solve this simple ordinary differential equation and show that a plot of ln(R(t)/R(0)) vs. the no-dimensinal time at/(4M^(1/4)) should yield a straight line with a slope -1 for any organism regardless of its size.
d. Based on this scaling for time t, argue that, for a mammal, the interval between heartbeats should scale with its size as M^(1/4).
I am completely lost,,,, please help ,,,, Thank you
Since every question is related to the above equation, finishing this should allow you to do the rest. | <urn:uuid:9dfdd27b-0da2-4b44-9201-d7fe7a452be8> | {
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New Smyrna Beach is a city in Volusia County, Florida, United States, located on the central east coast of the state, with the Atlantic Ocean to the east. Its population was estimated to be 22,900 in 2012 by the United States Census Bureau. The downtown section of the city is located on the west side of the Indian River and the Indian River Lagoon system. The Coronado Beach Bridge crosses the Intracoastal Waterway just south of the Ponce de Leon Inlet, connecting the mainland with the beach on the coastal barrier island.
The surrounding area offers many opportunities for outdoor recreation: these include fishing, sailing, motorboating, golfing and hiking. Visitors participate in water sports of all kinds, including swimming, scuba diving, kitesurfing, and surfing. In July 2009, New Smyrna Beach was ranked number nine on the list of "best surf towns" in Surfer Magazine. It was recognized as "one of the world's top 20 surf towns" by National Geographic Magazine. in 2012.
The area was settled in 1768, when Scottish physician Dr. Andrew Turnbull, a friend of James Grant, the governor of East Florida, established the colony of New Smyrna. No one had previously attempted to settle so many people at one time in a town in North America.
Turnbull recruited around 1400 settlers as indentured servants or laborers, most of them from Minorca, Greece, or Italy. He intended for them to grow hemp, sugarcane, and indigo, as well as to produce rum. Possibly as many as 1,000 of the settlers came from the island of Minorca in the Balearic Islands off the coast of Spain; they were of Catalan culture and language.
The colony suffered major losses due to insect-borne diseases and Native American raids, and tensions grew because of mistreatment by Turnbull and his overseers. In 1776 and early 1777, some of the remaining colonists traveled north to St. Augustine on the Old King's Highway to state their grievances and request sanctuary. Although at first rebuffed by Patrick Tonyn, Grant's successor as governor, a decision by the British courts released the colonists from their servitude and allowed them to settle in St. Augustine. In the summer of 1777 they walked the seventy-five miles to that city, where their descendants live to this day. In 1783, East and West Florida were returned to the Spanish, and Turnbull abandoned his colony to retire in Charleston, South Carolina.
The St. Photios National Shrine on St. George Street in St. Augustine honors the Greeks among the settlers of New Smyrna; they were the first Greek Orthodox followers in North America. The historical exhibit adjoining the chapel tells the story of their plight, with accompanying exhibits, and of their contributions to the city.
Central Florida was then sparsely populated by Europeans, as it was frequently raided by Seminole Indians trying to protect their territory. United States troops fought against them in the Seminole Wars but they were never completely dislodged. During the Civil War in the 1860s, the "Stone Wharf" of New Smyrna was shelled by Union gunboats.
In 1887, when New Smyrna was incorporated, it had a population of 150. In 1892, Henry Flagler provided service to the town via his Florida East Coast Railway. This led to a rapid increase in the area's population. Its economy grew as tourism was added to its citrus and commercial fishing industries.
During Prohibition in the 1920s, the city and its river islands were popular sites for moonshine stills and hideouts for rum-runners, who came from the Bahamas through Mosquito Inlet, now Ponce de León Inlet. "New Smyrna" became "New Smyrna Beach" in 1947, when the city annexed the seaside community of Coronado Beach. Today, it is a resort town of over 20,000 permanent residents.
Like St. Augustine, established by the Spanish, New Smyrna has been ruled by four "flags": the British, Spanish, United States (from 1821, with ratification of the Adams–Onís Treaty) and the Confederate Jack. After the end of the Civil War in 1865, it returned with Florida to the United States.
See also: New Smyrna Beach Historic District | <urn:uuid:168df7a4-da80-465a-9ded-01b6d0d9faf1> | {
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UN Action Against Sexual Violence in Conflict
UN Action Against Sexual Violence in Conflict (UN Action) unites the work of 12 UN entities with the goal of ending sexual violence in conflict. It is a concerted effort by the UN system to improve coordination and accountability, amplify programming and advocacy, and support national efforts to prevent sexual violence and respond effectively to the needs of survivors.
Say no to sexual violence in conflict!
SIGN THE PETITION!
UN Action member entities
- DPA - UN Department of Political Affairs
- DPKO - UN Dep. of Peacekeeping Operations
- OCHA - UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
- OHCHR - UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights
- UNAIDS - Joint UN Programme on HIV/AIDS
- UNDP - UN Development Programme
- UNFPA - UN Population Fund
- UNHCR - UN High Commissioner for Refugees
- UNICEF - UN Children’s Fund
- UNIFEM - UN Development Fund for Woman
- WFP -UN World Food Programme
- WHO - UN World Health
Resolution 1820: Women, Peace, and SecurityOn 19 June 2008, the United Nations Security Council unanimously agreed that sexual violence “when used or commissioned as a tactic of war in order to deliberately target civilians or as a part of a widespread or systematic attack against civilian populations,can significantly exacerbate situations of armed conflict and may impede the restoration of international peace and security,” affirming that “effective steps to prevent and respond to such acts… can significantly contribute to the maintenance of international peace and security”.
Resolution 1820 acknowledges that rape can no longer be dismissed as a random byproduct of war, since it is often employed systematically to destabilize, demoralize, terrorize and humiliate communities, forcing many to flee their homes. With Resolution 1820, sexual violence becomes a security issue for the international community, not only a humanitarian and a gender issue. Mass sexual violence threatens the personal security of individuals, as well as the health and security of nations. Resolution 1820 therefore underlines the fact that there is no security without women's security.
- Country Level Action: support joint strategy development and programming by UN Country Teams and Peacekeeping Operations, including building operational and technical capacity.
- Advocating for Action: action to raise public awareness and generate political will to address sexual violence as part of a broader campaign to Stop Rape Now.
- Learning by Doing: creating a knowledge hub on the scale of sexual violence in conflict, and effective responses by the UN and partners.
Cross Itcrossed-arm gesture is being used by the Stop Rape Now campaign, to prevent and respond to conflict-related sexual violence.
The campaign raises awareness about conflict-related sexual violence and invites everybody to get involved and becoming a fan of Security Council Resolution 1820.
The objective is to tell the UN Security Council and governments around the globe that conflict-related sexual violence must and can stop. The campaigns aim is to tell the world leaders that survivors must be able to seek justice, perpetrators must be prosecuted, and that peacekeeping troops, police, and civilian personnel must be trained to prevent sexual violence, and protect and empower women and girls.
"We Congolese women, we are doing what we can to help each other.Women here have long felt neglected-but we hope this feeling will one day be over."(Testimony of a Congolese woman)-- Stephanie Hanes, "Life After Rape in Congo", Christian Science Monitor, April 25, 2007
"A woman would never go to report a rape to the HNP [Haitian National Police]," said a Haitian woman, "she is likely to be raped by them again." -- Refugees International "RI Bulletin: Haiti: UN Civilian Police Require Executive Authority" (March 14, 2005)
"After my relative declined to give me a job at his shop, I went to a labour market where two men hired me for construction work for 50 Afghani (US $1) a day. They took me into an empty house where they both forcefully had sex with me."--(statement of 12-year-old boy)-IRIN, "Afghanistan: War, Poverty, and Ignorance fuel sexual abuse of children" (02 June 2007)
- Women, Peace, and Security
- Women and peace organisations
- Resolution 1325
- Resolution 1888
- Resolution 1889
- Stop-rape-now website
- Facebook page
- List of NGOs addressing the issue of sexual violence in armed conflict and post-conflict situations
- AIDS, Security & Conflict Research Hub
- Peace Women, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom | <urn:uuid:b948def2-d9bd-417c-b19c-a726992a73b3> | {
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overbalanced[ verb oh-ver-bal-uh ns; noun oh-ver-bal-uh ns ]SEE DEFINITION OF overbalanced
Synonyms for overbalanced
- out of shape
EXAMPLES FROM THE WEB FOR OVERBALANCED
Their emotions have overbalanced their reason in this field.
He said, that he would not suppose that they could be overbalanced.
The blind effort which he made to catch it overbalanced the automaton.
His qualities of good more than overbalanced his imperfections.
The centrifugal force has been overbalanced by the centripetal.
I am sorry for it; because it shows that your confidence in your father is overbalanced by your curiosity.
“Passion must have overbalanced her reason and driven her mad,” he said aside to me.
But his anger at the Bailiff's intrusion was overbalanced by curiosity.
He winced: but all was overbalanced by this, that Skinner had not come to bear witness for the Plaintiff.
But in her haste she overbalanced herself, and came with a crash to the floor.
MORE RELATED WORDS FOR OVERBALANCED
- not flat
- not level
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Engineers at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) are developing a type of nanofoam that may one day provide better structural integrity for buildings compare to current conventional foam material.
The nanofoams are made of porous, honeycomb-like, structures that are light, and are reportedly able to absorb impacts in a much less localized manner; therefore, minimizing the amount of damage suffered. Currently, the UCSD researchers are trying to determine the most optimal pore size to absorb energy from impacts, with sizes that range from 10 nanometers to 10 microns.
(Porous silica depicted at various magnifications.)
“We are developing nanofoams that help disperse the force of an impact over a wider area,” said Yu Qiao, professor of structural engineering at UCSD’s Jacobs School of Engineering. “They will appear to be less rigid but will actually more resistant than ordinary foams.”
Much like how engineers have developed cars that can spread out the absorption of energy during impact, the nanofoam material is essentially the same concept—except this is on a nano scale. Qiao and his colleagues are currently manufacturing the nanofoam material in his lab. Working on a molecular level, the team first blends two materials together, and then using “acid etching” or combustion to remove one of the two materials to create “channels” within the nanofoam.
The project is being funded by the Army Research Office, and Qiao is hoping that with enough progress the team can begin applying similar principles to test metallic and polymeric nanomaterials. | <urn:uuid:e31e9088-4d2f-4639-b3bb-e07512164aeb> | {
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User:National Institute sandbox 14PEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
The original content for this article was contributed by The National Institute for Genealogical Studies in June 2012. It is an excerpt from their course English: Land and Property Records including Manorial Documents and Maps by Dr. Penelope Christensen. The Institute offers over 200 comprehensive genealogy courses for a fee ($).
Marriage and Family Settlements
Amongst the deeds there may also be marriage settlements and family settlements, typically for gentry and substantial landowners, but sometimes for those of quite modest means. These should not be confused with parish Poor Law settlements.
A marriage settlement was drawn up before, or sometimes shortly after, a marriage typically with a father transferring land, shares or money to a son, or to a daughter and her husband, to ensure that they had sufficient income. A groom could also make a settlement effectively tying up some of his property to ensure his wife’s continued comfort. The deed will give the names, occupations and places of residence of husband and wife and usually gives details of their parents as well. The named trustees would be family members or good friends of the families involved, and would hold the property, which is described, on behalf of the newlywed couple. Sometimes earlier generations are also named, particularly the couple’s parents’ own marriages with their parents and relatives.
Unett and Tanner (Making a Pedigree: An Introduction to Sources for Early Genealogy, 1997) describe in detail two such marriage settlements which are abstracted here.
- The first is dated 23 Aug 1723 involving:
| Robert HOLMES of Birchen, Herefordshire with his considerable estates.|
His intended wife Joyce WEBB of Bartonstreet, Gloucestershire, widow of Nicholas WEBB, and her many lands and personal estate.
Robert HOLMES settles a sufficient part of his estate on Joyce to provide £200 per annum income free of tax and she agrees to convey certain properties to the trustees.
- The second example concerns a yeoman with much less land in 1667 but also in Herefordshire.
A later example from my own family is given in full below.
Chart: Marriage Settlement 1782
| This Indenture Tripartite made the Twenty first day of June in the year of our Lord One Thousand Seven Hundred and Eighty Two Between
Patrick Hay Esquire Captain in the Service of the Hon’ble the united Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies under their Military Establishment of Fort William in Bengal but now serving in a Detachment from thence on the coast of Choromandel of the first part. Sarah Dashwood of Fort Saint George on the coast of Choromandel Spinster of the Second part, and Lieutenant General Sir Eyre Coote Knight of the Bath and Commander in Chief of his Majesty’s the said Company’s force in India and Thomas Graham Esquire in the Civil Service of the said United Company at their Presidency of Fort William aforesaid of the third part.
Whereas a marriage is intended shortly to be had and Solemnized between the said Patrick Hay and Sarah Dashwood. And whereas the said Patrick Hay hath placed in the hands of the said Sir Eyre Coote and Thomas Graham the Sum of five thousand Pounds stirling in lawful money of Great Britain, the receipt hereof the said Sir Eyre Coote and Thomas Graham do Acknowledge by their being parties to and Signing and Sealing these presents. And whereas the said Patrick Hay hath agreed to settle the said Sum of five thousand Pounds on the said Sarah Dashwood and to her Sole use and behoof in manner as hereinafter is mentioned.
NOW this Indenture Witnesseth that in pursuance and performance of the said recited Agreement and for and in Consideration of the said Intended Marriage, It is hereby agreed and declared by and between all and every the parties to these presents and the and the true intent and meaning of them and of these presents is and are that the said principal Sum of five thousand Pounds so by him the said Patrick Hay placed in the hands of the said Sir Eyre Coote and Thomas Graham together with the Interest, profits and produce thereof shall from henceforth go, be paid, applied and disposed of to, for and upon the several uses, Intents and purposes hereinafter mentioned of and Concerning the same. That is to say upon trust that they the said Sir Eyre Coote and Thomas Graham of the Survivor of them, or the Executors, Administrators or assigns of such Survivor shall and do as soon as Conveniently Can and may be by and with the Consent of the said Patrick Hay and Sarah Dashwood during their joint lives, and of her the said Sarah Dashwood of she Survives the said Patrick Hay, such Consent to be testified in writing under their or her hand and Seal Executed in the presence of two or more credible witnesses, lend and place out the said principal Sum of five thousand Pounds or any part thereof in any Public Bank Stock or fund or upon one or more good and Sufficient Securities, either real or personal, and in such a manner as the said Sir Eyre Coote and Thomas Graham or the Survivor of them, or the Executors, Administrators or assigns of such Survivor, by and with such Consent so testified as aforesaid shall in their discretion think fit, together with full power to the said Sir Eyre Coote and Thomas Graham or the Survivor of them, or the Executors, Administrators or assigns of such Survivor, with such Consent as aforesaid as Occasion may require to call in and new place the said Principal sum of five thousand Pounds upon any new Security, either Real or personal, and upon this further trust that they the said Sir Eyre Coote and Thomas Graham or the Survivor of them, or the Executors, Administrators or assigns of such Survivor shall and Do permit and Suffer or also sufficiently authorize and Empower the said Patrick Hay to receive the Interest, profits and produce to arise, be had or made of the said five thousand Pounds during his natural life to and for his own use and benefit and from and immediately after his decease then upon this further trust that they the said Sir Eyre Coote and Thomas Graham or the Survivor of them, or the Executors, Administrators or assigns of such Survivor shall and will pay of Cause to be paid unto the said Sarah Dashwood in case she Survives the said Patrick Hay, her Executors, Administrators or assigns the said Sum of five thousand Pounds to her and their only use and behoof for Ever in lieu, bar and Satisfaction of her Dower and Thirds at common Law or otherwise which she can or may have or Claim of, into or out of all, every or any of the Lands, Tenements and Hereditaments whereof and wherein the said Patrick Hay now is or hereafter may by Entitled and the said Sarah Dashwood doth hereby Covenant, promise and agree to and with the said Sir Eyre Coote and Thomas Graham, their Executors, Administrators or assigns to receipt of the said sum of five thousand Pounds in lieu, bar and Satisfaction of her Dower or Thirds as aforesaid.
In Witness whereof the parties to these presents Have hereunto set their hands and Seals the day and year first above Written.
Signed, Sealed and Delivered P. Hay [seal]
In the Presence of Thos E. Ogilvie
And by Sir Eyre Coote and Thomas Graham Eyre Coote
Received of the above Named Patrick Hay the above mentioned Sum of five thousand Pounds By his Bond or obligation bearing Even date with the above Deed Executed by him to me for that Sum for the purpose above mentioned. Eyre Coote
Witness Js Copham
Family Settlements were usually drawn up once each generation as the eldest son came of age. The documents detail the family as it is at this time and list the property and money that each child could expect. There are often references to the preceding family settlement, and the deed could entail property within the family for the succeeding generations. Obviously very many names and relationships would be given in the documents, hence their usefulness to the genealogist. Alcock (Old Title Deeds, 2001) and Herber (Ancestral Trails , 2003) have further details on how these worked.
The bundles of deeds for an estate or family may contain all kinds of other documentation if the lawyers had been thorough in tracking down legal confirmation of heirs. These include parish register transcripts for christenings, marriages and burials, sworn statements by living witnesses stating relationships, and three- or four-generation family trees which had been drawn up at the time to explain the descent of property. It can be readily seen that deeds are high quality original sources as they were done to legal standards. They are more reliable than parish registers but can confirm them, and also provide substitutes for missing church records. Settlements are also particularly important in establishing migration of members of a family from one place to another, providing the all-important link between christening and marriage of an individual
Charity and Trust Deeds
Charity and trust deeds differed from family settlements because they were always in the hands of trustees and were virtually perpetual. When trustees died, became incapable or moved away then new ones were appointed by a double transaction: the survivors conveyed to a third party who then conveyed to the new, enlarged group of trustees (see examples below).
Chart: Schedule of Salisbury Methodist Deeds 1702-1853 FHL film 1526306
| Schedule of Deeds belonging to the Meeting House and School Room and Premises, Salt Lane, Salisbury|
|1702||Harrison to Morgan and others||Triplicate copies of Conveyance of Meeting House and C…(?)|
|1720||Long to Morse||Conveyance|
|1724||Long to Feake and others||Conveyance in Trust|
|1742||Feake to Freemantle||Conveyance in Trust|
|1742||Freemantle to new trustees||Conveyance in Trust|
|1763||Feake and others to Elliott and others||Release|
|1763||Elliott and others to new trustees||Release|
|1776||General trust deed and the hands and seals of surviving Trustees||Deed Poll [this is a deed cut smooth , not indented]|
|1793||General Trust Deed ditto||Deed Poll|
|1815||Wansey and others to Gardiner and others||Release|
|1853||Bell and others to Harding and others||Conveyance enrolled|
Chart: Copy of 1742 Salisbury Methodist Deeds FHL film 1526306
| 17 Sep 1742 Indentures of Lease and Release, the latter made between John FEAKE the Elder, Jos. MITCHELL, Thos MITCHELL, Jos BURDEN, Benjn BATCHELLOR (surviving Trustees) of one part and Willm FREEMANTLE of the other part.|
Reciting last Abstracted Deed.
And reciting death of Rd GOODRIDGE, Jas SAMUELLS,
Thos HARRIS, Jno BIRT, Jas GREENAWAY and Jos
BATCHELLOR and removal of Jno ELDERTON to London
and reduction of Trustees to 5.
And reciting in Public Meeting on 30th Aug then last past
and that thereat Robt WHITHEAR, John MERRIS, John
CARPENTER, Thomas DYKE, John FEAKE the younger
and Willm MOORE the younger were duly chosen Trustees
It is Witnesses that in order that said Premises might be duly granted to surviving and new Trustees upon the Trusts of last Abstracted Deed and for a nominal consideration paid by said Willm FREEMANTLE to said surviving Trustees They did grant, bargain, sell, alien, release and confirm unto said W. FREEMANTLE (in his actual etc) and to his heirs
All said Abstracted Premises . (To which description is added that the Messuage or Tenement was then made use of for a Meeting House).and the reversion etc and the Estate etc.
To hold same.
Upon Special Trust to reconvey same to said surviving and new Trustees upon same Trusts as contained in last abstracted Indenture within 10 days.
Executed by all surviving Trustees and attested.
20 Sep 1742 Indentures of Lease and Release THE LATTER MADE BETWEEN SAID Willm FREEMANTLE of the one part and said surviving and new Trustees of the other part ………..
The deeds of land which was transferred for charitable purposes, such as schools, burial grounds, parks, museums, working class dwellings and nonconformist chapels were enrolled on the Close Rolls from 1737. There are about 35,000 of them and are well indexed by place and are described more fully in TNA research guide L8. Copies can be found with papers of these institutions or bodies, such as those above. There is a surprising amount of family history detail in the actual copies, for example those for 1742 presented above.
Information in this Wiki page is excerpted from the online course English: Land and Property Records including Manorial Documents and Maps offered by The National Institute for Genealogical Studies. To learn more about this course or other courses available from the Institute, see our website. We can be contacted at [email protected]
We welcome updates and additions to this Wiki page.
- This page was last modified on 13 September 2014, at 19:12.
- This page has been accessed 299 times.
Future Changes to the Wiki
Changes are coming to the FamilySearch Research Wiki in the near future. Find out more on the Wiki Community News page.Community News | <urn:uuid:2c21da3f-efdf-41bc-868f-a5e9b52e58a7> | {
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In 2012, the average kilowatts used by a home in the United States was 10,837 kilowatt hours annually, with an average monthly usage of 903 kilowatt hours. Energy use per home greatly depends on the size of the home, with home size being greater in colder climates than warmer ones.
The number of kilowatts used in the average home differs by region. Louisiana, for example, had the highest average usage among states in 2012 at 15,046 kilowatt hours, whereas Maine had the lowest usage at 6,367 kilowatt hours. Since 1990, homes are 27 percent larger than those built before that period. Energy-efficient building practices have managed to keep the power costs of the larger homes down, however. | <urn:uuid:b7144dc7-b8b0-4886-b0e1-8f8a0690cd7a> | {
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Paperback, 158 pages
Published June 1st 1993 by International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) (first published 1992)
Reviewed by Abdul H.Azeez
A mere four hundred years after the demise of the Prophet (pbuh) the political fragmentation of the Islamic world had already begun, and continued in the centuries after. The Muslim ummah, once united along lines of faith, has over these centuries disintegrated into more than seventy small states with innumerable mutual disagreements and conflicts. Indeed, writes Taha Jabir al ‘Alwani in The Ethics of Disagreement in Islam, these differences are at the root of the crisis, by all means an intellectual one, which has affected the Islamic world and brought it to deplorable levels from its onetime glory.
Disagreement in religious matters is nothing new, nor is it something abhorred or prohibited in Islam. Indeed it is the legacy of the prophet (pbuh), who gave enough knowledge to ensure we do not fail in our belief and just enough room to maneuver to enable humans to mould, suit and adjust God’s religion to the varying challenges that the twists of temporal and geographical settings were bound to impose upon us. Therefore it is in the very nature of Islam that disagreements and varying interpretations in minor matters occur due to the differences in intellect, perspective and perceptions of human beings, who are a diverse lot living in diverse times. This is how Islam, being the perfect religion of Allah most high, moulds itself to the differences among us as Muslims.
A historical glimpse at the disagreements between believers reveals a multifaceted picture. Disagreements that happened among the companions during the time of the Prophet (pbuh) were referred to the Prophet (pbuh) himself and dealt with by him. But after the Prophet (pbuh)’s time and the reign of the Rightly Guided caliphs a number of factions began to appear in the region of Iraq; among them the Khawarizites, Shia, Jamiyah and Mu’tazila. These years were rife with false and fabricated Hadith, and with opportunistic and politically motivated interpretations of the Shari’ah. It was during these years that scholars came together in a valiant effort to put right the declining standards of Islamic Law. And thus were born the four madhabs, or schools of Islamic Jurisprudence; Maliki, Hanafi, Shafi and Hanbali.
The four madhabs had varying methodologies and summarizes their main characteristics and scientific reasoning and logic. Of the four madhabs of the imams Malik, al Shafi’I, ibn Hanbal and Abu Hanifah the latter inclined more strongly towards techniques of independent reasoning while the first three stuck more closely to the literal interpretations of the Prophetic traditions and the activities of the Rightly Guided Caliphs.
By discussing first the history of disagreement in religious matters among the companions, then of the successors (taabi’un) and then of the four imams, Al Alwani drives home the main point of this book; Disagreements and differences in views occurred even among these righteous individuals but, rather than creating strife and bad blood, the way they handled their differences and responded to each other enriched discourse and religious thought, in turn increasing overall benefit to society. In later centuries however, these same inevitable differences contributed untold strife, misery and mayhem within the ummah.
So why it is that differences that occurred among these early proponents of Islam created a unifying effect while creating such carnage and strife in later times? People change and attitudes change, and unfortunately this includes attitudes towards religion. As wealth poured into the Islamic empire and power became commoditized, the light of imaan began to fade as most Muslims’ lives began to be dominated more and more by worldly goals. And so, to cut to the chase, the basic difference between scholars, rulers and ordinary Muslims then and now can be summed up with one word, Taqwa. Fear of Allah, faith.
The four imams understood that varying interpretations were inevitable, and respected the differing interpretations of their counterparts concerning small matters as reminders of their own fallibility and humbleness before the all knowing, almighty Allah. It is only when attitudes changed as faith lost precedence to material gains that there was a shift in the very motives of jurists. It was then that arrogance raised its head, as jurists saw personal benefit in discrediting a competitor for a particular post. This gradually turned the arena of religious discourse into a battlefield of burning arguments and crashing egos.
This transition happened as the administration of the ummah gradually split along lines of politics and doctrine. That is to say, religion and politics began to be practiced separately. In the time of the Prophet (pbuh) and the Rightly Guided Caliphs politics and doctrine were one. Faith was government and government was faith. In those early years rulers hardly consulted jurists in matters of administration because by and large the rulers were more than qualified to make those judgments themselves. But as power was gradually usurped by a more self serving, ambitious variety of political player the ummah witnessed an ever widening split between intellectual and political leadership.
These political leaders, in order for their rule to gain credibility, courted respected jurists with offers of high administrative posts and social status. And even though the more steadfast among these jurists resisted the trappings of power and politics, there arose in subsequent generations an increasing number of aspiring jurists who were more and more tempted by the potential worldly benefits obtainable from religious knowledge. Jurists started courting rulers for position and money instead of it being the other way about. And thereby many of them found the need to subvert religious exactness to fit the desires of their ruling patronage.
As a result more and more verdicts were given without proper religious evidences. Punishments for crimes were reduced or increased as jurists, or their sponsors, saw fit. Exploring loopholes and stratagems to find ways out of punishments became a special skill, and the law of Allah was subverted. Jurists started operating much like how the lawyers of the present operate in today’s secular legal climate. Along with leniency, unnecessary and unsanctioned strictness appeared as another extreme. Take the example of the Andalusian monarch who asked the Maliki jurist Yahya ibn Yahya the consequences of intercourse with his wife during the daytime of Ramadan. He was told that he had to fast for two consecutive months. When asked why the jurist had not told the monarch of the more lenient option of freeing a slave, he replied that the punishment would not mean much to the monarch since he was capable of freeing hundreds of people from bondage.
This abuse of ijtihad (or independent ruling) caused a fear of how far this corruption would go unless its flow was checked and a solution to protect the ummah from the vagaries of ignorance was sought. The answer was to resort to the rulings of previous jurists and this meant following the four main madhabs of the imams Malik, Hanbal, Abu Hanifa and Shafi’i.
But this approach too had its unforeseen negative consequences; again as a result of a lack of faith and a proactive quest for religious knowledge on the part of the ummah. As the ummah increasingly ‘outsourced’ their religious knowledge to the verdicts of the four madhabs, they neglected to engage in a constant personal journey of enlightenment and consequently ended up being blind followers of these earlier madhabs. In other words, the low levels of public knowledge in matters pertaining to Shari’ah assisted the emergence of taqlid, or the blind following without knowledge, of these schools of thought. Taqlid, coupled with the reemergence of clan loyalties, or asabiyya, provoked discord and distrust among various factions of the ummah. And conflict arose between followers of the various madhabs who ironically forgot that the founders of those madhabs themselves often showed deep respect to each other’s schools of thought, and learned much from each other.
Therefore, a gradual erosion of knowledge and faith and an improper implementation of the Shari’ah in daily lives began to turn positive disagreement and friendly discourse into negative arguing, wrangling and hatred among the ummah. Often over minor matters that were far removed from the main tenets of Islam.
Centuries passed, the Islamic Civilization continued to erode through the flowering of the Renaissance, the Industrial Revolution and increasing European interests overseas abounded. Because it was divided and intellectually confused, the colonists found it easy to infiltrate and finally topple the Ottoman Empire, the last bastion of Islamic rule in the Middle East. The colonialists followed an active strategy to gradually erode the faith even further. Religious education was discouraged, strong social and material incentives were provided to block the pathways leading to religious education all over the colonial world including Asia and Africa. And today, decades after our colonial rulers have taken flight; much of the ummah is still fumbling through the darkness of Taqlid, seemingly with no intention of finding its way back to the light.
Ethics of Disagreement in Islam is basically a call to action. The responsibility for the revival of the ummah lies not with the scholars alone but upon individual Muslims. Until there is a collective effort to seek knowledge on the part of every Muslim, the ummah will always be subject to ignorance, nonsensical disagreement and internal strife. In Ethics of Disagreement in Islam the message is not so much that disagreement is bad in itself, but disagreement must be based on sincere intellectual conviction, humility, and deep study.
Latest posts by Sailan Muslim (see all)
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- Aluthgama and Darga Town – News Updates - June 16, 2014
- Wilpattu Contraversy the inside story - April 28, 2014 | <urn:uuid:c604ab5c-e8ee-40d6-95b8-379aa34c3936> | {
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Moon Light World Map
The map below shows where the Moon is visible from the Earth, depending on weather conditions and moon phases.
The white dot symbolizes the position of the Moon, and the yellow sun symbolizes the position of the sun.
View Day and Night Map
- The bright part of the map shows where the moon is over the horizon on Tuesday, November 6, 2012 at 19:34:00 UTC.
- The Sun's position is marked with this symbol: . At this location, the Sun will be at its zenith (directly overhead) in relation to an observer.
- The Moon's position is marked with this symbol: . At this location, the Moon will be at its zenith in relation to an observer. Note that the symbol is not showing the current phase of the Moon.
Fraction of moon illuminated: 52%
Position of the Moon
On Tuesday, November 6, 2012 at 19:34:00 UTC the Moon is at its zenith at these coordinates:
|Latitude: ||12° 09' ||North|
|Longitude: ||153° 10' ||East|
The ground speed of the movement is currently 439.37 meters/second, 1581.7 km/hour, 982.8 miles/hour or 854.1 knots.The table below shows the Moon position compared to the time and date above:
|Time||Longitude difference||Latitude difference||Total|
|1 minute||0° 14' 31.8"||16.38 mi||west||0° 00' 09.2"||0.18 mi||south||16.38 mi|
|1 hour||14° 31' 52.6"||982.73 mi||west||0° 09' 16.2"||10.62 mi||south||983.08 mi|
|24 hours||11° 15' 33.9"||761.50 mi||east||3° 59' 27.4"||274.32 mi||south||814.16 mi|
Locations with the moon near zenith
The following table shows 10 locations with moon near zenith position in the sky.
|Palikir||Wed 6:34 AM||798 km||496 miles||431 nm|| SE|
|Saipan||Wed 5:34 AM||870 km||541 miles||470 nm|| WNW|
|Guam (Hagåtña)||Wed 5:34 AM||925 km||575 miles||499 nm|| W|
|Wake Island||Wed 7:34 AM||1646 km||1023 miles||889 nm|| ENE|
|Majuro||Wed 7:34 AM||2055 km||1277 miles||1109 nm|| ESE|
|Yaren||Wed 7:34 AM||2068 km||1285 miles||1117 nm|| SE|
|Melekeok||Wed 4:34 AM||2097 km||1303 miles||1132 nm|| WSW|
|Jayapura||Wed 4:34 AM||2130 km||1323 miles||1150 nm|| SW|
|Port Moresby||Wed 5:34 AM||2478 km||1540 miles||1338 nm|| SSW|
|Tarawa||Wed 7:34 AM||2491 km||1548 miles||1345 nm|| ESE|
Related time zone tools | <urn:uuid:e9c65250-bd47-4c69-8d4f-02a4b9d6903a> | {
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Take a look at this page:http://www.arduino.cc/playground/Learning/PortManipulation
The 328 has the same pins.
The innermost set of names are short for either PINx (in) or PORTx (out). The digit is the pin number on that port. So, PB5 is the 5th pin on PORTB or PINB, depending on whether the pin is used for input or output.
The text in red then identifies how the Arduino refers to the same pin. PB5 is digital pin 13.
Your stepper motor controllers should be connected to PORTD (output), which is digital pins 0 to 7. The step pins should then be digital pins 2, 3, and 4. The direction pins are pins 5, 6, and 7.
If you have limit switches, they are connected to PINB (input), which is the rest of the digital pins (8 to 13). The limit switches connect to pins 8, 9, and 10.
Pins 11 and 12 are used for the spindle enable and spindle direction pins. | <urn:uuid:63691249-2101-4bb1-a1b7-3bee06faf3c6> | {
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By Kelly O’Brien
Women who were exposed to colder temperatures during pregnancy had a lower rate of gestational diabetes than those exposed to hotter temperatures, according to a study published online today in the Canadian Medical Association Journal.
The prevalence of gestational diabetes was 4.6 per cent among women exposed to extremely cold average temperatures (equal to or below -10 C) in the 30-day period prior to being screened for gestational diabetes, and increased to 7.7 per cent among those exposed to hot average temperatures (above 24 C). The study also found that for every 10-degree Celsius rise in temperature, women were six to nine per cent more likely to develop gestational diabetes.
The study examined 555,911 births among 396,828 women over a 12-year period. All the women studied lived in the Greater Toronto Area, but some were pregnant when the average temperature was warmer, and some when it was cooler.
Researchers looked at the relationship between the average 30-day air temperature prior to the time of gestational diabetes screening in the second trimester, and the likelihood of gestational diabetes diagnosis.
Dr. Gillian Booth, a researcher at St. Michael’s and the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (ICES) and lead author of the study, said the finding might seem counterintuitive, but can be explained by emerging science about how humans make different kinds of fat.
“Many would think that in warmer temperatures, women are outside and more active, which would help limit the weight gain in pregnancy that predisposes a woman to gestational diabetes,” said Dr. Booth.
“However, it fits a pattern we expected from new studies showing that cold exposure can improve your sensitivity to insulin, by turning on a protective type of fat called brown adipose tissue.”
A similar effect was seen for each 10-degree Celsius rise in the temperature difference between two consecutive pregnancies compared within the same woman.
“By further limiting our analysis to pregnancies within the same woman, we controlled for a whole number of factors,” said Dr. Joel Ray, a researcher at St. Michael’s and ICES who co-led the study. “Doing so allowed us to eliminate factors like ethnicity, income, activity and eating habits that would differ between two different women.”
In addition to a higher rate of gestational diabetes among women who were exposed to hotter temperatures during pregnancy, there was also a lower rate of gestational diabetes among Canadian women born in cooler climates versus those who were born in hot climates. Those women born in cooler climates, including Canada and the United States, and who were exposed to cold temperatures during the 30-day period prior to screening had a gestational diabetes rate of 3.6 per cent, while those exposed to hot temperatures had a rate of gestational diabetes of 6.3 per cent. In comparison, women who were born in hot climates, including South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, had rates of gestational diabetes of 7.7 and 11.8 per cent, respectively.
According to Drs. Booth and Ray, the findings, combined with the continued rise in global temperatures, could signal an increase in the future number of gestational diabetes cases worldwide.
“While changes in temperature of this magnitude may lead to a small relative increase in the risk of gestational diabetes, the absolute number of women impacted in Canada and elsewhere may be substantial,” they wrote.
Gestational diabetes is new onset diabetes in the second trimester of pregnancy and is usually temporary, but the risk factors for gestational diabetes and adult onset type 2 diabetes are virtually the same.
The results of this study could foreshadow the effects of rising world-wide temperatures on type 2 diabetes in general, according to the researchers.
“This is like the canary in the coal mine for the possible effects of global warming on adult onset diabetes,” said Drs. Booth and Ray.
This study was funded by the St. Michael’s Hospital Foundation and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR).
This paper is an example of how St. Michael’s Hospital is making Ontario Healthier, Wealthier, Smarter.
About St. Michael’s Hospital
St. Michael’s Hospital provides compassionate care to all who enter its doors. The hospital also provides outstanding medical education to future health care professionals in more than 29 academic disciplines. Critical care and trauma, heart disease, neurosurgery, diabetes, cancer care, and care of the homeless are among the Hospital’s recognized areas of expertise. Through the Keenan Research Centre and the Li Ka Shing International Healthcare Education Center, which make up the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, research and education at St. Michael’s Hospital are recognized and make an impact around the world. Founded in 1892, the hospital is fully affiliated with the University of Toronto.
About the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (ICES)
ICES is an independent, non-profit organization that uses population-based health information to produce knowledge on a broad range of health care issues. Our unbiased evidence provides measures of health system performance, a clearer understanding of the shifting health care needs of Ontarians, and a stimulus for discussion of practical solutions to optimize scarce resources. ICES knowledge is highly regarded in Canada and abroad, and is widely used by government, hospitals, planners, and practitioners to make decisions about care delivery and to develop policy. For the latest ICES news, follow us on Twitter: @ICESOntario | <urn:uuid:ec734703-8c46-4cb3-b9e7-25226e8cd420> | {
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As we all rush about each day, we don't always take the time to notice the amazing world around us. It's a rare occasion that we stop in our tracks to take it all in. As bombarded as our kids are by sensory stimuli, without teaching them how to tune in, they run the risk of dulling their senses and developing a narrower view of the world.
This has huge implications for learning how to learn. So, after some active musing and experimenting, we settled on this simple activity for helping kids (literally) blow the ceiling off of their limited sense of the world. All you and your child need is a small mirror and at least 10 minutes to walk slowly around in the forest. They'll put the mirror on the bridge of their nose to get a personal glimpse of life at the treetops. As you encourage them to walk this way and notice how they feel and what they see, both brain and body will have a wild time communicating. This makes for a trippy (literally and figuratively) fun-house kind of ride in which kids experience their brains at work and their senses awakened.
Why is this activity great for kids?
Like all humans, a child’s brain uses what she sees to monitor and adjust placement of her body weight, enabling her to balance and coordinate movements like standing, walking, or climbing. It's a combination of gross motor skills and eye-body coordination we all rely on to walk about, participate in sports, dance and more. When a child holds a mirror to her nose, her eyes take in information that does not match what her feet encounter, disrupting her eye-body coordination and triggering her senses to wake up to help navigate the situation. For example, a kid will feel his body moving to avoid things that he sees in the mirror above, but of course are not actually on the ground. It all feels so real, and yet he can tell that it is not.
For younger kids (4-6), this is simply a highly engaging sensory experience that needs no further explanation. Because it captures their attention, they slow down and focus intently, helping them to develop self control. This unique experience also helps kids develop their sense of sight and what some experts call the sixth sense—proprioception. Proprioception is the internal sense that tells one where one's body parts are without having to look at them. It's critical for balance, body control and safe movement.
For older kids (7+), talking about the experience is a great entry point for discussing how the brain takes in sensory information and directs the body to act. Understanding how the brain works in this way is not only fascinating, it helps kids realize that sometimes our all-knowing command center can get confused. This simple but powerful idea can help kids build a bit of compassion for themselves and learn how to think critically
about their own perceptions. As they practice walking with the mirror, they are burning new neural pathways, strengthening their ability to sense through touch
and their capacity to balance out their dependency on sight. | <urn:uuid:ec673614-21a9-4242-aaec-3c266087af2c> | {
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Coronal mass ejections (CME's) are dynamic events in which plasma which was initially contained on closed coronal magnetic field lines is ejected into interplanetary space. These events are daily occurrences, averaged over a solar cycle, and involve significant masses, typically 1015 to 1016 grams, and mechanical energies on the order of 1031 to 1032 ergs. The disruption of what might be regarded as a stable, magnetically-closed structure poses fundamental questions in the field of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD).
In practical terms, an improved understanding of mass ejections is also important, since they are known to play a major role in non-recurring storms in the Earth's magnetosphere and ionosphere, which in turn are responsible for enhanced auroral activity, satellite damage and some power station failures. Mass ejections create these disturbances by driving interplanetary shock waves and accelerating particles to relativistic speeds, all of which come "crashing" into the earth's magnetic environment. [see Gosling et al. (1974), Rust (1983), Sheeley et al. (1985), Schwenn (1986), Cane et al. (1987), Feynman and Garrett (1987), Kahler (1994), Bravo and Perez-Enriquez (1994), McAllister et al. (1996a), Weiss et al. (1996), Reames et al. (1996)]. An example of a CME is shown below in Figure 1.
Figure 1: A superposition of white light and Hydrogen-Alpha (H-alpha) images showing the structure of a coronal mass ejection observed from space and the ground on 5 October 1989.
White light images of the outer corona were recorded by the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) orbiting coronagraph (C/P); the inner corona was recorded by the K-Coronameter (Mark-III) at the Mauna Loa Solar Observatory (MLSO).
The red image extending outward from the solar limb is from the Mauna Loa H-alpha prominence monitor, and it shows an eruptive prominence extending well out into the corona. The innermost red H-alpha limb and disk image are courtesy of the Space Environment Center (SEC) of NOAA and were taken approximately two hours before the prominence erupted.
The sun has been a primary suspect as a cause of geomagnetic activity for many decades [Chapman and Ferraro (1931)]. Early studies of the sun revealed that structures known as prominences (called filaments when seen on the solar disk) were likely being ejected into interplanetary space [Pettit (1932), Pettit (1940), Bjerke (1957), Valnicek (1964)]. Mass ejections have been observed in coronagraph and coronameter instruments for ~25 years [for early observations see: Tousey et al. (1974), Hansen et al. (1974), Brueckner (1974), Hildner et al. (1975a)].
Basic properties, such as morphology, location, width, speed, acceleration, and mass, were determined by observations from instruments on OSO, Skylab, Solwind, SMM and from the Mauna Loa K-Coronameter (Mark-III). [References: Hildner et al. (1976), Gosling et al. (1976), MacQueen and Fisher (1983), Munro and Sime (1985), Howard et al. (1985), Howard et al. (1986), Hundhausen (1993), Webb & Howard (1994a), Hundhausen et al. (1994a), and Hundhausen et al. (1994b)].
Reviews of the origins of coronal mass ejections and their relationship to other forms of solar activity are given by MacQueen (1980), Wagner (1984), Hundhausen (1987), Kahler (1987) Forbes (1991), Kahler (1992), Webb et al. (1994b), Low (1996), and Hundhausen in press (1997).
To understand the cause (or causes) of CME's, it is necessary to determine the precise sequence of events that lead to the eruption. Studies of `associations' have been undertaken to identify the relationship between CME's and other solar activity. While the cause(s) of CME's has not been determined, there is general agreement on several points:
Figure 2: This prominence was photographed in June 1946 through a filter centered on the emission line of neutral hydrogen known as hydrogen alpha (or H-alpha).
Prominences extending so far above the photosphere are usually not static, but are expanding outward in an eruptive phase. The bright arch at the bottom of the picture delineates the solar limb. This image is one of twenty images compiled by Dr. Paul Charbonneau and Dr. Oran White and offered as a Pictorial Introduction to the Sun.
While some forms of activity such as filament eruptions are highly associated with mass ejections, there is no form of activity that has a one-to-one correspondence with mass ejections. There are examples of all types of associated activity that have been recorded without the detection of a mass ejection, as reported by Kahler (1987). Accurately identifying the sequence of events leading to mass ejections and their associated activity will resolve some of these ambiguities.
During the 1990s, several satellites have been successfully launched and are returning new information about the sun and the solar wind. The Ulysses Spacecraft was launched in October, 1990, from the Space Shuttle Discovery (Mission: STS-41C) and is now orbiting the sun in a polar orbit, providing the first in situ measurements of the solar wind at high latitudes. The WIND spacecraft was launched in November, 1994, and is in a halo orbit at the Earth-Sun L1 point. It measures the plasma parameters of the solar wind upstream from Earth, providing input for magnetospheric and ionospheric studies and geomagnetic storm forecasting.
Launched in December, 1995, the Solar Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) includes instruments such as the Large Angle Spectrometric Coronagraph Experiment (LASCO) that provide white light images of the corona out to 30 solar radii, and the Extreme ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (EIT) which records the solar disk and low corona over the limb in ultraviolet light. SOHO and WIND are part of the International Solar Terrestrial Physics Program (ISTP). These and other exciting new data will provide some of the information necessary to answer some of the long standing questions about coronal mass ejections.
The Mauna Loa Solar Observatory (MLSO) is operated by the High Altitude Observatory (HAO), a division of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), and funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF).© 1998 NCAR
Return to MLSO CME home page
Return to SMM C/P CME home page | <urn:uuid:f38d0c40-eec6-4562-acb3-b0fe7ead7425> | {
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The Raccoon (Procyon lotor) is a member of the procyonidae family, a family of smallish animals, with generally slender bodies and long tails.
Except for the kinkajou, all procyonids have banded tails and distinct facial markings. The raccoon is a medium sized mammal native to the boreal forests of North America.
The word 'raccoon' is sometimes spelt 'racoon'. During the mid 20th century, raccoons were introduced and are now widespread across the european mainland.
Raccoons have a body length of around 41 - 71 centimetres (16.1 - 28.0 inches) and weigh between 3.9 and 9.0 kilograms (8.6 - 19.8 pounds). Usually, male raccoons are 15% to 20% heavier than females. Raccoons can weigh twice as much in winter than in spring due to fat storage. Their shoulder height is between 22.8 and 30.4 centimetres (9.0 – 12.0 inches). Raccoons have a bushy tail which can measure between 19.2 and 40.5 centimetres (7.6 – 15.9 inches) in length.
Raccoons have a very distinctive facial mask whereby they have an area of black fur around the eyes which contrasts with the surrounding white face colouring. This is sometimes know as a 'bandits mask'. Their ears are slightly rounded and are also bordered with white fur. On other parts of their body the long and stiff guard hairs, which shed moisture, are usually greyish in colour. Raccoons have a dense underfur, which accounts for almost 90% of their coat and insulates them against cold weather. Their tails have alternating light and dark rings.
Raccoons have plantigrade feet (heel and sole touch the floor) and are able to sit on their hind legs to examine objects with their front paws. Both their forepaws and hind feet have five toes. Raccoons cannot run fast or jump very far as they only have short legs, however, raccoons can swim at around 4 miles per hour and are able to remain in water for several hours.
Raccoons have extremely sensitive front paws. The hyper sensitive front paws with five freestanding fingers are surrounded by a thin layer of callus for protection. With their vibrissae positioned above their sharp, not retractable claws, they are able to identify objects before even touching them. It is quite amazing that standing in cold water below 10 degrees centigrade has no effect on these sensitive parts.
Raccoons are thought to be colour blind, however, their eyes are well adapted at sensing green light. Raccoons have acute hearing and can perceive high tones up to 50 – 85 kHz as well as very quiet noises like those produced by earthworms underground.
Shape and size of home ranges vary depending on gender and habitat, with adults claiming areas more than twice as large as juveniles. Tree hollows of old oaks or other trees and rock crevices are preferred by raccoons for sleeping, winter and litter dens. If such dens are unavailable raccoons utilize burrows dug by other mammals, dense undergrowth or tree crotches. Raccoons never make dens more than 1,200 feet from a permanent water source.
Though usually nocturnal, raccoons are sometimes active at daylight to take advantage of available food sources. Raccoons are omnivores and feed up on plant foods and vertebrates. Their diet in spring and early summer consists mostly of insects, worms and other animals already available early in the year, raccoons prefer fruits and nuts that emerge in late summer and autumn for their rich calorie content in order to build up fat storage for winter. Fish and amphibians are their main vertebrate prey animals.
It was once thought that raccoons were solitary animals, however, new evidence has revealed that raccoons group together in either female or male groups. Related female raccoons often share a common area, meeting at eating grounds or sleeping places. Male raccoons live together in small groups of around 4 individuals in order to maintain their positions against potential predators or invaders of the same kind, particularly during the mating season. Raccoons mark their territories using urine, faeces and glandular secretions, usually distributed with their anal glands.
Raccoons have 13 identified vocal calls of which 7 are used in communication between mother and kits (young) one of these being a bird-like twittering.
Raccoons are mischievous animals, however, they are quite intelligent as well. A study showed results that raccoons were able to open 11 of 13 complex locks in less than 10 tries and had no problems subsequently when the locks were rearranged or turned upside down. Raccoon also have very good memories.
Raccoon breeding season occurs in spring between late January and mid march. After a gestation period of around 65 days, female raccoons give birth to 2 - 5 young (kits). Kits measure 9.5 centimetres (3.7 inches) long and weigh between 60 and 75 grams (2.1 – 2.6 ounces) at birth. The kits are blind and deaf at birth, though their mask already stands out on their light fur.
They open their eyes for the first time after around 21 days. Once the kits weigh about 1 kilogram (2.2 pounds), they begin to explore outside of the den. They consume solid food for the first time after 6 to 9 weeks.
Young raccoons are raised by their mothers until they disperse from the group in the autumn. Since some males show aggressive behaviour towards unrelated kits, mothers will isolate themselves from other raccoons until their kits are big enough to defend themselves. The life span of a raccoon in the wild is 1 - 3 years, however, both wild and captive raccoons have been known to live up to 16 years.
Road accidents are a common cause of death to raccoons. Predation by bobcats, coyotes and other predators is not a significant cause of death, especially because larger predators have been exterminated in many areas inhabited by raccoons.
Raccoon Conservation Status
Raccoons are classed as 'Not Threatened'.
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Striped Hyena | | <urn:uuid:835fb8af-2f89-442c-85eb-e0a4686b31a9> | {
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It has been proved that modern Tigers (Panthera tigris) share a distant common ancestry with the long extinct Sabre-Tooth Tigers. But where did the tigers of our time have evolved? Answer to this in itself is a million dollar question. To pin point the actual region of origin is near impossible. Reasons are the time lag between the origin and the modern day is too much. Secondly, the presence of other various predators during those times and the constant movement of animals from one place to other has left scant chance of ever knowing the facts about the cat’s origin.
Whatever knowledge we have today depends largely on few fossils found in Harbin in China, on an island in the Arctic Ocean, from Choukoutien in Java and from the Russian river Lena. Fossils are not very reliable source of information consequently they have created more disagreement than agreement among the experts. Some believe tigers that are as at home among the swamps of India’s Sunderbans in the Ganges delta as they are in the rain forests of Indochina or among the conifers of Manchuria, originated in Siberian region whereas there are others who do not agree with this theory and believe they originated in Asia, a much favoured theory today.
The Siberian theory
According to the believers of this theory tigers evolved some 2.4 million (24 lakh) years ago in Northern Asia or in Siberia, on the fringes of the Arctic. This belief is based on the fossils that have been found in the ice of islands in the region’s north country. The range of this beautiful cat covered whole of Asian landmass, from Siberian heartland to Bali, java, and Sumatra. Its original homeland included eastern Turkey, a wild land dominated by Mount Ararat. Tigers roamed the icy ravines of Szechwan in western China, stretching overland to the forbidden Tibetan plateau and the shores of the Sea of Okhotsk.
Believers of this argument say advancing ice sheath forced these animals to move southwards into the land of modern Manchuria and China. According to the theory, which got more credence after the discovery of early tiger fossils in Alaska, during the course of movement a three-way split took place and the groups moved on to India, South-East Asia and the Caspian Sea. The second group faced one more split, this time into two, and these animals moved onto Malaysia, Burma, Indonesia or Java, Sumatra and Bali. Supporters of this theory say this process concluded about 12,000 years ago when the tiger reached the southern arc from Cape Comorin in India to Bali in Indonesia. Due to certain geological evolutionary factors, the animal remained exclusively an Asian mammal.
Those who do not agree with this theory reject it on the basis that if any animal has originated in snowy Siberia then it would definitely not have stripes which do not gel with the principal of camouflage. According to these experts stripes indicate that tigers originated in the landmass that had forests and tall grasslands where frequent fires probably occurred.
The Asian theory
More experts are of the view that striped cat originated in eastern parts of Asia. According to them South Chinese tiger, which is the original form and has a more primitive skull shape than the other subspecies, is also currently living in its area of origin. Modern Chinese tiger’s shortened cranium and particularly noticeable close-set forward-facing eyes are proof of its primitive lineage.
Scientists believe about 2 million (20 Lakh) years ago tigers split into two groups. First proceeded towards northerly direction to south-west Asia and further up to Russia and the modern Siberian tiger is the offshoot of this stock.
Second group moved into south-easterly direction up to India and Indonesia. Westward movement was halted by the Caspian Sea. Some are of the opinion that the tiger made it as far as South Africa, but this is not correct. | <urn:uuid:e6250e6d-2cb5-416e-9d4f-faefd89dcf96> | {
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Michael Lees has spent 15 years thinking about asbestos in British schools. The 67-year-old artist from Devon has been in its thrall ever since the death of his wife Gina at age 51 in 2000. She suffered from mesothelioma – a form of lung cancer.
Gina worked as a teacher for more than 30 years and Lees now believes she spent much of that time unnecessarily exposed to asbestos in the school building.
Frustrated with the official response to a problem that could potentially lead to the premature death of hundreds if not thousands of teachers across Britain, he founded the Asbestos in Schools group.
Lees went on to conduct research into mesothelioma incidence among UK teachers – he believes it to be the highest in the world – and has found little comfort in his findings.
"Exposure levels are likely to be lower than in 1960s and '70s but the difference is that all this material is now old," he said. "The Asbestos Installation Boards (AIBs), are so deteriorated with age it's therefore likely normal classroom activities can still release asbestos fibres that thousands can still be exposed to, so long as this material is accessible to children."
Using HSE figures he obtained via Freedom of Information requests, he found 291 teachers have died from mesothelioma since 1980. Three school teachers died on average each year in the 1980s, which now has risen to 19 a year.
Lees told IBTimes UK: "This is still a very significant problem because the deaths that are occurring now are due to the very long latency of mesothelioma, which can vary between 35 years to 55 years depending on the exposure levels."
In his wife's case, changing art work display boards daily, which was common practice for teachers, was part of her job.
"For each drawing pin, 6,000 fibres are released when you do that. When we took this research to the government advisory committee on science, the so-called Watch committee, they concluded that the breathing zone of the teacher the level is 0.5 fibres per ml of air – that is 50,000 fibres of a breathing zone of the person actually doing it regularly over the course of a day. This can build up to be a significant exposure."
He believes asbestos in schools should not be regarded as a "building legacy problem" that should be ignored. On the contrary, he is now calling on the government to change its policy of leaving asbestos "if it is not disturbed or damaged until a school is demolished" and carry out a national audit to identify schools that are most at risk and contain the most dangerous asbestos, such as AIBs.
"We fully acknowledge the fact there isn't the resources or the money to remove all these AIBs and the asbestos accessible to children," he added. "What we have stated is that children are more at risk so schools should be given priority. Having carried out a national audit, the government could then set priorities. They can make long-term financial forecasts and adopt a strategy so that over the years they have a policy of gradually removing the asbestos and therefore in the long run you will actually solve the problem."
An ongoing problem
On 9 April, a family in Gloucestershire decided to sue a council over the death of Jennifer Barnett, an art teacher. Her husband, Nigel, believes she contracted mesothelioma after years of pinning pupils' work to asbestos-lined walls while working at Archway School in Shroud.
A coroner recorded her death as being the result of "industrial disease". Gina Lees death years earlier was ruled the same.
Barnett is now taking legal action against Gloucestershire County Council over her death, blaming asbestos in the school.
But how many more families across the country will lose loved-ones as a result of asbestos exposure in schools?
The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) assert it is impossible to link the role of asbestos exposure in schools to developing mesothelioma as being the sole cause of death for a teacher, taking into account other accumulative factors, such as previous jobs. It adds that as a group teachers "do not stand out as a higher risk" to any other professionals working in other public buildings like hospitals. The HSE said asbestos causes around 5,000 deaths every year.
Thousands of schools were built between 1945 and early 1980s, using Asbestos Containing Materials (ACMS), such as crocidolite and amosite, with the latter estimated to be 100 times more likely to cause mesothelioma.
An HSE report, written in 2004 on the management of asbestos in schools, stated "a high proportion of our present schools contain asbestos and represent the potential to release deadly fibres".
The Medical Research Council in 1997 also confirmed: "It is not unreasonable to assume that the entire school population has been exposed to asbestos in school buildings."
Since 2000 all asbestos has been banned from the building trade but the HSE stresses that asbestos can be found in any building built before this time, including houses, factories, offices, and hospitals.
All of which confirms that old school buildings abound throughout Britain and that they potentially pose a threat to children and staff, something that is made worse by local authorities that fail to manage asbestos in these structures properly.
Lack of uniform approach
At present asbestos removal in schools is reliant on each local authority to follow up and manage after their schools have been inspected.
Jon Richards, who is joint chairman of Asbestos Testing and Consultancy, whose contractors help identify and remove asbestos in schools, said: "The way asbestos is managed in school is better but it is still not great in quite a few schools across the country. The situation has improved but it is on a school by school, local authority by local authority basis. It differs a lot.
"There's an obligation for them to have a survey, an assessment of where the asbestos is. Whether they use that information is another thing altogether – some don't even have a survey on site. Others don't follow up."
He added: "I have heard about people getting an asbestos-related illness from pinning into walls but the problem is when someone contracts an illness of this type you're never going to be 100 per cent certain where the asbestos fibres that caused you the problem came from, was it case where you were in a building where asbestos was not kept in good condition? It's a balance of probabilities.
"Now if you can prove that you're in a building with asbestos in poor condition then that building or the people responsible for the building becomes liable. This changes what was done previously when you had to prove unequivocally where you were exposed and the exposure, and that the building at that time caused you the illness."
An HSE spokesman said it works with schools to make sure they properly manage asbestos and the exposure does not pose a risk to staff in schools.
But he added: "It is impossible to make any inference about the role that asbestos exposure during the course of working as a teacher may have played by considering figures for the number of deaths with teacher recorded on the death certificate in isolation. This is supported by evidence from an independent epidemiological study of mesothelioma in Britain."
Lees however believes if a death certificate records a teacher has died of mesothelioma, "chances are strong" that the victims spent most of their professional lives teaching.
"The coroner looks at all the evidence and they come to the conclusion like they did in the case of Mrs Barnett and my wife that it was death by industrial disease. They have then concluded the person was exposed to asbestos as a teacher at school and that's what killed them," said Lees.
The Department of Education is set to publish new guidance on managing asbestos in schools. In February 2015 it earmarked more than £6bn (€8.3bn) for improving the condition of schools with the aim of dealing with asbestos affected buildings.
Whether that's enough is difficult to ascertain but there's no doubt it's too late for Gina Lees and Jennifer Barnett. | <urn:uuid:ab4ea611-c36e-4cd5-99a5-8d9980f9caa2> | {
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Definition of mealy bugsCategorized under "General"
Definition as written by talinum:
Small sap-sucking insects. Mealy bugs are tiny, but easily seen, flattened and slow-moving, with a whitish water-repellent coating like flour dusted over cobwebby hairs. They hide on the underside of leaves, among sheathing leaf bases, and among plant roots. They thrive on indoor plants and are difficult to eradicate.
A cotton swab dipped in alcohol will remove small infestations. Alcohol diluted 1 part alcohol to 3 parts water can be used in a spray bottle for heavy infestations. Make sure the plant leaves won't burn from the alcohol. Also don't have the plants in the sun when you spray them. Neem oil spray also works on large infestations.
Definition as written by poppysue:
Definition as written by Xenomorf:
Add a definition to this term | <urn:uuid:493056d7-5e89-474f-9a6d-68dccb38d660> | {
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Grafio 3 - Diagrams & ideas
Not Yet Rated
- combining knowledge
- digital creation
ProsCustomizable features tidy up drawings and serve a wealth of uses.
ConsPrecise movements can be hard with fingers or stylus, and files are only editable within the app.
Bottom LineA terrific choice for creating simple diagrams or presentations on iOS.
Common Sense Reviewer
With a clean, inviting canvas and extensive tools, this open-ended app is only limited by your imagination. The sample documents show new users all the possibilities.
The learning is in the doing with this app. By creating visuals to convey or organize information, teachers and students will demonstrate and understand concepts more clearly.
The built-in starter screens and tool tips combine with tutorial videos to help users get started. There is limited help on the website, but the app includes a detailed help reference.
Students can learn a lot by visualizing their thinking, but teachers also can use it to deliver lessons. Since Grafio documents can be exported to a variety of formats, teachers can create classroom handouts, images, or documents to email around. Audio can be embedded in any of the created objects for contextualization and instruction. Video presentations can be created from documents using video mirroring, and these can include the audio and customized pauses between frames. The many options available allow teachers to work these documents into their lessons, however it works best for them.
Teachers can also allow older students to use Grafio as a study and presentation tool, especially if the classroom has access to iPads. The students can create visuals for research papers, oral presentations, or group projects or to augment their note-taking. Visualizing information in this way helps with student understanding.Read More Read Less
Grafio is a diagramming (and presentation ) iOS app for creating graphs, vector charts, storyboards, infographics, flowcharts, diagrams, and anything that uses text, shapes, or visual representations. Begin by drawing shapes with your finger or stylus. Shapes are automatically closed, straightened, and made into the best versions of themselves possible via the built-in shape-recognition algorithms. Most basic shapes are recognized, and doodles will also be made tidier. To show the relationship between two shapes, simply draw a line connecting them shapes, and the line automatically changes into an arrow. All these objects are vector objects, which means users can zoom without any loss of quality. If users want more complicated shapes, there are hundreds included in the shapes library, and additional libraries are available for purchase. Users can also save their own shapes in the user library or fill shapes with images from their camera roll. Text can be added anywhere with a simple double-tap, and the text's font, size, and color can be edited. Paragraphs of text can easily be added inside a shape. The app includes almost 100 examples for inspiration. All of these documents can be edited.
All objects in Grafio can be edited, rotated, scaled, and modified by color and line type. Users can turn off the shape recognition to include freely sketched objects. Objects can be grouped together or locked and can also be aligned and arranged by snapping them vertically or horizontally to their centers or sides. In addition, audio notes can be recorded and attached to the shapes. The size of the canvas can also be specified, with many sizes to choose from, including letter, legal, A0 through A5, Facebook cover image, Instagram post, iPad Retina, full HD 1080p, and more. Grafio documents can be organized into folders, and they can be exported to several formats, including vector PDF, transparent PNG, JPG, and Grafio Document (IDDZ format). Files can be sent by email, saved to the camera roll, printed, opened in other apps, saved in Dropbox or iTunes, or posted on Facebook or Twitter. Users can also import documents from Dropbox or iTunes.Read More Read Less
Though Grafio is a presentation and diagramming tool, it can also be a supportive tool in the classroom. Students can use it to create mind maps, diagrams, decision trees, flowcharts, and any other kind of visual representation of knowledge. It will help them visualize their notes, making it easier to study. These tech skills can be carried into other environments. The website also includes a helpful Solutions Area with plenty of options to help students get started, including the history and usage of flowcharts, memes, wireframes, Venn diagrams, vintage diagrams, concept maps, and plenty more. The tutorial videos are the most help for getting started, however. There is plenty of help on the Grafio Trello board as well.
Because Grafio is a touchscreen app, it can be hard to be precise with movements. Using a stylus helps a bit, but it would be more useful if you could have the option to tweak the documents on a computer as well. The app works best on a device with a larger screen, such as an iPad or perhaps an iPhone 6 Plus.Read More Read Less | <urn:uuid:0727c1d3-5e2a-4452-9feb-1762c907131d> | {
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Forgiveness of Sin
2 Samuel 12:1-14
Vs. 13 David said to Nathan, “I have sinned against the Lord.” Nathan said to David, “Now the Lord has put away your sin; you shall not die.
The context of this passage is God sending Nathan, the prophet, to King David to make David confront his sin committed with Bathsheba. We are all sinners before God. God is ready to cleanse us of our trespasses if we truly repent of our sins “Though your sins are like scarlet, they shall be as white as snow; though they are red as crimson, they shall be like wool” (Isaiah 1:18).
Confronting our sin : King David’s sin displeased God but David wouldn't listen to the conviction of the Holy Spirit or to his conscience. When we hear or sense the conviction of the Holy Spirit we must respond to it immediately, because it might not always be there. So God sent Nathan to David who with wisdom and courage delivers the message using a parable. Nathan applied the parable with alarming simplicity. Nathan had to shock David into seeing his sin for what it was. Each one of us has to realize our own sins and to confront it and then confess to God. Repentance of sin begins with a consciousness within us of our sins and the need for forgiveness. Only then can we confess our sins to God with a repenting heart. We should ask God as the Psalmist says “Search me, God, and know my heart; test me and know my anxious thoughts”(Psalm 139:23).
Repenting of our sin : To hide his sin with Bathsheba, King David committed the more heinous sin of murder. This is the grip of sin; it leads us to become more corrupt in our thoughts and actions. God, through Nathan, reminds David of his sins and how David despised the commandment of the Lord. David, on confronting his guilt, makes penitent confession of his sin. King David does not make any excuse or extenuate his sin but take responsibility for his sins. He made a true confession and humbled himself before the Lord and his sins were forgiven but the consequences of his sins were dreadful. “I the LORD search the heart and examine the mind, to reward each person according to their conduct, according to what their deeds deserve “(Jer 17:10). If we truly confess our sins and repent of our evil ways God is ever ready to forgive but we have to humble ourselves like King David before the Throne of Grace to accept his forgiveness. However we do need to remember that sin has its consequences.
Gracious and loving Father, search our hearts and bring our sins to light. Grant us a willing spirit to humble ourselves and to receive Your forgiveness. Amen.
THOUGHT FOR THE DAY
"A personal salvation requires a personal conviction of sin "- Maclaren
Pradeep John, Bangalore
Christian Education Forum, Diocese of NAE of the Mar Thoma Church | <urn:uuid:61d6e3bd-7161-41d8-b623-490fa511407e> | {
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NEW YORK, NY – One scientist takes on a subject that many of us take for granted!
What goes up, must come down. It’s a phrase that has been ingrained in our heads and the reason behind it all is gravity. Gravity is the reason why we walk on the ground and stay on it. One scientist, however, isn’t sold on the concept of gravity.
Erik Verlinde, 48, believes that gravity is just one grand illusion. Dr. Verlinde is a respected string theorist and professor of physics at the University of Amsterdam and his theory has caused quite the stir. The bold scientist is going against logic that has been understood for over 300 years and he argued his views in a recent paper, titled “On the Origin of Gravity and the Laws of Newton.”
Dr. Verlinde argues that gravity is a consequence of the venerable laws of thermodynamics, which describe the behavior of heat and gases.
“For me gravity doesn’t exist,” said Dr. Verlinde, who was recently in the United States to explain himself. He is among a number of physicists who say that science has been looking at gravity the wrong way and that there is something more basic, from which gravity “emerges,” the way stock markets emerge from the collective behavior of individual investors or that elasticity emerges from the mechanics of atoms.
His argument turns on something you could call the “bad hair day” theory of gravity.
According to him his theory goes like this: your hair frizzles in the heat and humidity, because there are more ways for your hair to be curled than to be straight, and nature likes options. So it takes a force to pull hair straight and eliminate nature’s options. Forget curved space or the spooky attraction at a distance described by Isaac Newton’s equation well enough to let us navigate the rings of Saturn, the force we call gravity is simply a byproduct of nature’s propensity to maximize disorder.
Some of the best physicists in the world say they don’t understand Dr. Verlinde’s paper, and many are skeptical. But some of those very same physicists say he has provided a fresh perspective on some of the deepest questions in science, namely why space, time and gravity exist at all – even if he has not yet answered them. | <urn:uuid:57a05d9f-91f8-4bc9-8cb5-4134953c1980> | {
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adjective, devouter, devoutest.
devoted to divine worship or service; pious; religious:
a devout Catholic.
expressing devotion or piety:
earnest or sincere; hearty:
He had a devout allegiance to the political regime.
deeply religious; reverent
sincere; earnest; heartfelt: a devout confession
early 13c., from Old French devot “pious, devoted, assiduous,” from Latin devotus “given up by vow, devoted,” past participle of devovere “dedicate by vow” (see devotion).
[dahy-ag-uh-nl, -ag-nl] /daɪˈæg ə nl, -ˈæg nl/ adjective 1. Mathematics. 2. having an oblique direction. 3. having oblique lines, ridges, markings, etc. noun 4. a diagonal line or plane. 5. . 6. a diagonal row, part, pattern, etc. 7. Manège. (of a horse at a trot) the foreleg and the hind leg, diagonally opposite, which […]
[dahy-uh-lek-tik] /ˌdaɪ əˈlɛk tɪk/ adjective, Also, . 1. of, relating to, or of the nature of logical argumentation. 2. . noun 3. the art or practice of logical discussion as employed in investigating the truth of a theory or opinion. 4. logical argumentation. 5. Often, dialectics. 6. . 7. dialectics, (often used with a singular […]
[dahy-uh-lek-ti-kuh l] /ˌdaɪ əˈlɛk tɪ kəl/ adjective 1. . 2. of or characteristic of a ; . /ˌdaɪəˈlɛktɪkəl/ adjective 1. of or relating to dialectic or dialectics adj. “argumentative,” 1540s; see dialectic + -al (1).
[dih-fyoo-zuh-buh l] /dɪˈfyu zə bəl/ adjective 1. capable of being . | <urn:uuid:689937ec-bd40-4aa1-9eb8-9db54958371b> | {
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The Ministry of Health has declared a Dengue Outbreak in the Central Division particularly in Suva, with an unusual increase in dengue like cases presenting at its health facilities and admitted to the Colonial War Memorial Hospital. Dengue Fever is endemic in Fiji, meaning it occurs regularly within our population. However, when there are more cases than normally seen, it is considered an outbreak.
Dengue fever is caused by the dengue virus when a mosquito bites a dengue-infected person for a blood meal, and injects it into another healthy person. The black-and-white striped dengue-carrying-mosquito prefers to live in-and-around house water containing receptacles and stagnant water. Please refer to the Ministry of Health’s dengue fever fact sheet, which is available at all health facilities and also on the Ministry of Health website, for more information on dengue fever.
Government health facilities in the central health division have been activated to ensure the availability of adequate manpower and the technical resources to accommodate the anticipated initial rise in case numbers of dengue fever infections.
With the current dengue fever situation, the Ministry of Health has advised the population and visitors to the Capital city of Suva, to observe and apply the Ministry of Health’s advice on self-protection to reduce the risk of acquiring the virus infection.
It is important to seek prompt Medical Advice from a nearby health facility if one has symptoms that become worse after 24 hours of home therapy of taking in a lot of fluids and Paracetamol.
For any further information regarding the dengue fever situation in the Central Health division and the capital city of Suva, please contact either Dr. Mike Kama or Dr. Anaseini Moala on (679) 3320066 or (679) 3306177 respectively. | <urn:uuid:8e1b99fc-7a8e-454e-8d36-1e82c3c06797> | {
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The Academy has been notified that there have been a small number of cases of impetigo amongst our students. Impetigo is a common, highly infectious skin condition.
The advice from Public Health England includes encouraging high standards of personal hygiene, including washing hands regularly and students only using their own comb, brush, facecloth or towel. Hand soap is provided in all school toilets and all hard surfaces are cleaned with an anti-bacterial solution as part of the daily regime.
We would advise parents to seek medical advice from their GP if they think their child may have this infection. | <urn:uuid:50aaf74f-aa31-4b8c-b9dc-d5c83c02e774> | {
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One of the reasons investing is tricky is because it involves so many factors that we cannot control. One factor is the specific investment itself. In the case of a stock, the share price relies on company management and leadership; manufacturing, marketing and distribution; and balancing expenses with revenues. Another factor is investor and market sentiment, which can change on a dime based on economic uncertainty, the day’s news or a presidential tweet.
Then there’s a third component, which encompasses broader economic events and how they impact investment market fundamentals and the business life cycle. One way we monitor the economy and try to predict market cycles is through economic indicators. These are trackable data points that economists use to get an idea of the direction of specific aspects of the economy.
The following is an overview of regular economic indicators considered reflective of the current economy and indicative of future activity.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
GDP measures the total monetary value of all finished goods and services produced in the United States over a specified time period. Economists believe it is the most accurate measure of a country’s overall health.
There are several types of price indexes, which are basically a way of tracking prices – and thus cost increases and decreases – in order to measure inflation. The most popular measure is the Consumer Price Index (CPI). It is published monthly and tracks the prices of a “basket” of many of the most common goods and services that urban consumers buy, including food, transportation, clothing and medical care.
The Producer Price Index is used to help monitor data from a commercial (wholesale) perspective. It tracks product price changes from a cross-section of sectors in the U.S. economy and is published on a monthly basis.
Jobless Claims Report
The jobless report tracks the number of workers who file for unemployment benefits, which tend to increase when the economy slows. The report does not track self-employment, contract or part-time employees (none of who qualify for unemployment benefits). It is published weekly but typically evaluated as a four-week moving average to account for short-term variances.
The New Residential Housing Construction Report tracks the number of new building permits issued, which indicates increases or decreases in new construction activity. For reference, new construction usually picks up during the early expansion phase of the business cycle. This housing report generally refers to supply, while the Existing Home Sales Report, compiled by the National Association of Realtors, reflects the current demand for home sales. When viewed together, they offer a balanced assessment of the housing sector.
Because consumer perspective can influence market fundamentals, economists track what is called a Consumer Confidence Index (CCI) that measures the general outlook of the American population. The CCI monitors a sample of 5,000 U.S. households with regard to consumer spending, which represents 70 percent of the economy. A rise in consumer confidence is typically viewed as a positive indicator for strong economic growth.
The Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI) gauges the confidence level of businesses, based on their spending patterns with regard to new orders, inventory levels, production, supplier deliveries and employment. The PMI is comprised of a sample of 300 purchasing executives in the manufacturing sector. For reference, an increase in new orders typically indicates a rise in prices, while a decrease points to a drop in prices. This indicator is generally used to anticipate GDP growth.
There are dozens of key economic indicators that signal changes in the direction of the economy. These regular reports help investors, market analysts and wealth managers make day-to-day buy and sell investment decisions. | <urn:uuid:032113be-b8a3-4a72-a870-947ab60df799> | {
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Crick, Francis Harry Compton (1916–2004)
Francis Crick was an English molecular biologist who shared, with James Watson, the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for elucidating the double-helix structure of DNA. (The Prize was also shared with M. H. F. Wilkins who supplied X-ray data on which the discovery was based.)
Crick was led by his belief that the chances of life originating on Earth were very low to argue the case for panspermia and, in particular, a radical form of this hypothesis known as directed panspermia. More recently, Crick was involved with examining the possibility that RNA was the first replicator molecule on Earth during an early biological era known as the "RNA world". For the latter part of his career, he was at the Salk Institute, California. | <urn:uuid:7781aa5a-b37d-402b-9628-e1960b21ecb3> | {
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The term cloud storage denotes storage space which is accessed over the Internet. Not all cloud providers score well as far as data protection and data security are concerned. A few rules will help you protect your data in the cloud.
Protect yourself by...
- Choosing a suitable cloud provider. Using foreign providers often has some drawbacks with regard to your data protection.
- Securely logging in. Use a secure password and if possible two-factor authentication, similar to the method used with e-banking.
- Only ever transmitting your data in encrypted form. Use a service which transmits your data in encrypted form (https).
- Only ever storing your data in encrypted form. You are frequently unable to check that your cloud provider encrypts your data correctly. You should therefore encrypt your data yourself.
- Creating an additional local back-up of your data. Regularly create local back-ups of your data stored in the cloud - you are generally unable to check that your cloud provider backs up your data correctly either.
- Protecting all devices accessing your cloud data. To do so, please follow our “5 steps for your digital security”.
When using cloud storage such as Dropbox, iCloud, OneDrive or Google Drive, your data are stored in central locations via the public Internet. You are therefore passing on your data to a third party. This raises concerns with regard to security and data protection.
Cloud provider location
The cloud provider’s location is vital: Your data are often stored abroad and are therefore subject to different data protection laws. In addition, many data on the Internet are systematically recorded and analysed by intelligence services.
According to law, storage and retention of data is also a form of data processing and hence subject to data protection.
Using cloud services therefore becomes particularly critical if third party personal data requiring special protection are stored with a cloud provider. Depending on the environment, this can quickly lead to a breach of the local data protection regulations (DSG) or the stricter European General Data Protection Regulations (GDPR).
Some instances of personal data requiring special protection are:
- Religious, ideological, political or union-related views or activities.
- Health, private life or ethnicity.
- Social benefit measures.
- Civil or criminal prosecution and sanctions.
To prevent potential conflicts with the data protection laws, you should therefore preferably opt for a Swiss provider.
You either access your cloud data via your browser by calling up your provider website and logging yourself in there. Or you use a program or app installed on your device providing you with access to your service.
The point of access is the vulnerability here: A weak password throws the gates wide open to attackers. It is therefore an absolute must to follow our “6 rules for a secure password”. If possible, use two-factor authentication, similar to the method used with e-banking, to better protect access.
When accessing the cloud via smartphone or tablet, your data are only as secure as the level of protection against access to your device and the cloud service in case of loss or theft. Further information can be found here. Access via unsecured networks - i.e. Wi-Fi - also poses a risk.
Secure data transmission
Use a service which transmits your data in encrypted form and prevents unauthorised access by third parties during transmission this way.
In your browser, this is the case if your address line starts with “https://”, and a lock symbol is displayed. If you use a cloud service via software or an app installed, you must ensure that your data are transmitted via an encrypted connection via your configuration settings.
Secure data storage
With cloud storage, you entrust third parties with the storage of your data. For this reason, it is vital to pay particular attention to data back-ups and data encryption.
Most cloud providers now offer the option to file your data in encrypted form. Yet while this is generally easy and convenient to handle, it is just about impossible to check how reliable this is. The most secure method therefore is to encrypt and decrypt at least your sensitive data yourself.
You are generally unable to check that your cloud provider backs up your data correctly either. For this reason, you should make absolutely sure that you create local back-ups of all your data stored in the cloud, too. Further information can be found here.
If your device is infected with malware, your data are not secure in the cloud either and are liable to attack. You should therefore follow our “5 steps for your digital security“.
There are a large number of cloud providers all over the world: Some examples:
Foreign cloud providers:
Swiss cloud providers with data storage in Switzerland: | <urn:uuid:c14f404f-ec90-4628-acd3-e97f3c927aa8> | {
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This programmed version of a classic introduction to the basic essentials of music shows the relationship between theory and “real” music. Presenting information in a step-by-step programmed format, this book covers the most elementary aspects of music —including music notation, time, scales, keys, intervals and basic concepts of chords. The information is introduced in small increments, followed by questions with answers for reinforcement. This edition makes liberal use of examples from music of recognized composers and from familiar folk-song sources to illustrate technical information. A book designed specifically for beginners in music theory, or those with varying backgrounds in music.
Back to top
Rent Programmed Rudiments of Music 2nd edition today, or search our site for Robert W. textbooks. Every textbook comes with a 21-day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by Pearson. | <urn:uuid:a8db297b-e580-4061-a11e-7d64b7dac4ff> | {
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Programs and Classes
"Thinking For A Change" (TFAC) is a 10 to 12 week class that is taught twice a week. Classes are taught at the school by the Probation Officers. TFAC is taught with two main components: Social Skills and Cognitive Self Change. The first three sessions teach the students how to listen and communicate better with others. The next five lessons teach the skill of cognitive self change. Cognitive self change is designed to help the students recognize their thought patterns and "risky" thoughts or beliefs that often lead to making poor choices and getting into trouble. The students are taught to replace their "risky thinking" with new thinking which should lead to new outcomes. The cognitive self change component is followed by four more social skill lessons.
Family Mediation is a solution-focused technique to reduce conflict in the home between family members. Sessions are facilitated by trained mediators, and results in a contract or agreement signed by all participants.
The Intensive Supervision Program (ISP) deals with the most high-risk youth. It is the desire of the staff that the youth's time in this program be productive. Our program goals include:
- Providing a means to hold the youth accountable for their actions by being on time, going to their appointments, managing their time and meeting daily obligations.
- Offering ways for the youth to develop skills in education
and pre-vocational areas by working with computers, dealing in public
relations, practicing proper social etiquette, cooking, cleaning,
money management, practicing job interviews, resume writing and substance
abuse education. We also tour the community to expose the youth to
different areas of career possibilities. This includes ISU Vo-Tech,
the fire department and paramedics, banks, stock brokerage offices,
insurance companies, radio and T.V. stations and various other businesses.
We distribute a monthly newsletter in which everyone has a part.
This ranges from editorials, art -work, poems, photographs and selling
advertising. Once a week we go out and perform community service.
We do trash pickup, painting, cleaning, sandbagging, etc.
- Addressing areas of special needs through group processing and community providers. The includes utilizing sports, conflict management, smoking cessation and working on self-esteem.
The educational backgrounds of the youth in this program vary from elementary
to high school. They work at these different levels on history, math, writing,
science and literature. Some take and pass their G.E.D. tests and others are
reinstated into school.
For many of these youth, this program is an alternative State’s custody. For others it is a transition from State’s custody back into the community. The program is committed to providing the youth with an opportunity to develop the skills they will need to become productive members of our community.
Participants progress through 3 program phases. The first phase requires the juvenile to attend Drug Court weekly. Participants are graduated to Phase 2 when they have had five straight weeks of remaining clean and sober and have met all other treatment goals. Participants in Phase 2 attend every other week for 3 months. When participants successfully complete Phase 2 by remaining clean and sober and meeting treatment goals, they graduate to Phase 3. Participants in Phase 3 attend Drug Court once each month. They fully graduate the program by remaining clean and sober and meeting the treatment goals for Phase 3. More information on the Courts Page | <urn:uuid:fe6588a3-11f3-4d6b-abcc-34aa66334efc> | {
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Beads have been used to enliven fashion designs since ancient times. Originally restricted to the wardrobes of aristocrats and made of precious materials, beads indicated wealth and status in numerous cultures throughout the globe. Sometimes beadwork was employed on garments to convey rank, spiritual significance, or protection of the wearer. Colorful and sparkling beads appeared on articles of clothing, ceremonial dress, ritual masks, and everyday objects.
And the Bead Goes On features twentieth and twenty-first century women’s fashions which display inventive beadwork embroidery. This seemingly modern surface decoration, the variety of bead materials and shapes, and the basic sewing techniques used to embellish the fashions on view were developed in Paris workshops in the eighteenth century. Talented designers and skillful artisans collaborate to achieve dazzling fashions that are comfortable and durable. Glass beads, metallic sequins, metal filigree beads, faux pearls, and faceted crystal rhinestones hand-sewn onto the cloth impart beauty, opulence, and artful originality.
Fashion was democratized in the 1960s, and previously exclusive beaded style became available to all. The fashion industry today, while still centered in Paris, includes major designers from India, Lebanon, and Nigeria, and elsewhere. And the Bead Goes On presents evening gowns, cocktail dresses, and ensembles from the museum’s Fashion Collection, complemented with exciting new works on loan from contemporary designers. Designer names featured in the exhibition include Halston, Bob Mackie, Giorgio Armani, Oscar de la Renta, Lisa Folawiyo, and Alber Elbaz for Lanvin. | <urn:uuid:0ab5a8ac-ab7d-4ce7-ba32-993fb02e1c10> | {
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- New Issue
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What to Read on Peruvian Politics
In the first decade of the twenty-first century, Peru was something of a contradiction. On the one hand, things appeared to be going well. Its economy was booming -- it grew faster between 2002 and 2011 than that of any other Latin American country, save Panama -- and its politics were peaceful and democratic. The contrast with the 1980s, an era of savage insurgency, and the 1990s, when authoritarianism took hold under the government of President Alberto Fujimori, was stark. On the other hand, though, Peruvians themselves were discontent. In public-opinion surveys, Peruvians' satisfaction with democracy was among the lowest in Latin America.
As the selections below indicate, the explanations for the apparent contradiction are many. One problem is that Peru was still scarred by its past; the 1980s and 1990s had wracked the country too severely for Peruvians to readjust in one decade alone. Another was that the country's export-led growth was a mixed blessing; despite considerable reductions in poverty, most Peruvians did not believe that they were getting a fair share of the pie. Finally, Peru's democratic foundations were still shaky; in 2001, 2006, and 2011, for example, Peruvians elected presidents who campaigned on center-left platforms but shifted rightward once in office, debilitating their political parties and their citizens' confidence in the political process.
In the 1970s, in the remote mountainous province of Ayacucho, a Maoist movement, inspired by the Gang of Four, was founded by Abimael Guzmán. In what became known as the Shining Path insurgency, the movement expanded not only throughout the highlands but into Lima as well, ultimately threatening the state. In more than a decade of violence, about 70,000 people died. In contrast to other Latin American insurgencies, where the government's response caused the most casualties, the Shining Path was responsible for more than half of the deaths during the years of its campaign.
Scholars and journalists have explored the political, economic, and cultural reasons for the advance of such a brutal insurgency in a relatively democratic, middle-income Latin American country, as Peru was at this time. Heilman's book is a welcome addition to the literature. Its story remains relevant years after the violence because Heilman shows that political action for social justice has been a virtual constant in some Andean communities since at least the late nineteenth century. Although the Shining Path's campaign was uniquely savage, peasants' frustration and political involvement were common. Heilman also makes a tragic and important point: even today, both Caucasians in Lima and self-defined notables within Andean communities hold anti-indigenous views.
What happened in the Andean communities after the insurgency? Some community members, even those who had not fought with the Shining Path, had sympathized with it. Others, including army veterans and widows and orphans, had not. Kimberly Theidon, a medical anthropologist, describes their painful adjustments to coexistence. She shows that public confessions and apologies, healing rituals and storytelling, and degrees of punishment and reparation helped to "settle accounts." More than any other scholar of Peru's war, Theidon humanizes the legacy of the violence and indicates just how much the trauma still burdens Peru today.
A political outsider, Fujimori was elected president in 1990 but chafed at the checks and balances of Peru's democracy. Charging that the "traditional political class," with its penchant for lots of talk but little action, was the cause of Peru's problems, he executed his own coup in 1992. A few months later, Abimael Guzmán, the leader of the Shining Path, was captured. The police unit that apprehended him had been established under the preceding government, and Fujimori was out fishing at the time of his capture. Nevertheless, he claimed the credit -- and got it. From there, Fuijmori and his spymaster, Vladimiro Montesinos, achieved a level of control over the media and a capacity to manipulate public opinion that Venezuela's Hugo Chávez might envy. The president attempted to maintain a veneer of democracy but, in truth, he ravaged democratic institutions. Conaghan's riveting book reads almost like a detective story: When and how will this masquerade be exposed? Not until 2000, when a video showing the spymaster bribing a congressman was leaked by Montesinos' secretary and former mistress and broadcast. Fujimori resigned and fled to Japan; democracy was restored; and both Montesinos and Fujimori were arrested, tried, convicted, and imprisoned.
This book is a lucid, thorough account of the government of Alejandro Toledo, who was Fujimori's strongest challenger in a rigged election in 2000 and won an election in 2001. Toledo became Peru's first freely elected president of indigenous descent. St. John assesses Toledo's key successes and failures. Among the achievements were his free-market policies, including negotiations with the United States for a free-trade agreement, which spurred economic growth; his promotion of democratic rights; and his government's unprecedented decentralization initiative. The failures included limited gains in poverty reduction, education, and health care; tepid advances in the struggle against racism; and a lack of reforms within the security institutions that had run amuck in the 1990s. In addition, although human-rights advocates were pleased by the judicial processes against both Montesinos and Fujimori, they were dismayed by the government's response to the 2003 report of Peru's Truth and Reconciliation Commission. The report attributed 44.5 percent of the deaths to the armed forces and recommended holding human-rights violators accountable. The military and conservative sectors' backlash was fierce, and Toledo demurred.
This book explores the obstacles that the Toledo government and that of his successor, Alan García, faced. The overall emphasis is on inequality. Three of the book's chapters deal with initiatives for democratic reform and their largely disappointing results. Despite a sophisticated new law to institutionalize political parties -- which created numerous new requirements for registration, internal democracy, and financial transparency -- Peru's parties largely remain vehicles for their leaders. Meanwhile, Peru's decentralization has increased local political participation, but coordination among local and national actors has been wanting.
In their chapter, the analysts Gustavo Avila, Claudia Viale, and Carlos Monge tackle the issue of Peru's economic development in the twenty-first century. The chapter underlines the problem that bedeviled Toledo and García and continues to bedevil Peru's current president, Ollanta Humala: extractive industries, mining in particular, have boomed, with positive but also negative consequences. Although crucial for Peru's continued growth and for funds for anti-poverty and human-development programs, extractive industries have often devastated nearby communities' land and water. These communities are usually poor and indigenous. Toledo's government introduced a tax on mining companies that was expected to help the communities, but severe conflicts over land and water use continue.
In their study, Thorp and Paredes first probe the concept of ethnicity and the dimensions of inequality in Peru. They emphasize that inequality is not only between the peoples of Peru's coast and its mountains but also, as Heilman indicates, between the lighter-skinned people in the urban areas of Peru's mountains and the darker-skinned people in rural ones. Then the authors put these inequalities into context. During most of the twentieth century, Peru pursued export-led growth, and the country's key exports were produced on the coast. This led Peru's economic and political elites to focus on the country's coast and to neglect its poorer, more indigenous interior.
A key question for Thorp and Pardes is: Given the severity of ethnic inequality, why has a robust pro-indigenous political party not emerged in Peru, as has happened in neighboring Bolivia and Ecuador? First, in the 1980s, Peru's political parties, including its leftist parties, failed to integrate indigenous representatives. Then, amid the violence of the Shining Path and the authoritarianism of the Fujimori government, indigenous political participation was expressly limited. Different peasant organizations thus arose in different parts of Peru; for example, peasants formed self-defense groups in the northern highlands, but in urban shantytowns peasants started soup kitchens. It is in part due to the absence of one pro-indigenous party, Thorp and Paredes argue, that in the twenty-first century indigenous mobilization is, once again, at times violent.
Power, Institutions, and Leadership in War and Peace: Lessons from Peru and Ecuador, 1995-1998. By David R. Mares and David Scott Palmer. University of Texas Press, 2012.
Purchase at B&N.com | Purchase at Amazon.com
For many reasons, few books take on Peru's foreign policy, and so this study is especially welcome. Overall, Peruvian foreign policy has been quite successful. Mares and Palmer indicate why: an increase in the quantity and quality of multilateral organizations in the hemisphere (some of which include Peru as a member and others of which do not); a new diplomatic ethos in the region, championing interstate interaction; the electoral incentives present, even in weak democracies; and better political leadership. The study shows that boundary disputes remain all too common in Latin America but that Peru's most serious -- its dispute with Ecuador over borderlands, dating back to the era of the countries' independence -- was resolved, making the case an important model for other conflicts.
"Peru's 2011 Elections," including "A Vote for Moderate Change," by Martín Tanaka, and "A Surprising Left Turn," by Steven Levitsky. Journal of Democracy, 22, no. 4 (2011).
Tanaka's and Levitsky's articles highlight the contradiction between Peru's economic growth and citizens' dissatisfaction. Both of the candidates who reached the runoff round in the 2011 election were outside the democratic establishment: Humala is a former military officer who first campaigned as a leftist, and Keiko Fujimori is the daughter of the ex-president. Humala won because he moved to the center, whereas Fujimori could not transcend her party's past. Tanaka and Levitsky agree that, in the context of Peru's virtually nonexistent parties and weak state, the Humala government is more likely to resemble Toledo's than Chávez's (as his opponents feared) or Lula da Silva's in Brazil (as his supporters hoped). Levitsky makes a critical concluding point: Whatever its flaws, Peru's democratic regime is now the longest-lived in the country's history. Happily, this time it appears likely to endure. | <urn:uuid:56c6fd63-acd1-436f-8080-6ec14165c9fd> | {
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He was born in 236 BC. He achieved distinction when he was only 18 years old by his bravery in the skirmish between the Romans and Hannibal at the River Ticinus, where he defended his wounded father with his own body.
Why Spain was importantAfter the battle of the Ticinus came the crushing Roman defeats at the River Trebia and at Lake Trasimene. But the Romans strill controlled the sea. The Senate realized they must not allow any reinforcements to reach Hannibal by land from Spain. They therefore sent young Scipio's father, Publius, to join his uncle Gnaeus in command of the Roman troops in Spain.
At first the elder Scipios were successful, recapturing Saguntum; but in 211 BC the Carthaginians managed to defeat and kill them both.
A bold strokeThe Senate had been so impressed by young Scipio's outstanding character that they appointed him to the vacant command, although he was barely 25 years old. Scipio soon justified their confidence in him. His enthusiasm and personality, together with his meticulous military planning, were the secrets of his success.
Scipio decided to make a lightning military swoop on Nova Carthago (New Carthage), the most important Carthaginian fortress in Spain. He arrived unexpectedly, while the three Carthaginian armies then in Spain were widely separated. He had discovered from fishermen that the lagoon to the north of the city was shallow enough to wade across, so while the defenders were occupied with his main attack from the eastern side, he secretly sent a small band of men to surprise a weaker part of the walls from the north.
His plan was brilliantly successful. In taking the city, the Romans captured not only a large supply of weapons but also the hostages whom the Carthaginians had taken from the warlike Spanish tribes. Many of these now changed sides, and began to support the Romans.
Conquest of Spain
Then Scipio marched south-west to meet the remaining Carthaginian forces at Ilipa. Here he adopted Hannibal's own tactics from the Trebia and Cannae. He ordered his troops to have breakfast before dawn, and then attacked the Carthaginians before they had had their breakfast, with his center weak and his wings overwhelmingly strong. The result was a crushing defeat for the Carthaginians, and (except for a few fortified strongholds) the end of their empire in Spain.
The battle of ZamaScipio now returned to Rome, where he was elected consul for 205 BC. Despite some opposition in the Senate, he was authorized to land troops in Africa itself. By besieging Utica, he forced the Carthaginians to recall Hannibal from Italy.
At last, at Zama in 202 BC, Scipio and Hannibal faced each other. Hannibal kept his veteran army in reserve behind the Carthaginian center. The Roman center routed the Carthaginian troops, and then while in disorder had to face Hannibal. But with excellent discipline the Romans reformed, and held Hannibal until the Roman cavalry could return and surround him.
This brilliant victory ended the war. Scipio was given the tital 'Africanus', because he had conquered Africa.
Home • Copyright © The Worlds of David Darling • Encyclopedia of Science • Encyclopedia of Alternative Energy • Contact | <urn:uuid:aa07c834-8b71-4a51-bee5-28065d541a7b> | {
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In late March, New York City's Catholic Workers hosted a Sunday afternoon presentation by two human rights workers from Colombia. After celebrating the noon Mass at Nativity Church, I walked over to nearby St Joseph House to hear them speak of the negative impact there of U.S. military aid. Regulo Madero is president of the Regional Corporation for the Defense of Human Rights in Berrancabermeja, a city in the northern part of the country. Carlos Palacio, coordinator of a group called Community Leaders in Defense of Campesinos, is from the southern province of Putumayo. Their comments were framed against the background of Colombia's 40-year-old civil war. The war involves guerillas, right-wing paramilitary groups and government forces. All are involved in human rights abuses, but especially the paramilitary units. Human rights workers themselves are now being more threatened than ever. Mr. Madero said that five members of his organization had been killed.
Both emphasized that the situation is only being made worse by the $1.3 billion in aid approved by Congress last year to combat Colombia's massive production of illegal drugs, much of which finds its way here. The aid package, known as Plan Colombia, is being used primarily for military training and equipment.
A particularly harmful aspect of Plan Colombia is an aerial fumigation program aimed at wiping out illegal crops of coca and poppy in the southern part of the country. The herbicide being used, called Roundup, is made by the Monsanto Company; its primary ingredient is glyphosate. The herbicide does indeed kill the coca and poppy fields from which cocaine and heroin are made. But it has also killed many poor families' basic food crops planted nearby, such as yucca, avocados, maize and plantains. Also damaged have been the cananguchal palm trees, a staple of life for indigenous people, who use them not only for food and drink, but who also employ even the fibers from the leaves for clothing and roofing material.
The aerial spraying, moreover, contaminates streams and ponds, and has caused the sickening of domestic animals. Chickens often die after drinking the polluted water, and humans too are being adversely affected. Eye inflamation, skin problems, diarrhea and headaches are just some of the effects, which have been especially harmful for children. The intensive spraying in Putumayo began only last December; the long-term effects are as yet unknown. Local mayors there have spoken out strongly against it, and in early March four governors from the southern part of the country came to the United States to urge officials in Washington to end the fumigation program, but without effect.
Because their livelihood and food resources are destroyed, many campesinos are forced to move farther into the Amazon forests to clear new plots of lands--a move that poses the added threat of deforestation in an already fragile ecosystem. Although the Colombian government has urged campesinos to grow alternative crops, these do not provide the same level of income for poor families; nor has the government's offer to provide financial help for those who take this step resulted in the promised payments. Even when campesinos do grow alternative crops, these too have frequently been sprayed and destroyed along with the coca and poppy plants.
Mr. Madero and Mr. Palacio spoke at the Catholic Worker and elsewhere on behalf of some of the poorest people of their country whose human rights and livelihood have been harmed by Plan Colombia. Their basic plea was therefore: ask our government to stop the military aid with its aerial fumigations component; find other ways to eliminate illegal crops, and pursue a negotiated resolution to the armed conflict. Listening to these two human rights workers, I could easily imagine how supportive Dorothy Day would have been of their cause--a woman dedicated to Gospel nonviolence who was always responsive to the cry of the poor, whether city dwellers or farm workers in the vineyards of California. | <urn:uuid:886ddb00-00a8-4350-ae17-9f4a99e35e02> | {
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Posted: Wednesday Mar 28, 2012
The Fred Rogers Center for Early Learning and Children’s Media at Saint Vincent College today launched a unique website that provides high quality digital media resources for early learning teachers, family child care providers, and families of young children birth to age five, free of charge.
The Fred Rogers Center Early Learning Environment™— “Ele” (pronounced “El-Lee”) for short—is located at www.yourele.org. The site includes:
• Activities—A library of more than 100 eBooks, digital games, videos, music, mobile apps, and other activities selected as quality resources that support learning and literacy development. Some activities help adults support children’s language and literacy skills; others are designed for use by adults with children.
• Let’s Talk—An online community where teachers, families, and others can ask questions, and connect and share with others who care about issues affecting young children.
• My Ele—By signing up for a free Ele account, users can organize the site’s resources around their own needs and interests, and then share them by creating Play!Lists. All resources include research-based suggestions and information on how and why to use Ele’s activities, under the headings, “Talk About It” and “Why This Is Important.”
Visitors meet Ele, an avatar that serves as the site’s friendly “guide.” Activities are easily searchable by age, educational setting, and media type; each activity includes accompanying user tips.
Ele Supports Literacy and School Readiness
“The Fred Rogers Center created Ele to support early literacy development and school readiness by identifying high quality digital early learning tools and making them accessible to caregivers everywhere,” explains Michael Robb, PhD, Director of Education and Research at the Fred Rogers Center, and one of the site’s developers.
“Ele encourages caregivers to treat media like they would treat a book,” Robb adds. “The videos, songs, games, and other resources on Ele promote adult-child interaction, an essential component of healthy media use and literacy development.”
The Fred Rogers Center, part of Saint Vincent College, worked with leading non-profit organizations in the field to develop the site. Content partners to date are the Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, The Fred Rogers Company, International Children’s Digital Library, National Center for Family Literacy, Reading is Fundamental, Teaching Strategies, Vanderbilt Peabody College, and Videatives.
A New Chapter in Fred Rogers’ Legacy
“Just as Fred Rogers pioneered his distinctive approach to tapping the educational potential of television, Ele demonstrates the unique capability of today’s communications and digital media to enhance learning for adults and young children alike,” says Rita Catalano, Executive Director at the Fred Rogers Center.
Today’s launch is just the starting point for Ele. Several free mobile apps developed for the site will be released in the coming months, and additional content will be added on an ongoing basis, keeping the site fresh and dynamic. Users are also encouraged to submit comments, share stories, and provide examples of how they use Ele.
The Fred Rogers Center Early Learning Environment™ was developed with the support of The Annie E. Casey Foundation, the W. K. Kellogg Foundation, and the Richard King Mellon Foundation.
is a signature program of the Fred Rogers Center. The mission of the Center is to advance the fields of early learning and children’s media by acting as a catalyst for communication, collaboration, and creative change. The Center houses the Fred Rogers Archive including videos and materials from Mister Rogers’ Neighborhood. Other national signature programs of the Center include the Early Career Fellows program and the Fred Forward Conference series.
Additional information about the Fred Rogers Center is available at www.fredrogerscenter.org or 724-805-2750. | <urn:uuid:762fd501-63b8-481c-a5a4-bed170dac0b8> | {
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Work ground to a halt on Satsop nuclear reactor building more than 25 years ago before it ever produced a kilowatt of electricity.
The $440 million concrete behemoth designed to withstand a massive earthquake and a direct hit from a jet airliner sat empty for years, a lasting legacy to the failed nuclear plant construction program of the Washington Public Power Supply System on Fuller Hill near Elma.
Then along came Ron Sauro, an energetic scientist and entrepreneur who sees opportunity and jobs where others see gloomy concrete rooms and lost dreams of energy too cheap to meter.
Deep in the bowels of the 400,000-square-foot reactor building, Sauro has built a world-class acoustical laboratory to test how a variety of building materials and speakers absorb and transmit sound.
It took some precise carpentry and sophisticated electronics to shape the lab. But the reactor building was ideal for the retrofit job with its 10-foot-thick concrete foundation floating on a bed of gravel and its five-foot-thick walls.
“What we wanted was stability from all outside elements, including temperature, humidity and noise,” he said. “This is a one-of-a-kind place.”
The prototype laboratory Sauro opened this year includes two reverberation chambers that are the largest of their kind in the world, he said. One of them used to be the control room for the nuclear reactor that never was loaded with fuel.
To read the complete article, visit www.thenewstribune.com. | <urn:uuid:83e0c068-1165-4349-a489-4222278555b9> | {
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Lasers have proven to be an invaluable tool since their discovery, and even after all of these decades, they still have untapped potential. Some of this potential is related to the lasing material used, as different materials will bring with them different properties. Researchers at North Carolina State University have recently made some measurements of the plastic MEH-PPV, which may become an invaluable laser material in the future.
A key aspect of a laser's operation is its ability to amplify light, so for any material to be made into a laser, researchers must have measured its optical gain. In the case of MEH-PPV though, taking such measurements are quite difficult. The method used involves firing short laser pulses into the plastic and recording how much extra light the material produces. Previous attempts however have used laser pulses long enough that they were heating the material and disrupting the results. The North Carolina researchers however used pulses just 25 picoseconds long, or 0.000000000025 seconds, which is too short to heat MEH-PPV.
With MEH-PPV's optical gain measured, researchers may start working on lasers that utilize the inexpensive plastic. Such lasers could then be integrated into silicon chips and aid in the development of photonic devices.
Source: North Carolina State University | <urn:uuid:61c70507-e57f-42ab-874d-e346663d85b7> | {
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You can make humor part of almost any daily activity you do with your child, whether it's taking a bath, eating lunch, or driving the car, according to Louis Franzini, PhD, author of Kids Who Laugh: How to Develop Your Child's Sense of Humor (Square One Publishers, 2001). Here are a few great ways to get the giggles together:
Birth to 12 months
- Funny faces: Scrunch up, bug out your eyes, stick out your tongue. At first your child's laughter will be in response to you, but in time he will try to imitate you.
- Peekaboo: This is thrilling for babies because there is a brief threat -- Mom or Dad disappears (the threat) but quickly reappears (the surprise).
- Silly sounds: Make up your own or imitate your child's noises while smiling and laughing, which defines the behavior as funny. Whistling or humming are good choices too.
- Wacky songs: Sing a well-known song like "Pop Goes the Weasel." Once your child is familiar with the song, you can pause dramatically before singing the "POP!" Your child will anticipate the pause, feel the comedic tension, and laugh loudly when the punch line arrives. You can also say "POP!" louder than the other words for added effect.
Ages 1 to 3
- Add-ons: Sing any well-known nursery rhyme and add nonsense phrases like "in the tub" to the end of every line. The surprise is funny to your child, who is expecting to hear the familiar lines: "Rock-a-bye baby... in the tub! On the treetop -- not in the tub!" Hilarious!
- Crazy animal sounds: Pretend that certain animals make the sounds of other animals. For example, the cat goes "moo" and the horse goes "cock-a-doodle-doo." Do as many as you can together.
- Rhyming names: Make up funny rhyming names for friends, relatives, or pets -- for example, "Silly Billy" or "Bitty Kitty." Kids this age will laugh heartily.
The information on this Web site is designed for educational purposes only. It is not intended to be a substitute for informed medical advice or care. You should not use this information to diagnose or treat any health problems or illnesses without consulting your pediatrician or family doctor. Please consult a doctor with any questions or concerns you might have regarding your or your child's condition. | <urn:uuid:b2ceb1c8-d040-4f71-a99e-2acfc6763adc> | {
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October 28, 2008
Hot stamping of automotive structural safety components developed in response to mandates levied by the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) 1 to improve vehicle crash integrity while also reducing vehicle weight to help meet fuel efficiency standards. Heating a high-strength steel (HSS) component of a boron-steel alloy to the austenitic range—a super-heated solid solution state, ~ 1,700 degrees F (950 degrees C)—improved drawability, and then quickly cooling the part in a water-cooled die, or quenching, transformed the crystalline structure, increasing the formed component's strength-to-weight ratio.
Press hardening, or hot stamping, of automotive structural safety components is a relatively new process that the metal forming industry has developed in response to mandates issued by the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)1 to improve vehicle crash integrity while also reducing vehicle weight to help meet fuel efficiency standards (seeFigure 1).
Applying standard metallurgical principles, the metal forming industry found that heating a high-strength steel (HSS) component made of a boron-steel alloy to the austenitic range (see Figure 2)—a superheated solid solution state, approximately 1,700 degrees F (950 degrees C)—improved drawability, and then quickly cooling the part in a water-cooled die, or quenching, transformed the crystalline structure, increasing the formed component's strength-to-weight ratio (seeFigure 3).
The European press industry (responding to similar requirements in Europe) has named this process press hardening, while U.S. manufacturers tend to use the term hot stamping.
The cooled component can have a tensile strength of up to 1,500 megapascals (MPa)—approximately three times stronger than steel that has not been press hardened.
Why is a hydraulic press especially suitable for hot stamping? The short response—it's all in the dwell time for quenching.
Currently the best way to transform HSS from the austenite range to the higher-strength martensite range is to quench the formed part quickly while the press dwells, maintaining constant pressure with the die closed to prevent stresses from warping the part during the cool-down (transformation) phase.
The typical dwell time needed to form and quench a B-pillar is five to eight seconds, depending on the number of parts being formed, material thickness, and die temperature. The die temperature is directly proportional to the volume of water flow, inlet temperature, and the configuration of die water ports within the die.
The dynamics of this process play right into the flexibility and capabilities of a hydraulic press. Its free programmability of force, speed, and dwell throughout the stroke range makes it especially suitable for press-hardening applications.
Because a hydraulic press's dwell capability is the most critical aspect of this process, the pumps have to exhibit maximum holding pressure during the dwell. This places a heavy load on them. Use of a fixed auxiliary pump for hold-down during the dwell phase, or a programmable pump configuration in multiple-pump systems, allows the operator to achieve adequate holding pressure.
Full control over the process with monitoring of all functions—blank feeding, heating, forming, and unloading—is particularly important in a production run in which cycle time is critical to the metal's composition and, therefore, to product quality.
Cold forming structural safety components in HSS and ultrahigh-strength steels (UHSS) with tensile strengths between 600 and 750 MPa has its challenges—mainly poor material drawability, draw fractures, and springback.
A standard mechanical press in the 2,000- to 3,500-ton range can be used to cold form these high-strength materials, but at a substantial investment because of the press's size and required multiple hits and cushion dampening equipment. Breakthrough forces—a sudden release of stored energy—can be greater than 40 percent with HSS.
A servo-driven mechanical press can be used to cold form or hot form HSS. Its servo drive with advanced controllers that achieve constant energy and torque can reduce the forces at the breakthrough stage, thus reducing the need to purchase additional cushion dampening equipment. This type of press also has the ability to dwell at any point in the stroke, but currently it carries a higher initial price tag than a hydraulic press.
Ultimately, using a crank or servo-driven mechanical press to cold form HSS is likely to increase the price per part compared to hot stamping the part with a hydraulic press. This is mainly because a mechanical press's typical comparable advantage—its higher strokes per minute—is negated by the required dwell time.
1. Blank Feeding Into the Furnace. Blanks can be carbon steel, but to obtain additional strength, boron is added to the steel in amounts ranging from 3 to 15 parts per million. Blanks are separated, picked, and centered for entry into the furnace. An infeed conveyor moves the blank into the furnace. Processes such as marking and punching can be performed at this stage.
2. Heating. The blank is heated in an electric or gas-fired flowthrough furnace to austenitic temperature, 1,700 degrees F (950 degrees C), before it is ejected from the furnace. Normally, the blank is transported through the furnace directly on ceramic rollers. In some cases, the furnace is equipped with an inert gas, such as nitrogen, to prevent scaling from developing on the blank's surface.
3. Press Feeding. A conveyor with a centering station locates the part for the press loading robot, which quickly transfers the hot blank into the die. Speed and stability are critical. The gripper system and the furnace ejection system must quickly and precisely position the blank to enter the press (seeFigure 4).
4. Forming/Quenching. The hydraulic press then cycles, forming the part, and then dwells (typically five to eight seconds), maintaining programmed pressure during the quenching process that water-cools the component in the die. The finished part exits the press at approximately 300 degrees F (martensite).
The press tool must be able to form very hot blanks and withstand extreme temperature differences. Therefore, materials and tool designs must meet very stringent requirements. The dies have features such as an integrated water-to-air cooling system.
5. Unloading Finished Part. An unloading robot removes the finished part to an output conveyor for postprocessing.
1. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Title 49 of the United States Code, Chapter 301, Motor Vehicle Safety Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) and Regulations.
STAMPING Journal® is the only industrial publication dedicated solely to serving the needs of the metal stamping market. In 1987 the American Metal Stamping Association broadened its horizons and renamed itself and its publication, known then as Metal Stamping. Print subscriptions are free to qualified stamping professionals in North America. | <urn:uuid:8a4abe13-602f-4aed-a386-258f7d90b92d> | {
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- Calibration provides corrections required to make the logger accurate. Calibration is a comparison with a standard or reference resulting in determined corrections and uncertainties [a characterisation of the instrument] and the results of the calibration may or may not be used to adjust the instrument.
- Verification is a check against a reference to verify that an instrument meets its manufacturers’ broad and general specifications.
- Validation provides information on the accuracy (or inaccuracy) of the logger. Validation is a check that an instrument meets the specifications for a specific intended use [what a lab might do internally to determine that an instrument is fit for purpose].
- All Temprecord hardware is thoroughly tested to the high standards demanded by our ISO/IEC 17025 accreditation. Our processes also require our manufacturing and laboratory staff to be trained and approved to the same high standards, becoming approved signatories.
- All Temprecord software applications are validated and a detailed Validation Package is available upon request.
Temprecord is one of the few data logger companies in the world that builds the calibration corrections into each logger, which means there is no requirement for the user to add a correction formula to the downloaded data, reducing the potential for error or omission altogether.
The difference between Validation and Calibration
Temprecord builds the calibration corrections into the logger firmware, so the data downloaded is accurate to within 0.2 °C without the User having to add a correction formula to the data, deleting the potential for human error or for omitting the correction altogether.
Validation of hardware and software | <urn:uuid:2284d038-72e1-4209-8729-9b3b9ca963fa> | {
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necessarily represent the official policy or position of the Department of the Army,
Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government.
|This article appeared in
In the wake of the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States and the subsequent series of anthrax exposure incidents, U.S. attention to homeland security and force protection has taken on new urgency. The apparent depth of research, planning, and preparation underlying those attacks underscored anew the ways in which a state or nonstate adversary could measure and classify U.S. vulnerabilities and targeting options. But for decades another entity-the Soviet Union-carefully studied the U.S. homeland and its war-supporting resources from a targeting perspective. The H.G. Wells formulation in the War of the Worlds that "intellects, vast and cool and un-sympathetic" watched our world as they "slowly and surely made their plans against us" would not have been too far removed from reality, at least in terms of Soviet thoroughness and a decided lack of sympathy.1 While the Soviets may now seem as remote a threat as Wells' martians, the methods the Soviet Union used and the information it collected may be instructive as the United States considers what new adversaries perceive and what attack options they could consider.
At the beginning of 1989, the profound changes that would shape the international security environment over the next decade were just beginning to take more solid form. The Soviet Union was in the process of withdrawing from its failed 9-year occupation of Afghanistan. At the same time, Soviet troop reductions in Eastern Europe and in the Soviet Union itself were gaining momentum, and fault lines within the Warsaw Pact became more visible. Armed clashes and violent dissent in some constituent republics around the Soviet periphery had moved from being a startling aberration to an enduring security concern for Soviet authorities. Senior members of the Soviet leadership indicated-and Soviet actions seemed to confirm-that every aspect of Soviet military affairs from tactical force structure to basic planning assumptions about the nature of future war were shifting.
In turn, long-standing Western assumptions about Soviet military policy and capabilities were being challenged from every direction. While few Western analysts at the time thought Soviet goals had changed fundamentally, the posture of the Soviet Union's large, seemingly capable military institution was clearly going to be less overtly aggressive. Consequently, it appeared likely that U.S. and allied requirements for forward-deployed forces-especially in Europe-could shrink substantially in the months and years ahead.
This would have been a positive development from many perspectives, but there was grave concern as well. With more forces stationed on U.S. territory, rapid force projection to distant theaters would become more critical. Force projection would depend even more than in the past on the effective performance of the Continental United States (CONUS) mobilization base. An adversary's successful attack on key CONUS war-supporting infrastructure could disrupt the timely preparation, deployment, and sustainment of military forces and materiel; endanger the achievement of U.S. strategic goals in remote conflict areas; and possibly damage public confidence and resolve.
U.S. Forces Command (FORSCOM) undertook an extensive review of the implications of this changing environment for protecting the homeland. In July 1987, FORSCOM had been officially designated a specified command with a range of operational missions. It also was the Army component of what was then the U.S. Atlantic Command. While command relationships, designations, missions, and roles have changed and evolved over the near decade and a half since then, the clarity of FORS-COM's view in the late 1980s seems particularly timely today.2
FORSCOM commander General Joseph T. Palastra, Jr. designated the land defense of CONUS (LDC) as a top priority. FORSCOM's complementary mission of providing military support for civil defense, central to homeland defense, was a priority as well.3 Brigadier General Glenn D. Walker, FORSCOM J2, and Colonel Robert F. Helms II, Chief, Joint Strategy and Concepts Office, looked at the threat definition and planning implications in early concept papers. Basically, FORSCOM saw a pressing need to accomplish the following:
For many years, Soviet military writings addressed the CONUS role in global war as well as in regional conflicts.6 These assessments, based heavily on open materials and observations, served the Soviet General Staff and other planning bodies by:
In the late 1980s, Soviet military planners divided the world into land, aerospace,
and sea areas called "theaters of military action" (TVDs).8 These
delineated regions were further divided into continental and oceanic TVDs that
encompassed friendly, enemy, neutral, and international areas in various combinations.
They allowed the Soviet General Staff to assess a host of political, economic,
geographic, and military factors associated with conduct of global and regional
military operations by all services of the Soviet armed forces. Soviet military
planning recognized continental TVDs and their coastal waters located near the
Soviet Union; in European and Asian regions; oceanic TVDs such as the Atlantic
and Pacific Oceans; and overseas or remote continental TVDs at great distances
from the Soviet Union. CONUS fell into this category.
As noted, among the many reasons that the Soviets studied and evaluated TVDs was to help them develop individual targets and target complexes whose destruction or disruption would contribute to the successful prosecution of military operations. For all TVDs, Soviet planners classified targets based on their importance to overall strategic objectives; the threat these targets posed to the Soviet Union and its allies; the vulnerability of targets in terms of hardness and mobility; and the priority in which such targets should be attacked.9 Targets were grouped by category, the importance of which varied from one TVD to another, and by operational circumstances such as operations with or without the use of nuclear weapons. Among the five basic categories of enemy resources usually considered was one of growing importance: "war-supporting military-economic-political infrastructure."10
By the mid-1970s, Soviet planners were beginning to focus on future conflicts that could remain nonnuclear for a lengthening period of time. They had begun to formulate warfighting concepts designed to forestall US-NATO nuclear use and successfully achieve European theater objectives without either side employing nuclear weapons. In the Soviet view, the uncertainties associated with nuclear war and the enormous destruction likely to be inflicted on the Soviet Union, the territory of its allies, and deployed Soviet or Warsaw Pact military forces made the military utility of nuclear weapons problematic.11 This concept was eventually embodied in the theater strategic operation (TSO), which was publicly announced in the early 1980s.12 The goal would be to achieve theater objectives quickly without using nuclear weapons. Nevertheless, Soviet planners judged that the economic and mobilization potential of NATO nations-and especially reinforcements from CONUS-could prolong a future conflict and result in an unfavorable conclusion. Consequently, damage to the U.S. mobilization base became all the more attractive.
Soviet assessments of infrastructure and resources supporting sustained CONUS mobilization grew in importance in the 1980s, both in terms of the time available and the ways in which such mobilization could be disrupted. Soviet research into these matters became more evident in the late 1970s when the restricted GRU military journal, Foreign Military Review, became available in the West. Dealing exclusively with Soviet views of foreign military developments and capabilities, this monthly publication included detailed assessments of war-supporting infrastructure in all TVDs. In 1986, Foreign Military Review added a new section to the journal titled "Economics and Infrastructure," within which many such articles were grouped.13
By the late 1980s, Soviet open writings were replete with assessments of CONUS
war-supporting infrastructure and military and civil organizations that supported
strategic deployment. These open writings constituted the most general kind
of Soviet assessment; closed Soviet analyses addressed the same issues in more
detailed, specific requirements. But the open assessments highlighted Soviet
perceptions of how U.S. forces prepared for strategic deployment from CONUS;
how they exercised; what they mobilized; what manpower and materiel became available;
what resources transported and sustained deploying forces; and what military
and civil organizations were involved in a direct or coordinating role. Indeed,
Soviet writings could have been assembled to largely replicate the discussion
of major FORSCOM missions addressed in contemporary Joint Command Readiness
Program documents dealing with mobilization and deployment.
Soviet writings examined the overall structure of the U.S. Armed Forces in virtually every dimension, identifying the major military commands and organizations involved in putting U.S. forces on a wartime footing and the relationships between them.14 They described in detail the civil assets to be mobilized and the organizations and resources under military control that would be responsible for deploying military forces and materiel abroad.15 In addition to active duty military units of all services, the U.S. Army Reserve and Army National Guard components received particularly close attention, including their size, organization, training, mobilization, and missions.16 The Soviets judged that "the primary mission assigned to [U.S. Army] Reserve components during mobilizational deployment of ground forces is the preparation of reserve formations for movement to overseas TVDs and for their participation in ground operations in these theaters."17 Similarly, U.S. Air Force Reserves were "viewed as the basis of rapid Air Force mobilization during war preparations, of reinforcement of air groupings, and for the replacement of combat losses chiefly in the initial stage of fighting."18
The evolution, structure, roles, and missions of other organizations in sustaining the wartime continuity of government and services were discussed at length in Soviet military writings. The principal focus was on the Federal Emergency Management Agency, which attracted considerable Soviet interest since its formation in 1979. The role of CONUS military personnel and forces in civil defense and the relationships between military and civil defense entities also received attention.19
In addition to generating and deploying forces, CONUS was studied as the principal source of weapons, combat equipment, consumable supplies, and certain kinds of raw materials and energy sources, that is, petroleum products. This included materiel and resources stockpiled in CONUS as well as the capacity of U.S. economic enterprises to produce these items. Thus, Soviet sources evaluated and grouped various kinds of defense industrial facilities according to their products: shipbuilding; aviation; ballistic and cruise missile; armor; conventional munitions; chemical weapons; and nuclear munitions.
Collectively, these facilities appeared to the Soviets to constitute those military-economic enterprises that would have been most important in supporting military forces in a future war. Soviet military writings identified U.S. power-energy resources, especially strategic oil reserves, as potential military reserves. Soviet writings also identified some power stations that powered economic enterprises as targets as important as the enterprises themselves.20
As the Soviets explicitly noted, the ability to move military and economic resources within a country and to TVDs was a critical war-supporting function. Consequently, the Soviets evaluated various aspects of U.S. transportation infrastructure with what seemed to be a major emphasis on ports and naval bases. This focus seemed to be in line with Soviet assessments of the relative roles air- and sealift would play in a future major war. U.S. strategic airlift loomed as a major consideration for Soviet planners in moving personnel and limited, high-priority reinforcement operations. Assessments of transportation facilities included ground transportation and a number of airfields, airbases, ports, naval bases, and shipping facilities identified in GRU military writings.21
Other military infrastructure elements the Soviets addressed included military-political-administrative control centers, and signal facilities and links, including ground-based radar stations at ballistic missile tracking posts; Strategic Air Command communications facilities; naval land-based communications facilities; and elements of the ground wave emergency network. Overall, a comprehensive list could be compiled based on Soviet open-source military literature alone.
Soviet military writings-both open source and restricted-indicated a sustained, comprehensive analysis of CONUS military and other war-supporting infrastructure according to carefully defined criteria. The Soviets organized this information systematically and considered it in the context of their warfighting concepts and plans. Soviet planners believed that they had an excellent understanding of U.S. capabilities, strengths, and vulnerabilities, and it appears they were correct.
Soviet options for attacking these targets in both massive and incremental ways ranged from strategic nuclear strikes-the least desirable option for reasons noted-to using special operations forces to attack CONUS targets. A wealth of historical and theoretical writings highlighted key transportation centers and nodes, power and energy targets, and signal communications links of various types as particularly desirable targets. Aiding dissident groups and assassinating key military or civilian officials were recognized as valuable tools with Soviet historical precedent. Additionally, a host of psychological and propaganda initiatives subsumed under the term "active measures" may have been employed to influence the perceptions of U.S. leadership, citizenry, and allies or neutrals in the North American TVD.22 Chemical and biological weapons and, according to some former Soviet spokesmen, manpack nuclear systems were all available in the Soviet inventory. While plans for attacking numerous CONUS assets and infrastructure had not become available in the West, target databases were clearly detailed and extensive.
The Soviet Union, of course, dissolved in 1992. Its main successor, Russia, has faced a continuing series of problems that shattered most of the old capabilities and warfighting paradigms. Russia today is in some respects, at least, a partner in addressing common security problems, but the kinds of data Soviet planners used many years ago to evaluate U.S. key infrastructure has proliferated manyfold. Internet resources alone can enable any state or nonstate entity to identify targets and provide an assessment of the impact their destruction or damage would have. This is not just in the warfighting framework used by planners in the Soviet Union, where Soviet research into the vulnerabilities of North American infrastructure supported a specific military strategy. The overall strategies of other state and nonstate adversaries-including current international terrorist networks like al-Qaeda-will be linked to specific goals and objectives.
Terrorists develop target lists, for example, that focus largely on panicking and disorganizing civilian populations, undermining national will, and mobilizing new recruits and supporters. The lists would be shaped by the weapons and access available to the terrorists; however, the logic by which such lists are compiled and the extensive public data upon which they can be based may be similar. In the information age, terrorist organizations do not require general staffs or extensive intelligence organizations to compile target lists and plans. The material is often readily and openly accessible-or with the ease of traveling worldwide-by observing targets covertly or overtly. This is all too apparent in the al-Qaeda manual Military Studies in the Jihad Against the Tyrants that sets out approaches and tradecraft associated with target definition and preparation.23 The manual identifies, for example, the requirement to collect "information about strategic buildings, important establishments, and military bases," including "ministries such as those of Defense and Internal Security, airports, seaports, land border points, embassies, and radio and TV stations."24 The process of studying and systematizing potential targets-based on our understanding of any adversaries' goals, the information available to them, and their past actions-may help to more clearly define specific targets and perceived vulnerabilities. In this respect, Soviet approaches to developing targets may be quite analogous.
The LDC concepts General Palastra and others articulated years ago and the subsequent attention homeland defense received in the 1990s have now been subsumed under the new relationships and structures for homeland security forming in the wake of the 11 September. Balancing the benefits of an open society with effective homeland security in the information age where easy global mobility and ready access to potentially destructive systems and technologies will clearly challenge U.S. national security planners and those charged with military force protection. In the meantime, the Soviet experience illustrates just how easily targets can be identified and studied.
1.In fact, H.G. Wells' 1898 novel describing a martian invasion of Earth purportedly used European pre-World War I General Staffs as the model. General Staffs, as the martians, carefully studied potential adversaries' capabilities, strengths, and weaknesses.
2.For a useful discussion of FORSCOM's missions and roles in the late 1980s, see General Joseph T. Palastra, Jr., "The FORSCOM Role in the Joint Arena," Military Review, March 1989, 2-9.
4.FORSCOM Chief of Staff Memorandum, "Providing Justification for Military Forces Dedicated to the Land Defense of CONUS," 24 January 1989, concept paper by Colonel Robert F. Helms II, unclassified.
5.FORSCOM tasked the U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command's Foreign Military Studies Office (FMSO) to undertake the study. A parallel FMSO paper, "The Employment of Soviet Special Purpose Forces Against Infrastructure Targets: An Historical Perspective," examined how Soviet special operations forces had been used in past conflicts to attack enemy transportation and other infrastructure.
6.There have been numerous opportunities to compare Soviet open-source writings with classified or restricted writings on the same military topics. Soviet open sources accurately address broad concepts and trends while their classified counterparts provide more detail, particularly at operational and strategic levels; include more material on sensitive planning considerations; and, if pertinent, include characteristics of weapon systems and equipment. New developments and concepts often were addressed specifically in open writings sometime after they were addressed in closed forums. Nevertheless, open sources frequently signaled new developments in Soviet military thought.
7.Soviet planners termed this process "strategic intelligence" and include a spectrum of military, political, and economic indicators to be collected by various human and technical means. These are set out concisely by Soviet General Staff officer M.I. Cherednichenko under the entry "Strategicheskaia razvedka" ("Strategic Reconnaissance") in N.V. Ogarkov, Sovetskaia voennaia entsiklopediia (Soviet Military Encyclopedia, hereafter referred to as SVE, Vol. 7 (Moscow: Voenizdat, 1979). For a discussion of some of the military and military-economic aspects of war preparation that are still classified by the Soviets, see the chapters "Combat Readiness of the Armed Forces" and "Strategic Deployment of the Armed Forces" in Ghulem Dastagir Wardak, comp., and Graham Hall Turbiville, Jr., ed., The Voroshilov Lectures: Materials From the Soviet General Staff Academy, Vol. 1, Issues of Soviet Military Strategy (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 1989); S.A. Bartenev, Ekonomicheskoeprotivoborstvo v voine (Economic Counteroffensive in War) (Moscow: Voenizdat, 1986). For one contemporary account of Warsaw Pact intelligence-collection efforts against a number of Army, Navy, Air Force, and economic-industrial targets in CONUS, see Desmond Ball, "Soviet Signals Intelligence: Vehicular Systems and Operation," Intelligence and National Security (December 1988), 5-27.
8. "Theater of military action" is one of several ways to translate the Russian teatr voennykh deistvii (TVD). These important military-geographic subdivisions were frequently rendered in Western assessments as theater of strategic military action (TSMA) or theater of military operation (TMO) and other formulations. However rendered, they referred to the same Soviet concept.
9.An early informative Soviet discussion of this process is found in Kh. Dzhelaukhov, "The Infliction of Deep Strikes," Voennaia mysl', Military Thought, hereafter cited as VM (February 1966), Foreign Press Daily (FPD) 0763/67, 8 August 1967, reprinted in Selected Readings From Military Thought, 1963-1973, selected and compiled by Joseph D. Douglas, Jr. and Amoretta M. Hoeber, Studies in Communist Affairs, Vol. 5, Part 1 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office [GPO], 1982), 106-115.
10.Ibid. While target categories varied somewhat in Soviet writings, generally they included in addition to war-supporting infrastructure: strategic nuclear delivery means and associated command and control; operational and operational-tactical nuclear delivery means such as aviation, missiles, and artillery; groupings of combined arms forces and associated support resources; and air defense forces and their support. The term "military infrastructure," voennaia infrastruktura in Russian, was specifically cited in Soviet sources as a foreign term. It was, however, used in Soviet military writings as a useful way to encompass the many kinds of Western military and civil facilities and transportation systems intended or designated for supporting military operations. See, for example, V. Elin and Iu. Korolev, "Infrastruktura NATO na Evropeiskikh TVD" ("NATO Infrastructure in the European TVDs") Zarubezhnoe voennoe obozrenie (Foreign Military Review, hereafter cited as ZVO, July 1988), 68-75.
11.It was stressed, however, that Soviet forces must be prepared to deal with enemy nuclear attack and to launch their own strategic, operational, and tactical nuclear strikes at any time in the course of a NATO-Warsaw Pact conflict.
12.Even in the mid-1970s, the TSO concept had been substantially developed. See "Strategic Operations in a Continental Theater of Strategic Military Action," in Ghulam D. Wardak and Graham H. Turbiville, Jr., Voroshilov Lectures: Materials From the Soviet General Staff Academy: Issues of Soviet Military Strategy (Washington, DC: GPO, July 1989), 257-313.
13.Apparently recognizing the value of the journal as a whole to Western analysts, foreign subscriptions were canceled in 1986, although individual issues continued to move westward. Then-classified Soviet assessments indicated that the North American TVD included the contiguous 48 states; Alaska, including the Far Eastern TVD; Canada; Mexico; Central America down to Panama; the West Indies; Greenland; and Iceland, which was also included in the Northwestern TVD. Despite this vast region, "the importance of the North American TVD is determined by the fact that the most powerful imperialist country, the United States of America, is located there." Soviet evaluations of military-geographic features, military and economic potential, and targeting criteria became more frequent and detailed. Soviet planners specifically took stock of warfighting potential. This included judgments that "half of the industrial and ¾ of the total military output of the Capitalist world is produced in the United States and Canada" and that "the military and economic potential of the United States has decisive importance in the preparation and execution of war by the imperialist camp." Substantial attention was given to past and contemporary power projection capabilities of CONUS-based forces and to the CONUS role as a mobilization and reinforcement base for NATO. Exercises involving mobilization or deployment such as Nifty Nugget and Bright Star were carefully evaluated. In short, by the 1980s, the CONUS mobilization and reinforcement potential emerged as a far larger concern for Soviet planners than it had been in the past. This concern clearly influenced the Soviet study of military infrastructure in CONUS.
14.S. Semenov, "Tsentral'nye organy tyla sukhoputnykh voisk SShA" ("Central Rear Service Organs of the Ground Forces"), ZVO (December 1986), 19-23; Iu. Omichev, "Komitet nachal'nikov shtabov Vooruzhennykh Sil SShA" ("Joint Chiefs of Staff of the U. S. Armed Forces"), ZVO (September 1988), 12-16; Iu. Viktorov, "Vysshie organy upravleniia Vooruzhennymi Silami SShA" ("Higher Organs of Control of the Armed Forces of the USA), ZVO (September 1985), 7-14; Iu. Omichev, "VooruzhennyeSily SShA" ("Armed Forces of the USA"), ZVO, Part 1 (January 1989), 7-10, and Part 2 (February 1989), 7-14; V. Vladomirov, "Organization of Medical Support for the U. S. Army in the Theater of Operations," ZVO (November 1985), 18-23, as translated by the Joint Publications Research Service (JPRS), SOVIET UNION Report: Military Affairs-Foreign Military Review, JPRS-UMA-86-023.
15.Two of the more recent articles addressing developments in strategic movement are Iu. Omichev, "Armed Forces of the United States," 11-12; V. Grebeshkov, "Ob'edinennoe komandovanie strategicheskikh perebrosok vooruzhennykh sil SshA," ("Joint Command for Strategic Movement of the Armed Forces of the USA"), ZVO (July 1987), 11.
16.V. Grebeshkov, "Reservy Voenno-vozhdushnykh sil SShA" ("Reserves of the Air Forces of the USA"), ZVO, Part 1 (June 1987), 31-36, and Part 2 (July 1987), 35-40; I. Aleksandrov, "Organizovannyi reservsukhoputnykh voisk SShA" ("Organized Reserve of the Ground Troops of the USA"), ZVO (February 1988), 21-27; E. Anatol'ev, "Liudskie resursy SShA i ikh ispol'zovanie v voennykh tseliakh" ("Manpower Resources of the USA and Their Employment for Military Aims), ZVO (April 1988), 63-68.
17.Aleksandrov, "Organized Reserve," 21.
18.Grebeshkov, "Air Force Reserves," Part 1, 31.
19.I. Mysiuk, "Vzgliady na grazhdanskuiu oborony v SShA" ("Views on Civil Defense in the USA"), ZVO (September 1988), 70-74; V. Goncharov, "Civil Defense and the U.S. Armed Forces," ZVO (May 1984), 20-21, as translated by the JPRS, SOVIET UNION Report: Military Affairs; V. Goncharov, "U.S. Civil Defense," ZVO (June 1983), as translated in SOVIET UNION Report: Military Affairs, JPRS No. 84623.
20.M. Shirokov, "The Question of Influences on the Military and Economic Potentialof Warring States," VM (April 1968), FPD 0052/69, 27 May 1969, in Selected Readings, 210-11.
21.Soviet analysts have looked at various aspects of the local defense of air and maritime facilities as in "American Electronic Security Systems for U.S. Air Bases," ZVO (May 1983), 62-71, as translated in SOVIET UNION Report: Military Affairs, JPRS No. 84314; V. Mosalev, "U.S. Naval Base Security," ZVO (May 1980), 25-26, as translated in SOVIET UNION Report: Military Affairs, JPRS No. 76339.
22.For a discussion of Soviet approaches in this regard, see Richard H. Shultz and Roy Godson, Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy (Washington, DC: Pergamon-Brassey's International Defense Publishers, 1984).
23.See Military Studies in the Jihad Against the Tyrants in the "Declaration of Jihad Against the Country's Tyrants Military Series," a document entered in evidence at the trial for the African Embassy bombings, Southern District Court, New York City Attorney General's Office, circa early to mid-1990s, in translation from Arabic. The "Twelfth Lesson" dealing with espionage and information gathering is particularly applicable.
A typical example of the Soviets' interest in U.S. resources supporting mobilization,
deployment, and war sustainment was their examination of maritime facilities.
Soviet analysts noted that there are 10 naval bases; 11 basing points, less
diversified naval bases; and 85 commercial ports out of 190 on U.S. territory,
including Hawaii, available to support the Navy. Soviet sources note that for
some bases and ports this includes reinforcing forward-deployed U.S. force groupings
in transoceanic theaters of strategic military action. For example, Norfolk/Hampton
Roads naval complex's role as a major departure port under the U.S. Atlantic
Command for mobilized forces reinforcing Europe was well recognized and openly
discussed. Specific naval bases and basing points along with the principal commercial
ports addressed in Soviet sources follow:
The Atlantic region includes New London, Philadelphia, Norfolk, Little Creek, and Charleston Naval Bases; Boston, Newport, New York, Annapolis, King-Bay, Mayport, Key West, and New Orleans Naval Basing Points; and Staten Island, Pensacola, Pascagoula, Mobile, Gulfport, Violet, Lake Charles, Galveston, and Corpus Christi planned basing points. Soviet sources also include naval bases at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, and Roosevelt Roads, Puerto Rico, in the North American theater of strategic military action. General purpose and specialized commercial ports are considered particularly important for loading troops, combat equipment, and supplies. Many are assessed as being equipped with special materials handling means and are served by road, rail, and pipeline. They are examined as complexes based on their various facilities and their output in terms of tons over time. The most important general-purpose ports, according to the Soviets, are New York, New Orleans, Philadelphia, Houston, Norfolk, Baltimore, Jacksonville, Boston, Savannah, Portland, Mobile, and Tampa. Specialized ports include Loop (sic), Beaumont, Baton Rouge, and Port Arthur. The most important container terminals and specialized mooring facilities for roll-on/roll-off vessels are located at commercial ports in New York, Baltimore, Charleston, New Orleans, Boston, Galveston, and Philadelphia.
The Pacific region includes Coronado, San Diego, San Francisco, Bangor, and Pearl Harbor Naval Bases; Long Beach, Bremerton, Kodiak (for coastal defense), Adak, and Midway (forward) Naval Basing Points; and Treasure Island and Everett planned basing points. The most important general-purpose commercial ports identified, based on these criteria, are Seattle, Tacoma, San Francisco, Oakland, Los Angeles, and Long Beach. Specialized ports include Valdez, El Segundo, and Barbers Point. Commercial ports with container and roll-on/roll-off moorings and facilities include Seattle, Oakland, Long Beach, Los Angeles, Portland, and San Francisco.
The Great Lakes region includes commercial ports at Chicago, Duluth-Superior, Detroit, Toledo, Cleveland, and Buffalo are considered general-purpose ports with military utility.
Foreign Military Review | <urn:uuid:6ce63bcf-2cf7-4556-8a4c-10f37084d71f> | {
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I have the attached mathcad with the inputs: "a", "b" and "Table". "a" should be looking in the first row of "Table" to find a match, vector "b" should be looking in the first column of "Table" to find a match for each value of the vector. The final result should return the result from the intersection of the column and line previously identified to get the result from "Table".
Solved! Go to Solution. | <urn:uuid:62413875-c2fa-42db-9d1b-6d44284a87bd> | {
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LP(redirected from LPES)
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical, Financial, Acronyms.
a. a long-playing gramophone record: usually one 12 inches (30 cm) or 10 inches (25 cm) in diameter, designed to rotate at 33⅓ revolutions per minute
b. (as modifier): an LP sleeve
2. long play: a slow-recording facility on a VCR which allows twice the length of material to be recorded on a tape from that of standard play
On drawings, abbr. for “low pressure.”
LP(1) (Let's Play) See playthrough.
(2) (Long Play) A vinyl recording of music in analog format that rotates at 33 1/3 RPM (for details of the analog method, see vinyl record). Mono LPs were introduced in the late 1940s, and stereo LPs in 1958. Two-channel stereo was accomplished by creating a V groove with left and right channels at 90 degree angles. The "long" play refers to the slower 33.3 RPM compared to 78 RPM records. The slower rotation increased the recording time per side from five minutes on a 78 to a half hour for the LP. Made of shellac resin, 78 records were brittle and easily breakable, but they were the primary music disc from the start of the 20th century until the late 1950s. The vinyl construction of the LP made it much more durable. Vinyl was also used for 45 RPM records, which were introduced in the late 1940s.
A Definite Revival
Although eclipsed by CDs in the 1980s, vinyl LPs have been making a comeback in the 21st century, and many individuals cling to their vinyl record collections. A large number of LP phonograph turntables, both consumer grade and high-end audiophile quality, are being manufactured. After years of listening to digital music, which many people feel is much harsher than analog, aficionados continue to enjoy vinyl recordings. See vinyl record, stylus, turntable and Burwen Bobcat.
|From Analog to Digital|
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A significant addition to the field of fungus-insect relationships, this book presents an interesting array of approaches to the subject of evolutionary and ecological associations of insects and fungi, written by both mycologists and entomologists. The editors have preserved a reasonable balance between theoretical articles, reviews, and those containing analysis of original data. Free-living relationships are stressed, complementing previously published studies on fungus-insect associations. The volume is indispensable as an introduction to modern approaches in the field, a reference on host associations, and a theoretical basis for future research. The editors and contributors have sought to achieve two goals: 1) to provide examples of current research in studies of the ecology and evolution of fungus-insect relationships, including many important techniques, references, and lists of relationships, and 2) to suggest some modern theoretical approaches to studies of a pattern which is largely historical in nature.
Modern ecological and evolutionary methods are exemplified by contributions to the book, and other papers present indispensable summaries of relationships and crucial methods fro the accurate interpretation of fungus-insect associations. Because the origin of these relationships is fundamentally a historical questions, the application of recent theoretical advances in cladistic methods in biology, described and used in several papers in the book, provides fresh opportunities and challenges at the interface of mycology and entomology.
Quentin Wheeler is assistant professor and associate curator for Coleoptera, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, and a research associate of the American Museum of Natural History. Meredith Blackwell is assistant professor of botany at Louisiana State University. | <urn:uuid:cac4250b-1898-4400-93e9-b456ee9ca16a> | {
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There''s no question that when it comes to the cleaning, sanitation and general upkeep of the nation''s schools, hospitals, hotels, office buildings and supermarkets — among many, many others — green is becoming the new black.
"Green" as in green cleaning practices that are being put into place encourages — and, in some states, even mandates — the use of environmentally friendly cleaning supplies, water conservation and reconfigured cleaning regimens that decrease the use of energy.
Green Is Spreading
To illustrate the growing awareness of the benefits inherent in the adoption of green cleaning practices, ISSA has created a report titled, Green Cleaning Product Procurement Policies, Initiatives and Requirements in the U.S., which currently lists a total of 16 states that have adopted green cleaning policies of one kind or another.
Falling in the sweet spot of this increased emphasis on green cleaning are the nation''s schools and hospitals.
In fact, according to ISSA''s report, a number of states and other entities have introduced legislation or guidelines that recommend green cleaning regimens and the types of chemicals and products that should be used in educational environments.
Three states have mandated green cleaning legislation (at the time this article was written):
In August 2005, Governor George Pataki signed into law S.5435 that requires the use of environmentally friendly cleaning products in all schools in New York State. The law lists green cleaning guidelines, addresses the best cleaning management practices and specifies criteria for selecting green cleaning products
In August 2007, then Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich signed the Green Cleaning Schools Act, which requires all public and non-public elementary and secondary schools with 50 or more students to "… establish a green cleaning policy and exclusively purchase and use environmentally sensitive cleaning products"
Missouri recently passed legislation that required the state''s Department of Elementary and Secondary Education to develop guidelines and specifications for green cleaning in the state''s schools.
Three others have developed guidelines, without mandating their implementation (at the time this article was written):
In 2007, Maine''s legislature passed a bill that requires the State Department of Education to compile a list of cleaning products that have been certified as meeting "health-based criteria for safety and efficacy" by a third-party independent agency or have been listed by a state agency as "environmentally preferable cleaning products"
Minnesota has issued its Environmentally Preferable Purchasing Guide as a reference tool to assist government agencies and schools in the selection of environmentally preferable products
The Chicago Public School District has adopted a Green Cleaning Policy that encourages the "maintenance of clean, safe and healthy schools through the elimination of contaminants that affect children and adult health, performance and attendance, and the implementation of cleaning processes and products that protect health without harming the environment."
When it comes to hospitals, a recent report by The Journal of the American Medical Association disturbingly reveals that hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) are now the fourth-largest killer in the U.S., with more than two million hospital patients a year contracting infections and an estimated 103,000 dying as a result.
This total is more than the yearly deaths in the U.S. attributable to car accidents, breast cancer and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) — combined.
As a result, more and more attention is being paid to the cleaning processes at hospitals and other health care facilities.
A growing number of "how-to" manuals for the cleaning and sanitation of medical facilities are being produced, with many highlighting the need for green cleaning practices.
One, Hospitals for a Healthy Environment, which is now part of an organization called Practice Greenhealth, has produced a 10-Step Guide to Green Cleaning Implementation that acknowledges that traditional cleaning products and processes can negatively impact both health and the environment.
Surely, there is universal agreement that facility cleanliness is something the public expects and should be provided with.
More vigilant cleaning regimens — which will inevitably include green cleaning principles — will make all facilities healthier, while, in the case of educational facilities, ancillary studies have shown that cleaner schools can lead to higher student achievement.
Too often, though, improved cleanliness goals come to cross purposes with cleaning budgets that have been slashed in an attempt to prop up the bottom line.
Recently, the first-ever Integrated Cleaning and Measurement (ICM) Symposium was convened by the International Executive Housekeepers Association (IEHA) to assess the current state of facility cleaning.
ICM is an open-source, unified-systems approach to institutional and industrial cleaning, with a primary purpose of creating a unification of elements and a holistic view of building environments and to use measurement as a means to assess progress and track the benefits of synergies.
An underlying theme of the ICM Symposium was that some traditional cleaning methods are sometimes no longer sufficient to ensure facility cleanliness.
This means that the epoch of hands-on, mop-and-bucket restroom cleaning — a labor-intensive exercise performed with a brush, mop and spray bottle full of cleaning chemicals by an oftentimes less-than-motivated custodial staff — is currently being challenged by new technologies.
The first of the new alternatives to hands-on cleaning is automated touchless cleaning.
First-generation automated systems are typically high-volume/high-pressure mobile spray-and-vac cleaning machines that require access to an electrical outlet.
Spray-and-squeegee Technology Benefits
A newer generation in automated touchless cleaning machines is categorized as spray-and-squeegee.
The design and operation of these new touchless cleaning systems makes them perfect for the daily cleaning of small- to medium-sized restrooms.
Whereas earlier generations of touch-free cleaning units consume water and chemicals at a rate of approximately one gallon per minute (GPM) and dispense liquids at a range of pressures sometimes as high as 500 pounds per square inch (PSI), spray-and-squeegee units use only one half-gallon of cleaning solution per minute, which is dispensed at less than 100 PSI.
This allows the cleaning chemical, rather than high pressure, to achieve the desired results.
The large amount of water needed for some touchless systems also requires the use of a wet/dry vac to remove the excess water, whereas spray-and-squeegee systems enable the liquid remaining on the floor to be removed by squeegeeing it into a floor drain.
This design also means that the system can be battery-operated, eliminating the need for a power outlet.
And, because there is also none of the noise that is associated with wet/dry vac cleanup, the unit''s almost-silent operation makes it perfect for Day Cleaning.
The operation of these new units also puts them within the acceptable standards for recent green cleaning recommendations.
Among the environmental, health and well-being benefits of spray-and-squeegee systems are:
Another principal topic at the ICM Symposium concerned measures that can be used to determine the actual cleanliness of a facility after it has been "cleaned."
One new method of determining just how clean a restroom might be is through the use of an adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter.
A high level of ATP on a surface may indicate an elevated level of bacteria.
So, even though a surface might appear clean, a quick and simple test with a hand-held ATP meter — called a "truth detector" by some for its ability to make the invisible world visible — will quickly and accurately measure the level of cleanliness.
Studies have found that a surface that has been cleaned with a spray-and-squeegee method will see a dramatic reduction in the ATP count.
Simply put, spray-and-squeegee cleaning can be scientifically proven to significantly outperform the outdated mop-and-bucket technique because the squeegee does a better job of removing soiled water and chemicals from the surface, which results in an overall cleaner environment.
Today, facility managers face a difficult juggling act: Patrons demand and deserve the cleanest facilities possible, and studies have shown that green cleaning processes — in some states backed by legislation — will soon become the norm in facility sanitization, while tightening budgets have made meeting these requirements increasingly problematic.
An automated touchless cleaning system can fill the void.
Modern equipment innovation, such as automated touchless systems, create a more environmentally friendly cleaning experience with less energy consumption.
Bill Taylor is the ICS Sales Manager for Cincinnati, Ohio-based Hydro Systems Company, the world''s largest independent manufacturer of proportioning, dosing and dispensing systems for concentrated chemicals, serving the janitorial, institutional, food service, commercial cleaning, industrial and automotive-care markets. Bill can be contacted at (513) 271-8800 or [email protected]. More information can also be obtained at www.hydro-ics.com. | <urn:uuid:ce2553ea-6037-4e0b-99bd-5b6d0c799624> | {
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We absolutely love fifth graders.
They are fabulously goofy, excited to learn, still love their teachers, and are on the cusp of such big changes in body, mind and spirit. They are very young children one moment, family-centered and concrete in their thinking, and pre-adolescents the next, gravitating more towards friends and able to understand more abstract thought. As the year progresses, they are ready for increasing amounts of independence and responsibility, and take pride in being leaders of the Lower School. We prepare them well for their transition to Middle School and take it as a good sign that they visit us often during their sixth grade (seventh, eighth and so on …) lunchtimes to tell us the latest about friends, sports, dances and academic gains.
Our social studies focus moves from pitchfork to plate, helping students understand how food moves from farms to farmer’s markets (and the science, economics and shipping of food), to food processing and packaging facilities, to supermarkets, to preparing a 150-mile lunch and to cooking our own food together at school, and to restaurants.
Pitchfork to Plate Field Trips and Projects
- Wilson Farm – “it’s all about the dirt” – learning about the importance and science of good soil and compost, eating produce straight from the vine, bush and tree.
- Aprovecho – four-day class camping trip to a sustainability center in Cottage Grove. Memorable moments – making a “lasagna” garden, pressing apples, churning butter, tracking animals in the forest, creating a shadow puppet play based on Native American legends, telling stories in front of a bonfire
- Farmer’s Market – small groups are given a budget to buy a picnic lunch and interview farmers about choices they make.
- Wheat Marketing Center – studying the science, trade, shipping and economics of different varieties of wheat.
- Norpac-- food processing and packaging facility on a huge scale in Salem.
- New Seasons Market – shopping for and cooking a 150-mile Valentine’s Day Lunch.
- Hot Lips Pizza or Justa Pasta – what decisions do restaurant owners make when purchasing food, designing menus and serving the public?
- Community Action Project – two past projects include the “blue plate special,” helping the school move from disposable to reusable plates, and the One Ounce Campaign, which challenged each person on campus to reduce daily waste by one ounce per day to meet the school’s “zero waste” goals.
- What the World Eats World Fair – focus on researching another country’s approach to food production and consumption; project integrates math, graphing, writing, art and presentation skills. | <urn:uuid:5e777427-ad49-4d1f-add4-2f1d99019947> | {
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- "He wore a tall pointed grey hat, a long grey cloak, and a silver scarf. He had a long white beard and bushy eyebrows that stuck out beyond the brim of his hat."
- —The Fellowship of the Ring, "A Long-expected Party"
Gandalf the Grey, later known as Gandalf the White, also called Olórin (Quenya; IPA: [oˈloːrin]), Tharkun, and Mithrandir (Sindarin IPA: [miˈθrandir]), was a wizard, or Istar, sent by the West in the Third Age to combat the threat of Sauron. He joined Thorin and his company to reclaim Erebor from Smaug, convoked the Fellowship of the Ring to destroy the One Ring, and led the Free Peoples in the final campaign of the War of the Ring.
Gandalf was the wisest of the Maiar. He was first known as Olórin, and sometimes dwelt in the gardens of Irmo, and was the pupil of Nienna, who taught him wisdom and pity, and of Manwë and Varda. When the Valar decided to send the order of the Istari (also known as Wizards) to Middle-earth, to counsel and assist all those in Middle-earth who opposed the Dark Lord Sauron Manwë and Varda decided to include Olórin among the five who were sent. When he arrived to Middle Earth he received Narya, the ring of fire, from Cirdan the Shipwright. Gandalf (Olorin) spent many centuries walking among the elves as a stranger, learning from them and teaching them. He later revealed himself as one of the Istari, and eventually became known as the wisest of and most powerful of that order. He joined the White Council, which was formed to investigate a dark power in Dol Guldur, of which Galadriel wanted him to become the leader, yet Saruman came to lead the Council instead of him. Although Saruman was at first more powerful, was more knowledgeable about many matters regarding Sauron and the Rings of Power, and was head of the White Council before the War of the Ring, he later grew jealous and afraid of Gandalf,which was the reason of his betrayal.
Quest to Erebor
In The Hobbit, Gandalf appears to the Hobbits of the Shire (where he spent a great deal of time) as little more than a vain, a fussy old conjurer who entertained children with fireworks during festivals and parties in the eyes of many hobbits. He partially reveals his true nature and power to Bilbo Baggins when he arranges and partially accompanies Bilbo and a band of thirteen dwarves (i.e. "Thorin and Company") on a quest to regain the Dwarvish treasure of the Lonely Mountain, which was stolen many years before by the Dragon Smaug. It is on this quest that Gandalf finds his sword, Glamdring, and that Bilbo finds his sword, Sting, and the One Ring (though at the time it is mistaken for a lesser ring).
In 2850 Third Age, he encountered Thráin II, father of Thorin Oakenshield, dying in Dol Guldur. The Dwarf king entrusted Gandalf with a map to Erebor. As Dol Guldur had once been one of Sauron's strongholds, Gandalf feared that Sauron's agents were at large again.
Gandalf met Thorin years later and agreed to go on the quest as a way to investigate further. He insisted, however, on bringing Bilbo along as a "burglar", someone who could sneak into places Dwarves couldn't access and gather information.
Gandalf joined the quest in order to investigate what he suspected to be the resurgence of Sauron (or the "Necromancer", as he is referred to in The Hobbit) in Mirkwood. During the Dwarves' quest, Gandalf vanished twice — once to scout their path, the second time to "attend to other pressing business", the nature of which he refused to discuss. He was actually attending a meeting of the White Council. When Bilbo found the One Ring, Gandalf was immediately suspicious of the hobbit's story of how he acquired it. He privately confronted Bilbo and forced the truth out of him, and is deeply troubled by his story of the Ring's powers as they seem eerily familiar. Perhaps even more troubling to him is that Bilbo, a proper, honorable hobbit, would uncharacteristically lie about his story.
Gandalf abandoned Thorin's company when they reached Mirkwood to participate in the White Council's assault on Dol Guldur. The attack appeared to drive out The Necromancer (Sauron), though he immediately retreated to his long-prepared stronghold of Barad-dûr. Gandalf rejoined Thorin's company at the very moment the Battle of Five Armies breaks out, bearing news of the arrival of a goblin and warg army. Gandalf fought in the battle, and helped destroy the goblin threat. Following the battle, Gandalf accompanied Bilbo back to the Shire.
Return to the Shire
Gandalf spent the years between TA 2941 - TA 3001 travelling Middle-earth in search of information on Sauron's resurgence and Bilbo's mysterious ring. He spent as much time as he could in the Shire, however, strengthening his friendship with Bilbo and befriending Bilbo's nephew, Frodo, while simultaneously becoming suspicious of Saruman and his allegiances.
In TA 3001, around the time of Bilbo's "Eleventy-First" (111th) birthday party, Gandalf returned to the Shire, bringing along many fireworks for the occasion. After seeing Frodo and visiting Bilbo again, Gandalf attended the party.
During Bilbo's speech, he put on a mysterious ring and disappeared, as a joke on his neighbours. Later, as he was bidding farewell to Gandalf, who had known about his plans to leave, Bilbo began to change his mind about leaving his ring to Frodo, as he had earlier agreed. When Gandalf tried to persuade him to leave it, Bilbo became hostile and accused Gandalf of trying to steal the ring for his own benefit, which he referred to as his "precious." Horrified by Bilbo's outburst, Gandalf stood to his full height and appeared menacing, frightening the hobbit. This brought Bilbo back to his senses; he apologised, admitted that the Ring had been troubling him lately, and left the ring behind. Bilbo and Gandalf bid each other goodbye, before Bilbo left the Shire for his journey.
Troubled by this, Gandalf mulled over this. Before finally leaving the Shire, Gandalf gave the ring to Frodo, advising him to keep it safe. Over the next seventeen years, Gandalf traveled extensively, searching for answers. Having long sought for Gollum near Mordor, he met Aragorn, who had captured the creature in Mirkwood.
Gandalf interrogated Gollum and learned that Sauron had forced Gollum to tell what he knew about the ring under torture. Gandalf left Mirkwood soon after, and left Gollum with the Wood-elves of Northern Mirkwood.
Upon returning to the Shire, Gandalf immediately went to Frodo and confirmed his suspicions by throwing the Ring into Frodo's hearth fire, which revealed, in Black Speech, the inscription upon the ring.
Gandalf then told a dumbfounded Frodo about the One Ring and its history, and how Sauron would seek to regain it. Instructing Frodo to go to Rivendell with the ring, Gandalf told him to make arrangements to leave the Shire quietly.
Leaving a note for Frodo with Barliman Butterbur, an inn-keeper in Bree, Gandalf left for Isengard to speak with Saruman. Once there, however, Gandalf discovered Saruman had made his own ring of power and declared himself Saruman of Many Colours. He tried to convince Gandalf to either join with him in service to Sauron, so that they could eventually control the Dark Lord and thus achieve good ends thought through evil means, or to help him find the One Ring so they could take power from Sauron. Gandalf refused, and was held prisoner at the top of the tower Orthanc.
Journey to Rivendell
Grima Wormtongue, a spy of Saruman, allowed Gandalf to take any horse he desired, but only to do so quickly. There, Gandalf chose the horse Shadowfax. Riding for the Shire, Gandalf arrived too late for Frodo; he had already set out.
Knowing that Frodo would be heading for Rivendell, Gandalf began to make his own way there. Shortly after arriving in Bree, Gandalf learned that the Hobbits had already began travelling to Rivendell with his ally and old friend: Aragorn. Subsequently, Gandalf was confronted one night by Sauron's Nazgûl at Weathertop. After an all-night battle with the Ringwraiths, Gandalf was able to eventually escape, though four of the nine Nazgûl pursued him.
Several days later, Frodo, Aragorn and company stayed at Weathertop and were confronted by the remaining five Nazgûl. Despite their escape, Frodo was stabbed in the process by the Ringwraith leader, who used the Morgul-blade. Gandalf was able to evade the four Nazgûl and successfully reach Rivendell. However, several days later, an injured Frodo arrived at the Ford of Bruinen, though the Nazgûl pursued him all the way there. Gandalf, along with Elrond, saved Frodo from the Nazgûl by enchanting the water and sweeping them away.
Forming of the Fellowship
At Rivendell, Gandalf, along with Frodo, Bilbo and many others, attended the secret Council of Elrond. There Gandalf explained to the others how Saruman had imprisoned him and how the White Wizard was creating his own army of orcs to rival Sauron's.
As everyone at the Council debated over the ring, Frodo offered to be the ring-bearer and take it to Mount Doom to be destroyed. Gandalf volunteered to help and protect Frodo on his quest, along with Aragorn, Boromir, Legolas, and; Gimli. Sam snuck in and was allowed to go because of this.
With this the Fellowship of the Ring was formed, with Gandalf as its leader. Gandalf later convinced Elrond to allow Frodo's cousins, Merry and Pippin, to join the Fellowship. Subsequently, after preparing for the journey, the Fellowship left Rivendell.
Gandalf took leadership of the Fellowship, leading the group south after leaving Rivendell. He and Aragorn led the hobbits and their companions on an unsuccessful effort to cross Mount Caradhras.
War of the Ring
Mines of Moria
They then took the "dark and secret way" through the Mines of Moria, much to Aragorn's discomfort, though he had passed through the Mines once before, he had no desire to go through them again, and he feared for Gandalf if they did so. As they tried to leave the mines, at the Bridge of Khazad-dûm, Gandalf faced a Balrog, known commonly as Durin's Bane. This was one of the Maiar corrupted by Melkor in the early days of Arda.
- "You cannot pass," he said. The orcs stood still, and a dead silence fell. "I am a servant of the Secret Fire, wielder of the flame of Anor. You cannot pass. The dark fire will not avail you, flame of Udûn. Go back to the Shadow! You cannot pass."
- —The Lord of the Rings, The Fellowship of the Ring, Book II, Chapter 5: "The Bridge of Khazad-dûm"
Gandalf stopped on the Bridge, standing in the middle of the span, allowing the others to escape. He leaned on the staff in his left hand and held the sword Glamdring, gleaming cold and white, in his right. The Balrog stepped onto the Bridge, facing Gandalf, and the shadow about it reached out like two vast wings. It raised its whip, and the thongs whined and cracked. Fire came from its nostrils. But Gandalf stood firm and declared that the Balrog could not pass. They fought, and the Balrog's sword was destroyed. Then the Balrog leaped full upon the Bridge, and Gandalf lifted his staff and smote it upon the bridge. His staff shattered, but the Bridge cracked at the Balrog's feet. The stone beneath the Balrog broke and fell, taking the Balrog with it into the abyss, but the thongs of its whip snared Gandalf about his knees, and Wizard and Balrog plummeted together into the depths of the mountain. Galdalf cried, "Fly, you fools!" and was gone.
Gandalf and the Balrog fell for a long time, and Gandalf was burned by the Balrog's fire. Then they plunged into water at the bottom, which Gandalf later said was cold as the tide of death and almost froze his heart. There they fought until the Balrog fled into dark tunnels, where the world is gnawed by nameless things, older even then Sauron. Gandalf pursued the creature until it led him to the spiraling Endless Stair, and they climbed it until they reached Durin's Tower in the living rock of Zirakzigil, the pinnacle of the Silvertine above the clouds. There they fought until at last Gandalf threw down his enemy, and Balrog broke the mountain-side as it fell. Then darkness took Gandalf, and he passed away. His body lay on the peak. The entire battle, from the confrontation on the Bridge of Khazad-dûm to the mutual demise of the Balrog and Gandalf, had taken ten days.
- "Then darkness took me, and I strayed out of thought and time, and I wandered far on roads that I will not tell."
- —Gandalf the White.
Twenty days later Gandalf returned to life, and lay in a trance.
- "Naked I was sent back – for a brief time, until my task is done. And naked I lay upon the mountain-top. … There I lay staring upward, while the stars wheeled over, and each day was as long as a life-age of the earth."
- —The Lord of the Rings, The Two Towers, Book Three, Chapter V: "The White Rider"
Three days later he was found by the Winglord Gwaihir, the Lord of the Eagles, who had been sent by Galadriel to find him. Gandalf was carried to Caras Galadhon in Lothlórien, where he was healed, and clothed in white, and thus became Gandalf the White.
In Fangorn forest he encountered Aragorn, Gimli, and Legolas, who were tracking Pippin and Merry, who had been captured by Orcs in Gandalf's absence.
- "Keep well the Lord of the Mark, till I return. Await me at Helm's Gate. Farewell!"
- —Gandalf to Aragorn and Éomer and the men of the king's household.
Revealing himself to the three, he explained how he had survived and returned. There, Gandalf tried to persuade Aragorn to go to Rohan instead, insisting there are other pressing matters, such as the War coming to Rohan and the impending attack on Edoras by Saruman.
Arriving in Rohan with Aragorn, Gimli and Legolas, Gandalf discovered King Théoden, weakened by Saruman's agent, Grima Wormtongue. However, Gandalf quickly broke Wormtongue and Saruman's hold over Théoden.
While Théoden and the Rohirrim rode to Helm's Deep and battle with the hordes of Isengard, Gandalf rode to Orthanc and asked Treebeard to encourage the Huorns to Assist him in defeating Saruman and his Uruk-hai. He also rode to find Erkenbrand and his Men to and persuaded them to ride to Helm's Deep.
Siege of Gondor
After overthrowing Saruman, Gandalf broke his rival's staff and banished him from the Order of Wizards. Then, against his counsel, Pippin glanced into the Palantír of Orthanc that he recovered from Saruman and made contact with Sauron. He then took Pippin with him to Gondor to aid in the defense of the city. Along the way, Gandalf gave Pippin a brief history of Palantír, mentioning Feanor, and how it was fortunate that Pippin made contact with Sauron instead of himself, since he was not yet ready for a meeting with Sauron. Arriving at Minas Tirith, he met with Denethor II and tried to give him counsel.
After Faramir's charge, the Morgul host assaulted the city. Gandalf provided valuable aid to the White City and bought precious time allowing the Rohirrim to save Gondor during The Battle of the Pelennor Fields. When the battering ram Grond, breached the gates of the city, numerous trolls rushed through, attacking the defenders, however Gandalf rode in and helped kill a few. Gandalf alone stood in defiance of the Witch-King, however Gandalf's power was never tested, with the timely arrival of Rohan the Witch-king left to deal with the new threat. With the arrival of Rohan, and the pleas of Pippin concerning Denethor's intention to kill Faramir and himself, Gandalf rushed to Faramir's aid. Gandalf took Faramir from the pyre and tried counseling Denethor to not commit suicide. However, driven mad by his grief and Sauron's messages via the Palantír of Minas Tirith, Denethor set the pyre aflame while looking into said Palantír. In grief, Gandalf closed the doors of the chamber. Denethor later gave out a cry and said no more. Soon afterward, Gandalf delegated the control of the city to the Prince of Dol Amroth.
The Fall of Sauron
Gandalf, alongside Aragorn, led the final battle against Sauron's forces at the Black Gate, waging an all-out battle to distract the Dark Lord's attention away from Frodo and Sam, who were at the very same moment scaling Mount Doom to destroy the Ring. Though the forces of good were heavily outnumbered, they were able to hold back the enemy until the hobbits reached the peak of Mount Doom, and the ring was destroyed when Gollum bit off Frodo's finger which had the ring on it, and Gollum, with the ring, fell into the fiery volcano. Without Gandalf's efforts, Sauron might have learned where the two hobbits were and killed them before they could have completed their task.
Four years after the ring was destroyed, Gandalf spent some time with the "moss gatherer" Tom Bombadil, then, after having spent over 2,000 years in Middle-earth, departed with Frodo, Galadriel, Celeborn, Bilbo, Elrond, (and presumably Shadowfax) across the sea to the Undying Lands, and was never seen again in Middle-earth.</ref>
Gandalf primarily uses his staff but also carries a sword in combat. Sometimes during combat, Gandalf can be seen dual-wielding both weapons against his enemies.
- Main article: Wizard Staff
Gandalf utilises his staff for various spells and abilities against his enemies. He didn't use it just as a weapon; he also utilised a staff as if it were a walking stick. He initially had an old wooden staff which he lost in the Mines of Moria while fighting the Balrog. He used a new one upon becoming Gandalf the White. In the extended film adaptation the Witch-king of Angmar seemed to know the 'activation word' for the staff - shattering it and leaving Gandalf exposed for a moment - during the Battle of the Pelennor Fields, in Minas Tirith.
- Main article: Glamdring
This was the sword of Gandalf which he found in a troll cave. From then, he used this as a weapon to complement his staff. He wielded the sword using the same skill as he employed with his staff. In many cases, he dual-wields both weapons in combat.
- Olórin, his name in Valinor and in very ancient times. "Olórin was my name in my youth in the West that is forgotten". It was Quenya, and its meaning is associated with dreams (perhaps "dreamer" or "of dreams"), from the root ÓLOS-.
- Mithrandir, his Sindarin name, used in Gondor and by the elves, meaning White Pilgrim or Grey Wanderer.
- Old Greybeard, by the Mouth of Sauron when they meet at the Morannon.
- The White Rider (when mounted on the great horse Shadowfax)
- Stormcrow (a reference to his arrival being associated with times of trouble), often used by his detractors to mean he is a troublesome meddler in the affairs of others.
- Incánus (in the south), of unclear language and meaning. Tolkien several times changed his mind about it, varying between the Latin word Incanus (meaning Grey and a possible Westron invention meaning "Greymantle"), a word Ind-cano (meaning Cruel Ruler), or even a form of Southron meaning "Spy of the North".
- Lathspell, by Grima Wormtongue who said "Lathspell I name you, Ill-news; and ill news is an ill guest they say." (in The Two Towers, "The King of the Golden Hall", pg. 117.)
- Tharkûn (to the Dwarves), probably meaning Staff-man.
- Gandalf Greyhame
- Gandalf the Grey, and later Gandalf the White after he was reborn as the successor to Saruman.
Within the Tolkien Legendarim, "Gandalf" translates an unknown name of the meaning "Wand-Elf" (alternatively cane/staff) in old northern Mannish. Most denizens of Middle-earth incorrectly assumed Gandalf was a Man (human), although he was really a Maia spirit (approximately equivalent to an angel). However, a less common misconception that occurred during the beginning of his career in Middle-earth was that for someone to be immortal and use as much magic as he did, he must have been an elf, although it soon became apparent to all that he couldn't be an elf, as he was old and elves don't generally age. Even because of this, the nickname stuck with him. He later gave it as his name to others he met who didn't know its original meaning.
- "Many that live deserve death. And some that die deserve life. Can you give it to them? Then do not be too eager to deal out death in judgment. For even the very wise cannot see all ends."
- —The Lord of the Rings, The Fellowship of the Ring, Book I, Chapter 2: "The Shadow of the Past"
The Old Norse name "Gandalfr" appears in the list of dwarves in the Völuspá of the Elder Edda; the name means "cane-elf," or "wand-elf." Tolkien took the name along with the dwarves names when he wrote The Hobbit in the 1930s. He came to regret the creation of this "rabble of eddaic-named dwarves, [...] invented in an idle hour" (The Return of the Shadow:452), since it forced him to come up with an explanation of why Old Norse names should be used in Third Age of Middle-earth. He solved the dilemma in 1942 by the explanation that Old Norse was a translation of the language of Dale. The figure of Gandalf has other influences from Germanic mythology, particularly Odin in his incarnation as "the Wanderer", an old man with one eye, a long white beard, a wide brimmed hat, and a staff. Tolkien states that he thinks of Gandalf as an "Odinic wanderer" in a letter of 1946. Gandalf is also similar to Väinämöinen, a Bard in Finnish mythology.
Tolkien had a postcard labelled Der Berggeist ("the mountain spirit"), and on the paper cover in which he kept it, he wrote "origin of Gandalf" at some point. The postcard reproduces a painting of a bearded figure, sitting on a rock under a pine tree in a mountainous setting. He wears a wide-brimmed round hat, and a long cloak and a white fawn is nuzzling his upturned hands.
Humphrey Carpenter in his 1977 biography said that Tolkien had bought the postcard during his 1911 holiday in Switzerland. However, Manfred Zimmerman (1983) discovered that the painting was by German artist Josef Madlener and dates to the late 1920s. Humphrey Carpenter concluded that Tolkien was probably mistaken about the origin of the postcard himself. Tolkien must have acquired the card at some time in the early 1930s, at a time when The Hobbit had already begun to take shape.
The original painting was auctioned at Sotheby's in London on July 12, 2005 for 84,000. The previous owner had been given the painting by Madlener in the 1940s and recalled that he had stated the mountains in the background of the painting were the Dolomites.
The first description of Gandalf is preserved in the first pages of The Hobbit in the Shire, dating to the early 1930s. Gandalf's fame is alluded to even before his physical description ("Tales and adventures sprouted up all over the place wherever he went, in the most extraordinary fashion"), directed by the author to the reader, while Bilbo's impression is that of: "an old man with a staff. He had a tall pointed blue hat, a long grey cloak, a silver scarf over which a white beard hung down below his waist, and immense black boots".
Gandalf initially appears as an old man with a grey beard, a grey cloak and a large, pointed blue hat. Although some of the wise know his true nature, others mistake him for a simple conjurer. After he is resurrected, the change of his signature colour from grey to white is significant, for he was sent back to replace the corrupted head of the Order of Wizards and leader of the White Council Saruman as the Chief of the Order of Wizards. In the book, he says that he has himself become what Saruman should have been.
Appearances in the Books and Films
In the books
- The Hobbit
- The Fellowship of the Ring
- The Two Towers
- The Return of the King
- The Silmarillion: Valaquenta (as Olórin)
- The Silmarillion: Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age
- Unfinished Tales: The Istari
- Unfinished Tales: The Battles of the Fords of Isen
- Unfinished Tales: The History of Galadriel and Celeborn
- Unfinished Tales: The The Palantíri
- Unfinished Tales: The Quest of Erebor
In the films
- The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey
- The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug
- The Hobbit: There and Back Again
- The Fellowship of the Ring
- The Two Towers
- The Return of the King
Portrayal in adaptations
Hobbit and Lord of the Rings film trilogies
- "I gave you the chance of aiding me willingly, but you have elected the way of pain!"
- —Saruman to Gandalf.
Sean Connery was originally considered for the role of Gandalf, but turned it down because he didn't want to spend so long in New Zealand, where the film was shot. McKellen's interpretation of the role was widely praised. He was nominated for an Academy Award for his portrayal of Gandalf in The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, making him the only individual cast member to be nominated for his performance. Christopher Lee, a lifelong fan of the books, had hoped to be cast as Gandalf, but due to his advancing age, he instead opted for the role of Saruman, as Gandalf required more horse riding and more sword work.
Ian McKellen reprised his role of Gandalf the Grey for the three-part adaptation of The Hobbit, noting in early interviews that he preferred portraying Gandalf the Grey to Gandalf the White, as Gandalf the Grey required a more nuanced performance. He maintains, however, that he enjoyed playing both Gandalf's, but felt Gandalf the Grey was easier and calmer to portray.
Voice Dubbing actors
|Foreign Language||Voice dubbing artist|
|Spanish (Latin America)||José Lavat|
|Spanish (Spain)||Pepe Mediavilla|
|Czech (Czech Republic)||Petr Pelzer|
|Portuguese (Brazil) (Television/DVD)||Hélio Vaccari / Luiz Carlos Persy (The Hobbit trilogy)|
|German||Joachim Höppner / Eckart Dux (The Hobbit trilogy)|
|Italian (Italy)||Gianni Musy / Gigi Proietti (The Hobbit trilogy)|
|French (France)||Jean Piat|
|Polish||Wiktor Zborowski (The Hobbit trilogy)|
Ralph Bakshi's The Lord of the Rings
In the 1978 animated film of The Lord of the Rings by Ralph Bakshi, Gandalf was voiced by William Squire. (It is not known whether Squire played him in the live-action recordings used for rotoscoping.)
In the BBC radio dramatisations, Heron Carvic played him in The Hobbit (1968), Norman Shelley played him in The Lord of the Rings (1956 radio series), and Sir Michael Hordern played him in The Lord of the Rings (1981).
The Hobbit video game
Gandalf is a character that appears in the The Hobbit (2003 video game). He is a tall wizard who is just called "Gandalf."
He organizes The Quest of Erebor with Thorin. He is not a playable character, but gives Bilbo different jobs and helps him against the powerful and unexpected goblins at the end of the level Over Hill and Under Hill. He appears in a few levels and guides Bilbo.
Two Towers, Return of the King and Third Age
Console Versions: PS2, Xbox and Gamecube
Gandalf appeared in the action adventure video games The Two Towers (2002) and The Return of the King (2003) both games follow Peter Jackson's Rings Movie Trilogy and the games were made by New Line Cinema (owned by Warner Bros.) published by EA Games and licensed by various companies such as Nintendo, Microsoft and Sony. Each RingsTrilogy actor reprised their orignal role and added voice to the character in the game. For Sir Ian McKellen who played Gandalf reprises his role of Gandalf and is narrator for both games.
Gandalf is only playable in the The Two Towers Gameboy Advance game. While he is indeed in The Two Towers console video game, he is computer controlled and therefore is a non-playable character in the PS2, Xbox or Gamecube console versions of The Two Towers game. However, he is playable in The Return of the King video game for (PC, PS2, Xbox, Gamecube and Gameboy Advance.) He also appears in The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age (2004) video game based on the Lord of the Rings Movie Trilogy for (PS2, Xbox, Gamecube and Gameboy Advance) which is a turn-based game. In the console version he is an important ally in Berethor's quest; he is used twice when fighting specific enemies the game. For example in Eastern Moria as Gandalf the Grey, where the party will help him vanquish Durin's Bane (The Balrog of Moria) before the party exits the dwarf city. He also makes a one time appearance in a scene in the Plains of Rohan warning you of orcs that the party encounters along the path they're taking. You fight with him again in the Minas Tirith level, as Gandalf the White where the party aids him in fighting the Witch-king of Angmar.
The Gameboy Advance or handheld version of The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age follows a different style of gameplay while still being a turn-based game like the console versions. However major differences do occur between the console and handheld versions. The difference between the console and handheld versions is that in the console version you follow a character and form a fellowship along the way, and go through the same missions as the Fellowship of the Ring with variations of missions and alter in the story. The handheld version of The Third Age game takes a somewhat different approach while still retaining some similar features on the console version, but not entirely similar to the console version of the game.
The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age
According to The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age Gameboy Advance Manual it says the following:
"The game is organized into three episodes that corresponds to events from each of the three The Lord of the Rings movies. Each episode contains up to eight missions. By claiming victory in battle you unlock further missions in the storyline. After selecting NEW GAME from the Main Menu, the Commander screen appears. Choose between playing the forces of good and evil by selecting one of six commanders: Aragorn, Gandalf the White or Elrond on the side of the good, and Saruman the White, The Witch-King of Angmar or The Mouth of Sauron on the side of evil (page 7)."
Each of the Main Hero's or villains have special abilities that a player uses to there advantage in the game.
Gandalf has the following abilities each ability increases per level and are earned with EXP earned in battle:
Evasion - allows Hero +1 move through enemy units with no penalty
Stealth - Takes 33% less damage from missile attacks
Inspire - adds +1 command point per level to given command points the with the maximum of +2 command points +1 command point to each flank
Blinding Light- all enemies on Gandalf's flank may flee based on morale with higher likelihood per level
There is a Good Skill Set and a Evil Skill Set of Abilities for Good and Evil found in the pause menu during a mission they can be found in the Glossary. For example Unit Talents which are as follows: Elf Archery, Magic Attack, Double Move, Shrarpshooter, Regeneration, Shock, Trample, Inaccurate and Shieldmaiden. There are also Events that take place for example all of the following are events in the game that can take place at any time in a game: Free Move, Onslaught, Rally, Recovery, Disorder and Willpower and last but most importantly Items and are as follows: Kingsfoil, Lembas Bread, Elven Phial, Galadrim Lock, Entwater, Troll Meat, Hand of Saruman, Shelob Poison, Berkserker Root and Spoils of War.
The player enters a mission with a randomly given amount of command points (CP) to each flank, for example the side of Good has 1 CP on the left flank, 1 CP on the right flank and 5 CP in the middle once these numbers reach zero then Good ends its turn and Evil takes its turn and visa versa. With each turn each side is also given a free move which costs zero CP points to start and the CP number is green when a free move is available. Usually in the game on one side are the good units and on the other is evil with The One Ring's inscription as the boundary line between flanks. The terrain is indicated with an X which restricts a units movement, with shields indicating its protective value.
As the player excels in the game at times certain missions will not require companions instead only the main hero or villain is required or in some cases a mission automatically already has a non-specfic Good or Evil commander provided. However, other missions in order to be successful companions are required to command flanks of units. The Companions for Good are as follows: Legolas, Gimli, Eoywn, Eomer, King Theoden, Boromir, Faramir and Haldir for the side of Good, and Shagrat, Sharku, Lurtz, Gothmog, Gorbag, Grishnakh, Ugluk and Grima Wormtonuge for Evil. The objective of the whole game is simple save or destroy Middle Earth.
The Hobbit Console and Handheld Games
Consoles: Windows, PS2, Xbox, Gamecube, and Gameboy Advance
Gandalf from J.R.R. Tolkien's book also makes in appearance in The Hobbit video game based on the book in 2003 by Sierria Entertainment released on Windows, PS2, Xbox, Gamecube, and Gameboy Advance.
Handheld Game Appearances
Consoles: Windows, Mac, Xbox 360, PS3, Playstation Vita, Nintendo 3DS, Nintendo DS Gandalf is also a very important character in The Battle for Middle-earth series. Making an appearance in both The Battle for Middle-earth (Only for PC/Windows) and The Battle for Middle-earth II (Only for Windows & Xbox 360) and is one of the most used heroes in the good campaign of The Battle for Middle-Earth. In The Battle for Middle-earth II, he is in none of the campaigns and is only used for skirmish and War of the Ring modes.
Another appearance Gandalf makes is in The Lord of the Rings: Conquest (For PS3, Xbox 360, Windows and Nintendo DS) as a mage type hero. Gandalf is used in the good campaign in Isengard to defeat and kill Saruman, the purification of Moria to kill the Balrog (this time with more power), the Siege of Minas Tirith to defend the city's higher gates from the forces of Mordor, and as one of the main heroes at the Battle of the Black Gate. In the Evil Campaign, the player kills Gandalf as Sauron and the last defense of the Shire thus Middle-Earth falls and is covered in second darkness.
Gandalf's latest appearance is in LEGO The Lord of the Rings: The Video Game (For Nintendo DS, Nintendo 3DS, Wii, Wii U, Playstation Vita, Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, Xbox 360 and Playstation 3) as a playable minifigure. Players will first be able to play as Gandalf in the level titled The Black Rider where he will fight Saruman in the throne room of Orthanc at Isengard. Gandalf's staff has similar abilities to Saruman's staff. It can lift and/or build LEGO objects, give off light in dark places, shoot out bolts of energy in battle, and make a shield that repels orcs and protects from most projectiles. Gandalf can also be unlocked as Gandalf the Grey and Gandalf the White. He has the same abilities either way.
Magic and Abilities
Non-canonical Magical Abilities
As Gandalf the Grey, Gandalf was not capable of very powerful spells, though he still had potency up to an extent. One of his simpler spells was illumination. In Moria, Gandalf was obliged to light his staff so that the Fellowship could find their way out of Moria. Because of the light provided by Gandalf's staff, the Fellowship was able to pass over many dangers and eventually find their way out of Moria safely.
- Magical Kinesis
Gandalf the Grey was also capable of pushing his foes back with his staff, as shown in the movie when he battles Saruman in Orthanc. He tried to defeat Saruman as best as he could, but the White Wizard's power was too great for him to withstand. Eventually, Saruman stole Gandalf's staff and transported him to the top of Orthanc. In The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug he is shown to push back Azog with his staff, when he is ambushed by them.
- Calling Gwaihir
When times grew desperate, Gandalf contacted Gwaihir, Lord of the Eagles, by means of a small, grey moth. Gandalf had saved the great Eagle from a poisoned arrow long ago, and as a result, Gwaihir was eager and ready to help out his own friend whenever he needed to. Gandalf called Gwaihir multiple times, in places ranging from Orthanc to the Black Gate of Mordor. Though not so much a magical ability as an extra lifeline, Gandalf knew exactly when he needed help and when he should call Gwaihir to get it.
It was Radagast the Brown who told the eagles that Gandalf had visited with Saruman in the books; in the movie, Gandalf is seen speaking with the moth.
In the Hobbit film adaption, Gandalf is seen talking to a red-orange butterfly instead of a grey moth to call Gwaihir.
- Sword of Power
In the film adaptation of The Two Towers, while Gandalf was facing the Balrog, he charged his sword Glamdring with lightning. He then struck his foe and killed him. It is unknown whether Gandalf actually summoned the lightning or simply attracted it toward Glamdring, but either way, his sword had extra power, enough to slay the Balrog of Morgoth.
- Call Shadowfax
Although not magical as such, Gandalf develops a friendship with the "Lord of horses", Shadowfax in both the books and the films. After Gandalf takes Shadowfax from King Theoden's stables in Edoras, the horse develops a bond with Gandalf which meant that nobody else could ride or even touch Shadowfax, besides him. In the second film, Gandalf calls to Shadowfax by whistling just outside of Fangorn. Such is the bond between them that Gandalf rides Shadowfax without any harnesses and can direct him with his mind.
As seen in the first movie, Gandalf can counter any magical spell. As Gandalf the Grey, this ability is much weaker. When the Fellowship passes through the mountains, Saruman tries to bring it down. There Gandalf attempts to counter the spell, but fails.
- Lightning Strike
This power is clearly described in the book The Hobbit in the Misty Mountains while escaping from an orc horde (obviously as Gandalf the Grey). He kills a few orcs and temporarily hides. The cartoon version of The Hobbit also boasts him using it during the Battle of Five Armies. In the Two Towers film adaptation, Gandalf slew the Balrog with lightning strikes repeatedly through Glamdring.
- Blinding Light
Gandalf's second skill was Blinding Light, with which he would strike his foes blind with a blast of light resembling a magnified sunbeam. Though this particular attack did not deal much damage to foes in itself, it allowed any soldiers or cavalry to cut their enemies down with little to no resistance. Gandalf uses this spell once in the movies against the Fell Beasts of the Nazgûl so that Faramir's company could retreat to Minas Tirith safely. Gandalf did not use this Skill during the Battle of Helm's Deep, as is erroneously claimed, as the blinding light was caused by the rising Sun rising in the East ("On the morning of the fifth day, look to the East"). Blinding Light is quite possibly a much stronger version of Illumination.
In The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age (GBA) game, one of Gandalf's four skills is Blinding Light. All Evil Units on Gandalf's flank (except Fearless ones) would have a chance of going into morale failure depending on their morale, becoming useless the next turn. The higher the level of the spell, the more likely the morale failure. Some players choose Gandalf mainly because the morale failures would either play strategically into their hands or force the enemy heroes to join the fray, which would increase their chances of being killed and getting Good one-step closer to victory.
In The Hobbit trilogy, Gandalf uses this ability to blind the Goblins so the Dwarves can grab their weapons and fight for freedom, as well as well as blind Azog during his investigation in Dol Guldur.
- Shield of the Istari
Gandalf can also conjure up a magical shield to protect himself from enemy attacks. It is shown in the movies only once, when Gandalf stands against the Balrog's flaming sword. However, on the extended version of The Return of the King, Gandalf uses the shield of Istari to protect himself from a spell cast by Saruman. In The Hobbit Trilogy he used it once again against Sauron while fleeing from Azog and his orc army. A different version is used by him that expands and dissapates to remove a spell of concealment in Dol Goldur as well.
Gandalf uses the power of fire in the Hobbit, to light pinecones in multi-colored fire and to throw them at wolves; he also uses fire in the Fellowship of the Ring to cast ablaze a bundle of wood, and a large cluster of trees to stay warm, and to combat more wolves.
- Destructive Blast
By far Gandalf's most devastating power is the destructive blast. Gandalf initiates this by raising his staff into the air and slamming it down on the ground. The weaker version of it is enough to break the Bridge of Khazad-dum, but at full power it can send surrounding legions flying into the air, instantly destroying them. In the Hobbit film, he used it to blasted away goblins and stun them long enough for the dwarves to rally themselves.
In the The Return of the King video game, the spell (from weak to full power) is known as Fog of War, Wrath of Anor, and Flame of Udun. This would imply that Gandalf could use Shadow powers as well as Light powers, though this is unconfirmed and at any case highly unlikely.
In The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II, this spell is known as Word of Power. It can destroy all weak units (even upgraded ones), and significantly damage stronger ones.
- It is unclear whether Gandalf, as being a Maia, did or did not participate in War of Wrath in the First Age since he knew about Ancalagon the Black.
|Ainur of Arda|
|Ainulindalë (Music of the Ainur)|
|Lords of the Valar:||Manwë | Aulë | Oromë | Irmo (Lórien) | Námo (Mandos) | Tulkas | Ulmo|
|Queens of the Valar (The Valier):|| |
Varda | Yavanna | Vána | Estë | Vairë | Nessa | Nienna
|Lord of the Valar (The Enemy):|| |
Morgoth (a.k.a. Melkor)
Eönwë | Ilmarë | Ossë | Uinen | Salmar | Melian | Arien | Tilion | Curumo (Saruman) | Olórin (Gandalf) | Aiwendil (Radagast) | Alatar (Morinehtar) | Pallando (Rómestámo)
|Maiar (Enemies):||Sauron | Gothmog | Durin's Bane | Ungoliant | Curumo (Saruman)|
|Thorin and Company|
|The Fellowship of the Ring|
|Frodo · Sam · Merry · Pippin · Gandalf · Aragorn · Legolas · Gimli · Boromir|
|Lord of the Rings Wiki Featured articles|
| People: Faramir · Sauron · Witch-king of Angmar · Gollum · Elrond · Frodo Baggins · Samwise Gamgee · Meriadoc Brandybuck · Peregrin Took · Gandalf · Aragorn II Elessar · Legolas Greenleaf · Gimli · Boromir · Galadriel · Elves · Hobbits |
Locations: Gondor · Mordor · Middle-earth · Rohan
Other: Mithril · The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game · The Fellowship of the Ring (novel) · Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien · The Lord of the Rings · The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) · Ainulindalë · Tolkien vs. Jackson · Tengwar · Quenya
- ↑ Unfinished Tales, Introduction, Part Four, II: "The Istari"
- ↑ The Lord of the Rings, Appendix B: The Tale of Years (Chronology of the Westlands), "The Third Age"
- ↑ Unfinished Tales, Introduction, Part Three, III: "The Quest of Erebor"
- ↑ The Hobbit, Chapter XIX: "The Last Stage"
- ↑ The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien, Letter 107
- ↑ Manfred Zimmerman, The Origin of Gandalf and Josef Madlener, Mythlore 34 (1983) | <urn:uuid:595d7f04-fe19-466d-8f24-7c52c34f053a> | {
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Students observing the Black History 101 Mobile Museum in the Mountain View Room // Allison Upchurch
By: Allison Upchurch, Staff Reporter
Last Monday, February 18, the Office of Diversity and Inclusive Excellence along with the Social Justice and Diversity committee of RUSGA hosted a day-long exhibition in the Mountain View Room of the Black History 101 Mobile Museum. This award-winning mobile museum displayed a selection of the over 7,000 original artifacts of black memorabilia starting from the Trans-Atlantic slave trading era to current hip hop culture.
Some of the artifacts specifically on display on Monday were authentic chains used in the slave trade, original vinyl records of famous speeches by black activists, and signed pictures from famous black performers and athletes.
The collection was founded by Khalid el-Hakim, who has been collecting these artifacts for the last 28 years and decided to go public with his collection after attending the Million Man March on Washington D.C. on October 16, 1995. “I wanted to start sharing this material in public spaces to get us to start thinking about history in a different type of way because we haven’t been taught history honestly,” el-Hakim shared during the lecture portion of the exhibition. “So this was my way of addressing that.”
His lecture, entitled The Truth Hurts: Black History, Honesty, and Healing the Racial Divide, served as an overlook about why the specific artifacts in his collection came to be created and think about how socialization and normalization has caused the racial divide in our country to persist.
“I want to just set a foundation to get us started in thinking about what this all means,” el-Hakim said to introduce his lecture. “It’s a very heavy subject, but I think that we need to be honest about what we see here on display.”
The lecture went into showing how all of the objects on display, as well as other artifacts in his collection but not on display, contribute to the history of separating by race. el-Hakim explained that most of these artifacts were created to create “disconnect” and “disassociation”, especially in objects from the late 1800’s and mid 1900’s that were created to show blacks as inferior or unwelcomed, such as soap advertisements and phrases of speech adopted by the KKK.
Other objects in this collection told a more positive side to this narrative – one of pride and activism that even drew a connection to el-Hakim’s family. He told the story of how he came across a document from 1938 signed by Carter G. Woodson that included a list of supporters for Woodson’s scholarship research in Detroit at that time. “As I am going down this list of patrons listed, I see my grandparents listed,” el-Hakim shared. “That’s a reminder of what the greater work is.”
To learn more about the Black History 101 Mobile Museum, visit their official website or email Khalid el-Hakim at [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:42a891c7-4f90-4836-a748-190e41e9dde6> | {
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Recently I came across several examples of how genetic information has greatly helped us understand the past. Quite often this data is gathered in the most unexpected places. Consider these examples.
In an article published in December 2009, an international group of scientists addresses the issue of the extinction of North American megafauna traditionally dated some 11,000 years ago. A skeleton of a woolly mammoth on display in a museum never fails to impress us. At the same time, most of us would agree that it is a good thing we don’t have to worry any more about these lumbering giants messing up our evening commute. However, what most of us stop worrying about is when these animals became extinct and why. Most of us, that is, but not all of us. This is where the story of ancient DNA retrieved from perennially frozen soil comes in.
A traditional approach to estimate when and where a species became extinct has been to map and date the last known survivors. The thinking was that knowing when and where the last specimens lived would automatically clue us in as to why they died out. Is this true, however? Do these last known survivors really represent that last ones left standing? Or did we miss them and make wrong assumptions?
The party line about woolly mammoths was that they survived on remote islands in the far northern regions of Alaska and Siberia, a region referred to as Beringia. That is now old hat. New genetic data tells us a different story. Mammoths may have survived much longer than originally thought in the Alaskan interior. Scratch 13,000 years ago. Now it looks like woolly mammoths may have survived for an additional 2,600 to 3,700 years in parts of Alaska. Mitochondrial DNA was retrieved from perennially frozen soil near Stevens Village in the Yukon Flat. What we have here then is a suggestion that we can establish the presence of certain animals in a region at a certain time in the past. No bones needed. Just animal DNA left behind in the soil and preserved because of the permanent frozen condition of the dirt.
While the researchers were careful to address any shortcomings of their approach (contamination of the soil, migration of more ancient DNA from lower-lying areas to more recent layers closer to the surface), there will be reactions from other members in the scientific community. This may be frustrating to those among us who like to see “the final answer” to questions like these, this dialogue is part of what science is all about. We will have to see if these new results will stand up to the criticism that will come.
As megafauna slowly disappeared from the North American landscape, human settlers were making their presence felt. I have written about the questions of where these earlier migrants into the Americas may have come from. There is very good evidence that the Paleoindians migrated from parts of Asia.
It turns out that we all have a copy of this virus residing within us. It is harmless to most of us, unless your immune system is compromised. Geneticists studying this virus found that it was remarkably stable and very rarely mutated into a new variety. Moreover, the strain of the JC virus carried by the Navajo today is nearly identical to that carried by the modern inhabitants of Tokyo. The JC virus bolsters an Asian origin theory for the First Americans.
|Beringia - Image courtesy of NASA.|
As to how Paleoindians arrived into the Americas, genetics can help us focus that picture as well. If one accepts that the Bering Strait was an ancient migration route – and most people have no problem accepting this – then the issue is: exactly what route did they follow? A coastal route and an interior, overland route, often suggested by archaeologists, now both seem to have been used.
North American mitochondrial DNA, collected from contemporary populations, points to two migration routes. In a paper published Jan. 19, 2009, scientists studied various mitochondrial DNA haplogroups, zooming in on two rare groups. One of these (known as D4h3) is found only along the Pacific coast and is mostly in South America, while the second group (X2a) is restricted to northern North America.
The presence of X2a in North America east of the Rocky Mountains may support the idea of an ice-free corridor between two ice sheets covering Canada and parts of the US. Some of the earliest migrants may have followed that route which would have taken them into the Great Plains, where the glacial corridor would have ended. The presence of D4h3 along the Pacific may represent a coastal migration route.
Woolly mammoths leaving their DNA in the soil, viruses carried by all of us and DNA shared through the mother’s family line all help us refine and refute some of the ideas on how the first immigrants arrived in the Americas. I am sure genetics will continue to add to our understanding of this momentous period in human history. Stay tuned. | <urn:uuid:3107e232-4b31-4bb2-89e7-853ec38747fe> | {
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|Soni, Kamlesh - TX A&M UNIVERSITY|
|Jesudhasan, Palmy - TX A&M UNIVERSITY|
|Cepeda, Martha - TX A&M UNIVERSITY|
|Williams, Brad - TX A&M UNIVERSITY|
|Jayaraman, Arul - TX A&M UNIVERSITY|
|Russell, William - TX A&M UNIVERSITY|
|Pillai, Suresh - TX A&M UNIVERSITY|
Submitted to: Foodborne Pathogens and Disease
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: December 26, 2007
Publication Date: April 13, 2008
Repository URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10113/22647
Citation: Soni, K., Jesudhasan, P., Cepeda, M., Williams, B., Hume, M.E., Jayaraman, A., Russell, W.K., Pillai, S.D. 2008. Autoinducer AI-2 is involved in regulating a variety of cellular processes in Salmonella Typhimurium. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease. 5:147-153. Interpretive Summary: Chemical signaling between cells is a known strategy that is used to change a variety of processes in bacteria and to coordinate activities of different cells in a population. Salmonella Typhimurium is known to possess such a chemical signal system called the LuxS/AI-2 system. We have investigated the role of LuxS/AI-2 system on S. Typhimurium using a protein detection technique to measure changes in protein production. Protein production in normal Salmonella Typhimurium was compared to that of a mutated Salmonella Typhimurium that did not make the chemical signal. Seven proteins were produced in the normal Salmonella Typhimurium compared to the mutated Salmonella Typhimurium. Thirteen more proteins were affected in the mutated Salmonella Typhimurium when grown with the chemical signal. An analysis of the proteins affected by the chemical signal revealed that a variety of bacterial processes affected, such as, metabolism, virulence, cell survival, and proliferation are affected. A better understanding of how the chemical signal affects Salmonella Typhimurium will help develop better intervention strategies against Salmonella Typhimurium. The data is of interest to researchers developing strategies to reduce or eliminated Salmonella Typhimurium invasion and colonization. Additionally, the data is of interest to researchers developing an understanding of bacterial cell-to-cell communication.
Technical Abstract: LuxS/AI-2 mediated cell signaling is a known strategy that modulates a variety of bacterial processes in prokaryotes. Salmonella Typhimurium is known to possess LuxS/AI-2 mediated cell signaling. Until now, the Lsr- ABC transporter system (LuxS- regulated) is the only known process controlled by this cell signaling system. We have investigated the role of LuxS/AI-2 system on S. Typhimurium regulon using a Two Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (2DGE) based proteomics approach. Protein expression profiles of the wild type, luxS mutant, and luxS mutant strain supplemented with AI-2 were compared. Two-dimensional protein gels were used to study the protein expression patterns. Seven different proteins were differentially expressed when comparing the wild type and luxS mutant strains, whereas thirteen different proteins were differentially expressed when luxS mutant strain was supplemented with AI-2 molecules. All the seven protein spots that were differentially expressed between wild type and luxS mutant strain were also differentially expressed in luxS mutant strain when supplemented with AI-2. Protein PhoP involved in the two component regulatory system, PhoPQ, appears to be influenced by the presence of AI-2 molecules. A pathway analysis revealed that the LuxS/AI-2 mediated system influences a variety of bacterial processes such as metabolism, virulence, cell survival, proliferation etc in S. Typhimurium. | <urn:uuid:31de557b-33d0-43d9-9dfd-c425a7e4a433> | {
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Snowman Craft for Kids
It’s time for another Free Unit Study Friday and this week’s theme is snow, ice, and winter. These posts will give you a jump start in planning your winter activities with kids. Today I’m sharing a simple snowman craft. Hang your snowman in a window or on a tree to celebrate winter!
2 Pieces Each 4″ Red Yarn
Small Scrap of Black Paper
How to make a Snowman Ornament
- Paint the three wooden craft circles and wooden craft stick white. Let dry.
- Add an inch of black paint to one end of the stick.
- Paint a thin black stripe along the top of the smallest wooden circle.
- Glue the three circles to the painted side of the craft stick with the smallest on top near the black paint. The top of the craft stick and the thin stripe of black paint on the small circle are the snowman’s hat. Finish the hat by gluing a rectangular scrap of paper for the brim of the hat.
- Add a carrot nose using orange paint, and eyes and a mouth with the black paint. Add three dots as buttons to the center circle. Let the paint dry.
- Wrap one piece of the yarn around the snowman between the top circle and the middle circle. Knot in back once and again near the ends to form a loop for hanging the snowman. Use your second piece of string to make a scarf in the same spot where you wrapped the first piece of yarn. Tie a knot in front to finish the scarf.
More Winter Unit Study Activities
Snowflake Printable Math Activity from Playdough and Popsicles
Exciting Children’s Reading List about Snow from Crafty Mama in ME
Snowman Crafts for Kids from Look! We’re Learning!
Board Books Celebrating Winter from The Jenny Evolution
Snow Science from iGameMom
Melting Ice Science Experiment from Tales of Education at Home
Want to Build a Snowman? from Mrs. Karle’s Sight and Sound Reading
Literacy Games for Kids: Outdoor Ice Scrabble from Schooling a Monkey
Snow Games for Kids Outside from FrogMom | <urn:uuid:4311bf76-605e-40da-9281-f9555609605b> | {
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When Libya was enduring an intervention by NATO before Gaddafi was overthrown and killed, there was concern that country had an undeclared stockpile of chemical weapons. In fact, the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) found stocks of sulfur mustard agent in January of 2012, as reported by the BBC. Years before, Gaddafi had publicly claimed that Libya had given up its programs for the development of weapons of mass destruction (WMD).
The presence of chemical weapons in Syria is even more likely and their means of delivery more sophisticated. Further, Syria is a smaller and more populated country than Libya, increasing the risk of exposure to civilians, or at some point to UN Peacekeepers and refugees, many times greater. Any major intervention in Syria will require that the threat of chemical weapons be countered. Syria’s chemical warfare capability is known to be in a state of readiness and therefore likely a greater threat than any nuclear capability it may have. The presence of Syria’s chemical weapons destabilizes the area and may even affect any decision by Israel about dealing with Iran’s nuclear threat. Syria is not a member of the Chemical Weapons Convention.
The presence of weapons of WMD stockpiles in Iraq, including chemical weapons, was cited as a justification for Operation Iraqi Freedom. After that operation, efforts were made to locate those weapons, but the results were inconclusive. Possibly Saddam Hussein’s WMD were transferred to Syria. Whether or not they were, Syria itself has been producing chemical weapons, which could be used as a last resort by the Syrian military, and there is a fear that rebels would use those weapons if they could capture them from sites where they are stockpiled. Or, the Free Syria Army (FSA) might pass along such weapons to other (terrorist) factions outside the country, perhaps in Jordan, Turkey, Iraq, and Lebanon. Chemical weapons could be used by irregular pro-government factions against the FSA or civilians.
Most recently, Israel has become alarmed at the prospect that Hezbollah in Lebanon could get its hands on Syrian weapons, perhaps including chemical arms, including warheads for Scud Ds, following recent reports that the FSA had captured a Syrian Air Force Base. Sarin, VX and other nerve agents, along with mustard compounds, can be used in missiles. Sarin is lethal if inhaled even in very small quantities. VX is a deadly nerve agent that resists breaking down in the environment. Mustard is a blistering agent that was used extensively during the 1980 through 1988 Iran-Iraq War.
Syria began developing chemical weapons in 1973, when the Egyptian government reportedly gave Syria artillery shells capable of delivering chemical weapons. Syria has an extensive chemical weapons program, and a variety of delivery methods: missiles, rockets, artillery shells, and air-dropped munitions. The country has been dependent on assistance in procuring important precursor chemicals and equipment from Russia, Egypt, West Germany, France, Iran, North Korea, and possibly other countries over a period of 20 years. Syria has been able to acquire an offensive chemical weapons capability that continues to be the regime’s strategic deterrent against Israel, and was rebuilding its chemical weapons capability in 2009, according to satellite images analyzed by Jane’s Intelligence Review. Russia has delivered millions of protective masks to the Syrian military.
The estimate from the Turkish, Arab and Western intelligence agencies that have been tracking Syrian efforts since the early 1980s is that Syria has a stockpile of approximately 1,000 tons of chemical weapons, stored in some 50 different cites, mostly located in the northern part of the country that is closer to the Turkish border. Chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) teams attached to Turkey’s General Directorate of Civil Defense have been activated in the provinces which border Syria.
Syria’s chemical weapons are reportedly being monitored, but their control will remain a challenge in the event of a military intervention. During Operation Iraqi Freedom, tons of military-grade high explosives vanished from within Iraq. Stockpiles of the powerful nitroamine high explosive HMX were subsequently employed against US and coalition forces. If Assad’s authority crumbles in Syria, it is unlikely that the country’s 50 chemical storage and manufacturing facilities can be secured in the absence of a major military operation.
The threat is clear and the consequences potentially a humanitarian disaster. Even if Syria’s chemical warfare agent production and storage facilities could be destroyed by air strikes, the downwind dispersal of the chemical agents or their combustion products could expose thousands of people to injury and death.
After WWII, the United States had an enormous stockpile of the same chemical warfare nerve and blister agents as exist in Syria today. In recent years, the US Congress directed the US Army to destroy that material. That mission was assigned to the U.S. Army Chemical Materials Agency (CMA), with support from other agencies, which has completed the destruction of 27,000 tons of material, in 2.3 million munitions and bulk containers, in the last fifteen years at several facilities in the United States. The mission was accomplished with minimal risk to the public.
The US Center for Disease Control (CDC) assisted the CMA in its mission, focusing on human health for both the worker and the community, particularly related to potential exposure to chemical agents. CDC examined exposure prevention measures such as chemical agent monitoring systems and associated quality assurance, personnel protective equipment selection and use, special air handling provisions, and chemical agent control techniques. CDC also examined chemical agent exposure events for human health risk significance. This involved chemical agent release air dispersion modeling, and reviewing worker exposure information, such as cholinesterase depression data or actual symptoms. CDC can develop air exposure criteria to protect workers and the nearby community, and provide a health-based resource to local health professionals on chemical agent-related issues.
At CMA facilities, chemical munitions and containers were broken down, liquid agents incinerated or hydrolyzed, explosives detonated, and metal components decontaminated. At this time, these facilities are being closed down. Conceivably the equipment could be dismantled, transported, and reassembled at sites overseas. It is likely that no other agency in the world is as capable of doing the job of eliminating the threat of Syria’s chemical weapons as the CMA. The personnel of that agency could be made available to train others in methods and equipment. CDC could work with the World Health Organization (WHO) in Syria.
Absent the steps described, the threat of Syria’s chemical weapons now and in the future will remain a serious one. Such a mission assigned to the CMA will require a significant military mission to support it. Whether such a military operation is to occur in Syria is unknown at this time. Even if a military intervention in Syria occurs, the question of chemical warfare agent production and storage, or deployment, may be ignored.
The opportunity to rid the world of a large amount of chemical weapons may occur in Syria in coming months. Such an opportunity should not be overlooked.
William Ewald served from 1977 to 2003 in the US Army, Reserves, and National Guard. He retired as a Master Sergeant. He was a Chemical Operations NCO and was trained at the US Army Chemical School.
Discuss here: The Syrian Crisis | <urn:uuid:305c3c26-1fb1-4773-826c-0414563b1dbf> | {
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Every grave has a story to tell of the person buried there, and so what better way to appreciate the history of a town than to check out its graveyard?
Holy Ascension Church in Settle in the Yorkshire Dales was consecrated in 1838. Since then the baptisms, marriages and burials recorded in its annals have marked the passing of time. 180 years later in May 2018, Settle District U3A Family Historians decided it would be a good idea to record the inscriptions on all the gravestones to preserve them for future generations, starting with the oldest ones in the “Ancient Graveyard”.
But who were these people buried in these graves? What did they do? How did they make Settle what it is today? As far back as records go, Settle has been a small, isolated market town, and often a bit behind the times. So was it always a quiet little backwater?
Well no, not at all. There has been tragedy and scandal: bankrupts, bigamy and embezzlement, shootings, suicides and men running off with women a third of their age. There have been plenty of celebrities as well: England’s first female architect, orphans who became bank managers, an uncle of Lillie Langtry, and women appointed to serve Queen Victoria. The graveyard has millionaires and entrepreneurs, artists, wigmakers and eccentrics.... suffragettes, choristers, war heroes, an escapee from Versailles in the French Revolution... women who produced 14 children, travellers on the Lusitania and labourer on the railways. As you would expect, the exhibitions about these lives at the church and the local Museum have created plenty of local interest.
The research has been a full time job, helped by the descendants of those buried there and the local residents. This is genuine example of team work. The members of the U3A Family History group have been busy recording inscriptions, taking photographs of gravestones, typing up inscriptions and cross referencing with the previously incomplete burial records. As researcher Sarah Lister observed, “The project would never have happened without the U3A and the local community. With their generous help and support this project is really shaping-up to give a wonderful insight into life in Settle in the 19th Century”.
Whilst the research work continues, looking at more recent sections of the graveyard and those without gravestones, the fascinating histories of the people buried in the ancient graveyard have been published.
The Book 'Curious Tales from the Ancient Graveyard - celebrating the lives of Settle's ancestors'
This book has been funded and published by Stories in Stone, a scheme of conservation and community projects in the Ingleborough area. The scheme was developed by the Ingleborough Dales Landscape Partnership led by Yorkshire Dales Millennium Trust, and supported by the National Lottery Heritage Fund. Proceeds of the book will go to the North Craven Buildings Preservation Trust (at the Folly) and Settle District U3A, and to the Church (and to help with the continuation of the project's work on the Church Records).
The book is available from the church. £8 (including despatch by first class post)
Please contact the treasurer for further details and orders: [email protected] | <urn:uuid:777e1abf-c2cd-4226-b474-8e2d3bcc74c0> | {
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Farm technology has come a long way in the past few decades! From cell phone apps to Global Positioning Systems, farmers have more opportunities than ever to incorporate the newest and best ideas into their operations. Surprisingly, many of the newest technological advancements are common in everyday life and just used differently on farms.
Ultrasound technology is most commonly seen in doctor’s offices, but farmers have taken the ultrasound machine out of the obstetrician’s examining room and brought it to the pasture. Cattle producers can use ultrasound machines to detect pregnancy as well as determine fetal viability, gender, and calving date. This knowledge allows producers to make better management decisions for their females. Farmers can closely predict calving date so that females have proper care at calving time, and can plan sales of animals based on gender before calves are even born!
Beef cattle producers are also using ultrasound technology in a very innovative way. An ultrasound technician can take images between the 12th and 13th ribs on the body of an animal destined for slaughter. These images capture intramuscular fat, or marbling, ribeye area, and rib fat which all reflect the quality of the meat. Farmers can use this information to determine when the animal is ready to be sold and can help buyers price the animals.
Farmers are also taking hold of Global Positioning Systems (GPS) for use in precision agriculture. GPS receivers are positioned on combine, tractor and sprayer cabs. Using this technology, farmers can avoid planting rows too close or far apart. Farmers can also use GPS to pinpoint spots in the field that need tillage, pesticides, or fertilizer – that way, the whole field doesn’t get tilled or sprayed. This helps reduce fuel emissions and the amount of chemicals sprayed onto a field. This is a great way for farmers to save money and the environment.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), also known as drones, can play a huge role in agriculture. While the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is still working on regulations for drones in agriculture, farmers can already see many potential uses for them. Crop scouting to find insects, diseases and weeds in fields can be done with drones, saving farmers time and money – and providing accurate and reproducible results. For livestock farmers, drones can be used to check fencing in far-reaching pastures without having to travel the whole length of a pasture. Other farmers, like Brian Scott of the Farmer’s Life, are using drones to capture life on the farm from an usual angle and share it with people all around the world. The applications for drones in agriculture are endless.
There are many other ways farmers are implementing new technology on the farm. Egg producers use machines to wash, grade, and candle every individual egg, which prevents loss from human error and is far more efficient. Dairy farmers use so much technology on their farms that milk is never touched by human hands from the time it is milked from the cow to when it reaches the supermarket shelves – which only takes 48 hours. Some dairy farmers even have robotic milkers. Many farmers who have grain elevators can control their grain dryers via iPad apps from inside the combine cab.
For farmers today, efficiency and constant improvement is crucial. Incorporating new technology is one way for farmers to change the way they operate for the better – helping them make better business decisions, be more efficient, and produce a better product. | <urn:uuid:9d42f56c-2ece-4aa9-8306-a6d6354e5fac> | {
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hyphens and dashes
Add a nonbreaking space
Hyphens and dashes look similar, but they’re not interchangeable.
A hyphen appears at the end of a line when a word breaks onto the next line. These hyphens are added and removed automatically by your word processor’s hyphenation feature.
Some multipart words are spelled with a hyphen (topsy-turvy, cost-effective, bric-a-brac). But a prefix is not typically followed with a hyphen (nonprofit, not non-profit).
A hyphen is used in phrasal adjectives (commercial-speech restriction, estate-planning attorney, law-school grades) to ensure clarity. Nonprofessional writers often omit these hyphens. As a profes- sional writer, you should not.
For instance, consider the unhyphenated phrase five dollar bills. Is five the quantity of dollar bills, or are the bills each worth five dollars? As written, it suggests the former. If you mean the latter, then you’d write five-dollar bills.
Dashes come in two sizes—the en dash and the em dash. The em dash (—) is typically about as wide as a capital H. The en dash ( – ) is about half as wide.
En and em dashes are often approximated by typing two or three hyphens in a row ( -- or --- ). Don’t do that. Use real dashes.
The en dash has two uses.
It indicates a range of values (1880–1912, 116 Cal. App. 4th 330–39, Exhibits A–E). If you open with from, pair it with to instead of an en dash ( from 1880 to 1912, not from 1880–1912).
It denotes a connection or contrast between pairs of words (conservative–liberal split, Arizona–Nevada reciprocity, Sarbanes–Oxley Act).
Even though the en dash is used for joint authors (Sarbanes–Oxley Act), use a hyphen for compound names. If the children of Sarbanes and Oxley married, they’d be known as Mr. & Mrs. Sarbanes-Oxley (with a hyphen), not Mr. & Mrs. Sarbanes–Oxley (with an en dash). | <urn:uuid:d9eab4fb-f881-4168-bf0d-27eae2836399> | {
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NFPA 2: Hydrogen Technologies Code
|Item # 211|
Protect lives and property with the 2011 NFPA 2's comprehensive fire protection requirements for areas containing hydrogen.
The 2011 NFPA 2: Hydrogen Technologies Code is a brand new document that consolidates all the fire and life safety requirements applicable to generation, installation, storage, piping, use, and handling of hydrogen in compressed gas form or cryogenic liquid form into a single comprehensive resource.
It includes fundamental requirements for hydrogen in both gaseous and liquid phases and contains additional use-specific categories, such as:
- Vehicle fueling facilities
- Systems for fuel cell power and generation
- Applications involving combustion processes and special atmospheres
- Operations in the lab
Among the key topics that NFPA 2 would apply to are indoor fueling, hydrogen fueling stations, backup power, and electrolytic production of hydrogen. The most advanced commercial applications for hydrogen technologies are backup power using polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells and forklifts. NFPA 2 will benefit enforcing officials when reviewing permits for occupancies storing, handling or using hydrogen or when inspecting existing facilities.
Annexes include a sample ordinance adopting NFPA 2, an example of Class C furnace operational and maintenance checklist, and supplementary information on explosion hazards and protection in laboratories. (Softbound, 197 pp., 2011)
|CUSTOMERS ALSO BOUGHT|
|YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE| | <urn:uuid:b60e58a4-6397-4f78-9cd1-1b6a9610cd16> | {
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In this type of questions, certain words are given. The candidate is required to arrange them in the order in which they shall be arranged in a dictionary and then state the word which is placed in the desired place. For such questions, the candidate requires basic knowledge of the ‘Dictionary Usage’. In a dictionary, the words are put in alphabetical order with respect to the second alphabet of the words and so on.
In the following question, arrange the given names in the order in which they would occur in a telephone directory and choose the one which appears in the middle.
The alphabetical order is :
Subhramaniam, Subhrmanyam, Subramaniam, Subramanyam, Subramniam | <urn:uuid:1acba6c8-2202-4085-ba49-518d0acb8abe> | {
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All children are encouraged to read with fluency, accuracy, understanding and enjoyment and are taught to use a range of strategies to make sense of their reading materials.
Reading goals include:
* Phonemic awareness and phonic knowledge
* Hear, identify, segment and blend phonemes in words
* sound and name the letters of the alphabet
* Link sound and letter patterns, exploring rhyme, and other sound patterns
* Identify syllables in words
* Recognize that the same sounds may have different spellings and that the same spellings may relate to different sounds
* Word recognition and graphic knowledge
* Read on sight high-frequency words and other familiar words
* Recognize words with common spelling patterns
* Recognize specific parts of words, including prefixes, suffixes, inflectional endings, plurals
* Understand how word order affects meaning
* Decipher new words, and confirm or check meaning
* Work out the sense of a sentence by rereading or reading ahead
Focus on meaning derived from the text as a whole
Use their knowledge of book conventions, structure, sequence and presentational devices
Draw on their background knowledge and understanding of the content.
Reading for information
* Children should be encourage to use the organizational features of non-fiction texts, including captions, illustrations, contents, index and chapters, to find information
* Understand that texts about the same topic may contain different information or present similar information in different ways
*Use reference materials for different purposes.
* Children should be encouraged to develop their understanding of fiction, poetry and drama
* They are taught to identify and describe characters, events and settings in fiction
* Use their knowledge of sequence and story language when they are retelling stories and predicting events
* Express preferences, giving reasons
* Learn, recite and act out stories and poems
* Identify patterns of rhythm, rhyme and sounds in poems and their effects
* Respond imaginatively in different ways to what they read [for example, using the characters from a story in drama, writing poems based on ones they read, showing their understanding through art or music].
Language structure and variation
Children are encouraged to read texts with greater accuracy and understanding, pupils should be taught about the characteristics of different types of text [for example, beginnings and endings in stories, use of captions].
During their primary years, children should be taught knowledge, skills and understanding through the following ranges of literature and non-fiction and non-literary texts.
*The range should include stories and poems with familiar settings and those based on imaginary or fantasy worlds
* Stories, plays and poems by significant children's authors
* Traditional folk and fairy stories
* Stories and poems from a range of cultures
* Stories, plays and poems with patterned and predictable language
* Stories and poems that are challenging in terms of length or vocabulary
* Texts where the use of language benefits from being read aloud and reread.
Non-fiction and non-literary texts
The range should include information texts, including those with continuous text and relevant illustrations, dictionaries, encyclopedias and other reference materials.
Anthropology Art Cooking skills Exercise skills Foreign languages Geography-History
Language Mathematics Music Science Technology Who we Are HOME | <urn:uuid:c3f60c2b-a4de-46d8-9801-fb57fefc8fef> | {
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Turf toe is an injury to the ligament at the base of the big toe. It is a painful condition which usually results from jamming of the toe into the ground or excessive backward bending of the toe. As it is more common in athletes playing on artificial turf, especially those involved in field sports such as football, baseball and soccer, it is known as turf toe.
Turf toe is usually caused by a sprain of the ligaments surrounding the big toe joint that aid in the movement of the big toe. Walking, running, jumping, dancing or any sudden movement involving a hyperextension of the big toe may cause a sprain of the surrounding ligaments and an injury to the joint capsule. This may also result in dislocation of the big toe. Another important cause of turf toe includes improper footwear which may lead to jamming or hyperextension of the big toe due to lack of friction between the foot and the surface. A stiff shoe with limited forefoot flexibility is recommended to reduce the incidence of injury.
The predominant symptom of turf toe is pain at the base of the big toe which is sudden in onset. The pain may also be associated with swelling and limitation of movement of the big toe. The joint may be predisposed to arthritis due to limitation of movement because of pain. A direct injury to the bone may result in sudden pain which exaggerates within 24 hours. If left untreated, it can result in a chronic injury.
Turf toe is a soft tissue injury diagnosed by the evaluation of presenting symptoms, history of the injury and physical examination of the injured toe joint. In some cases, X-rays or CT scan may also be used to rule out any other internal pathology.
The immediate treatment of turf toe is aimed at reduction of the swelling and inflammation of the affected joint. The RICE therapy (rest, ice, compression, elevation) can be used for the management of pain, swelling and inflammation. In addition to this, anti-inflammatory medications may also be given to relieve the symptoms. The joint may be immobilized by strapping to prevent further injury to the joint.
Surgical treatment is rarely recommended for turf toe. However, it may be considered in cases of any bone spur formation, to remove the extra growth.
Once the pain has been treated, a recurrence can be prevented by following a few simple measures which include:
- Wear shoes specifically designed for the sporting activity
- Follow physical therapy for improvement of gait and strength.
- Perform warm up exercises before any physical activity. | <urn:uuid:a72ece4e-24fb-488e-b830-db2ad0af9014> | {
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Think about the weather over the past week. How many cloudless days were there? In many parts of the U.S., it’s been a sunny week, so you’ve probably seen at least a couple days with few to no clouds. But that’s just your immediate area--where you happen to be able to see in the sky. When NASA’s satellites take snapshots of Earth, they’re getting a much broader view, and there are always bound to be clouds somewhere on the planet.
For a long time, this meant that anyone looking for meaning in satellite data had to deal with certain obscurities, things that don’t show up quite right because clouds are in the way. You can see the problem in the picture below, where images from a day’s worth of MODIS images (compiled from NASA’s Terra and Aqua satellites) are stitched together.
It’s an oddly pretty picture, but it’s useless as a base layer. This week, open-source mapping startup MapBox unveiled its Cloudless Atlas project. Think of it as a visual representation of the most beautiful summer day everywhere in the world--a day, in other words, without clouds. "What we’re talking about [is the] most beautiful world mosaic ever made. We’ve been able to literally make clouds go away in a way that’s never been done. You can see land-use patterns, deforestation, cities--it’s incredible," says co-founder and CEO Eric Gundersen.
The Cloudless Atlas is made possible thanks to NASA, which allowed MapBox to process two years of images from MODIS (that’s 355,696 source images, and just under a terabyte of data when compressed). "One of the first sorting processes we had is that we came up with a plan to obtain images from the summer in the northern and southern hemispheres, and only downloaded images from certain dates from certain locations," explains Chris Herwig, a data analyst at MapBox. From there, MapBox sorted through the summer images pixel by pixel, averaging their most cloudless days to come up with a completely seamless map.
According to Herwig, the images are about as clear as what an astronaut at the International Space Station could see on a clear day.
In certain places, the Cloudless Atlas has illuminated features that were heretofore unseen on satellite maps. In Borneo, for example, we can see how deforestation is moving inland, in large part because of palm oil plantations (the labels can be switched off).
This image shows the higher population and agricultural density on the Chinese part of the eastern end of Russia and China’s 2,600 mile long border.
And here, we can see the spiderweb-like shape of Moscow and its surrounding greenery.
If this all sounds a little familiar, that’s because Google just announced the release of a zoomable time-lapse map of Earth from 1984 to the present. Google’s blog explains: "We started working with the USGS in 2009 to make this historic archive of earth imagery available online. Using Google Earth Engine technology, we sifted through 2,068,467 images—a total of 909 terabytes of data—to find the highest-quality pixels (e.g., those without clouds), for every year since 1984 and for every spot on Earth. We then compiled these into enormous planetary images, 1.78 terapixels each, one for each year."
It’s an important tool that allows scientists and laypeople to get a clear picture of how the planet has changed over time. But it’s not what Cloudless Atlas is trying to be. MapBox’s tool is an open-source view of the present--a base layer that’s ripe for all sorts of visualizations to be placed on top of it. "It’s just an incredibly clean layer for people to put stuff on top of," says Gundersen. MapBox charges cash for premium features (like more map views and extra storage), but basic features are available for free.
MapBox also announced this week that its MapBox Satellite tool will be able to zoom in closer than ever before in the U.S. and Europe as part of a partnership with Digital Globe. "It’s really-low flyover imagery. We’re trying to put out that canvas, that contextual layer for developers to put inside their app and inside their site," says Gundersen. | <urn:uuid:ccfcca82-94ee-4769-b6d5-9a7f94333f89> | {
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Unfortunately, the question of whether or not to support bilingualism in students with severe disabilities is still a common question, even among educators and other professionals. Stephanie presents the research that has demonstrated that bilingualism, even in students with severe disabilities, has many cognitive as well as socio-emotional benefits. In addition, students with severe disabilities are able to learn both language just as well as their non-disabled peers when accounting for development age.
Find the playlist for the full set of videos in this module series here:
Find each of the modules from this playlist here:
Please find links to research mentioned in this module here:
Kay-Raining Bird, E., Cleave, P.L., Trudeau, N., Thordardottir, El, Sutton, A., & Thorpe, A. (2005). The language abilities of bilingual children with Down Syndrome. American Journal of Speech-langauge Pathology, 14, 187 – 199.
Smith, M. (2007, August 14). Literacy in Ireland. The ASHA Leader. | <urn:uuid:39bf2fac-cdd4-4dba-b4ec-d147242f3cc7> | {
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|How to Document a Deluge|
|Nearly all the maps on the Dartmouth site are constructed using data from remote sensors like the
Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) on the NOAA operational satellites, and the Thematic
Mapper (TM) on NASAs Landsat 5. Both satellites move in nearly circular
obits approximately from pole to pole around the Earth and measure the infrared and solar radiation
from the surface of our revolving planet. These data are beamed to the surface where scientists like
Brakenridge convert them into meaningful images.
While locating floods from these images is easier than mapping them from the ground, the process involves more work than drawing a line around what looks like a flood. The water in the satellite images is frequently sitting under a forest canopy or is mixed in with the soil. "Often times you cannot see the flood [in an image] until you compare it to an image of the land before the flood occurred," said Brakenridge.
As anyone who has been caught in a rainstorm knows, dirt, pavement, trees, and clothes all change color slightly when wet. Brakenridges team uses this principle to discern flooded land from the dry land. They look for subtle changes in the "before" and "after" pictures of small sections of land known to be flooded and try to find the differences in the colors of light reflected off the land. Once these differences are found, the team highlights areas of the "after" picture that display the change. The researchers then plot the outline of flooded areas in the image onto a map. "The maps are very accurate. We try to provide full resolution image quality," said Brakenridge.
The precision of the maps encourages other scientists to incorporate them into their research. Last
October for instance, Robb Jacobson, a research hydrologist at the U. S. Geological Survey (USGS),
used Brakenridges 1998 maps of the Missouri River to study flood waters on publicly-owned
conservation lands where levee breaks had occurred. Jacobson said he and other USGS scientists are
trying to better understand how to restore the environment of large rivers and their floodplains.
This pair of Landsat images and animation (combined with elevation data) of Rocheport, Missouri were taken in September 1992 (top) and September 1993 (bottom). Note the brown and pink regionsagricultural fieldsalong the floodplain that can be seen in 1992, but are submerged in 1993. Floodplains are often fertile because of the sediment deposited there by previous floods. (Images and animation by Jesse Allen, GSFC Visualization Analysis Lab)
Many types of fish spawn in slow-moving, shallow water habitats. In general, these habitats are created when a river overflows its banks during the spring and summer months. However, over the past century levees and embankments have been built all along many of Americas larger rivers, cordoning off many valuable habitats. By observing flooded areas of the Missouri River that no longer have levees, Jacobson and his team are able to measure when, where, and how this habitat is created on natural floodplains. "Dr. Brakenridges maps of the levee breaks provide an opportunity to quantify areas inundated by water discharges over broad reaches of the Missouri River," said Jacobson. The information could give the USGS insights on ways to rehabilitate areas in and along these large rivers.
Jacobson explained that he is taking advantage of his own research to see how levee breaks affect flooding further down the river. "These [publicly-owned conservation] lands upstream have the potential to store floodwaters, thereby decreasing flood peaks downstream," said Jacobson. By either not repairing or destroying levees on conservation land, state and local governments may someday help prevent floods from hitting populated areas such as St. Louis County and Jefferson City, Missouri.
Brakenridge indicated that researchers will find more uses for the maps as knowledge of their existence spreads throughout the scientific community. The maps will probably be particularly helpful in drawing correlations between rainfall and flooding in an area, he said. Developers could also use them to survey an area before buying land.
Brakenridge explained that over the next few years he hopes to use the Moderate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument aboard the Terra satellite to map very large floods at even closer intervals in time. MODIS will return more detailed images than AVHRR, and it will scan the surface of the Earth every two days. The Dartmouth team should be able to turn these data into a global flood map every week. With the way satellite-imaging technology is advancing, satellites could soon monitor any large flood on the globe in real time. "If turnaround time becomes quick enough, we may be able to get images of floods soon enough to alert people," said Brakenridge.
Flooded houses in Missouri, 1993. Once floodwaters broach or overflow flood control levees, land can stay submerged under standing water for months. (Photograph courtesy Andrea Booher, Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)) | <urn:uuid:f7a2a865-14ee-4ee1-aef4-3160242c8326> | {
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Multiple choice, short answer questions, and writing questions - you can print the unit along with the poem
"Baseball" review activity printable - print all section questions at once (options for multiple keys)
List of extended activities for Baseball
by Frank Dempster Sherman
By: Frank Dempster Sherman
Upon the level field behold
A gathering of Pleasure’s court,
To emulate the Greeks of old
In friendly rivalry and sport.
Swift from the pitcher’s hand the ball
Flies till it meets the bat, and then
Upward it scales the sky’s blue wall,
Trembles, and drops to earth again.
Then lifts a long and lusty shout
That seems to shake the very sun:
Who knows the score? Is it an “out,”
Or did the player make a “run”?
So every afternoon their play
Makes tougher muscles, redder cheeks,
And keeps our sturdy boys to-day
The rivals of the ancient Greeks.
Have a suggestion or would like to leave feedback?
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Most steel tubing is made by cutting rolled steel into thin strips that are cold formed length-wise into a tube shape which is then welded together. Further processing creates the desired mechanical properties, dimensions, and finish. Seamless tubing is also available.
Chromoloy tubing is made from a family of low-alloy steels that contain chromium and molybdenum (SAE 4130 or 4140), along with the iron, carbon and other elements. The chromium adds strength, hardenability and a level of corrosion resistance to mild carbon steel, though Chromoly is not as corrosion resistant as stainless steel.
Chromoloy is heavier than aluminum alloys, but its high strength-to-weight ratio makes it desirable for aerospace components and race car parts. It is also used in automotive gears and crankshafts, gas delivery tubing, and machine shafts.
Electric resistance welding (ERW) is a type of welding process that uses the heat generated by passing a high-frequency electrical current through the metal, along with pressure to hold the parts to be welded together for a specific length of time. ERW can be used for spot welding and also for welding tube seams.
Drawn-over-mandrel (DOM) tubing is not made from any specific alloy – it can be used with mild steel, chromoly or another alloy, such as SAE 1020 or 1026 steel.
DOM tubing is often incorrectly referred to as “seamless tubing” because the seam is almost invisible. DOM is a process that takes the rough cold-formed steel tube and continues to process it further to smooth out the internal surface of the weld seam while improving its mechanical characteristics. This is accomplished by annealing (heating) the tube to soften it so that it can be pulled over a tapered steel shaft (i.e. “drawing the tube over the mandrel).
The mandrel is a little thicker than the inner diameter of the tube, and as it moves through the length of the tube, it smooths the inner surface while stretching it wider. The tube is also drawn through dies that shape and size the outer surface. The combination of mandrel and dies achieves the required wall thickness, inner and outer diameters.
The DOM process creates a more concentric, uniform product with dimensions more closely toleranced to a customer’s exact specifications. DOM tubes also have superior mechanical properties, including increased hardness and tensile strength and a sound welding seam. This makes them ideal for use in mechanical parts, such a hydraulic cylinders and automotive components, without requiring further machining.
True seamless tubing is made from a heated cylindrical steel billet (or blank) which is hollowed out with a rotary piercing process. The solid billet is rolled between two rollers toward a tapered mandrel pointing at the end of the billet. Forces from the rollers create an opening at the center of the billet’s cross section. The opening grows, forming a tube as the billet continues to travel over the mandrel and through the rollers. Once this rough tube cools, it is further processed to achieve the desired thickness, diameter and finish with either a cold or hot forming method.
Cold drawn steel (CDS) is 1018/1026 steel tubing with uniform microstructure, tight tolerances, high strength-to-weight ratio, high tensile strength, thinner tube walls, and a superior surface finish compared with HSF tubing of the same steel grade. It generally requires no additional machining and is used in race cars, truck and auto parts, and hydraulic cylinders.
Hot finish seamless (HFS) tubing is less costly than CDS tubing and can be easily machined to exact specifications. It is used for rollers, sleeves and hydraulic cylinders. | <urn:uuid:1e15f196-3d79-4ef3-89ef-5627665039b5> | {
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Printable Version (45KB pdf)
Effective paragraphs are important in all types of writing. Your paragraphs guide your reader through the paper by helping to explain, substantiate, and support your thesis statement or argument. Each paragraph should discuss one major point or idea. An effective paragraph has three parts: claim, evidence, and analysis.
It may be helpful to think of your claims as mini arguments that support the paper’s main argument or thesis. Just as in the thesis statement, your topic sentences should be debatable. In other words, they should be arguable claims that you will try to "prove" with your evidence.
If you get stuck developing these claims, try to think of reasons why your thesis is true. Each claim should be a reason why the reader should believe your paper’s main idea. For example, perhaps you’re writing an essay about whether people should drink soy milk instead of cow’s milk. Your "reasons" for this might include health benefits, environmental benefits, cost-effectiveness, and safety, so you would focus one paragraph on each of these topics.
One of the most common mistakes is to present a topic sentence that is actually an observation of facts or a description of events rather than an active argument. When you make a claim based on a fact or event in your topic sentence, you aren’t presenting an arguable claim that you can back up with your evidence in that paragraph.
Here are some sample claims for the "health benefits of soy" paragraph
- Claim based on a fact or event (weak): Soy milk contains healthy isoflavones and nutrients.
- Claim based on an active argument (stronger): The isoflavones and nutrients in soy milk help to protect the body from disease and promote good health, so soy is a better choice.
- The first example is weak because it presents facts that cannot be disputed; the second example is stronger because it uses those facts to make an argument. As you can see, the second example not only tells the reader that soy contains healthy isoflavones and nutrients, but it also argues that these facts make soy milk a better choice.
To evaluate whether your paper contains effective claims in each paragraph, read only the first sentence of each paragraph. You should be able to follow the development of the paper’s thesis by reading only the claim sentences. These should tell you the main points that you are making throughout the paper. Your claims will also prepare the reader for the second section of your paragraph.
In a paper that incorporates research from secondary sources, your evidence may include information from articles, books, electronic sources, or any of the research you gathered. The evidence may take the form of a direct quotation, paraphrased material, statistical data, or any other information from one of your sources that helps to support your claim.
Try to incorporate information from several sources into each paragraph. Avoid just "retelling" the information from a single author or article. Aim to represent a variety of opinions and views. This way, you’re not just telling the reader what one expert says, but you’re explaining how your claim is supported by research from several experts in your field. Here are some examples of weak and strong evidence sections:
Evidence that includes information from one source (weak evidence): According to Collins, soy milk has more protein than cow’s milk, and doesn’t contain the saturated fat or cholesterol (1). Soybeans are "complete protein" because they contain all eight amino acids (Collins 1). Collins points out that "as little as 25 mg of soy protein a day may decrease levels of LDL cholesterol and Triglycerides" (1) and this may reduce the chance of heart disease. Since soy is a "low-glycemic index" food, it may help people trying to lose weight "feel more satisfied and less hungry until your next meal, which is beneficial for weight management and control" (1).
Evidence that includes information from a variety of sources (stronger evidence): Scientists believe that soy milk has the potential to balance cholesterol levels in humans: "A diet with significant soy protein reduces Total Cholesterol, LDL cholesterol (the "bad" cholesterol) and triglycerides" (Tsang 1). Since soy milk is one of the easiest ways to incorporate soy into the diet, this is a good choice for people seeking to lower their LDL and triglycerides. Soy milk also may reduce the potential for heart disease. Asian countries, which traditionally consume more soy protein, have a much lower incidence of heart disease and many types of cancer (Berkeley 4). The benefits of soy aren’t just limited to the heart, however. Soy milk and cheese made from soy milk may help with weight loss since they contain less saturated fat than regular dairy products, although they contain about the same amounts of fat as reduced-fat milk and cheese (Collins 1). Some researchers even believe that soy may help to stimulate the metabolism (Duke 4).
Note that the second example seems more "balanced," because the author demonstrates knowledge of the subject and incorporates several expert opinions to back up the claim.
Sometimes your assignment will not require you to conduct research into secondary sources, and you may need to use your own ideas or experiences as evidence to back up your claims. Try to be very specific. If you include detailed examples and explanations, your evidence will be more interesting and more persuasive to the reader, and you will seem like more of an authority on your topic:
Evidence that isn’t specific (weak evidence):
My mother’s cholesterol was bad, and the doctor said that soy might help with this. Our family started eating more soy and soy milk, and her levels eventually got much better. During this time, all of us also lost quite a bit of weight.
Evidence that is specific (stronger evidence):
Two years ago, my mother’s LDL ("bad") cholesterol level was 242, and her HDL ("good") cholesterol was 37, so she was considered "high risk." Since she was hesitant to take cholesterol-lowering medications, her internist suggested that she try to incorporate more soy into her diet. He believed that it was worthwhile to try this before placing her on medications. In order to support her, our entire family started drinking soy milk and walking in the evenings. After six months, her LDL dropped to 198 and her HDL rose to 45, which was a dramatic improvement. Our family all lost quite a bit of weight, as well: my mother lost fifteen pounds and my father lost more than twenty. Her doctor tells her that if she continues this lifestyle change, she will significantly reduce her chance of heart problems in the future.
The second example not only contains more information, but it presents it in a believable and interesting way. By including specific details, the author appears to be an "expert," so the evidence is more persuasive.
It’s important to end with your own analysis of the information rather than with evidence. This keeps you "in control" of the paper; if you end with evidence, you’re emphasizing ideas from your sources rather than your own. The reader relies on you to analyze the evidence in the paragraph and explain why it matters to the claim and to the rest of the paper. Here are some examples of weak and strong analysis/concluding observation sections:
Analysis that is really evidence (weak): Experts at Duke University’s School of Medicine agree that soy milk is a healthy choice.
Analysis that doesn’t relate evidence to claim and thesis statement (weak): Soy milk therefore prevents disease.
Analysis that explains why evidence supports the claim and why this is important to the paper’s thesis (strong): The disease-fighting and health-promoting components of soy milk have the potential to change people’s health and to improve their lives by affecting both cholesterol and weight. This makes soy milk an important factor in heart health, so people should consider switching to soy milk. | <urn:uuid:207d4baf-a389-45a9-929e-5869b48837a0> | {
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Vincent van Gogh, letter to Émile Bernard, Arles, 5 August 1888
Painted with Words is a compelling look at Vincent van Gogh's correspondence to his young colleague Émile Bernard between 1887 and 1889. Van Gogh's words and sketches reveal his thoughts about art and life and communicate his groundbreaking work in Arles to his fellow painter.
Van Gogh's letters to Bernard reveal the tenor of their relationship. Van Gogh assumed the role of an older, wiser brother, offering praise or criticism of Bernard's paintings, drawings, and poems. At the same time the letters chronicle van Gogh's own struggles, as he reached his artistic maturity in isolation in Arles and St. Rémy. Throughout the letters are no less than twelve sketches by van Gogh meant to provide Bernard with an idea of his work in progress, including studies related to the paintings The Langlois Bridge, Houses at Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer, Boats on the beach at Saintes-Maries, The Sower, and View of Arles at Sunset.
I myself rather like this anecdote about Giotto—there was a competition for the execution of some painting or other of a Virgin. Lots of proposals were sent to the fine arts authorities of those days. One of these proposals, signed Giotto, was simply—an oval—[sketch] an egg shape—the authorities, intrigued and trusting—entrust the Virgin in question—to Giotto. Whether it's true or not, I don't know, but I rather like the anecdote.
However, let's return to Daumier and to your grandmother. When are you going to show us more of them, studies of that soundness? I urge you to do so, while at the same time in no way belittling your investigations concerning the properties of lines in contrary motion—being not at all indifferent, I hope, to the simultaneous contrasts of lines, of forms. The trouble is, do you see, my dear old Bernard, that Giotto, Cimabue, as well as Holbein and van Eyck, lived in an obeliscal— if you'll pardon the expression—society, layered, architecturally constructed, in which each individual was a stone, all of them holding together and forming a monumental society. I have no doubt that we'll again see an incarnation of this society when the socialists logically build their social edifice—from which they're a fair distance away yet. But you know we're in a state of total laxity and anarchy.
We, artists in love with order and symmetry, isolate ourselves and work to define one single thing.
Puvis knows that very well, and when he, so wise and so just, decided to descend goodnaturedly into the intimacy of our very own epoch, forgetting his Elysian Fields, he made a very fine portrait, the serene old man in his bright, blue interior, reading the novel with a yellow cover—a glass of water beside him, in which a watercolor brush and a rose. And also a society lady, like those the de Goncourts portrayed.
© 2007 Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam
Major support for Painted with Words: Vincent van Gogh's Letters to Émile Bernard and its accompanying catalogue was provided by the International Music and Art Foundation. Generous support was also provided by the Robert Lehman Foundation and the National Endowment for the Arts. | <urn:uuid:b5dc1c03-d259-48d9-9d4c-a009e97db935> | {
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North East Rowing - A History Time-line
Reference in Almanack of 1866 to a race between sixes
on the Tyne that weighed 50 stone, half a century earlier.
"The first regatta to be held on the Tees was on Stockton race course in
1825. It was in honour of the Duke of Cleveland who at that time was
one of the stewards. It was on the occasion of the annual cup day at
Stockton races, and the boat races took place between the heats on the
Course." Note: Stockton race course (horses!) started on Thornaby Carrs (marshes) in
1724 and rather than draining marshes, the course (built 1746) was on stilts
of old oak masts of sailing ships (discovered when building Wrightson's
yard at Head in 1950s. Racing revived in 1825 having closed down after
1809) Taken from History of Thornaby by Laurence Peter Ottaway 1968
Anthony Brown of Ouseburn invented wooden outriggers, which Ridley the Boat Builder
fitted to the "Diamond", to race the "Fly of Scotswood".
Ascension day races begin on the Tyne.
First iron outriggers fitted to the "Eagle" made by Frank Emmet of
Lyon's Subscription Rooms organised the first professional championship of
England, won by Charles Campbell.
Wandsworth Regatta - Silver cups presented by White
House Tavern for 10 fours, one of which was from Newcastle and crewed by the
Claspers (The Times 24/06/1833).
Inaugural Tyne Regatta, encouraged the formation of the Northern Rowing Club,
open to amateurs and professionals.
W.Clasper, J.Thompson, R.Dinning,
won match on the Tyne versus "another North Country boat".
Regular regattas started by
was founded by the
University with help of Squire
Lloyd Wharton of
Dryburn, after almost 20 years of aquatic festivities celebrating the victory at
Waterloo. Durham University
original Club raced in "Sylph"
Trophy from the 1835
won by R.B.Tower now hangs with E.Hastings'
painting "Procession of boats on the Wear at Durham to celebrate the
battle of Waterloo 1815 presented to University college by Lt-Col W.D.Lowe.
About this time H. & W. Clasper, John Thompson, Robert Dinning, cox R.Clasper in
Swalwell beat a celebrated crew from Swalwell in "Country Lass" for £10.
Earl of Kilmorey showed an interest in the welfare of watermen on the Tyne
(Bell's Life 8/7/1838).
First mention of Durham School crew racing in the "Argo" and two University
four-oar wherries "St George" and "St Cuthbert".
medal die presented to the regatta by some Gentlemen of the
University; medals were presented to the winning crews until 1870.
Reference to publicans promoting boat races from Stockton-on-Tees to Cargoe Fleet
on the Tees.
H.Clasper at Ship Inn, Derwenthaugh built the "Hawk". About this time, John Dobson of
Hillgate, Gateshead built the "St. Agnes" in which Clasper's fours were so successful.
by M.Bouet shows crews racing upstream.
First Whitby Regatta held.
(June) Durham Regatta
- Harry Clasper won scullers race, but prize withheld.
(07/04/1842) James Renforth was born in New Pandon Street, in the Manors
area of Newcastle-upon-Tyne to Jane and James Renforth, who was a Smith.
(June) Durham Regatta:
H.Clasper won in the "Young Hawk".
Robert Coombes won £150 in Newcastle.
Harry Clasper raced at Newcastle, and South Shields, and won £5.
Clasper was building his revolutionary four "The Five Brothers".
(16/07/1842) Coombes' four beat the Claspers; Claspers in "St. Agnes 1" and
Coombes in a boat weighing only 160lbs. The Newcastle Journal 23/07/1842 reported
Coombes' crew even shared some of the stakes with the Claspers.
Tyne Mercury (19/07/1842) "although the men of the Tyne have lost the race, it is not to
be inferred from that, that they have lost their honour as oarsmen. Let their friends furnish
them with a proper boat and we are very much mistaken if the result of another contest
is not different.".
Race for £150 a side from Newcastle Bridge to Lemington, Thames crew was
Newell, Coombes, J. & R. Doubledee won in 29 mins 30 secs.
(03/09/1842) Report from local newspaper: "The first " Tyne Regatta" came off in fine
style in the harbour at Shields. The day was remarkably fine, and great numbers of
all classes of the inhabitants crowded to the banks and along the shore sides where the
various race boats were expected to pass. In addition to a number of gigs which contested
the respective races with great ability, several steamers crowded with spectators, accompanied
the boats during the races. A profusion of flags were flying from vessels in the harbour,
and many of the principal shops, wore closed during the afternoon. The weather was
beautifully clear and calm, except a gentle breeze that ruffled the surface of
the water. At about half-past two, when the committee proceeded to Whitley Point,
the river was teeming with life not a boat on the river but that what not was
crowded with spectators, steam-boats loaded with passengers, plying up and down-ships
with their flags flying and the river banks crowded with spectators. It was calculated
that at that time there would not be less than 10,000 individuals gazing on the scene.
The first was a gig race, and was won by the Bee's-Wing, pulled by the Claspers; the
Fisher Lass second, pulled by South Shields pilots. The second race was with foy boats,
and was won by a North Shields boat, she' winning by half a length three other -.boats
starting. The third, a sculler race for 30s., was won by an old scullerman belonging
North Shields, his winning by two boat lengths. The fourth, and one- of the great
attractions of the regatta, was a match for a silk gown, to bo rowed for by women, which was
won in gallant style by two sisters of the name of Story, belonging South Shields. The
fifth, a coble race, was won by tho Earl Grey, No. 20 No. 68 was second, 74 third, and
75 last" Local Papers.
1st York Regatta, scullers from Newcastle and Manchester racing for £1 or £2
(Yorkshire Gazette 14/10/1843).
Thames Regatta founded, and continued with name changes until 1876.
(07/08/1843) Tyne Regatta - Clasper's Five Brothers first used, keeless, 37' long and
2' wide with iron outriggers.
Four brothers rowed and won £525 in the race.
Tyne Regatta: H.Clasper won singles race for a silver cup.
(02.09.1843) Clasper's four beaten by John Bell's crew for £20 in Newcastle.
(07.10.1843) Clasper's four beat S.Danson's crew for £50 in Newcastle.
(14.10.1843) Clasper's four beat John Bell's crew for £80 in Newcastle.
Harry Clasper won £150 in 5 matches in Newcastle.
James Renforth's family move to the Rabbit Banks/Pipewellgate area of Gateshead.
(21/06/1844) Thames National Regatta: Claspers beat Coombes' in the fours heat,
Clasper's "Five Brothers" causes much comment. Harry also won the singles in a similar
designed boat, the first to be fitted with outriggers according to Woodgate's Boating
(1888). The four lost on the second day due to steering difficulties.
(22/06/1844) 3 Clasper brothers and John Hawks won £50 in the heat, but lost £100 the
next day in the final. "The Newcastle men had a stroke peculiar to themselves"
(Times 24/06/1844) whilst the highest tribute A.A.Casamajor could pay a member of the
OUBC 1858 crew was that his stroke "was founded exactly upon the Clasper style"
(Lehman's Complete Oarsman).
(05/08/1844) Regatta on River Humber: Ward won the one oar race for watermen of
Garrison Ferry, two oar won by Belle with Gaylad a close second, Silver cup for 4 oared
1st class cutters won by Nymph from Aggravator and Saucy Lass, 2nd class cutters
won Chance after Hare and Leander fouled off the start.
(15/08/1844) Newcastle & Gateshead Regatta: All-Clasper crew won Fours for £30.
(16/08/1844) Newcastle & Gateshead Regatta: H.Clasper won singles.
(18/12/1844) Coombes versus Clasper on the Tyne (Illustrated London News
28/12/1844) Coombes won £280 in four matches this year, this race plus others in London
and Henley. However forfeited part of his stake in this match for not fulfilling his bargain with
Clasper (Newcastle Journal 21-28/12/1844)
Raced for £180, Clasper put up £80 to Coombes' £100 from Newcastle Bridge to Lemington.
Following the race Coombes' backers suggested a return match the next week £100 from
Clasper to their £200, the challenge being accepted £20 was deposited by Coombes with
Joseph Hair of the Quayside and £10 by Clasper. Coombes failed to fulfill the next payment
and Clasper claimed the £20 as forfeit.
Clasper's single was described as the "beau ideal of his four-oared gig, The Five
Brothers" (Newcastle Journal 14-21/12/1844) but Coombes' was 6lbs lighter at 43lbs.
The late Eric Halladay (Durham Univ coach) wonders if Pocock built Coombe's boat as he
claimed Clasper stole the idea from him.
Clasper won £155 in 5 matches in London and Newcastle.
(26/06/1845) Thames Regatta: Claspers and John Hawks win fours for £100 to become
Champions of the World, the "Lord Ravensworth" H.Clasper, W.Clasper, R.Clasper, E.Hawks
cox R.Clasper beat Coombes' crew R. & T. Coombes, J.Phelps, T.Goodrun, cox
D.Coombes and the London crew R.Newell, Pocock, Robins, Dodd cox E.Maynard.
After the regatta Lord Kilmorey who had bought the skiff "Lord Ravensworth" for £81 ordered
a four from H.Clasper.
Thames Regatta: Harry stroked the Clasper's new outrigged carvel-built boat only 2' wide
to enable the crew to defeat Coombes' convincingly in a new four called the "Lord Ravensworth"
"Farewell the days when London boats were the finest that were made, For Harry
Clasper from Tyneside soon put ours in the shade; He makes his boats so light and neat,
brings out such first class men, He licks wor builders, rowers too; wor London's glory's
gyen." (Joe Wilson, Tyneside songs and drolleries 1890)
(21/07/1845) North of England Regatta on the Tyne. Claspers won the fours and
Harry the singles.
(29/09/1845) H.Clasper beat Thomas Carrol (Champion of the Mersey) on the
Mersey for £200.
(October) Clasper versus Carroll (Champion of the Clyde) on the Mersey.
Newcastle and Darlington Railway offered a special excursion to see the race
(19/11/1845) Testimonial for H.Clasper at Joseph Hare's on Spicer's Lane.
(25/11/1845) H.Clasper beat William Pocock for £200 on the Tyne from Tyne Bridge
to Lemington Point in 35 mins. His boat had oilskin enclosing it whereas Pocock's built
by Wentrell of Lambeth had none as a result he had to stop and empty his boat in the race.
(November) "Clasper raced on the Tyne during which he was turned through 180 degrees
by his opponent and then returned the favour, Clasper extended his arm and shook hands
with his opponent, an act which elicited most enthusiastic applause from the spectators
and showed that both men were satisfied" (Newcastle Journal 29/11/1845)
Clasper won £300 in 5 matches in London, Liverpool and Newcastle.
(April) Clasper launches an eight for some Oxford students 58 1/2' long,
2'4" wide in mahogany.
(23/06/1846) Clasper 35, 9st3lb v Newell 36 10st4lb "Great rowing match on the Tyne",
crowds estimated at between 50 and 100,000, Newcastle and Carlisle Railway ran trains
each side of the river to follow the race (notice 22/06/1846). The Times (24/06/1846)
reported the banks were silent as Clasper lost. "The race terminated without a solitary
cheer. The banks of the coaly Tyne were dumb". (Newcastle Journal 27/06/1846)
Clasper and Newell raced for £200 from Newcastle Bridge to Lemington Point.
(27/07/1846) Manchester Regatta: Claspers and Hawks won two fours races for £25 each.
(09/08/1846) R.Newell offered Clasper a return match on the Thames for £200 a side.
(03-04/09/1846) North of England Regatta on the Tyne: Claspers won the fours for £50
but Harry lost the singles to Maddison. However, with William, won the pairs for £10.
(16/11/1846) H.Clasper awarded the race against H.Maddison after a number of fouls
and didn't complete the course which caused Maddison's backers to dispute the result
(Newcastle Journal 21/11/1846, Newcastle Courant 05/03/1847) They raced for £200.
Clasper won £135 in matches in Newcastle, Durham and Manchester.
Robert Coombes Champion sculler until 1851.
(21/06/1847) Durham Regatta:
H. & J. Clasper won pairs.
(08/08/1847) Final deposit made for Claspers v Coombes's match bringing total to £200
to be raced from Putney to Mortlake. Clayton to umpire for Claspers and Jenkins of Leander
for Coombes with Layton as referee.
(11/08/1847) Clasper defeated in a coxed pair race experimenting with a shorter oar.
H. & R. Clasper lost to Robert bow 9 stone & Thomas stroke 8st10lbs Coombes cox
Henry Cownden 4st 5lbs for £100 a side in the coxed pairs racing from Putney to Barker's Rail,
(02/11/1847) H.Maddison beat H.Clasper for £200 on the Tyne.
Clasper won £70 in matches in Newcastle, Durham and London.
(26/06/1848) Durham Regatta:
H. & R. Clasper won pairs, 3 Claspers and J.Wilkinson
cox G.Oliver won fours.
Procession of boats described by "Cuthbert Bede" in the book "Verdant Green" is
alleged to describe the procession at Durham as the author was a Durham student. [Ken
I will try to dig this out as we have the book]
(20/07/1848)Royal Thames Regatta: 3 Claspers won fours for £100. Harry Clasper
stroked the winning four.
Clasper won £150 in 4 matches in Durham and London.
(June) Durham Regatta:
H. & R. Clasper won Members' Plate for pairs and £10,
4 Claspers won Patron's Plate for fours and £30. Also George Hawks son of the Mayor
of Gateshead coached by Harry won the Challenge Cup.
"University Plate" presented to
Durham Regatta later becoming
the Wharton Challenge Cup.
(July) Royal Thames Regatta: Harry Clasper stroked the winning four, a composite Thames
and Tyne crew including Robert Coombes "it is said that circumstances, not inclination
exactly, conduced to this union" (Newcastle Journal 14.6.1849). Raced for £100.
Also, R.& H.Clasper beat T.& R.Coombes in coxed pairs at same regatta.
1st Trinity took on one of the Clasper brothers for £4 a week plus his rail fare in the
Lent term (Rouse Ball's history of 1st Trinity 1908).
(01/08/1849) Clasper accepted Newell's challenge for £100 a side and a 2 length start,
as well as offering £10 to row on the Tyne. However if Newell felt that gave him too much of
an advantage he would race him on the Wear in Sunderland and defray the costs of
transport for him and his boat. Also refers to racing Pocock and paying him £10.
(02/08/1849) James Candlish challenged Ben Herring for £50 with a 2 length start
offering £6 expenses to race on the Tyne. Candlish was Champion of the Tyne at one
stage and later ran the Boar's Head in Newcastle and supported races and
matches (see 1855)
(August) Stockton Regatta: All-Clasper crew won fours.
Clasper won £140 in 4 matches in Stockton, Durham and London.
(06/05/1850) Ascension Day Regatta silk programme course from High Level
bridge to "Curds and Cream House" and back. First prize for fours 5 sovereigns
given by Mayor of Newcastle, 2nd prize one sovereign given by Sheriff, boats and
owners listed Spoors, Cook, Davie, Rob Clasper, Chairman of Stewards. Foy boats fours,
1st prize 2 sovereigns, 2nd one sovereign presented by Trinity House Aynsley, Smith,
Selby & Matthew Brown, Masters, Robert Clasper, Matthew & George Taylor. Pairs
1st 2 sovereigns, 2nd one sovereign presented by River Committee of Newcastle Pratt,
Bell, Cook, Selby & Matthew Brown, Gilpatrick, Allan, Richard & Rob Clasper.
Skiff 1st 2 sovereigns given by Trinity House, 2nd one sovereign given by the Sheriff Cook,
Gilpatrick, H.Clasper, Candlish.
(June) Talkin Tarn Regatta: All-Clasper crew won fours, H. & R. Clasper won pairs,
but Harry was beaten for £10 by Candlish in the singles.
H. & R. Clasper won Member's Plate for pairs and all-Clasper crew
won Patron's Plate for fours.
The Oswald Plate presented to
for single sculls also known as
Championship of the Wear.
Hatfield Hall first recorded on the river Wear.
(August) Manchester Regatta: 3 Claspers and Salter won two fours for £20.
Ellesmere Plate 3 Claspers and Salter won two fours for £25.
(September) Tees Regatta: All-Clasper crew won 2 fours; Patron's Plate and
Tradesmen's Plate, H. & W. Clasper won Pairs, Harry beat Candlish in singles.
(10/10/1850) William Fawcus born in Dockwray Square, North Shields, son of John and Wilhelmina Fawcus. John worked in the family firm of Pow & Fawcus, Chain and Anchor Manufacturers. Fawcus is the only Northerner ever to win the Diamond Sculls at Henley Royal Regatta and teh Wingfield Sculls (Championship of the Thames).
(21/10/1850) Candlish beat H.Clasper for Belt and Purse £20 on the Tyne.
H.Clasper beat H.Maddison for Tyne Champion Belt £20 on the Tyne.
Clasper won £270 in 10 matches in Stockton, Durham, Carlisle, Newcastle and Manchester.
Great Northern Regatta or Tyne Regatta revived (Northern Examiner 25/08/1854), lapsed
due to difficulty in raising the prize money.
(June) Claspers' four beaten at Henley for £100 when a thowl broke. In the rematch,
Claspers' four beat Coombes' crew at Henley for £40.
H.Clasper with J.Messenger, W.Pocock, T.Coles beat Bower's and Taylor's crews
(in 5 brothers?)
All-Clasper four won Patron's Plate.
(August) Inaugural Talkin Tarn Regatta: Clasper and Hawks crew won fours for £20, J. & W.
Taylor beat H. & R. Clasper in pairs, H.Clasper won singles.
(09/09/1851) Candlish beat H.Clasper for the Championship of the Tyne on a foul for £200.
Aquatics by an Amateur (Whittacker and Co 1851) declares Clasper's blades "the
best and finest model yet for balance and width."
Clasper won £85 in 6 matches in Durham, Carlisle, Newcastle and Henley.
OUBC won Stewards at Henley Royal Regatta in a Clasper keelless four, the first time
an amateur crew was seen in this type of boat at HRR.
(10/08/1852) Manchester and Salford Regatta: Scullers' match for £20, £12 for 1st,
£5 2nd and £3 3rd. 1st heat J.Carroll in Princess' Club's Princess was awarded the race
after H.Clasper in his wager boat took Carroll's water, Thomas Coombes in Countess
was 300 yards behind having hit the bank. 2nd heat Richard Clasper rowed over in the
absence of Cook of Oxford. Final R.Clasper beat Carroll. Matthew Taylor stroked the
Shakespere Rowing Club cutter to win the Ellesmere Plate and a 20s sweepstake from
the three crews.
Wood & Ault beat H. & R. Clasper in pairs for £10.
James Candlish beat T. MacKinney first on the Thames, and later on the Tyne.
(August) Nottingham: Taylor beat H.Clasper in singles and pairs
Talkin Tarn Regatta: J. & G. Taylor beat H. & W. Clasper in pairs for £10 also beaten
by M. & T. Taylor, all-Clasper four won fours for £20, Candlish beat H.Clasper in singles
for £8 after he mistook a buoy.
(September) Chester Regatta: H.Clasper & Wood beat Taylors to win pairs for £40.
(20/09/1852) Robert Boyd Watson born in Gateshead, son of a wherryman.
Founding of Tyne Amateur RC as some members of Northern RC became disenchanted
with the overt professionalism.
Clasper won £190 in 9 matches in Chester, Carlisle, Nottingham and Manchester.
J.Messenger beat Candlish on Thames.
All Clasper four beaten by Elswick crew for £100 on Tyne.
James Wallace, an old Tyne amateur, recalled Talkin Tarn having a keelless four of
Clasper's this year and Tyne ARC bought one from Robert Jewett, another builder on the Tyne.
(24/05/1853) Pocock beat H.Clasper for £100 from Putney to Chiswick.
Fours - Taylors beat Claspers, H.Clasper won Wear Stake for singles,
Taylors beat Claspers in pairs, H.Clasper beaten by Winship and Bruce.
(July) Royal Chester RC win at HRR in a smooth skined VIII built by Matthew Taylor,
resulting in LRC ordering one immediately and Taylor being taken on as trainer/boat
builder first by OUBC then Eton. Halladay says this was 1856 and they won both the Grand
and Ladies in it (same year or different check Burnell's HRR). He goes on to refer to their
victories in a Taylor keelless four the previous year winning the Stewards and Wyfolds,
James Fairrie of the crew was interviewed in the Field 16/03/1901.
Nottingham Regatta offered a 1st class four as prize for any Midland counties crew in a
boat under 30' built by H.Clasper and worth £30. The All England Skiff Prize of £10, 1st heat
J.Candlish (Champion of the Tyne) beat H.Ault, 2nd heat H.Clasper beat H.Buxton. Final
Candlish beat Clasper by 1 length. Also at Nottingham H.Clasper, Ault, Wood, Davidson
won fours for £40
Manchester Regatta: Same crew won £50.
Chester Regatta: Same crew beaten for £60.
Glasgow Regatta: Same crew won 2 fours events.
Clasper won £280 in 11 matches in Chester, Glasgow, London, Durham, Nottingham
(09/02/1854) H.Clasper & Candlish beat Winship & Bruce in pairs for £200 on the Tyne.
(June) Durham Regatta:
3 Claspers & Wood won fours for £20, H.Clasper won sculler's prize.
(June) Durham Regatta:
Grand Challenge Cup first raced for.
First Durham School old boy (Old Dunelmian) to row in boat race. W.King rowed for
Oxford, a long line of subsequent blues are listed in Macfarlane-Grieves book [link
to DSBC website?]
(August) North of England Regatta: Clasper's four raced and H.Clasper and Anthony
Maddison won Watermen's pairs for £12.
(August) Talkin Tarn Regatta: H.Clasper won sculler's prize; with Maddison won pairs; also
with T.Clasper & Wood won Steward's cup for fours for £20. Read the
comprehensive Regatta Report from the Carlisle Journal
about the 1854 Regatta.
(09/08/1854) H.Clasper beat Newell off a 2 length start easily from from Putney to Mortlake
Thames National Regatta: Pocock & H.Clasper won pairs; Elswick crew Winship, Cook,
Davidson, Bruce and cox Oliver won Champion fours; H&T Clasper, Wood, Maddison
beaten in fours for £100, same crew won fours prize for £40, North v South VIIIs race over
London Regatta course for £27 won by Winship, Davidson, Bruce, Maddison, Cook, H&T
Clasper, Wood beat Cole, R&T Coombes, Mackinney, T.Mackinney, Newell, Goodrun, Kelly.
Clasper won £290 in 10 matches in Carlisle, London, Durham and Newcastle.
||Matt Taylor with his keel-less four, Victoria
was appointed Professional Coach to Royal Chester. His wages were 45/- (shillings) a week, but one could then get a loaf and cheese and a glass of ale for 2 1/2p. As a result of his advice, the Club invested in an outrigged keel-less boat which they took to Henley in 1855 and won both the Stewards and the Wyfolds with some ease. The crew also optimistically entered the Visitors but were not allowed to start.
(28/01/1855) Challenge to any member of Tyne ARC to race for £30 a side but had no
objection to racing for a cup or plate of the above value.
(18/03/1855) Richard Clasper challenged William Patterson of Skinneer's Burn to race from
the High Level Bridge to the Meadows House or Scotswood for £20 a side. Match to be made
at Candlish's, Boars Head, Westgate Street, Newcastle.
(06/08/1855) Manchester and Salford Regatta: Trafford Park stakes for £10 to be rowed in
pairs of any length coxed or coxless. 1st heat Elswick Edward Winship and Thomas Bruce
best Waterwitch of Manchester. 2nd heat Shakespere beat Never Mind It. Final rerowed
the next day as Shakespere capsized rounding the buoy when the two boats clashed, for which
the Elswick crew failed to appear.
(August) Thames National Regatta mixed Clasper crew beaten in fours, H.Clasper beaten
in singles final, beaten by Landsmen crew after being disqualified after a foul, Bruce & Winship
beat H.Clasper & Pocock in pairs.
Tyne Regatta: H.Clasper won Championship prize for singles for £20, same as the Sculler's
Championship he won this month on the Tyne?
Clasper won £20 in 4 matches in London.
Teasdale Wilson backed for 10 shillings a side in a local match.
(14/02/1856) H.Clasper presented with Testimonial by his friends.
(24/03/1856) H.Clasper beat Matthew Taylor in single on the Tyne for £80 a side.
(June) Durham Regatta:
3 Claspers and Chambers won fours for £20, H. & J. Clasper won pairs.
Royal Chester RC won the Grand and the Ladies at Henley in a keel-less eight boat made by
Matt Taylor of Ouseburn, who was working in Birkenhead at the time.
(August) Thames Regatta: Harry Clasper (stroke), R.Chambers, W.Pocock,
T.MacKinney cox G.Driver (a Thames/Tyne composite crew) won the Champion fours.
R.Chambers won scullers race in old fashioned boats.
Thames National Regatta Winship & Bruce beat H.Clasper & Pocock in pairs, H.Clasper,
Pocock, Chambers, MacKinney won fours for £100.
Clasper won £115 in 8 matches in Newcastle, Durham and London.
Exeter College go Head on the Isis in a Taylor VIII bought by R.W.Risley.
||Harry Clasper, from a lithograph published by
(March) A.P.Lonsdale, the Oxford President, buys a Taylor VIII for the boatrace and
managed a practice course in 19 mins 50 secs. At 6 in the crew was Warre which would explain
Taylor's move to Eton. Taylor coached the Oxford University crew that won the Boat Race.
J. Arkell of Durham School BC was also in this victorious crew.
(July) Exeter retained the Headship on the Isis and won the Ladies Plate at HRR in
(15/07/1857) This being the seventh anniversary of the passing of the Tyne Conservancy
Act, the Commissioners determined upon celebrating it by a survey of the river, and at about
5 o'clock in the morning the corporation barges left the Quayside for the mouth of the Tyne,
accompanied by a number of steam vessels and gaily decorated boats. Upon reaching the low
lights, the party landed, and were received by the Mayor and several members of the Corporation
of Tynemouth, the River Commissioners residing at North and South Shields, and numerous
influential residents. After breakfasting at the Albion Hotel, the commissioners re-embarked,
and proceeded to Spar Hawk, where a proclamation of their jurisdiction was made by the
harbourmaster. Several boat-races then took place, after which the procession returned up the
river and upon reaching Hedwin Streams, the western termination of their journey, the proclamation
was again made amidst great acclamations. Boat racing and other amusements too place during
the afternoon, near the Kings Meadows and everything passed off in an agreeable manner.
Thames Regatta: Harry Clasper stroked the winning four.
Pickard-Cambridge Challenge Cup presented to University College BC by Octavius P-C for
a skiff race, represented in 1895 for college second trial fours
(August) Thames National Regatta 2 Claspers, A.Maddison, Chambers won fours for £100.
Manchester: Clasper broke an oar and lost to Ault, Wood, Winship, Bruce. J.H.Clasper
says that he experimented with sliding on a fixed seat in this race.
(28/08/1857) Manchester Regatta: H.Clasper, Chambers, Ault, Winship coxed by Short, won fours.
(September) Lancaster Regatta: Clasper's crew beat Taylor's crew.
Clasper won £120 in 3 matches in Manchester and London.
James Renforth joins an East India Company regiment, and sails as part of the relieving
force for the Indian Mutiny.
One amateur match on Talkin Tarn.
Cambridge University won the Boat Race in a Matt Taylor eight. J. Arkell of Durham
School BC rowed in the Oxford crew.
(June) Durham Regatta:
H. & J. Clasper won pairs, fours Claspers beat Taylors.
Tyne Race: Claspers four beat Taylors for £100.
H.Clasper received £50 forfeit money from J.MacKinney.
R.A.W. (Dick) Green beat Jim Chandlish for £400 in the first ever race on the
Paramatta championship course.
(22/07/1858) H.Clasper beat R.Campbell on Clyde for Championship of Scotland and £200.
Thames National Regatta: H.Clasper, Chambers, T.MacKinney, T.Pocock won fours and £100.
(August) Nottingham Bank Holiday Regatta: Sculling prize of one of Clasper's boats worth
£30 and a fours' prize worth £30 which attracted entries from Newcastle (Claspers), Gateshead
(Taylor) but Harry Ault's crew of the Shakespere club in Manchester beat the Trent crew in the
final. Ault's crew offered a further challenge to the Trent crew to race for £50 in Nottingham or
stake £50 against £30 to race in Manchester (Bell's Life 3.7.1859) [Check dates this doesn't tally
and Bell's Life shows similar prizes for Nottingham Regatta in 1853].
(06/10/1858) H.Clasper beat R.Campbell on Loch Lomond for Championship of Scotland
(09/11/1858) Thomas White beat H.Clasper on Thames for £200.
J.H.Clasper beat G.Francis on the Thames.
Clasper won £370 in 4 matches in Newcastle, Durham, Glascow and Loch Lomond.
Thames Regatta: Harry Clasper stroked the winning four.
Clasper's crew photographed in a studio album now held by Gateshead libraries.
(19/04/1859) Robert Chambers beat Thomas White of Bermondsey, "it was this victory,
in a measure unexpected, which was the principal cause of his being backed against
Kelley" (Bell's Life 20/08/1859; also reported in the Times 20/04/1859). Both Ned Corvan and
Joe Wilson composed songs about this race.
(30/04/1859) Illustrated London News write up.
J. Arkell of Durham School BC became President of Oxford University BC, and rowed in
the Boat Race. J. Chater of Durham School BC rowed in the Cambridge crew.
(April) Matthew Taylor of Gateshead v John Carroll of Glasgow umpired by A.A.Casamajor
of LRC (Newcastle Courant 22/04/1859)
H. & J. Clasper won pairs beating Chambers & Winship.
H. & J. Clasper, Chambers, Winship won fours.
(August) Bell's Life August 1859 on Robert Chambers' style "was magnificent and few who
saw him row that latter part of the race will ever forget that majestic, even, and stupendous
sweep of the sculls, or the finished fall of his compact shoulders, and his well defined muscles."
Thames National Regatta: H. & J. Clasper, Chambers, Winship won fours and £100.
(23/08/1859) Manchester Regatta: H. & J. Clasper, Chambers, Winship won fours.
(29/08/1859) W.Elliott a Durham miner referred to as one of the last champions of the Tyne.
James Renforth became a Smith's striker at NER Engineering Works at Greenesfield,
Gateshead; then later at Tyne Port Authority, Howdon; and probably also in other works on both
banks of the Tyne.
(29/09/1859) R.Chambers beat H. Kelley (Fulham) for Championship of the Thames.
Putney to Mortlake in 25 mins 25 secs.
Durham Amateur Rowing Club formed.
J. Chater of Durham School BC rowed in the Cambridge University Boat Race crew.
(08/05/1860) George Drewitt (26) beat H.Clasper (48) by 3 lengths in 22 mins 18 secs on the
Tyne from the High Level Bridge to Scotswood for £100 a side. Drewitt raced in a boat built by
Jewett of Dunston.
H. & J. Clasper, Chambers, Winship shared fours' prize
of £23 with Taylor's crew. Harry Clasper was allowed to race a number of amateurs who
resented his presence and rammed him.
(21/07/1860) Royal Thames National Regatta final H. & J. Clasper, Chambers, Winship
fouled by Shakespear and Thames crews and lost for £100, Thomas crew of Putney and
AP Lonsdale crew of Manchester and Tyne. The committee offered Clasper £10 for the race
but Clasper challenged the others to race for no stake, which they declined. To add insult
to injury when Harry went to race his pair with his son he found two holes had been drilled in
Robert Chambers beat T. White for the Championship of the Thames.
(23/07/1860) James Renforth joined Durham Royal Garrison Artillery at Gateshead.
Also, between 1860-1865 took up swimming and won a gold medal at Northumberland
Baths. Walked to Talkin Tarn to take part in a swimming race but lost.
(26/07/1860) Derby Regatta: H. & J. Clasper, Chambers, Winship won fours.
(27/08/1860) Manchester Regatta: H. & J. Clasper, Chambers, Winship won fours.
(September) Robert Chambers defeated Harry Kelley for the Championship of England,
the first Tyne sculler to do so. George Ridley sang "O, ye Cockneys all, Ye mun think't very
funny' For Bob he gans and licks ye all, an' collars all your money."
(18/09/1860)R.Chambers beat T.White (Shadwell) Putney to Mortlake in 23 mins 25 secs.
(27/09/1860) Newcastle & Gateshead Regatta: H. & J. Clasper, Chambers, Winship won fours.
By 1860 H.Clasper had won £2586 in around 130 races, £1655 in fours, £184 in pairs and
£747 in skiffs.
(21/11/1860)DURHAM AMATEUR ROWING CLUB -
(The Durham County Advertiser Friday November 23rd 1860)
A meeting was held at Ward's Waterloo Hotel
on Wednesday evening by a few gentlemen interested in aquatic sports to ascertain the
practicability of forming an amateur rowing club in this city. The meeting though not
numerously attended was sufficiently large to give hopes that before long the club will
be organized. Some draft rules which had been called by Mr. Brignall Junior from the
London Rowing Club and the Tyne Rowing Club were read over and discussed when it was
resolved that they should be circulated amongst those desirous of joining and so form
a basis on which any suggested improvements may be grafted. After appointing Mr. Brignall
Junior as Secretary pro tem the meeting adjourned on the understanding that they were to
re-assemble in a fortnight (the 5th proxime) for the purpose of finally settling the
rules by which time we trust there will be a considerable accession of strength. It has
long been proved that outdoor amusements and in the main cricket and boating are the very
best means of bringing out the bone and muscle of our English youth. As all therefore are
equally interested in assisting to maintain our national sports we hope that those of our
fellow citizens who are verging on or have passed the meridian of life will not forget
that they can do good service in the formation of even a rowing club by becoming honorary
(05/12/1860)DURHAM AMATEUR ROWING CLUB -
(The Durham County Advertiser - Friday December 7th 1860)
A second meeting of this club was held at Mr. Ward's Waterloo Hotel on Wednesday evening
last when the rules proposal at a former meeting were with some additions approved
and confirmed. The meeting was adjourned for a fortnight (viz. the 19th instant)
when a committee will be appointed and the active operations commenced for raising
the "ways and means" for purchasing boats and other necessary equipment.
(19/12/1860)DURHAM AMATEUR ROWING CLUB -
((The Durham County Advertiser - Friday December 21st 1860)
A third meeting of this Club was held on Wednesday evening at Mr. Ward's Waterloo Hotel
for the purpose of forming a committee. After reading the rules established at the
last meeting and transacting some other business the following gentlemen were appointed
to constitute the committee viz. Mr. J. Booth (Chairman), J. Hutchinson (Treasurer),
W. Brignall Junior (Secretary), P. Forster, C. Rowlandson, W. Storey, J. Tiplady, W. Welsh.
J. Chater of Durham School BC rowed in the Cambridge University Boat Race crew.
Thames Regatta won by a mixed four G.Hammerton, J.Tagg, E.Winship,
R.Chambers cox R.Clasper.
Engraving of the Kilmorey crew of 1861 George Hammerton, John Tagg, Edward
Winship, Robert Chambers, Robert Clasper
Robert Clasper v Thomas Eagers (Times 16/06/1861)
(26/06/1861) James Renforth married Mary Ann Bell
at Newcastle Register Office.
A bad year for Talkin Tarn regatta, with L.P & E.D.Brickwood winning Corby
Castle Cup for pairs for second year in succession and retained the trophy, as
did the TARC four with the Naworth Castle Cup
(09/07/1861) J.H.Clasper beat Pocock on the Thames, and beat him again during the year.
Photograph of first Tyne ARC crew.
C.R. Carr of Durham School BC rowed in the Oxford University Boat Race crew.
George Ridley sang his most famous song "The Blaydon Races" at Harry Clasper's
testimonial at Balmbra's Music Hall.
Times tries aw, they say, and they're not see far rang Noo he's myed a tryuff trial, he's
tested lang - Aw meen Harry Clasper that weel chorised nyem, For aw'se sure they'res nee
body can coupled wi'shyem. Faithful awd Harry - plucky as iver The still bloomen posey iv
wor coaly river. etc reprinted in Newcastle Daily Chronicle to mark Harry's testimonial.
Thames regatta Harry Clasper stroked the winning four.
Notice that "T.Wilson of Newcastle to race R.Campbell of the Clyde for £50 or £100 a
(July 1862) Crew was H. & J. Clasper, E.Winship, R.Chambers cox R.Clasper.
(27/11/1862) H.Clasper presented with the "Clasper Hotel" 1 Armstrong Street, Scotswood
Road bought with the proceeds of the testimonial fund raising.
(December 1862) Pitmen of Blyth challenged the Claspers to a race in "cobles" for £50 or
£100 a side, called off as the pit was put on short time.
(29/06/1862) Birth of daughter, Margaret Jane, to James Renforth, now living at
Dean Court, Newcastle upon Tyne.
(21/01/1863) Death of James Renforth's daughter, Margaret Jane, from bronchitis.
Living at Tuthill Stairs, Newcastle upon Tyne.
C.R. Carr of Durham School BC rowed in the Oxford University Boat Race crew.
Thames National Regatta: Pair oars 1st prize £20, 2nd £10, 3rd £5. 1st heat M. & J.Taylor
finished 3rd, 2nd heat A.Thompson and M.Scott were 2nd. Final Thompson and Scott finished
3rd to Richard Green (Australia) and Henry Kelly and George Hammerton and John Tagg.
Champion Fours for £100, 2nd £20, 3rd £ . The A.P.Lonsdale crew from Newcastle were
J.Taylor, M.Scott, A.Thompson, M.Taylor and cox R.Harrison who finished 2nd to The
Prince of Wales crew stroked by T.Royal in a very close race, they subsequently won the final
(14/04/1863) World Professional Sculling Championship. R.Chambers beat
G.W.Everson (Greenwich). Putney to Mortlake in 25mins 27secs.
Robert Chambers beat H. Kelley for the Championship of the Tyne after much fouling.
(16/06/1863) Robert Chambers beat Thomas Green of Australia for the Championship of the
Tyne, the first "International World Professional Sculling Contest" - a match worth thousands
"half the world travelling o,er to lay wor Tyneside law,
the tother half now may try an still we'll keep the craw,
aw says aw'll lay me brass on Bob an work the winnin seam."
R.A.W.Green came from Australia with the first cambered single that
he abandoned after trying it on the Tideway (Bell's Life 16/06/1863). R.Chambers beat R.A.W.Green
of Australia and also G.Everson of Greenwich
(16/06/1863) World Professional Sculling Championship. R.Chambers beat
R.A.W.Green (Australia) Putney to Mortlake in 25 mins 35 secs.
R.Cooper of Redheugh beat G.Everson of Greenwich.
Harry Kelley beat Chambers and Cooper at Eau Brink Cut near Kings Lynn for the national
title. Kelley went onto claim the world title by defeating Hamill of Canada in 1865.
(28/08/1863) Tyne Regatta: Kelly, Chambers and Cooper race for the Tyne Champion's
cup for £50, Green absent as ill, race ended in acrimony and dispute, the scullers refused to
rerow on Monday.
(21/12/1863) Birth of daughter to James Renforth
(Ann Elizabeth) in Lying In Hospital,
New Bridge Street, Newcastle.
C.R. Carr of Durham School BC became President of Oxford University BC, and rowed
in the Boat Race crew.
Tees Rowing Club formed (although some evidence that Tees Amateur Boating Club were
in existence in 1856)
John Clasper employed to coach Derwent RC for two years.
John Hawks set up a boat building business at Paradise House in Durham (photo in book)
advertised in Almanack as being available to coach and having boats for hire.
(05/09/1864) Chambers v Cooper on the Tyne race postponed to the following day as
Chambers' boat was holed, Cooper had beaten Chambers twice over shorter distances, but this
time Chambers won. Cooper was a Redheugh ferryman.
(Autumn) Dispute arose over a race between Chambers and Robert Cooper.
James Percy beat H.Clasper on the Tyne.
Race painted by John Warkup Smith the next year.
Hartlepool Neptune Rowing Club formed.
The Hartlepools' Regatta: Four oared race for £20, entrance 12s 6d "Pride of the Tyne" beat
"Try again" by 2 lengths. Crew R.Cooper, W.Matfin, J.Per?, Matfin, cox T.Harrison.
Durham School win the Grand Challenge Cup for the first time.
(08/08/1865) World Professional Sculling Championship - H.Kelley beat R.Chambers
Putney to Mortlake in 23 mins 23 secs.
(September) York Regatta got Clasper, Chambers and Cooper down from the Tyne to
promote rowing (Yorkshire Gazette 30/09/1865).
Chambers beat Cooper over a mile on the Tyne.
Championship match - Harry Kelley beat Robert Chambers who used a sliding seat designed
and made by Adam Deas of Gateshead.
Sweepstake on the Ouse for £50 a man plus £100 added between H.Kelley, R.Chambers
and R.Cooper which Cooper won after fouling, Kelley had the verdict overturned on appeal
and Cooper was disqualified.
Middlesbrough Amateur Boating Club formed in the Newport area of M/bro.
(January) William Hickey of Newcastle defeated Richard Green for
£200 and championship of the (Australian) colony and remained undefeated until 1873.
Testimonial raised £100 for Robert Cooper to compensate him for loosing at Kings Lynn,
with a golden salver engraved, "with respect and sympathy for his disappointment." Reported
in Newcastle Chronicle 10/01/1866). Cooper's backer was Henry Barlow of the Cumberland Arms
near the Quayside in Newcastle.
James Renforth rowing debut against Robinson alias Princey.
Won easily. Princey led, but blew up.
(19/05/1866) James Renforth victory over G. Curry of Gateshead in open boats for £20.
(30/06/1866) T.Forster and S.Watson both of Newcastle raced from High Level Bridge to
Meadow House for £60. Forster won by 250 yards. J.Adams umpired for Forster and G.Watson
R.Chambers beat J.Sadler for the Championship.
(04/07/1866) Harry Kelley beat James Hamill over 4½ miles from the High Level Bridge
to Paradise Quay and back for the World Professional Sculling Championship.
Painting called "Regatta Day" by T.H.Hair shows the above races held by Tyne
and Wear Museums.
Hammill had defeated Josh Ward for the professional championship of the USA in 1862.
(10/07/1866) Stockton Regatta: Prizes for amateurs and professionals amounting to
J.Percy beat J.H.Clasper on the Tyne.
J.Taylor beat J.H.Clasper on the Tyne.
J.Taylor beat J.Percy on the Tyne.
(15-16/08/1866) Talkin Tarn Regatta.
International boat race on the Tyne.
(11/09/1866), A crew of Blyth miners raced Staiths fishermen for the championship of the German
Ocean, over a 10 mile course from Staiths to Whitby, for a £200 stake and a silver cup worth £15.
The Staiths crew of T.Cole S.Robinson T.Cook and B.Verril won the race in a time 1 hour 25 min 30 secs.
James Renforth employed in demolition of Old Tyne Bridge.
(22/11/1866) World Professional Sculling Championship - R.Chambers beat J.H.Sadler (Putney)
Putney to Mortlake in 25 mins 04 secs.
English Regatta in Paris - The Waterman's races were won by a four called Albion from
Newcastle J.Taylor, M.Scott, A.Thompson, R.Chambers cox T.Richardson
M.Taylor beat H.Clasper on the Tyne.
J.Sadler beat R.Cooper on the Thames.
J.Sadler beat J.Percy on Thames and at King's Lynn
Tynemouth RC established by further members splitting from the Northern RC feeling the
Club too professional, whilst others felt it not professional enough, and left to form the
ultra-professional Albion Club.
(22/04/1867) James Renforth won race with Balmbra (or W. Bambrough) of Gateshead, in open
boats for £20.
(May) Kelley defeats Chambers for the Championship of England, "The name o'Chambers,
honest Bob, Aw's sure 'ill nivor dee, The brave, the game undaunted man That struggled hard
to be The hero of a hundred spins, The champion frae Tyneside, That kept the world se lang
at bay, Tho lick't, yor still wor pride," sang Joe Wilson. Chambers was probably already
dying from Tuberculosis.
(06/05/1867) World Professional Sculling Championship - H.Kelley beat R.Chambers
on Tyne 31 mins 47 secs.
(May) Harry Clasper loses his last match aged 57 to a much younger opponent.
James Renforth won heat in an open boat handicap at Talkin Tarn Regatta (Cumbria,
nr Carlisle), and later in year won £300 in 5 matches in Newcastle.
(August) James Renforth beat Edward Boddy at Newcastle Swimming
Club competition in the Tyne. Won a medal.
(21/09/1867) James Renforth beat Robert Boyd for £50 in open boats
(05/10/1867) James Renforth 5th October. Beat James Boyd in skiffs for £100,
High Level to Scotswood Suspension Bridge.
(09/12/1867)James Renforth should have rowed a skiff race against John Bright
for £50 a side. Bright was unable to race because of illness and forfeited the £40 he had down.
(25/12/1867) James Hall pairs (Newcastle Daily Chronicle 24/08/1871).
Renforth won £210 in 5 matches in Durham, Sunderland, Leeds, Chester and London.
(28/03/1868)James Renforth beat John Bright easily in open boats for £20.
Jolly Dogs' Fours (Newcastle Daily Chronicle 24/08/1871).
(04/06/1868) Robert Chambers "Honest Bob" of Walker died. "Massive crowds lined the route of the
funeral cortege as it moved from Pottery Bank in St. Anthony's to Walker Cemetary. Flags on the boats
of the Tyne General Ferry Company flew at half mast and the bells of St. Nicholas Church boomed out
a sonerous death march pace" (The Tyne Oarsmen - Peter Dillon)
(23/06/1868)Birth of daughter (Margaret Jane) to James Renforth at the family home,
6 Church Street, Gateshead.
- James Renforth won the Brancepeth Castle Plate
defeating James Taylor and other local scullers. At same meeting was part of
Albion R.C. second crew which was beaten in a race for the Patrons' Plate by the
(14/06/1868)Leeds Regatta. James Renforth defeated by James Taylor in a handicap
skiff race. Taylor had an allowance of two lengths. At the same regatta, Renforth won
the Aire Stakes, value £25, and a local title of champion.
(06/07/1868)Wear Boat Club Regatta. James Renforth won the Open Professional Skiff race.
(07/07/1868) Wear Boat Club Regatta "Four Oared Outriggers, 1 1/4 mile, open to Gentleman Amateurs, Prize - Gold Medals"
This race was between the Tynemouth R.C. 2nd crew and the Wear Boat Club 2nd crew. The Tynemouth crew, in pink, were
W. Fawcus, R. Park, S. Morrison, T. Pickering, (stroke)
J. Gallon (cox). This is the earliest mention we have found of Fawcus
as an oarsman, then aged 17
(14/07/1868)James Renforth present at death of daughter, Margaret Jane, from
tabes (emaciation) at 6 Church Street, Gateshead.
(04/08/1868)Thames National Regatta. James Renforth won £90 in a
skiff race in
which Kelley, Sadler and Percy also competed. Tyne crew J.Taylor, M.Scott, A.Thompson,
R.Chambers (of Wallsend, not St. Anthony's) cox T.Richardson won the fours and
the pairs. Commemorated in the song, "Defeat of the Cocknies".
James Renforth first public appearance in "champion four" crew, Renforth
(bow), M. Scott, A. Thompson, J. Taylor, J. French (cox), at the Chester Regatta
where they won the Waterman's Prize of £40 with great ease. Renforth also won the
Scullers' Prize of £10 beating James Taylor of Newcastle and Harry Lang of Manchester.
Also part of same crew which won the Town Purse of £30 at the Burton-on-Trent Regatta.
(17/11/1868) Renforth wins the World Professional Sculling Championship at his first and only
attempt, beating Harry Kelley on the Thames. Course Putney to Mortlake 23 mins 15 secs.
Split in champion four-oared crew. It was made up of Taylor, Renforth, Thompson and Scott.
06/01/1869)Assault charge heard against James Renforth in Newcastle Court after attack
on man in spirit bar. Found guilty and fined.
(25/01/1869)Taylor and Renforth, in one boat, rowed against Thompson and Scott, in
another, from bridge to bridge on the Tyne for £200. Renforth and Taylor won easily.
Renforth employed by Tynemouth to coach for two weeks for 3 guineas.
(05/05/1869) James Renforth deserted from Durham RGA Militia.
(31/05/1869) Mixed amateur and professional match. Mr Gulston and Renforth lost to
Messrs Taylor and Wallace. (Almanack 1870 review)
Renforth won £500 in 5 matches in Newcastle, Kings Lynn Royal Regatta (June 10th),
Hull and London.
(14/07/1869)Hartlepools' Regatta. James Renforth lost scullers race to James Boyd of
Gateshead. In awkward sea conditions but arousing the suspicions of the crowd.
Renforth and Taylor form a crew to compete at 1869 Thames National Regatta. These
two plus Thomas Winship and John Martin won.
(August)James Renforth is landlord of the Belted Will
Inn, Hinde Street, Scotswood Rd.
(05/08/1869)Chester Regatta. James Renforth won Watermen's Sculls
(£7) beating James
Taylor and Thomas Winship. Next day Renforth's crew won Watermen's Fours (£40).
(06/08/1869)Wear Boat Club Regatta. Renforth and Taylor win pairs (£5) as they
please. Renforth wins skiff race (£8) in Adelaide
(21/08/1869)Thames Regatta. Above-mentioned four beaten by Surbiton crew.
Tyne crew challenge Surbiton crew to race twice more, once on the Thames and once on
the Tyne, for £400 each race.
Tightening of the definition of amateur at Tyne Regatta excluded the Northern Rowing Club
as a result Newcastle Amateur Rowing Club was founded for those who fell between being
fully amateur or fully professional.
(05&06/10/1869) 5th and 6th October. Renforth rows against Bright for £100 a side in
open boats from High Level Bridge to Meadows House. Bright getting two lengths start
in 1 ¾ miles. Foul on first day leading to re-row. Foul again but decision given to
Bright. After the race on the 6th Renforth collapses in a fit in the bar of the Star
Hotel, Northumberland Street, Newcastle upon Tyne and is taken home in a cab. Renforth
living at Belted Will Inn, Hinde Street, Scotswood Road, Newcastle.
(November 1869) Tyne four-oar crew win both races against Surbiton crew. November
5th on Thames and November 18th on Tyne.
(20/11/1869) James Renforth and Taylor are beaten in a double scull race for
£200 with Kelley and Sadler on the Tyne from bridge to bridge.
(November 1869) Walter Brown the American champion raced William Sadler on the Tyne.
Brown had been experimenting with sliding seats since 1861, while training for this race he was
based at the Ord Arms Inn at Scotswood (Pun?) where a Tyne four with James Taylor in was
training (Matthew's brother and member of Renforth's crew). Halladay suggests they would
have discussed the issue of sliding or at least observed each other.
formed in 1870. Ian Whitehead writes: "It is right in the middle of a lively debate about what constitutes a professional - a mechanic, who was working with his hands, at Armstong's works is a professional while Charles Parsons for example, who was also sometimes
working with his hands at Armstrong's works from 1877-1880, as a premium apprentice, is an amateur. I think the amateurs who were members of the
(mixed) Northern and Albion Clubs were forced to leave and join purely amateur clubs and possibly it was they who founded the Newcastle A.R.C."
(Feb 1870) James Renforth moves from Belted Will Inn to take over as
landlord of Sir Charles Napier Inn, Queen Street, St. Nicholas' Buildings, Newcastle.
- James Renforth wins Brancepeth
Plate (scullers race) and Patrons Plate (as part of Champion Four). Tynemouth Rowing
Club win the Grand for the first time with a crew containing W.C.Fawcus. They retained the
trophy the following year.
William Fawcus (Tynemouth RC) became Champion of the Wear.
(12/07/1870) Harry Clasper died aged 58.
(17/07/1870) Funeral of Harry Clasper at St. Mary's church in Whickham. An estimated
100,000 to 130,000 people lined route of the funeral from the Tunnel Inn, at the mouth of the River
Ouseburn to the church. The funeral cortege could not make its way through Sandhill due to
the huge numbers of mourners, and so the coffin had to be placed aboard a barge at the High Level
Bridge, and rowed up the Tyne. James Renforth was a pall bearer.
Thames National Regatta Champion fours won by Newcastle crew stroked by R.Chambers of Wallsend.
(15/09/1870) Renforth's crew become the Professional Champions of the World at Lake Lachine
in Canada, defeating the St John "Paris" Brunswickers crew, winning £500.
The crew was James Renforth, James Taylor, Thomas Winship, John Martin, with
John Adams as spare man.
Renforth's crew divided over a disagreement resulting in two crews going to Canada
the next year the second crew captained by James Taylor.
Renforth won £1,400 in 3 matches in Newcastle and Lachine, Canada.
H.Kelley beat J.Bright in open boats on the Tyne.
J.Taylor beat J.Percy on the Tyne
James Taylor experimenting with cambered singles (Newcastle Daily Chronicle 21/03/1870)
that proved difficult to steer in strong wind, small wind-sails were used to counteract this, but
J.H.Clasper's patent keelfin resolved the issue (Newcastle Daily Chronicle 20/03/1909)
Report on Harry Clasper's funeral.
(July 1870) Tom Winship coaching a John O'Gaunt crew in the Stewards at HRR got them to slide
on their seats over the whole course which left them too tired and sore (Woodgate Boating 1888)
by 1871 he had perfected his equipment to beat Chambers' crew. Whereas the scullers such as
J.H.Clasper (as early as 1857), Chambers, Renforth and W.C. Fawcus winning the Diamonds and
Wingfields only slid for spurts (Newcastle Chronicle 03/04/1909, The Field
15/01,26/02, 23/04/1910). The Field 26/02/1910 also reports Clasper advising J.H.D.Goldie to
use olive oil on his seat when racing the Diamonds in 1871.
(September 1870) J.H.Clasper presented a model of a single scull with pictures of his late
father and Robert Coombes to Joseph Cowen, the model shows a padded seat for sliding.
Rowing in the North. J.Calvert beat C.Madisson both of Gateshead for £20 from Davidson's
Mill to the bend of the Meadows. M.Dodd refereed from a steamer. Landmarks were Redheugh
Bridge, Sliot Tower, New Quay Corner, Tyne Amateur boathouse, the Annie. Challenges were
between Boulton and Scott for £20 from High Level Bridge to Waterson's Gate, organised
by W.R.McKenzie of Black Bull at High Level bridge. W.Hornsby and J.Boyd of Gateshead for
£10 a side from High Level bridge to Waterson's Gate, organised by G.Brown of Battery Inn,
Fortle Street. A Hogarth (Champion of the Wear) challenged J.Boyd of Gateshead to race
over 2 miles on the Wear or Tyne for £25 a side after not being satisfied with the decision at
was very active in 1870 - travelling to regattas far and wide and winning Burton Regatta in the four oar.
William Fawcus ended up in the reeds in the sculls.
awarded James Taylor a medal for coaching them and it was felt that
was the amateur protege to follow on from the professional Renforth.
(16/01/1871) James Renforth and Kelley beat James Taylor and Thomas Winship in a
pair-oared race on the Tyne for £400.
James Renforth sells the Sir Charles Napier Inn.
Another Clasper son employed to coach at Derwent RC.
(01/05/1871) Bagnall v Hepplewhite for which at 5.30am Redheugh Bridge opened to
pedestrians for the first time.
(15/06/1871) Tyne Regatta. James Renforth and Kelley beaten by James Taylor and Thomas
Winship in pairs. Kelley suffering from sciatica and rowing against medical advice.
Renforth's crew, Renforth, Kelley, Chambers, Percy, Bright (spare) which was
formed to go out to Canada, has to be reorganised because of Kelley's indisposition.
(16/06/1871) Renforth, Bright, Chambers, Percy beat Taylor's crew in fours.
(30/06/1871) William Fawcus (Tynemouth RC)
winner of the Diamond Sculls at Henley Royal Regatta.
(20/07/1871) William Fawcus (Tynemouth RC)
winner of the single sculls race from Putney to Hammersmith at the Metropolitan Amateur Regatta.
(22/07/1871) William Fawcus (Tynemouth RC)
winner of the Wingfield Sculls (the amateur championship of the Thames)from Putney to Mortlake.
(23/08/1871) Death of James Renforth, after collapsing during a
race against the Canadians on the Kennebecasis river at St. John, New Brunswick. His dying words
reputed to be "What will they say in England?"
Renforth's crew (Champions of England 1868), Harry Kelley (Champion
1857, 65,66,67), Robert Chambers of Wallsend (not related to Robert "Honest Bob"
Chambers of Walker, who died in 1868), James Percy.
Illustration of the race. Kelley
finished 3rd in the singles race in the "James Renforth" built by
Jewett of Dunston.
(31/08/1871) Rest of Renforth's crew raced with John Bright in Halifax Nova Scotia.
Halifax Fours race for £600. 1st: J.Taylor, R.Bagnall, J.H.Sadler, T.Winship. 2nd: Pryor's
of Halifax. 3rd: J.Percy, J.Bright, H.Kelley, R.Chambers. 4th Biglin-Coulter of USA. Scullers
race for £100 won by J.H.Sadler from G.Brown of Halifax.
Saratoga regatta fours - 1st: Wards USA won £400. 2nd: Chambers' won £250. 3rd: Winship
won £150. 4th: Biglin-Coulter USA. Sadler won £200 winning sculls race and Kelley £100 for second.
Longeuil regatta - Winship and Chambers' crews beaten by local crew as they took the
wrong course. Kelley won sculls.
Quebec regatta - Chambers' four won and £100. Sculls 1st: Kelley, 2nd: Chambers, 3rd: Percy.
(August 1871) Renforth's funeral attended by 150,000 reported in Newcastle Chronicle
24/08/1871 and further 11/09/1871.
Deeth o'Renforth Champion sculler of the world by Rowland Harrison:
Ye cruel Atlantic cable
What's myed ye bring such fearful news?
When Tyneside's hardly yeble
Such sudden grief to bide.
Hoo me heart it beats - iv'ry body greets,
As the whisper runs throo dowley streets,
"We've lost poor Jimmy Renforth,
The Champien o'Tyneside."
Renforth took part in 45 races, 32 in a single and won 39 an average of one a month for
(10/09/1871) Funeral of James Renforth and burial in Gateshead Cemetery. Funeral
procession starts from Renforth's house in James Street, Gateshead, which he probably
bought after the sale of the Sir Charles Napier Inn earlier in the year.
(11/09/1871) Rest of Renforth's crew raced with John Bright in Saratoga coming 2nd to
the Wards ahead of the Biglin's crew. Kelley was 2nd in the singles. The Wards raced in the
"Dunston" the boat that Renforth's crew had beaten the Paris four in, on their departure in
1870 they had auctioned the boat and it was bought by Robert Liddell of Pittsburgh for $250
who sold it to the Wards for $350 in August.
Taylor's crew challenged the remains of Renforth's crew to a match resenting not being
able to race for the Championship in Canada. Taylor fitted bone runners on steel grooves to
his coxless four and won easily. Taylor's crew contained Joseph Sadler who instructed
F.S.Gulston of LRC how to use the slides in his single and four.
(November 1871) Fours race between Tyne crews of Thomas Winship v Robert
Chambers. The Winship four beat Chambers' by using sliding seats having seen the
Biglin-Coulter USA crew use them in Saratoga.
(February) Hobart Anniversary day first Inter-state/Colony championship won
by NSW crew coached by Jim Chandlish.
(12/07/1872) William Fawcus (Tynemouth RC)
defeated in the Wingfield Sculls by C.C. Knollys who the Diamonds and OUBC sculls.
H.Wilde of Newcastle ARC won the Oswald Plate in 1872
"Sydney Rows by A.L. May" reports Four delivered to Sydney club from Clasper of Oxford
TRC reported ordering an VIII with slides from Jewett of Dunston (Field 26/02/1910),
J.H.Clasper tried to persuade CUBC to use them in the boatrace.
(Oct 1872) Monday late October. Inauguration of Renforth Memorial.Inauguration of
Kelley beat James Taylor on the Tyne.
R.Bagnall beat Kelley.
William Fawcus (Tynemouth RC)
challenged for the Wingfield Sculls in 1873 but was defeated in the challengers' heat by WH Eyre ("Piggy" of Thames).
(18/10/1873)Redcar fishermen took up the challenge of Staiths Fishermen for the
championship of the German Ocean, over a 6 mile course from Coathem pier to Saltburn pier.
The stake was £100 a side. The Redcar crew of J.Picknet R.Picknet T.Picknet and J.Thompson
won in a time of 40 mins 30 secs.
"Sydney Rows by A.L.May" reports an eight oared gig delivered from Clasper.
(16/04/1874) World Professional Sculling Championship - J.H.Sadler beat R.Bagnall
(Newcastle) Putney to Mortlake 24 mins 15 secs.
W.Lumsden & R.Boyd of Newcastle beat T.Green & E.Morrois of London in a
double sculls match on the Tyne.
Lumsden & Boyd beat Winship & Bagnall in a pairs match
(July 1874) Newcastle ARC
(shown in HRR records as Newcastle RC) won the Wyfolds Challenge Cup at Henley Royal Regatta (W.H.Wilde, G.Dunn, F.Thompson, F.G.Mason)
Scarborough Amateur RC was formed.
Thames Regatta - Champion fours won by a Newcastle crew.
R.Boyd beat Sadler over a mile on the Tyne.
Sadler beat Boyd on the Thames for the Championship.
(15/11/1875) World Professional Sculling Championship - J.H.Sadler beat
R.W.Boyd (Newcastle) Putney to Mortlake 28 mins 05 secs.
Newcastle ARC won the Grand Challenge Cup at
for the first time for the club.
Brickwood mentions LRC having heavy clinker cutters as used on the Tyne specially
built for them.
"Sydney Rows by A.L.May" reports another eight delivered from Clasper.
Winship's Christmas Handicap final: W.Lakey of Ouseburn beat F.Emmett of Jarrow
by 3 lengths "cleverly".
(14/02/1877) Durhan University Boat Club officially founded.
Professional Sculling Championship sponsored by the Newcastle Daily Chronicle, known as
the "Championship of England" offered up to encourage development among the English
professionals so as to reclaim the world title won by Trickett, later sponsored by the Sportsman.
The trophy was lost and later found and bought by Joseph Cowan and presented to Tyne ARC
for its regatta.
(19/03/1877) Championship of England cup presented by Newcastle Daily Chronicle trustees
John Ireland of LRC, Thomas Forster of Newcastle ARC and R.B.Reed of the Daily
Chronicle. R.W.Boyd (Gateshead) beat W.Nicholson (Stockton) Mansion House to
Scotswood in final 25 mins 45 secs.
(28/05/1877) Championship of England - R.W.Boyd beat John Higgins (Chadwell). Putney
to Mortlake 29 mins 0 secs.
- Hon. John Lloyd Wharton MP for Durham presents the Wharton Challenge
Cup to Durham Regatta.
(08/10/1877) Championship of England - John Higgins (Chadwell) beat R.W.Boyd (Gateshead)
Putney to Mortlake 24 mins 10 secs.
Winship's Christmas Handicap final John Farrow of Scotswood beat W.Lakey of Newcastle
by a length and a half after a stubbornly contested race.
Hexham Rowing Club was
created in November 1878 at a
meeting in the North
Eastern Hotel (now the Station Hotel). About 70 young men attended with promises
from another 50 who intended to join.
The club was initially called: The
Hexham Rowing and Swimming Club
, the subscriptions were
10 shillings (50 pence) per annum, and the initial
committee had 13 members. The first Chairman was William Taylor.
The club initially intended to purchase two open boats at £10 each, a pleasure
gig at £12 and two sculling boats at £12 each. A proposed boathouse on the 'island'
at the top of the river was later changed to the present site. This required the
permission of the Lord of the Manor (presumably Lord Allendale) and the County Surveyor.
(14/01/1878) Championship of England - John Higgins (Chadwell) beat R.W.Boyd on a foul.
Course: Mansion House to Scotswood.
(03/06/1878) Championship of England - John Higgins (Chadwell) beat W.Elliott (Pegswood).
Putney to Mortlake 24 mins 38 secs. Trophy later became Joseph Cowan trophy at Tyne-at-Home
"Sydney Rows by A.L.May" refers to another Clasper VIII being delivered to the
Australian Club, but arrived damaged leading to protracted legal wrangling.
Sydney Rows A.L.May
1878 seems another Clasper VIII arrived damaged leading to protracted legal wrangling
J.Higgins won the Newcastle Chronicle Trophy outright.
"Rowing in Canada" refers to a match between E.(Ned) Hanlan and
John Hawdon of (Seaton) Delaval on the Tyne.
Winship's Christmas Handicap Final: J.M.Polley of Barrow beat W.Renforth of Gateshead
won a desparate race by half a length in 3 mins 39 secs.
(17/09/1878) First "Sportsman" Challenge Cup - W.Elliott (Blyth) beat
R.W.Boyd (Gateshead) on a foul in final. 24 mins 47 secs.
Whitby Erimus Amateur Boating Club was formed.
(17/02/1879) First "Sportsman" Challenge Cup - W.Elliott (Blyth) beat John
Higgins (Chadwell) Mansion House to Scotswood 22 mins 01 secs.
(15/06/1879) First "Sportsman" Challenge Cup - E.(Ned)Hanlan (Toronto, Canada) beat
William Elliott (Blyth) Mansion House to Scotswood Bridge by 11 lengths in 21 mins 01 secs.
- President's Sculls presented by Rev. W.Sanday of Hatfield to Durham
University Boat Club. Lost after 1893, a cup was presented for the race by Capt.
Macfarlane-Grieve in 1920. The Challenge Pair of silver oars and rudder presented to Durham
University BC by Rev.V.K.Cooper, replaced by a cup in 1913 presented by Rev.& Mrs Gee.
Winship's Christmas Handicap Final: W.Winship of Derwenthaugh beat T.Barnes of Blaydon
by 5 lengths
Whitby Friendship ARC was formed.
Stephen Renforth employed to coach by Stratford RC.
Reference to Stephen Renforth trying to coach both Stratford and Worcester to the annoyance
of Stratford's committee which demanded an explanation.
(10/02/1880) Elliott (Thames Champion) defeated by R.W. Boyd of Blyth by a distance,
"Tyneside's spirit of boat rowing which is inbred with the people" (Newcastle Daily
Journal 10/02/1880). Boyd was the last English champion until Ernie Barry in 1913.
The unattached, later St Cuthbert's Society, begin rowing.
(November 1880) International Regatta on Thames sponsored by an American company
Elliott and Hawden went from Newcastle and Nicholson from Stockton to race Hanlan of Toronto,
Trickett and Laycock of Sydney, Ross of New Brunswick, Langan, Clasper Jnr, Blackman of
Wandsworth, Anderson of Hammersmith, Feeley of Barrow-in-Furnace, Hosmer of Boston,
Maine, Riley of Saratoga, Smith of Halifax and Gibson of Putney (Times 06/11/1880).
(15/11/1880) World Sculling Championship on Thames between Hanlan and Trickett,
pressed glass comemorative tankards produced by Wear Flint Glassworks by Henry Greener
McKenzie's Christmas Handicap Final: W.Kirton of Willington Quay beat T.Blaylock of
Newcastle easily by 3 lengths.
McKenzie and Winship's Christmas Handicap final F.Kirton of Sunderland beat William Lane
of Felling in a desparate struggle in which Lane broke down close to the goal and Kirton was thus
able to win by a length.
Hatfield College rebuild their boathouse.
(03/04/1882) First "Sportsman" Challenge Cup E.(Ned) Hanlan beat R.W.Boyd (Gateshead).
Course Mansion House to Scotswood Bridge in 21 mins 25 secs.
McKenzie's Christmas Handicap Final: Chas Lane of Felling beat T.Taggart of Tockton
by 3 lengths
- Gabbett Sculls instituted and a cup presented later that year in memory
of W.E.Gabbett who died that summer.
(22/02/1883) Bede College Boat Club founded.
McKenzie's Christams Handicap Final: John Ramsay of Newcastle beat J.A.Aiken of
Glasgow, Ramsay finished alone, Aiken being dead settled 150 yards from the winning post.
(19/05/1884) Court Case at Newcastle County Court concerning whereabouts of £200 due
to James Renforth's daughter, Ann Elizabeth now married and called Heler. Case found in
favour of daughter and widow Mary Ann, now remarried to William John Renforth (James
University College open their rebuilt boathouse.
Newton's Christmas Handicap Final: J.E.Wilson beat J.Hedley by 2 lengths.
Gillespie, Hogg and Newton's Christmas Handicap final J.Lambert of
Derwenthaugh beat G.Nordue of South Shields by three foot.
McKenzie and Winship's Christmas Handicap Final:
W.Davis of Walker beat P.Mack of New Hartley after a desparate race after half a length.
Handicaps changed from lengths to seconds.
(07/02/1887) Second "Sportsman" Challenge Cup - G.Bubear (Hammersmith)
beat G.Perkins (Rotherhithe). Mansion House to Scotswood Bridge in 23m 24s.
Senate Challenge Cup presented to DUBC for senior inter-collegiate fours. Raced for
- Lady Herschell Plate presented to regatta by the wife of Lord Herschell
MP for Durham to be raced for by fours in strake boats over the short course.
(01/07/1887) R.W. Boyd, ex-champion of England died at the age of 35.
McKenzie and Winship's Christmas Handicap Final: W.Davis of Walker beat T.Taggart
as he liked.
(22/12/1887) Trophy presented to Andrew Henderson for Christmas Boat Handicap,
chalice mounted on crossed oars and a boater.
Championship of the Tyne illustrations.
McKenzie and Winship's Christmas Handicap Final: J.Lindsay of Newcastle beat J.Wilson
of Blaydon as he liked , Wilson making a very poor show.
McKenzie and Winship's Christmas Handicap Final: R.Carr of Newcastle beat T.Shaw
of Sunderland by 3/4 length.
Brownlee and Cook's Christmas Handicap final G.Stoddart of Walker
beat R.Carr of Newcastle by a length and a half.
Reform-minded oarsmen established the National Amateur Rowing Association (NARA) as a
more inclusive body than the ARA. The NARA later merged with the ARA in 1955, bringing to a
close a bitter debate over amateur status that had plagued British rowing for almost a
"Barge Day" painted by Ralph Hedley guest of the Newcastle Corporation at the Ascension
day procession of boats and regatta, the Newcastle corporation and Trinity house barges are
shown, the regatta followed at the weekend.
(02/11/1891) W.Kirton beat J.Grieveson on the Tyne by 4 lengths for £80.
(30/11/1891) Second "Sportsman" Challenge Cup - W.G.East (Isleworth) beat
G.J.Perkins (Newcastle) Mansion House to Scotswood Bridge in 24m 26s. £400 a side.
Brownlee and Cook's Christmas Handicap Final: T.Campbell of Walker beat W.Kirkton of
Brownlee and Cook's Christmas Handicap Final: J.Grace of Hebburn beat W.Roberts of
Walker by 3 lengths after a foul
Jack Charney, the Middlesbrough professional, employed to train Kingston on Hull RC.
Owens and Cook's Christmas Handicap Ffinal: G.Drummond of Mushroom beat S.Maxwell
of Walker by three feet.
(26/08/1893)Whitby Regatta. Professional four oared strake boat race for the championship
of the North of England. The final saw Stockton beat Durham City Waterman easily. First prize
of £20 donated by E.W.Beckett M.P. and G.W.Elliot M.P. Winning Stockton crew J.Walker R.Brown
J.Ecclesfield J.Walker J.Sideway cox
Owens and Cook's Christmas Handicap Final: W.Haines of Old Windsor beat W.Joyce
of London by 2 lengths.
(17/08/1894)Whitby Regatta. Professional four oared strake boat race. Stockton were
awarded the final after a foul by Northern rowing club. Stockton crew J.Walker R.Brown
J.Ecclesfield J.Walker J.Milburn.cox
(16/02/1895) Second "Sportsman" Challenge Cup - C.R.Harding (Chelsea) beat
T.Sullivan (New Zealand) Mansion House to Scotswood Bridge in 21m 15s. [Seems the Tyne
was seen as a neutral river to race on so no-one had the home advantage]
Cook and Winship's Christmas Handicap Final: W.Emmett of HRC beat
W.Ross of New Brunswick by 2 lengths
Cook, Winship and Hail's Christmas Handicap final W.Haines of Old Windsor beat
J.T.Ecclesfield of Stockton by 2 lengths
Graduate's Challenge Cup presented to
BC for junior inter-collegiate
fours, raced for since 1879 but the cup was only presented in 1897.
Cook, Winship and Hail's Christmas Handicap final J.White of Howdon beat
J.Ferhie of Stockton by half a length.
Cook, Winship and Hail's Christmas Handicap final W.Fraser of South Shields
beat J.Lamb by a length
Cook, Winship and Hail's Christmas Handicap Final: G.Brown of Stockton
beat J.Gibson of Putney by 6 feet
Cook, Winship and Hail's Christmas Handicap Final: P.Pearson of Blyth beat W.Lawson.
Pearson was 3 lengths in front when Lawson eased up at Singer's Quay. A letter in the Sunday
Sun from America recalls Pearson crossing the line and shouting "Wheors aal th'Cockneys noo?"
Newcastle Daily Chronicle reports
of the 1900 Final
Hexham Rowing Club clubhouse, made of tar and paper, burnt down, and was
replaced by the wooden boathouse, some of which still forms the existing building in use today.
[Photo of Durham Regatta
officials on Baths bridge worth scanning in?]
Cook, Winship and Hail's Christmas Handicap Final: Alex Barclay beat R.Taylor easily by
Wilson Cup first rowed for. A trophy for the club scoring the most points in the mens senior
and junior races at any regatta between the Tyne and the Humber
(January 1902) W.Haines of Old Windsor moves to run the Buffalo Hotel in Blyth later to
coach Lavery, Haines raced the Christmas Handicap ten times winning twice also winning the
four-oared Championship of England four years running as well as the pairs and punts.
Tees ABC buy from John Tims and Sons of Staines a "racing four delivered to Stockton
Cook, Winship and Hail's Christmas Handicap Final: Jack Dodds of
Hexham Rowing Club beat E. Barry
of London by a length and a half. The event received 109 entries and was watched by 100,000.
International Boat Race: England v Scotland in fours T.Hudson, P.Pearson, G.Davis,
W.Haines were coxed by E.Davidson for England, P.Davidson, W.Colvin, G.Banks, W.Birch
coxed by E.M'Gruer for Scotland. Trainers W.Strang and T.Lee photograph.
Cook, Winship and Hail's Christmas Handicap Final: Humphreys beat A.Bushell of BRC by
3 lengths. Anthony Bushell was also a coxswain of the Blyth lifeboat and died in South Africa
First Durham v Edinburgh University boat race.
St. Chads College BC founded.
Cook, Winship and Hail, Watson and Gilhesey's Christmas Handicap final Tim
Purvis senior WRC beat W.Hunter HRC by 3/4 length.
Northern Rowing Clubs' Handicap final J.H.Cummings beat
J.C.Atkinson by 3 lengths.
"On the Wear" painted by Ralph Hedley, showing keelmen at work.
St. Chads College boathouse built.
Cook and Winship's Xmas Handicap Final: W.Rowan of WRC beat R.Sword by half a length
Tucker Challenge Cup, Blyth Final: Rowed from Flanker to the clubhouse opposite
Cowpen Square Davis beat Lavery.
Walker and Wallsend Clubs' Christmas Handicap Final: A.Hogarth of Sunderland
beat A.Fraser of South Shields by 2 lengths.
North of England Combination Handicap Final: P.Thomas of Stockton beat R.Fenn
NRC (absent) raced on 2nd January and Fenn claimed the race on a foul the referee
ordered the men to row again but Fenn refused and Thomas rowed over.
St. Johns College BC founded.
Messrs Wier and Watson's Handicap Ffinal: J.Lavery of Blyth beat J.Dodds WRC by 2 feet.
J.Lavery defeated Peter Waugh of Castleton for £50 a side on the Tyne
by a length and a quarter.
Messrs Evans, Beadling and Moody's Handicap Final: R.McAlpine
SRC beat J.Unsworth DRC by 2 lengths
George Sims and Sons of Putney build for Tees ABC which is billed to the club as
"a first class racing four with stel tubular riggers, roller slides, latest pattern
movable stretchers, heel traps and rudder carted to Free Trade Wharf - £31.20".
The boat was delivered by sea by The Tyne Tees Steam Shipping Co Ltd on the S S Claudia at
a cost of 95p including port charges...! Interestingly the Sims letterhead includes the
statement "Sectional boats a specialite".
(24/02/1911) A very detailed account in the Durham University Chronical (sic) of a
on the River Wear.
Wansbeck RC founded as a professional club, members mostly coming from the local pit,
the local Rector was President and his Curate a Vice-president.
Armstrong College BC founded and acquired a boathouse at Scotswood from the Northern
(March 1911) James Lavery of Blyth became assistant coach to a Boston, MA club, in
1936 he returned to Henley Regatta with two athletes in the Diamonds.
Messrs Evans, Beadling and Moody's Christmas Handicap Final: J.Welsh DRC beat R.Taylor
NRC by half a length
Messrs Evans, Beadling and Moody's Christmas Handicap: T.H.Purvis DRC
beat I.D.Murray WWRC by 2 lengths
Whitby Amateur Rowing Club formed.
Joseph Robinson of Hexham Rowing Club
won the Hexham Christmas Handicap in 1912 before
emigrating to Australia and making the ultimate sacrifice at Gallipoli.
(Nov 1913) James Lavery of Blyth sculling as James L.Smith defeated Harry S.Bennett
former US Champion over in a gruelling race over three miles for a big stake.
Messrs Evans, Beadling and Moody's Christmas Handicap Final: G.Lewis of Blyth
beat J.White of Tyne Main by a length
Messrs Robinson and Anderson's Christmas Handicap Final: W.McFarlin GRC
beat W.Hunter of Walker RC by 3 lengths.
First Durham v Oundle school race held at York over a mile.
(31/07/1920) Tees Regatta is jointly promoted by Tees and Middlesbrough on the Tees Club
Course. At the AGM it is reported that a Roll of Honour has been hung in the boathouse
"in memory of those gallant members who fell during the war".
Messrs Robinson and Anderson's Xmas Handicap Final: R.H.Walker of
Stockton beat J.Parkins of Hawthorn RC by a length and a half
Greek-Latin Cup presented to Armstrong College BC by overseas students for
Bagnall's Handicap Final: J.J.Farrow of Scotswood beat William Tait of Gateshead by a length.
Tees Regatta offers 4 events including maiden (novice) coxed fours
which is raced in fixed seat boats.
Bagnall's Handicap Final: Jack Hopper of
Hexham Rowing Club
backed by Newcastle
bookmakers to enter the Christmas handicap as Smith and reached the semis.
S.Brownlee WWRC beat J.Mordue ERC by a length in the final.
Handicap promoted by a committee of local sportsmen. Final: T.Tonks WWRC beat
R.Russell of South Ryton RC by 6 lengths
Handicap promoted by a committee of local sportsmen final T.English
Percy RC beat J.Hand Percy RC by 2 lengths
Colombo cup presented by "Three old Tyne men in East". Today, it is rowed for by Tyne RC
members in a private sculling match.
Handicap promoted by Messrs Robinson, Tot Anderson and Captain Arrol
Final: E.Brannen WWRC beat Baba Lee Barnes Bridge by 3 lengths.
Handicap promoted by Messrs Robinson, Tot Anderson and Captain
Arrol final H.A.Phelps, London beat E.Brannen WWRC by 3 lengths.
Ted Phelps won the
at the young age of 16 from the 16-second mark.
Subscription Handicap Final: A.Rowan WWRC beat A.Watson
ERC by 3 lengths in 3 mins 40 secs.
(21/07/1928) Tees Regatta (promoted jointly with Middlesbrough ABC) is held on the
Subscription Handicap Final: G.Payne WWRC beat Bert Barry, London
by 3 lengths in 3 mins 48 secs.
Subsription Handicap Final: N.Ramshaw of Chester-le-Street beat
R.Bewley of Ebchester who fell overboard after a few lengths.
A Southwick RC sculler,
Frank Cunningham, drowned when he capsized after hitting a moored ship
on the Wear at Southwick, Sunderland.
(28/06/1930) Tees Regatta is jointly promoted by Tees ABC and Middlesbrough ABC on the
Middlesbrough club's course (Billingham Reach). Probably the last event promoted by the
Handicap Final: J.Liddle Empire RC beat D.Waggot Gateshead RC
who collapsed and had to be taken out of the boat 200 yards from home
On the basis that a W. Fawcus was listed as a Life Member of Tyne ARC 1926 to 1931, it is assumed that this may
be the famous William Fawcus who possibly died in this year.
The end for Middlesbrough ABC as their boathouse is on the site of one end of what
becomes Newport Bridge, which opens in 1934.
Handicap Final: V.Ormston Empire RC beat J.Armstrong Chester-le-Street RC by 3 feet.
Handicap Final: N.Ramshaw Empire RC beat E.Galloway Southwick RC not sculled out.
H.A.Barry won the
Newcastle Christmas Handicap
from scratch, the first man ever to do so. Barry
beat J.Hopper of Hexham
finished alone, downward course fog, Hopper struck pier of
Misses Taylor present JG Joicey Challenge Cup for senior sculls in memory of their
uncle to Tyne ARC.
Last Gateshead Christmas Handicap. Handicap promoted by a committee
from Empire RC and Gateshead and District RC. Final: W.Ferguson ERC beat
J.Beavsides Southwick RC easily with three lengths to spare.
The Middlesbrough Amateur Boating Club is still homeless and many of the members go
off to war.
Barnes RC stroked by Bert Barry raced a Tyne crew in an event
aimed to revive the rivers rivalry (Newcastle Journal 12-20/06/1933)
A race for County Eights started at York Regatta, and in 1949 the
County ARA ran the County Eights event on the Tyne.
Tyne United RC founded to provide a home for the remnants of the Empire,
Hawthorn, Gateshead and District, and Walker and Wallsend clubs.
(09/02/1946) Tees ABC and Middlesborough merge. 3rd May 1946 - a meeting is held at
Mr Beckwith's office in Albert Road Middlesbrough. Present are G H Rowland, T Jobling,
C Atkin, H Martin and W A Stainsby. The following resolution is passed: "That the Tees ABC
merge their activities with those of the Middlesbrough ABC to form a new club to be known as
the Tees Amateur Rowing Club to further jointly the interests of both clubs. That all
property of the club become the property of the TARC." Middlesbrough thereby add their
cash assets to the assets of Tees ABC to form Tees Amateur Rowing Club. By then the Tees
assets were only a site as their timber boathouse had collapsed during the war....Pre-war
stalwarts such as Frank Hall and his business partner Alf Tomlinson lead the club's
reformation....An approach to The Ministry of Works Regional Disposal Officer for a war
surplus hut for use as a boathouse receives the response that "few huts are available
and the demand far exceeds the supply". Approaches to boat builders reveals a shortage of
boat building materials and skilled labour. An invitation to attend Tyne "At Home" Regatta
is received but has to be declined. In respose to Alan Anderson John Soulsby writes
(21 May 1946) "we have very little money, no boathouse,and no boats but lots of optimism
and maybe in a year or so you may see our colours on the Tyne again".
Last professional event at
Tees Rowing Club - An approach to Eldon Estates for a boathouse site at The Friarage,
Yarm is unsuccessful. Discussions to take a lease from Dorman Long on an old building at
Newport for use as a temporary boathouse. 16 Feb 1949 agreement signed to lease premises
at Newport Works at an annual rent of £1. Extensive correspondence with existing clubs
(inc Berwick, Wigan, St John's College York. York City to try to find secondhand equipment.
General Meeting 14 April - agenda includes "to consider whether to construct a landing at
Newport or to build on the old Tees site". Becuse of the steepness of the river bank the
cost of building a landing at Newport is prohibitive and the decision is made to "return"
to the old Tees site in Boathouse lane. In the meantime the shed at Newport is be used to
store any equipment that is bought.
Tees Rowing Club buy an old army hut for £150. It measures 65 ft long by 25 ft wide (say
20m by 8m). Application for planning permission for the erection of this timber hut to be
used as a boathouse on the Tees ABC site off Boathouse Lane is submitted to Stockton-on-Tees
Borough Council. Two fours are bought from Berwick ARC for 3£0 and two sculling boats are
"thrown in" for good measure. These are stored at Newport. Planning Permission is granted
on 22nd of June 1950.
Simon Hobbs (Kings College,
spare man for GB Olympic team, so
possibly the first international athlete from region.
The National Amateur Rowing Association (NARA) merged with the ARA in 1955,
bringing to a close a bitter debate over amateur status that had plagued British
rowing for almost a century.
Tees Rowing Club - A grant is obtained from Ministry of Education. Two "strake (clinker)
fours are ordered for delivery in March 1956.(Named Tweedledum and Tweedledee). Four new oars
ordered from Collars at a total cost of £26-25p.
Tees Dockers Rowing Club and Grangefield Grammar School are active.
Tees Regatta is held at Yarm - the first regatta on the river since 1939. Tees RC acquire old
clinker Eight - it's name "Mary S. Johnstone" is retained. (This boat may have come from Thames
Tradesmen RC in London where she was their Treasurer/benfactor for many years). Two clinker
H C Banham clinker sculling boats are bought - named "Alexandra" and "Ship" after Tees RC
watering holes. Six oars ordered from F Collar (12'3" long with 3'7" inboard).
The "Tulip" blade was popularized at the European Championships in Macon, and adopted
by many Clubs as standard equipment.
Tees RC purchased a new Edwin Phelps sectional coxed four, believed to have been one of
the first sectioned racing boats. Named "The Black Bull" after the pub in Yarm. Later, the
gearing is lightened by the simple expedient of cutting the riggers in half and welding
in sleeves to increase the span by no less than 50mm (2"). Eventually the boat was sold
to St. Andrew's University. Permission is obtained from The Wear and Tees River Board
to build "The Regatta Steps" at Yarm. (These were on that part of the river bank near
the Black Bull pub. Because the river was tidal they silted up and had to be dug out each
year in readiness for the regatta).
Tees Rowing Club bought an old shell Eight. Sawn in three before the very eyes of it's
previous owners, London Rowing Club, as a preliminary to DIY sectioning by Brian Lewis
the TRC Hon. Boatwarden. The boat named "The Bay Horse" after the pub in Hutton Rudby.
Cambridge University trained for the Boat Race utilizing an unwieldy and primitive
device developed in Australia called an "ergometer."
Tees Rowing Club gain planning permission for new boathouse - estimated cost on a mainly
DIY basis is £4000.
Newcastle University founded as Kings College, Durham becomes Newcastle University.
Tees Rowing Club - Work starts on new boathouse on Easter Saturday. Steel frame built
over old boathouse so that rowing activity can continue. Main part completed by Christmas.
Tees Rowing Club - Centenary year. The new boathouse is opened by the then MP for
Stockton, Bill Rogers
(now Lord Rogers) remembered as one of the "Gang of Four" who broke away from the Labour
Party and eventually evolved into the Liberal Democrats. Middlesbrough Port Transport donate
£52-50 to the boathouse building fund. Principal Guest at The Centenary Dinner is Jack Wood,
President of York City Rowing Club. Frederick Nattrass Boys' Modern School arrange to use
the facilities on Tuesdays and Thursdays under the guidance of their teacher, club member
Tees Rowing Club boat stock comprised: 1 shell eight - The Bay Horse (old), 1 clinker
eight - Mary S Johnstone (ancient), 2 shell fours (The Black Bull- 1959 and Adam - ancient),
2 clinker fours (Tweedldum and Tweedleee - 1957), 2 clinker single sculls - The Ship and
The Alexandra (1957). Mrs Eva Maiden, proprietress of The Collingwood Hotel in Trafalgar
Street, Thornaby presents the club with a trophy which was won in 1895 by her father,
"Nutty" Walker, a professional sculler. It is decided to use it as the trophy for the
club's annual scratch fours event. This was the start of a long association with The
Collingwood, committee meetings were held there for many years.
(10/12/1966) The Rutherford Head Race was founded.
(25/04/1970) Tees Rowing Club - New boats named. Fours - "John Baker" & "Tom Nattrass",
Sculls "Alf Tomlinson" & "Frank Hall", and Tub Pair "Eric Colwell".
Tees Rowing Club purchase a wooden site hut from ICI for £25 and erect it as a Clubroom
alongside the boathouse.
First Tees Long Distance Sculls is held as an invitation event. Course from North Tees
Power Station to Victoria Bridge (3.75 miles). Won by Rolf Munding of
Durham University BC.
Tees Dockers RC reactivated.
Selset Oarsmen established.
The first edition of the North East Rowing News produced.
(May) Official opening of Holme Pierrepont, Nottingham.
(03/06/1973) New Trophy presented at Tyne Regatta. The Barratt Challenge Cup for Senior
B Fours, presented by Mr. L.A. Barratt, father of a Durham School oarsman who raced in that
event on the day, but finished second to Berwick ARC in the final.
St. Johns College completed work on their boathouse to support an unsupported wall.
(13/10/1973) Tees Long distance Sculls becomes established after a trial event in 1972.
Durham ARC won the Page Pennant in front of
and Berwick ARC.
(Nov 1973) South Hylton ran an experimental Scullers Head, won by Ian Boyd of Tyne RC.
Canon H.Olsen, Chairman of the Governers of St. Leonards School named their new
four 'Obelisk' after the well known landmark near the school grounds.
Mark Hayter of Newcastle University Boat Club selected to row for GB Heavyweight Squad.
(06/02/1974) A crisis meeting was held at the Chelmsford Arms to discuss the future
which was in dire financial straits, and short of members. The Club held a crisis meeting at the Chelmsford Arms to discuss its future, due
to dire financial straits, and few members. The outcome was not to wind the Club up, but to
introduce recovery measures. Bede College and Durham ARC had Ebchester boats in their
possession which they agreed to refurbish. An appeal was to be made to the local council
to take over the buiding and lease back to the Club. It was agreed to hold two regattas
during the year. Durham ARC agreed to pay the Ebchester ARA fees. Subscriptions were to be
increased to £2 per annum.
(16/03/1974) The Silver Jubilee of the Tyne Head of the River Race.
A special guest at
was 'Hero', the steam launch featured in the
'Onedin Line' TV drama, and also the ATV series on Edward VII. Whitbread have reduced
the regatta sponsorship from £350 to £50.
(15/09/1974) Durham ARC become the first North East Club to win the 31 mile Boston
Marathon outright. The crew was Hedley, W.Parker, J.C.Kenyon and G.Graham.
Tees Rowing Club takes delivery of it's first new shell four since the Black Bull
in 1959. The Roland Sims of Nottingham boat is named "John Baker II".
Geoff Potts, originally Tees RC, but now Durham ARC, and coached by Eric Halliday of
selected as Gt. Britain Lightweight Single Sculler at World Rowing
Championships in Lucerne. First time ligtweight events included.
Geoff wins the first ever WRC lightweight race & finishes 4th overall.
The first crew from the North East region to win at Henley Royal Regatta since
1874, Durham University
BC win the Visitors Challenge Cup. Crew: Peter McManners,
Tom Durie, Peter Scott, Chris Shawcross
The Dreissigackers began production of light, durable composite material oars.
(05/08/1978) Stockton Regatta is reintroduced having last been held in 1939. Sponsored by
Stockton Borough Council and Evening Gazette.
Tees RC member Chris Kenyon succeeds Ron Bradbeer of Tyne RC as ARA Divisional
Representative (a position he holds for 16 years with a 100% attendance record at Council
Tees RC buy new Ray Sims shell four named "John N Roe".
Tees RC new fours "Tim Wilson" and "The Borough of Stockton-on-Tees" delivered.
||Tees RC Page Pennant winning team
Tees RC win the Page Pennant - a trophy presented to ARA Division One by Freddie Page,
Honorary Secretary of the Amateur Rowing Association, to encourage competition between the clubs.
The last Yarm Regatta is held.
|Tees RC at Henley 1979
The Club made their
first ever appearance at Henley Royal Regatta (beat York City R1 Thames Cup). The crew were:
Cox Gary Bettinson, Str John Inman, 7 Sean Wanless, 6 Denis O'Neill, 5 Dave Carter,
4 Jack Calvert, 3 Tony McMaster 2 Martin Rawson Bow Peter MackFall.
event was revived for one year only, to celebrate the "Newcastle 900"
years event. 54 year old Jack Russell of South Hylton competed for the first time, his Father being a
finalist in 1933.
(September) Tees RC VIII win Boston Marathon (31 miles Lincoln to Boston).
(Nov 1980) The City of Newcastle RC was formed. A few years later, It was to merge
with Tyne ARC to become Tyne RC.
Queen Elizabeth High School (Hexham) formed.
Tees RC buy Donoratico Four "Lady Ann". Named "Ann" after late mother of Past President
David Storry and "Lady" as this was the first Tees boat named after a lady.
BC 4- selected to represent GB at Match des Seniors (U23s) James
Stewart, Mike Roberts, Dave Rendle, Damian Hessian coached by Eric Halladay, 5th place.
Paul Johnson of Tees RC wins Silver medal in senior sculls at National Championships
and wins for England in senior sculls at Home Countries.
Tees RC buy Brown's of Durham Coxless pair "Frances", named after wife of former Club
Captain John Hilton.
BC win the Visitors Challenge Cup at Henley Royal Regatta for a
second time. Crew: Simon Pelly, Andrew Purvis, Dave Rendle, Damian Hessian
Tynemouth RC (G.Brown, D. McGuire, K. Flannery, K. Hastie, cox S. Muffitt) won the
Palmer Grand Challenge Cup at Tyne Regatta for the first time
since 1910, a lapse of 73 years. Sadly, the Ladies Plate, another magnificent trophy from
the Tyne Regatta and won by Tynemouth RC more times than any other Club and in fact by the
same crew as above bar one, was stolen during a burglary at a Durham College and never
Tees RC win Grand Challenge Cup at
Durham Regatta for first
time since 1907. They also won
the fours pennant at the 31 mile Lincoln to Boston Marathon.
Yarm school are introduced to rowing - hosted at Tees RC.
Blyth RC closed their doors for the final time, and presented the single J.A.Hutchinson
to Tyne & Wear museums. Hutchinson was Lord Mayor of Gateshead in 1951, the single to be
restored at the Shipley Art Gallery, Gateshead.
Tees RC host the annual Northern Rowing Council Cross Country Run (aka The Sausage Run) in
Tees purchased "Demonstrator" Empacher Vlll assisted by a bequest from the late Mr. R Storry.
Named 'Harold Macmillan Earl of Stockton'
Tees member Don MacDonald rows in the losing Oxford crew in the Boat Race.
1986 Durham University
WBC selected to represent GB at Match des Seniors (U23s) in HW4+.
Finished 5th Jo Crookhall, Philippa Cross, Di Foster, Mary Sladden, cox Jojo Freeland coach
Tees member Don MacDonald is President of Oxford University Boat Club and leads them to
victory in the Boat Race. This was the year of the infamous "Oxford mutiny" which resulted
in the crew being virtually a reserve crew and thus given no chance of winning. The story was
subsequently the subject of a book and a film both titled "True Blue".
The major event "Tyne Great North River Races' in Newcastle City Centre ended in
controversy. The races were held between Oxford, Cambridge and Durham Universities
and Durham drew clear to win by 3 lengths. Cambridge finished second but raised a
formal objection when they claimed a Police launch clearing the way almost sank them.
The Umpire did not order a re-row. St. Leonards School and Berwick both had boats
snapped in two as the support flotilla passed them. Cambois ARC won the £500 for Sprint Eights.
BC won the Visitors Challenge Cup at Henley Royal Regatta for the third
time. Scott Taylor, Mark Towers, James Chaytor, O.W.Hall-Craggs
WBC Kim Thomas represented GB at World Championships in W2-
BC Mark Towers and George Every represented GB at U23s in HM8+ winning
a bronze medal, Simon Amies in HM4-.
WBC won at Henley Women's Regatta S2 4+, Sarah van Newkirk, Laura
Morgan, Elisabeth Lugg, Caroline Phillips cox Russell Slatford.
BC Russell Slatford and Roger Brown selected to represent GB at U23s
in HM8+ winning a gold medal, Pat Weir and Ed Bellamy in HM2-.
Tees RC buy coxed four from Browns of Durham, named "Chris Kenyon".
WBC won Club VIIIs at HWR Anne Lancaster, Margaret Cooke, Fran
Cunningham, Ali Holland, Sarah van Newkirk, Pip Graham, Caroline Phillips, Kim
Thomas cox Ed Dutton.
BC won Visitors at HRR Charlie Harris, Hugo Mills, Ed Bellamy, Simon
Chris Kenyon of Tees RC is awarded the Amateur Rowing Association's Medal of
Honour "for services to the sport of rowing". Tees buy coxless pair/double scull "Aggie".
Built by Harris of Oxford the boat is unusual in that it is sectioned, a feature which
has since proved very useful.(now hangs in the main room at River Tees WC).
BC Hugo Mills selected as spare man for World Championships.
Josephine Burns of Cambois ARC wins bronze medal in the GB 4- at the World
Junior Rowing Championships (7th in the 8+).
Tees RC name new Coxed Quad, Donald Cooper.
Tees Barrage completed, making the greatest ever change in the river making 11 miles of
navigable water non-tidal.
Hartlepool Rowing Club merges with Tees RC.
Tees Regatta relaunched after an absence of 5 years.
Tees Long Distance Sculls adopts a new course from Thornaby Woods to University College.
Ed Coode of Newcastle University Boat Club selected to represent GB in HM4+ at U23s wins
The 1st Northumbria Water University Boat Race
in the centre of Newcastle-upon-Tyne revived the old inter-campus races that used to be
held between Durham University's Colleges in Newcastle and Durham (previously held in
Matthew Wells of Queen Elizabeth High School wins 2x Gold Medal in World Junior
Championships with James Di Luzio of Mortlake Anglian & Alpha.
Ed Coode of Newcastle University Boat Club selected to represent GB in HM4+ at World
Championships and wins bronze medal.
WBC - Lucy Heise selected to represent GB in HW2x at U23s, 4th.
BC - James Cazenove selected to represent GB in HM8+ at U23s.
Matthew Wells of Hexham wins bronze at World U23 Championships in 1x.
Newcastle University Boat Club - Ros Carslake selected to represent GB at U23s in HW2- won
Matthew Wells of Hexham wins gold at World U23 World Championships in 1x.
||Five-times Olympic Gold Medallist, Sir Steve Redgrave
Not in any way shape or form a Northerner, but what history could fail to mention the
amazing Steve Redgrave who commanded huge media coverage rowing in the British coxless-four
and winning his fifth Olympic Gold Medal in five consecutive Olympics, an accomplishment
never before achieved, and possibly never to be repeated, in any endurance sport.
(November) Tees RC leaves the site in Boathouse Lane that it has occupied continuously
since its foundation in 1864 and moves to new shared premises at The River Tees Watersports
Centre. Fittingly their oldest boat, the tub pair Eric Colwell, is the last to leave the old
premises. The 1986 Empacher Eight, Harold Macmillan - Earl of Stockton, is thorougly
refurbished including a respray.
WBC win at Henley Womens Regatta in LW2-. Magdalene Barron in
composite with TSS which goes onto win a bronze medal at National Championships and
represent Scotland at Home Inyernational Regatta.
BC - Peter Rudge selected to represent GB in HM4+ at U23s, then World
Championships in HM4+ that won a bronze medal.
BC and Durham University Womens BC merge to become one club.
Steve Redgrave Supersprints staged in Durham.
Peter J.C. Wells (formerly QEHS Hexham) wins gold at World U23 Championships in 1x.
Peter J.C. Wells (formerly QEHS Hexham) wins the Diamnd Sculls at Henley.
The 150th anniversary of Tyne Rowing Club. Special Dinner held at the Newcastle Civic
Centre on 16th December with five times Olympic Champion Sir Steven Redgrave as guest of honour.
Tees RC move to the new Centre sees a significant increase in members, and greater demand
for more boats. Resultant purchases: From Walbrook RC - an Eight (Mississippi Canyon) which is
named "Kate O'Sullivan", a coxed four (Walrus) which is named "John and Jane Inman" and a
double scull "Amethyst" one of the last Ray Sims wooden boats which is named "Arthur"
(after Arthur Bivens - former TRC Hon.Boatwarden). From Phoenix RC a coxed four (Brian Bowden)
which is renamed "The Old Boathouse" and from Marlow RC a pair/double scull (Bryn Evans)
which is renamed "David Carter".
Tees RC is accepted for Project Oarsome, the ARA scheme to bring rowing to state schools.
Partner schools are Blakeston School, Norton and Acklam Grange, Middlesbrough.
Durham University BC
win College VIIIs at Henley Womens Regatta. Naomi Hoogesteger,
Louise Buxton, Bryony Oldale, Celia Kingston, Laura Gater, Helen Loughran, Marsaili Scott,
Clare Leake cox Emma Crozier.
Durham University BC
Peter Rudge selected to represent GB at World Championships in HM8+
Jess Eddie of Durham ARC won an international rowing medal when she collected an
Under 23 bronze.
Durham University BC
- Steve Rowbotham selected to represent GB at U23s in HM2x,
Marsaili Scott in HW4- 6th.
Durham University BC
won at Henley Womens Regatta in senior quads Clare Leake, Rachel
Harris, Ann Fines Allin, Louisa Reeve. Paul Kelly and James Clarke selected to represent
GB at U23s in LM2- and won bronze medal.
Newcastle University Boat Club - Henry Pelly selected to represent GB at U23s in HM4x.
Durham University BC
won the BUSA Championship winning the Eric Halladay Memorial
trophy, the first time that Nottingham had ever lost the title.
Tony Flinn became the region's first Adaptive Rowing competitor, racing in the Tees Scullers Head.
(02/11/2005) The three long-standing landmark wooden lighthouses on the River Tyne Head course were permanently
removed. The last crew to collide with them was a Tees Mackfall/Bettinson Vet double in the Tyne
Scullers Head a few weeks prior.
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Provenance is an integral part of a Museum’s operation. Traditionally provenance helps establish two things. It allows a Museum to trace the history of the ownership of an object back through time. Ideally this proves a complete and clear history of ownership – in other words the work has not been stolen or a forgery. But also, and importantly, it allows the art historian to prove that a piece of art existed in a given period and can thereby be associated with a given artist or a given school.
In 2003 / 2004 claims were made against the provenance of the collection of The Hunt Museums Trust. The Simon Wiesenthal Centre, Paris, claimed that John and Gertrude Hunt acquired a range of items by inapposite means. There followed a period of intense research with claims and counter claims supporting and / or rebutting various arguments. No item in the collection of the Trust has been identified as originating in dubious circumstances. The Museum was among the first in Ireland to illustrate all of its collection on the web to facilitate research and to show openness to any group or individual who had concerns about a given object.
(Virginia Teehan – former Director: The Hunt Museum – 2010 Report)
The Hunt Museum Provenance Research Project has made important progress and significant achievements, within the context of available resources, in realising the objectives set down by the Department of Arts, Sport and Tourism in pursing the recommendations made in the Nicholas Report. There is a requirement for additional resources to be made available in order for this vital research, which is central to professional best practice, to be continued.
Given that the Museum has completed the recommendations outlined in the Nicholas Report, it is recommended that, in line with professional best practice, the Board of the Hunt Museum devises a Provenance Research Strategy which establishes clear direction, objectives and priorities for future work as well as a detailed Resource Plan.
It is recommended that select items from the Hunt Collection are referred to the Art Loss Register (ALR) for checking against their databases. The ALR has one of the world’s largest private databases of lost and stolen art, antiques and collectables. It is used by museums internationally as well as legal firms and private individuals to clarify ownership histories of objects. This process should be one of the next steps in evaluating the priorities for future work.
The Hunt Museum, as part of the research, considered researching auction house records as a high priority. The Hunt Museum submitted enquiries on vendors and purchasers to both Christie’s and Sotheby’s on items purchased at their auction houses. Confirmation was received from both Sotheby’s and Christie’s that there do not appear to be any suspicious names or problematic circumstances with any of the items in question. It is recommended that research results obtained from the auction houses, regarding the ownership history of objects bought by John and Gertrude Hunt are promptly published on the relevant pages of the Hunt Museum website, with confirmation from Christie’s and Sotheby’s. This research should be shared with the Simon Wiesenthal Centre and placed in the public domain as an immediate action.
It is recommended that the information provided by the Hunt Museum to Glasgow Museums and Galleries be updated on the UK Cultural Property Advice website. By publishing the information, these results can then be shared with international databases for research, and with heirs searching for their potentially lost collections.
It is recommended that the auction houses (all are listed on the relevant Provenance Research pages on the Hunt Museum website) from which John and Gertrude Hunt are known to have purchased objects are contacted as continuing research and that support is sought from them in order to provide further ownership history. It is recommended that the results of this research are published on the relevant pages of the Hunt Museum website and that the next stage of research for items purchased from European and US auction houses are pursued.
It is recommended that the archival collections of state bodies continue to be reviewed for relevant holdings. Such agencies include: The National Museum of Ireland, The National Gallery of Ireland, The Arts Council of Ireland, Shannon Heritage Ltd. It is also recommended that the Office of Public Works is contacted directly to ascertain if access may be arranged to their archival collections. It is recommended that the research results from this work are appropriately published.
It is recommended that the Hunt Museum Provenance Research Project informs the international provenance research community if any archives relevant to Alexander von Frey become known. The discovery of extant archival material relating to von Frey continues to be of high priority for the Hunt Museum.
It is strongly recommended that the Hunt Museum Provenance Research Project continues to pursue research, as detailed in Section 3, of this report as a continuing part of provenance research at the Hunt Museum.
It is recommended that the research and results received should be shared and communicated with the Simon Wiesenthal Centre and the international research community in order to assist any potential claimant families in the search for their art losses.
The Hunt Controversy: A Shadow Report was published in December 2008. It is recommended that The Hunt Controversy: A Shadow Report, in the first instance, continue to be comprehensively evaluated for all references that are germane to the Hunt Collection as managed by the Hunt Museum Ltd. It is further recommended that allegations contained in this report about the origins and ownership history of the Hunt Collection continue to be researched. It is recommended that the review of The Hunt Controversy: A Shadow Report, once research is complete and the information is compiled, be published and placed on the public record.
The Board of the Hunt Museum Ltd. considered the above ‘Recommendations’ and agreed that they should be progressively implemented as resources become available.
International Provenance Research Training Workshop
In summer 2012 the director of the Hunt Museum, Dr Hugh Maguire, attended the first International Provenance Research Training Workshop. Attendance was generously supported by the International Claims Conference and the European Shoah Legacy Institute. The week-long programme was attended by representatives from a range of institutions internationally including The Israel Museum, Jerusalem; the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa; the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam. Students, and budding researchers, attended from a range of academic institutions – primarily from the USA.
The principal instructors for the workshops were Marc Masurovsky, Willi Korte and Agnes Peresztegi. A range of invited outside experts addressed the group in the course of the week including Thierry Bajou of the Ministry for Culture and Communications, France; Mary-Kate Cleary of the Art Loss Registry and Jane Milosch of the Smithsonian Institute, Washington DC.
The workshop was hosted by the Koordinerungsstelle Magdeburg, Germany. The Koordinerungsstelle has the task to document search requests and lost and found reports on cultural property seized as a result of Nazi persecution and on cultural property looted during and after the Second World War (1939-45). The Koordinerungsstelle aims to establish transparency both on a national and international level and provides advisory support to institutions and individuals in Germany and abroad.
For further information see:
For futher information consult
ICOM Deutschland – Beiträge zue Museolgie. Band 3: Die Ethik des Sammelns (ICOM Deutschland 2011). www.icom-deutschland.de ISBN: 978-3-00-034461-9 | <urn:uuid:fd5c8928-2ad8-4f44-be2b-86100608e98f> | {
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Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) is pressure that is delivered into your airways by a machine.
Reasons for the Use of CPAP
CPAP is used to keep the airway open and allows air to more easily move in and out of your lungs. It is used most often to manageobstructive sleep apnea. Obstructive sleep apnea is a period of time during sleep with breathing is blocked. This can happen several times each night. CPAP is considered to be the most effective treatment for sleep apnea which may help to:
- Decrease daytime sleepiness
- Decrease high blood pressure
- Decrease heartburn symptoms
- Improve quality of life
CPAP may also be used in preterm infants. Under developed lungs can be a common problem in preterm infants. CPAP can help support the infant's lungs until they can develop fully. It may prevent or decrease the need for more invasive treatments or medications. This article is focused on CPAP for sleep apnea.
Most patients who use CPAP report at least one side effect. The first night using a CPAP machine can be difficult. You may even sleep worse at first. It is important to prepare for this adjustment. Talk with your doctor about steps you can take to minimize any discomfort.
CPAP is considered very safe. Talk to your doctor about potential complications, such as:
What to Expect
Prior to Getting a CPAP Machine
Your doctor may request that you:
- Have a complete physical exam.
- Have a stay in a sleep lab to determine the correct amount of airway pressure for you.
- See a pulmonologist or an ear, nose, and throat specialist.
- Quit smoking
- Lose weight.
- Start a regular exercise program.
Description of Machine Use
Following your stay in a sleep lab, you will be prescribed a CPAP machine.
The CPAP machine includes a pump and a face mask. The pump sits off the bed and has a tube that goes to the face mask. The face mask will be tightly secured to your head so that air will not leak out. The pump will force air through your airway to help keep it open. You will need to wear the face mask to bed every night.
How Long Will It Take?
The machine will be used for as long as it is needed.
Will It Hurt?
Some have reported chest muscle discomfort. Talk with your doctor about the best way for you to relieve any discomfort.
Average Hospital Stay
CPAP machines will be used at home.
Stopping use of the CPAP will most likely cause symptoms of sleep apnea to return. Follow the instructions for the care and cleaning of your machine and mask.
Call Your Doctor
After arriving home, contact your doctor if any of the following occurs:
- Cough or difficulty breathing
- Chest pain
- Feelings of dizziness, lightheadedness, or headache
- Ear pain that increases when using the CPAP machine
- Difficulty adjusting to the machine, beyond what is expected
In case of an emergency, call for medical help right away.
- Reviewer: Michael Woods, MD
- Review Date: 05/2013 -
- Update Date: 05/28/2013 - | <urn:uuid:1d118616-75c7-432d-8c58-170109b3c52a> | {
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The group of symptoms or the signs indicating the existence of specific condition or disorder is known as syndrome. Syndromes in medical genetics are Down syndrome, Stickler syndrome, and Williams syndrome. Toxic shock syndrome and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome are non-genetic syndromes. Scholarly peer review is the process of subjecting an author's scholarly work, research, or ideas to the scrutiny of others who are experts in the same field, before a paper describing this work is published in a journal. Peer review requires a community of experts in a given (narrowly defined) field, who are qualified and able to perform reasonably impartial review.
Last date updated on September, 2014 | <urn:uuid:844799ae-baa6-4208-81a1-db3dea9e7aa3> | {
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Protect our Water, Protect our Health
Monday, May 2, 2011
By EWG Research Analyst Paul Pestano, M.S. and Senior Scientist Olga Naidenko, Ph.D.
In March, DuPont, the behemoth chemical company whose factories have polluted groundwater in several communities in West Virginia, Ohio and New Jersey, agreed to pay $8.3 million to provide water filters for 4,800 homes in southern New Jersey.
In all three locations, DuPont's plants contaminated drinking water with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA or C8), an industrial chemical that is persistent in humans and the environment and has been linked to endocrine disruption, reproductive toxicity, damage to the immune system and elevated risk of cancer and heart disease.
Now, two new published studies have provided fresh evidence of PFOA's potential to cause harm even at low levels. And yes, this is something to pay attention to, since PFOA belongs to a class of chemicals called perfluorochemicals, or PFCs, that have been found in over 98% of all Americans.
PFCs and Early Menopause
One recent study done at West Virginia University's School of Medicine found a link between PFC levels in a woman's body and the timing of the onset of menopause. Adjusting for other factors that can affect the timing of menopause, such as age, smoking and exercise level, the study found that increased exposures to PFCs correlated with lower levels of sex hormones -- and earlier menopause.
The study, published in the peer-reviewed Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, is the largest to date examining the health impacts of PFOA and a related PFC, perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), on the human body. It included 25,957 women between the ages of 18 and 65.
Lead author Dr. Sarah Knox told EWG in a phone interview, "We believe these results are clinically disturbing. They're a red flag."
While the levels of PFOA in the women studied were higher than the national average, the level of PFOS in participants was similar to that commonly found in the U.S. population.
As in all epidemiological studies, establishing causality remains a challenge, so follow-up research will be essential. Scientists are necessarily cautious about drawing definitive conclusions, and this study does not prove definitely that it was PFCs specifically that caused early menopause. The results agree with findings in laboratory animal and occupational studies.
Low-dose PFOA Exposure and Breastfeeding
In another peer-reviewed study release in April, researchers at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences found that chronic, multi-generational exposure to PFOA caused altered mammary gland development in mice.
The mice were given drinking water containing PFOA, much like the water that residents of the polluted communities have been drinking for years. What is most noteworthy, however, was that PFOA was found to affect mice at levels nearly ten times lower than the levels found in humans drinking PFOA-contaminated water.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is requiring companies to phase out use and manufacture of PFOA by 2015, but by then, certain populations will have been drinking tainted water for decades.
What can you do?
Even without exposure to PFOA-contaminated drinking water, PFC concentrations slowly build up in the body from a lifetime of exposure to PFC-containing consumer products such as food packaging, cookware or stain-resistant and waterproof clothing. Although long-term exposures cannot be reversed overnight, it makes sense to take small steps to minimize exposures.
For tips on how, visit EWG's Guide to PFC's. And if you're interested in keeping up with the latest on PFOA contamination issues, Ken Ward Jr. of the Charleston Gazette runs an excellent blog from a unique, on-the-ground perspective. | <urn:uuid:f79e1f0e-4e60-46b9-9d08-5aa31ac8b57d> | {
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Vietti went there with noble intentions.
She went to Vietnam to heal. She became America's first female prisoner of war in that country.
Dr. Eleanor Ardel Vietti, known as Ardel, joined the Christian and Missionary Alliance in 1957 and was sent to the Ban Me Thuot Leprosarium in the midst of tiger-infested jungles. Among the Montagnards or mountain people of this region, leprosy could reach rates of 30 percent in tribes. Working with missionary and tribal nurses, Vietti treated the afflicted and tried to prevent the healthy from contracting the disease.
From the 1954 division of Vietnam, the anti-government guerrilla factions under Ho Chi Minh harassed the South Vietnamese countryside, where millions of refugees from the north had fled. The minority Montagnards were one of their special targets. Vietti knew this, and knew that working at Ban Me Thuot entailed the risk of capture or even death. However, she accepted patients of all political affiliations, even after the situation in Vietnam worsened and military operations increased.
In 1962, new hostilities became evident in Ban Me Thuot. Visiting missionaries were encouraged to leave, but the existing staff -- including Vietti, Dan Gerber, and Archie and Betty Mitchell -- were not believed to be in danger. But at 7:45 p.m. on May 30, 12 armed men arrived, tied up Archie Mitchell and Dan Gerber, and ordered Vietti out of her house. They took the three with them. Although U.S. and South Vietnamese military authorities spotted the three prisoners the next day, a rescue attempt was deemed inadvisable.
It is not conclusively known what became of Vietti, Mitchell and Gerber as POWs, where or when or how they may have died. In the 38 years since their capture, rumors that they remain alive have been reported. Stories from jungle tribesmen who claimed they spotted a white woman with two white men have never been substantiated. But since 1994, the official position of the U.S. government has been that no Americans who were captured by the Vietnamese or who went missing in action during the war remain alive.
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of bread and wine was a prominent feature in the worship of Mithras.
"There is a remarkable syncretist painting in a non-Christian catacomb in which the elements of the Greek mysteries of Demeter are blended with those of Sabazius and Mithra, in a way which shows that the worship was blended also." The most important rite of all these antique mysteries being the Eucharist, led the celebrated Cicero to exclaim, "Can a man be so stupid as to imagine that which he eats to be a god?" It has required a great effort for intelligent minds in all ages to reconcile their imaginations to the bloody ritual so prominent in all religious ceremonies from the earliest age. It is a relief to refined and spiritual natures to be able to look down the long ages of time and see that the early rite from which each evolved was instituted by savage peoples, and celebrated in their ignorant worship of animals.
It is a self-evident truth that "the ideas which the religious instinct has once grasped it seldom abandons"—consequently there are countless survivals along the entire line of religious progress, of beliefs and customs belonging to lower planes of culture, which have been, as far as possible, adapted to higher systems by giving them new names or more spiritual explanations. To this cause must be ascribed the fact—so evident to all students of comparative theology—of the early Christian Church becoming incrusted with the rituals and religious customs of the pagan world. The late Dr. Hatch, in the Hibbert Lectures of 1888, demonstrated, in the most convincing manner, "the influence of Greek ideas and usages upon the Christian Church." Every thoughtful person who has made even a slight study of this all-important subject is compelled to unite with him in saying: "Greece lives—not only its dying life in the lecture-rooms of universities, but also with a more vigorous growth in the Christian churches. It lives there, not by virtue of the survival within them of this or that fragment of ancient teaching, and this or that fragment of an ancient usage, but by the continuance in them of great modes and phases of thought, of great drifts and tendencies, of large assumptions. . . . No sooner is any new impulse given, either to philosophy or religion, than there arises a class of men who copy the form without the substance, and try to make the echo of the past sound like the voice of the present. So it has been with Christianity. It came into the educated world in the simple dress of a prophet of righteousness. It won that world by the stern reality of its life, by the subtile bonds of its brotherhood, by its divine message of consolation and hope. Around it thronged the race of eloquent talkers, who persuaded it to change its dress and to assimilate its language to their own. It seemed thereby to win a speedier and completer victory. But it purchased conquest | <urn:uuid:86625675-cd5f-498f-b361-1651cecbec9c> | {
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