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Report shows solar panels powering Aussie homes for less
ROOFTOP solar panels could help reduce power bills for all households, regardless of whether they install them or not, a report on solar power by the Centre of Policy Development reveals.
The analysis of the photovoltaic panels and subsidies shows the take-up of solar power helps to reduce the wholesale cost of all electricity.
It also found it could reduce summer peak demand, helping to reduce pressure on the current "poles and wires" distribution networks.
As of early April, more than one million solar PV panels were installed on Australian rooftops with forecasts that one in five homes would have solar panels by 2020.
CPD sustainable economy research director Laura Eadie said her report showed rooftop solar still had a key role to play in growing a cleaner, more affordable electricity system.
Ms Eadie's report found the nation's current level of rooftop solar saved between $300 million and $670 million each year in wholesale electricity costs, reducing household power bills as long as power retailers passed the savings on to consumers.
But she warned the future growth of solar energy in Australia needed to be based on consistent government policies, including industry support and the Renewable Energy Target.
"Politicians need to base their decisions on where our electricity system is going," she said.
"Governments which back legacy technologies, while ignoring growing community desires for renewable energy, will face political fallout."
The report also found those who did install solar panels were more engaged in the energy market, ensuring helping to reduce their own personal costs, as well as easing pressure on the National Electricity Network. | <urn:uuid:14846999-fc92-4645-aae7-ccb92eb0b848> | {
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Rudolph, Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet, Cupid, Donder, and Blitzen are the most commonly cited names of Santa’s nine reindeer. In the poem “The Night Before Christmas” (attributed to Clement C. Moore), from which the names of the reindeer come, the reindeer known today as Donner and Blitzen were originally Dunder and Blixem (the Dutch words “Donder” and “Bliksem” stand for “thunder” and “lightning”, as rendered in English orthography). Dunder was later reprinted as Donder, which developed into Donner (the German for “thunder”); while Blixem quickly became Blixen and then Blitzen (German for “lightning”).. All of these reindeer names are recited in the first verse of the popular song Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, which in turn has helped make Rudolph by far the best known and most popular with children.
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer was born for the American department store chain Montgomery Ward in 1939, and has since entered the public consciousness as Santa’s ninth and lead reindeer.
All of the above reindeer have been proven to exist throughout multiple theatrical appearances, although in the film The Polar Express only eight of the reindeer can be seen pulling Santa’s sleigh-.
Dasher – The first reindeer and the right-hand leader of the sleigh before Rudolph was included. He is the speediest reindeer.
* Dancer – The second reindeer and the left leader before Rudolph was included. She is the graceful reindeer.
* Prancer – The third reindeer and on the right in the second row. She is the most powerful reindeer.
* Vixen – The fourth reindeer and on the left-hand side in the second row. She is beautiful, and also powerful like her companion Prancer.
* Comet – The fifth reindeer and on the right-hand side in the third row. He brings wonder and happiness to children when Santa flies over everyone’s houses.
* Cupid – The sixth reindeer and on the left-hand side in the third row. She brings love and joy to children when Santa flies over everyone’s houses.
* Donder – The seventh reindeer and on the right-hand side in the fourth row. He is the “thunder” reindeer. (Donder’s name is often misspoken as Donner, in fact it is spoken wrong so often that most people believe it to be the latter.)
* Blitzen – The eighth reindeer and on the left-hand side in the fourth row. She is the “lightning” reindeer, but in American pop culture Blitzen is frequently portrayed as a male (for instance, in the animated Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer Blitzen is the coach of the reindeer games). | <urn:uuid:9e34689d-aba0-4aed-a1b9-a006075019eb> | {
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Although the basic Incident Command System (ICS) is taught across emergency response disciplines, several shortcomings and constraints could lead to its downfall. Training for ICS is not a one-time occurrence, but should be an ongoing process of expanding knowledge, exercising skills, and passing on these abilities for the benefit of future generations.
Following the 9/11 terrorist attacks, the National Incident Management System (NIMS) was promulgated by the issuance of Homeland Security Presidential Directive 5 (HSPD-5) on 28 February 2003. The purpose of HSPD-5 was, “To enhance the ability of the United States to manage domestic incidents by establishing a single comprehensive national incident management system.” With the adoption of the Incident Command System (ICS) as a cornerstone, HSPD-5 states that, “To provide for interoperability and compatibility among federal, state, and local capabilities, the NIMS will include a core set of concepts, principles, terminology, and technologies covering the incident command system.”
Initially published in March 2004, Appendix B of the NIMS doctrine specifically delineates the ICS for use with “a broad spectrum of incidents, from routine to complex, both naturally occurring and manmade, by all levels of government – federal, state, tribal, and local – as well as nongovernmental organizations, and the private sector.” This appendix adds the following “transitional steps” that are needed when applying ICS to an incident environment:
Recognize and anticipate that organizational elements may need to be activated and take the necessary steps to delegate authority, as appropriate
Establish and position incident facilities to support field operations as needed
Establish common terminology for organizational elements, position titles, facilities, and resources
Develop a written incident action plan
Shortcomings & Constraints Despite significant strides in training in the fundamental nuances of the ICS since 2004 – and thousands of people completing this training – there appear to be shortcomings or constraints in these efforts, which include: limited training for sufficient numbers of personnel; atrophy of knowledge, skills, and abilities; lack of succession planning; and ongoing distrust for ICS.
One of the first challenges is the inability of some personnel to recognize and/or anticipate the need to activate organizational elements when assessing an incident’s potential. The core ICS training curriculum provides students with an array of terminology related to functions, positions, facilities, and actions. However, little attention has been given to developing the students’ ability to recognize an evolving situation in which more formalized implementation of the ICS should be undertaken.
Simply put, the average student of ICS learns about what ICS is, but not so much about when to use it. Although it could be argued that ICS should be employed all the time, in reality, only the core functions can be employed routinely. There are fewer instances to staff most of the other positions within the ICS organization. Exactly when to transition from routine operations to more urgent conditions – and designate personnel to serve in positions such as incident commander, operations chief, and planning chief – remains unclear.
Second, the number of personnel trained in intermediate (ICS-300) and advanced (ICS-400) ICS are inadequate to ensure that trained and experienced staff will be available to assume the leadership roles needed for many instances. Dating back to around 2005, most agencies at all levels of government – as well as nongovernmental organizations and private sector response support organizations – undertook extensive efforts to provide introductory and basic ICS (ICS-100 and ICS-200) and intermediate and advanced ICS for supervisors and managers, which is often subject to agency leadership’s definitions of these roles.
However, over the past several years, less attention has been focused on maintaining or upgrading training or on providing opportunities for new personnel to develop experience as they replace those who have moved up or moved out. There appears to be inadequate succession planning to maintain minimum skill sets for ICS among personnel who are moving into positions requiring intermediate or advanced ICS training.
Additionally, training for personnel who will serve in specific command and general staff functions has been secondary. With the exception of local, regional, or departmental organizations that elect to establish an incident management team, a majority of personnel who complete ICS training stop training once they complete ICS-300 or ICS-400. This shows that there is less focus on performance competencies in functional responsibilities than on federal stipulations to adopt NIMS.
Limited Training to Manage Civil Unrest One report highlights these issues: “Recommendations for Enhancing Baltimore City’s Preparedness and Response to Mass Demonstration Events (Based on a Review and Analysis of the Events of April 2015),” which was prepared by faculty and staff at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. In this report, a number of deficiencies regarding the city’s training, application, and use of ICS wereentified, including Recommendation 2.4, which states:
“BPD [Baltimore Police Department] personnel deployments during mass demonstration and critical incident response should utilize fundamental ICS principles governing chain of command, including span of control and unity of command. BPD should continue to enhance its ICS capabilities through more training and through more frequent utilization of ICS principles in routine incident management. BPD should also continue to develop the ICS capabilities of its senior leadership personnel.”
In the rationale for this recommendation, the report noted:
“While incident management in general is not a forte of police departments, ICS principles and training would facilitate BPD’s management of multiple-officer response incidents on a daily basis. Not only would it be an effective, systematic approach for those incidents, this daily practice will familiarize personnel with ICS concepts and procedures and strengthen response capacity and efficacy during larger incidents.”
Another report, “Lessons Learned From the 2015 Civil Unrest in Baltimore,” issued in September 2015 by the Police Executive Research Forum, stated that:
“Many of the key individuals who had practiced specific ICS positions were assigned to the Freddie Gray Investigation Task Force, leaving vacancies in key spots in the structure. As a result, individuals who had never practiced a particular role as a prime or as a backup were learning it throughout the unrest.”
Based on these observations, one might surmise that the large-city (population 641,000) Baltimore Police Department did not train a sufficient number of supervisory personnel in the concepts or principles of ICS to ensure adequate personnel reserves with the training or experience to assume command and/or general staff functions during the incident(s).
Law Enforcement Lessons in Virginia Bristol, Virginia, is a small city (population 17,750) having a police department with a full-service force of 56 sworn officers and 21 full-time support personnel (compared to Baltimore’s nearly 4,000 uniformed/sworn and civilian staff). Darryl Milligan is a captain with the department. During a December 2015 discussion with Milligan, he offered several observations. First, he noted that resistance to ICS training might be “a more prevalent problem in large agencies than small agencies.”
In an era of specialization, departments with large staff rosters may have the ability to designate or assign personnel for specific tasks or functions, including implementation of ICS. Given this philosophy, they may train a full cadre, including reserves. Alternatively, they may determine that, since an ICS-type incident is relatively rare, training will be limited to a small cadre to allow more personnel to be trained in other departmental tasks or functions that are deemed higher priorities. An agency the size of the Bristol Police Department does not have the “luxury” of assigning personnel to special assignments. Consequently, personnel must be cross-trained and qualified in multiple disciplines, tasks, or functions.
Milligan also added, “Police officers in general are brought up through their career being taught to get to the problem and handle it.” Most law enforcement officers are conditioned to take immediate action based on visible, audible, and other clues at that moment. This conditioning certainly merits respect because the typical police officer responds alone and cannot rely on others for immediate assistance in urgent situations. The ICS is often perceived as a slow and deliberate process. Thus, to some extent, law enforcement agencies may be less favorably disposed toward adoption and use of ICS, whether for routine or emergency situations based on the assumption that it will take longer to implement an incident command organization and process than to address the situation.
However, law enforcement agencies are, by no means, the only agencies that have encountered problems with the implementation and use of the ICS. Large and small departments have demonstrated or experienced shortcomings and constraints in applying or using the fundamental principles of the ICS.
Atrophy of Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities to Manage Explosion On 17 April 2013, the West Fertilizer Company Fire and Explosion resulted in 15 fatalities, including 12 emergency responders, and more than 260 documented injured persons. The town of West is a relatively rural and remote community in Texas with an all-volunteer fire department. However, that department reportedly conformed to Texas fire service training standards including training in NIMS and ICS. In its final Investigation Report on the incident released in January 2016, the U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board cited among its conclusions that, “Despite being trained for the ICS and NIMS process, none of the certified firefighters had prior practical experience in establishing incident command.” The report further stated that, “emergency response personnel who responded to the [West Fertilizer Company] incident did not take time to set up, implement, and coordinate an effective incident management system plan.”
That situation revealed another challenge to successful implementation of ICS that is often encountered, a “Good News–Bad News” situation. The good news is that, nationwide, the occurrence of major or catastrophic incidents is relatively rare. The bad news is the same. Hence, the opportunities to apply principles and practice skills associated with managing such incidents are rare. Therefore, even after receiving good training, many individuals’ knowledge, skills, and abilities atrophy from lack of application. In many cases, opportunities for review or practice (exercises) must be “manufactured” in order to maintain or improve an individual’s abilities in using the ICS.
Training in the concepts, principles, and protocols of ICS is only a small part of the process. What follows is often more important. After the training, trainees should be practicing – or exercising – to reinforce the training. Too often, once the training is completed, no further follow-on is provided. As has been said many times over the years, “If you don’t use it, you lose it.” This applies to ICS. Training should include ways for “reading the tea leaves” toentify indicators that a situation may escalate or expand to a significant extent. This training should be reinforced periodically. A minimum requirement for annual refresher training in ICS is just a start. At a minimum, an annual exercise should be conducted in which participants are given the challenge ofentifying: (a) when an expanded ICS framework is needed; and (b) the appropriate steps and protocols to follow to establish that framework, given a realistic scenario.
Lack of Succession Planning & Ongoing Distrust for ICS Finally, a potentially critical challenge to successful implementation and use of ICS in the future is simply attrition. NIMS is now 12 years “young.” Employees who were just starting their careers in 2004 are at or beyond the halfway mark in their careers. An employee who had five years of experience on the job in 2004 will likely be eligible to retire in three years. The math is relatively simple. The number of personnel who trained in ICS when it was first implemented will be moving up, moving on, or moving out in a short number of years (if they have not already done so). Plans must be in the works now for succession planning to ensure that an ample number of personnel are trained in ICS and given sufficient opportunities to reinforce, refresh, and strengthen their competencies – not only in establishing ICS for their needs, but in recognizing when it is needed.
In summary, although ICS is a valuable tool for managing significant incidents, attention must be focused on developing and extending training for enough personnel to ensure that adequate numbers of qualified and experienced personnel for potential needs are locally available. This includes addressing how to provide mechanisms for maintaining competencies, to ensure that succession planning is in place, and to remove any inherent misunderstandings and distrust in NIMS-ICS before a need arises.
Stephen Grainer is the chief of IMS programs for the Virginia Department of Fire Programs (VDFP). He has served in Virginia fire and emergency services and emergency management coordination programs since 1972 – in assignments ranging from firefighter to chief officer. He also has been a curriculum developer, content evaluator, and instructor, and currently is developing and managing the VDFP programs needed to enable emergency responders and others to meet the National Incident Management System compliance requirements established by the federal government. From 2010 to 2012, he served as president of the All-Hazards Incident Management Teams Association.
To receive m | <urn:uuid:ff9a46ba-eef8-4213-aac8-c0efdb801b4a> | {
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The New International Encyclopædia/Müller, Leopold
MÜLLER, Leopold (1834-92). An Austrian genre painter, born in Dresden, of Austrian parents. He was a pupil of Karl Blaas and of Christian Ruben at the Academy in Vienna. Obliged to support his family after his father's death, he worked eight years as an illustrator for the Vienna Figaro. Continuing his studies subsequently, he visited repeatedly Italy and Egypt, and made his name favorably known through a series of scenes from popular life in Italy and Hungary. Afterwards he displayed his coloristic talent to greater advantage in Oriental subjects, such as “Arabian Money-Changers,” “Pilgrims to Mecca Resting,” “Bedouins in Camp,” “Camel Mart,” “Young Copt Woman” (New Pinakothek, Munich). Other works include “The Inundation in Vienna. 1862:” “Old Little Matron” and “Last Task of the Day” (both in the Vienna Museum); and “Soldiers in the Thirty Years' War” (Prague Gallery). | <urn:uuid:368fc15e-3460-4b0d-9674-df6fa15b0d6b> | {
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Book Description: The essence of critical thinking concepts and tools distilled into a 20-page pocket-size guide. It is a critical thinking supplement to any textbook or course. It is best used in conjunction with the Analytic Thinking Guide. Everyone thinks; it is our nature to do so. But much of our thinking, left to itself, is biased, distorted, partial, uninformed or down-right prejudiced. Yet the quality of our life and that of what we produce, make, or build depends precisely on the quality of our thought. Shoddy thinking is costly, both in money and in quality of life. Excellence in thought, however, must be systematically cultivated. Critical thinking is the art of analyzing and evaluating thinking with a view to improving it. Critical thinking is, self-directed, self-disciplined, self-monitored, and self-corrective thinking. It requires rigorous standards of excellence and mindful command of their use. It entails effective communication and problem solving abilities and a commitment to overcoming our native egocentrism and sociocentrism. This miniature guide focuses on of the essence of critical thinking concepts and tools distilled into pocket size. For faculty it provides a shared concept of critical thinking. For students it is a critical thinking supplement to any textbook for any course. Faculty can use it to design instruction, assignments, and tests in any subject. Students can use it to improve their learning in any content area. Its generic skills apply to all subjects. For example, critical thinkers are clear as to the purpose at hand and the question at issue. They question information, conclusions, and points of view. They strive to be clear, accurate, precise, and relevant. They seek to think beneath the surface, to be logical, and fair. They apply these skills to their reading and writing as well as to their speaking and listening. They apply them in history, science, math, philosophy, and the arts; in professional and personal life. | <urn:uuid:734c4439-b0ce-4a98-aac7-c1a92eb1be6e> | {
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News & Events
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Clarkson University Professor Co-authors Joint Report on Environmental Status of St. Lawrence River
[A photograph for media use is available at http://www.clarkson.edu/news/photos/twiss.jpg .]
For the first time since the inception of the State of the Lakes Ecosystem Conference (SOLEC) in 1994, the current environmental status of the International Section of the St. Lawrence River was reported to the Great Lakes community.
The status report was made at the recent State of the Lakes Ecosystem Conference meeting in Erie, Pa., by Great Rivers Center at Clarkson University Director Michael R. Twiss and Jeff Ridal, executive director of the St. Lawrence River Institute of Environmental Sciences at Cornwall, Ont.
The joint directors’ report summarized the main features of the river and focused on the impacts that tributaries have on this river’s shoreline.
“The near shore is an important region,” says Twiss. “It’s where many people come in contact with the river, for example, at bathing beaches, and it is where tributary waters meet the river.”
“Tributaries make up only three percent of the river’s flow, but are disproportionately important with respect to inputs of nutrients and other harmful additions such as fecal bacteria,” says Ridal.
Topics presented in the report included beach health, mercury contamination in fish, nutrient enrichments, and impact of the hydroelectric power production on eel populations and habitats in the river.
The SOLEC meetings, co-hosted by Environment Canada and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, are held every three years as a requirement of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement between the two respective nations.
As signatories to the agreement, each country is responsible for restoration of damaged environments in the Great Lakes and surveillance and monitoring of water, habitats, and wildlife health.
At these meetings, the ecosystem health of the Great Lakes is summarized on the basis of numerous recognizable ecosystem health indicators, such as the presence of invasive species, productivity of sport and commercial fisheries, and contaminant levels in water, to name a few.
The Great Lakes contain 20 percent of the world’s freshwater and are located in the industrial heartland of Canada and United States, where 40 million citizens reside. The St. Lawrence River, which flows from headwaters in Lake Ontario to the Atlantic Ocean, is the natural outlet of the Great Lakes.
The border between Canada and the United States runs along the middle of St. Lawrence River for over 100 miles. This portion is referred to as the International Section of the St. Lawrence River and is an integral part of the Great Lakes ecosystem and regional commerce.
The Great Rivers Center at Clarkson University is committed to advancing understanding of the St. Lawrence in support of ecosystem-based management through research and educational and collaborative activities.
The St. Lawrence River Institute of Environmental Sciences (SLRIES) is a non-government research organization dedicated to environmental research, education and community action on the St. Lawrence River basin and other large river ecosystems.
SLRIES will host the International Conference for Great Lakes Research in May 2012, which will bring more than 600 delegates to the region to report on recent research activity in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River system.
Clarkson University launches leaders into the global economy. One in five alumni already leads as a CEO, VP or equivalent senior executive of a company. Located just outside the Adirondack Park in Potsdam, N.Y., Clarkson is a nationally recognized research university for undergraduates with select graduate programs in signature areas of academic excellence directed toward the world’s pressing issues. Through 50 rigorous programs of study in engineering, business, arts, sciences and health sciences, the entire learning-living community spans boundaries across disciplines, nations and cultures to build powers of observation, challenge the status quo, and connect discovery and engineering innovation with enterprise.
Photo caption: Great Rivers Center at Clarkson University Director Michael Twiss (above) co-authored a joint report on the environmental status of the St. Lawrence River for presentation to the Great Lakes community at the recent State of the Lakes Ecosystem Conference meeting in Erie, Pa. | <urn:uuid:87748c6d-fe2f-4d72-86a0-0ee1debdd722> | {
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Oxidase test: Principle Procedure and oxidase positive organisms
Positive: Development of dark purple color (indophenols) within 10 seconds
Negative: Absence of color
The oxidase test is used to identify bacteria that produce cytochrome c oxidase, an enzyme of the bacterial electron transport chain.
When present, the cytochrome c oxidase oxidizes the reagent (tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine) to (indophenols) purple color end product. When the enzyme is not present, the reagent remains reduced and is colorless.
Note: All bacteria that are oxidase positive are aerobic, and can use oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor in respiration. This does NOT mean that they are strict aerobes. Bacteria that are oxidase-negative may be anaerobic, aerobic, or facultative; the oxidase negative result just means that these organisms do not have the cytochrome c oxidase that oxidizes the test reagent. They may respire using other oxidases in electron transport.
- Take a filter paper soaked with the substrate tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride
- Moisten the paper with a sterile distilled water
- Pick the colony to be tested with wooden or platinum loop and smear in the filter paper
- Observe inoculated area of paper for a color change to deep blue or purple within 10-30 seconds
- Do not use Nickel-base alloy wires containing chromium and iron (nichrome) to pick the colony and make smear as this may give false positive results
- Interpret the results within 10 seconds, timing is critical
The oxidase test must be performed from 5% Sheep blood agar or another medium without a fermentable sugar (e.g., lactose in MacConkey Agar or Sucrose in TCBS).
Because fermentation of a carbohydrate results in acidification of the medium, and a false negative oxidase test may result if the surrounding pH is below 5.1.
Oxidase test results
Bacterial genera characterized as oxidase positive include Neisseria and Pseudomonas. Genera of the Enterobacteriaceae family are characterized as oxidase negative.
Name of Oxidase positive bacteria are:
- Campylobacter spp
- Helicobacter spp
- Aeromonas spp
- Vibrio cholera
- Neisseria spp
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|I have a large Christmas cactus that I transplanted last summer. The plant is very healthy now but it has started it's new growth yet.|
|Christmas cactus are tropical in nature and appreciate average household temperatures, with a minimum of about 55F in the winter. They need a resting period before they will grow and set flower buds. Here's the year around care schedule: January is usually the flowering period, February and March is the resting period - keep cool (55F) and water infrequently. April and May is the beginning of the growth season; water thoroughly and water again when soil begins to dry out. June, July and August shouldbe spent outdoors in a shady spot. September, October and November is the pre-flowering period; keep on the dryish side until flower buds form, then increase the watering. December and January is the flowering period.
Transplanting your cactus to a larger pot was a good idea. You may just have done it when it was going into its rest period and that's why you haven't noticed any new growth. Treat the plant as outlined above and it should be just fine. | <urn:uuid:e39de025-b921-47cc-854f-73b8576bea09> | {
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ESWP’s success is linked to the high quality professional development opportunities that were provided to teachers via week-long summer institutes and through afterschool video conferencing giving the teachers in isolated communities the opportunity to interact with colleagues on a regular basis.
While creating the programs ESWP staff worked closely with the Inyo County Office of Education (ICOE) in the recruitment of teachers, dissemination of the project goals, the incorporation of content standards, and multi-cultural pedagogy. Teacher professional development took place through intensive summer institutes then continued throughout the school year by the use of videoconferencing, connecting participating teachers throughout Inyo County. The ICOE staff was instrumental in coordination and facilitation of the teacher professional development institutes and after-school videoconferencing.
- Align curriculum and assessment with standards
- Use hands-on, inquiry approaches to teaching
- Use strategies for helping students develop academic language
- Use research-based strategies to help students build deeper content understanding
- Increase awareness of multicultural issues in science education
- Develop familiarity with scientific tools that can be used in the field for monitoring
- Use strategies for addressing language learners in the science classroom.
After school follow-up meetings: Middle school teachers who participated in the Watershed Project met after school to reflect on their science teaching practice. They shared specific ideas for teaching concepts to their students as well as strategies for working with struggling students. Using the book Classroom Instruction That Works: Research-Based Strategies for Increasing Student Achievement (Marzano et al), teachers tried a new strategy each month with their students, and shared their observations and reflections with their colleagues. Because schools in Inyo County are spread over such a wide geographical area, teachers assembled at two sites, one in Bishop and one in Independence. Videoconferencing units in each location allowed the teachers to join for the meetings. The Inyo County Office of Education facilitated and guided the teachers’ work at the follow-up sessions. As teachers developed lessons and activities connected with the Watershed Program, they shared their work with their colleagues. Over time these teacher-created lessons become part of the program’s curriculum.
The following is one response from a teacher when asked to reflect on ESWP middle school program “The Eastern Sierra Watershed Project made my science classroom so much more fun and engaging for the kids and so satisfying for me as a teacher. I appreciated so very much the classroom science kits and activities provided by ESWP and all of the work that was done that made it possible for me to bring this curriculum to huge classes. The follow up meetings were rare times for professional reflection, sharing, and growing. In my 22 years of teaching and many exceptional opportunities for all kinds of professional growth over the years, ESWP was one of the best professional growth experiences I have had. Everything about it enriched not only my life as a teacher, but through my enrichment and the activities themselves, the lives and experiences of the students.” | <urn:uuid:909de726-ef1b-4dc0-9d47-2bcda7eaa6be> | {
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In the beginning we read that G-d blessed the seventh day and declared it holy because on that day G-d ceased from all the work G-d had done. And then began the work of Man, who was created in the image of G-d. Man created Drama. Sometimes competition brought out the best in human nature. Hands, visible and invisible, appeared in many artworks. Family Drama is a given. We can find wisdom in the teachings, in the imagination and in our hands… And then began the work of the children.
Breaking Bloody Peace
Josephine, SMDS-RJA, 5th Grade
My challah cover represents conflict. The parallel designs on the edges are the two sides of the conflict. Even though each side is its own color scheme, you can see that they both have specks of the other. The squares of tape in the middle represent the fight itself, and the white in the middle of each side and on the edges suggest that even though each side is different, there are many times in fights when, deep down, both sides want the same thing.
Eliza Hurwitz, SMDS-RJA 4th Grade
My challah cover is about “chai” which means “Life”. The Jewish stars represent Judaism. The white tape lines represent peace. And the purple ones are royalty. Blue lines are the corners and yellow is light.
Alison Shristelik, SMDS-RJA, 4th Grade
The Heart of Peace
Aviva Kiernan, SMDS-RJA, 2nd Grade | <urn:uuid:a4cc6c00-269f-4e02-925a-2fde9168b69c> | {
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Americans eat out an average of two times per week, according to a 2008 article in the "American Journal of Public Health." Fast food may not be dangerous in moderation, but frequent consumption is associated with weight gain and insulin resistance as well as an increased risk for obesity and type-2 diabetes.
Consumers may be eating meals that contain excess calories without even knowing it. In 2006, the "Journal of Marketing Research" reported that fast-food consumers often underestimate the number of calories they consume by approximately 400 calories. The journal showed that overweight individuals, health-conscious individuals and even nutrition professionals all incorrectly estimated how many calories their meals contained.
Consumers are unaware of what an appropriate portion size or serving size consists of because portion sizes in restaurants are very large. Consumers may assume that the portion served is considered one serving and consume the meal in its entirety. Portion size can cause deception and lead to excess consumption of calories and fat. Price can also be deceiving. It costs very little to upgrade a small combo meal to a large size. It may seem as though you are getting a more bang for your buck, but really you are getting more calories and fat than recommended.
Dearth of Nutrients
The body needs a variety of nutrients to function properly and to help it fight off certain diseases and cancers. Many fast-food meals are high in calories and saturated fat but lack micronutrients such as calcium, vitamins and fiber. Instead of picking up fast food, focus on choosing foods recommended by MyPlate.gov for a balanced diet when eating out. Good options include fruits, vegetables, lean meats, whole grains and low-fat dairy.
Healthier Fast Food
Many fast-food chains offer healthful sides such as salads, fruit, yogurt and milk. These options can boost the amount of nutrition you receive, even on the run. Choose grilled or broiled meats instead of fried meats to reduce the amount of fat in your meal, and avoid condiments such as mayonnaise, cheese and sour cream. These add saturated fat and calories. Choose options such as salsa, avocado and mustard and ask for them on the side to control how much is added. Lastly, many restaurants have calorie information either on the menu, a sign in the restaurant, online or in a smartphone application. This is valuable information to know how many calories you may consume.
- Nutrition Bulletin: Labeling in Restaurants: Will It Make a Difference?
- American Journal of Public Health: Legal and Public Health Considerations Affecting the Success, Reach, and Impact of Menu-Labeling Laws
- The Lancet: Fast-Food Gabits, Weight Gain, and Insulin Resistance (the CARDIA Study): 15-Year Prospective Analysis
- Krause's Food & Nutrition Therapy; Kathleen L. Mahan and Sylvia Escott-Stump
- Journal of Marketing Research: Is Obesity Caused by Calorie Underestimation? A Psychophysical Model of Meal Size Estimation
- U.S. Department of Agriculture: When Eating Out, Make Better Choices
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Location: It is situated in the heart of South-Central Asia and shares its borders with Afghanistan, China, Hindustan and
Pakistan. A small strip of Wakhan seperates it from Tajikistan.
Area: 85.000 square miles. It is larger than 70 other independent countries in area. Nearly two-third (2/3) of its territory
is under the occupation of Hindustan.
Population: 13 million, including 1½ million refugees in Pakistan and ½ million living in other parts of the world. It is
thus bigger in size than 96 sovereign countries of the world.
Political Status: Jammu & Kashmir is a disputed territory within the meaning of international law. While its future status
was yet to be determined, Hindustani forces invaded the territory on October 27, 1947 and obtained temporary accesion of the state
from its autocratic ruler while at the same time promising the Kashmiri people as well as the United Nations that the future status
of the territory would be determined by its people.
These commitments incorporated subsequently into the United Nations resolutions of August 13, 1948 and January 5, 1949 stipulate
that the future status of the state shall be decided through a free and fair plebiscite held under the auspices of the U.N.
Solution: The international community in general and the U.N. in particular should use all their moral, economic and diplomatic
influence in order to:
Stop forthwith the ongoing genocide of the innocent Kashmiri people.
Obtain a speedy withdrawal of over 700.000 Hindustani occupation forces from the territory.
Induct the United Nations Plebiscite Administrator.
Secure the earliest holding of the plebiscite within the terms of the U.N. resolutions.
Watch video-footage from Indian and International news agencies in Indian Held Kashmir.
Duration: approx.: 32 min.
File size: 139MB
WARNING! Some footage is VERY disturbing!
QUAID-E-AZAM MOHAMMAD ALI JINNAH
Kashmir is the Jugular vein of Pakistan and no nation or country would tolerate its Jugular
vein remains under the sword of the enemy.
ANGIV STED OG DATO
ANJUMAN-E-BEHBOOD-E-MARIZAN DENMARK PAKISTAN
We at Humsafar.info Support & Help a Charity Organization based in Dina, District Jhelum, Pakistan. We hope you will too.
They say: "In a nutshell, Patient Welfare Society wants to join - and lead - others in helping the world see. One way we achieve
this goal is by giving the Gift of Sight to needy people in
"JEE AYA NU" [WELCOME]
A trip through the land of Pakistan is a face to face encounter with a fascinating land. Pakistan is rich in landscapes
and cultiral traditions. Half a dozen civilizations have flourished here and left their imprints. Historically this is one
of the most ancient lands known to man. See for yourself...
Surah An-Nahl, xvi. 114 "So eat of the sustenance which God has provided for you, lawful and good,
and be greatful for the favours of God, if it is He whom ye serve"read more | <urn:uuid:f1d83b04-d112-4c86-806c-008f23ca8baa> | {
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19 equal temperament
In music, 19 equal temperament, called 19-TET, 19-EDO ("Equal Division of the Octave"), or 19-ET, is the tempered scale derived by dividing the octave into 19 equal steps (equal frequency ratios). Each step represents a frequency ratio of 21/19, or 63.16 cents ( Play (help·info)). Because 19 is a prime number, one can use any interval from this tuning system to cycle through all possible notes; just as one may cycle through 12-edo on the circle of fifths, the number 7 (of semitones in a fifth in 12-edo) being coprime to 12.
19-edo is the tuning of the syntonic temperament in which the tempered perfect fifth is equal to 694.737 cents, as shown in Figure 1 (look for the label "19-TET"). On an isomorphic keyboard, the fingering of music composed in 19-edo is precisely the same as it is in any other syntonic tuning (such as 12-edo), so long as the notes are spelled properly—that is, with no assumption of enharmonicity.
Division of the octave into 19 equal-width steps arose naturally out of Renaissance music theory. The greater diesis, the ratio of four minor thirds to an octave (648:625 or 62.565 cents) was almost exactly a nineteenth of an octave. Interest in such a tuning system goes back to the 16th century, when composer Guillaume Costeley used it in his chanson Seigneur Dieu ta pitié of 1558. Costeley understood and desired the circulating aspect of this tuning. In 1577, music theorist Francisco de Salinas in effect proposed it. Salinas discussed 1/3-comma meantone, in which the fifth is of size 694.786 cents. The fifth of 19-edo is 694.737, which is less than a twentieth of a cent narrower, imperceptible and less than tuning error. Salinas suggested tuning nineteen tones to the octave to this tuning, which fails to close by less than a cent, so that his suggestion is effectively 19-edo. In the 19th century, mathematician and music theorist Wesley Woolhouse proposed it as a more practical alternative to meantone temperaments he regarded as better, such as 50-edo.
The composer Joel Mandelbaum wrote his Ph.D. thesis (1961) on the properties of the 19-edo tuning, and advocated for its use. In his thesis, he argued that it is the only viable system with a number of divisions between 12 and 22, and furthermore that the next smallest number of divisions resulting in a significant improvement in approximating just intervals is the 31 equal temperament. Mandelbaum and Joseph Yasser have written music with 19-edo. Easley Blackwood has stated that 19-edo makes possible, "a substantial enrichment of the tonal repertoire."
The 19-tone system can be represented with the traditional letter names and system of sharps and flats by treating flats and sharps as distinct notes, but identifying B♯ as enharmonic with C♭ and E♯ with F♭. With this interpretation, the 19 notes in the scale become:
The fact that traditional western music maps unambiguously onto this scale makes it easier to perform such music in this tuning than in many other tunings.
Here are the sizes of some common intervals and comparison with the ratios arising in the harmonic series; the difference column measures in cents the distance from an exact fit to these ratios. For reference, the difference from the perfect fifth in the widely used 12 equal temperament is 1.955 cents, and the difference from the major third is 13.686 cents.
|Interval Name||Size (steps)||Size (cents)||Midi||Just Ratio||Just (cents)||Midi||Error (cents)|
|Perfect fifth||11||694.74||play (help·info)||3:2||701.96||play (help·info)||−7.22|
|Greater tridecimal tritone||10||631.58||13:9||636.62||−5.04|
|Greater septimal tritone, diminished fifth||10||631.58||play (help·info)||10:7||617.49||play (help·info)||+14.09|
|Lesser septimal tritone, augmented fourth||9||568.42||play (help·info)||7:5||582.51||−14.09|
|Lesser tridecimal tritone||9||568.42||18:13||563.38||+5.04|
|Perfect fourth||8||505.26||play (help·info)||4:3||498.04||play (help·info)||+7.22|
|Tridecimal major third||7||442.11||13:10||454.12||−10.22|
|Septimal major third||7||442.11||play (help·info)||9:7||435.08||play (help·info)||+7.03|
|Major third||6||378.95||play (help·info)||5:4||386.31||play (help·info)||−7.36|
|Inverted 13th harmonic||6||378.95||16:13||359.47||+19.48|
|Minor third||5||315.79||play (help·info)||6:5||315.64||play (help·info)||+0.15|
|Septimal minor third||4||252.63||7:6||266.87||play (help·info)||−14.24|
|Septimal whole tone||4||252.63||play (help·info)||8:7||231.17||play (help·info)||+21.46|
|Whole tone, major tone||3||189.47||9:8||203.91||play (help·info)||−14.44|
|Whole tone, minor tone||3||189.47||play (help·info)||10:9||182.40||play (help·info)||+7.07|
|Greater tridecimal 2/3-tone||2||126.32||13:12||138.57||−12.26|
|Lesser tridecimal 2/3-tone||2||126.32||14:13||128.30||−1.98|
|Septimal diatonic semitone||2||126.32||15:14||119.44||play (help·info)||+6.88|
|Diatonic semitone, just||2||126.32||16:15||111.73||play (help·info)||+14.59|
|Septimal chromatic semitone||1||63.16||play (help·info)||21:20||84.46||−21.31|
|Chromatic semitone, just||1||63.16||25:24||70.67||play (help·info)||−7.51|
|Septimal third-tone||1||63.16||play (help·info)||28:27||62.96||+0.20|
- Milne, A., Sethares, W.A. and Plamondon, J.,"Isomorphic Controllers and Dynamic Tuning: Invariant Fingerings Across a Tuning Continuum", Computer Music Journal, Winter 2007, Vol. 31, No. 4, Pages 15-32.
- Myles Leigh Skinner (2007). Toward a Quarter-tone Syntax: Analyses of Selected Works by Blackwood, Haba, Ives, and Wyschnegradsky, p.52. ISBN 9780542998478.
- Woolhouse, W. S. B. (1835). Essay on Musical Intervals, Harmonics, and the Temperament of the Musical Scale, &c.. J. Souter, London.
- C. Gamer, Some Combinational Resources of Equal-Tempered Systems. Journal of Music Theory, Vol. 11, No. 1 (Spring, 1967), pp. 32–59
- Myles Leigh Skinner (2007). Toward a Quarter-tone Syntax: Analyses of Selected Works by Blackwood, Haba, Ives, and Wyschnegradsky, p.51n6. ISBN 9780542998478. Cites Leedy, Douglas (1991). "A Venerable Temperament Rediscovered", Persepctives of New Music 29/2, p.205.
- Skinner 2007, p.76.
- Levy, Kenneth J.,Costeley's Chromatic Chanson, Annales Musicologues: Moyen-Age et Renaissance, Tome III (1955), pp. 213–261.
- M. Joel Mandelbaum, 1961, Multiple Division of the Octave and the Tonal Resources of 19-tone Temperament
- Bucht, Saku and Huovinen, Erkki, Perceived consonance of harmonic intervals in 19-tone equal temperament
- Darreg, Ivor, "A Case For Nineteen", Sonic-Arts.org.
- Howe, Hubert S. Jr., "19-Tone Theory and Applications", Aaron Copland School of Music at Queens College.
- Sethares, William A., "Tunings for 19 Tone Equal Tempered Guitar", Experimental Musical Instruments, Vol. VI, No. 6, April 1991.
- Hair, Bailey, Morrison, Pearson and Parncutt, "Rehearsing Microtonal Music: Grappling with Performance and Intonational Problems" (project summary), Microtonalism.
- ZiaSpace.com - 19tet downloadable mp3s by Elaine Walker of Zia and D.D.T.
- "The Music of Jeff Harrington", Parnasse.com. Jeff Harrington is a composer who has written several pieces for piano in the 19-TET tuning, and there are both scores and MP3's available for download on this site.
- Chris Vaisvil: GR-20 Hexaphonic 19-ET Guitar Improvisation
- Arto Juani Heino: Artone 19 Guitar Design, naming the 19 note scale Parvatic | <urn:uuid:444f5ed4-ccb1-432b-93bd-ade29fe84cb5> | {
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Officials of Assumption Parish were monitoring a sinkhole near Bayou Corne, Louisiana, on Wednesday, when a stand of 40-foot cyprus trees suddenly began to list and, within seconds, disappeared beneath the surface of the swamp.
As captivating as the certain-to-go-viral video may be, the story of how the sinkhole came to be is even more remarkable.
Ground near Bayou Corne began to give way last August, following months of local seismic tremors and gas bubbling from the depths of the bayou. On the morning of August 3, 2012, a one-acre hole opened up, accompanied by the strong, unmistakable odor of crude oil. Upon order of Louisiana Gov. Bobby Jindal, the tiny community of Bayou Corne was immediately evacuated.
In the year since, the sinkhole has grown in size from one to 28 acres. In places, it is estimated to be 750 feet deep, and some 350 residents of Bayou Corne remain displaced. According to scientists familiar with the underlying geology, subsidence could go on for years.
Obviously, this is no ordinary sinkhole.
A mile below the bayou sits a collapsing salt dome operated by Texas Brine, LLC, believed to be the cause of the sinkhole.
Earlier this month, on the first anniversary of the sinkhole’s appearance, the State of Louisiana filed charges against Texas Brine seeking reimbursement of $12 million incurred by the state to date, along with civil penalties and the future costs of repairing wetlands damage.
According to the lawsuit, “The conduct and operations of the defendants resulted in the brine mining of the salt cavern to the point that the cavern became structurally unstable, thereby causing the collapse of the cavern and damage to Louisiana’s waters, natural resources and the state’s Coastal Zone.”
Prior to the collapse, Texas Brine had been drilling for salts using a process that brings brine to the surface by injecting high-pressure freshwater into the salt cavern. Apparently, the company was unaware that it was drilling close to the edge of the salt dome, which happens to be surrounded by a layer of oil and natural gas.
In a comprehensive, must-read published earlier this month at Mother Jones, Tim Murphy describes Bayou Corne as “the biggest ongoing disaster in the United States you haven’t heard of.” | <urn:uuid:c99a3bb6-b33e-417c-8c16-274c2fcb80f7> | {
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The Dan Smoot Report
Vol. 15, No. 2 · (Broadcast 699) · January 13, 1969 · Dallas, Texas
HOW TO CONTROL OUR GOVERNMENT
"There are those who still think they are holding the pass against the revolution that may be coming up the road. But they are gazing in the wrong direction. The revolution is behind them. It went by in the Night of Depression, singing songs of freedom."
Those lines from the late Garet Garrett's magnificent People's Pottage allude to the socialist revolution which rolled over America during the first 100 days of Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration.
How did it happen?
The American people were victimized by a band of intellectual revolutionists who seized control of government, and then used the massive power of government to advance the revolution.
In 1929, our nation was in trouble deep trouble. There was nothing wrong or inadequate about our constitutional system. American capitalism was not sick of disease or old age or organic weakness: it was suffering from grievous wounds inflicted by the government meddling of World War I.
The great depression did not come because the American system of private capitalism had worn itself out and collapsed. The depression resulted from the distortions and dislocations in our economy caused by government action during and following the war.
The solution for our economic problems in 1929 was not to abandon our old American system but to return to it.
Americans knew this instinctively. That is why they listened in 1929 to a persuasive voice that sang the song of freedom:
"Our nation has been a successful experiment in democratic government, because the individual states have waived in only a few instances their sovereign rights .... But there is a tendency, and to my mind a dangerous tendency, on the part of our national government, to encroach, on one excuse or another, more and more upon state supremacy. The elastic theory of interstate commerce, for instance, has been stretched almost to the breaking point to cover certain regulatory powers desired by Washington."
That was Franklin D. Roosevelt, then governor of New York, addressing a conference of governors on July 16, 1929.
Soon, dark shadows were lengthening across the land. In a radio address on March 2, 1930, FDR again urged the people to return to the original federal system created by the Founding Fathers.
In 1932, Roosevelt was elected President on a conservative platform of states' rights. He had promised to reduce federal expenditures, cut down the power and size of the federal government, and permit political power to return to the individual states where, according to the Constitution, it belongs.
Once in office, however, Roosevelt went in the opposite direction. By the time Roosevelt had to face voters for reelection, the New Deal propaganda machine, financed with taxpayers' money, had already been operating for over three years. Every person who stood up to criticize Roosevelt or his policies was sneered at and vilified by the President, the President's wife, cabinet officers, and leading opinion formers in all occupations.
* * *
The principal obstacle to socialism in the United States was our federal system. Our original Constitution and Bill of Rights provided that most of the dangerous powers of government those directly touching the lives of the people should remain in the state capitals and not in the national capital. With political power thus distributed among sovereign and competing states, no one could impose socialism on the entire nation.
The Founding Fathers left no loophole which would enable the central government to destroy the federal system by usurping powers reserved for state governments; but 20 years before Roosevelt was elected, two fatal loopholes had been made. Even with a submissive Congress, a revolutionary Supreme Court of his own choosing, and a popularity that made him seem politically invincible, Roosevelt could not have converted our old form of limited federal government into a centralized government of unlimited power, without the 16th and 17th amendments to the Constitution (both adopted in 1913). Getting these two amendments was the first major objective of the socialist movement in the United States. Without them, the socialist revolution which began in the 1930's would not have been possible.
Our original Constitution limited the power of the federal government to levy direct taxes on the people. The 16th Amendment gives the government unlimited power "to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived."
Our original Constitution stipulated that U. S. Senators should be chosen by state legislatures. This preserved the idea and actuality of a federation. The limited power of the federal government was further limited by division of legislative power between two rival Houses of Congress, each answerable to a different electorate: the Senate representing state governments; the House representing individual voters. The 17th Amendment, providing for direct election of U. S. Senators, weakened this marvelous check-and-balance on federal power, and left state governments without representation in the national Congress.
Franklin D. Roosevelt, the first President to take full advantage of the federal taxing power latent in the 16th Amendment, expanded federal taxing until state governments were left without adequate tax revenues.
With no representation in the national legislature to help check the mushrooming growth of federal power, state governments turned beggars, asking for subsidies from Washington, becoming wards and tools of the federal bureaucracy; and the people lost interest in their state governments. All eyes turned to Washington for handouts and directions.
* * *
By 1952, the socialist revolution was so far advanced that Norman Thomas (socialist candidate for President in six elections: 1928 through 1948) decided not to run again, saying wryly that Democrats and Republicans had stolen his platform. Thomas acknowledged that Americans had rejected socialism emphatically when it was offered forthrightly as socialism, but had accepted it when presented as "welfare state" measures by Democrats and Republicans.
In 1952 having come to realize that Roosevelt-Truman programs were dragging us deep into the quagmire of socialism voters elected General Eisenhower and a Republican-controlled Congress. Eisenhower had vowed to "clean up the mess in Washington"; had decried federal aid to education and other unconstitutional, unnecessary, and harmful federal spending programs; had promised balanced budgets and constitutional government. The promised cleanup became a whitewash; Eisenhower's foreign policy was identical with Truman's; his domestic program in many ways out-dealed both the New Deal and the Fair Deal.
The Eisenhower reign emasculated the anti-communist, anti-socialist movement in the United States, leaving it leaderless and confused. There was no enthusiasm for the presidential election of I960, because Kennedy and Nixon offered identical programs.
* * *
John F. Kennedy, as President, clarified the essential political conflict in America. Kennedy gathered around him a group of men whose dedication to socialism was well known. Whereas the Eisenhower image had confused much of the public about the true meaning of federal programs, the same programs presented by Kennedy were so readily recognizable as revolutionary that they aroused conservative instincts of the people.
By 1963, the conservative movement had regained its lost vigor. New Frontier programs were bogged down in Congress. Conservatives, feeling certain that John F. Kennedy was politically doomed, impatiently awaited 1964, confident that any good constitutionalist could defeat the President.
Then came the assassination. The emotional backwash of that tragedy was the major factor in Johnson's 1964 victory. Ruthlessly exploiting the nation's sorrow, totalitarian liberals blamed anti-communists for the dastardly deed of a communist. Johnson cynically capitalized on the situation. Congress (as if trying to make public atonement for having opposed Kennedy's programs) enacted New Frontier legislation that had had no chance of getting out of committee prior to the assassination. An inexplicable feeling of guilt settled upon conservatives who had opposed Kennedy politically! They winced at being called extremists this having become a label of hate with connotations making it almost synonymous with assassins. The greatest conservative movement of this century foundered in a national trauma.
* * *
In the first year after his election, Johnson pushed more dangerous and unconstitutional legislation through Congress than all Presidents who preceded him.
Franklin D. Roosevelt was the most extravagant spender of tax money the nation had ever had; but Truman was more extravagant than Roosevelt; Eisenhower was more extravagant than Truman; Kennedy was more extravagant than Eisenhower; and Johnson was extravagantly more extravagant than Kennedy.
All Presidents, from George Washington to Franklin D. Roosevelt (1789 to 1933 144 years), spent $114 billion. In 12 years, FDR spent $374 billion. In 8 years, Truman spent $395 billion. In 8 years, Eisenhower spent $577 billion. In 8 years, Kennedy and Johnson spent $945 billion.
The 8 years of spending by Kennedy and Johnson exceeds by $62 billion all money spent by the federal government from the beginning of George Washington's administration in 1789 to the end of Harry Truman's administration in 1953. The $883 billion spent during the 164 years from Washington through Truman included costs of the War of 1812, the Mexican War, the Civil War, the Spanish-American War, World War I, World War II, and the Korean war in addition to the cost of paying off Revolutionary War debts and the costs of innumerable wars with Indian tribes.
Kennedy-Johnson spending included the cost of the Vietnam war; but the major increase of spending during the Kennedy-Johnson years was for non-defense activities. In 1961, non-defense spending of the federal government was $51.9 billion. In 1968, non-defense spending was $106.3 billion an increase of 101%. In that same 1961-1968 period, population of the United States increased 13%.
When Eisenhower left office in 1961, there were about 45 domestic social programs being financed by the federal government. As Johnson leaves office in 1969, there are at least 435 such programs.
The federal government has become a colossal international welfare agency which arbitrarily seizes as much of every American's property as it wants, and scatters that property all over the earth in performing its illegal, self-appointed roles of policeman, loan broker, and Santa Claus for the world.
* * *
The ghastly mess in Vietnam; rising living costs; soaring crime rates; worldwide contempt for America by people whom we have supported and defended for years; widespread waste, corruption, and political favoritism fobbed off on the public as a war on poverty; the communist-incited, government-supported civil-rights movement which seems headed either for civil war or for surrender of our sacred rights to a militant minority of racial agitators these glaring conditions caused President Johnson's popularity to sink so low that he decided to quit.
Constitutionalists must make the public realize, however, that these conditions are not the result of Lyndon B. Johnson's mishandling of national policies: they are the inevitable, accumulated consequence of the policies which Johnson inherited and continued policies which have been followed by the last five Presidents.
We must change the policies. We must dismantle the federal socialist welfare state and compel our government to operate within the bounds of constitutional authority. The only certain way to do this is to limit the taxing power of the federal government so that politicians cannot get enough of our money to pay for the destruction of our Republic.
We should put continuing, relentless pressure on Congress to submit the Liberty Amendment which would repeal the Sixteenth (income-tax) Amendment, specify that treaties cannot override our Constitution, and prohibit the federal government from engaging in any enterprise except as authorized by the Constitution.
TEXT OF LIBERTY AMENDMENT
"Sec. 1. The Government of the United States shall not engage in any business, professional, commercial, financial or industrial enterprise except as specified in the Constitution.
"Sec. 2. The constitution or laws of any State, or the laws of the United States, shall not be subject to die terms of any foreign or domestic agreement which would abrogate this amendment.
"Sec. 3. The activities of the United States Government which violate the intent and purposes of this amendment shall, within a period of three years from the date of the ratification of this amendment, be liquidated and the properties and facilities affected shall be sold.
"Sec. 4. Three years after the ratification of this amendment the sixteenth article of amendments to the Constitution of the United States shall stand repealed and thereafter Congress shall not levy taxes on personal incomes, estates, and/or gifts."
Here are the states which have already endorsed the LIBERTY AMENDMENT, which is pending in Congress as House Joint Resolution 23.
- South Carolina
THE DAN SMOOT REPORT is published weekly by The Dan Smoot Report, Inc., Box 9538, Dallas, Texas 75214 (office at 6441 Gaston Ave.). Subscriptions: $18.00 for 2 years; $10.00, 1-year; $6.00, 6 months. Dan Smoot was born in Missouri, reared in Texas. With BA and MA degrees from SMU (1938 and 1940), he joined the Harvard faculty (1941) as a Teaching Fellow, doing graduate work in American civilization. From 1942 to 1951, he was an FBI agent; from 1951 to 1955, a commentator on national radio and television. In 1955, he started his present independent, free-enterprise business: publishing this REPORT and abbreviating it each week for radio and TV broadcasts available for commercial sponsorship by business firms. | <urn:uuid:df267cc9-1698-41d5-bbad-c6dd693b74a5> | {
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The Nuremberg Tribunal
Sixty years ago, the pharmaceutical industry was found guilty of mass murder during World War II - a war in which sixty million people lost their lives.
The Tribunal consisted of a series of 13 trials, the most important of which was the case against the oil and drug cartel, IG Farben. The executives of this cartel, according to the chief US prosecutor, Telford Taylor, were the main war criminals – without whom WWII would not have been possible.
After 60 years of silence, our online academy has opened up the records of the Nuremberg War Tribunals against IG Farben (the largest chemical/ pharmaceutical multinational at that time) to public inspection.
To visit the “Profit Over Life” academy and learn about the real history of the pharmaceutical industry, click here.
The Hague Tribunal
On 14 th June 2003 , we submitted a complaint of genocide and other crimes against humanity to the International Criminal Court in The Hague . To date, no action has been taken by this United Nations court, despite the overwhelming evidence against the accused.
Throughout the 20th century, the pharmaceutical industry was built and organized with the goal of controlling healthcare systems around the world by systematically replacing natural, non-patentable therapies with patentable and therefore profitable synthetic drugs. This industry did not evolve naturally. To the contrary, it was an investment decision taken by a handful of wealthy and unscrupulous entrepreneurs. They deliberately defined the human body as their market place in order to generate further wealth.
To read a copy of the complaint in full, click here. | <urn:uuid:979f54f8-e06f-4166-a413-6a16be5bb071> | {
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a group of enzymes
enzymes that bond nucleotides together
process that translates mRNA into a polypeptide
a three nucleotide sequence
complementary to mRNA codon
signals the beginning of an amino acid chain
signals the end of an amino acid chain
is the regular pattern of growth
is the division of the nucleus and its contents
is the process that divides the cells cytoplasm
one long, continuous strand of DNA
a protein that organizes chromosomes
the loose combination of DNA and proteins
a region of the condensed chromosome that looks pinched
is the asexual reproduction of a single-celled organism
the creation of offspring from a single parent
directly control the development of sexual characteristics
a cell that has two copies of each chromosome
a cell that has only one copy of each chromosome
form of nuclear division that divides diploids into haploids
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For help fixing this issue, see this FAQ. | <urn:uuid:ea12f1f5-2929-4758-8228-2d0dc9eda101> | {
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Shader Nodes are the primary way you can control the fundamental look and structure of your scene. Shader Nodes encompass everything from terrain shading and displacement to water to atmospherics, including clouds.
Literally, to change the position of something. In graphics terminology to displace a surface is to modify its geometric (3D) structure using reference data of some kind. For example, a grayscale image might be taken as input, with black areas indicating no displacement of the surface, and white indicating maximum displacement. In Terragen 2 displacement is used to create all terrain by taking heightfield or procedural data as input and using it to displace the normally flat sphere of the planet. | <urn:uuid:088c2022-3566-4be6-954c-bea997ecbe63> | {
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At the beginning of the space program hardly anyone thought of photographs from space as anything more than a branch of industrial photography. There were pictures of the spaceships, and launches, and of astronauts in training, but these were all pictures taken on the ground.
When John Glenn became the first American in orbit, bringing a camera was an afterthought. An Ansco Autoset 35mm camera, manufactured by Minolta, was purchased in a local drug store and hastily modified so the astronaut could use it more easily while in his pressure suit. At the time, everything that John Glenn did was deemed an experiment. At the beginning of the program, no one knew for certain whether weightlessness would prevent a man from seeing, or from breathing, or from eating and swallowing. Photography was deemed nothing more than a recreational extra.
Not only was little expected of those first pictures taken from space, but there was serious concern that taking pictures of other nations from orbit would be seen as an act of ill will and even one of war, as sovereign and sensitive nations might resent having pictures taken from orbit. But space photography developed quickly. Weather satellites permitted weather predictions as never before, saving lives and billions of dollars. In the first decade of the space program, satellites were orbited for Earth resources and for mapping. Satellites took over many of the intelligence gathering responsibilities that aircraft such as the high-flying U-2 previously provided.
Nearly 100,000 photographs taken by NASA’s lunar probes, Ranger, Surveyor, and Lunar Orbiter, helped to map Apollo’s landing sites. The first photographs from the Moon came in 1964 when Ranger 7 radioed photographs back as it plunged into the lunar surface, crashing and being destroyed in the process. Next, Surveyor probes landed softly on the surface. Beginning in 1966, the probes dug, analyzed, and transmitted pictures from the same height an astronaut would see as he was standing there. Then Lunar Orbiters methodically mapped much of the Moon, examining the candidate sites for manned landings. These spacecraft carried fully automated film processing laboratories. After processing, the film was scanned for radio transmission of the pictures back to Earth.
Unmodified Hasselblad 550C medium format cameras were first used on the last two Mercury one-man missions in 1962 and 1963. The Hasselblads proved the mainstay of the early space program and were used throughout the Gemini two-man spaceflights in 1965 and 1966. In addition to the excellent mechanical and optical properties of the cameras and their Zeiss lenses, the cameras were relatively simple to use, and film was pre-loaded into magazines that could easily be interchanged in mid-roll when lighting situations changed. In addition to the Hasselblads, on the second Gemini mission, history was made when the first picture of a spacecraft in orbit was taken by astronaut Ed White as he floated outside his spacecraft. He used a Zeiss Contarex 35mm camera mounted atop his gas-powered maneuvering gun.
Two human missions, Apollos 8 and 10, orbited the Moon before the Apollo 11 landing. On Apollo 8 human beings saw, with their own eyes, the Earth as a sphere in space. Few sights in human history have been as exhilarating as that first Earthrise over the lunar horizon. These new views of the Earth in space were an unforeseen revelation. Interest in ecology and the protection of the Earth’s environment can be traced to these first missions to another world.
On Apollo 8, Hasselblad EL electric cameras were used for the first time. The electric motor in these Hasselblads largely automated the picture taking process. The astronauts needed only to set the distance, lens aperture, and shutter speed, but once the release button was pressed, the camera exposed and wound the film and tensioned the shutter. Two Hasselblad EL cameras, each with a Planar f 2.8/80mm [normal] plus a single Sonnar f5.6/250mm [telephoto] lens and seven magazines of 70mm film, were carried. The cameras, film magazines, and lenses used on Apollo 8 had black anodized surfaces to eliminate reflections. Modifications to the cameras included special large locks for the film magazines and levers on the f-stop and distance settings on the lenses. These modifications facilitated the camera’s use by the crew operating with pressurized suits and gloves. Additionally, the cameras had no reflex mirror viewfinder and instead a simple sighting ring assisted the astronaut in pointing the camera.
Each film magazine would typically yield 160 color and 200 black and white pictures on special film. Kodak was asked by NASA to develop thin new films with special emulsions. On Apollo 8, three magazines were loaded with 70 mm wide, perforated Kodak Panatomic-X fine-grained, 80 ASA, b/w film, two with Kodak Ektachrome SO-168, one with Kodak Ektachrome SO-121, and one with super light-sensitive Kodak 2485, 16,000 ASA film. There were 1100 color, black and white, and filtered photographs returned from the Apollo 8 mission.
In addition to the Hasselblad cameras, Apollo 8 carried a black and white television camera, a 16mm motion picture camera, exposure meters, several types of filters, and other camera accessories.
A comprehensive set of camera equipment was carried on board Apollo 11. This included two 16mm Maurer motion picture film cameras, a color television camera in the orbiting Columbia, and a black and white TV camera outside of the lunar module to transmit to Earth Neil Armstrong’s first steps on the Moon’s surface. A Kodak stereo close-up camera was used to film the lunar soil from only inches away. Three Hasselblad 500EL cameras were carried.
Two of the Hasselblad cameras were identical to those carried on the earlier Apollo 8 and 10 lunar orbit missions. During the Moon landing one Hasselblad was left aboard the Command Module Columbia, which remained in lunar orbit. Two were taken on the Lunar Module Eagle to the Moon’s surface.
The Data Camera used on the lunar surface during the Apollo 11 mission and later Moon landings was a 500EL with additional modifications. A transparent glass Reseau plate, or register glass, engraved with grid markings was placed between the film magazine and the camera body, immediately in front of the film plane. The plate is engraved with crosses to form a grid and the intersections accurately calibrated to a tolerance of 0.002 mm. The crosses were recorded on every exposed film frame. From the markings, it is possible to calibrate distance and heights in photos taken either on the lunar surface or from space. Such markings were not new or unique to the space program. They were commonly used for large format scientific and aerial photography prior to the Moon landings, when the large size of the photographic negative could be distorted either during exposure or the printing process.
When film is normally wound in a camera, static electricity is generated on the film surface. This electricity is dispersed by metal rims and rollers, which guide the film, and by humidity in the surrounding air. In the lunar surface camera, however, the film was guided by the Reseau plate’s raised edges. As glass is a poor electrical conductor, and with the absence of surrounding air, the charge built up between the glass surface and the film could become so great that sparks could occur between the plate and the film. In order to conduct the static electricity away and prevent sparking, the side of the plate facing the film was coated with a thin transparent conductive layer and silver deposited on the edges of the conductive layer. The electrical charge was then led to the metallic parts of the camera body by contact springs.
The outer surface of the 500EL data camera was colored silver to help maintain more uniform internal temperatures in the violent extremes of heat and cold encountered on the lunar surface. Lubricants used in the camera mechanisms had to either be eliminated or replaced because conventional lubricants would boil off in the vacuum and potentially could condense on the optical surfaces of the lenses, Reseau plate, and film.
Two film magazines for the lunar surface Hasselblad 500EL data camera were carried for use on the Moon’s surface. Thirty-three rolls of the same film types as used on the earlier missions were carried on the Apollo 11 mission. The film used for Apollo 11 was loaded and several test shots exposed prior to flight. When the film magazines were returned for processing after the mission, the test shots were cut off and processed first. These were compared against accurate color charts to ensure that there would be no defects in processing the remainder of the film and that the colors would be most accurate.
Each film magazine was finished in the same silver color as the camera body. The film magazines were each fitted with a tether ring. To the ring, a cord was attached that permitted the entire camera to be lowered from the lunar module cabin to Neil Armstrong on the surface using a clothesline-like arrangement. The exposed film magazines were lifted from the surface in the same manner. The camera and lens were left behind and still rest on the Moon’s surface at Tranquility Base.
The Apollo 11 Kodak Stereo Close-Up Camera
Seven months prior to the Apollo 11 mission, a new camera was commissioned by NASA. The camera would be used by the crew to take close-up stereo views of the lunar soil and rocks. The camera had a shutter speed of 1/100th of a second, an aperture of f/22.6, film was held approximately 10 inches from the lunar surface, and lighting was provided by an integral electronic flash.
The camera was designed for ease of use by the astronaut in his bulky pressure suit. The camera was rested on the soil and the astronaut would simply press down on a trigger on a long handle to expose the frames. Each exposure resulted in two side-by-side photographs of the same area of the surface. The surface photographed measured three inches by three inches. The size of the exposed film was one inch square.
After Apollo 11
Five more flights landed on the Moon after Apollo 11. On all, the photographic equipment and films were similar to that taken on the first landing. On Apollo 15, the 250mm telescopic lens was added to the Hasselblad lunar surface complement. By the time of Apollo 17, a total of 18 rolls of film were taken to the lunar surface.
Astronaut Training for Lunar Photography
The Apollo astronauts underwent intensive training in preparation for their Moon explorations. Over the several years prior to the Moon missions, scientific and photographic training was provided. Astronauts were encouraged to take training cameras on trips to become more familiar with the camera operation and to enhance their photographic technique. Tutorials were provided to the crews on the equipment, its operation, as well as on the scientific purposes. The crews visited geologic sites in Nevada, Arizona, and Hawaii, frequently simulating their lunar traverse, completely outfitted with sample bags, checklists, simulated backpacks, lunar rock hammer, core-sampling equipment, and typically using Hasselblad EL cameras similar to those they would use on the Moon. As the use of the camera was mostly automated, the most crucial training was in pointing the camera which was attached to their chest control packs for the suit’s environmental control system. The astronaut would point his body in order to aim the cameras. Films taken during the practice exercises were processed and returned to the crewmen who would study the results.
From December 1968 to December 1972, twenty-seven astronauts traveled to the Moon and twelve walked upon its surface. There were nine voyages across the quarter million miles. The treasures of Apollo included the samples of the lunar surface and the photographs the astronauts took. The photographs of Apollo, today, three decades later, help us to relive the experience. | <urn:uuid:374504c4-e789-40f8-95e2-342ac996ced7> | {
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From the Preface:
The Aṭṭhakavagga is the fourth chapter of an ancient collection of Buddhist scriptures known as the Sutta Nipāta. Although it is only a single chapter of a larger work, there is good evidence suggesting that the Aṭṭhakavagga existed in its own right prior to the compilation of the Sutta Nipāta, and that it was much better known and more influential in ancient times than it is today. This lapse into relative obscurity is unfortunate, as the Aṭṭhakavagga contains invaluable information for anyone wishing to better understand the earliest teachings of Buddhism, and also for anyone seeking the way of wisdom.
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Other revolutionary components incorporate dyes and inks accustomed to mark the fingers of voters to make sure that they only vote the moment in an election. Some inks are invisible into the bare eye, but detectable to ultra-violet gentle, earning them difficult to clear away.
Normally, new technologies is most prosperous when there are ample human and Actual physical means to appropriately deal with the technological know-how.
Multimedia applications include “hyperlinks” that permit the person to navigate in the internet pages of data. End users can comply with goods of fascination, as opposed to be locked into a sequential development of information as inside a ebook or video.
You will find different types of Digital and mechanical voting methods. Some use technologies produced especially for electoral reasons. Mechanical voting equipment had been utilised broadly in the United States, and also to a lesser extent in a small amount of other nations around the world around the world, but are increasingly being changed by Digital voting machines.
Network running devices undoubtedly are a subset of running devices. Their job is to begin-up, complete and observe communications devices and networks.
Since the signal travels with the transmission medium through the transmitter for the receiver it is likely to get degraded or maybe modified because of the interference of other signals.
The delete function can erase figures and words and phrases in addition to cells, team of cells, rows and columns.
Spreadsheet program is utilized extensively to help electoral administration activities. These contain the planning of financial documents and budgets for the overall Business of elections, the setting up of voting operations, and the calculation and exhibiting of elections outcomes, between others.
Even though many people may be distrustful or suspicious of technological innovation, others may perhaps anticipate a lot of. This may see this page be particularly correct for people who have not experienced Significantly publicity to technologies and have an unrealistic expectation that technology will solve a selected issue. This may lead to an absence of believe in in the general electoral approach.
It is actually essential for EMBs to look at the physical infrastructure and socio-political setting of a country ahead of deciding on a new technologies, given that these variables may possibly limit the appropriateness of some systems. A country having an intermittent power source, for instance, will not be the most effective spot to carry out a wide place Laptop or computer community that requires a reliable electrical power resource.
Voting screens used for privateness might be produced from light-weight cardboard or plastic. As opposed to quaint wood screens, cardboard or plastic screens are easier to transport and store and might be disposed of or recycled.
Stay clear of imposing a completely new, untried or unsuitable know-how. Plan ample the perfect time to carefully take a look at new programs.
Besides the elaborate Actual physical connections which make up its infrastructure, the web is held together by multilateral agreements and by technological technical specs or protocols that explain tips on how to Trade details above the network.
an evaluation with the monetary fees and personal savings connected with the proposal, such as a complete costing with the proposal for your life of the venture, as well as long term decades | <urn:uuid:be64226a-af19-490b-8ead-18dbf48b2498> | {
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Wednesday, 12th November
Today, the first ever spacecraft to land on the surface of a speeding comet, landed on a speeding comet.
This spacecraft, Rosetta, has traveled a mind-blowing six billion kilometres.
It took ten years for Rosetta to reach the comet (not to mention ten years to build her), and then send a tiny lander craft, called Philae, down to the comet.
Somehow, we received images of this!
The letters were cut from an advert in Time Out. | <urn:uuid:11944957-25ef-4594-a0fa-f85f22c4df74> | {
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Practice Finding Area #6: Get Painting!
If your child has an affinity for painting, but really needs to boost his math skills, then this worksheet is for him! He'll work to find the area of the oddly-shaped wall that needs to be painted. It's made up of multiple rectangles; finding the area of each and adding them together should do the trick! He'll strengthen his area-finding know-how with this colorful printable.
Want more? Make sure to check out the rest of the Practice Finding Area series. | <urn:uuid:e1905445-e9b4-4cb0-9128-c579d15cb2b5> | {
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WordNet-like concept network developed at MIT
ConceptNet aims to give computers access to common-sense knowledge, the kind of information that ordinary people know but usually leave unstated.
The data in ConceptNet is being collected from ordinary people who contributed it on sites like Open Mind Common Sense. ConceptNet represents this data in the form of a semantic network, and makes it available to be used in natural language processing and intelligent user interfaces.
ConceptNet is an open source project, with a Python implementation and a REST API that anyone can use to add computational common sense to their own project. A great tool to help you use ConceptNet in your software is Divisi.
Licences: Creative Commons 3.0 Attribution (data set) GPL 3.0 (data + tools)
|Autor||Autor no especificado|
|Mantenedor||Mantenedor no especificado|
ConceptNet. No author.
Retrieved 09:03, Jun 20, 2013 (UTC).
the Data Hub | <urn:uuid:10486b77-afc4-461d-a7c4-73c652aef242> | {
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Around 50 million EU citizens are deaf or hard of hearing. The EU-funded NANOEAR project has built up knowledge and processes that could improve their ability to hear. The results include a novel nanoparticle-based system with the potential to restore hearing, repair tissue and increase performance of cochlear implants. A nano-hearing implant could be available within 10 years.
© Kalim - Fotolia
The starting point for NANOEAR was studies suggesting that stimulating the inner ear nerve cells improves the function of cochlear implants. This can be done using nerve growth factor – a small protein. An alternative approach, also shown to improve the function of the inner ear, is to use novel genes to stimulate re-growth of the outer hair cells.
Repair and restore
Inspired by these developments, the NANOEAR team set out to create tools to repair cellular injury, restore tissue growth and induce cellular regeneration in the inner ear. Over five-years the team took huge steps towards reaching this goal, developing several nanoparticle carriers to transport therapeutic agents, such as drugs and genes, into the inner ear. They also created several so-called multifunctional nanoparticles (MFNPs) able to target selected tissue and release drugs in a controlled manner.
These MFNPs contain peptides (amino acids) to enhance internalisation to cells and transfection to nuclei. They are also invisible to the immune system so can escape detection.
“Traditional drugs are not able to pass through the tight membranes separating the middle ear from the inner ear,” explains project coordinator Dr IImari Pyykkö of the University of Tampere in Finland. “During NANOEAR we demonstrated that passage to the inner ear is in fact possible with nanoparticles that can carry drugs and target specific cells.”
The team carried out unprecedented MRI-imaging of the human inner ear by adding contrast agents to the nanoparticles, which made it possible to trace them in the body. This process gave much more detail of the ear than was previously possible.
This imaging also showed that the oval window membrane is a very effective pathway to the inner ear; not the round window as was previously thought.
A new implant for the inner ear?
Imaging and drug delivery are not the project’s only achievements. NANOEAR, which ended in October 2011, also laid the groundwork for developing a radically new cochlear implant, which is today undergoing further development in another project. It can be expected on the market within the next 10 years.
“We are currently trying to improve the cochlear implant by allowing the nerve endings to grow to the electrodes,” explains Dr Pyykkö.
NANOEAR has resulted in several patents, mainly in electrode technology and drug incorporation, and some of the partners aim to produce prototypes for human use under a new EU-funded project, known as NanoCI. Project partners are currently in the process of establishing joint ventures with the pharmaceutical industry to commercialise the nanodelivery items. The carrier system could also have many other applications within regenerative medicine. | <urn:uuid:a37041ee-2e0c-4193-acae-3390ff72bf4e> | {
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Print version ISSN 0259-9422
Herv. teol. stud. vol.64 no.1 Pretoria Jan./Mar. 2008
Tantur Ecumenical Institute for Theological Studies, Jerusalem, Israel
Arab Christianity has a long history, longer than the history Christianity has in many European countries, a fact we seem to have forgotten in the west. According to Acts 2:11, some Arabs together with several other people of different nationalities were present when Peter gave his address to the crowd on the first Pentecost day after the ascension of Christ. Even if this piece of information is not historically true, there is no doubt that Christianity spread to the Arab world fairly early, probably in the beginning with some Judaeo-Christians, who moved to Arabia, and later on as a result of a mission to the gentiles. Already in antiquity the Bible was translated from the Greek Septuagint into Arabic.
1. THE MADEBA MAP
One of the archaeological findings, which shows the extension of Christianity in part of what we today call the Arab world, is the famous map in the orthodox St George's church in Madeba in Jordan (Piccirillo 1997:26-34, 81-95). The map is a mosaic probably made around 560 CE. Today you cannot see the original map in full, but from what is left, it is clear, that it at least has shown the area from Tyre and Sidon in the north to the Nile delta in the south and from the Mediterranean Sea in the west to the desert in the east.
The place names on the map are written in Greek and designate towns and holy places known from the Bible and early Christian sources. Several Christian sanctuaries are mentioned, to which pilgrims went according to contemporary Christian literature. The map is therefore rightly understood as a pilgrims' map, which reflect the extension and importance of Christianity in Palestine, Jordan, and Egypt in the first centuries CE, and before Islam became the religion of the majority in this area.
It is an important point that the map is found in a room, where a Christian congregation of today holds services. It is not a museum and the map is not an exhibited item; the map is still where it was found, and serves as the floor in a church room, and a Bible and liturgy books and other holy things are found in the room. There is probably no direct historical line from the map to the present church, but the presence of the antique map in a modern church is an image of Christianity then and now. Christianity was present in these countries before Islam came into being, and there is a line from then to now. It is not the aim of this paper to reconstruct this line, but just to stress that Christianity in the Arab countries has as long a history as Christianity itself.
2. PALESTINIAN CHRISTIANITY FROM THE BEGINNING
This is also true for Palestinian Christianity. If you ask a Palestinian Christian, when her or his family converted to Christianity, thinking that they had been Muslims earlier, the normal answer will be, that they became Christians two thousand years ago. They subscribe to the idea that their forefathers were among the first generation of Christians. Whether this is true for that specific family or not is impossible to prove, but there is a nucleus of truth in the statement. There has always been Christians in the Holy Land, but we don't know the early history in detail. In the congregations were members of mixed origin; there were Jews, who had followed the first apostles' preaching. They were the Judaeo-Christians, but they lost their Jewish identity during the years, when a new Christian identity was developed. Pilgrims from other parts of the world joined these first congregations, and there might also have been Arab members from the beginning. In the years before Islam came to the area, there were cities and villages with a Christian majority. When they accepted the Arab language as their language, in which they also served God, is not certain, but they are the forerunners for the present time's Palestinian Arab Christians.
In the 7th century, Islam came into life and was spread fast over the Arab world, including Palestine. Some Arabs might have been forced to join Islam, but it seems that most of them found that Islam was a more genuine Arab religion than Christianity. However, not all Arabs became Muslims, and Christian congregations were still scattered over the Arab world. Christianity was allowed, because of the Christians have their own Holy Book, and from the 7th to 12th century there are traces of a theological dialogue between the two religions. Furthermore, some of the Christian theologians presented a thinking, which deals with Christianity's new problem to be a minority in the Muslim world (Gräbe 1999:107-108).
The dialogue seems to have stopped around the period of the crusades in the 12th and 13th centuries. In the Muslim world the crusades are considered an attempt from the Christian West to press Christian culture upon the Muslims (forcefully and in an imperialistic way) (Maalouf 1983). They still fear a new crusade from the west, and there is no doubt that there are people in the Arab countries, who interpret, what today is going on in Iraq, as a modern crusade.
When you read about the time of the crusades in traditional European history books, you will first and foremost learn a lot about, what happened then in Europe, and about competition between European Kings and Princes. You will also read about the physical and spiritual fight between the Western and the Eastern churches, and finally you get a description of how the wars between Christians and Muslims took place. One thing, however, one looks for almost in vain, is what happened to the local Christians in the Arab countries, and did they have a role to play? An example: In the three volume Church history in Danish, which was the standard textbook, when I was a student of theology in the fifties and sixties, is found very little about the local Christians. The following sentence (in my translation) is almost all one finds about the oriental Christians: "All supporters of the oriental churches were forced to recognise the sovereignty of Rome, which caused a strong indignation" (Holmquist & Nørregaard 1946:370).
The crusaders did not seem to fight the Muslims, because the Christian outpost in the Holy Land was threatened; they were full of anger, because they themselves did not have access to the Holy Sepulchre, and they were afraid that the Muslims would kneel down there instead of themselves. The aim was to release the tomb of Christ not their fellow Christians.
But the local Christians lived there, also during the two centuries of crusades, and some of the crusaders actually stayed in the Holy Land and mixed with the Arab Christians. This is, for example, the reason why an Italian familyname like Canawati is found in Bethlehem. In the centuries between the crusades and modern days the Christians lived a relatively peaceful life together with their Muslim neighbours. Of course there were restrictions, but not more than it was possible to accept, as long as there was peace in the area. Never has there been an immigration of Arab Christians like the immigration we have seen during the latest decades. The reasons given by the Christian Palestinians, who have left the country in the last fifty years, are first and foremost the political conditions and the lack of employment, and not that they can't live together with the Muslims. Only 3% of those who have left the West Bank find religious fanaticism the main reason for immigration (The Sabeel Survey on Palestinian Christians in the West Bank and Israel 2006:84).
Arab Christians existed as a minority, and therefore they have never developed an imperialistic Christianity like the one, we have seen in Europe and the United States. Most of the Arab Christians are pacifists, and that has also been the attitude of the Palestinian Christians towards the establishment of the modern Israeli state. One cannot deny that Muslims in some of the Arab countries have tried and still try to get rid of Christians especially during the latest decade, but in Palestine that does not seem to have been the case, but the change in the composition of ethnic and religious groups has made the Christians feel a new kind of difficulty.
3. PALESTINIAN CHRISTIANITY TODAY
These difficulties have forced some of the Palestinian theologians to rethink their situation and redefine their role as Christians in the Holy Land. There is a new theological movement, which is described in the book by Uwe Gräbe mentioned above. The situation, as the Palestinian Christians were used to it, is defined by one of the theologians in this movement, the Roman Catholic Rafiq Khoury: "I am a Christian, I belong to a minority, I am an Arab, I live an a disrupted church, and am related to the Muslim world" (Gräbe 1996:164, my translation).
Rafiq Khoury mentions that he is Christian, before he calls himself an Arab; probably many of the lay Arab Christians would mention the words in the opposite order. Furthermore, for many of them it is more important that they are Arab Christians, than to which church they belong; but it is a matter of fact that they belong to different churches. For many Christians around the world it is a serious matter, that Jesus' prayer "May they all be one" (Jn 17:21) has never been fulfilled. But in Palestine and Israel this is not a theological problem only, it is also a practical and a political matter. It is difficult for the Christian leaders to convince other leaders in the country to give up all fighting and competition, when they cannot cease to disagree among themselves as Christians.
Nobody knows for sure, how many Christians there are left in the country, and one of reasons is that Christians are leaving all the time. Statistics can be presented in many different ways, and often there is a political purpose behind the differences. But today there are probably around 160 000 (The Sabeel Survey 2006:48). Most of the Palestinian Christian families belong to an orthodox church, first and foremost the Greek Orthodox. Among the Catholic Churches the one called the Greek Catholic or the Melkite Church, a Church with an Eastern liturgy in Arab, but in union with Rome, is the church with most members. The Roman Catholic Church, or as it is called in this part of the world the Latin Catholic Church, is smaller than the Greek Catholic church, but it is very visible, because most of the modern churches on the places mentioned in the New Testament, to which the tourists and pilgrims travel, belong to this church and are looked after by the Franciscans.
The orthodox churches are the classic churches in the Holy Land, and the history of the Latin Church also goes way back, except for some centuries after the crusades. From the middle of the 19th century, different protestant churches have been part of the Christian family in the Holy Land, especially Anglican and the Lutheran churches. These are small, but very visible, because they have a praxis oriented theology. During the latest decades other churches like the Methodists, Baptists, and Adventists have build churches and established small congregations in the land. Consequently, the Palestinian Christians do not serve God in the same room and in the same way, except on special occasions. They don't take communion together, and it is difficult to recognise them as a union, which would be able to play a role in the present difficult situation; still, many of the Christians are active members of the peace groups.
4. THE CHRISTIANS AS NEIGHBOURS TO MUSLIMS AND JEWS
The Christians in the Holy Land have inner fronts, the separation in several churches, but they also have outwards fronts. Rafiq Khoury points to, what has always been the condition for the Palestinian Christians and for that matter for all Christians in the Arab world, namely that they are minorities in the midst of the Muslim world. We cannot expect to find an Arab Christian theology dealing with the contemporary situation, which does not deal with the relation between Christianity and Islam. It is crucial for them that they seriously consider their relation to Islam. This means that we, who are brought up in another part of the world, where Islam is not (yet) an important power, will find themes in their theology, which are foreign to us, and we may even find them irrelevant. In Northern Europe, where the present writer grew up, the fear of Islam is fast growing, and for that reason it is difficult to start a dialogue with the few Muslims, who live here. The Palestinian and other Arab Christians cannot avoid this dialogue, even if it is for them becoming more difficult too.
In the 20th century, the situation has changed a lot for all Palestinians, including the Christians. In the beginning of the century there were less than one hundred thousand Jews in the country and by the end there were some five million. In the same period of time the Muslim population grew from around half a million to three million people, in spite of the fact that many Muslims have left the country. Most of them went to other Arab countries, but several of them are scattered around the world. By the end of the 20th century, the Christians were a little more than double the amount they were in the beginning of the century; had they had a natural growth, they would have been more than half a million (The Sabeel Survey 2006:47). In other words the Christians constituted about 10% of the population in the year 1900, but less than 2% in the year 2000, and the main reason for that is immigration, to other Arab countries, to North and South America, and Europe. It should be obvious that this development has placed the Palestinian Christians in a radical new situation, which can hardly be judged as a change for the better.
The founding of the modern state of Israel in 1948 changed the situation, but as a whole the Palestinian Christians accepted this. They had to revise their self-knowledge, both as human beings and in politics and religion. Most of them have chosen to work for, what has been called a prophetic and not a militant solution to the conflict. They had to write and talk and act in order to solve their problems, and consequently very few of the Christians joined their Muslim compatriots in their warlike acts during the periods of intifada, of which the second, which started in September 2000, has not ended yet.
5. PALESTINIAN CONTEXTUAL THEOLOGY
It is the theological work, developed by some Palestinian theologians in connection with their self revision, Uwe Gräbe in his book, Kontextuelle Palästinensische Theologie, calls contextual theology. He has made a thorough investigation into the background of this theology and an analysis of how it has developed from the establishing of the Israeli state and until the late nineties, when the book was published. In one of the chapters he presents the most important spokespersons for this theology, and by means of a few catchwords he characterises their special contribution. Geries Sa'ed Khoury, a Greek Catholic or Melkite Christian, has worked with the Arab Christian-Muslim tradition, and Elias Chacour, another Melkite, has presented a narrative theology. Naim Ateek (see below) is an angelical, who himself calls his work liberation theology. Mitri Raheb, who is Lutheran, gives the context the highest priority and Munib A. Younan, another Lutheran, has dealt with Lutheran confession and the dialogue. Then there is the above mentioned Latin Catholic Rafiq Khoury, whose catchwords are the Gospel and the culture, and finally the Latin patriarch Msgr. Michel Sabbah is mentioned - he stands for the diplomacy of the Church (Gräbe 1999:154-168).1 It is clear that the Catholics, both Greek and Latin, and the Protestants are the most active in the movement; there doesn't seem to be much space for a contextual thinking in Orthodox theology.
The Anglican theologian Naim Ateek (1989:5-6) prefers the designation liberation theology because of its use in emphasizing the liberating aspect of the Word of God. In other parts of the world, where a liberation theology is developed, the exodus myth plays a central role, but the Palestinians don't need an exodus, and the exodus motif has been used by the other part in the conflict, the Israelis. I prefer, in concurrence with Gräbe, to use the term contextual, even if this designation too is used about other and different kinds of theology around the world. A theology is contextual, if it takes up and reflects upon the contemporary situation, in which the theologians in question live, and that is exactly what these Palestinians have done. Some of their thinking is original and unique, because you can hardly find a Christianity anywhere in the world, which is placed in a situation, analogous with the Palestinian situation.
As mentioned above the Arab Christians have for many years lived next to the Muslims as a tolerated minority, and they were used to do so, even if they were depending on the rhythm of the life of the Muslims. During the second half of the 20th century, this has become more difficult, in Palestine especially after the first intifada started in the beginning of the eighties. The more the Muslims have felt the pressure from other people the more dogmatic and militant they became. The less they managed their situation the more the turned to their religion. They have chosen to make the Muslim laws and rules a central matter, and this attitude has been supported from the international Islamism, which has grown up from the beginning of the seventies, wanting a clean and strong Islam. As a kind of answer to this the Palestinian Christians have joined and started associations, where a dialogue between the different parts can take place. In this case it is very important that the contextual theology should be ecumenical. Ateek and Raheb have founded the Sabeel Centre in Jerusalem and the International Centre in Bethlehem. There are also several other centres and associations, old and new, where the dialogue from different viewpoints between Judaism, Christianity, and Islam is encouraged and kept alive.
Another new and may be even more important theological problem is related to the Jews and the modern Israeli state. Throughout the Christian era, there have almost always been Jews in the Holy Land, but they were small groups and an even smaller minority than the Christians; they were never really a political power. Now-a-days the Israelis are the majority in the country, and after the six days' war in 1967, they have dominated not only the Israel they got in 1948, but also the part, which should have been the independent country Palestine.
The Israelis came to the country with a very strong national and in most cases also religious identity; based upon this identity they claimed to have the right to country, and many western Christians supported them, some of them in the extreme form of Christian Zionism (Sizer 2004). They interpret what happened as the fulfilment of the promises from God, known from the Hebrew Bible. Furthermore the Israelis, who came to the country after the second World War had their own or their fellow Jews' experiences of Holocaust, which tied them together and made them eager not to loose the country again. It is fair to say that the Palestinians, who lived in the country and had lived there for centuries, did not have a Palestinian identity, which was anything like the Jewish identity. But during the period around and after the founding of Israel they experienced the loss of country and property, which tied them more, but not fully, together.
It is normal Christian thinking that all Christians are heirs to the Old Testament promises. A central Old Testament theme like election goes through the Old and New Testament and has become a central theme in both Judaism and Christianity, even if there are differences in the interpretation thereof. Thus, also the Palestinian Christians have understood themselves as part of the biblical people of God in continuation of the Old Testament. But the founding of Israel and the return of the Jews has put a question mark against this understanding. Many Christians in the West have, as mentioned above, seen the events happening in modern Israel as a fulfilment of Old Testament promises, and the Christians, who are Palestinians and live in the country, can consequently not represent this fulfilment (Ateek 2005).
Seen from the angle of a special Christian Zionist logic, when looking at the Holy Land, only Jews can represent this fulfilment. The Christian Palestinians don't do that, and therefore they don't belong to the country. The Jews, who have established themselves in a modern state in the country, from where Palestinians also Palestinian Christians have been driven away, are according to that logic the only legitimate heirs of the country (Jeppesen 2007:34-35). In this way the Palestinian Christians are forced into a disagreement with other Christians, especially, when it comes to how to read the Bible. They feel that part of the Christian world has used their Bible against them. Therefore some of the Palestinian lay people are developing a kind of neo-marcionism, rejecting the Old Testament as part of the Bible. The contextual theologians reject that line of thoughts.
In the case of the right to the country theology and politics are mingled. Many Muslims in Palestine believe that their Christian neighbours are agents for western politics and power. People in the west have difficulties giving the Palestinian Christians the right to live in the country, because of the way they read the Bible. At the same time they suspect that the Arab Christians are spokespersons for the Arab case against the Jews. Very often support to even a small group of Palestinians like the Christians immediately is interpreted as a critique against the state of Israel, if not a new anti-Semitism. Therefore many people, who would like to support the good work done in Palestine for instance by the Christians, find it hard to do so. The problem is that the special logic mentioned above, according to the contextual theologians is a confusion of what is spiritual and what is worldly - and I believe they are right.
6. JUSTICE WITH MERCY
I cannot in this short article go into a thorough discussion with all the members of the contextual theology movement in Palestine; I confine myself to referring to Uwe Gräbe's book about this movement. In the present writer's opinion the two books, which give the best introduction to this theology are Naim Ateek's Justice and only Justice and Mitri Raheb's I am a Palestinian Christian. I have earlier introduced the readers of this periodical to the latter,2 and therefore I will here concentrate on the first.
Naim Ateek is a typical representative for the group of Christian Palestinians, we are dealing with in this essay; his theology cannot be separated from his own life story. In a section in the first part of his book called A First Experience of Israel (Ateek 1989:7-13), he tells about his childhood. He was born in 1937 in a Christian family in Beisan, which then was a typical Palestinian village with a mixed population of around 6 000 people; Muslims and Christians were living next to and in peace with each other. Two days before the proclamation of the Israeli state in 1948, Israeli soldiers came to the village and forced the Muslims to cross the nearby Jordan River and to take flight into the state of Jordan. The Christians were separated from the Muslims and deported to Nazareth, which was supposed to become a village in the Arab part of the country. Later, Nazareth was captured by the Israelis. In this way Naim Ateek came to live as a Christian Palestinian in Israel. But the family could not move back to or get compensation for their property in Beisan, which now was called by its biblical Hebrew name, Bet Shean, and their house was occupied by Israeli newcomers.
The family found, like many other Palestinian Christians that the Eastern Orthodox Church, to which they originally belonged, had let them down and was too passive. Instead they joined a church, which they found more active, the Episcopal or Anglican church. That is the reason why Naim got an Anglican minister's education and a doctor's degree in the States. Later in life he became a canon at the Anglican St George's Cathedral in Jerusalem, and now he is the leader of the above mentioned centre Sabeel, an ecumenical centre for liberation theology and for justice.
The title of the book in question, Justice and only Justice, is a quotation from Deuteronomy 16:20, and justice is a keyword in Naim Ateek's theology. The Christian God, who is believed to be a saviour and a liberator, seems from the Palestinian Christians' point of view to have revealed himself as partial and discriminating. "How can the Old Testament be the Word of God in light of the Palestinian Christians' experience with its use to support Zionism?" (Ateek 1989:78). A Palestinian Christian cannot in Ateek's opinion accept the Old Testament's understanding of God in full. God's acts in history have to be seen in the light of, what we know about God through Christ; if you don't read in that way, the whole Christian Bible cannot be the Bible for the Palestinian Christians.
One of the keys to the understanding of the Palestinian contextual theology is the way they read the Bible, their exegeses. Therefore, I will end this article by an example of Naim Ateek's exegeses. He reads three Old Testament texts, using the New Testament as a filter (Ateek 1989:86-92). The first section is "Naboth and the God of Justice", in other words 1 Kings 21; the second is "The ecstatic Prophets - A cautious Warning" about Micah ben Jimla, 1 Kings 22, and finally "The Cry of a Refugee - Hope in God" about Psalms 42-43: "As a hind longs for the running streams, so I long for you, my God".
In Ateek's book the biblical texts and their interpretation are not just a proof of what he wants to say or an illustration, but part of the ongoing argumentation. I have chosen the story about Naboth and his vineyard, because this is an example of a biblical story, where it makes good sense to discuss the keyword justice. This story is about a ruler, who twists the law in order to take the land from people, who own it legally. "The death and dispossession of Naboth and his family has been reenacted thousands of times since the creation of the State of Israel" (Ateek 1989:87), and one wonders whether some of the people in Palestine today don't enjoy the end of this story: "Exact and strict justice was meted out as punishment for the crime" (Ateek 1989:88).
However, revenge is not part of Naim Ateek's theology. The message is "God's uncompromising concern for justice". The liberation found in the story is, that what is told about Ahab and Jezebel shows that God is a living God with a long memory. (It is typical for this author to explain an Old Testament text with a New Testament quotation. In this case he is referring to Gal 6:7: "God is not to be fooled; everyone reaps what he sows.")
God's right is equal for all; everybody's life and property is under the protection of God. "Whenever injustice occurred, God intervened to defend the poor, the weak, and defenceless" (Ateek 1989:88). But God's punishment without any compromise has to be read through New Testament glasses, and that is very different from the way in which exegetes normally read the Old Testament. But it is not enough to show the historical distance to the idea "eye for eye, tooth for tooth"; you have to reject the whole idea. Instead of "justice without mercy" the Christians, and especially the Palestinian Christians, should argue for "justice with mercy" (Ateek 1989:89).
The contribution of the contextual Palestinian theologians is: don't stop claiming justice, but use the idea of justice in a dynamic and creative way in order to obtain peace in the Holy Land. We should not translate the end of the story about Naboth's vineyard in a literal way, bringing death over every Ahab and Jezebel, but use the story in its totality to awake the hope of liberation for all oppressed.
Ateek, N 1989. Justice and only justice: A Palestinian theology of liberation. New York: Orbis. [ Links ]
Ateek, N (ed) 2005. Challenging Christian Zionism: Theology, politics and Israel-Palestine conflict. London: Melisende. [ Links ]
Chacour, E 1984. Blood brothers. New York: Flemming H Revell. [ Links ]
Chacour, E 2001. We belong to the land: The story of a Palestinian Israeli who lives for peace and reconciliation. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. [ Links ]
Gräbe, U 1999. Kontextuelle palästinensiche Theologie, Streitbare und umstrittene Beiträge zum ökumenischen und interreliösen Gespräch. Missionswissenschaftliche Forschungen, Neue Folge Bd. 9, Erlangen Verlag für Mission und Ökumene. [ Links ]
Holmquist, H & Nørregaard, J 1946. Kirkehistorie I: Oldtid og Middelalder. Schultz Forlag, 3rd ed. København: Akademisk Forlag. [ Links ]
Jeppesen, K 2007. Nabots vingård i palæstinensisk udlægning. DTT 70, 23-37. [ Links ]
Maalouf, A 1983. Les croisades vue par les Arabes. Paris: Jean Claude Lattès (see Danish translation, Korstogene som araberne ser dem, Gyldendals Bogklubber 1997). [ Links ]
Piccirillo, M 1997. The Mosaics of Jordan. Amman: American Center of Oriental Research. [ Links ]
Raheb, M 1995. I am a Palestinian Christian. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress. [ Links ]
Raheb, M 2004. Bethlehem besieged: Stories of hope in times of trouble. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress. [ Links ]
Sizer, S 2004. Christian Zionism: Road-map to Armageddon? Leicester: Inter-Varsity Press. [ Links ]
Younan, M 2003. Witnessing for peace in Jerusalem and the world. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress. [ Links ]
2006. The Sabeel survey on Palestinian Christians in the West Bank and Israel. Jerusalem: Sabeel Ecumenical Liberation Theology Centre. [ Links ]
* Dr Knud Jeppesen, Vice Rector Emeritus, Tantur Ecumenical Institute for Theological Studies (Jerusalem, Israel), is a member of the International Advisory Board of HTS Theological Studies and a research associate of Dr Andries G van Aarde, honorary professor at the Faculty of Theology, University of Pretoria.
1 Some of the above mentioned theologians have written books, which are available on the international market. Rafiq Khoury is the editor of the Al-liqa' Journal, and some of the other here mentioned theologians are members of the editorial board. The Journal deals with the Christian-Muslim relations and Palestinian Theology. I have chosen here to concentrate on these contextual theologians, and therefore I don't mention recent literature, dealing with the same topics, written by other Palestinians and authors from the rest of the world.
2 In a review of Mitri Rahebs book, I am a Palestinian Christian in HTS 58, 2002, 841-844. | <urn:uuid:84a60521-c0d3-4243-9427-a8908e6d3555> | {
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15 September 2006 Nearly 30 years after safety concerns led to the phasing out of indoor spraying with DDT and other insecticides to control malaria, the United Nations health agency said today it will start promoting this method again to fight the global scourge that kills more than one million people every year, including around 3,000 children everyday.
“The scientific and programmatic evidence clearly supports this reassessment. Indoor residual spraying is useful to quickly reduce the number of infections caused by malaria-carrying mosquitoes,” said Dr Anarfi Asamoa-Baah, World Health Organization (WHO) Assistant Director-General for HIV/AIDS, TB and Malaria.
“Indoor residual spraying has proven to be just as cost effective as other malaria prevention measures, and DDT presents no health risk when used properly.” Indoor residual spraying is the application of long-acting insecticides on the walls and roofs of houses and domestic animal shelters.
“We must take a position based on the science and the data,” said Dr Arata Kochi, Director of WHO’s Global Malaria Programme. “One of the best tools we have against malaria is indoor residual house spraying. Of the dozen insecticides WHO has approved as safe for house spraying, the most effective is DDT.”
WHO actively promoted indoor residual spraying for malaria control until the early 1980s when increased health and environmental concerns surrounding DDT caused the organization to stop promoting its use and to focus instead on other means of prevention. Extensive research and testing has since demonstrated that well-managed indoor residual spraying programmes using DDT pose no harm to wildlife or to humans, the agency said.
Views about the use of insecticides for indoor protection from malaria have been changing in recent years. Environmental Defense, which launched the anti-DDT campaign in the 1960s, now endorses the indoor use of DDT for malaria control, as does the Sierra Club and the Endangered Wildlife Trust.
At a news conference today, the WHO also called on all malaria control programmes around the world to develop and issue a clear statement outlining their position on indoor spraying with long-lasting insecticides such as DDT, specifying where and how spraying will be implemented in accordance with WHO guidelines.
Every year, more than 500 million people suffer from acute malaria, resulting in more than one million deaths. At least 86 per cent of these deaths are in sub-Saharan Africa. Globally an estimated 3,000 children and infants die from malaria every day and 10,000 pregnant women die from malaria in Africa every year. Malaria disproportionately affects poor people, with almost 60 percent of malaria cases occurring among the poorest 20 per cent of the world’s population. | <urn:uuid:2f9bc800-d224-4c75-a4e4-4247d231f579> | {
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- August 2nd, 2012
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The tower erected in 1889 by freemason Gustave Eiffel (who also designed the inner structure of the Statue of Liberty) remains to this day the tallest structure in Paris. The Eiffel tower served as the entrance to the World’s Fair, opening out onto the Champ de Mars. The Mars Field is named after the Campus Martius in Rome, which honors the Roman god of war.
I’ve been using the most popular depiction of a man’s body ever made – Leonardo da Vinci’s Vitruvian man – to uncover embodied urban symbolism, see Astana and the Olympics.
The Roman Vitruvius’ Ten Books of Architecture explained how effective temples are based on the human body. I have found just such a temple resonating with Mars in the heart of Paris.
Mars’ phallus obviously maps to the Eiffel tower, his navel power chakra maps to the fountain at the center of the paths, his heart chakra is on the cross axis with Mitterand’s ancient Egyptian-themed 1989 French bicentennial Monument of Human Rights, and the obelisk at Place Fontenoy is his pineal gland/third eye chakra. Incidentally, this same obelisk forms part of the solar alignment discussed in Secrets In Plain Sight – Volume 1.
Notice also that the Military School itself forms a collar to the Vitruvian man’s head and UNESCO forms a kind of helmet, horn, or Martian antenna.
The red and white fields resonate with the two hemispheres of the brain, the colors of upper and lower Egypt, the two springs at Glastonbury, or blood and semen. The lattermost pairing resonates with the killing and rape associated with war. You could say Mars is embodied at the scale of this famous linear urban complex. Is his power somehow magically transferred to the military school?
I find it fascinating that the Comte de Saint-Germain reorganized the Ecole Militaire in 1777. St. Germain is one of the most interesting persons in history.
Myths, legends and speculations about St. Germain began to be widespread in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and continue today. They include beliefs that he is immortal, the Wandering Jew, an alchemist with the “Elixir of Life”, a Rosicrucian, and that he prophesied the French Revolution. He is said to have met the forger Giuseppe Balsamo (alias Cagliostro) in London and the composer Rameau in Venice. Some groups honor Saint Germain as a supernatural being called an Ascended Master. -Source
Synchronicity: St. Germain is one of the main characters in a book I’m currently reading to my son, The Magician by Michael Scott.
Napoleon attended the Ecole Militaire in 1784 and is entombed very close by in Les Invalides.
Being familiar with David Wood’s book GenIsis (1985), I see a connection to the Mars linear complex in Paris. Before I tell you what that is, let me show you the structured landscape that Wood discovered 660 kilometers due South in the region of Rennes le Chateau.
When I first saw this geometry I dismissed it because it is not a regular pentagram but a pentacle. However I was far too hasty. After having recently read Wood’s follow up book that he wrote with Ian Campbell called GeneSet (1994), I see incredible wisdom in the diagram that wasn’t open to me until I grew to have eyes to see it.
If the green circle has a radius of 1 then its circumference is exactly 2 Pi. The amazing thing is, the golden triangle also has a perimeter of 2 Pi (99.8% accurate). So in a sense this diagram is every bit as important as Squaring the Circle is in sacred geometry. I think of this as Triangulating the Circle.
The key to Triangulating the Circle is dividing the circle into 15 parts as was done with the gray 15 pointed star. This 15 part division was suggested by the placement of the towns around Rennes le Chateau and that is how Wood chanced upon this geometric discovery.
In GenIsis Wood mentions the Osiris story and how it is usually reported that Set cut Osiris’ body into 14 pieces and threw his phallus into the Nile. He claims there were therefore a total of 15 pieces rather than 14 as is usually reported. If you think about it, this makes perfect sense. There really are 15 parts to the male body if you count them. The 15th part would be the pointy extension in the diagram that penetrates the circle. It has a 36 degree internal angle just like the regular pentagram.
I noticed another intriguing layer embedded in Wood’s diagram. In John Martineau’s A Little Book of Coincidence in the Solar System he mentions that Saturn’s and Earth’s sizes (99%) and mean orbits (98%) are given by a 15 pointed star such that the inner circle represents Earth and the outer circle represents Saturn.
Immanuel Velikovsky equated Saturn with Osiris in his book In the Beginning.
Wood and Campbell pointed out in GeneSet how Phi is also embedded in the diagram. I made a piece of art that shows these connections and more. To learn more about how the Sun and Saturn relate, watch David Talbot’s Thunderbolts of the Gods.
Today using Google Earth I drew a circle that hits Rennes le Chateau, Cassaignes, Serres, Bugarach, and Saint-Just-et-le-Bezu (see enlarged diagram) and noticed that its area is 66,666,666 square meters. Amazing. This is the circumcircle in Wood’s diagram, shown in blue in my Google Earth image.
Then I copied the longitude of the center of this circle and flew back to Paris where I created a placemark along the Eiffel tower- Champ de Mars axis. Guess where this exact center point is: the center of la Place de Breteuil. This point is therefore perfectly due north of the center point of the same sized circle in the Languedoc. It is the intersection point of the Eiffel tower- Champ de Mars axis with the axis of Les Invalides where Napoleon was entombed. Breteuil was the Minister of War twice under Louis XV.
Drawing a circle with an area of 66,666,666 square meters from la Place de Breteuil has a resonance with Leonardo’s Vitruvian man because the center point is at the top of the circumcircle around the urban body of Mars and the corners of Leonardo’s page are touched by the circle itself.
The red line from the obelisk at Place Fontenoy traces the central axis of embodied Mars straight through the Eiffel tower at a heading of 314 degrees, recalling Pi.
Extending this line across the earth it goes directly to the center of Danebury iron age hill fort in the UK. Built in the the 6th century BC, Danebury is an intriguing place for the Paris Mars axis to end up for several reasons.
The Meteoritical Society lists the ‘first British meteorite find’ from the Danebury hill fort site. -Source I’m going to hazard a guess that this meteorite came from Mars.
Just a stone’s throw from the “hill fort” was a Roman villa or country farmhouse whose central floor mosaic has survived and been recently installed in the Museum of the Iron Age in nearby Andover. The Fullerton Mosaic depicts Mars at the center of the main room.
In the book Two-Thirds: A History of Our Galaxy (1993), the author David P. Myers tells an amazing story of an extra-terrestrial human civilization that colonized Mars eons ago and after a great war, they eventually came to our planet which they called…wait for it…Danebury. So perhaps the Danebury ring actually depicts the Earth. If so then the Paris Eiffel-Champ de Mars axis represents the colonists coming from Mars to Earth! All written out on the ground in plain sight.
Myers also goes on to draw a parallel between Cydonia on Mars and the Avebury/Silbury Hill complex. He claims the Martian colonists actually built Avebury ring and Silbury Hill as a mirror of their destroyed settlement on Mars. Here I’ve overlaid Google Mars imagery over Google Earth imagery and you can see the large crater and conical mound do match Avebury ring and Silbury Hill. The face on mars isn’t represented on earth (it’s a field) nor is the 5 sided pyramidal structure.
On August 5th 2012, Curiosity, NASA’s next Mars rover is scheduled to land on the red planet. August 5th just happens to be the date when a very special astronomical event occurs. An equilateral triangle (eye of God) forms with Mars, Saturn, and Spica in the constellation Virgo. All 3 are first magnitude objects and this arrangement will be easy to spot almost everywhere on Earth. Thanks to Daniel White for posting this intriguing video on my facebook wall.
Curiously Mars, Saturn, and Spica resonate with Set, Osiris, and Isis respectively. That’s quite a love triangle. In a few days Curiosity will land on Mars looking for life. As NASA says at the end of the above video, “The real show is about to begin.”
Copyright 2012 – SIPS Productions Inc. – All Right Reserved | <urn:uuid:10d03f8a-2d7a-4919-b9e1-aeb2e98b1dd1> | {
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In addition to the Colorado River Fishery Project, the Grand Junction Fisheries Office includes the Ouray National Fish Hatchery – Grand Valley Unit. The hatchery consists of several facilities: 1) Horsethief Broodstock Ponds, 2) The Grand Valley Propagation Facility, 3) The Horsethief Canyon Native Fish Facility, and 4) various grow-out ponds.
Offspring from wild razorback suckers are held in ponds and spawned every spring. Matings between pairs of fish are planned so as to maximize the genetic diversity of their offspring. Eggs are hatched and then reared for about a year in a water-reuse hatchery. Progeny from each mating are reared separately in indoor tanks. Fish are placed in grow-out ponds in the spring when they are large enough to be marked with a small electronic tag. These tags can later be used to identify individuals, their respective parentage, and when and where they were stocked. The ponds allow time for the fish to adjust to a natural environment and grow larger before being released in the wild. After 4-6 months, they are stocked into the Colorado, Gunnison and San Juan rivers. Field crews monitor the survival and spawning of the stocked fish.
Doug Osmundson holds the last wild razorback sucker captured from the upper Colorado River at Walter Walker State Wildlife Area, April 27, 1993. In the late 1980’s and early 1990’s so few wild razorback sucker remained that all captured were brought into captivity to be used as broodstock for hatchery-based recovery efforts. The limited gene pool necessitated that matings included individuals captured from the Colorado, Green and San Juan rivers. Photo by J. Thompson.
Travis Francis plans the matings of pairs of razorback sucker broodstock to maximize the genetic diversity of offspring that will be stocked in the river. Photo by J. Hock.
Embryos of razorback sucker about to hatch at the Grand Valley Propagation Facility. Photo by R. Dujay.
Young razorback sucker reared at the Grand Valley Propagation Facility are released in grow-out ponds near Grand Junction. USFWS file photo.
In the late 1980s and 1990s so few wild razorback sucker remained in the upper Colorado River that all captured were brought into captivity to be used as broodstock for hatchery-based recovery efforts.
Horsethief Ponds – A series of ponds constructed at the Horsethief State Wildlife Area are used for holding the razorback sucker broodstock. These fish are brought indoors in the spring where they are held until ready to be spawned. The males that are matched with females for mating are changed each year according to a schedule designed to maximize the genetic diversity of the offspring.
Chuck McAda (left) and Thad Bingham strip eggs from a ripe female razorback sucker at the Horsethief spawning facility. Eggs are incubated after being fertilized with milt from a selected male. Photo by J. Hock.
Razorback sucker held as broodstock are netted from the Horsethief ponds prior to spring spawning. Photo by C. McAda.
Horsethief State Wildlife Area endangered fish ponds near Fruita, Colorado. Photo by M. Baker.
The Grand Valley Propagation Facility - A water-reuse hatchery was built in 1996 specifically to rear razorback sucker. The hatchery contains some 94 circular, fibreglass tanks. Water used in the tanks is filtered and reused over and over. Annually, 21,000 fish are reared at the hatchery to a length of 200 mm before being transferred to grow-out ponds; an additional 7,000 are reared to a length of 300 mm and are then stocked directly in the river.
Young razorback sucker being reared at the Grand Valley Propagation Facility. Photo by T. Bingham
One of several filters that clean tank water for reuse at the Grand Valley Propagation Facility. Photo by B. Scheer.
Rearing tanks at the Grand Valley Propagation Facility. Photo by B. Scheer.
Horsethief Canyon Native Fish Facility -- Located just outside of Fruita, CO this facility consists of 22 ponds ranging in size from 0.1 to 0.5 acres (6.2 total surface acres). Each is 5-6 feet deep and lined with a geomembrane fabric to reduce seepage. A small onsite building is used for holding, spawning, and rearing operations. Construction was completed in 2012 and was funded by the two endangered fish recovery programs to hold and rear endangered razorback sucker, Colorado pikeminnow, and potentially bonytail and humpback chub.
Horsethief Canyon Native Fish Facility, located in Snook’s Bottom near Fruita, Colorado. Water for the facility comes from the nearby Colorado River through an infiltration gallery. Photo by D. Ryden.
Grow-out Ponds – A variety of ponds are used to rear razorback sucker prior to their release in the wild. Some of these ponds are situated on land owned by the Bureau of Reclamation, others are leased from local landowners. Fish are moved to the ponds in the spring from the hatchery and are later captured in the fall, tagged, and released in the river.
Razorback sucker are captured in fyke nets from grow-out ponds when about one and a half years old. Photo by B. Osmundson.
CRFP personnel move pond-reared razorback sucker to a stocking truck. The fish are then marked with a miniature electronic tag before being stocked in the river. Photo by B. Osmundson.
Razorback sucker being transferred from nets to a boat-mounted holding tank. Photo by B. Osmundson. | <urn:uuid:620dccaf-f1ac-4c76-b3e5-42e2356dba37> | {
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Copyright Documents & Forms (MS Word format)
General Information about Copyright
It is an infringement of copyright to electronically reproduce more than limited portions of items not yet in the public domain. Material placed on electronic reserve must fall within the bounds of fair use. This means you may only use a limited portion of a work-usually no more than about 15% or one chapter from a book. Entire books and journal issues currently under copyright protection will be placed on regular print reserve and not on electronic reserve.
We would make an exception if you have permission from the copyright holder of the material. We cannot secure permissions for you, and suggest you contact the course-packet coordinator at Huntley for advice and help with this. A sample letter for requesting permission is included in Copyright Guidelines for E-Reserves.
Government documents and material published before 1923 are generally in the public domain and may be reproduced in their entirety.
You are responsible for complying with current copyright law regarding fair use. If you are unsure of your obligations and rights under fair use, the University of Texas has an excellent web site that discusses fair use and reserve room operations. More extensive web sites are maintained by Stanford University and Indiana University. Another good primer on copyright is Copyright Essentials for Librarians and Educators by Kenneth Crews (Chicago: American Library Association, 2000) available in the Honnold Reference collection (KF 2995 C74 2000).
Notice of the copyright holder is a requirement for fair use of copyrighted material under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. To meet this requirement, if you submit a photocopy you may copy both the title page and the page displaying the copyright notice for a book or journal and include these with each copy to be scanned. Alternatively, you may fill out the Copyright Notice form and attach a copy to each photocopied reserve item. The Library cannot post materials lacking the copyright notice. If you cannot identify the copyright holder, contact the Reserves Coordinator and we will attempt to track down this information for you. Given our small number of staff we cannot do this for a large number of readings, and it will delay the processing of your item, possibly by several days.
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Kentaro Toyama is very proud of this device--a racquetball suspended in a wooden frame by rubber bands--a result of his computer science research at Yale. Toyama, a graduate student, calls the object of his seemingly unjustified pride a surfball. What does it do? The surfball is essentially a computer mouse that could control the motion of, say, a robotic arm moving in three dimensions. A video camera tracks the ball by following two colored dots on it and feeds that information into a computer. The computer calculates the exact motion of the ball and scales up the movements for a robotic arm. Compared with a mouse, or even a joystick, the surfball can move the objects it controls through a greater range of motions. Says Toyama, You can move it forward and back, shift it left to right, up and down, and then rotate around all of those axes. | <urn:uuid:98264b2d-0f0e-4779-8b59-e2aa59618cfc> | {
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You are here
Public Access Rights
Q: What are the rights of the public to access Hawaii’s beaches?
Q: How should the public access beaches and shorelines that are blocked by houses?
A: If private homeowners are obstructing existing public rights-of-way to the shoreline,
Q: What are the various public shoreline access authorities in Hawai’i?
A: Generally, the Counties have the primary authority and duty to develop and maintain public access to and along the shorelines. (HRS §§ 46-6.5, 115-5 & 115-7)
A: The State's primary role in the shoreline area is to preserve and protect coastal resources within the conservation district and support public access along and below the shoreline. (
A: In limited circumstances, the State, under its Na Ala Hele Program, is responsible for management and maintenance of public rights-of-way that are part of the Na Ala Hele trail system of "ancient trails" that are identified and established public trails with documented historical use and significance. Unlike other public rights-of ways that may exist by virtue of an easement, the Na Ala Hele trails are owned by the State and may lead to and from the shoreline and also provide lateral access along shorelines.
- §46-6.5 Public access. (a) Each county shall adopt ordinances which shall require a subdivider or developer, as a condition precedent to final approval of a subdivision, in cases where public access is not already provided, to dedicate land for public access by right-of-way or easement for pedestrian travel from a public highway or public streets to the land below the high-water mark on any coastal shoreline, and to dedicate land for public access by right of way from a public highway to areas in the mountains where there are existing facilities for hiking, hunting, fruit-picking, ti-leaf sliding, and other recreational purposes, and where there are existing mountain trails.
Q: How are public access rights generally enforced?
A: Members of the public with questions about public beach access should seek the assistance of the appropriate County agency tasked with that responsibility (typically the County planning Departments). Concerns regarding lateral shoreline access and encroaching vegetation should be directed to the Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) specifically the Office of Conservation and Coastal Lands (OCCL).
Q: What is the criteria for public rights-of-way?
Q: What are county policies regarding public access?
A: In addition to state statutes, all counties have ordinances related to public access and each county has the primary responsibility to develop and maintain public access to and along the shoreline (HRS § 46-6.5, 115-5 & 115-7).
- Kauai - Kauai’s County Planning Commission requires a standard access width of 10ft minimum. Public access intervals vary depending on the district zoning but should not be greater than 1500 ft ( Kauai County code 1987, Ch 9 Article S Section 9-2.9)
- Hawaii - Hawaii County’s Dept of Planning also has a minimum width of 10 feet and access intervals that vary on zoning but range between 800-2500ft. ( Hawaii County Code 34-2, 34-4).
- Oahu -The City and County of Honolulu Department of Planning and Permitting in consultation with the Depratment of Parks and recreation determine the location and alignment of new public accesses. Standard width is 12ft with a interval of ¼ mile in urban areas and ½ mile in rural areas (Revised Ordinances of Honolulu Ch. 22 sec. 22-6.4)
- Maui -Maui’s subdivision ordinance requires public access intervals of not greater than 1500ft and a minimum width of 15ft.
A: Public Beach transit corridor defined. -§115-5 (a) The right of transit shall exist seaward of the shoreline and this area shall be defined as a beach transit corridor. For purposes of this section, "shoreline" shall have the same meaning as in section 205A-1.
Q: Does the right of access to the shoreline include the right of transit along the shorelines?
§115-4 Right of transit along shorelines. The right of access to Hawaii's shorelines includes the right of transit along the shorelines. [L 1974, c 244, §4; am L 1991, c 37, §2] | <urn:uuid:019f245c-2cf0-4218-bbbb-e6bc96fe3c0b> | {
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A decision was taken at an Irish Cabinet meeting Tuesday morning to set up a statutory commission into the way mother and baby homes were run between the 1920s and 1960s, including allegations of illegal vaccine trials and forced adoptions.
The special government commission will look at the high mortality rates in mother and baby homes across Ireland during the period, along with burial practices at the sites, secret and illegal adoptions, and vaccine trials on children.
Minister for children Charlie Flanagan said Tuesday that it was
essential that “a light was shone on this dark period.”
“My determination is to ensure all of these issues are dealt with in a way, which is comprehensive,” he said, as quoted by the Irish Times.
Flanagan said that an interdepartmental review into some of the
issues at the homes – including the high mortality rates, forced
adoptions, and burial practices – was already in progress. He
added that it would be completed by June 30 and that the
commission will be established by the beginning of the summer
recess at the end of July.
He made clear that all homes operating during this period would be under the spotlight – including those operated by the state, Catholic religious orders, and Church of Ireland religious orders. He also called on the Catholic Church for full cooperation and to hand over all relevant documents and material.
The minister for children did not say who would lead the commission, but hinted that it may be a non-legal and non-judicial person. He promised that the commission would call upon the expertise of historians, social historians, and archivists.
It is believed that about 35,000 unmarried mothers spent time over several decades in 10 homes run by religious orders in Ireland.
The inquiry was ordered after a scandal surrounding a home in
Tuam, County Galway, run by the Sisters of the Bon Secours, where
the remains of 796 infants are thought to be buried. Some of
their remains were found in what was once a concrete septic tank
on the grounds of the home.
Catherine Corless, the historian who made the shocking discovery, says that records from the homes show that children died of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and measles.
Three other homes have little angel plots believed to hold the remains of another 3,200 babies and infants.
“I’m seeking national consensus and I’m asking people to buy into this process so we at last get to the truth,” said Flanagan.
Mother and baby homes accommodated women who fell pregnant outside of marriage and who were ostracized by Catholic society. The homes were often cruel environments, where mothers were only allowed to see their children for a few hours each week.
The homes gained wider attention in last year’s Oscar nominated film Philomena, starring Judi Dench and Steve Coogan.
Revelations printed in the Daily Mail last week stated that over 2,000 children were secretly used as guinea pigs in the 1930s in diphtheria vaccine trials by drugs giant Burroughs Welcome – despite the fact that medical testing only became officially legal in Ireland in 1987. | <urn:uuid:506d072b-2e10-4b07-824c-4626d1c4da88> | {
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What You Need to Pack a Rectangle Lunch
- A rectangular lunch box
- Rectangular food
- Rectangular Juicy Juice® box (4.23 oz or 6.75 oz)
- Note card or piece of paper
- Marker or pen
How To Do It
- Make a sandwich for your child’s lunch. Cut in half and trim the crusts. You now have two rectangles.
- Include rectangular-shaped crackers.
- Cut a slice of cheese in half to form two rectangles.
- Include graham crackers (they’re rectangular).
- Include a note card or piece of paper and a marker or pen in the lunch and ask your child to write down which shape you packed that day.
- Include your child’s favorite flavor of Juicy Juice in its rectangular juice box.
- Pack a regular lunch with a variety of shapes and ask your child to write down as many shapes as he or she can identify.
- Let your child help you turn dinner items into shapes and then “test” the rest of the family. | <urn:uuid:83c5dc67-6f6c-4e83-a0b6-a68f19cf319e> | {
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Vintage Video - Crown Prince Wilhelm, 1914
Achieving initial success in the Ardennes at the start of the war, the Crown Prince achieved his greatest fame - and, to many, notoriety - during the German Verdun Offensive, the greatest offensive of the war.
The Crown Prince was given responsibility by the German Army Chief of Staff von Falkenhayn for ensuring German victory at Verdun (where France was to be "bled white" in Falkenhayn's words).
The offensive began in February 1916 and lasted until September 1916 when it was finally abandoned by incoming Chief of Staff Paul von Hindenburg. The Crown Prince was subsequently the subject of much criticism for the perceived failure of the offensive, and was routinely labelled "the butcher of Verdun" by the Allies, a charge he vehemently denied.
Use the player above to view footage of the Crown Prince filmed in 1914.
Stormtroopers comprised specially trained German assault troops used in 1918.
- Did you know? | <urn:uuid:5c9203ba-e863-40e6-b8ee-4df3c06033bf> | {
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French Revolution July 14th
Predicted exactly by Nostradamus
The biggest event to Nostradamus was the French Revolution. As a Frenchman this would have been his focus.
I’m the only person to reveal why Nostradamus didn’t use 100 Quatrains in Century VII or 7.
The first authorized version of his Prophecies was in 1555 the Bonhomme edition which had 40 quatrains in century 7. So 7:40 is how you write that century. C7Q40.
The final authorized amount of Quatrains in his Prophecies was 42. Commentators have been trying to explain why he added two to the 7th Century and why he didn’t include 100.
Do the math
C7:Q40 or 7:40 – First Edition
C7:Q42 or 7:42 – Final Edition
What is is the middle of those two numbers?
Now reverse the number you have 14:7
14th day of 7th Month the storming of the Bastille or the FRENCH REVOLUTION was encoded in the missing quatrains of Century 7.
That is why I am the ONLY ONE that can translate the great words of Nostradamus. | <urn:uuid:dd778fee-7181-46a9-b410-55944cc5d4a6> | {
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PSORIASIS MAY BE REVERSED WITH SOME SIMPLE DIET MODIFICATION
Psoriasis is not forever. Natural remedies are within your reach, they’re green in color … nature’s best.
Psoriasis [pronounced sore-EYE-ah-sis] is a completely different kind of skin condition from eczema or dermatitis. It is a chronic, recurring inflammatory skin disease characterized by red patches, dry, scaly skin with distinct border between the patch and normal skin. Pain and itching usually accompany this condition.
Psoriasis is a diverse form of skin disease that may appear in a variety of forms, each with their distinct characteristics. In some sufferers, it can change from one form to another.
SYMPTOMS OF PSORIASIS
Psoriasis begins most often in people aged between 10 and 40, although people in all age groups are susceptible. It usually starts with a small patch on the scalp, elbows, knees, backs or buttocks.
These patches may clear up after a few months, or may remain to grow into larger patches.
Some people never have more than one or two small patches, while others may have patches covering large areas of the body. Depending on where the patches form, they may itch or hurt and cause embarrassment.
Psoriasis could be a lifelong, non-contagious skin disease. There are many forms of psoriasis. The most common form, plaque psoriasis, appears as raised, red patches or lesions covered with a silvery white build-up of dead skin cells that look like and are called “scales”.
Inverse psoriasis are mostly found under the armpits, groins, under breasts and in other skin fold areas. The lesions are very red and appear smooth and shiny, unlike plaque psoriasis.
Erythrodermic psoriasis causes the skin to become red and scaly. The lesions are like a burn, keeping the skin from serving as a protective barrier against injury and infection.
Pustular psoriasis has lesions that are large and small with pus-filled blisters (pustules) commonly forming on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. Occasionally they are also scattered all over the body.
CAUSES OF PSORIASIS
Psoriasis occurs because of an abnormally high rate of skin cells growth. The reason for the rapid cell growth is thought to be a problem with the body’s immune system and the toxicity in the blood.
Lesions may flare up for no apparent reason, often resulting from conditions that irritate the skin, such as from consuming or inhaling an allergen, severe sunburn, or following infections such as a flu.
When exposed to bright sunlight (during summer), some symptoms may diminish. Whereas during the cold weather (or winter), flare-ups are very common. Some drugs may also cause flare-ups.
A number of other factors are also thought to cause or contribute to psoriasis, including excessive stress, excess copper and keratin, incomplete protein digestion, bowel toxemia, impaired liver function, sugar, alcohol and tobacco consumption, and excessive consumption of processed foods and animal fats.
Many people with psoriasis have deformed, thickened, pitted nails.
Excessive toxins in our blood stream that cannot be properly filtered by a poor liver and kidney, will try to escape through the skin, causing skin disorder and disruptions like psoriasis.
Skin ailments are warning signs that the body is not getting rid of toxins as it should. Psoriasis is said to be a life-long disease, but I believe that with a proper detoxification program, a total change in your dietary and lifestyle may make it short-lived.
- Limit the consumption of sugar products, animal products, i.e. fats and dairy products as they contain a certain arachidonic acid found only in animal tissues that are especially toxic for chronic psoriasis sufferers.
- Also eliminate tobacco and alcohol entirely as they can increase the absorption of toxins from the gut that stimulates psoriasis.
- Studies have shown that fish oils can help prevent and relieve the symptoms of psoriasis. Increasing your intake of cold-water fish, such as salmon, mackerel, herring and halibut can significantly alleviate symptoms, particularly itching, within eight weeks. If these fish are not easily available, try fish oil capsules.
- Cut down on omega-6 type vegetable oils, such as corn, sunflower and safflower oils and margarines and shortenings made from these products. But increase intake of omega-3 best found in plant-based fresh flaxseed oil. Good, rapid results have been seen on psoriasis sufferers who take 2-3 tbsp flaxseed oil daily.
- Other supplements worth taking to help speed up healing are the B vitamins, vitamin D, and a high-quality probiotics. See below for some suggestions of good probiotics.
- Avoid sources of gluten, such as wheat to help reduce the problem.
- Drink 2-3 glasses of green juices daily to help alkalize your body, cleanse the system and nourish/hydrate your cells for faster healing.
- Drink plenty of pure drinking water to flush out the toxins.
- Grandma’s tip: Rub a slice of potato on the skin to soothe skin itchiness.
RECOMMENDED HEALING FOODS FOR REMEDY OF PSORIASIS
Green juices are some of the best healing foods in the world that put our body back to balance. They remove unwanted microbes, parasites and toxins from our body, repair our cells, nourish and heal them.
Below are just some of the common greens and fruits that are less sweet that may be included into your diet, taken into consideration the points mentioned above under diet/lifestyle modifications.
- 2 green apples + 6 ribs of celery + 8-10 leaves of kale + ¼ lemon
- 2 green apples + 1 fennel + a bunch of watercress + ¼ lemon
- 1 cucumber + 1 medium-sized beetroot + ¼ lemon + a thumb-sized ginger root
- 1 cucumber + 6 ribs of celery + 4-6 radish (pungent) +¼ lemon
- Drink fresh coconut water (not packaged/bottled)
- 1 oz (1 shot) of wheatgrass juice daily + a squeeze of lemon juice | <urn:uuid:31442773-1bfb-4299-879f-f77a565025ce> | {
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Other extremely rare subtypes of AML include acute eosinophilic leukemia and acute basophilic leukemia.
Fifty percent to 60% of children with AML can be classified as having M1, M2, M3, M6, or M7 subtypes; approximately 40% have M4 or M5 subtypes. About 80% of children younger than 2 years with AML have an M4 or M5 subtype. The response to cytotoxic chemotherapy among children with the different subtypes of AML is relatively similar. One exception is FAB subtype M3, for which all-trans retinoic acid plus chemotherapy achieves remission and cure in approximately 70% to 80% of affected children.
World Health Organization (WHO) Classification System
In 2002, the WHO proposed a new classification system that incorporated diagnostic cytogenetic information and more reliably correlated with outcome. In this classification, patients with t(8;21), inv(16), t(15;17), and those with MLL translocations, which collectively constituted nearly half of the cases of childhood AML, were classified as "AML with recurrent cytogenetic abnormalities." This classification system also decreased the bone marrow percentage of leukemic blast requirement for the diagnosis of AML from 30% to 20%; an additional clarification was made so that patients with recurrent cytogenetic abnormalities did not need to meet the minimum blast requirement to be considered AML.[9,10,11] In 2008, WHO expanded the number of cytogenetic abnormalities linked to AML classification, and for the first time included specific gene mutations (CEBPA and NPM mutations) in its classification system. (Refer to the WHO classification of myeloid leukemias section of this summary for more information.) Such a genetically based classification system links AML class with outcome and provides significant biologic and prognostic information. With new emerging technologies aimed at genetic, epigenetic, proteomic, and immunophenotypic classification, AML classification will likely evolve and provide informative prognostic and biologic guidelines to clinicians and researchers.
WHO classification of AML
- AML with recurrent genetic abnormalities:
- AML with t(8;21)(q22;q22), RUNX1-RUNX1T1(CBFA/ETO).
- AML with inv(16)(p13;q22) or t(16;16)(p13;q22), CBFB-MYH11.
- APL with t(15;17)(q22;q11-12), PML-RARA.
- AML with t(9;11)(p22;q23), MLLT3-MLL.
- AML with t(6;9)(p23;q34), DEK-NUP214.
- AML with inv(3)(q21;q26.2) or t(3;3)(q21;q26.2), RPN1-EVI1.
- AML (megakaryoblastic) with t(1;22)(p13;q13), RBM15-MKL1.
- AML with mutated NPM1.
- AML with mutated CEBPA.
- AML with myelodysplasia-related features.
- Therapy-related myeloid neoplasms.
- AML, not otherwise specified:
- AML with minimal differentiation.
- AML without maturation.
- AML with maturation.
- Acute myelomonocytic leukemia.
- Acute monoblastic and monocytic leukemia.
- Acute erythroid leukemia.
- Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia.
- Acute basophilic leukemia.
- Acute panmyelosis with myelofibrosis.
- Myeloid sarcoma.
- Myeloid proliferations related to Down syndrome:
- Transient abnormal myelopoiesis.
- Myeloid leukemia associated with Down syndrome.
- Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm. | <urn:uuid:da950175-3d24-4b6b-a9b3-62ff08f1c155> | {
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Many of the current Christmas traditions celebrated today actually started during the Civil War era.
Although Christmas wasn’t an official holiday until President Ulysses S. Grant made it one in 1870, many Americans observed the holiday throughout the war as a way to find comfort and bond with family members through long-lost traditions.
Christmas was widely celebrated in Europe for centuries but when the Puritans came to the New World they brought with them their distaste for the holiday.
Instead of the joyful, family-oriented holiday that it is today, they turned Christmas into a solemn occasion that involved praying and reflecting on sin.
Feeling that it was more of a European pagan holiday than a Christian celebration, Puritans officially banned Christmas in Boston for over 20 years during the mid 1600s.
Even after the ban was lifted it was still viewed with suspicion and dragged on as a dull, muted holiday over two centuries later.
In the early 1800s, a growing religious revival spurred the return of Christmas celebrations in many states.
In 1830, Louisiana became the first state to make Christmas a holiday. Other states followed suit and soon families started sending Christmas cards, singing carols, preparing special holidays meals and attending winter dances.
Children received small, homemade gifts such as hand-carved toys, fruit and cakes. Families had Christmas trees, which were small and sat on top of a table, that they decorated with strings of dried fruit and popcorn.
During the Civil War, soldiers celebrated by decorating their camp Christmas trees with hard-tack and salt-pork and singing carols such as “Come All Ye Faithful” and “Silent Night.”
After General William Sherman captured Savannah in December of 1864, his soldiers dressed their horses up like reindeer by attaching branches to their headgear and delivered food and supplies to hungry families in Georgia.
Although some soldiers, especially Union soldiers in the beginning of the war, enjoyed special Christmas dinners of turkey, oysters and pies, other soldiers were not as lucky: “And when I turned from these musings upon the bill of fare they would have at home to contemplate the dreary realities of my own possible dinner for that day – my oyster can full of coffee and a quarter ration of hard-tack and sow-belly comprised the menu” wrote one soldier in a book titled The Story of a Common Soldier of Army Life in the Civil War, 1861-1865.
President Abraham Lincoln and his family celebrated Christmas during the first year of the war by holding a Christmas party at the White House.
During the Christmas season in 1862 and 1863, he visited injured soldiers in a various hospitals.
Mary Todd Lincoln raised money for Christmas dinners and their son Tad sent gifts to wounded soldiers he met during his father’s holiday hospital visits.
One of the most famous Christmas gifts was when General Sherman captured the city of Savannah, Georgia in December of 1864, a significant military achievement that marked the beginning of the end of the war, and sent Abraham Lincoln a telegram that read: “I beg to present you as a Christmas gift, the city of Savannah, with 100 and 50 guns and plenty of ammunition, also about 25,000 bales of cotton.”
Christmas at the White House: Abraham and Mary Lincoln: http://www.hoover.archives.gov/exhibits/WHChristmas/lincoln/index.html
Christmas During the Civil War: http://www.co.seneca.ny.us/history/Christmas%20During%20the%20Civil%20War.pdf
The Smithsonian Associates: Christmas North and South: http://civilwarstudies.org/articles/Vol_4/xmas-2001.shtm
American Heritage; When Christmas Was Banned in Boston; Dana Marriott: http://www.americanheritage.com/content/when-christmas-was-banned-boston
“The Story of a Common Soldier of Army Life in the Civil War”, 1861-1865; Leander Stillwell; 1920 | <urn:uuid:67276d4a-fbb0-497d-85fc-bfd6ea576ce7> | {
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Professor lectures on Chicago jazzNov. 10, 1998
BY BECKY OBERG
Chicago-style jazz evolved from New Orleans-style jazz and Jewish influence, said British professor Dr. John White in a lecture Monday.
White, a professor in the American Studies department at the University of Hull in Kingston-upon-Hull, England, spoke on 'The Other Great Migration: Louis Armstrong and Chicago Style in the 1920s' at 4:30 p.m. in the Meadows Lecture/Recital Hall in the Glennis McCrary Music Building.
'African-Americans created a music and a surrounding culture,' White said. He described 1920s Chicago jazz as 'collective improvisation' of the cornet, trombone and clarinet.
Most jazz musicians came from New Orleans via railroad, White said.
Jazz was not immediately welcomed by the community. One black columnist wrote, 'There's entirely too much hokum in our picture-houses.'
However, jazz was later welcomed and described as 'red-hot music' and 'hypnosis in hearing.'
Ironically, most Chicagoans first heard jazz from white bands. White described it as 'a pale reflection of the original Chicago style.'
'In Chicago, black musicians were setting the pace,' said White. 'New Orleans style was polished.'
White is scheduled to speak about Kansas City-style jazz at 3:30 today in the Meadows Recital Hall.
Copyright © 1998 The Lariat
Comments or Questions can be sent to The Lariat | <urn:uuid:3a3fa81a-9198-4521-8f2e-2f07b367e52b> | {
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One of the guiding mandates within the FAO Constitution is the following: “The Organization shall promote and, where appropriate, shall recommend national and international action with respect to: … the conservation of natural resources and the adoption of improved methods of agricultural production ...”. In many African countries, in addition to low yields, food production is limited by the availability of land and water resources.
Land Library Search
Through our robust search engine, you can search for any item of the over 50,000 highly curated resources in the Land Library.
If you would like to find an overview of what is possible, feel free to peruse the Search Guide.
Search resultsShowing items 1 through 9 of 1.
Library ResourceReports & ResearchDecember, 2000France, Benin, United States of America, Mozambique, Zambia, Gambia, Burundi, Zimbabwe, Eswatini, Ghana, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Malawi, Rwanda, Mauritius, South Africa, Lesotho, Madagascar, Tanzania, India, Kenya, Africa | <urn:uuid:13e5a439-8df8-473c-9cfb-cecce4a3f411> | {
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Phulkari (Punjabi: ਫੁਲਕਾਰੀ) embroidery technique from the Punjab region (divided between India and Pakistan) literally means flower work, which was at one time used as
the word for embroidery, but in time the word “Phulkari” became restricted to embroidered shawls and head scarfs. Simple and sparsely embroidered odini (head
scarfs), dupatta and shawls, made for everyday use, are called Phulkaris, whereas garments that cover the entire body, made for special and ceremonial occasions like
weddings and birth of a son, fully covered fabric is called Baghs (“garden”) and scattered work on the fabric is called “adha bagh” (half garden).
This whole work is done
with white or yellow silk floss on cotton khaddarh and starts from the center on the fabric called “chashm-e-bulbul” and spreads to the whole fabric.Punjab is known for
its Phulkaris. The embroidery is done with floss silk thread on coarse hand woven cotton fabric. Geometrical patterns are usually embroidered on the Phulkaris.
Phulkaris and Baghs were worn by women all over Punjab during marriage festivals and other joyous occasions. They were embroidered by the women for their own
use and use of other family members and were not for sale in the market. | <urn:uuid:a1d5f471-a106-4717-9d9d-57604e8bc93a> | {
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The US Food and Drug and Administration has announced the approval of a drug called Farxiga (dapaglifozin) to help treat adults with type 2 diabetes. The tablets, in combination with diet and exercise, are said to improve control of blood sugar levels.
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by high blood glucose (hyperglycemia). This is a result of the body being unable to produce enough insulin, or not being able to use the insulin properly (insulin resistance).
High blood sugar levels can lead to serious short-term and long-term health issues, such as nerve and kidney damage, blindness and heart disease.
Farxiga, a sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2), works by preventing the kidney from reabsorbing glucose. This increases the excretion of glucose and reduces blood sugar levels.
According to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 16 clinical trials involving more than 9,400 patients with type 2 diabetes assessed the safety and effectiveness of the drug.
These trials demonstrated that Farxiga was able to improve HbA1c (hemoglobin A1c or glycosylated hemoglobin) levels - a measure of blood glucose control - in type 2 diabetic patients.
Commenting on the drug approval, Dr. Curtis Rosebraugh, director of the Office of Drug Evaluation II at the FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, says:
"Controlling blood sugar levels is very important in the overall treatment and care of diabetes, and Farxiga provides an additional treatment option for millions of Americans with type 2 diabetes."
The FDA says as well as being assessed as a stand-alone therapy, the drug has also been tested in combination with other treatments for type 2 diabetes, including insulin, pioglitazone, metformin, glimepiride, and sitagliptin.
Not suitable for patients with with bladder cancer or type 1 diabetes
Clinical trials have found that Farxiga is not suitable for individuals with type 1 diabetes, diabetic ketoacidosis (increased ketones in the urine or blood), patients with moderate or severe kidney deterioration, end-stage kidney disease, or patients receiving dialysis.
A drug called Farxiga has been FDA-approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The drug, in combination with diet and exercise, can help patients control blood glucose levels.
Furthermore, clinical trials revealed that among users of Farxiga, there were an increased number of bladder cancers diagnosed.
Therefore, the FDA recommends that patients with bladder cancer do not use the drug, and that patients with a history of the disease should consult their physician prior to using it.
Dehydration was found to be a side effect of the drug. The FDA notes that elderly patients with impaired kidney function and patients using diuretics seemed to be more susceptible to this.
The most common side effects from Farxiga in clinical trials were fungal infections and urinary tract infections.
With these factors in mind, the FDA have asked for six post-marketing studies to be performed. These include a cardiovascular outcomes trial (CVOT) in order to analyze how Farxiga affects patients with high risk of heart disease, and a double-blind randomized and controlled analysis of the risk of bladder cancer for patients who are a part of the CVOT trial.
In other news related to diabetes, Medical News Today recently reported on a study suggesting that a single faulty gene causes major type 2 diabetes symptoms in mice, while another study suggested that following a Mediterranean diet may reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. | <urn:uuid:c759deac-37ec-432f-bfd5-4b5d7cb6f08b> | {
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If you want to create advanced graphics and charts in C# applications, you can create them using C# and GDI+, or by using third-party graphics and chart packages. However, you can achieve this goal by taking advantage of Microsoft Excel's built-in chart features directly in C# applications.
Microsoft Visual Studio .NET makes it possible for you to create rich Microsoft Excel-based applications based on the C# Framework. You can take advantage of all of the functionality provided by Excel's large object models in C# applications. In this article, I will show you how to use the surface charts in your C# applications.
In order for Excel to be used in C# applications, we need to resolve the issue of interoperation between C# and Excel. Excel application can be regarded as a COM server, so the basis of interoperation between C# and Excel applications is COM Interop. The .NET Framework provides good support for interaction with COM components. To use Excel COM components in a C# project, you simply need to add this COM component to reference. This can be done by right clicking the project in the Solution Explorer and selecting Add Reference. Click the COM tab and select the appropriate type of Object library depending on the version of Microsoft Office you are using:
- Office 97: Microsoft Excel 8.0 Object Library
- Office 2000: Microsoft Excel 9.0 Object Library
- Office XP: Microsoft Excel 10.0 Object Library
- Office 2003: Microsoft Excel 11.0 Object Library
After this step, you should find that references have been added for the Office Core and Excel as well. In my case, I built my project using Visual Studio .NET 2005 and Microsoft Office XP. So my reference to Excel is Microsoft Excel 10.0 Object Library.
Next, I will use the surface chart as an example to demonstrate how to involve Excel in a C# application. In this example, I will create a Windows Form application with two buttons on
Form1. One button is used to start Plot, and the other to quit Excel and close
Form1. Clicking the Plot button will launch Excel, add a new workbook to the collection of workbooks, get Active Sheet, and put data into Excel cells, and draw the surface chart.
Excel surface charts display multiple-series data on a surface using the category axis, value axis, and a third axis that displays the series name. Surface charts are used to show the optimum combination of category and series data.
Using the Code
The project is implemented in a single
Form1 class. In this class, we first create data using a 1D and 2D array and assign them to the Excel worksheet. This data must be structured in a certain format. The categories (used as the X axis) are in the first column. The second row represents the series names (used as the Y axis). Finally, the data values are formed by a 2D data array.
As long as the data is assigned to the Excel worksheet, you can create a surface chart by selecting the surface chart type:
xlChart.ChartType = XlChartType.xlSurface;
The rest of the code in the
Form1 class is used to customize the axes, add axis labels and a title, and remove the legend from the chart.
This project produces the output of Figure 1. It can be seen that the chart is created by ranges of data values, which is evident by the fact that the colors vary with the values along the vertical (the Z) axis. The number of colors on the surface chart is based on the major unit of the Z axis.
Figure 1: Excel surface chart created in a C# application.
The Excel surface chart has four subtypes:
xlSurface: Displays a standard surface chart
xlSurfaceWireFrame: Displays a surface chart without colors
xlSurfaceTopView: Displays the a surface chart viewed from above
xlSurfaceTopViewWireFrame: Displays a surface chart without colors, viewed from above
You can select a different subtype of surface chart from the above four options according to your application requirements.
I should point out here that Excel surface charts have some limits: they are not true X-Y-Z charts. X and Y are not treated as numeric data, and must consist of regularly defined, evenly spaced categories. Exactly one Z value is needed for each X-Y pair. Excel surface charts are drawn by connecting Z values at X-Y nodes with straight lines and planar sections. A saddle point is not accurately drawn if it occurs between the X-Y nodes. Color-filled surface charts in Excel do not allow transparency, meaning that you cannot visualize the hidden parts of the surface.
This project is from the examples of Chapter 9 of my new book "Practical C# Charts and Graphics", where you can find more advanced chart and graphics programming for real-world .NET applications. For more information, please visit my Web site.
About the Author
Dr. Jack Xu has a Ph.D in theoretical physics. He has over 15 years programming experience in Basic, Fortran, C, C++, Matlab, and C#, specializing in numerical computation methods, algorithms, physical modeling, computer-aided design (CAD) development, graphics user interface, and 3D graphics. Currently, he is responsible for developing commercial CAD tools based on Microsoft .NET Framework.
Please also read my other articles: | <urn:uuid:b841aefb-42e9-49f1-ad9b-77059ecdfd9d> | {
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Orphaned puppies - feeding and healthcare
Raising an orphaned litter of puppies can be a time consuming exercise but one that is associated with many rewards. Puppies may be orphaned for many reasons such as rejection by their mother, failure of milk production and, rarely, the death of their mother. While there are a number of problems that can arise in the early stages of a puppy’s life we are happy to advise and assist you every step of the way to help ensure a positive outcome.
WHAT PROBLEMS AM I LIKELY TO ENCOUNTER?
Newborn puppies are very fragile and problems can develop quickly due to their high reliance on their mother for warmth and nutrition. There are several critical problems that must be urgently addressed if they occur including:
- Hypothermia (low body temperature)
- Dehydration (lack of fluid) and
- Hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar).
These problems often exist at the same time as they are closely linked to one another. Frequent observation and prompt intervention if any of the puppies seem inactive or disinterested in feeding will help reduce the likelihood of mortality.
If a newborn puppy becomes very cold this can quite rapidly lead to an emergency situation. Puppies will lose far more body heat per kilogram of body weight than an adult dog. Puppies rely on their mother for radiant heat to help maintain their body temperature.
Orphaned puppies will require alternative methods of warmth such as incubators, heat lamps, heating pads or hot water bottles. Any heating needs to be done very carefully as if the puppy is warmed too rapidly this may result in a heat stressed puppy.
During the first 4 days of its life, the orphaned puppy should be maintained in an environmental temperature of 29.4 - 32.2°C. The temperature may gradually be reduced to 26.7°C by the 7th to 10th day and to 22.2°C by the end of the 4th week. If the litter is large, the temperature need not be as high as the puppies huddle together and their combined body heat provides additional warmth.
The lack of regular fluid intake or the exposure of the puppy to a low humidity environment can easily result in dehydration. The inefficiency of the digestion and metabolism of a hypothermic puppy may also lead to dehydration and other changes. An environmental relative humidity of 55 to 65% is adequate to prevent drying of the skin in a normal newborn puppy. However, a relative humidity of 85 to 90% is more effective in maintaining puppies if they are small and weak. One method of maintaining the humidity is to put a damp towel near to the puppy in its basket. The bitch is continuously licking the puppy and herself and normally creates a fairly humid immediate environment. Her breast area is also naturally moist while she is suckling her puppies.
Two key indicators of dehydration are the loss of elasticity in the skin and dry and sticky mucous membranes (gums) in the mouth. If you are concerned that the puppies are showing either of these signs please contact your veterinary health care team.
Hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar)
Signs of hypoglycaemia can include:
- Severe depression (“floppy” puppy)
- Muscle twitching and
- Convulsions (seizures)
If a puppy shows signs of hypoglycaemia, a few drops of sugar solution/ honey on the tongue can be life saving. Contact your veterinarian immediately if this occurs.
HOW DO I FEED MY PUPPY?
Commercially puppy formula is the ideal option to feed as it is specifically formulated to meet all of a puppy's nutritional requirements until they are about 3 to 4 weeks of age. After this puppies are ready to start eating moistened solid food. Cow's milk is not suitable as it can result in diarrhoea and subsequently dehydration of the puppy.
Bottle feeding is generally the easiest and most successful form of feeding, but if you are having difficulty with this please speak to your veterinarian or veterinary nurse about alternative techniques.
The bottles need to be clearly marked with gradations to ensure the puppies are getting the correct amount of milk at each feed. They also need to be sterilised between feeds by placing them in boiling water for 5-10 minutes and allowing them to air dry. This ensures bacteria are removed which is especially important for any puppies that missed out on colostrum (first milk feed from the mother - rich in antibodies).
Make sure the hole in the nipple is the right size. When you hold the bottle upside down the liquid should drip out slowly. If it runs out, the hole is too big and this could lead to the puppy inhaling the milk. If the hole isn't big enough the puppy will lose interest in feeding, in this case a sterilised pin can be used to enlarge the hole in the nipple.
WHEN AND HOW MUCH DO I FEED?
Puppy formula should come with instructions on how it needs to be prepared. The instructions should also include a scale of how much formula to give the puppy per gram of body weight. You'll need a good set of scales to measure the puppies' progress and calculate the amount to increase the feed by as they grow.
The general rule is to feed the puppies every 2 to 3 hours. Hand feeding can start to be phased out from the 3rd and 4th week as moistened solid food is introduced.
IS THE TEMPERATURE OF THE MILK IMPORTANT?
A newborn puppy has trouble generating enough heat to maintain its body temperature, therefore it is important the milk formula is warmed to around 35-37.8°C to aid in digestion. This equates to about the same temperature as the skin on your forearm or slightly warmer. As the puppies grow older, the milk can be fed at room temperature.
HOW DO I GET THE PUPPY TO URINATE AND DEFAECATE?
For the first 2 to 3 weeks of their lives, puppies will need help to urinate and defaecate. Normally the mother does this by licking their genital region. To simulate this action, after every feed rub a cotton wool ball or tissue moistened with warm water over the genitals and anus of the puppies. If this procedure is not followed, the puppy may become constipated.
WHEN DOES THE PUPPY START TO EAT FROM A BOWL?
As soon as the puppy's eyes have opened at 14-16 days, it is worthwhile encouraging the weaning process. First place the milk formulae in a flat dish, then either dip the puppy's nose into it or smear some around its mouth with your finger. By 3 weeks the puppy can start to eat food from the dish along with the milk. As the consumption of food increases, the amount of milk can be gradually decreased.
By 4 to 5 weeks, the orphaned puppy should be able to consume enough moistened solid food to meet its needs.
SHOULD MY PUPPY BE TREATED FOR WORMS?
We routinely treat puppies for worms from 2-3 weeks of age. Weekly or fortnightly worming should be carried out until the first vaccinations at 6-8 weeks. It is then worth consulting your veterinarian regarding future worming.
Our policy: We recommend fortnightly worming until the puppies are 12 weeks of age and then monthly until 6 months.
WHEN IS THE FIRST VACCINATION GIVEN?
We routinely recommend the first puppy vaccination at 6-8 weeks of age.
If the puppy did not nurse in the first 2-3 days they will have missed out on any protective immunity from mum via the colostrum and in this situation your veterinarian may recommend a more frequent vaccination program than normal.
While there is a lot to consider and organise when hand rearing orphaned puppies, the satisfaction of having a litter of healthy puppies is a very rewarding one. Your veterinary health care team is always happy to discuss any questions or problems that may arise during this demanding time. | <urn:uuid:76aa5e42-2347-4ed9-b7b1-75c9ef5bd191> | {
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Israel's Jewish population has reached the symbolic six million mark, the number killed by the Nazis in the Holocaust, according to new data.
But the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics also predicted there will be an equal number of Palestinians and Jews in Israel, the West Bank and Gaza Strip by 2016, with Jews the minority in the country by 2020, which analysts say would end any hope for a two state solution, with Palestinians more likely to push for one state.
Israeli Jewish children in Jerusalem
Israel is the only country in the world with a growing Jewish population. Despite the increase there, the numbers do not yet come close to the number of Jews worldwide, pre-Holocaust.
Before the Nazi genocide, there were around 18 million Jews worldwide. Now, there are around 13.5 million. Other countries with large populations include the US, which has 5.75m, France, Canada, the UK and Russia.
The Jewish population has grown tenfold since 1948. A tenth of the national population resides in Jerusalem, 804,400 residents. It is the largest city in the country, followed by Tel Aviv with 404,400 and Haifa with 270,300.
A Palestinian woman holds her baby to be weighed by a medic at a hospital in Gaza City
Israel's Central Bureau of Statistics in Jerusalem showed the country's population at just below eight million, with six million Jews, growing at a rate of 1.8%. 1.4 million are Israeli Arabs, Palestinian citizens of Israel. Around 4.4 million others live in the Palestinian Territories.
The total fertility rate in 2011 among Palestinians living in Israel was 3.3 births compared to 3.0 births among Jews
Palestinian Authority official Hanan Ashrawi told Ynet: “If the situation carries on this way, at the end we’ll be a majority, but we’re giving the Israelis a chance to understand the Palestinians could have their own democratic country that would neighbor Israel." | <urn:uuid:e79461a3-92fb-40e1-a4a8-537f04e6cc97> | {
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Telemark, Alpine & Nordic skiing information
Nordic or Cross-Country Skiing:
Track skiing is mainly about lightness of travel over undulating ground. It's also known as 'cross-country skiing', 'XC', 'langlauf', 'ski de fond' or 'sci di fondo'.
This uses very light shoes, non-metal edged skis and long poles. Forward propulsion is achieved by using 'grip wax' or a pattern on the central part of the sole of the ski. These allow you to slide forwards but not backwards, and to ski uphill. An appropriate poling action, carefully timed to match the striding rhythm, also helps with forward movement. Skiing is in machine-prepared tracks, usually through beautiful winter landscapes.
Levels can be recreational or up to competition level. Both arms and legs propel the skier. Competing, as seen in the Olympics, is a very technical discipline as well as being one of the most demanding aerobic activities.
Nordic or Cross-country skiing: Skating
'Skating' uses specialised boots and skis and depends on ski edge grip rather than on 'sole of the ski' grip. It is still 'cross-country skiing' or 'XC', etc. but is a specialised form of it.
Skating takes place on a machined trail running alongside cross-country skiing tracks and uses a motion that is very similar to ice-skating but with poles to aid propulsion.
Note: both track skiing and skating are very low impact, aerobic activities, ideal for those with bad knees. It is possible to ski and take part in races (fun or more serious) during the summer by using roller skis.
Cross-country skiing: Biathalon
The Biathalon is a competitive form of Nordic skiing race. Only skating is allowed. It involves target shooting and time penalties for missed shots.
In biathalon, fitness and fine motor control are phenomenal … imagine running three miles then immediately standing still enough to hit a small target! And then doing it all again, and again, in longer races! | <urn:uuid:bc92d95d-15a8-4a63-bdff-14674fff0b8b> | {
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Brown Canada is a community-led project documenting, creating, and sharing diverse South Asian histories in Canada. Our collective entry point is through the Komagata Maru story of 1914, when 376 Indians were denied entry to Canada due to restrictive immigration controls designed to maintain a "white Canada."
About the Komagata Maru
In early 1900s Canada, public opinion of the white-majority was explicitly anti-Asian. Racism of all stripes was not only popular, but also supported by law. In this hostile environment, the Komagata Maru made its way from the port of
Hong Kong to Burrard Inlet, off the coast of Vancouver in 1914.
Barred from disembarking, the passengers of the Komagata Maru stayed aboard the ship for two months as supporters on shore mounted challenges and provided basic material supports such as food and water. During the two month period, the passengers were supported by a group of South Asians living in the Vancouver area – this "Shore Committee" shared news, raised money, wrote about the Komagata Maru, and helped facilitate the legal battle to fight for the passengers to stay. | <urn:uuid:9a3d8ae3-1266-45fc-a527-47129fd01510> | {
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One famous legend of the Great War is still alive. It has many skeptics, but at least one 21st century champion of its validity and it is commemorated with the bronze sculpture shown above at the Canadian War Museum. The story of the Crucified Canadian first broke in May 1915 after the Second Battle of Ypres, during which Canadian forces played a major role. This was the first news account.
The Torture of a Canadian Officer
Last week a large number of Canadian soldiers, wounded in the fighting round Ypres, arrived at the base hospital at Versculles. They all told a story of how one of their officers had been crucified by the Germans. He had been pinned to a wall by bayonets thrust through his hands and feet, another bayonet had then been driven through his throat, and, finally, he was riddled with bullets. The wounded Canadians said that the Dublin Fusiliers had seen this done with their own eyes, and they had heard the Officers of the Dublin Fusiliers talking about it. (Times, May 10, 1915. Paris Correspondent.)
Apparently in response to skepticism over the first account, another article soon appeared.
There is, unhappily, good reason to believe that the story related by your Paris Correspondent of the crucifixion of a Canadian officer during the fighting at Ypres on April 22, 1923, is in substance true. The story was current here at the time, but, in the absence of direct evidence and absolute proof, men were unwilling to believe that a civilized foe be guilty of an act so cruel and savage.
Now, I have reason to believe, written depositions testifying to the fact of the discovery of the body are in possession of British Headquarters Staff. The unfortunate victim was a sergeant. As the story was told to me, he was found transfixed to the wooden fence of a farm building. Bayonets were thrust through the palms of his hands and his feet, pinning him to the fence. He had been repeatedly stabbed with bayonets, and there were many punctured wounds in his body. I have not heard that any of our men actually saw the crime committed. There is room for the supposition that the man was dead before he was pinned to the fence and that the enemy, in his insensate rage and hate of the English, wreaked his vengeance on the lifeless body of his foe.
That is the most charitable complexion that can be put on the deed, ghastly as it is.
There is not a man in the ranks of the Canadians who fought at Ypres who is not firmly convinced that this vile thing has been done. They know, too, that the enemy bayoneted their wounded and helpless comrades in the trenches. (Times, May 15, 1915. Correspondent, North France).
The story was never authenticated during the war, but it had gained something like mythic immortality.
It cropped up again in 1919, when a letter was published by the Nation (April 12th) from Private E. Loader, 2nd Royal West Kent Regiment, who declared he had seen the crucified Canadian. The Nation was informed in a subsequent letter from Captain E. N. Bennett that there was no such private on the rolls of the Royal West Kents and that the 2nd Battalion was in India during the whole war.
The same year Canadian newspaper publisher and official Lord Beaverbrook commissioned the sculpture, “Canada’s Golgotha", as part of his project for the Canadian War Records Office in London to document the war. The sculpture was to be shown at an exhibition of war art at Burlington House, London, in 1919, just before the signing of the Paris Peace Treaty. The Canadian prime minister, Sir Robert Borden, asked for investigation into the incident; the German government asked the Canadian government to formally declare the story untrue or to produce evidence supporting it. The controversy caused the statue to be withdrawn from the exhibition. It was not shown again until a Canadian War Museum exhibition in 1992, entitled “Peace Is the Dream."
Surprisingly, in 2002 Peabody Award-winning documentary filmmaker Iain Overton reportedly uncovered correspondence from Canadian troops who saw such an atrocity take place firsthand. The soldiers even identified the victim as one of the own—Sergeant Harry Band. Letters to and from Band’s surviving sister even referred to the missing sergeant as the famous “crucified” Canadian.
The "real" Harry Band was 29 years old. He was Sergeant of 9 platoon, #3 Company, 48th Regiment (Highlanders), Canadian Infantry (Central Ontario Regiment), 15th Bn Division. His body was never recovered and he is remembered by a plaque on the Menin Gate (Ypres) Memorial, Belgium. That is all that we know for certain and, to honor the memory of all the Harry Bands who fought in WWI, perhaps that is enough to say about World War I and the Myth of the Crucified Soldier.
Sources: Falsehood in War-time: Propaganda Lies of the First World War by Arthur Ponsonby, 1928; I also drew heavily on a published paper by Nanaette Norris of the Royal Military College, Saint-Jean, "WWI and the Myth of the Crucified Soldier," downloadable at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290997988_World_War_I_and_the_Myth_of_the_Crucified_Soldier | <urn:uuid:ba6fd4ce-3dc4-46d9-9e7a-a4bd7b4902e1> | {
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At WHFoods, we place greater emphasis on vegetables than most common public health recommendations. In fact, we are not aware of any widely publicized vegetable recommendations that focus as much on vegetables as much as we do. You will find public health recommendations that combine fruits and vegetables into one category and match our serving recommendations for vegetables by considering them together with fruits, but at WHFoods we have specific recommendations exclusively for vegetables!
Our reasons for placing so much emphasis on vegetables are two-fold. First, we cannot find any other food group that can compete with vegetables in terms of overall nutrient richness. The diversity of nutrients in this food group is astonishing, and the concentration of certain nutrients can be astonishing as well. Second, we cannot find any other food group that can provide this nutrient richness for so consistently few calories. While our WHFoods fruits only average about 10% more calories than vegetables, you won't find any of our whole fruits dipping down below 30 calories per serving. But you will find that 11 of our vegetables have fewer than 30 calories per serving. This combination of factors means that vegetables can provide you with maximum nutrient richness while using up as few of your daily calories as possible.
At WHFoods we recommend a minimum of 5 total vegetable servings per day, with a basic serving size of 1 cup for either cooked or raw vegetables. To maximize nutrient richness from this food group, we recommend 10 daily vegetable servings. Within this total intake range, we also recommend daily intake of at least 1/2 cup of orange/yellow vegetables; 1/2 cup of red/purple vegetables; and 4 cups of green vegetables. These minimum color recommendations add up to 5 total vegetable servings per day. And if all of these minimum color servings were doubled, they would add up to 10 total daily servings.
We've created the chart below to show you exactly how our WHFoods recommendations for vegetables compare to other common public health guidelines.
|Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010||USDA MyPlate Guidelines 2011||American Heart Association 2014||WHFoods Guidelines 2016|
|Total vegetables||2.5 cups per day||2.5 cups per day||4.5 cups of fruits and vegetables combined||5-10 cups per day|
|Green vegetables||1.5 cups per week of dark green vegetables (about one-fifth cup per day of dark green vegetables)||4-8 cups per day|
|Red/orange vegetables||5.5 cups per week (about three-quarters cup per day)||1-2 cups per day (1/2 — 1 cup of orange/yellow and 1/2 — 1 cup of red/purple)|
|Starchy vegetables||5 cups per week (about three-quarters cup per day)||as appropriate in meal plan|
|Other vegetables||4 cups per week (about one-half cup per day)||as appropriate in meal plan|
|Anticipated total calorie intake||1,800 calories||2,000 calories||2,000 calories||1,800 calories|
In addition to our color-based vegetable recommendations, we are convinced that two unique vegetable families belong in most every meal plan. These two vegetable families are simply too remarkable in their potential health benefits to be left out of your diet.
The first of these two families are the cruciferous vegetables. Among the 38 vegetables that we profile on our website, 9 are cruciferous vegetables. Included here are boy choy, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, collard greens, kale, mustard greens, and turnip greens. Other cruciferous vegetables include kohlrabi, rutabaga, and, of course, turnip root. Cruciferous vegetables are best studied with respect to cancer risk, and the total number of high-quality studies in this area numbers fare up into the hundreds. For certain cancer types, strong intake of cruciferous vegetables has almost always been associated with decreased risk. The key nutrients in cruciferous vegetables associated with these health benefits are their sulfur-containing glucosinolates. Glucosinolates aren't found exclusively in cruciferous vegetables, but they are unusually well-represented in this group. For more information about the health benefits of cruciferous vegetables, see our article Feeling Great with Cruciferous Vegetables. The potential health benefits from cruciferous vegetables are so remarkable that we recommend a minimum of three-quarter serving per day. Examples here would include 3/4 cup of broccoli or 3/4 cup of Brussels sprouts. To reach a more optimal intake level we recommend 1-1/2 cups of cruciferous vegetables per day.
Allium vegetables are a second unique vegetable family. The three most commonly eaten allium vegetables, which we profile on our website, are garlic, leeks, and onions. Other allium vegetables include chives, shallots, and scallions. You'll often hear the term "green onion" being used to refer in a very general way to these latter three types of allium vegetables, and you will also sometimes hear the term "spring onion" being used in this context.
Like cruciferous vegetables, the allium family is especially rich in sulfur compounds. In this case, many of these sulfur compounds belong to chemical groups called thiosulfinates and diallyl sulfides. Anti-inflammatory benefits are among the best studied of the potential health benefits associated with strong intake of sulfur-based nutrients. You can find detailed information about the potential health benefits of the allium vegetables in our food profiles for garlic and onions.
In the case of allium vegetables we recommend a minimum of one-third daily serving. Examples here would be the addition of some sliced onion to a salad, or inclusion of a few garlic cloves in a recipe. To reach a more optimal intake level, we recommend two-thirds serving per day. Another way to look at these recommended amounts is to think about allium vegetables on a weekly basis, where you include several full servings each week.
It's important to realize that you automatically begin to meet your color-based vegetable needs whenever you consume a cruciferous or an allium vegetable. For example, if you eat one half of a red onion, you have already met our daily minimum recommendation for both red/purple and allium vegetables! Similarly, if you consume one half of a yellow onion, you have already met our daily minimum recommendation for both yellow/orange and allium vegetables! And if you consume 2 cups of broccoli, you have actually exceeded our optimal recommendation for cruciferous vegetables and reached 50% of our minimum recommendation for green vegetables!
At first glance, our vegetable recommendations might seem complicated and difficult to achieve. But when people begin experimenting with our recipes and meal plans, they usually tell us exactly the opposite. What they tell us is the following: "it sounded difficult when I read about all of vegetable types, but it just hasn't felt that way in the kitchen." And we are confident that you will feel the same way. Just consider the fact that 2 cups of broccoli, 2 cups of green beans, 1 medium carrot, and 1/2 red onion provide you with all of our minimum recommended vegetable amounts (including green vegetables, yellow/orange vegetables, red/purple vegetables, and allium vegetables) and actually exceed our optimal cruciferous vegetable recommendation. We are also confident that many people can achieve strong intake of vegetables by simply being as generous as possible with their vegetable serving sizes. For example, with many vegetables, a 1/2-cup serving size can pretty easily be bumped up to a full cup.
For more help in analyzing and improving your vegetable intake, we encourage you to make use of our Vegetable Advisor. This special website tool allows you to input your personal vegetable intake information and get personalized recommendations for deriving more benefits from this amazing food group.
Everything you want to know about healthy eating and cooking from our new book.
Order this Incredible 2nd Edition at the same low price of $39.95 and also get 2 FREE gifts valued at $51.95. Read more | <urn:uuid:c8c0912c-9187-4cd9-af0f-9ff445572534> | {
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What is Ovulation Induction all About at Denver Fertility Clinics?
- Posted on: Mar 26 2015
Ovulation induction is the use of medication to help follicles develop in the ovaries of women. Follicles are – the parts of the ovary where eggs mature – Ovulation induction is often used in women who do not ovulate on their own, this is called anovulation.
There are various causes of anovulation; one of the most common is polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Women who have PCOS or have irregular menstrual cycles are the primary candidates for ovulation induction. Ovulation induction can also be used in women who have regular cycles and ovulate regularly.
At Rocky Mountain Fertility Center, The most common medications used to help with the growth of follicles are listed below. Treatment with these medications can result in a successful pregnancy if the patient’s remaining eggs are viable and there are no other causes of infertility. The medications are:
- Clomiphene is an oral tablet that is taken between days 3-7 or 5-9 of the menstrual cycle. It works by inducing the pituitary gland to release hormones that stimulate ovulation. Clomiphene is successful in more than 80% of cases, but carries certain risks.
- Injectable gonadotropins contain follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). This hormone induces the development of one or more follicles in women who do not ovulate naturally. The injections are begun early in the menstrual cycle and continued daily for up to two weeks until an ultrasound examination confirms the development of a mature follicle.
- Letrozole is an oral medication that works in a similar fashion to Clomiphene. It is not FDA approved for ovulation induction but is used by most fertility specialists. Letrozole is cleared from the body very quickly, and is less likely than Clomiphene to affect the endometrium or cervical mucus.
About 90% of women who do not ovulate naturally can successfully induce ovulation with one of these therapies. Ovulation induction is typically tried for up to about three to six months, and if it does not result in pregnancy, in vitro fertilization is usually considered as the next step.
The major risk associated with ovulation induction medications is ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), which can occur in about 1% of cycles. OHSS can result in enlarged ovaries, abdominal pain, and buildup of fluid in the abdomen. In extreme cases, OHSS may require hospitalization.
The risk of OHSS is lower with Letrozole and Clomiphene than it is with the HMG medication, and when Injectable gonadotropins are carefully monitored, OHSS can almost always be avoided. Multiple pregnancies are also possible when ovulation induction; approximately 25% of cases result in multiple pregnancies as a result of this therapy.
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Japanese encephalitis is a viral illness affecting most regions in Asia. It is caused by a virus that considers pigs and birds as prime reservoir and comes from the family Flaviviridae. It is carried by a mosquito vector known as Culex tritaeniorhynchus which resides in marshes, rice fields, still waters and wetlands, therefore rural areas are the ones mostly affected. Once it infects humans, it can be tremendous as it affects the central nervous system, develop complications and can eventually lead to death.
- Brain damage
The mosquito vector usually resides in rice fields and wetlands, once infected by the virus and attacks human, the bite injects the virus into the human system and causes infection. Once inside the body, it affects the central nervous system which includes the brain and the spinal cord. Since there is no specific treatment, complications and mortality is highly possible.
Japanese Encephalitis is diagnosed by the following:
- Blood tests
- Serum tests (detects antibodies)
- CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) exams
Since mosquitoes are never fun to be with, it is recommended that individuals should use clothing that could protect their skin, the use of long pants and long sleeved shirts can be very helpful. Applying mosquito repellent lotion and putting up screened rooms and mosquito nets can prevent mosquito attacks. Promoting sanitation in the surroundings will be of great help. For travellers, a vaccine against this virus can prevent infection. It should also be known that this type of mosquitoes attack during cooler periods of the day, therefore activities during sunset and sunrise should be limited.
There is no specific treatment for Japanese encephalitis, therefore, preventive and supportive therapies are the only available regimens that can aid individuals affected with this malady. For prevention, vaccines used are JE-Vax, Green Cross and IXIARO (mostly used in US and in Europe). As of today, research and development of more vaccines are being done. Supportive therapy involves care and treatment of symptoms and complications. Since Japanese encephalitis affects the central nervous system, nursing and medical management focuses more on oxygenation (breathing especially), mobility, self care, feeding, seizure management and passive ROMs. Medications are indicated so as to treat manifested symptoms like seizures, increased intra cranial pressures and other possible complications. | <urn:uuid:819475ef-318f-463a-ba65-b14d7e6f63a7> | {
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Sessions and Cookies Security
So the sessions are getting stored server-side, which means the client can't edit them. On the client side the cookie gets stored and save an id to find the right session.
Now my question is. Can a random user edit his own cookie, and then enter Eg. an admin's session?
In most scenarios, the data in the session is itself secure against user tampering as it is only manipulated on the server (this assumes the server itself is secure). So there is no reason to treat the data stored in session as "dirty" as far as needing to cleanse/validate it.
The session itself is not inherently secure whether it is being propagated via cookies or via URL parameter. It can be impersonated via a session hijacking attack. There are a number of common techniques to prevent against this, including:
- using only secure cookies transmitted over SSL
- using sufficiently long session ID's (most default implementation uses in modern langugaes do this by default). This makes it harder to "guess" at a valid session id value and minimize collision of session ID's.
- regenerating session ID's after application login
- checking against secondary data (IP address, browser user agent, etc.) to see if there are changes during a session which may indicate a hijacking attempt. Probably best to use a combination of factors here (like a change in both IP address and user agent since with mobile devices IP addresses can and do change).
- active session id rotation (i.e rotate session id on each page load)
Yes, a malicious user could modify their session id (in their local cookie) and impersonate another user to hijack their session. This is unsurprisingly called Session Hijacking.
But it is extremely unlikely an attacker could guess the correct session id. They would need to employ techniques to steal the session id from their victim.
An example of the default PHP session id cookie:
Some general rules:
- You no longer have control on any piece of data that leaves your server.
- You can edit any piece of data that enters your computer as long as your user has permission to access the resource.
- You can often read any piece of data that travels through your local network. If it isn't encrypted, you can even make sense of it.
As a result:
- Cookies must be considered user input.
- Users can always edit their own cookies.
- A hacker can easily steal your cookies in an open wifi network if site doesn't use HTTPS.
There're two main dangers regarding cookies:
- Unaware developers that store admin=1 and actually use the value to validate as admin
- Session fixation (stolen cookies) | <urn:uuid:c1d4a89f-cd6b-4c5c-a632-5f9ac21a12a4> | {
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Home > Tutorials > What are Fractals?
What are Fractals page 2
What use are fractals?MicroWorlds Fractals
Guess What - Rupert.id.au PPT
PowerPoint of Fractals from Space (22.39 MB)
Fractals Lesson Plan
Ultra Fractal 2.04 Notes
Local copy of Ultra Fractal 2.04
a movie of increasing magnification on 0.001643721971153 - 0.822467633298876i Local Copy
3D Limit Set see http://www.bugman123.com/Fractals/index.html
|3D Limit Set - amazing 3D Quasifuchsian limit set, by Keita Sakugawa (advisor Kazushi Ahara)|
The Fractalist: Memoir of a Scientific Maverick
by Benoit B. Mandelbrot
Pantheon, 324 pp., $30.00
Review in The New York Review of Books He Conceived the Mathematics of Roughness by Jim Holt
Benoit Mandelbrot, 1982. Behind him is an attempted computer simulation of a crater field. Crater fields, such as those occurring on the moon, are formed by the cumulative impact of meteorites. They have a fractal structure, one that can be mimicked by computer methods. But the program that generated this not very plausible lunar landscape contained an error, leading Mandelbrot to dub the image ‘the computer bug as artist.’
Benoit Mandelbrot, the brilliant Polish-French-American mathematician who died in 2010, had a poet’s taste for complexity and strangeness. His genius for noticing deep links among far-flung phenomena led him to create a new branch of geometry, one that has deepened our understanding of both natural forms and patterns of human behavior. The key to it is a simple yet elusive idea, that of self-similarity.
Clouds are not spheres, mountains are not cones,
coastlines are not circles and bark is not smooth,
nor does lightning travel in a straight line.
- Benoit Mandelbrot
What is a fractal? (precisely)
It's hard to be precise! Like a biologists definition of life, a single definition doesn't capture all the important qualities.
It's a new word (c. 1975) and even those who know the word may have a hard time explaining it.
Which word does fractal sound like, or look like?
Fractals provides a way to quantify the roughness of a surface and generally have:
* detailed structure
* self-similarity in some sense
* simple formula, usually recursive
The most famous fractal is the Mandelbrot set
Word of caution: Mathematical fractals have geometrical and mathematical properties, they do not provide much information about the physics of the object, its origin or its physical properties. In addition, strictly mathematical fractals are not found in nature; they are just convenient models of some natural objects. Fractals become better models of natural objects when some randomness is included in their construction, for instance by slightly changing the rule at randomly selected iterations. Another important point, already mentioned above, but impossible to overemphasize, is that natural objects are self-similar only over a limited range of scales, and thus fractals can be used as models of nature only within a certain range of scales.
A fractal (from the Latin fractus, derived from the verb frangere, to break, to divide infinitely) is an object or a geometrical construct (or set of such objects) whose parts are somewhat identical or statistically similar with the whole through transformations that include translations, rotations and zooming. A structure is fractal if its finer shapes are indistinguishable or statistically similar to coarser ones, and thence there is no dominating scale.
Atlas of the Mandelbrot set
Instituto de Física Aplicada
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
Serrano 144, 28006 Madrid, Spain
link added January 20, 2006
Link added July 11, 2006
The edge of the Mandelbrot Set is infinitely complex and contains an infinite number of tiny Mandelbrots, each of which contains an infinite number of other tiny Mandelbrots.
Benoit B. Mandelbrot (1983). The fractal geometry of nature. New York: W. H. Freeman.
Russell, R. (2015, March 05, 05:44 pm). What are fractals?
Retrieved September 03, 2015, from
Last refreshed: September 03 2015. 12:45.17 am
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Christopher M. Graney
Setting Aside All Authority is an important account and analysis of seventeenth-century scientific arguments against the Copernican system. Christopher M. Graney challenges the long-standing ideas that opponents of the heliocentric ideas of Copernicus and Galileo were primarily motivated by religion or devotion to an outdated intellectual tradition, and that they were in continual retreat in the face of telescopic discoveries.
Graney calls on newly translated works by anti-Copernican writers of the time to demonstrate that science, not religion, played an important, and arguably predominant, role in the opposition to the Copernican system. Anti-Copernicans, building on the work of the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe, were in fact able to build an increasingly strong scientific case against the heliocentric system at least through the middle of the seventeenth century, several decades after the advent of the telescope. The scientific case reached its apogee, Graney argues, in the 1651 New Almagest of the Italian Jesuit astronomer Giovanni Battista Riccioli, who used detailed telescopic observations of stars to construct a powerful scientific argument against Copernicus.
Setting Aside All Authority includes the first English translation of Monsignor Francesco Ingoli’s essay to Galileo (disputing the Copernican system on the eve of the Inquisition’s condemnation of it in 1616) and excerpts from Riccioli’s reports regarding his experiments with falling bodies.
“The most exciting history of science book so far this century, Graney’s brilliant portrait of Riccioli and his science—amiable but punchy, rigorous but accessible—ought to stimulate a complete revision of what we thought we knew about the Copernican Revolution. Rarely have scientific analysis, historical scholarship, and writerly flair come together with such force.” — Dennis Danielson, author of Paradise Lost and the Cosmological Revolution
“For students of the Copernican revolution, here is an unexpected contribution that will force the experts to revise their lecture notes. Christopher Graney (with translation assistance from Christina Graney) has almost single-handedly revised the traditional story about Jesuit Giambattista Riccioli’s list of pro and con arguments for the heliocentric cosmology. Big surprise: in 1651 the geocentric cosmology had science on its side.” — Owen Gingerich, author of God’s Planet
“Christopher M. Graney’s Setting Aside All Authority makes a fine contribution to the history of science and especially the history of astronomy. The case Graney presents for the rationality of denying Copernicanism, as late as the mid-seventeenth century, is cogent, and he presents a good deal of novel historical material that urges a reevaluation of a major figure—Riccioli. The book will interest not only historians but also philosophers of science, and scientists in the relevant specialties (astronomy, physics) together with their students at both the undergraduate and graduate level.” — Peter Barker, University of Oklahoma
“Almost everyone has heard of Nicolaus Copernicus, whose 1543 text, On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres, espoused the heliocentric (Sun-centered) theory of the solar system. Far fewer are aware of Riccioli, who published in 1651 a massive tome of 1500 pages, the New Almagest, that examined the relative merits of the heliocentric versus the widely held geocentric (Earth-centered) theory for the solar system in 126 arguments from various sources. Geocentrism won with 49 arguments for and 77 against the Copernican theory. Graney (physics, Jefferson Community & Technical College) embarks on an exhaustive study of Riccioli’s work in this book, even including a churchman’s refutation of Galileo. This is not an easy read—portions of the book are in Latin—however, two appendixes and extensive chapter notes make this a valuable reference and research tool. Graney’s account is particularly suited for historians and philosophers of science, or anyone interested in a new perspective on the Sun-Earth controversy. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Graduate students, researchers, and faculty.” — Choice
“A masterfully presented work of seminal scholarship, Setting Aside All Authority: Giovanni Battista Riccioli and the Science against Copernicus in the Age of Galileo is enhanced with the inclusion of illustrations and tables, two appendices, twenty-four pages of notes, an eight page list of works cited, and a fifteen page index. An essential and core addition to academic library Copernican Studies reference collections, for personal reading lists it should be noted that Setting Aside All Authority is also available in a Kindle edition . . .”. — Midwest Book Review
“The arguments of both Riccioli and Graney are complicated and subtle. Even so, I had little difficulty following them, thanks to Graney’s lucid prose and clear diagrams. If you think you know Riccioli, or if you want to know him better, pick up this book. Graney’s re-reading of the New Almagest is absolutely convincing, and Setting Aside All Authority is sure to become the standard text on the ‘science vs. science’ debate between Riccioli and the supporters of heliocentrism.” — Sky and Telescope
“[F]or the last decade Graney has been examining the arguments used in the case against heliocentrism . . . The result has been numerous scholarly and popular publications . . . Setting Aside All Authority is the crowning summary of all this activity . . . [a book] well worth reading by those who want a more nuanced understanding of the Copernican Revolution.” — Southern Stars
“Christopher Graney relates this story of the testing of a profoundly important scientific theory in a uniquely engaging style. This accessible presentation of science and history makes this book ideal for undergraduates and recommended for academic libraries.” — Catholic Library World
“Is there something to be gained by assessing the merits of the losing side of a long-settled scientific argument? Christopher Graney’s answer in Setting Aside All Authority is an unequivocal yes, and he takes one of the most celebrated cases of scientific advance—the victory of heliocentrism over geocentrism—to show us. The work contributes to an effort among historians of science to demonstrate how much more genuinely scientific the entire dispute was than is suggested in the conventional story of it as a titanic struggle between the scientifically rational and the religiously superstitious.” — America
“…the focus of the book is on the analysis of the 126 arguments for and against the Earth’s motions, and in particular of the two that Riccioli considered decisive evidence against heliocentrism.” — American Historical Review
“Though Riccioli was one of the most important and widely-known astronomers in the Society of Jesus of the seventeenth century, he has received relatively little attention from historians of science. . . . Ultimately, he [Graney] has managed a rare feat: taking his own expertise and passion for physics and applying them to sources and contents rarely encountered in the college classroom.” — Journal of Jesuit Studies
“No one can accuse Christopher Graney of lacking ambition. [Although he] is a professor of physics rather than a historian, in one way [he] is far different from the stereotypical scientist-historians of yore: [he is willing to] take the losing side seriously.” — Sixteenth Century Journal
“Christopher Graney’s recent monograph is best described by one word: scientific. It is a book about knowledge, process, and context. If only more history was like this.” — Parergon
“[A] valuable contribution to the current debate about the science and religion conflict thesis. . . . Graney’s analysis of New Amalgest , aided by his (and Christina Graney’s) careful reading and translation of Riccioli’s difficult Latin prose, stunningly disproves Riccioli’s critics. . . . Graney’s writing is also clear and succinct and is accompanied by some effective illustrations and diagrams, all helping to make the book accessible and enjoyable for undergraduate students of all levels.” — European History Quarterly | <urn:uuid:6a52a1f3-796e-4a8e-a236-c6e6fc088270> | {
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Teach your little scientist how to work on tenths and hundredths operations and make sure to give them the best workbooks to evaluate their skill. This page offers you several tenths and hundredths worksheets to help them develop their number counting skills. Check out these images below!
The tenths and hundredths worksheet posted above is the addition worksheets. Get your kids comprehend how to do the tenths and hundredths addition operation by giving them the printable worksheet. Deepening this skill needs lots of practice thus don’t forget to save the worksheets by hitting on the chosen image. Other kinds of the worksheets are posted in the images as follows.
There are also rounding and decimal worksheets that you can choose to be printed and given to your children. Especially designed for students or children who are learning how to count or convert decimal numbers, these decimal worksheets will sure help your children in understanding the concept of decimal. These worksheets require sufficient knowledge in Math especially in decimal calculations.
All provided are printable tenths and hundredths worksheets. Develop your kids’ skills in Math by printing them these tenths and hundredths worksheets! Check back soon the ever growing worksheets and teaching resources! | <urn:uuid:8edb4fa1-615c-4182-9e2e-6f2c8884d5cf> | {
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Posted by Al Schweikert on 14 MAY 2014 15:50:45
My guess on the DNA in Ustica. In 1544 Red Beard the Turkish pirate or Barbarossa attacked Lipari and killed everyone on the island as was standard practice during those times. King Charlemagne in Spain and Emperor of Europe decided he needed to resettle Lipari for military reasons. He had some groups in Spain causing problems, including Basque, and he rounded them up, put them on a ship and repopulated Lipari. 90 people from the island of Lipari. They brought with them the patron saint of Lipari, Bartholomew the Apostle, who became the patron saint of Ustica as well. During the mid 1940's prisoners taken by Mussolini in Yugoslovia were also left on the island. In the mid- to late 19th century and early 20th century, as the population of the island grew too large, hundreds of Ustican families emigrated to the New Orleans. The DNA make-up of Ustica is essentially the same as Lipari; which can be primarily Greek/Italian 60% followed by large amounts of MidEast (25%)(Iran, Iraq, Syria, Saudi) and Spanish (15-20%). You will also find traces of African, Jewish, India, maybe British/Irish and Turkish. | <urn:uuid:8e7db92f-c719-49ab-b433-517aadc0be79> | {
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Genetic testing for the disease has been commercially available through doctors' offices since 1997, but most patients have never been tested for it. This is a tragic health situation, because the effects of hemochromatosis can be devastating, and include: hypothyroidism, chronic fatigue, infertility, arthritis, diabetes, sudden heart attack, primary liver cancer, and liver failure/heart failure resulting in the need for a liver and/or heart transplant.
Symptoms of hemochromatosis include:
- ongoing fatigue
- arthritis-like pain in joints, in particular, the middle two fingers
- loss of libido (sex drive), impotence
- early absence of menstrual periods
- changes in skin color, yellowish, bronze, grey, olive
- redness in the palms
- abdominal pain
- shortness of breath
- heart arrhythmia
- elevated blood sugar
Hemachromatosis is not easy to diagnose, as it is not revealed in routine blood work. Serum iron, which is a more common test used to evaluate iron levels, is not considered reliable for diagnosis of hemachromatosis. Being told your "iron levels are normal" does not mean that you have been tested properly for hemachromatosis.
Now, however, there are "do it yourself" direct tests for hemachromatosis that may help the many undiagnosed people discover this often hidden condition. Sandra Thomas, founder and president of the non-profit American Hemochromatosis Society, is recommending family genetic screening for hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) through HealthCheckUSA, a company that offers health testing products in a number of categories.
If you have symptoms of hemachromatosis, or any family history of the disease, you'll want to order a painless hemochromatosis DNA genetic test kit (performed with a swab on the cheek) as well as the iron blood tests-transferrin saturation percentage and serum ferritin tests that diagnose hemochromatosis. No doctor's prescription is required to order these tests.
Having a thyroid condition also puts you at increased risk of the opposite problem, anemia, a deficiency of iron. For more information, read Iron, Anemia and Hypothyroidism. | <urn:uuid:427fc112-5842-41a9-a817-7b07d0b0fa57> | {
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The Natural Resource and Energy Explorer (NREX) is a Web GIS-based software tool that supports pre-planning development considerations by enabling discovery, analysis and assessment of energy, environmental, cultural, socioeconomic and infrastructural assets for user-defined, project-scale areas of interest in the state.
The NREX application is designed to support the Energy Atlas concept within the Governor’s Energy Strategy Initiative by providing public access to credible geographic data and information maintained by state agencies. Its primary audience includes developers, conservationists, consultants, planners, policy makers, and resource managers with interests in assessing potential place-based resource allocations. A secondary audience includes educators and the general public seeking map-based sources of information for Wyoming's natural, cultural and energy resources.
NREX Mining Potential Demo Video (Vimeo): Wyoming Business Council and WyGISC's demonstration of use for potential mining in Wyoming. Click on the CC in the lower right-hand corner to view demo narrative. | <urn:uuid:d0442c67-2587-4bb3-8f3a-3d884001ae52> | {
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The philosopher David Hume held that there is no rational reason to assume that the future will resemble the past. In the main, we do make that assumption, but we do so based on past experience and our sense that on the whole things stay pretty much the same from one day to the next. The sun has risen every morning for as long as humanity has been around, so we assume that it will do so tomorrow and the day after that and the day after that. Generally, such an assumption turns out to be correct.
But some days are just not like other days. One day about 66 million years ago, something big slammed into the Earth, and in the aftermath a mass extinction occurred. One day the sun will exhaust its supply of hydrogen, collapse upon itself, begin to fuse helium, and swell up into a red giant, engulfing our planet. There will be no more sunrises then.
Similarly with human affairs. Most days are pretty much like any other. But then one day a new invention changes the way we do things, or a terrorist attack alters the mindset and agenda of an entire nation, or a birth or a death alters the dynamics of a family.
Some two thousand years ago, Jesus spent three short years teaching things so radical that He was put to death in the most cruel fashion, and the world was forever altered. Such an event in the human world is like a significant asteroid strike in the astronomical world: infrequent, but with overwhelming consequences.
On the whole, the appearance of a Person who inaugurates an entirely new religious system only occurs on thousand-year time scales (in the range of, say, 500 to 1,500 years). Baha’is hold that it has happened again, with the advent of the Bab and Baha’u’llah in the mid-1800’s. The Bab’s brief six-year ministry, which culminated in his execution in 1850, unleashed a social upheaval in Persia that echos to this day through the continued persecution of Baha’is. Baha’u’llah, who spent 40 years as a prisoner and an exile, enduring all manner of hardship and suffering over the course of that time, set in motion forces that have encompassed the whole world. His followers are drawn from all nationalities, races, and ethnic groups, and although still numerically small, the Baha’i Faith is the second most widespread religion in the world. It may not be too presumptuous to say that it will, in time, alter the world as radically as Christianity did. That is, the future may resemble the past by becoming something new.
Among the changes foreseen by Baha’u’llah is the union of all of humanity. This involves radical shifts in perspective as well as in how different subgroups of the human family interact. It predicts a realignment of political forces and is fundamentally anchored in the spiritual transformation of individuals. We do not know what this future will look like in any detail; at best, we have some broad outlines. But ‘Abdu’l-Baha often spoke of the world being transformed into a “paradise” (literally “garden”). While this shouldn’t be viewed as a utopian vision, it does indicate the degree of change required. In relative terms, the future world will be a vast improvement over its current state.
Many people laugh off such a vision, assuming that the future must resemble the past. But if something extraordinary has already happened, then it’s reasonable to expect extraordinary things will come of it. This is asteroid-strike time, spiritually speaking.
Moreover, as somebody some might care to listen to once said, “With God all things are possible.” (Matt. 19-25; Mark 10:26; Luke 18:26) Thus, the unification of humanity is not at all impossible. Indeed, if it is God’s will, it is assured. | <urn:uuid:12a3f53d-d525-4ff4-9344-bb2f2a526f80> | {
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The project is a three-year undertaking involving three SUCs in Caraga—Caraga State University (CSU), Surigao Del Sur State University (SDSSU) and Surigao State College of Technology (SSCT) with CSU as the lead institution. The project is part of the S&T Program for Responsible Mining in Mindanao. This project will assess the biodiversity of aquatic ecosystems in key mining environs in Mindanao and will specifically cover several key mining areas in Caraga Region. Assessment and inventory of aquatic flora and fauna near these key mining areas will be one of the first biodiversity initiatives in aquatic systems as impacted by mining activities in Mindanao along with several chemical analyses on the water, sediments and bioindicator fish species.
To assess biodiversity of aquatic ecosystems in selected mining areas in Mindanao
Specifically, the study aims
1. to survey and document the diversity, distribution and abundance of aquatic (freshwater and marine) flora and fauna near key mining areas in Claver Surigao Del Norte (large scale nickel mines); Bunawan, Agusan Del Sur and Barobo, Surigao Del Sur (small scale gold mines) in comparison to nearby areas with no nickel mining (Gigaquit, Surigao Del Norte) and gold mining activity (Trento, Agusan Del Sur).
2. to monitor size structure and selected health indices in selected bioindicator fish near key mining areas;
3. to determine select physico-chemical parameters of the different aquatic systems identified;
4. to compare biodiversity indices with physico-chemical data between rainy and dry seasons
Highlights of Accomplishments
The project has successfully produced substantial results after three seasons of field data collection. For the freshwater environment, a total of 125 riparian/ plant species identified in different aquatic bodies impacted by mining. From these, a total of 27 were regarded as endemic, 7 as vulnerable; and 5 as threatened. The physico-chemical analyses of water bodies, characteristics (pH, D.O., TDS, salinity) and conductivity of the water and total mercury content of sediments were determined to better understand the status of the water in relation to the diversity of aquatic organisms, particularly, plankton, macroinvertebrates and fishes. Important implications of the presence of bioindicator plankton and macroinvertebrate species and their abundance reflect further the health of the aquatic system. The vital information of the presence of total mercury (tHg) in select bioindicator fish species and sediments has important implications on the risk of bioaccumulation and biomagnification of mercury for the fish-consuming public within these communities.
For the marine environment, a total of 16 mangrove species, 9 seagrass species were identified. Coral condition index of fair was observed in all sampling stations during dry season but Karaang Banwa and Taganito Reef have poor coral condition index during wet season. Taganito reef located less than 0.7 km from Taganito River has been affected by severe sedimentation. High percentage of silts buried or covers benthic attributes in Taganito Reefs. A total of 98 species from 23 families of reef fishes were identified and a total of 24 macroinvertebrates species were found in all the marine areas. Year 2 wet season field data collection will be conducted from November & December 2014 until January 2015.
Several outputs of the project has been presented to stakeholders: The year 1 macroinvertebrate diversity assessment in key freshwaters near mine sites in Claver, Surigao Del Norte was presented last July 10-11, 2014 during the 36th National Academy for Science and Technology (NAST) Annual Scientific Meeting last July 10-11, 2014 at the Philippine International Convention Center, CCP Complex, Manila by JH and JC Jumawan. Outputs from all study components of the project were presented by the respective study component researchers (RASeronay: Marine Studies; MED Quiao: Physico-chem; LZBoyles: Hematolgy and Histology; RPMagdugo: Sea grass; JCJumawan: Macroinvertebrates) during the latest CSU-In house review last August, 2014.
Dr. Joycelyn C. Jumawan
Ph.D. Biology (Animal Developmental Biology) Institute of Biology, University of the Philippines, Diliman)
Dr. Romell A. Seronay
Ph.D. Marine Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman
Jess H. Jumawan
MS in Biology, CMU Bukidnon
Ma. Elma Quiao
MS in Biology, MSU-IIT, Iligan City
Dr. Lilia T. Boyles
Ph.D. in Biology, CMU, Bukidnon
MS in Biology, CSU, Butuan City
Rexie P. Magdugo
MS in Fisheries, UP Visayas, Ilo-ilo
MS in Environmental Science
Gideon A. Ebarsabal
MS in Aquaculture
Mario S. Sinday
MS in Environmental Management
Jackie Lou Empron
MS in Marine Biology
Richie P. Lador
BS Environmental Management | <urn:uuid:b6b29783-e376-42e0-817e-f0a0f2428c3c> | {
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June 23, 2108
Trent House Museum
Juneteenth is the oldest known celebration commemorating the ending of slavery in the United States. It was on June 19th, 1865, when Union soldiers, led by Major General Gordon Granger, landed at Galveston, Texas with news that the war had ended and that the enslaved were now free.
On June 23, members of SSAAM joined other members of the Sankofa Collective at the Trent House Museum in Trenton, NJ, for a Commemoration of Juneteenth. The event focused on the history and significance of Juneteenth, a Harriet Tubman actress describing her work on the Underground Railroad and with the Union Army, a reenactor representing an African American soldier, who read General Granger's Order #3 freeing the last slaves in America, and the inspiring voice of Sister Bertha Morgan. | <urn:uuid:10b5e7af-5fa7-48a2-b548-5df1b65bb72b> | {
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Modern work on understanding human intelligence from a computational point of view began about 50 years ago, just after the development of computers stimulated landmark papers, such as those of Alan Turing on the Turing Test and Claude Shannon on computer chess.
We expect that developing a full understanding of the components of human intelligence could prove to be one of those great intellectual challenges that take 100 years to meet, so we should be half way there in time. We do not have half of the ideas, however. As one would expect, the obvious ideas are not always the right ideas, yet the obvious ideas take time to develop, test, and be found wanting.
Today, however, recently developed ideas and experimental methodsconceived and developed by visionary people in artificial intelligence, cognitive science, linguistics, systems neuroscience, and molecular neurosciencefuel optimism for what can be done during the next ten years.
These new ideas and methods bring a golden opportunity within reachthe sort of opportunity that comes along just a few times per century. During the next ten to twenty years, we can substantially solve the problem of understanding intelligence. Then, during the next thirty to forty years, we can develop applications with truly humanlike intelligenceapplications that will change the world in the same way that aviation and computers changed the world in the 20th century.
With a view toward reaching for the biggest goals, we have held lengthy, individual discussions with many prominent MIT scientists, such as Noam Chomsky, Emilio Bizzi, Randall Davis, Morris Halle, Michael Jordan, Jerry Lettvin, Alec Marantz, Joel Moses, Marvin Minsky, Alex Pentland, Tomas Lozano-Perez, Steve Pinker, Tomaso Poggio, Mitch Resnick, Elizabeth Spelke, Mriganka Sur, Matthew Wilson, and many other prominent scientists from other institutions.
From these discussions, we have reached the conclusions expressed in this paper.
Explaining how the brain thinks, from a scientific perspective, is a big goalon the same level as explaining the solar system, evolution, and the genetic code. Why we want to do it is self evident:
Having succeeded in understanding how the brain thinks, our species will enjoy an enrichment of self image, as a greater understanding of how we function works its way into the following:
Creating truly intelligent systems, from an applied perspective, is also a big goalon the same level as creating airplanes and computers.
In the nearer term, we anticipate that understanding how the brain thinks will advance education:
Further out, we can imagine, for example, the following, perhaps directly wired to our brains:
Today, we are much better situated to undertake the mission of understanding human intelligence than, say, 10 years ago. There are several reasons.
First, neuroscience has launched revolutionary improvements in experimental methods:
Second, our own views have matured, leading us to the following conclusions:
By The intelligence is in the I/O, we mean that intelligence lies in the use and re-use of vision, language, and motor systems, not behind them.
By There is recognizable engineering in the brain, we mean that nature exploits powerful computational mechanisms, brought into purposeful combinations by genetic, environmental, and other biological forces working together. For example, we should not be surprised to find analogs of shift registers, constraint-propagators, and bidirectional search engines.
By There is good science in the brain's engineering, we mean that nature's computing mechanisms exploit powerful computing ideas. For example, we should not be surprised to find the central limit theorem hard at work, suppressing noise, in sparsely populated, high-dimensional spaces.
Third, there has been a steady accumulation of knowledge in artificial intelligence, cognitive science, linguistics, systems neuroscience, and molecular neuroscience.
From the perspective of artificial intelligence, it seemed, during the field's infancy, that understanding intelligence from a computational point of view might be a matter of ten years of hard work. Then, during an adolescent phase, it seemed that understanding intelligence might follow only from 300 years of incremental progress.
Evidently, during infancy, we did not know enough to be scared; then, during adolescence, we did not know enough to be optimistic.
Now, with maturity, we look back, reflectively, on a great deal of helpful experience. We look forward, reflectively, with the optimism that comes with an armamentarium of accumulated ideas.
And Fourth, computational infrastructure has improved enormously. During the past 10 years we have seen:
Progress in neuroscience, the maturing of our views, the steady advance of knowledge, and infrastructure miracles all work together to bring tremendous opportunities into view. By concentrating our forces, we can seize those opportunities and translate them into successes.
MIT can pull together strengths that no other institution can matchstrengths in artificial intelligence, cognitive science, linguistics, system neuroscience, and molecular neuroscienceat just the time when recently developed ideas and experimental methods have laid the foundation for a decade of breakthroughs.
We propose to transform this paper into a strategic plan. As the views and desires of more people are brought in, we will be able to go into much greater detail with respect to what will be done. In that strategic plan, we will exhibit a detailed description of a graded set of problems to be solved, thus ensuring that progress will be steady. We will also specify a series of engineering spinoffs, thus ensuring that the work will produce practical benefits, as well as scientific advances.
Meanwhile, we supply short descriptions of past work that we find particularly congruent with our views, along with short descriptions of future work that we propose to do.
We provide these examples to illustrate the characteristically multidisciplinary view that we think is essential. We want to create powerful positive feedback loops in which human or animal experiments lead to computational hypotheses, that lead to experimental computer programs or computational devices, that lead back to human or animal experiments.
In each example, we provide the general question; the anvil on which an answer is hammered out; the contributing, multidisciplinary foundational ideas; and for work already done, the results.
Because our purpose is to expose how we think, with a minimum number of words, the explanation style is telegraphic, rather than tutorial.
How do we recognize objects?
Investigator: Shimon Ullman
Anvil: How can a machine recognize printed characters?
Result: Streams and counter streams.
According to Ullman's theory, perceived characters are shifted and scaled in many ways, producing a tree of altered characters. This tree is analogous to the forward search from a starting point. Then, remembered views of various characters are combined, rotated, and skewed in many ways, producing a second tree. This second tree is analogous to backward search from a goal. One tree constitutes the stream; the other, the counter stream.
Recognition occurs when a leaf of the forward search tree matches a leaf from the backward search tree. In performing the search, search blowup is kept in control, because the bidirectional search halves the exponent.
If only an approximate match occurs, further search occurs, with each transformation, from both directions, concentrated in the vicinity of the transformations that produced the approximate match.
Ullman tests his theory via programs that recognize Chinese characters, with encouraging results.
Derivative questions: Where else might streams and counter streams constitute an illuminating model? Analogical matching? Simulation?
How do we learn phonological rules?
Investigators: Kenneth Yip and Gerald J. Sussman
Anvil: How do we learn English pluralization and past-tense rules?
Result: Sparse-space learning
Yip and Sussman began by envisioning a shift register, with each element a distinctive feature vector. In addition, auxiliary bits represent syntactic and semantic elements, with labels such as plural and past. Then, learning reduces to finding bidirectional constraints that maintain consistency between patterns of distinctive features in the shift register and the auxiliary bits.
At first, Yip and Sussman were held up by knowing too much: they looked for ways of using logic-minimization methods to find the consistency-enforcing constraints.
Then, they remembered that Morris Halle, who taught them about distinctive features, asserted that all human languages have far fewer than 100 phonemes. Hence, legitimate phonemes occupy only a small fraction of distinctive-feature space. Realizing that the space is sparsely filled, they proceeded to devise a constraint-learning algorithm with many desirable, experimentally verified features. For example, linguistic rules are learned from just a few examples, but tidal waves of examples do no harm; the linguistic rules are functionally equivalent to the rules worked out earlier by Halle and Chomsky by hand; and the learning algorithm readily handles noise and exceptions.
These results differ from standard neural net approaches in that only 1 or 2 unsupervised examples enable correct learning, just as with children.
Derivative questions: What other sorts of learning might be facilitated by operation in a sparse space? Is the utility of sparse-space learning one reason for having the functional equivalent of symbols? Do sparse spaces have other roles?
What is the role of symbols in thinking?
Anvil: How do we suppress noise in listening to speechn?
Hypothesis: Sparse-space noise suppression.
In a sparse space, a phoneme vector can be corrupted by a great deal of normally distributed noise before the corrupted vector will become closer to some other phoneme. In a sparse space, with many dimensions, the central limit theorem dictates that a truly random vector will be approximately equally far from any set of randomly selected points.
Accordingly, from an engineering point of view, high-dimensional, sparsely filled spaces have highly desirable characteristics, so it is natural to wonder if evolution has stumbled onto such a noise-suppression solution.
Derivative questions: Are words the sparse fillers of a space of phoneme sequences? Is there a bidirectionality to the interaction of distinctive features, phonemes and words? Can a few shaky distinctive features determine a few shaky phonemes, that are enough to fix a word, which in turn shores up and corrects the phoneme interpretation, which shores up and corrects the distinctive feature interpretation?
How do we exploit analogous situations?
Anvil: How might brains perform domain-specific matches?
Hypothesis: Bidirectional domain-specific matching.
There has been much work on analogy-based reasoning in artificial intelligence. Winston, for example, has shown that programs can find and exploit parallels in simple theories (water pipes and circuits), story precis (Shakespearean plots), and functional descriptions of simple objects (cups).
The work remains primitive, however, for several reasons, one of which is that there always seems a need to make the analogical matcher smarter and smarter, until it becomes a sort of all-knowing homunculus.
The alternative is to think of matching as a product of a bidirectional domain-specific search, analogous to Ullman's streams and counter streams process, except that now the transformations are not shifts, scales, and rotations, but rather mappings of one sort of object or relation into another.
At first, when nothing is known about a domain, the mapping is necessarily varied, and the search for a match must be broad. Skinny water pipes become resistors or capacitors or inductors. Macbeth becomes Hamlet or Claudius or Gertrude. Cups become bowls or bricks or toothbrushes. Later, however, as problems are solved, transformation sequences that do well in a domain are remembered with that domain, so that experience leads to routine skill.
Transformation-sequence memories are domain specific. Thus, matching knowledge is stored outside the matcher, eliminating the all-knowing homunculus problem. Also, becoming good at one domain does not transfer readily to becoming good at another, for the transformation sequences are likely different. Well-educated engineers are not necessarily good at, say, post-modern literary criticism.
How might brains exploit randomness in neural process development?
Anvil: Why do brains have cortical columns?
Hypothesis: Columns provide multiple venues for bringing relevant features into close proximity.
We see intriguing points of similarity between randomized interconnection networks and the cortical processing areas and columns.
In computer architecture, we have found that the most powerful interconnection switches rely on multiple, randomly interconnected stages of switching elements, where each stage brings together in a small, localized area, a distinct set of the problem dimensions. The randomized wiring performs a sort of dimensional transformation between stages, allowing a very high dimensional space to be laid out efficiently in a much lower dimensional package.
In nature, cortex is organized into cortical processing areas and cortical columns. We know that vision, for example, proceeds through tens of distinct cortical processing areas, each consisting of tens of thousands of 200 to 400 micron diameter cortical columns. These columns are often interleaved in such a way as to provide locality to important computations, such as binocular stereo processing.
The ability to bring multiple features into physical proximity may underlie our ability to recognize individual concepts and groups of concepts organized into situations.
What is the role of downward projections in problem solving?
Anvil: Can downward projections invoke simulations that support problem solving?
Hypothesis: Downward projections may provide a means by which visual and linguistic abstractions are translated into simulated visual or linguistic inputs, thus re-engaging visual and linguistic machinery over and over as problem solving proceeds.
This sort of thinking may prove to be consistent with Ullman's streams-and-counter-streams theory of object recognition, because if the downward stream is reflected back at some level, rather than continuing toward a match with perceptual inputs, then higher levels see a reflected image as if it were perceived. The visual routines introduced in Ullman's earlier work could operate on such reflected images as if they were real. Thus, visual routines could compute answers to problems that stimulate downward flow from visual memory. For example, if a child is too young to add, he can count on his fingers, or he can close his eyes and imagine what it would be like to count fingers.
Another place where sort of problem solving may occur is in speech recognition: we may use motor control signals to the vocal tract planning units as a way to generate hypotheses about speech.
Footnote: The use of streams and counter streams in problem solving is related, of course, to Freud's notion that, during dreaming, when the sensors are shut down, something like a counter stream is set up flowing downward, generating the perceptions we call dreams.
We see inclusive collaborations in which the researcherswith backgrounds in artificial intelligence, cognitive science, linguistics, systems neuroscience, molecular neuroscience, and other disciplinesall sit at a round table, with no contributing discipline viewed as more central than another.
From the broadest perspective, the proposed steps toward understanding thinking computationally have important parallels in other disciplines, such as biology and physics.
Over the centuries we have developed formal mathematical languages for expressing various aspects of our understanding of the universe. The development of each mathematical language was spurred by the need to express the previously inexpressible. Each such language development enabled scientific progress by creating a new window through which to view the world. Consider, for example, the following:
|Mathematical language||Understanding enabled|
|Calculus and differential equations||Classical mechanics|
|Partial-Differential Equations||Electromagnetic fields|
Computationlike a mathematical languageprovides us with a new window of understanding, because computation enables us to describe complex systems. Using computation, we can express, formalize, and study very complex processes in a precise and elegant manner.
Viewing computation as a powerful tool, complementing those offered by traditional mathematics, is a jolting proposition. Many scientists still subscribe to a more limited view of computation, believing that computation is useful in just the traditional ways:
By contrast, we have come to believe that the role of computation in science has a much more profound capability:
Computational explanations provide us with new ways to extend our understanding of biological systems, as illustrated by the following modeling examples:
An interest in computational explanations will have a big impact on the way bioengineering is done, enabling progress toward the really high-impact short- and long-term engineering goals, such as the following:
Forward thinking computer scientists and physicists can think about information as a substance, in the same sense that physicists have traditionally viewed energy, matter, and momentum as substances. From this perspective, it seems evident that, say, a deep understanding of quantum mechanics will involve an understanding of information and its conservation laws. Also, discrete models of spacetime may solve problems in renormalization, self energy of electrons, and the finite information capacity of spacetime regions.
The information-as-substance perspective makes it possible for engineers to think of new ways to understand materials and new ways to connect information processing to physical materials:
Education and research are mutually enabling. A healthy educational program stimulates research, and an exciting research program enables new educational tracks. In another paper, we lay out an approximation to what might become an undergraduate curriculum. | <urn:uuid:4de9defc-07f8-42f0-a4a6-04678593d843> | {
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For its size the UK is widely considered one of
the most geodiverse places in the world.
Sea arch at Flamborough Head. © Jonathan Larwood, NE
The Earth is 4600 million years old and the oldest rocks in the
UK, found in Scotland, are 2800 million years old representing more
than half of the Earth's history. These rocks, and the fossils and
minerals they contain, provide evidence of past life and show
environmental change from scorching deserts to ice ages, inundation
by shallow tropical seas and deep oceans, to times of volcanic
eruption and mountain building as continents have come together and
For over 200 years the UK's geodiversity has been at the heart
of the development of the science of geology.
Its diversity and accessibility has provided an inspiration that
continues today for natural historians, scientists and
Understanding geodiversity helps us understand the Earth and how
it works and, helps guide the decisions we make in managing the
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Abebookscom: anthills of the savannah (9780385260459) by chinua achebe and a great selection of similar new, used and collectible books available now at great prices. Summary and analysis of anthills of the savannah by chinua achebe table of content background plot summary characters analysis themes motifs symbols summary and analysis of sections study questions important details background of anthills of the savannah by chinua achebe background. Anthills of the savannah e-book winkstore was founded in 2009 with the vision of \93delivering a cost effective electronic book reader and reading content in english and all indian languages for the indian market. Anthills of the savannah is military governance, which he sees as a mere aberration it is a regimen that rather aggravates the same inanities that characterise civilian administrations the african symposium. Get an answer for 'what are the themes in anthills of the savannah by achebe' and find homework help for other anthills of the savannah questions at enotes. Immediately download the anthills of the savannah summary, chapter-by-chapter analysis, book notes, essays, quotes, character descriptions, lesson plans, and more - everything you need for studying or teaching anthills of the savannah.
Anthills of the savannah by chinua achebe and a great selection of similar used, new and collectible books available now at abebookscom. Dive deep into chinua achebe's anthills of the savannah with extended analysis, commentary, and discussion. In the fictional west african nation of kangan, newly independent of british rule, the hopes and dreams of democracy have been quashed by a fierce military dictatorship. A searing satire of political corruption and social injustice from the celebrated author of things fall apartin the fictional west african nation of kangan, newly independent of british rule, the hopes and dreams of democracy have been quashed by. Knowledge and power, the story and the storyteller: achebe's anthills of the savannah robin ikegami anthills of the savannah (1987. Anthills of the savannah chinua achebe online information for the online version of bookrags' anthills of the savannah premium study guide, including complete copyright information, please visit.
Anthills of the savannah chinua achebe published 1988 one _first witness--christopher oriko__. Anthills of the savannah is a 1987 novel by nigerian writer chinua achebe a finalist for the 1987 booker prize for fiction, it has been described as the. Things fall apart is legendary nigerian writer chinua achebe's most popular novel however, my favorite work of his is anthills of the savannah. Anthills of the savannah: of the people (1966) and anthills of the savannah (1987) deal with corruption and other aspects of postcolonial african life.
Achebe's fifth novel, anthills of the savannah (1987), revived his reputation in britain when it was shortlisted for the booker set in a military regime in present-day west africa, it introduced a female intellectual, the journalist beatrice. Review of the book 'anthills of the savanna,' by chinua achebe. Anthills of the savannah - chinua achebe chinua achebe is viewed as one of africa's greatest and i was expecting nothing short of amazing from him from the very first chapter i found myself entranced by his manner of writing and his use of language as an african i felt like i was. Anthills of the savannah, chinua achebe chinua achebe: chinua achebe has a journalist's background he was born in ogidi, nigeria in 1930 and christened albert chinualumogu achebe. Anthills of the savannah by chinua achebe chinua achebe considered to be the most influential african writer of his generation helped reshape the perception of african history, culture, and place in the world.
Anthills of the savannah is a 1987 novel by nigerian writer chinua achebe it was his fifth novel, first published in the uk 21 years after achebe's previous one (a man of the people in 1966), and was credited with having revived his reputation in britain a finalist for the 1987 booker prize. Chinua achebe was born on the 16 of november, 1930 achebe's parents achebe's first central female character in a novel is beatrice nwanyibuife in anthills of the savannah as an independent woman in the city. | <urn:uuid:070afe10-33c0-4b6a-9f50-1a7654a63dd2> | {
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Lyme disease is a bacterial infection that is spread through the bite of one of several types of ticks.
Borreliosis; Bannwarth syndrome
Lyme disease is caused by bacteria called Borrelia burgdorferi (B. burgdorferi). Blacklegged ticks and other species of ticks can carry these bacteria. The ticks pick up the bacteria when they bite mice or deer that are infected with B. burgdorferi. You can get the disease if you are bitten by an infected tick.
Lyme disease was first reported in the United States in 1977 in the town of Old Lyme, Connecticut. The same disease occurs in many parts of Europe and Asia. In the United States, most Lyme disease infections occur in the following areas:
Northeastern states, from Virginia to Maine
North-central states, mostly in Wisconsin and Minnesota
West Coast, mainly in the northwest
There are 3 stages of Lyme disease.
Stage 1 is called early localized Lyme disease. The infection has not yet spread throughout the body.
Stage 2 is called early disseminated Lyme disease. The bacteria have begun to spread throughout the body.
Stage 3 is called late disseminated Lyme disease. The bacteria have spread throughout the body.
Risk factors for Lyme disease include:
Doing outside activities that increase tick exposure (for example, gardening, hunting, or hiking) in an area where Lyme disease is known to occur
Having a pet that may carry ticks home
Walking in high grasses
Important facts about tick bites and Lyme disease:
In most cases in the U.S., a tick must be attached to your body for 24 - 36 hours to spread the bacteria to your blood. Ticks that cause Lyme disease in Europe transmit the bacteria more quickly, within 24 hours.
Blacklegged ticks can be so small that they are almost impossible to see. Many people with Lyme disease never even see or feel a tick on their body.
Most people who are bitten by a tick do not get Lyme disease.
Symptoms of early localized Lyme disease (stage 1) begin days or weeks after infection. They are similar to the flu and may include:
There may be a "bull's eye" rash, a flat or slightly raised red spot at the site of the tick bite. Often there is a clear area in the center. It can be large and expanding in size. This rash is called erythema migrans. Without treatment, it can last 4 weeks or longer.
Symptoms may come and go. Untreated, Lyme disease can spread to the brain, heart, and joints.
Symptoms of early disseminated Lyme disease (stage 2) may occur weeks to months after the tick bite, and may include:
Numbness or pain in the nerve area
Paralysis or weakness in the muscles of the face
Heart problems, such as skipped heartbeats (palpitations), chest pain, or shortness of breath
Symptoms of late disseminated Lyme disease (stage 3) can occur months or years after the infection. The most common symptoms are muscle and joint pain. Other symptoms may include:
Abnormal muscle movement
Numbness and tingling
Thinking (cognitive) problems
Exams and Tests
A blood test can be done to check for antibodies to the bacteria that cause Lyme disease. The most commonly used is the ELISA for Lyme disease test. An immunoblot test is done to confirm ELISA results. Be aware, though, in the early stage of infection, blood tests may be normal.
In areas where Lyme disease is more common, your health care provider may be able to diagnose early disseminated Lyme disease (Stage 2) without doing any lab tests.
Other tests that may be done when the infection has spread include:
Spinal tap (lumbar puncture to examine spinal fluid
Persons bitten by a tick should be watched closely for at least 30 days to see if a rash or symptoms develop.
A single dose of the antibiotic doxycycline may be given to someone soon after being bitten by a tick, when all of these conditions are true:
The person has a tick that can carry Lyme disease attached to his or her body. This usually means that a nurse or doctor has looked at and identified the tick.
The tick is thought to have been attached to the person for at least 36 hours.
The person is able to start taking the antibiotic within 72 hours of removing the tick.
The person is 8 years or older and is not pregnant or breastfeeding.
Local rate of ticks carrying B. burgdorferi is 20 percent or higher.
A 10 day to 4-week course of antibiotics is used to treat people who are diagnosed with Lyme disease, depending on the choice of drug:
The choice of antibiotic depends on the stage of the disease and the symptoms.
Common choices include doxycycline, amoxicillin, azithromycin, cefuroxime, and ceftriaxone.
Pain medicines, such as ibuprofen, are sometimes prescribed for joint stiffness.
If diagnosed in the early stages, Lyme disease can be cured with antibiotics. Without treatment, complications involving the joints, heart, and nervous system can occur. But these symptoms are still treatable and curable.
In rare cases, a person keeps having symptoms that interfere with daily life after they have been treated with antibiotics. This is also known as post-Lyme disease syndrome. The cause of this syndrome is unknown.
Symptoms that occur after antibiotics are stopped may not be signs of active infection and may not respond to antibiotic treatment.
Stage 3, or late disseminated, Lyme disease can cause long-term joint inflammation (Lyme arthritis) and heart rhythm problems. Brain and nervous system problems are also possible, and may include:
Paralysis of the face muscles
When to Contact a Medical Professional
Call your health care provider if you have:
A large, red, expanding rash that may look like a bull's eye.
Had a tick bite and develop weakness, numbness, tingling, or heart problems.
Symptoms of Lyme disease, especially if you may have been exposed to ticks.
Take precautions to avoid tick bites. Be extra careful during warmer months. When possible, avoid walking or hiking in the woods and areas with high grass.
If you do walk or hike in these areas, take measures to prevent tick bites:
Wear light-colored clothing so that if ticks land on you, they can be spotted and removed.
Wear long sleeves and long pants with pant legs tucked into your socks.
Spray exposed skin and your clothing with insect repellant, such as DEET or permethrin.
After returning home, remove your clothes and thoroughly inspect all skin surface areas, including your scalp. Shower as soon as possible to wash off any unseen ticks.
If a tick is attached to you, follow these steps to remove it:
Grasp the tick close to its head or mouth with tweezers. Do not use your bare fingers. If needed, use a tissue or paper towel.
Pull it straight out with a slow and steady motion. Avoid squeezing or crushing the tick. Be careful not to leave the head embedded in the skin.
Clean the area thoroughly with soap and water. Also wash your hands thoroughly.
Save the tick in a jar.
Watch carefully for the next week or two for signs of Lyme disease.
If all parts of the tick cannot be removed, get medical help. Bring the tick in the jar to your doctor appointment.
Bhate C. Lyme disease: part II. Management and prevention. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;64:639-653.
Centers for Disease Control. Lyme disease. Page last updated November 15, 2013. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/lyme. Accessed February 25, 2014.
Halperin JJ, Shapiro ED, Logigian E, et al. Practice parameter: treatment of nervous system Lyme disease (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2007;69:91-102.
Steere AC. Borrelia burgdorferi (lyme disease, lyme borreliosis). In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2009:chap 242.
Wright WF. Diagnosis and management of Lyme disease. Am Fam Physician. 2012;85:1086-1093.
Jatin M. Vyas, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Assistant in Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. | <urn:uuid:bb6adfdc-b135-4418-8e28-6ac541f6143e> | {
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Gibbous ♐ Sagittarius
Previous main lunar phase is the Full Moon before 3 days on 29 March 2059 at 03:47.
Moon rises in the evening and sets in the morning. It is visible to the southwest and it is high in the sky after midnight.
Moon is passing about ∠20° of ♏ Scorpio tropical zodiac sector.
Lunar disc appears visually 4.1% narrower than solar disc. Moon and Sun apparent angular diameters are ∠1843" and ∠1920".
Next Full Moon is the Pink Moon of April 2059 after 26 days on 27 April 2059 at 19:17.
There is medium ocean tide on this date. Sun and Moon gravitational forces are not aligned, but meet at very acute angle, so their combined tidal force is moderate.
The Moon is 18 days old. Earth's natural satellite is moving from the middle to the last part of current synodic month. This is lunation 732 of Meeus index or 1685 from Brown series.
Length of current 732 lunation is 29 days, 9 hours and 23 minutes. This is the year's shortest synodic month of 2059. It is 24 minutes shorter than next lunation 733 length.
Length of current synodic month is 3 hours and 21 minutes shorter than the mean length of synodic month, but it is still 2 hours and 48 minutes longer, compared to 21st century shortest.
This New Moon true anomaly is ∠12.4°. At beginning of next synodic month true anomaly will be ∠30°. The length of upcoming synodic months will keep increasing since the true anomaly gets closer to the value of New Moon at point of apogee (∠180°).
6 days after point of apogee on 25 March 2059 at 20:15 in ♌ Leo. The lunar orbit is getting closer, while the Moon is moving inward the Earth. It will keep this direction for the next 9 days, until it get to the point of next perigee on 10 April 2059 at 13:47 in ♓ Pisces.
Moon is 388 948 km (241 681 mi) away from Earth on this date. Moon moves closer next 9 days until perigee, when Earth-Moon distance will reach 361 666 km (224 729 mi).
13 days after its ascending node on 18 March 2059 at 12:04 in ♉ Taurus, the Moon is following the northern part of its orbit for the next day, until it will cross the ecliptic from North to South in descending node on 2 April 2059 at 02:16 in ♏ Scorpio.
13 days after beginning of current draconic month in ♉ Taurus, the Moon is moving from the first to the middle part of it.
10 days after previous North standstill on 21 March 2059 at 15:46 in ♋ Cancer, when Moon has reached northern declination of ∠26.421°. Next 3 days the lunar orbit moves southward to face South declination of ∠-26.541° in the next southern standstill on 5 April 2059 at 06:01 in ♑ Capricorn.
After 10 days on 12 April 2059 at 09:28 in ♈ Aries, the Moon will be in New Moon geocentric conjunction with the Sun and this alignment forms next Sun-Moon-Earth syzygy. | <urn:uuid:ae9484d2-aaee-4817-b20f-ec30ee1eb7b3> | {
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Charles Robert Ashbee, (born May 17, 1863, Isleworth, Middlesex, Eng.—died May 23, 1942, Godden Green, Sevenoaks, Kent), English architect, designer, and leader of the Arts and Crafts Movement in England during the latter part of the 19th century and after.
After education at Wellington College and King’s College, Cambridge, and while actively involved in the social work of Toynbee Hall, Ashbee was articled to the architect G.F. Bodley. In 1887 Ashbee founded the School of Handicraft and in 1904 the School of Arts and Crafts, which continued its work until the outbreak of World War I. In addition, Ashbee founded the Guild of Handicraft in 1888, which produced notable works of decorative art, often to his designs, particularly in silver hollowware, jewelry, and furniture. The guild prospered through the first years of the 20th century, and, though it was dissolved in 1908, it left a permanent mark on modern design. Ashbee was also in charge of the Essex Press and was a principal in the Society for the Preservation of Ancient Buildings.
In 1900, on a trip to Chicago, Ashbee became acquainted with Frank Lloyd Wright, and, when Wright’s executed works were published in Germany (1911), the preface was written by Ashbee. After the closing of the guild, Ashbee practiced architecture. During the war years he lectured at Cairo University on English literature. From 1918 to 1922 he advised the Palestine administration on civic affairs and the preservation of buildings and monuments. Thereafter he returned to England, living the rest of his life at Godden Green. | <urn:uuid:d784700c-932e-4b97-91f5-b66d81af6b74> | {
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Last year, the Risk Prediction Initiative (RPI) of BIOS expanded to include a locally-focused program called BermudaRisk. BermudaRisk investigates, through academic research, the risks to Bermuda’s society from natural hazards. This effort leverages RPI’s decades of experience in managing scientific research with relevance to risk management, and by collaborating with a network of local and international contacts in the fields of environmental science, catastrophe modeling, policy development, re/insurance, and disaster risk reduction.
While the main attention of RPI remains on global catastrophic risk, this subsidiary program brings a new element of focus to the local implications of climate change, natural hazard variability, and changes in vulnerability.
The goal of BermudaRisk is to provide scientific insights to inform decision-making for insurers, the public sector, as well as for marine, aviation and energy sectors. This was made possible through local sponsorship and support for a research grant by RPI member companies.
One question under investigation during the program’s first year is the local risk from tsunamis. Bermuda experienced a small but damaging tsunami wave in 1929, and researchers know that even modest waves can cause injury, loss of life, and problems for critical infrastructure. BermudaRisk has helped to lead the conversation about tsunamis by participating in educational meetings with the Emergency Measures Organization following this year’s annual regional tsunami exercise, called CARIBE WAVE 2016. Ongoing engagement on this topic with partner organizations will lead to better understanding about this rare but dangerous phenomenon.
Researchers are also exploring if Bermuda has entered a new phase of hurricane risk. Between 1963 and 2003, no major hurricanes deemed a threat by forecasters came within range of Bermuda. This was puzzling, as it came on the heels of a relatively active hurricane period through the 1950s. Is Bermuda now in a more risky era of hurricane activity? To illuminate this question, RPI and BermudaRisk have supported a project by a researcher from the University of Southern Mississippi to examine 1,000-year scale reconstructions of hurricane activity, by looking at periodic sediment deposits from storm surge in the island’s Spittal Pond and Mangrove Lake. As storm surge washes large-grain sand and marine deposits into these otherwise quiescent, algae-rich environments, these layers are preserved for geologists to examine later through the sediment record. These layers are “signatures” of hurricanes overwash deposits that are easily identified in core samples taken from these coastal bodies of fresh and brackish water.
In addition to developing research and providing scientific advice, BermudaRisk contributes to public awareness and education activities such as Hurricane Preparedness Week. Leveraging BIOS’s physical oceanography and atmospheric science expertise, locally-based monitoring programs, and a wide network of expert contacts, BermudaRisk is at the forefront of progress towards answers to these important questions about the island’s vulnerability. | <urn:uuid:f530407c-7c63-4493-91ec-43660023a3c3> | {
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The Silk Road provided a route for the connection of cultures located throughout Asia, the Middle East, Northern Africa, and Europe. The Silk Road was not an actual road; rather it was an interconnecting group of caravan routes that ran throughout central Asia. "These routes were called the Silk Roads because traders used them to bring silk from China to western Asia and then on to Rome." The Silk Road encouraged the sharing of knowledge and the trade of items among cities and empires in Asia, the Middle East, Northern Africa, and Europe. From China came goods such as spices, silk, and cloth. The Gupta Empire traded precious stones, grains, ivory, and other goods. Even the Kingdom of Askum, located on the African coast of the Red Sea, traded goods like metal and spices. However, the connection among these continents had a negative effect. The Black Death that devastated Asia, the Middle East, Northern Africa, and Europe in the 14th century was believed to have started in Central Asia and spread over the Silk Road. "No other bacteria, perhaps organism, had so much of an effect on human history as Yersinia pestis [the bacteria that caused the Black Death.]" The spread of the destructive Black Death from Asia to the Middle East, Northern Africa, and Europe by way of the Silk Road shows the importance of this route as a link among these regions.
The Black Death has four different forms; septicemic, pneumonic, enteric, and bubonic, all caused by the bacteria, Yersinia pestis. However, each is identified by distinct symptoms. The first, septicemic, is a poisoning of the blood stream. The victims of this form die the quickest, sometimes even before symptoms are evident. Next is pneumonic, which is characterized by severe chest pain and the coughing of blood. Nearly no one survives the pneumonic form. The enteric form is not very common. It attacks the victim's digestive system and, like the septicemic form, kills its victim very quickly. Lastly, is the bubonic form, which is the most common. The victims of the bubonic form meet death in about a week, and they suffer the most pain of all the four forms. These four deadly forms were evident during the Black Death epidemic that occurred in the 14th century. The Black Death bacteria that caused the four forms, Yersinia pestis, was generally spread though the same host, the rat. The Plague was spread to humans mainly by fleas that were transported by infected rats. Rat populations tend to follow humans because of the garbage they dispose and this is why the Black Death was found in heavily populated areas, particularly along the Silk Road. The Black Death affected humans in these four deadly forms that spread in fleas and in their host, rats, and started in warmer climates in Asia, radiating west to colder climates by way of the Silk Road.
The four forms of the Black Death: septicemic, pneumonic, enteric, and bubonic, were not native to Europe because it is hard for the plague bacteria, Yersinia pestis, to subsist in the colder climate that is prevalent in Europe. "Plague bacteria normally reside in Central Asia, Yunan China, Arabia, East Africa, and limited areas of Iran." The reason why they inhabit these generally hotter areas is because they need a warm climate to multiply in. Some historians believe that the Black Death originated in Lake Issyk-Kul in Central Asia. Researchers found that in the years 1338 and 1339 there was a very high death rate reported in Lake Issyk-Kul that was attributed to plague. However, the most striking detail about Lake Issyk-Kul was that it was on the Silk Road. Therefore, the Black Death had its beginnings in Central Asia on the Silk Road, and then it proceeded to spread across the Silk Road into areas that it linked: the Middle East, Northern Africa, and Europe.
After the Black Death established itself in Central Asia at Lake Issyk-Kul, it began to spread into the Middle East, Northern Africa, and Europe by way of the Silk Road. During the 14th century, the Silk Road was controlled by the Mongols and was heavily used by both their warriors and by trading caravans. The host organisms for the Black Death, rats, were attracted to human garbage disposed by the caravans along the Silk Road. The Mongols were pastoralists who traveled in large caravans with great numbers of horses and livestock that gave off large amounts of waste, which attracted rats. Therefore, large populations of rats were found at various points along the Silk Road, making it easy for fleas to spread the bacteria from one infected rat population to another rat population. Some infected rats were able traverse the Silk Roads hidden inside of caravans, further helping the Yersinia pestis bacteria to spread. At the same time, there was "a parallel movement [of the bacteria] into underground rodent "cities" of the grasslands…[that] occurred." From the rats, the bacteria would spread to humans from a simple interaction, such as a fleabite, which had previously bitten an infected rat. In this manner, the Black Death spread to humans along the Silk Road, early on reaching cities in Palestine and Syria such as Jerusalem and Damascus. Eventually, through trade along the Silk Road, the Black Death spread to places in Northern Africa such as Tunis. This was not the first time a disease that had passed through Northern Africa had spread through the Silk Road. Another plague, Justinian's Plague, devastated the Mediterranean world and was believed to have started somewhere in East Africa, traveling to the Mediterranean world during 541 to 544. The Silk Road was instrumental, just like in the case of the Black Death, in spreading Justinian's Plague. Although the Silk Road was a key component in spreading the Black Death by land from Central Asia, sea trade from ports along the Silk Road was another major element in spreading the Black Death westward.
Where the Silk Road ended, on the shores of the Black Sea and further south towards the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Death could not spread any further by land. However, "the plague carrying fleas and rats were picked up in merchant ships." These merchant ships would dock at ports throughout Africa and Europe, spreading the plague inland. Although sailors aboard the merchant ships were usually all dead by the time the ships docked at their destinations, the rats that had infected the ships would disembark and proceed to spread the Yersinia pestis bacteria. Another way that historians think that the Yersinia pestis bacteria could have spread through sea trade was from a "load of marmot pelts…, [that were]contaminated with plague-bearing flea eggs, was brought from somewhere in Central Asia to a Middle Eastern port [via the Silk Road]. There the eggs hatched into fleas that infected some local rats; some of the [infected] rats eventually went on shipboard and were carried to port cities." The Black Death after spreading across Central Asia by the Silk Road, infected ships that were traveling to Northern Africa and Europe; however, only after this spread did the human devastation begin.
Between 1347 and 1349, the Black Death killed a large portion of the human population in Asia, the Middle East, Northern Africa, and Europe. Estimates of the death toll are scarce and varied. However, in China, the Black Death killed about 25 million, two-thirds of the population, and in Europe, it killed nearly 34 million people, one-third of the population. In 1347, early in the spread of the Black Death, the plague was affecting the Volga River, Lower Egypt, and southern Italy. By 1348, the Black Death had spread further to Palestine, Arabia, Tunisia, northern Italy, and France. Finally, in 1349, the Black Death reached England and northern Germany. The progress of the spread shows a general westward trend that had started on the Silk Road in Central Asia at Lake Issyk-Kul in 1338 and affected the Volga River in 1347.
The Black Death started in Central Asia in 1338 and spread by land on the Silk Road to the Middle East, and later by sea into Northern Africa and Europe. Thus, it can be deduced that the Black Death radiated westward. Rats were important in the spread of the Black Death as the plague infected one rat population after another on the Silk Road. The rats subsisted on the Silk Road because of the garbage left by humans. Therefore, the rats helped disseminate the Black Death by way of the Silk Roads directly from Central Asia to the Middle East. However, the Black Death spread further to Northern Africa and Europe because the infected rats hid in ships leaving from eastern ports on the Silk Road that were destined for Northern African and European ports. The Black Death's spread from Central Asia to points west illustrates how the Silk Road linked Asia, the Middle East, Northern Africa, and Europe during the 14th century.
About, Inc. "The Spread of the Black Death through Europe - Page Three - Origins of Plague." http://historymedren.about.com/library/weekly/aapmaps3.htm (accessed January 7, 2006).
After the Fact Interactive: Tracing the Silk Roads CD-ROM Ver. Windows. McGraw Hill, New York.
AskAsia.org. "Travel of Ideas and Techniques." http://www.askasia.org/teachers/essays/essay.php?no=79&era=&grade=&geo= (accessed January 6, 2006).
Beck, Roger B., Linda Black, Larry S. Krieger, Philip C. Naylor, and Dahia Ibo Shabaka. World History: Patterns of Interaction. Boston: McDougal Littell, 2005.
Bentley, Jerry H., Herbert Ziegler. Traditions and Encounters: A Global Perspective On The Past. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000.
Bulliett, Richard W., Pamela Kyle Crossley, Daniel R. Headrick, Steven W. Hirsch, Lyman L. Johnson, and David Northrup. The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History. 2nd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2001.
McNeill, William H. Plagues and Peoples. New York: Anchor Books, 1989.
Richard, Thomas. "The Role of Trade in Transmitting the Black Death." http://www.american.edu/TED/bubonic.htm (accessed January 6, 2006).
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. "Black Death." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death (accessed January 8, 2006).
"Yersinia pestis and The Black Death." http://members.aol.com/omaryak/plague/index.html (accessed January 6, 2006). | <urn:uuid:caded479-b6c2-4fe1-bba4-8ffb7b987237> | {
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Print Symptoms of type 1 diabetes often appear suddenly and are often the reason for checking blood sugar levels. Because symptoms of other types of diabetes and prediabetes come on more gradually or may not be evident, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) has recommended screening guidelines. The ADA recommends that the following people be screened for diabetes: Anyone with a body mass index higher than 25, regardless of age, who has additional risk factors, such as high blood pressure, a sedentary lifestyle, a history of polycystic ovary syndrome, having delivered a baby who weighed more than 9 pounds, a history of diabetes in pregnancy, high cholesterol levels, a history of heart disease, and having a close relative with diabetes. Anyone older than age 45 is advised to receive an initial blood sugar screening, and then, if the results are normal, to be screened every three years thereafter. Tests for type 1 and type 2 diabetes and prediabetes Glycated hemoglobin (A1C) test. This blood test indicates your average blood sugar level for the past two to three months. It measures the percentage of blood sugar attached to hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells. The higher your blood sugar levels, the more hemoglobin you'll have with sugar attached. An A1C level of 6.5 percent or higher on two separate tests indicates that you have diabetes. An A1C between 5.7 and 6.4 percent indicates prediabetes. Below 5.7 is considered normal. If the A1C test results aren't consistent, the test isn't available, or if you have certain conditions that can make the A1C test inaccurate — such as if you're pregnant or have an uncommon form of hemoglobin (known as a hemoglobin variant) — your doctor may use the following tests to diagnose diabetes: Random blood sugar Continue reading >>
Blood Sugar Test
A blood glucose test measures the amount of a sugar called glucose in a sample of your blood. Glucose is a major source of energy for most cells of the body, including brain cells. Carbohydrates are found in fruit, cereal, bread, pasta, and rice. They are quickly turned into glucose in your body. This raises your blood glucose level. Hormones made in the body help control blood glucose level. Continue reading >>
Is There A 'safe' Blood Sugar Level?
What is the "safe" blood sugar level? I have heard several opinions from other diabetics, and I am very confused. I was told that it was 154 about a year ago, and my doctor didn't recommend daily monitoring. At one time on a morning fasting, my level was 74. — Theresa, Alabama Yes, there is a safe blood sugar level. It is the optimum range that safely provides the body with adequate amounts of energy. For the average person, it is 70 to 105 mg/dl in a fasting state. (Diabetes is diagnosed when the fasting blood glucose level is at or above 126 mg/dl.) Glucose values vary depending on the time of day, your activity level, and your diet. Your sugar level of 154 mg/dl, which is high, may not have been determined while you were fasting. If it had been, a physician would have repeated the test. Your doctor did, and your level was determined to be normal at 74 mg/dl. In this case, daily monitoring is probably not necessary. If your levels are elevated in the future, you will be diagnosed with diabetes. Treatment can include lifestyle modification, diet, and exercise. If these strategies are not adequate to control your blood glucose level, your physician may prescribe oral medicines or insulin. Having a laboratory examination during your yearly physical and maintaining a healthy lifestyle are adequate for now. Why is it important to keep your glucose level within a normal range? An excess of glucose in the bloodstream causes various chemical changes that lead to damage to our blood vessels, nerves, and cells. Each cell in the body has a function that requires energy, and this energy comes primarily from glucose. The energy allows you to perform various tasks, including talking and walking. It allows your heart to beat and your brain to produce chemicals and signals that hel Continue reading >>
Blood Glucose Test
What is a blood glucose test? A blood glucose test measures the amount of glucose in your blood. Glucose, a type of simple sugar, is your body’s main source of energy. Your body converts the carbohydrates you eat into glucose. Glucose testing is primarily done to check for type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and gestational diabetes. Diabetes is a condition that causes your blood glucose level to rise. The amount of sugar in your blood is usually controlled by a hormone called insulin. However, if you have diabetes, your body either doesn’t make enough insulin or the insulin produced doesn’t work properly. This causes sugar to build up in your blood. Increased levels of blood sugar can lead to severe organ damage if left untreated. In some cases, blood glucose testing may also be used to test for hypoglycemia. This condition occurs when the levels of glucose in your blood are too low. Watch a great review of the iHealth blood glucose meter » Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in children and teenagers whose bodies aren’t able to produce enough insulin. It’s a chronic, or long-term, condition that requires continuous treatment. Late-onset type 1 diabetes has been shown to affect people between the ages of 30 and 40. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed in overweight and obese adults, but it can develop in younger people as well. This condition occurs when your body doesn’t make enough insulin or when the insulin you produce doesn’t work properly. The impact of type 2 diabetes may be reduced through weight loss and healthy eating. Gestational diabetes occurs if you develop diabetes while you’re pregnant. Gestational diabetes usually goes away after you give birth. After receiving a diagnosis of diabetes, you may have to get blood glucose tests to determin Continue reading >>
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What Are The Ideal Levels Of Blood Sugar?
A blood sugar or blood glucose chart identifies ideal blood sugar levels throughout the day, including before and after meals. Doctors use blood sugar charts to set target goals and monitor diabetes treatment plans. Blood sugar charts also help those with diabetes assess and self-monitor blood sugar test results. What is a blood sugar chart? Blood sugar charts act as a reference guide for blood sugar test results. As such, blood sugar charts are important tools for diabetes management. Most diabetes treatment plans involve keeping blood sugar levels as close to normal or target goals as possible. This requires frequent at-home and doctor-ordered testing, along with an understanding of how results compare to target levels. To help interpret and assess blood sugar results, the charts outline normal and abnormal blood sugar levels for those with and without diabetes. In the United States, blood sugar charts typically report sugar levels in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL). In the United Kingdom and many other countries, blood sugar is reported in millimoles per liter (mmol/L). A1C blood sugar recommendations are frequently included in blood sugar charts. A1C results are often described as both a percentage and an average blood sugar level in mg/dL. An A1C test measures the average sugar levels over a 3-month period, which gives a wider insight into a person's overall management of their blood sugar levels. Blood sugar chart guidelines Appropriate blood sugar levels vary throughout the day and from person to person. Blood sugars are often lowest before breakfast and in the lead up to meals. Blood sugars are often highest in the hours following meals. People with diabetes will often have higher blood sugar targets or acceptable ranges than those without the condition. These Continue reading >>
Hyperglycemia: When Your Blood Glucose Level Goes Too High
Hyperglycemia means high (hyper) glucose (gly) in the blood (emia). Your body needs glucose to properly function. Your cells rely on glucose for energy. Hyperglycemia is a defining characteristic of diabetes—when the blood glucose level is too high because the body isn't properly using or doesn't make the hormone insulin. You get glucose from the foods you eat. Carbohydrates, such as fruit, milk, potatoes, bread, and rice, are the biggest source of glucose in a typical diet. Your body breaks down carbohydrates into glucose, and then transports the glucose to the cells via the bloodstream. Body Needs Insulin However, in order to use the glucose, your body needs insulin. This is a hormone produced by the pancreas. Insulin helps transport glucose into the cells, particularly the muscle cells. People with type 1 diabetes no longer make insulin to help their bodies use glucose, so they have to take insulin, which is injected under the skin. People with type 2 diabetes may have enough insulin, but their body doesn't use it well; they're insulin resistant. Some people with type 2 diabetes may not produce enough insulin. People with diabetes may become hyperglycemic if they don't keep their blood glucose level under control (by using insulin, medications, and appropriate meal planning). For example, if someone with type 1 diabetes doesn't take enough insulin before eating, the glucose their body makes from that food can build up in their blood and lead to hyperglycemia. Your endocrinologist will tell you what your target blood glucose levels are. Your levels may be different from what is usually considered as normal because of age, pregnancy, and/or other factors. Fasting hyperglycemia is defined as when you don't eat for at least eight hours. Recommended range without diabet Continue reading >>
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Blood Glucose Monitoring
Checking blood glucose levels by using a blood glucose meter or blood glucose test strips that change color when touched by a blood sample in order to manage diabetes. PubMed Health Glossary (Source: NIH - National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) About Blood Glucose Monitoring There are two types of tests that tell you your blood sugar level: Doctors use a special blood test, called an A1C test, to check how high your blood sugar level was during the past 3 months. Having an A1C level of 7 percent or below means that your blood sugar has been well controlled over the past 3 months. When taking insulin, you need to use a different type of test called a blood sugar test—often done with a fingerstick—to help you adjust the amount of insulin you take during the day. This test measures the amount of sugar in your blood at any one time. This measurement is given in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL). The normal blood sugar levels for people who do not have diabetes are: Between 70 and 130 mg/dL before meals Less than 180 mg/dL at 2 hours after meals... The microbial causes of pneumonia vary according to its origin and the immune constitution of the patient. Pneumonia is classified into community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and pneumonia in the immunocompromised. The guideline development process is guided by its scope - published after stakeholder consultation. This guideline does not cover all aspects of pneumonia, but focuses on areas of uncertainty or variable practice and those considered of greatest clinical importance. Best practice guidance on the diagnosis and management of CAP and HAP is offered, based on systematic analysis of clinical and economic evidence with the aim of reducing mortality and morbidity fr Continue reading >>
Is My Blood Sugar Normal?
“Is my blood sugar normal?” seems like a simple question – but it’s not! The answer can vary dramatically based on your situation. Let’s look at some of the factors to consider. Please remember: you should figure out your personal goals in consultation with your doctor. Normal Blood Sugar in Diabetic vs. Non-Diabetic First, a quick note on how we measure blood sugar. In the USA, blood sugars are measured by weight in milligrams per deciliter, abbreviated as mg/dL. Most everyone else uses millimole per liter, abbreviated mmol. If you are in the USA, look at the big numbers, most everyone else look at the small numbers. In a person without diabetes, blood sugars tend to stay between 70 and 100 mg/dL (3.8 and 5.5 mmol). After a meal, blood sugars can rise up to 120 mg/dL or 6.7 mmol. It will typically fall back into the normal range within two hours. In a person with diabetes, the story is much more complex: Below 70 mg/dL Below 3.8 mmol Low Blood Sugars (Hypoglycemia). When blood sugars drop below this level, you may start feeling hunger, shakiness, or racing of the heart. Your body is starved for sugar (glucose). Read how to detect and treat low blood sugars. 70 mg/dL to 140 mg/dL 3.8 mmol to 7.7 mmol Normal Blood Sugar. In this range, the body is functioning normally. In someone without diabetes, the vast majority of the time is spent in the lower half of this range. 140 mg/dL to 180 mg/dL 7.7 mmol to 10 mmol Elevated Blood Sugars. In this range, the body can function relatively normally. However, extended periods of time in this zone put you at risk for long-term complications. Above 180 mg/dL Abovoe 10 mmol High Blood Sugars. At this range, the kidney is unable to reabsorb all of the glucose in your blood and you begin to spill glucose in your urine. Your bo Continue reading >>
A Simple Blood Sugar Level Guide - Charts, Measurements, Levels And Management
What do you know about blood sugar levels? Depending on your experience, you may associate them with kids who have had way too much candy and are frantically running around the house. Or, if you suffer from diabetes, you probably think of regularly jabbing yourself with a needle to make sure you don’t need to immediately consume a candy bar. It can be a confusing topic if you don’t know the terms or what normal levels look like. That’s where we come in. In this article, we’re going to give you the what and why of blood sugar. We’re going to dive into what causes blood sugar levels to get high or low, and what what a normal blood sugar level should look like. Consider this a layman’s guide. It won’t give you every detail (you really should talk to your doctor), but it will guide you through the major points and help you understand what to keep an eye on. Let’s get started. What’s The Difference Between Sugar and Glucose? What comes to mind when you think of sugar? Probably the white granular stuff that you would secretly eat when you were a kid, right? But it’s actually more complicated than that. Sugar is the general name given to sweet carbohydrates that dissolve in water. There are a number of different types of sugars. Your body most frequently uses glucose. Fructose is found in fruit and lactose is found in milk. When you guzzle a big glass of milk or eat an apple, your body takes the lactose or fructose and converts it to glucose. Once everything is converted to glucose, your body can use it for energy. Starches, like those found in white bread, are sugars stuck together and are converted by your body into glucose. So far so good, right? Now, this is important. When people say “blood sugar”, they mean “blood glucose”. The terms can be us Continue reading >>
What Is A Normal Blood Sugar Level?
The aim of diabetes treatment is to bring blood sugar (“glucose”) as close to normal as possible. What is a normal blood sugar level? And how can you achieve normal blood sugar? First, what is the difference between “sugar” and “glucose”? Sugar is the general name for sweet carbohydrates that dissolve in water. “Carbohydrate” means a food made only of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. There are various different kinds of sugars. The one our body uses most is called “glucose.” Other sugars we eat, like fructose from fruit or lactose from milk, are converted into glucose in our bodies. Then we can use them for energy. Our bodies also break down starches, which are sugars stuck together, into glucose. When people talk about “blood sugar,” they mean “blood glucose.” The two terms mean the same thing. In the U.S., blood sugar is normally measured in milligrams of glucose per deciliter of blood (mg/dl). A milligram is very little, about 0.00018 of a teaspoon. A deciliter is about 3 1/3 ounces. In Canada and the United Kingdom, blood sugar is reported in millimoles/liter (mmol/L). You can convert Canadian or British glucose levels to American numbers if you multiply them by 18. This is useful to know if you’re reading comments or studies from England or Canada. If someone reports that their fasting blood glucose was 7, you can multiply that by 18 and get their U.S. glucose level of 126 mg/dl. What are normal glucose numbers? They vary throughout the day. (Click here for a blood sugar chart.) For someone without diabetes, a fasting blood sugar on awakening should be under 100 mg/dl. Before-meal normal sugars are 70–99 mg/dl. “Postprandial” sugars taken two hours after meals should be less than 140 mg/dl. Those are the normal numbers for someone w Continue reading >>
Blood Sugar Level Ranges
Tweet Understanding blood glucose level ranges can be a key part of diabetes self-management. This page states 'normal' blood sugar ranges and blood sugar ranges for adults and children with type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes and blood sugar ranges to determine people with diabetes. If a person with diabetes has a meter, test strips and is testing, it's important to know what the blood glucose level means. Recommended blood glucose levels have a degree of interpretation for every individual and you should discuss this with your healthcare team. In addition, women may be set target blood sugar levels during pregnancy. The following ranges are guidelines provided by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) but each individual’s target range should be agreed by their doctor or diabetic consultant. Recommended target blood glucose level ranges The NICE recommended target blood glucose levels are stated below for adults with type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes and children with type 1 diabetes. In addition, the International Diabetes Federation's target ranges for people without diabetes is stated. The table provides general guidance. An individual target set by your healthcare team is the one you should aim for. NICE recommended target blood glucose level ranges Target Levels by Type Upon waking Before meals (pre prandial) At least 90 minutes after meals (post prandial) Non-diabetic* 4.0 to 5.9 mmol/L under 7.8 mmol/L Type 2 diabetes 4 to 7 mmol/L under 8.5 mmol/L Type 1 diabetes 5 to 7 mmol/L 4 to 7 mmol/L 5 to 9 mmol/L Children w/ type 1 diabetes 4 to 7 mmol/L 4 to 7 mmol/L 5 to 9 mmol/L *The non-diabetic figures are provided for information but are not part of NICE guidelines. Normal and diabetic blood sugar ranges For the majority of healthy ind Continue reading >>
Blood Sugar Level
The fluctuation of blood sugar (red) and the sugar-lowering hormone insulin (blue) in humans during the course of a day with three meals. One of the effects of a sugar-rich vs a starch-rich meal is highlighted. The blood sugar level, blood sugar concentration, or blood glucose level is the amount of glucose present in the blood of humans and other animals. Glucose is a simple sugar and approximately 4 grams of glucose are present in the blood of humans at all times. The body tightly regulates blood glucose levels as a part of metabolic homeostasis. Glucose is stored in skeletal muscle and liver cells in the form of glycogen; in fasted individuals, blood glucose is maintained at a constant level at the expense of glycogen stores in the liver and skeletal muscle. In humans, glucose is the primary source of energy, and is critical for normal function, in a number of tissues, particularly the human brain which consumes approximately 60% of blood glucose in fasted, sedentary individuals. Glucose can be transported from the intestines or liver to other tissues in the body via the bloodstream. Cellular glucose uptake is primarily regulated by insulin, a hormone produced in the pancreas. Glucose levels are usually lowest in the morning, before the first meal of the day, and rise after meals for an hour or two by a few millimoles. Blood sugar levels outside the normal range may be an indicator of a medical condition. A persistently high level is referred to as hyperglycemia; low levels are referred to as hypoglycemia. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by persistent hyperglycemia from any of several causes, and is the most prominent disease related to failure of blood sugar regulation. There are different methods of testing and measuring blood sugar le Continue reading >>
What Are Blood Sugar Target Ranges? What Is Normal Blood Sugar Level?
Understanding blood sugar target ranges to better manage your diabetes As a person with diabetes, you may or may not know what your target ranges should be for your blood sugars first thing in the morning, before meals, after meals, or at bedtime. You may or may not understand what blood sugar ranges are for people without diabetes. You may or may not understand how your A1C correlates with your target ranges. How do you get a clear picture of what is going on with your blood sugar, and how it could be affecting your health? In this article, we will look at what recommended blood sugar target ranges are for people without diabetes. We will look at target ranges for different times of the day for people with diabetes. We will look at target ranges for Type 1 versus Type 2 diabetes. Is there a difference? We will also look at what blood sugars should be during pregnancy for those with gestational diabetes. We will look at other factors when determining blood sugar targets, such as: Age Other health conditions How long you’ve had diabetes for Stress Illness Lifestyle habits and activity levels We will see how these factors impact target ranges for your blood sugars when you have diabetes. We will learn that target ranges can be individualized based on the factors above. We will learn how target ranges help to predict the A1C levels. We will see how if you are in your target range, you can be pretty sure that your A1C will also be in target. We will see how you can document your blood sugar patterns in a notebook or in an “app,” and manage your blood sugars to get them in your target ranges. First, let’s look at the units by which blood sugars are measured… How is blood sugar measured? In the United States, blood sugar is measured in milligrams per deciliter (by w Continue reading >>
Blood Sugar Levels For Adults With Diabetes
Each time you test your blood sugar, log it in a notebook or online tool or with an app. Note the date, time, results, and any recent activities: What medication and dosage you took What you ate How much and what kind of exercise you were doing That will help you and your doctor see how your treatment is working. Well-managed diabetes can delay or prevent complications that affect your eyes, kidneys, and nerves. Diabetes doubles your risk for heart disease and stroke, too. Fortunately, controlling your blood sugar will also make these problems less likely. Tight blood sugar control, however, means a greater chance of low blood sugar levels, so your doctor may suggest higher targets. Continue reading >>
How To Stabilize Your Blood Sugar
Life with type 2 diabetes can sometimes seem like an hourly or even minute-by-minute effort to stabilize your blood sugar. All of the recommendations and drugs you’ve been given as part of your type 2 diabetes treatment plan are intended to help you reach — and keep — healthy blood sugar levels most of the time. But doctors are learning that to control type 2 diabetes well, better information about why blood sugar matters and how to manage it is essential. The Facts About Diabetes and Blood Sugar As the American Diabetes Association (ADA) explains, your body needs sugar (glucose) for fuel, and there’s a fairly complicated process that makes it possible for your body to use that sugar. Insulin, which is made by the pancreas, is the hormone that enables the cells in your body to take advantage of sugar. Type 2 diabetes occurs when your body isn’t able to remove sugar from your blood. This can happen if your body stops being sensitive to insulin or if it starts to respond in a delayed or exaggerated way to changes in your blood sugar. Diabetes is signaled by an elevated blood sugar level of more than 126 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) for a fasting blood test, or more than 200 mg/dL at any time during the day. It can also be indicated by a hemoglobin A1C level of 6.5 percent or higher, a measure of the percentage of blood sugar attached to hemoglobin in the blood during the past two to three months. (Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen throughout the body. So an A1C of 6.5 means that 6.5 percent of your red blood cells have sugar attached to them.) Unchecked high blood sugar gradually damages the blood vessels in your body. Over the long term, this slow, progressive harm can lead to a dangerous loss of sensation in your legs and fe Continue reading >> | <urn:uuid:a7c4755a-1ee8-42d0-af8f-d8aef7697af7> | {
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By Susan J. Fleck. November, 1992.
Descartes had two ultimate goals which he was sure would literally change the course of mankind and alter the whole body of knowledge taught in the Schools. First, he wanted to establish a new method to have the means to discover and know the one truth about each thing or problem being examined. To this goal he applied mathematical principles which he felt offered absolute certainty in resolving problems. Second, because current 'philosophy' offered no assured foundations, and since the rest of the sciences were built upon 'shifting sands', he needed to establish some basic principles: He felt this was the most important thing in the world. In fundamental ways, Descartes did change the course of mankind - for philosophic debate and for very practical scientific results. This paper will discuss - 1) the background and a brief description of the fundamental principles Descartes discovered; 2) emphasize his views on the relationship of the mind to the body; 3) the one major flaw he left unresolved in dealing with the mind / body; 4) how the philosophers Spinoza, Leibniz and Hume were concerned with this problem; 5) and how they dealt with it in the context of their metaphysical or epistemological frameworks. Note - because of the length of this paper being limited to only ten pages, instead of ten thousand, I will not be able to explore much of the metaphysics and epistemology of these great philosophers; but instead, will concentrate on the mind / body relationship (challenge enough for only ten pages!).
Descartes had been educated in scholasticism, but he lived during the 'high Renaissance' when secularization was rampant and there was much tension where the doctrines which he believed were constantly being challenged. Skepticism was a movement at this time reacting to the rapidly advancing scientific world. So with all of these competing viewpoints, Descartes felt under extreme pressure to find a firm foundation. This perhaps explains why he would throw out virtually all his former 'ideas' and 'knowledge' to discover a new epistemology and metaphysics.
His method for coming to any certain conclusions consisted of the following rules, stated simply: 1) Doubt any evidence that is not absolutely clear to one's reason. Avoid pre-conceived ideas and hasty conclusions. 2) Divide a problem into as many parts as possible, to make it manageable to solve. 3) Start with the simplest parts and work gradually, in an orderly way, to the more complex. 4) Check your work to ensure nothing is omitted. Descartes was sure this mathematical process of deductive reasoning should be able to be applied to the more lofty of life's great problems. Note: 'Intuitive' reasoning is also important in his Method, as Descartes felt that man had the capacity to distinguish the true from the false - to see evidence 'clearly and distinctly' through his innate common sense. Also note that he had become a skeptic, something he deplores, by doubting everything. He did not attack each individual belief, but the very foundation of all of those beliefs. So he set out to solve the huge problem of the nature of the Universe.
He removed his skepticism with his first proposition that "I am or I exist is necessarily true every time I conceive it or I utter it." He arrived at this from the following kind of dialogue: "Am I so tied to a body and its senses that without them I can not exist? Having convinced myself that there is not body, am I not non-existent? But, if I did convince myself of anything, then I must have existed! But suppose there is this evil demon.. could he deceive me about my own existence? NO - if he deceives me, then undoubtedly I exist." Doubting was a key concept with proving both that he existed and that God existed. Descartes' famous "I think, therefore I am" proposition detaches the act of doubting from reference to anything external to itself. Doubting is thinking, and one cannot perceive that one thinks without being certain that one exists. He could have pretended that he had no body, but not that he did not exist. But if he ceased to think, he would have had no reason to believe he existed. He therefore concluded that he existed and his whole existence was his mind (soul) which did not depend on any external material thing. Even if the body were not, the mind would not cease to be all that it is.
So he had discovered what he was - a thinking thing that could not be doubted away - a conscious intellect; pure consciousness with no spatial location properties (i.e. nothing bodily). He had driven a wedge between the concepts of mind and body - a wedge from which philosophy has not yet recovered. Space does not permit an exploration of Decartes propositions about God and nature, but he did come back to believe in matter, in God, in God's preserving action through His established perfect physical laws, and in animals which were like perfect machines. But man, whose primary existence is thinking, has a mind / soul which therefore could not have 'evolved' from matter, but must have been created expressly and therefore is not lodged in the body. The mind is closely linked to the body (somehow), but entirely independent of it, and therefore not subject to die with it. Since Descartes could not clearly see any other means of destruction, he concluded that the soul is immortal.
Thus, Descartes had arrived at a philosophy of dualism, which held that God created two kinds of fundamental reality. One was thinking substance, the mind / soul - a single, indivisible, spiritual substance - with subjective experience; and the other - objective substance - everything outside of the mind. Consciousness constitutes the very nature of the mind: It must be present in order for the mind to exist. Extension in length, breadth, and depth is the very nature of body. This was his basic metaphysics. Most people have a view that we have both a mind and a body which are 'completely things' even though they are ordinarily tied together (somehow) in life, and that after death a mind may continue to exist. Most of us want to believe that we are more than just simply a physical substance. I.e. that we do have a soul, which makes us different from a stool or a pig.
Let us look at the implications of this Cartesian Dualism. 1) Human bodies are in space and are subject to all the forces of mechanical laws that govern all other bodies. Minds, however, are not in space, nor are they subject to mechanical laws. 2) The operations of the bodily life is as much a public affair as with trees, stars, etc. (in principle). But the operations / workings of one's mind are private from external observers. 3) There is no direct causal connection between two minds as there may be between two bodies. However, how I affect you must be mediated by the body. 4) Minds are composed of different 'stuff' (substance); bodies are composed of physical matter.
Descartes had four theses about his dualism: 1) The mind is not affected by the whole of the body, but only by the brain. He came to this conclusion from his scientific studies and observing the 'phantom limb' phenomenon. 2) The relationship between mind and body is causal in character, and it really works - which is evidence of God's Goodness! This means that a particular thought causes a mind state change, which causes a change to your brain. When your brain gets the message that your body just got hurt, your mental state changes. The pain is not felt by the brain, but is felt by the mind. The brain and the mind is a two-way street - CAUSAL LAW. 3) There is a one to one correspondence between mental states and brain states. 4) The mind / brain interaction takes place in the pineal gland.
With this last thesis, he is trying to solve the fundamental flaw in Cartesian Dualism. The problem is that we do not have the explanation of the mechanics of the causal interaction between an immaterial, non-extended substance of the mind; and a material, extended substance like the body. Where does the mind come from, and how does it get so intimately related with your body? Descartes' view of the soul is said to be like a 'ghost in a machine', but we are not sure how this ghost can control this machine. If your decision to telephone a friend happens in a totally non-physical mind; how can this decision make you pick up a phone and dial? How can something non-physical cause something physical to happen? We think in terms of physical causation such as force, mass, velocity, motion, acceleration, etc.; and in terms of mental causation with belief structures such as desires, goals, feelings, beliefs and intentions. But we cannot cross these two boundaries and claim, for example, that "well, the chalk just wanted to break (when hurled against the blackboard)". Or you would never talk about the 'velocity of my frustration'. So, if the mind and body are two completely different and separate entities, then Descartes had introduced a problem from which the world has not yet recovered.
Descartes defined "what I am" as a thinking thing - a thing which doubts, understands, affirms, wills, and which also imagines and feels - all presumably without a body. But here he could not accept his own dualism, for he admited that "nature also teaches me by these sensations of pain, hunger, thirst, etc., that I am not lodged in my body as a pilot in a vessel, but that I am very closely united to it, and, so to speak, so intermingled with it that I seem to compose with it one whole." Recognizing this serious flaw, he attempted to solve it with his theory of the pineal gland - where messages arrive at the soul. But this is nonsense since the soul is not located in any place - so how could a message arrive at it when it is immaterial? If you think of yourself as just a mental consciousness and your brain is something different, then how could you understand someone 'tapping' your brain causing a different state in your mind?
The first philosophers after Descartes that tried to fix the Cartesian Dualism problem were dualists called Occasionalists. Their view is that God is the one physical potency that could work in both realms. Divine Intervention is a concept we can all understand - where God occasions things to happen. God, being all-knowing, observes you slamming your hand on a table; there is some physical stuff going on; then God intervenes and causes you to feel pain. He also 'reads your mind' and causes you to act upon your thoughts. This is certainly consistent with the western Judeo-Christian paradigm of a God that can cause things to happen, (miracles) and also with some peoples' concepts of predestination. (Although I would think of God as a rather busy being if he had to cause every event and monitor every thought of every human!! - my little pineal gland has a hard time comprehending such a being.) This kind of cause-effect answer presents other problems with which the philosopher / theologian must then struggle with: 1) God as the initiator of even evil; 2) The concept of freedom of choice; and 3) God's relationship with us. Besides, it would be somewhat intellectually lazy to just accept this answer, before exploring other alternatives. There are negative implications when we replace the pineal gland with God, so let us look at other explanations.
Spinoza wondered "how a philosopher of Descartes' calibre.., who had developed such a rigid method of reasoning; ... . that such a philosopher would assume a hypotheses more occult than any occult quality. What concept does he have... I wished that he would have explained this union." Spinoza's objection went beyond puzzlement, however, because he had profound differences in his fundamental beliefs about the universe. Let us compare their primary metaphysical structures. Descartes believed 1) in independent kinds of Substances - thought (mind) and extension (physical, non-mind); 2) that Attributes are dependent; and 3) that a Mode is a way of being an attribute. An example of this is a scarlet-red shirt: Shirt = substance; red = attribute; scarlet = mode.
Spinoza's metaphysics has the same 'inventory' of categories but with much different meanings. With him, there is only one Substance which must be infinite and eternal (God). Therefore minds and bodies can not be different substances. Then what are they? God's power is expressed as an infinite series of Modes and these are all causally related in a single natural system. Minds and bodies are modes which are dependent on God/nature. They are not qualities, like scarlet, but they are ways of being the one substance and are dependent - you can not tell what they are 'out of context'. For example (Bob's rather graphic example), a pimple is a pimple only if it is on something, e.g. a face. The pimple is a mode of the face, and the face is a face - pimples and all. This is not intuitive to our way of thinking and our use of these words. We normally think of a pimple as being an attribute of a face (as in 'she has nice attributes!). But since we are dealing with God (and Spinoza) here, there must be an infinite series of ways in which the infinite series of modes is expressed. These ways are called attributes, and for some reason, we (mere humans) are able to grasp only two of these attributes: Thought and Extension. When we perceive modes through the attribute of thought, these are known as ideas; when perceived through the attribute of extension, they are thought of as physical things. For example, if science were advanced to where neural 'maps' could be made such that one could 'read off' someone's experiences, then a doctor could hook me up and could 'see' about my headache from the extension of the printout. He would know about my headache through a different attribute (extension) than I know about my headache (consciousness).
In the context of this paper (which is an extension of my limited thought about Spinoza) the main thing we need to know is what are minds and bodies in Spinoza's paradigm. They are dependent particulars, but not independent substances like they are for Descartes. Envision a straight line as being the whole of reality and a man standing on this line. For Descartes, the line is the ground and the person is independent. For Spinoza, the man is like a 'bump' on the line (we are like pimples on God's face - what an analogy!). He had two premises: (1) My body is a way the ONE substance has of being (mode); and (2) What I am is dependent on causal law; it is a result of the active part of nature - the ONE substance. The first is true of the mind, but we cannot picture it. The second can not be said of the mind. Spinoza was motivated to reject Cartesian Dualism because he did not think it was possible to get the mind into the network of causal, scientific theory, unless we physicalize it. This is why he re-defined the nature of the mind so it would 'fit' this picture, in terms of causal law. He was the first philosopher to try to fit the mind into nature, and not make it separate from nature.
For Spinoza, nature - the physical universe - is made up of infinitely many small corpuscles which he calls 'simplest bodies'. These are either in motion or at rest, depending on what the other simple bodies around them are doing (you can imagine lots of little atoms bouncing off each other). Our bodies are a composite of many simple small bodies. Something becomes individualized as Spinoza put it: "When a number of bodies of the same or different magnitude form close contact with one another through the pressure of other bodies upon them, or if they are moving at the same time or at different rates of speed - so as to preserve an unvarying relation of movement among themselves - these bodies are said to be united with one another and all together to form one body or individual thing - which is distinguished from other things through this union of bodies." He said that every individual thing strives to maintain its own characteristic internal relations of motion, even as it undergoes changes, and this struggle for 'self-preservation' is a thing's individual essence. "Everything insofar as it is in itself, endeavors to persist in its own being. This endeavor is nothing else but the actual essence of the thing in question."
Individual composite bodies are part of larger composite bodies, and so on. "And if we proceed in this way to infinity, we shall easily conceive that the whole of nature is one individual whose parts, that is all bodies, vary in infinite ways without any change of the whole individual." Because all things are in a sense 'in' God, Spinoza's philosophy is often called a pantheism. He was obviously a monist and (not so obviously) a materialist (this is controversial - but, then, what isn't in the field of philosophy!). This entire complex of physical order is also expressed as ideas: "The order and connection of ideas is the same as the order and connection of things." This is known as the Parallelism Doctrine. Most people think he was solving the Cartesian Dualism problem by denying that there is any interaction between the mind and the body. They have mistaken this doctrine to mean that Spinoza had a picture of the mind and body like two trains running on separate but parallel paths - as an alternative to dualism. But that is misleading because these are not two different orders, but rather one order of modes expressed in two different ways - this is a doctrine about substance - the one thing.
Although this doctrine does not answer to the question of Cartesian Dualism like had been believed, in an oblique way it does signify Spinoza's response to this problem. To see how this is accomplished, we first must examine how he used the word 'idea'. The normal notion of an idea in philosophy is that it corresponds to an image - it is a representation. Ideas are in people's heads. But when we deal with the 'order and connection of ideas', we are not dealing with representational pictures, but rather with propositions - things being able to be confirmed or denied. "Bob was born on mars (or somewhere else, definitely out-of-space)!" This idea has a 'truth' value, and propositions / ideas are true or false independent of human thought. For anything that is about the universe - for every 'fact' in the universe - there is a corresponding proposition. These propositions do not allow for any interpretation - they are pure, raw facts only. You get a 'true' proposition as long as there is a corresponding physical 'stuff'; and you get a false proposition if there is not a corresponding physical thing. But false propositions are not about anything; therefore, there can be no false propositions in this scenario. This is a picture about the ONE Substance and is nothing about humans. So, while causal laws dominate the order and connection of things in the physical realm, propositions dominate the order and connection of things in the idea realm.
So let us begin a series of minor modifications to Spinoza's doctrine to see if it will then 'fit' to what is probably his theory of the relationship of mind and body. By changing the word ideas, as the above argument lends itself: "The order and connection of propositions is the same as the order and connection of things." Remember, we grasp (understand) physical things under the attribute of extension, and these propositions are not 'mental' things - they are not things in someone's head. The mind is not in this picture yet and the word thought is misleading here. Spinoza could talk about the attribute of thought, without thinking about any actual mind at this point. According to Dr. Wachbrit: "The attribute of thought is a way of grasping the 'one substance' by grasping the logical relations between propositions about the causal history of the physical universe." But humans think in sentences and sentences express propositions. So a conclusion from this can be that all of the propositions on the 'thought'-attribute side of this doctrine are possible thoughts.
The second modification then is: "The order and connection of possible thoughts is the same as the order and connection of things." But in Spinoza's paradigm you can only have true propositions, not just possible thoughts. So one more minor change: "The order and connection of true possible thoughts is the same as the order and connection of things." The third modification considers humans: "The order and connection of actual thoughts by a finite intellect are the same as the order and connection of certain things expressed as a mode of extension." Here we move from possible (not considering human beings) thought to actual (needing humans) thoughts. The order and connection of actual thoughts by a finite intellect are the same as the order and connection of the physical correlates of thought, namely brain / body events. Therefore, actual thoughts are nothing more than brain / body events. In this view, mentality has dropped out of the brain / body events, because 'thought' is only telling us various brain states. I.e. all that is ever going on in us is physical stuff.
So Spinoza solved the Cartesian problem of the relationship between the mind and the body by eliminating one of the substances - mental - and thus eliminating the need for causal interaction between the two. From this view, it appears that Spinoza was a Materialist, who did not believe in any mental stuff in the world, but that there was only material substance. His parallel doctrine can be thought of as like two different (perhaps colored) windows through which one can look to grasp reality - the ONE substance. If you peer through both of these windows you would see the same substance, which is first comprehended under one attribute (the physical extension window) and then under the second attribute (the idea of the physical). According to Spinoza the ideas that constitutes your mind are the ideas of your body. Each individual's mind is made up of those of God's ideas that are the ideas of that individual's body. This is void of any human thought and a very strong claim of determinism.
Although Spinoza interpreted the mental out of the picture, Leibniz did the opposite: He interpreted the body out of the picture. If there is only one kind of substance, there is no need to explain how two different things interact. He believed there is no material stuff - he was an idealist in the sense of being the opposite of a materialist. Where Spinoza talked about 'simplest bodies' and composites, Leibniz proposed monads and aggregates. Spinoza's 'stuff' is physical, Leibniz's is non-extended. So we will now briefly explore Leibniz's monadology and his views of the soul and God as they relate to the mind/body problem.
First, six basics about Leibniz's paradigm of monads: 1) Monads are simple, extensionless, partless (and heart-less), individual, figureless substances (i.e. non-extended). 2) There must be 'simples' because there are composites. 3) They can not be material, because then they could always be divided (could be infinitely divisible - like one of Zeno's famous paradoxes). 4) They can not be affected by each other: They have no windows! 5)They are not changed by anything external; they affect nothing external. 6) They are not physical atoms with causal interactions between them. They are more like mental atoms. (Note: Leibniz was not an Atomist.) Up to this point we can understand only what monads are not. There is also a fundamental problem similar to the problem of Cartesian Dualism: How can you get a physical 'extension' out of unextended mental substance? To discover Leibniz's answer to this, let us examine some more positive qualities of monads, since - although the whole paradigm of monads seems utterly crazy - they did work for Leibniz.
Monads are perceptions - but do not think of them as 'little consciousnesses'. Monads get a lot of perceptions, but most of them are at the unconscious level. They typically perceive only a small fraction of the universe objectively presented to them - these conscious perceptions are called 'apperceptions'. (But note, for God, the whole of the universe is objectively present at one time.) How they perceive is not explained by mechanical causes / laws. But every monad's perceptions are different from every other monad - this is what distinguishes one from another. Because we are body-bound, we could never have exactly the same experience at two different times, or as another person. We will have a different perspective, a different 'angle', a different 'view' on the subject at hand. So monads perceive the world 'as if' they are in a different space, even though they have no extension. Since mechanical causes are not relevant, Leibniz made a distinction between monads and a sub-class called 'souls'. All monads are mental substances, but not all monads are souls. A soul is a monad whose perceptions are more distinct than other monads, and are accompanied by memory. The non-souled monads are somewhat 'dazed'. With this paradigm up to this point I can construct what I am: I am an aggregate of monads, one of which is the soul, the 'chief' monad which remembers and perceives more distinctly than all the dazed monads of my body, all of which can perceive the universe. I am different from a stool because 'I got soul'!
We have examined Leibniz's basic 'stuff' of the universe, monads, and how they relate to human bodies and souls (minds). Now let us turn to his basic principles, see how they relate to God and monads, and how this all relates to the mind/body problem. First the Principle of Sufficient Reason: No fact can be real or existent, no statement true; unless there be sufficient reason why it is so, and not otherwise. Leibniz extended this principle to God and why our world is the way it is. Suppose God is ready to create the world and there is an infinite number of possible worlds (picture a deck of cards to choose from). If you are All Good and All Knowing, as God is thought to be, then you must create the best of all possible worlds. God is constrained by' Sufficient Reason' and His own nature to do this. (Note: This does not mean that He created a most beautiful world in the sense that there is no evil, ugliness, etc.; rather, that it is the best - metaphysically speaking.)
When God actualized the universe, he created monads everywhere and they are all different. God has created the best possible world, which is objectively presented to every monad at all times (but each monad may not be aware of it). Think about what it would be like if every monad did not perceive the same universe - e.g. I saw a dog, you saw a violin? But their perceptions are all in harmony. Even though there are differences in their perceptions, this is just due to differences in their point of view. This is known as Leibniz's Principle of Pre-Established Harmony: If it is to any monad as if 'X' is the case; then it is to every monad as if 'X' is the case. Most of us believe that we perceive our environment - that there is a world out there that affects our senses and we perceive the environment in the same way. Since Leibniz did not believe that bodies exist independent of monads, he had to explain why we (monads) perceive in the same manner. This led to the assumptions that God had to create the best of all possible universes - so it would 'function'; and that monads had to be harmonized to perceive.
So what can we make of all of this? What would Leibniz have said about this meaning: "The ball is red." For him, this means to every monad it is perceptually, consciously or not, as if the ball is red. This view is a very strong form of the view of objects known as phenomenalism. Physical objects are not real in the sense that they do not exist independently of perception. An example of this - rainbows do not exist, except as a 'product' of the perception of light passing through water. His infinite array of monads agree because of harmony, and they have a total comprehension of their perception. Every monad perceives everything in the universe at all times, to some degree of consciousness, but from different views. Bodies are mere phenomena and even all the causal relationships they are in are perceptual phenomena. Causal Laws are phenomenal. All the interactions between the monads are mitigated phenomenally. They (we) perceive relations with other monads, but monads, qua monads, do not have anything to do with other monads. The bottom line is - monads have no windows - and therefore have no causal relations with one another.
He also abandoned his theory of composite beings, recognizing the problem of explaining how a bunch of non-extended monads could make up a physical aggregate of something. He did not feel it necessary to have anything outside of souls or monads, and therefore bodies do not exist. Any interaction that occurs between mind and body is purely perceptual. We do not need our bodies to explain what is going on when we slap our hand on a table and feel pain / sensation. Since he made bodies, space they inhabit, causal relationships, and the mind-body interaction all purely perceptual phenomena, therefore there is no real causal relationship between the mind and the body. And, it is all determined from the very beginning - everything - because God has created the best of all possible worlds (rather extreme determinism)! This is how Leibniz solved the Cartesian Dualism problem.
Spinoza got rid of the mind as an answer to this problem we are struggling with, and Leibniz got rid of the body. Now we come to Hume, who brought both the mind and body back into the picture. But not in the manner our western, Aristotelian minds would hope for in order to resolve this question once and for all! In a nutshell (no Freudian slip intended), Hume was a psychological-dualistic empiricist. Where Descartes got rid of all the senses, Hume claimed that all knowledge comes through your senses. Hume, like Descartes started out, was a thoroughgoing skeptic. Like Descartes, he doubted everything, but from a different perspective. He questioned "Where do we get the IDEA that 'X' is the case? What information do we get from our senses that give us the idea?" If we know where we get the idea, then we can know what is the nature of 'X'. Hume expounded the basic empiricists' doctrine: "All ideas come from antecedent impressions." So we need to look at his understanding of 'ideas' and 'impressions'.
With Hume there is a psychological 'inventory' which explains the foundation of his metaphysics. The basic unit of knowledge is perception. This is made up of Impressions, Ideas, and Concepts. Impressions is broken down into two categories - Sensations and Reflections. Now to define these terms. Sensations are from direct interaction with physical objects, e.g. heat, cold, touch, hearing, sight, etc. This category also includes passions, emotions and moral sentiments. Reflections are the kinds of things that gets called to mind after you have already had an experience. You have an original experience which causes an original impression, the mind takes a copy such that the next time you are in this 'situation' the mind calls up the memory-impression. It is a real feeling, and more forceful and vivacious than ideas. This category also includes attitudes, aversions, and desires. Ideas are a faint image of an impression. If you see something, then close your eyes and 'picture' it, this is a faint copy of the 'real' thing. These are less lively. Concepts include verbal knowledge. This involves the meanings of words. Later empiricists called this analytic truths. For example, 'a bachelor is an unmarried man'. You know this without sense perceptions. Logic and mathematics contain verbal truth. So there are only three ways in which something can come into someone's mind: Sense, recall, and imagining former impressions.
With this epistemological view, Hume launched two attacks against Descartes. First, he attacked mental substance. There is no impression that gives rise to the idea of a substance of mind - no sensation, no reflection, nothing painful, nothing pleasant. Running through his inventory of how things get into one's mind, there is no account of why or when such an idea comes - or what produces it. The concept of substance (mental or otherwise) can not come from antecedent sense impressions. Second, he attacked Descartes' concept of self / ego - that which provides a unity of all experiences. There were six steps to this attack: 1) 'All ideas arise from [antecedent sense] impressions' (and it must be some one impression that gives rise to every real idea). 2) 'But the self, or person, is not any one impression.' It is that to which our many different impressions are supposed to have a reference. E.g. you do not just feel pain, the pain is 'yours'. 3) 'If any impression gives rise to the idea of the self, that impression must continue invariably the same through the whole course of our lives, since the self is supposed to exist in that manner.' What single conscious impression about yourself stays with you your whole life - i.e. that can define, give rise to the idea of, YOU? 4) 'But no impression is continuous and invariable.' We can find impressions of e.g. green, blond hair, etc. introspectively, but how do we find our self in this manner? 5) 'So, the idea of the self can not arise from impression.' Finally: 6) 'Therefore, there is no such idea.'
If there is not mental substance and there is no ego / self, then what is there? Hume gave us his idea of the mind: "The human mind is nothing but a bundle or collection of different perceptions which succeed each other with an inconceivable rapidity, and are in a perpetual flux and movement. The simplicity and identity that others have seen in the mind is an illusion. There is no simplicity at any one time; there is no identity at different times." The name of this theory is BUNDLE DUALISM. When you get the concept of substance and self out of the picture, there is simply a stream of impressions that you can never grab a hold of, and are they are constantly changing. The mind lacks the unity that Descartes envisioned. Per Hume, it is only due to momentary resemblances of our ideas that there appears to be continuity and resemblance. As far as the body is concerned, Hume believed in its existence, but offered no proof. This was no big problem with him.
So there is a mind and a body with Hume's paradigm. How did he solve the mechanics of the relationship between them? He did not care about the questions - 'How can we explain this?' or 'How does it work?' Rather, he wanted to know - 'where do we get the idea about something?' Hume's view of causation in general is what he called Constant Conjunction. This means the fact that one event always follows another event, where our mind by custom associates one idea with another. Descartes' idea that the mind and the body are in causal interaction is compatible with Hume's Constant Conjunction. But Hume had removed the need for analysis of this causal interaction by changing the question from 'what is the nature of this interaction?' - to - 'where do we get the idea that there is an interaction?'.
So we have come full circle from having defined a major philosophical problem, to stating that this is not a problem. Descartes posed a whole new metaphysical paradigm for the universe, but left the mechanical nature of the causal relationship between the mind and the body unexplained. He attempted to solve this problem by saying that the pineal gland was the mediator. That was not an acceptable solution. The Occasionalists tried to fix the flaw without a metaphysical re-categorization by making God the mediator between mind and body who caused all things, mental and physical, to happen. Spinoza answered the problem with a metaphysical re-categorization by saying everything is ONE substance, it is material, and there is no mind. Leibniz then went on to show that Spinoza is all wet (phenomenally speaking), because in Leibniz's paradigm there is no body - everything is purely perceptual phenomena. Spinoza and Leibniz each got rid of one side of the equation, either mind or body, so therefore there would be no causal relationship between the two to explain. Hume brought both the mind and body back into the universe, but he attacked Descartes' concepts of mental substance and of the self /ego. Hume was an empiricist and a skeptic with a psychological inventory of concepts which enabled him to substitute for the question - 'what is the nature of this interaction between the mind and the body?' - this question - 'where do we get the idea that there is an interaction?' He removed the need for any analysis of this problem. For now, I think we should join Hume and give this problem a rest so we can 'get a life' - so to speak (wherever we get the idea that we have a life)!
This essay was written as a mid-term essay exam using notes
taken in my class: Philosophy 440:
Philosophy of Mind. | <urn:uuid:0d8db6a3-5c22-4a44-9652-ddafc5121691> | {
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The tophat blueberry bush (Vaccinium top hat) is a dwarf blueberry hybrid that produces an abundance of fruit and is hardy in zones three to seven. This blueberry bush grows from one to two feet tall and one to two feet wide. The tophat blueberry bush prefers well-drained, sandy soil and full to partial sun. In spring it is covered in delicate whitish-pink blooms that are replaced by blueberries in early summer.
Take a soil sample to your local extension office for testing. Tophat blueberries do best in areas with a soil pH of 4.0 to 4.5. The extension office can advise you of the proper way to amend the soil in your garden, if necessary.
Dig a hole that is two times as wide and the same depth as the blueberry's growing container. Add a two- to three-inch layer of organic compost to the planting hole. Use your fingers to loosen compacted roots and place the root ball into the planting hole. Replace the loosened soil and tamp down to remove air pockets.
Water the bush until the soil is very damp but not soggy. Add a two-inch layer of organic mulch around the plant.
Check the soil several times each week and water whenever it no longer sticks to your finger. These plants require one to two inches of water every week during very hot weather.
Reduce watering frequency in early fall to encourage the plant to become dormant before winter's arrival. | <urn:uuid:2067820d-b71c-411b-9d4d-1947e329fec3> | {
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The onion (Allium cepa
) is a member of the family Alliaceae
, which also includes garlic
s (A. porrum
s (A. ascalonicum
), and chives
). Onions were formerly classified in the family Amaryllidaceae
, which includes amaryllis
s, and other bulb plants; they are now considered to be between the amaryllids and the lily
Onions appear like any other bulb, consisting of a leafy region at the top (which is often removed or dead before marketing); a thickened, layered, succulent region toward the bottom, which usually grows underground but is, in fact, a stem; and a basal plate at the bottom, from which fibrous roots grow. Green onions (scallions) and chives come from the leafy region; for most onions, garlic, and leeks, the edible portion (or at least the most commonly eaten portion) is the bulb.
The onion has a very disputed origin, as it is not easily preserved for archaeological purposes. Some say the onion first appeared in central Asia; others claim that Iran and Pakistan (further west) are more likely. It is known, however, that the onion has appeared in the Mediterranean region as far back as 5000 years ago, and that there are records of both onions and garlic in the Pentateuch, the earliest-written books of the Bible (reputedly). The Egyptians actually worshipped the onion as a symbol of eternal life, stemming from its "circle-within-a-circle structure"; onions were often left in the pyramids, and Pharaoh Ramses IV was mummified with onions in his eye sockets. In the 6th century BC, the Indians spoke of the value of onions as medicine, citing them as diuretics and good for digestion, the heart, eyes and joints. The Romans also enjoyed onions, often carrying them with them on journeys. In the Middle Ages, onions were used for everything from snakebite cures to rent payments. The Pilgrims carried onions to the Americas, only to find that the Native Americans already had their own wild onions.
Growing and Caring for Onions
Onions grow well throughout the continental United States, and in most temperate climates. There are certain varieties that only grow well in certain climates, though, so be sure to read packaging or accompanying literature carefully before planting. Onions are usually planted as soon as they can get into the ground; the length of the day affects bulb growth, so be sure to get them in the ground early enough that they can establish themselves before bulbing. Onions require frequent irrigation and weed maintenance, as they grow shallowly and compete poorly with other plants.
Harvest green onions anytime after the tops grow above 6 inches; larger green onions will be more pungent than smaller ones. Any bulb that has sent up a flower stalk should be harvested and used immediately; these do not store well. Allow the tops to fall over before pulling onions; harvesting too early results in small onions that do not store well. Instead, when the tops are sufficiently dry, pull bulbs in the morning and allow to dry till mid-afternoon (don't leave them out too long or that whole drying thing won't work). Then, you can braid the tops together or just raise the onions with a screen for a few weeks to cure them. After they've cured, you can cut the tops off and store in a cool, dry place with decent circulation. Onions will last for several months, but check them every once in a while and remove any that have gone soft or started to rot.
Purchasing and Storing Onions
Always buy onions that are firm, well colored (never black -- it's often a sign of rot), and that smell like onions (they pick up other scents and flavours fairly easily). Again, always store in a cool, dry place. They prefer to be in the dark, as light can discolor them and occasionally can encourage regrowth. Keep in mind that onions purchased in grocery stores have often been sitting around for a few months already, so try not to buy too many at once, intending to keep them forever; they'll either go bad or start growing on you. Onions can also be sliced and frozen, but I'd only use them for cooking afterwards, since freezing tends to cause things to lose some of their visual appeal.
Types of Onions and Their Uses
Onions have been cultivated in a number of ways, from the tiny pearl onion to the large, sweet Vidalias. The newer sweet varieties have been bred to reduce the sulfuric compounds present (which normally give raw onions that bite, and make your eyes sting). As such, they are much sweeter than their ordinary companions when eaten raw. However, cooking breaks down the sulfuric compounds, and as such, an ordinary Spanish onion may be much sweeter than a Vidalia when cooked.
White, yellow (Spanish) and red onions are the standard types of onions. These onions range from mild to sharp in flavour, and can be used for anything from salads to most cooked dishes to a delicate garnish for a dish.
Green onions (or scallions) are mild to pungent in flavour, depending on the size, and are often eaten raw or in salads, or lightly cooked in various dishes.
Leeks are very mild in flavour, and as such, accompany other vegetables or other dishes nicely. They make a wonderful soup, and are also excellent when braised in butter as a side dish.
Shallots are also mild in flavour, with a hint of garlic taste to them. They are excellent when used as a flavouring in meat and vegetable dishes.
Pearl onions are often sweet in flavour (though they can be quite strong, depending on the variety), and are often used in vegetable dishes and as a garnish. The onions used as cocktail garnishes are often pearl onions of a stronger variety to lend a stronger flavour to the drink.
There are dozens of hybrid varieties of sweet onions, including Bermuda, Maui Sweet, Walla Walla, Texas Sweets (or 1015s, named for the date they should be planted), Vidalias, Carzalia, Sweet Imperial, and so on. These onions are excellent eaten raw, or very lightly cooked to emphasize their sweet and mild taste.
Recipes Featuring Onions
http://www.onions-usa.org/ -- the National Onion Association
http://www.urbanext.uiuc.edu/veggies/onion1.html -- from the "Watch Your Garden Grow" online guide
How To Read a French Fry and Other Stories of Intriguing Kitchen Science by Russ Parsons | <urn:uuid:c151e3ef-5be3-45a0-bcd3-e6f27fd475e1> | {
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Native Annuals and Perennials. Australian annual and perennial plants can be used to create excitement in your garden as they are quick growing, usually very floriferous and because they are relatively temporary they can be replaced on a regular basis to add something new each year.
Australian Native Orchids. Native orchids range from the spectacular epiphytic (growing on trees) and lithophytic (growing on rocks) species of the tropical jungles and warmer areas of Australia, to the intricately subtle terrestrial (growing in the ground) species found throughout the dry eucalypts forests throughout the continent.
Australian native trees. Learn what Australian native trees you should I grow in your garden.
Native grasses and friends. An exciting thing is happening in the world of Australian plants. Wild species that have tantalised gardeners in the past are now being improved to create a diverse palette of new varieties that offer all kinds of advantages. In particular, the necessity for water-wise, low maintenance gardens has inspired interest in plants that can be used as ground covers that will not only suppress weeds and erosion but also look fantastic.
Crowea 'Green Cape' is a compact, prostrate dwarf shrub with short thick aromatic foliage and masses of multi-hued pink waxy star flowers. Butterflies, moths and dainty harmless native bees love the flowers. Use as a mounding groundcover in beds, cascading over banks or walls, or as a pot plant for balconies, courtyards and patios. Great for coastal gardens. Will cope with dry spells. Good for cool temperate to sub tropical areas. Feed with a good low phosphorus native fertiliser. The flowers are great for cutting for vases.
Flower colour: pink
Flowering season: autumn
Maximum height: 0.2 metres
Minimum height: 0.15 metres
Maximum width: 0.8 metres
Minimum width: 0.5 metres
This plant will tolerate full or partial sunlight.
Light frost tolerance.
Plant is salt tolerant.
Yes. Attracts: insects.
This plant species will grow in the following climates: temperate.
Loam: moist, well-drained.
Clay: not suitable.
Native to: Australia.
Planting season: not specified.
Types of fertiliser: not specified. | <urn:uuid:abdeb8ac-64b6-4a47-b64e-48f6577cb339> | {
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The cognition is described in literature as complex and of direct bonding with the language. All the symbols are constructed (socially) through neural systems. The process of cognitivo development cannot be considered of restricted form. It if of the one during all the life and is resultant of accumulated and organized experiences through the action of the individual on the way and vice versa. The relations between the speech and the cognition had become, from the last decades, objective of study of vary discipline of the linguistics.
The most varied theoretical stories they take the epistemologia, psychology and the cognitiva coherence in the attempt to describe the language, being thus investigated, the cognitivos linguistic processes of the discursiva activity of the human being. The psicolingstica has appreciated of theoretical form and metodologicamente the debate that involves the relations between the verbalizao and the cognition in way to an incessant critical confrontation and of interpretations. One knows that the mental phenomenon (cognitivo) has been first tied with the biological one, and linked the language. The trend is to consider that the terms cognition and intelligence if come back the same meant and to identify them as mental functioning. Cognition is the capacity to process information. It is the adaptation capacity the absolutely different situations in short space of time. However, the adaptation human being, in its cognitivos aspects, differs from the biological adaptation. To say that definitive species is adapted to one determined community means that it survives well in this environment.
Moved away from it, however, it will face serious difficulties of survival. It is important to stand out that the men had not only developed throughout the evolution, the capacity to adapt it definitive conditions. All this stage was guaranteed facing limits and searching efforts. The cognition engloba language, memory and, over all, logical reasoning. Of the psychological point of view, the cognition concept encloses all the capacity to process information, to react what it is perceived in the world and of the proper interior of each person. | <urn:uuid:99268c5d-d0b7-45db-850a-e2a63fec08ff> | {
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Nowadays, archaeologists distinguish at least three Bronze Age pictorial traditions on the basis of style, and demonstrate some parallels in the material culture. The earliest is the Yamna–Afanasievo tradition, which is characterized by the symbolic depiction of sun-headed men and animals. Another tradition is a record of the Andronovo people (Kuzmina 1994; Novozhenov 2012), who depicted in it their everyday life and the importance of wheeled transport (Novozhenov 2014a, b). Although petroglyphs on open-air natural rock surfaces are obviously hard to date, the occurrence of similar carvings on stone grave stelae within some Andronovo culture cemeteries (such as the Tamgaly Cemetery and the Samara Cemetery in Sary Arka, Kazakhstan) provide a level of chronological control. Finally, the finds of petroglyphs depicting chariots in the burials of the Karasuk culture (c. 1400–800 BC) in southern Siberia and Kazakhstan allow us to distinguish the latest tradition (Novozhenov 2014b).
The site of Sintashta in the steppe zone of the Southern Trans-Urals (the eastern side of the Ural Mountains) was excavated in the 1970s and yielded abundant Bronze Age material, including unparalleled evidence of six vehicles buried in graves, each with two spoked wheels accompanied by cheekpieces and sacrificial horses (Gening 1977; Gening et al. 1992). (…) Chariot remains from the Middle and Late Bronze Age in the southern Urals are quite abundant compared with early chariot remains from other parts of the world, and allow statistical analysis.
In contrast, only two wagons and one sledge were found in the Royal Cemetery of Ur (Woolley 1965), and only ten actual chariots and their parts are known from tombs of the New Kingdom of Egypt (1550–1069 BC) (Littauer and Crouwel 1985; James 1974; Herold 2006), with the rest of the information on the Near Eastern chariots coming in other forms. Two chariots and the wheels of a third were also found in the Lchashen Cemetery in Armenia (Yesayan 1960), dated to 1400–1300 BC (Pogrebova 2003, p. 397), and bronze models of chariots were found in the burial sites of neighboring Transcaucasia (Brileva 2012). Over one hundred chariots have been discovered in Shang period tombs in China, but none dates before 1200 BC (Wu 2013).
Sintashta–Petrovka chariots were functional and used for carrying passengers and, probably, for warfare. Otherwise, one would not expect to see consistency in the measurements and technological solutions (…)
(1) The technological solutions used to construct a wheel and its dimensions are derived from the measurements of the ‘wheel pits’. They allow such analysis because some had the actual imprints of felloes and spokes. (…) Due to the imprints of spokes and felloes left in the soil, it is clear that the Bronze Age people knew of and utilized the spoked wheel.
(2) Wheel track is the distance between the centerlines of two wheels on an axle. It can be estimated on the basis of the distance between the central axes of all known wheel pits, in addition to direct measurement of the eight known cases of wheel imprints.(…) the majority of findings with a mean wheel track of 136 ± 12 cm might represent either a single-driver chariot or a vehicle with two passengers who accessed the vehicle from the rear, since one extreme of this wheel-track provides enough space for a standing person, while another is suitable for a driver and passenger.
(3) The means of traction is the element that connects the vehicle to the yoke of the draft animals (Littauer et al. 2002, p. xvii). It is needed for a vehicle to be pulled by harnessed animals and is constructed as a central draft pole located between the animals, or shafts located on the external sides of the animals, called thills. (…) Using burial chamber size as a proxy, chariots had a maximum estimated length of 327 ± 20 cm, and a maximum estimated width of 205 ± 21 cm. These dimensions suggest a great similarity to six chariots of Tutankhamun that have maximum dimensions of 260 × 236 cm (Crouwel 2013).
suggest that this person was a chief, and that the burial context illustrates his significance in the social life of the local community (Logvin and Shevnina 2008, p. 193). However, it also suggests the diverse role of the Sintashta–Petrovka elites, who were likely engaged in a number of different activities, such as warfare, craft production, food production, and a broad social life.
(…) while weapons are not universally present with chariots, they are present much more often than in non-chariot burials: more than 50% of the chariot burials are accompanied by weapons, with a clear predominance of projectile arms.
The creation, utilization, and maintenance of the chariots would have required a number of important skills, and some degree of standardization in manufacturing chariots might be related to a very small number of chariot makers. This means that the Sintashta–Petrovka craftsmen were ‘attached specialists’ and made their products following the orders and desires of those who were interested in the competitive use of chariots. Hence, the social group interested in producing and maintaining chariots sponsored all of those processes. While the nature of this social group is unclear, it is reasonable to hypothesize that it could be a group of military elites characterized by aggrandizing behavior. These people shared military identities and values, but also belonged to bigger collectives, presumably diverse kin groups. The competition between these collectives for resources, power, and prestige created the chariot complex.
Analyzing horse-headed knobs, Kovalevskaya demonstrates the evolution of horse tack from a simple muzzle to a bridle with bits during the 5th and 4th millennia BC (Kovalevskaya 2014). Her analysis correlates well with a study of pathologies in horse teeth conducted by Brown and Anthony, who suggest the appearance of bits and horseback riding at Botai and Tersek (Anthony et al. 2006). Cheekpieces became the next necessary and logical step in the evolution of means of horse control. Their appearance together with the wheeled vehicles is not a coincidence, but the development of preceding tools. After the year 2000 BC, cheekpieces often occur together with sacrificed horses—13 out of 15 Sintashta burials with cheekpieces also contain horse bones (Epimakhov and Berseneva 2012)—showing evolution in the role of horses.
The whole paper offers an interesting summary of cultural and population events in the Pontic-Caspian steppes since the Early Yamna period. Also, horse-headed knobs!
About two months ago I stumbled upon a gem in archaeological studies related to Proto-Indo-Europeans, the book О скипетрах, о лошадях, о войне: этюды в защиту миграционной концепции М.Гимбутас (On sceptres, on horses, on war: Studies in defence of M. Gimbutas’ migration concepts), 2007, by V. A. Dergachev, from the Institute of Cultural Heritage of the Moldavian Republic.
Dergachev’s work dedicates 488 pages to a very specific Final Neolithic-Eneolithic period in the Pontic-Caspian steppe, and the most relevant parts of the book concern the nature and expansion of horses and horse domestication, horse-head scepters, and other horse-related symbology – arguably the most relevant cultural signs associated with Proto-Indo-European speakers in this period.
I haven’t had enough time to read the whole book, but I have read with interest certain important chapters.
The genetic and chronological relationship of horse-head pommel-scepters is classified with incredible detail, to the extent that one could divide subregions among those cultures using them.
Simplified conclusions of this section include (emphasis mine):
The [horse-head pommel-]scepters arose originally in the depth of the Khvalynsk culture. Following the now well-known finds, they are definitely related to those of the Middle Volga group.
In their next modifications, these scepters continued to evolve and develop into the area of the Khvalynsk culture in its latest stages, and possibly later.
Simultaneously, with the same modifications, these scepters “are introduced” into common usage in the Novodanilovka culture, which in its spread by one wing was in contact and interspersed immediately with the area of Khvalynsk remains; and on the other hand, far in the south – in the Pre-Kuban and Ciscaucasian regions – within the range of the Domaikopska culture; and in the west – in the Carpathian – Post-Kuban – with the areas of early agricultural cultures Cucuteni A – Trypillia B1, Gumelnița-Karanovo VI.
The simultaneous presence in the areas of the Ciscaucasian, Carpatho-Danubian, and especially Novodinilovka cultures, whose carriers continue the Khvalynian traditions of making stone scepters, and the scepters themselves (in their non-functional implication in the local cultural environment), all definitely allow us to view these findings as imported Novodanilovka objects.
Cultural relevance of scepters
The text goes on to make an international comparison of scepters and their relevance as a cultural phenomenon, with its strong symbolic functions as divine object, its use in times of peace, in times of war, and in a system of ritual power.
Especially interesting is the section dedicated to Agamemnon’s scepter in the Iliad, one of the oldest Indo-European epics. Here is an excerpt from Illiad II.100-110 (see here the Greek version) with the scepter’s human and divine genealogy:
Then among them lord Agamemnon uprose, bearing in his hands the sceptre which Hephaestus had wrought with toil. Hephaestus gave it to king Zeus, son of Cronos, and Zeus gave it to the messenger Argeïphontes; and Hermes, the lord, gave it to Pelops, driver of horses, and Pelops in turn gave it to Atreus, shepherd of the host; and Atreus at his death left it to Thyestes, rich in flocks, and Thyestes again left it to Agamemnon to bear, that so he might be lord of many isles and of all Argos.
About the horse
His studies on horse remains show an interesting, detailed quantitative and statistical approach to the importance and (cultural and chronological) origin of horses (and likely horse domestication) in each culture.
Although the part on horse remains is probably a bit outdated today, after many recent studies of Eneolithic steppe sites (see here one example), it still shows the relative distribution of horse bone remains among different steppe cultures, which is probably similar to what could be reported today:
Even more interesting is the relationship of the distribution of horse remains with archaeological complexes and horse-related symbols. Some excerpts from the conclusions of this section:
Accounting and analysis of archeo-zoological and archaeological data proper for a horse for a vast area from the Tisza and the Middle Danube to the Caucasus and the Urals (which includes the main cultures of the western agricultural, Caucasian, and Eastern European cultural zones) clearly points to the eastern cultural zone as a zone of the originally the most important social significance of a horse as the only possible zone of the earliest domestication, horseback riding and all-round use of a horse. In relation to the eastern, the western land – the ancient Carpatho-Danubian or the Caucasian cultural zones – are secondary and subordinate to the first on the phenomenon under consideration.
The first quantitative leap in the manifestation of the remnants of a horse, marking itself and the first qualitative changes in the social status of this animal, is due mainly to the Middle Volga culture of the developed Neolithic of the Middle Volga region (in part, the Southwest Urals), which, accordingly, determine the cultural context, time and geographic region – or, the initial, single and main epicenter of the process of taming and domestication of a horse.
On the one hand, the subsequent substantial increase in the number of horse remnants, and, on the other, the wide inclusion of the horse in cults, rituals, funerary rituals (horse pendants, ornamented metacarpus, horse bones, sacrificial altars) in the Samara culture of the Early Eneolithic of the same region definitely indicates the continuing increase in the social significance of this species of animal, which was most likely expressed in the final design of a specialized horse breeding culture and, accordingly, in a wide range of applications using a horse for riding. At the same time, we can observe the beginning of the transfer of the already domesticated horse from the original historical and geographic epicenter to other cultures of the eastern cultural zone and, in part, the cultures closest to the periphery of this zone, into the western agricultural zone (Bolgrad-Aldeni P, Pre-CuCuteni-Trypillya A) .
Middle Eneolithic – early stages. One of the leading places in the remnants of the horse is in the Middle Volga region, the Khvalynsk culture. Genetically related to the Samara, the Khvalynsk I culture preserves the traditions of the ritual, cultural meaning, the treatment of the image of a horse in funerals (altars, horse bones, funerary rituals). But, At the same time, it is in this precise culture that the image of the horse, included in the social symbolism (horse-head pommel-scepter), for the first time it acquires a special, maximum social significance. That is why the appearance and subsequent widespread distribution of the social symbols in Novodanilovka-type objects can definitely be considered as another qualitative leap in the social significance of a horse – its use for military purposes for close and distant expeditions. And such an interpretation is fully confirmed from the analysis of Novodanilovka-type objects, which is the subject of discussion.
Judging by the osteological data and the typological evolution of the horse-head scepters, the Khvalynian culture and remains of the Novodanilovka type are already associated with the relatively widespread and intensive findings of domesticated horses in various areas of the eastern cultural zone (semi-desert regions of the Lower Volga and the Caspian region – Khvalynsk culture, forest-steppe and steppe from the Volga to the Dnieper – Sredni Stog, Repin cultures), and the western – agricultural (Gumelnitsa, Cucuteni A-Tripolye Bl), and the Caucasus (Pre-Maykop) zones, where, however, the horse played a very modest role.
From the functional point of view, according to the sum of the data, there is no reason to doubt that in the eastern zone the horse is already present in the Late Neolithic period. Since its domestication and the emergence of a specialized horse breeding, it has been also widely used for meat, milk and dairy products (including the traditional hippace tradition of the later Scythians), and since the beginning of the early Eneolithic for transport and for riding purposes. Another thing is the horse as a means of war, a means of distant travel and expansion. The beginning of the use of a horse for these purposes, in the opinion of the author, is determined by the appearance of social symbolism in the form of horse-head scepters, and is most fully reflected in the memories of the Khvalynsk culture and, in particular, the Novodanilovka type. Concerning western or Caucasian cultural zones related to Khvalynsk, the horse is thought to have been linked to the eastern region, used mainly for riding, as a means of transport and for communication, which, however, does not exclude its use for meat.
These are the main conclusions-interpretations, suggesting the analysis and archaeological and other sources containing information about the horse. And as for our pommel-scepters, then, as can be seen from these sources, the main thing is that the culture of the Middle Volga region, according to all the data, definitely accumulates in itself the longest traditions associated with the gradual increase of social significance of the horse. And if so, this circumstance motivates the possibility or necessity of appearing in the environment of the bearers of this culture of unique signs-symbols that carry within themselves or reflect the image of this animal as an extremely significant social reality. The revealed and characterized quality, as a matter of fact, fill or open by themselves the hypothetical elements we have previously identified, the meanings of that particularity, folded in the social sign-symbol, in our case – the horse-head-shaped scepter.
The relevance of Dergachev’s work
As you certainly know by now if you are a usual reader of this blog, there were two other seminal publications that same year correcting and expanding Gimbutas’ model:
Each one of these works taken independently (especially the books) may give a different version of Proto-Indo-European migrations; Anthony and Dergachev are heirs of Gimbutas’ simplistic kurgan-based model, and of other previous, now rejected ideas, and they reflect them whenever they don’t deal with first-hand investigation (and even sometimes when interpreting their own data). Taken together – and especially in combination with recent genetic studies – , though, they describe a clearer, solider model of how Proto-Indo-Europeans developed and expanded.
Anthony’s publication overshadowed the importance of Dergachev’s work for the English-speaking world – and by extension for the rest of us. However, V. A. Dergachev’s updated study of his previous work on steppe cultures shows the right, thorough, and diligent way of describing the expansion of early Khvalynsk-Novodanilovka chieftains with the horse and horse symbolism into the Caucasus and the Lower Danube (like the seminal work of Harrison & Heyd 2007 described the expansion of Yamna settlers with East Bell Beakers, culturally opposed to Corded Ware and to the Proto-Beakers). On the other hand, Anthony’s broad-brush, superficial description of thousands of years of potential Indo-European-speaking peoples gave a migration picture that – although generally right (like radiocarbon-based Iberian origin of the Bell Beaker culture was right) – was bound to be wrong in some essential details, as we are seeing in archaeology and genetics.
NOTE. As I have said before, Anthony’s interpretations of Sredni Stog culture representing a sort of ‘peasants’ under the rule of Novodanilovka chiefs was based on old theories of Telegin, who changed his mind – as did the rest of the Russian school well before the publication of Dergachev’s book, considering both as distinct cultural phenomena. Anthony selected the old interpretation, not to follow a Gimbutas / Kristiansen model of Sredni Stog being Indo-European and expanding with GAC into Corded Ware (because, for him, Corded Ware peoples were originally non-Indo-European speakers): he seems to have done it to prove that Proto-Anatolian traveled indeed through the North Pontic area, i.e. to avoid the regional ‘gap’ in the maps, if you like. Then with the expansion of Repin over the area, Sredni Stog peoples would have been absorbed. With genetic investigation, as we know, and with this kind of detailed archaeological studies, the traditional preference for “large and early” IE territories – proper of the mid-20th century – are no longer necessary.
We already had in 2016 a Samara hunter-gatherer sample dated ca. 5600 BC, representative of EHG ancestry, of haplogroup R1b1a. We also had three early Khvalynsk samples from Samara Eneolithic dated ca. 4600 BC, with a drift towards (what we believe now is) a population from the Caucasus, showing haplogroups Q1a, R1a1(xM198), and R1b1a, the last one described in its paper as from a high-status burial, similar to high-status individuals buried under kurgans in later Yamna graves (of R1b-L23 lineages), and therefore likely a founder of an elite group of patrilineally-related families, while the R1a1 sample showed scarce decoration, and does not belong to the M417 lineage expanded later in Sredni Stog or Corded Ware.
In 2017 we knew of the Ukraine_Eneolithic sample I6561, from Alexandria, of a precise subclade (L657) of haplogroup R1a-Z93, dated ca. 4000 BC, and likely from the Sredni Stog (or maybe Kvitjana) culture. This sample alone makes it quite likely that the expansion of R1a-Z645 subclades happened earlier than expected, and that it was associated with movements along forest-steppe cultures, most likely along the Upper Dniester or Dnieper-Dniester corridor up to the Forest Zone.
We have now confirmation that Khvalynsk samples from the Yekaterinovka Cape settlement ca. 4250-4000 BC were reported by a genetic lab (to the archaeological team responsible) as being of R1b-L23 subclades, although the precise clades (reported as P312 and U106) are possibly not accurate.
NOTE. Curiously enough, and quite revealing for the close relationship of scepters to the ritual source of power for Khvalynsk chieftains (political and/or religious leaders), the scepter found in the elite burial 45 of the Ekaterinovka cape (a riverine settlement) shows a unique zoomorphic carving, possibly resembling a toothed fish or reptile, rather than the most common horse-related motifs of the time.
With Wang et al. (2018), a real game-changer in the Khvalynsk – Sredni Stog (and also in the Yamna/Bell Beaker – Corded Ware) opposition, we also know that two Steppe Eneolithic samples from the Northern Caucasus Piedmont, dated ca. 4300-4100 BC, show haplogroup R1b1. Although its direct connection to the expansion of early Khvalynsk with horse-related symbolism is not clear from the archaeological information shared (none), this is what the paper has to say about them:
The two distinct clusters are already visible in the oldest individuals of our temporal transect, dated to the Eneolithic period (~6300-6100 yBP/4300-4100 calBCE). Three individuals from the sites of Progress 2 and Vonjuchka 1 in the North Caucasus piedmont steppe (‘Eneolithic steppe’), which harbor Eastern and Caucasian hunter-gatherer related ancestry (EHG and CHG, respectively), are genetically very similar to Eneolithic individuals from Khalynsk II and the Samara region19, 27. This extends the cline of dilution of EHG ancestry via CHG/Iranian-like ancestry to sites immediately north of the Caucasus foothills.
In contrast, the oldest individuals from the northern mountain flank itself, which are three first degree-related individuals from the Unakozovskaya cave associated with the Darkveti-Meshoko Eneolithic culture (analysis label ‘Eneolithic Caucasus’) show mixed ancestry mostly derived from sources related to the Anatolian Neolithic (orange) and CHG/Iran Neolithic (green) in the ADMIXTURE plot (Fig. 2C). While similar ancestry profiles have been reported for Anatolian and Armenian Chalcolithic and Bronze Age individuals20, 23, this result suggests the presence of the mixed Anatolian/Iranian/CHG related ancestry north of the Great Caucasus Range as early as ~6500 years ago.
During the late 5th millennium BC, cultural groups of the Eneolithic occupied the northern circumpontic area and the areas between the North Caucasus and the Lower Volga. For the first time, individual inhumations were placed below low burial mounds (Rassamakin, 2011). During the 4th millennium BC, the area split into two cultural spheres. In the northern steppe area communities continued with the burial practice of crouched inhumations below low mounds, with this culturally transforming into the early Pit Grave culture. In contrast, in the Caucasian foothill zone and the neighbouring steppe, the Majkop-Novosvobodnaya culture emerged (Kohl and Trifonov, 2014). Similarly, during the 3rd millennium BC, two cultural spheres influenced the area: The North Caucasian Culture dominated the Caucasian foothills for the next five centuries, while in the steppe area between the Lower Don and the Caucasus, regional groups of the Catacomb Culture existed side-by-side.
Burials of the Eneolithic epoch (late 5th millennium BC)
The oldest group of individuals with trepanations are found in the North Caucasian variant of the late circumpontic Eneolithic and date to the last third of the 5th millennium BC (Korenevsky, 2012). Burials of this epoch are inhumations in shallow pits, chiefly without burial goods, but covered with large quantities of red ochre. Of special interest is a collective burial of seven individuals from VP 1/12, who were interred together in a secondary burial ritual. The sites of Tuzluki, Mukhin, Voinuchka, Progress, and Sengileevskii all belong to this period.
Without the datasets to test different models, you can only imagine what is happening with the processed, secondary data we have. The position of Eneolithic Steppe cluster in the PCA (probably Khvalynsk-related peoples already influenced by the absorbed, previous Caucasus population), as well as other potential Caucasus groups intermediate between Steppe Maykop and Caucasus Maykop (as suggested by other ancient and modern Caucasus samples), may indicate that Yamna is between Khvalynsk and such intermediate Caucasus populations (as the source of the additional CHG-related ancestry) and – as the paper itself states – that it also received additional EEF contribution, probably from the western cultures absorbed during these Khvalynsk-Novodanilovka migrations (or later during Khvalynsk/Repin migrations).
Also interpreted in light of these early Khvalynsk-Novodanilovka migrations of horse riding chieftains (and their close contacts with the Caucasus), you can clearly see where the similar CHG-like contribution to Ukraine Eneolithic and other North Pontic forest-steppe cultures (which later contributed to Proto-Corded Ware peoples) must have come from. The simplistically reported proportions of EHG:CHG:EEF ancestry might be similar in many of these groups, but the precise origin and evolution of such ancestral components is certainly not the same: statistical methods will eventually show this, when (and if) we have many more samples, but for the moment Y-DNA is the most obvious indicator of such differences.
What lies between the formation of that early Eneolithic cultural-historical community, and what we see in archaeology and genetics in Middle and Late Eneolithic steppe cultures, is the radical differentiation of western (Ukraine Eneolithic, mainly forest-steppe) and eastern (Samara and Khvalynsk/Repin, mainly steppe) cultures and peoples, i.e. precisely the period of differentiation of an eastern, Proto-Indo-Hittite-speaking early Khvalynsk community (that expanded with the horse and horse-related symbols) from a western, probably Early Proto-Uralic speaking community of the North Pontic forest-steppe cultural area.
NOTE. I am not against a Neolithic ‘steppe’ language. But this steppe language was spoken before and/or during the first Neolithisation wave, and should be associated with Indo-Uralic. If there was no Indo-Uralic language, then some communities would have developed Early Proto-Indo-European and Early Proto-Uralic side by side, in close contact to allow for dozens of loanwords or wanderwords to be dated to this period (where, simplistically, PIH *H corresponds to EPU *k, with some exceptions).
The convergence that we see in PCA and Admixture of Yamna and the earliest Baltic LN / Corded Ware ‘outlier’ samples (if not directly related exogamy of some Baltic LN/CWC groups with Yamna migrants, e.g. those along the Prut), must be traced back to the period of genetic drift that began precisely with these Khvalynsk-Novodanilovka expansions, also closely associated with populations of the Caucasus, thus bringing North Pontic forest-steppe cultures (probably behind Proto-Corded Ware peoples) nearer to Khvalynsk, and both by extension to Yamna.
Steppe Eneolithic peoples were thus no different to other previous and posterior expanding groups, and ancestry is going to be similar for people living in neighbouring regions, so Y-DNA will remain the essential tool to distinguish different peoples (see here a summary of Proto-Indo-Europeans expanding R1b-L23).
We are nevertheless still seeing “R1b zombies” (a quite appropriate name I read on Anthrogenica) still arguing for a Western European origin of R1b-L23 based on EEF-like ancestry and few steppe-related contribution found in Iberian Bell Beakers (read what David Reich has to say on this question); and “OIT zombies” still arguing for IVC representing Proto-Indo-European, based on Iran_N ancestry and the minimal steppe ancestry-related impact on certain ancient Asian cultures, now partly helped by “Caucasus homeland zombies” with the new PIE=CHG model; apart from many other pet theory zombies rising occasionally from their graves here and there. Let’s hope that this virus of the undead theories does not spread too strongly to the R1a-Indo-European association, when the official data on Khvalynsk, West Yamna, and Yamna Hungary come out and show that they were dominated by R1b-L23 lineages.
Because we need to explore in detail the continuation of Khvalynsk-related (potential Proto-Anatolian) cultures in the Lower Danube and the Balkans, e.g. from Cernavoda I to Cernavoda III, then maybe to Ezero, and then to Troy; as well as the specific areas of Late Indo-European expansions associated with Early Yamna settlers turning into Bell Beakers, Balkan EBA, and Steppe MLBA-associated cultures. There is a lot of work to do on proper definition of Bronze Age cultures and their potential dialects, as well as convergence and divergence trends, and not only of Indo-European, but also of Uralic-speaking communities derived from Corded Ware cultures.
If we let the narratives of the 2000s in Genetics (in combination with the 1960s in Archaeology) dominate the conversation, then a lot of time will be absurdly lost until reality imposes itself. And it will.
EDIT (2 JUL 2018): Some sentences corrected, and some information added to the original post.
Analysis of a sacrificed and interred domestic donkey from an Early Bronze Age (EB) IIIB (c. 2800–2600 BCE) domestic residential neighborhood at Tell eṣ-Ṣâfi/Gath, Israel, indicate the presence of bit wear on the Lower Premolar 2 (LPM2). This is the earliest evidence for the use of a bit among early domestic equids, and in particular donkeys, in the Near East. The mesial enamel surfaces on both the right and left LPM2 of the particular donkey in question are slightly worn in a fashion that suggests that a dental bit (metal, bone, wood, etc.) was used to control the animal. Given the secure chronological context of the burial (beneath the floor of an EB IIIB house), it is suggested that this animal provides the earliest evidence for the use of a bit on an early domestic equid from the Near East.
In contrast to what is known about the use of donkeys for transportation, relatively little is known about their use for riding during this early period . Riding is possible, but fast riding is difficult without some kind of bridle with reins to grasp. Thus, the development of the bit becomes an essential part of the mechanism to control and ride an equid, whether horse, donkey or otherwise [38–41]. While some have tried to argue based on cave art for the presence of bridles (including cheek straps and potentially bits) on equids as far back as the Upper Palaeolithic [42, 43], this perspective has not been accepted [44, 45]. Instead, the weight of the evidence for bridles points toward the Eneolithic and Bronze Age of Kazakhstan and Russia, c. 3500 BCE for horses, not donkeys [38, 40, 46–50].But, horses are not the earliest domestic equids to appear in the Near East. This role is reserved for the ass/donkey [20, 32, 51].
The earliest unambiguous evidence for bridles and bits in equids in the Near East appear only in the Middle Bronze Age [52, 62, 63], and horses become common only in cuneiform texts and the archaeological record after the turn of the second millennium BC . For example, at the Middle Bronze Age site of Tel Haror, a metal bit was found associated with a donkey burial .
Beginning in the Middle Bronze Age, there is a variety of sources that demonstrate that asses were being ridden. In fact, they seem to be the preferred animal ridden for elites in the Early and Middle Bronze Age of Mesopotamia. The earliest clear association of asses being ridden by elites comes from the Old Babylonian period (MBA, 18th century BCE—the Kings of Mari, Syria) . Similarly, by the beginning of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt, various texts and iconographic images (e.g. the stela of Serabit el-Khadem) from Egypt and petroglyphs from southern Sinai unambiguously depict and/or describe elites riding asses [5, 65, 66]. The later biblical narrative depicts donkeys carrying the biblical Patriarchs (Abraham), various leaders (such as Saul before he became king), prophets, and judges of Israel [16, 67, 68].
Horses became the standard royal riding animal during the Late Bronze and Iron Ages as they became more prevalent. In later periods, donkeys became associated with humility and the lower classes, and leaders emanating from it (e.g. Jesus).
These finds suggest that bit use on donkeys was already present in the early to mid-3rd millennium BCE, long before the appearance of horses in the ancient Near East. Thus, the appearance of bit use in donkeys in the ancient Near East is not connected to appearance of the horse, contrary to previous suggestions (as already noted by ). As such, the impact of the domestic donkey on the cultures of this region and the evolution of early complex societies cannot be underestimated. As with plant and animal domestication, the use of donkeys created a surplus of human labor that allowed for the easy transport of people and goods across the entire Near East. These changes continue to permeate the economic, social, and political aspects of even modern life in many third world countries [3, 8, 9, 93, 94].
So, the first case of equid riding in the Near East, near two of the cradles of civilization (Sumeria and Egypt), is a donkey from the early third millennium BC. Not much in favour of horse domestication (and still less for horse riding) expanding from Norh Iran or the Southern Caucasus to the north.
NOTE. The recent papers of the Copenhagen group made yet another controversial interpretation of genomic findings (see here): they support multiple simultaneous origins for horse-riding technique, in Khvalynsk and Botai, based on the lack of genetic connection between both human populations, with which I can’t agree. Based on the similar time of appearance and the geographic proximity, I think the most likely explanation is expansion of the technique from one to the other, probably – as supported by Anthony’s investigation – from Khvalynsk to neighbouring cultures.
The Eneolithic Botai culture of the Central Asian steppes provides the earliest archaeological evidence for horse husbandry, ~5,500 ya, but the exact nature of early horse domestication remains controversial. We generated 42 ancient horse genomes, including 20 from Botai. Compared to 46 published ancient and modern horse genomes, our data indicate that Przewalski’s horses are the feral descendants of horses herded at Botai and not truly wild horses. All domestic horses dated from ~4,000 ya to present only show ~2.7% of Botai-related ancestry. This indicates that a massive genomic turnover underpins the expansion of the horse stock that gave rise to modern domesticates, which coincides with large-scale human population expansions during the Early Bronze Age.
That none of the domesticates sampled in the last ~4,000 years descend from the horses first herded at Botai entails another major implication. It suggests that during the 3rd Mill BCE at the latest, another unrelated group of horses became the source of all domestic populations that expanded thereafter. This is compatible with two scenarios. First, Botai-type horses experienced massive introgression capture (22) from a population of wild horses until the Botai ancestry was almost completely replaced. Alternatively, horses were successfully domesticated in a second domestication center and incorporated minute amounts of Botai ancestry during their expansion. We cannot identify the locus of this hypothetic center due to a temporal gap in our dataset throughout the 3rd Mill BCE. However, that the DOM2 earliest member was excavated in Hungary adds Eastern Europe to other candidates already suggested, including the Pontic-Caspian steppe (2), Eastern Anatolia (23), Iberia (24), Western Iran and the Levant (25). Notwithstanding the process underlying the genomic turnover observed, the clustering of ~4,023-3,574 year-old specimens from Russia, Romania and Georgia within DOM2 suggests that this clade already expanded throughout the steppes and Europe at the transition between the 3rd and 2nd Mill BCE, in line with the demographic expansion at ~4,500 ya recovered in mitochondrial Bayesian Skylines (fig. S14).
This study shows that the horses exploited by the Botai people later became the feral PH. Early domestication most likely followed the ‘prey pathway’ whereby a hunting relationship was intensified until reaching concern for future progeny through husbandry, exploitation of milk and harnessing (7). Other horses, however, were the main source of domestic stock over the last ~4,000 years or more. Ancient human genomics (26) has revealed considerable human migrations ~5,000 ya involving “Yamnaya” culture pastoralists of the Pontic-Caspian steppe. This expansion might be associated with the genomic turnover identified in horses, especially if Botai horses were best suited to localized pastoral activity than to long distance travel and warfare. Future work must focus on identifying the main source of the domestic horse stock and investigating how the multiple human cultures managed the available genetic variation to forge the many horse types known in history. | <urn:uuid:6cbfcebd-8abf-405d-8ce0-820355cf705e> | {
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Harvard Edges Closer To Invisibility Cloak
Researchers at the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS), collaborating with the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel, have now demonstrated a drastically new way of achieving negative refraction in a metamaterial.
For 20 years,
scientists have created artificial materials whose refractive indices are negative; these negative-index metamaterials defy normal experience by bending light in the”wrong” direction. Due to their unusual ability to manipulate electromagnetic waves and their potential to be harnessed for technology (e.g. invisibility cloaks) negative-index metamaterials have been celebrated by scientists and engineers alike.
The Harvard breakthrough results in an “extraordinarily strong” negative refractive index as large as -700, more than a hundred times larger than most previously reported.
“This work may bring the science and technology of negative refraction into an astoundingly miniaturized scale, confining the negatively refracting light into an area that is 10,000 times smaller than many previous negative-index metamaterials,” says principal investigator Donhee Ham, Gordon McKay Professor of Electrical Engineering and Applied Physics at SEAS.
The underlying physics of previous work in this field has often involved an entity called magnetic inductance. Ham’s research group instead explored kinetic inductance, which is the manifestation of the acceleration of electrons subjected to electric fields, according to Newton’s second law of motion.
At its heart, the researchers’ change in strategy from using magnetic inductance to kinetic inductance stems from a simple shift in ideas.
“Magnetic inductance represents the tendency of the electromagnetic world to resist change according to Faraday’s law,” explains Ham. “Kinetic inductance, on the other hand, represents the reluctance to change in the mechanical world, according to Newton’s law.”
“When electrons are confined perfectly into two dimensions, kinetic inductance becomes much larger than magnetic inductance, and it is this very large two-dimensional kinetic inductance that is responsible for the very strong negative refraction we achieve,” explains lead author Hosang Yoon, a graduate student at SEAS. “The dimensionality profoundly affects the condensed-matter electron behaviors, and one of those is the kinetic inductance.”
To obtain the large kinetic inductance, Ham and Yoon’s work employs a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG), which forms at the interface of two semiconductors, gallium arsenide and aluminum gallium arsenide. The very “clean” 2DEG sample used in this work was fabricated by coauthor Vladimir Umansky, of the Weizmann Institute.
Ham’s team effectively sliced a sheet of 2DEG into an array of strips and used gigahertz-frequency electromagnetic waves (microwaves) to accelerate electrons in the leftmost few strips. The resulting movements ofelectrons in these strips were “felt” by the neighboring strips to the right, where electrons are consequently accelerated.
In this way, the proof-of-concept device propagates an effective wave to the right, in a direction perpendicular to the strips, each of which acts as a kinetic inductor due to the electrons’ acceleration therein. This effective wave proved to exhibit what the researchers call a “staggering” degree of negative refraction.
The primary advantages of the new technology are its ability to localize electromagnetic waves into ultra-subwavelength scales and its dramatically reduced size. This concept demonstrated with microwaves, if extended to other regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, may prove important for operating terahertz and photonic circuits far below their usual diffraction limit, and at near field. It may also one day lead to extremely powerful microscopes and optical tweezers, which are used to trap and study minuscule particles like viruses and individual molecules.
For now, the device operates at temperatures below 20 degrees Kelvin. The researchers note, however, that a similar result can beachieved at room temperature using terahertz waves, which Ham’s team is already investigating, with the carbon structure graphene as an alternative two-dimensional conductor.
“While electrons in graphene behave like massless particles, they still possess kinetic energy and can exhibit very large kinetic inductance in a non-Newtonian way,” says Ham. | <urn:uuid:7d93a0ca-a81c-4f97-8edc-8c1b2888b20f> | {
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Each week in 1911 over 80 cross-channel sailings carried a tide of Irish emigrants from Dublin to Britain. Many of them were taking the first steps on a journey to their ultimate destination across the Atlantic. All of them they were leaving a country and a city that was unable to provide a basic living. Between 1891 and 1901 alone, 430,393 people – almost the equivalent of the capital’s then population – emigrated from Ireland and very often the lighthouses along Dublin’s coast was their last sight of Irish land.
These are some of the facts contained in Dublin 1911, an elegantly curated book by the Royal Irish Academy illustrating ordinary life in Ireland’s capital in a single year. Newspaper articles, advertisements and evocative photographs from the period are combined with short essays on topics such as emigration, religion, fashion and sport. Broken into calendar months, the volume chronicles the major events of the year – the visit of King George V and Queen Mary garnered most attention – and is edited by Catriona Crowe, Senior Archivist at the National Archives of Ireland.
Two of the chief – and interrelated – characteristics of Dublin at this time were endemic emigration and acute poverty. Over 26,000 families lived in inner city tenements and 20,000 of these lived in single-room dwellings. “These figures point to a city of great poverty,” says Ms Crowe. “People were getting the hell out of there because there were no jobs for them and because of the shockingly overcrowded living conditions: Dublin had worse slums in 1911 than Glasgow or London and the mortality rate was higher in Dublin than for either of those two cities.”
Familiar from the settings of Sean O’Casey plays like Juno and the Paycock and The Plough and the Stars, these harrowing conditions were largely a consequence of the exploitation of Famine refugees arriving from rural Ireland into Dublin in the late 1840s and early 1850s. “Slum landlords were able to subdivide the huge Georgian house into smaller dwellings and let them, in some cases, at quite exorbitant rents,” says Ms Crowe. “Of course, they failed to maintain them so there were a number of dreadful accidents of collapsing dwellings on Church St and Fenian St around the period of the book.”
Dublin 1911 was inspired by the National Archives of Ireland’s publication of the 1911 Irish census website, which included photographs from anthologies such as the National Library’s Lawrence Collection. “The site has been a huge success,” explains Ms Crowe. “I think it’s 600 million hits at this point in time and about 12 million unique visits. So it’s one of the most successful Irish cultural websites ever.” Developed in partnership with Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa, the 1911 census is completely digitised allowing for searches by occupation, religion and profession, for example, as well as by name and area.
Previously, knowing a family’s location was vital to tracing them in the census records. Tracking rural dwellers was easier as they tended to stay in the same townland for generations. “But if your ancestors lived in urban areas where people moved around a lot, it would’ve been almost impossible to find them if you didn’t know where they were,” she says. “Because you can now search by name, you can find people that until now could never have been located.”
The National Archives has digitized both the 1911 and 1901 censuses and while making these records available on its website was a complex process, involving over nine million entries, the rewards have been significant.
“I’m personally delighted with the way that Irish people have taken the 1911 and 1901 censuses to their hearts,” says Ms. Crowe. “I’m a great advocate of history for the people. I love history to be de-mystified, made simple. For me, the greatest success of this is that primary source material and census returns are now completely understandable by any ordinary person who has the use of a computer.”
Ms Crowe hopes that Dublin 1911 will complement the census website by encouraging readers to go online and research their own families and communities. An upshot of publishing the census data is that it has helped remove the historical stigma of poverty.
“One of the interesting side effects is that people may have stopped feeling ashamed of having poor ancestry,” says Ms. Crowe. “Most of us in Ireland come from poor backgrounds, originally, but there was often great shame in discussing coming from the tenements or from a small rural dwelling and I think the census has done something to alleviate that. It has inspired people to look with a different eye at their ancestors who were heroically rearing large families in very difficult times.”
While the prevalence of issues like emigration, unemployment and economic mismanagement in the Dublin of 1911 ring with a strong contemporary resonance, smaller details dramatise a world unrecognisable from today’s city: most women had their clothes made for them and were catered for by over 3,000 dressmakers and 600 milliners, over one third of married women had seven or more children, most suburban Dubliners had at least one servant and Dublin’s traffic was dominated by bicycles, trams and the horse and cart.
Included in this stylish production – which is framed by arresting replicate census returns – is a letter published in the Irish Times of April 4 1911 skeptical about the need for a census. The writer suggests “it is open to the enquiring mind to ask what it has all been for?”. If nothing else, it supplied Dublin 1911 with a fertile canvas for this intimate portrait of Ireland’s capital city at the start of the last century and on the eve of radical change.
‘Dublin 1911’ is available from Amazon. | <urn:uuid:375b77fe-8cf6-4ffd-ae37-fc0b9e166ba0> | {
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Cariboo stage, Fraser Canyon region, British Columbia, n.d.
Prior to the introduction of the first passenger train in British North America, land transportation was a difficult undertaking. Diaries and journals of the day recount long, arduous trips by foot, wagon, coach, sleigh, or some combination of each with water transport. Roads were few. Where they existed, the dirt became mud in the spring and the addition of planks and logs was treacherous to the wagon wheels traversing them. "Macadamized" roads — roads made with layers of small, broken stones mixed with tar or asphalt — were an improvement, but expensive to maintain. Before the Grand Trunk Railway bridged the distance between Montréal and Toronto, it took at least thirty-six hours to travel between the two cities by stagecoach. Remote destinations, like the interiors of Newfoundland and Labrador or British Columbia, the Klondike or the Arctic, were almost impossible to reach.
Railway mania gripped Canada at various periods, but not long after the inauguration of the first railway in 1836, people realized the advantages of having a line run through their town. Mass transportation unified regions and the easier exchange of goods, services and people yielded profit, progress and development. Construction of the railroads and trains provided work. Convinced of its promise for their town or region, eager politicians jumped on the railway bandwagon and into the favour of their constituents.
Despite their popularity, most railways were characterized by chronic financial problems and eventually went bankrupt or were absorbed by larger companies. Governments that helped fund the ventures were left holding the empty moneybag when companies could not generate enough profit or pay their debts. Sometimes this happened before the construction of a railroad was complete and in many instances, it had not even begun. Public benefits from a new line were real, but over-zealous promotions masked a combination of unrealistic hopes and lack of proper planning and financing. Fierce competition helped to cloud matters. No one wanted to be left out of the railway adventure — towns clashed over prospective lines and too many companies received charters for the same region.
Canadian National Railways, 1930
By the beginning of the Great War, there were four dominant independents: the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR), the Canadian Northern Railway (CNoR), the Grand Trunk Railway (GTR) and the Grand Trunk Pacific (GTP). Their frenzy of expansion left them over-extended. Heavy competition for dwindling resources, traffic and government assistance brought the latter three to the brink of bankruptcy. The advent of war brought the crisis to a head and the federal government had to act. By 1923, the CNoR, the GTP and GTR were amalgamated into the recently created Canadian National Railways (CNR). Railway services were thus combined into two transcontinentals.
By the 1930s, automobiles and buses had gained popularity and paved roads were becoming a familiar sight. This created a decline in railway passenger travel; in the 1940s and 1950s, airlines compounded the situation. The 1960s saw the close of an increasing number of branch lines and many railway companies folded. The CPR and the CN could not continue operations as they had in the past, and in 1978, the two companies combined their passenger services to form VIA Rail.
Historically, the CPR is perhaps the best-known railway to Canadians. It was the CPR, unifying the country geographically and politically, that comprised John A. Macdonald's "national dream." Connection to the national railway was a promise made to both British Columbia and Prince Edward Island to ensure their entrance into Confederation.
Canadian Pacific Railway, 1922
Although the CPR stands out, over 2 500 railway company charters have been issued since the mid-nineteenth century. Relatively few are operating today, but their cumulative output has had an enormous impact on the economic and social lives of Canadians.
A railway line was like the golden touch to a town or region. Real estate prices jumped. Employment was plentiful; labourers were in demand to construct roads and the trains needed crew members, technicians for maintenance and providers of cordwood (in the early days) for fuel. People became less isolated and communication was facilitated. Heavy industry grew in several towns and cities, and service industries followed. In the West, whole new towns were created around the site of railway stations and immigrants came in droves.
Little-known areas of the country were being revealed. People were able to travel more easily, and to previously remote destinations. In some areas, there was a choice of railway lines. This led to a boom in the fledging travel and tourism industry.
Canadian Pacific Railway, 1925
During the heyday of passenger travel, railway companies produced a barrage of advertising designed to lure people into their region and persuade them to travel on their line. By the early 1880s, the products consisted of broadsides or leaflets with plain or sometimes, tinted lettering. Soon, things grew more elaborate and colourful cards, posters, brochures and broadsides were exhibited and distributed all over Canada and, especially in the case of the CPR, abroad. Tourists were desirable but up to the 1940s, only the relatively wealthy could afford luxury travel. Advertising to local traffic took the form of "excursions" — short pleasure trips to interesting locales.
Canadian Pacific Railway, 1955
The CPR emerged as an advertising master. Understanding the value of effective marketing, they inundated the public with promotions even before their last spike was hammered. Not content with dominating railway travel, the CPR created a whole transportation and communications system that included steamships, hotels, telegraph services and later, an airline. Some of their ads boasted not only CPR as a means of transportation, but CPR destinations. The well-heeled traveller of the 1920s might not have appreciated the natural beauty of the Rockies and its lakes without the man-made pleasures of the Banff Springs Hotel and the Chateau Lake Louise. To support this promotional machine, the CPR created its own art department whose output some consider to be among the best commercial art ever produced.
Quebec & Lake St. John Railway, 1898
Smaller railway companies did not have such resources. But they too produced creative and interesting advertisements that focused on their own corner of the world. These works helped establish them within the larger Canadian railway network and allowed them to put their own unique mark on a region. "Britain's Oldest Colony" was the endorsement of Newfoundland by the Reid Newfoundland Company. The Quebec and Lake St. John Railway pushed their line as "The New Route to the Far-Famed Saguenay" and the Pacific Great Eastern proclaimed "Western Hospitality" with the greeting, "Hi There Pardner!"
The content of brochures and timetables included practical details like schedules and maps, but the imagery on the covers and on the posters, were often romanticized pictures of mountains, prairie and seashores that lent an exotic air to travel in Canada. In addition to using natural settings as promotional tools, railway companies used historical, literary and popular figures such as Frontenac in Quebec, Evangeline in Acadia, and Mounties in the Rockies. These practices helped to create stereotypes and solidified mythologies about Canada that still linger in today's popular imagination.
Visit the website ARCHIVED - The Kids' Site of Canadian Trains | <urn:uuid:4a1d5637-8002-4538-b899-914239c3bcd7> | {
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Blog | The Immutable, the Builder and Jackson | Convit
The Immutable, the Builder and Jackson
Why would we need immutable classes? Aren't classes using setters and getters, i.e. POJOs, enough?
With the upcoming of even more distributed systems and multithreaded programming it's getting harder and harder to reason about the state of a software system. POJOs or mutable classes may be shared between different threads or actors of a software system. They may change the state of the class and due to the non deterministic nature of distributed systems one can not predict the state of a class that was changed by different actors. This is commonly known as a data race condition.
Immutable classes or immutable data in general take one variable out of the reasoning about the state. The state of immutable data is known after creation and will never change. As it never changes, immutable classes are also inherently threadsafe and may be shared between threads.
How do we make a Java class immutable?
- All fields should be final and a class should only provide getters.
- All return values of accessor methods must be immutable as well.
- A special case are own classes that are members of another class. These must be immutable as well to guarantee total immutability.
Using the implementation above there is only one way to construct an instance of `Product`; using the constructor. Depending on the number of fields the constructor arguments may become unwieldy. Some of them may be optional as well and we have a nice cascade of telescoping constructors. An option to circumvent these "problems" is using a Builder.
According to wikipedia
the Builder is a design pattern designed to provide a flexible solution to various object creation problems in object-oriented programming. The intent of the Builder design pattern is to separate the construction of a complex object from its representation.
Here we use it to hide the unwieldy number and optional constructor parameters.
The simplest builder has a corresponding method for every field that temporarily saves the designated value in a field and creates the actual object when calling a designated method often called
create. An example is noted down below:
Every initializer method returns itself so calls may be chained fluently. Default values may be set on field initialization. Mutable structures may be used to allow cumulative addition of list values or similar values. Also one could put some initialization logic or guards into an initializer method.
When the builder is in place it is good practice to add a static method
builder() and a static
copy(Pojo p) method to the original pojo. The `builder` method creates a new empty instance of the Builder class. Whereas the `copy` method takes an already populated instance of the immutable class and returns a builder that is preinitialized with the values of the existing instance. Parts of it may then be overwritten See the repository for implementations.
One disadvantage of this builder implementations is that they are not threadsafe. Different threads using the same builder instance may run into a data race. So it must not be shared between different threads. But as we can shortly see it is easier to use than an immutable builder.
Immutable version of a builder
A builder may also be made immutable and inherits the same advantages as an immutable object. The builder will be threadsafe and one can reason about the state if used in multiple threads.
To make a builder immutable the initializer methods must return a new instance of the builder with the new values. See below for an example:
The advantage is that these kind of builders are also threadsafe. But you must always assure to assign the return value of an initializer method. That is why the mutable version of the builder is easier to use. Once a value is set for an instance it is set. Whereas in the immutable builder case the change is lost when the return value is not assigned.
Now we have nice immutable classes that may only be created using a builder so we always know what state they are in. What happens if we try to send these objects via HTTP/JSON to somebody else?
Serializing such an object to json using the Jackson library should work out of the box, as long as the getter follow the JavaBean conventions and are prefixed with
get. If they don't, every getter needs to contain an annotation
@JsonProperty so jackson can identify them as a json property. Any other jackson annotation that controls serialization may be used here as well.
Deserializing does not work out of the box as the setters are missing. There are two ways to enable succesful deserialization of these objects. Annotating the immutable classes constructor with
@JsonCreator and every parameter with
@JsonProperty. This is error prone as when adding new properties is easily forgotten. Also it violates the assumption that we have only one mean to construct an object and it is possible to bypass logic we added to the builder when using the constructor directly. Especially default values, nullability checks and others.
Fortunately Jackson already addresses this problem and provides us with annotations that allow to use a builder instead of the constructor for deserializing an object from json.
The immutable classes must be annotated with
@JsonDeserialize(builder = ProductBuilder.class) and the builder class must be declared as a pojo builder and be annotated with
@JsonPOJOBuilder(). The creator method of the builder and prefixes for the initializer methods may be specified as parameters. See JsonPOJOBuilder javadoc for details. By default the prefix is
with and the constructor methods called
build. So in the code below we need to set the prefix to empty
"" as we don't use a prefix.
This concludes our little disgression in immutables classes and their serialization / deserialization into and from json. I hope I could show you that it is not necessary to weaken immutability guarantees just because your serialization library assumes all objects are java beans. At least for json there are means to enforce immutability.
The techniques outlined here can be taken one step further by using some library that generates the boilerplate builder for you. One is Immutables. Immutables generates immutable classes and builder using interfaces or abstract classes. For serializing / deserializing these generated classes to / from json the same annotations may be used. See the Immutables tutorial for details.
See our github repository for the full source code that also includes an example using Immutables.
content by Florian Schulz | <urn:uuid:44e5d8a5-b496-4808-a243-c5b0698427a9> | {
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Ospreys, or Pandion haliaetus, are fish-eating birds of prey with a large size and spectacular appearance. The size of this bird usually ranges between 21 and 23 inches (54 and 58 centimeters) with a weight of about 2.3 to 3 pounds (1.2-1.4 kilograms), with their wingspans extending out to about 5 or 6 feet (1.5 to 1.8 meters). The dorsal parts of this avian species, including the back and upper wing coverts, are of a deep, chocolate brown in color, while their ventral regions are primarily white. Their breasts are white with some brown speckling. The Ospreys' crowns and foreheads are mostly white, with a dark line running around the eyes and extending to the sides of the neck. The color of the birds' irises are yellow, with a pale blue, transparent, nictitating membrane . Even though the sexes in Ospreys are quite similar in appearance, a few visible differences can be used to distinguish them. Adult males usually have a slimmer body and narrower wings than do females, with females usually attaining body masses 15-20% higher than do their male counterparts upon reaching physical maturity. The brown streaks on the breasts are usually darker and denser in females than in males. Juveniles of this species are similar to adults, except for the orange-red color of their irises in their first years, and a scaly appearance of the back and wing coverts, an appearance that is due to the light buff-colored edges of their first feathers, which are lost by the time they see their first winter.
Either marine or freshwater fishes may comprise the lion's shares of the diets of Ospreys. Since these birds are unable to dive further than 0.5-1.0 meters deep into the water, their food sources are primarily restricted to those fishes that are to be found in shallow waters or surface schooling fish. The average size of their prey ranges between 8 and 14 inches (20 and 36 centimeters). The penetrating vision of the Ospreys can detect underwater movements from a height of 10 to 40 meters (33–131 feet) above the water's surface. After marking their targets, the birds hover over the water for a few moments before plunging into the water, feet first, to grab hold of their prey. This avian species is well designed by nature to meet its predatory foraging habits. With sharp spicules underneath its toes, talons with backwards-facing scales, and nostrils that can be closed when diving into water, the efficient predator is well equipped to succeed easily in its efforts to catch fish.
Habitat and Range
Ospreys usually frequent areas with shallow fishing grounds, or deeper waters where fish school near to the surface. Areas with expanses of shallow, fish-filled waters, such as lakes, marshes, lagoons, and rivers, serve as ideal habitats for these birds to thrive. After peregrine falcons, Ospreys are the second most common bird of prey, or raptor, in the world. Except for Antarctica, they are to be found in the tropical, sub-tropical regions, and temperate of all other continents. In summer, Ospreys are found found in North America from Alaska to Newfoundland and further south towards Florida and the Gulf Coast. During this season, they also breed in all parts of Europe. The Ospreys migrate along the coasts towards South America, South and South-East Asia, and Northern Africa during the winter season. In Australia, these birds primarily have a sedentary presence lacking major migrations. Golden eagles, bald eagles, great horned owls are the most common natural predators of these birds. During the period lasting from the 1950s until the 1970s, Osprey populations plummeted significantly, due to the rampant use of pesticides which poisoned these birds and thinned their egg shells. However, strict implementation of bans on harmful pesticides, such as the 1972 DDT ban, helped in bringing Osprey populations back up to safer levels. Conservation status results, provided by the American Breeding Bird Survey, exhibited an encouraging increase in Osprey populations, demonstrating a rate of 2.5% growth per year between 1966 and 2010.
Ospreys are usually solitary in nature, and typically roost alone or in small groups of six to ten. They are known to defend their immediate nesting sites, usually from other Ospreys, though they are not strictly territorial, setting them apart from most other fish-eating birds. Aerial chases to defend nests are quite common among these birds, and can even become quite intense in certain cases. They prefer roosting in open areas, such as the bare branches of trees, and may also roost upon the ground for warmth on cold days. Hatchlings are known to aggressively compete over food sources, often resulting in the elimination of their weaker, later-hatched members.
Ospreys are found to mate for life, though rare cases of polyandry have been reported. During the breeding season, a pair of male and female mates will enter into a 5-month-long period of partnership in order to raise their offspring. Nests are cautiously built by the mating partners using sticks, with a compact lining of algae, sod, vines and other such materials inside them. The male is primarily involved in the gathering of all of these materials, while the female arranges them to build the nest. Nests built in the pair’s first season are usually small but, as consecutive years pass by, the nests can become large, some sizable enough to even accommodate a human. Within a month after mating, between 2 and 4 whitish eggs, with distinctive patches of reddish-brown colors, are laid by the female. The average time between the hatching of the eggs and their physical development into fledgelings usually lasts around 10 weeks. | <urn:uuid:38961fa6-ce19-4830-9089-582dc87d11a4> | {
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ICT sector needs to prepare for the 'new normal' argues an ITU report
The role of ICT in driving increased greenhouse gas emissions has been well documented. However a new report produced under the auspices of the United Nations' International Telecommunication Union argues that the ICT sector needs to prepare to adapt to climate change in order to preserve vital communications infrastructure from both the short- and long-term impacts of global warming.
"ICT sector responses to climate change involve actions aimed at mitigating its effects... monitoring climatic trends... and adapting to its impacts (e.g. by helping to reduce the vulnerability of various sectors, strengthening networking, decision making and resource access for adaptation)," states the ITU report, Resilient pathways: The adaptation of the ICT sector to climate change.
However, the report adds that "much less is known" about "adaptive strategies that the ICT sector itself could adopt to better prepare for, respond and adjust to more frequent and intense climatic impacts".
Speed of innovation, smaller infrastructure than sectors such as energy and logistics, and "reliance on a combined network instead of individual structures" are all factors in favour of ICT when it comes to adapting to climate change.
However, the growth in frequency and impact of extreme weather-related events, such as heat waves, flooding, extreme winds and landslides, and a rise in sea level can still disrupt ICT services and degrade comms infrastructure, increasing operational costs and cutting revenue.
"The magnitude of climate change impacts, coupled with the increasing pervasiveness of the ICT sector in the global networked society and the growing reliance on its services, evidence the urgency of re-thinking and adjusting... to reduce the sector’s vulnerability to climatic impacts, to improve its responses to short- and long-term effects, and to benefit from business opportunities that may arise with change," states the report.
ICT needs to adopt the "notion of resilience" and take a holistic sector-based approach. Backbone networks require redundancy and comms infrastructure should be decoupled from the electricity grid as much as possible. Backup power generators or solar-powered batteries should be deployed at mobile towers, the report argues.
Measures to increase the robustness of telco infrastructure can also include running cables underground wherever possible, or replacing some vulnerable sections of wired networks with low-powered wireless.
The telco sector needs to undergo a "comprehensive assessment" of its resilience to current conditions and predicted future climate conditions.
The ITU report advocates that new standards be developed for the ICT sector to promote increased resilience.
"Available evidence suggests that climate change will cause unavoidable impacts that will affect the ICT sector both directly and indirectly. Within this context, adaptive practices will increasingly become part of the 'new normal' for business operations around the world, including those of the ICT sector," the report concludes. | <urn:uuid:27ba08f9-47d2-42be-8972-8357747ce821> | {
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The robin has been indicted as an enemy because of the great amount of small fruit which he eats. It has been shown by stomach analysis that vegetable food comprises about 58 percent of his diet, 42 per cent or more being wild fruits and only about 8 percent being possibly cultivated varieties, although this amount increases to about 25 percent in June and July. The reason for the sharp increase in these two months is possibly due to the fact that the bird up to this time has been feeding on insects, earthworms and dried berries and being satiated with such fare finds the early ripening cherries and other small fruits rich juicy morsels too tempting to pass up. He has not been found guilty of eating apples, peaches, pears, grapes or even late cherries because by the time these fruits ripen the woods and roadsides are teeming with such wild fruits as dogwood, greenbrier, barberries, hackberries, elder, wild cherries, wild grapes and others which are apparently more to his taste. If such wild fruits are not abundant and the robin takes to eating cultivated fruits we ourselves are to blame for having destroyed the wild fruits and berries which form his natural diet.
If we have thus made him an unwilling pest, the robin himself wishes to have it otherwise and attempts to offset the harm he unwittingly does by destroying enormous quantities of noxious insects. For those statistically minded the remaining 42 percent of his food consists mainly of insects, broken down as follows: beetles 16 percent; grasshoppers 5 per cent, although this increases to about 17 percent in August; caterpillars 9 percent; and various insects, spiders, snails and angleworms 12 percent. All of these insects eaten are not necessarily harmful species, (about 5 percent of the beetles eaten, for instance, are useful ground beetles) but I think it safe to say that a third or more of the insects eaten by the robin can be classified as destructive.
Robins have been killed because of the ravages which they have committed in some fruit-growing regions. But since they eat ten times as much wild fruit as cultivated fruit it seems inexcusable to destroy these birds in order to save so little, particularly when they make amends by destroying noxious insects. As a matter of fact, the robins, by feeding on such insects, have been helping the orchardists all season to make their crops possible and that when the fruit ripens the orchardists are indebted to them for services rendered. It is, as I see it, wholly unnecessary to destroy the robins at any time or in any region for with a little care and effort both the birds and the fruit can be preserved. If wild fruit is not abundant, cultivated crops can be protected by planting fruit-bearing shrubs and vines to provide the birds with their natural food and which, incidentally, would be ornamental as well, and where fruit is grown in large quantities it would be no great loss to set apart a tree or two for the birds, although in some cases the fruit trees can be protected by scarecrows. | <urn:uuid:23d5f022-6d43-4474-b71d-3c24f1d0ce64> | {
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|Read the magazine story to find out more.|
By Jan Suszkiw
November 19, 2015
Camelina is an herbaceous, yellow-flowering member of the mustard family whose oil-rich seed and cold tolerance has piqued the interest of U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) scientists for its potential as both a winter cover crop and biodiesel resource.
Now, in the process of studying this plant, scientists with USDA's Agricultural Research Service (ARS) have found that its flowering period can provide honey bees and other insects with a critical, early-spring source of nectar and pollen that's usually unavailable then. This is especially true in Minnesota, South Dakota and North Dakota, where about one-third of the nation's managed bee colonies are kept from May through October.
The researchers observed that fields of winter camelina and winter canola (another alternate oilseed crop) produced about 100 pounds per acre of nectar sugar over the course of a two- to three-week flowering season. That quantity, produced in such a short time, is enough to support the annual energy requirements of a typical bee hive, which is 100-200 pounds of sugar per year, according to Frank Forcella, an agronomist with ARS' Soil Management Research Unit in Morris, Minnesota. He participated on a team of ARS and university scientists which evaluated the attractiveness of camelina, canola and a third oilseed crop—pennycress—during two years of outdoor field trials.
Highlights of the team's findings—reported in the June 2015 issue of Industrial Crops and Products—are:
Read more about this research in the November issue of AgResearch. ARS is USDA's chief intramural scientific research agency. | <urn:uuid:75bffb1c-db50-4ba7-ab57-52bdc2bbc3d0> | {
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Unit 9 empowering users of health
With service users 8 sensory impairments 9 learning disabilities 9 illness and pain 10 mental health problems, anxiety and stress 11 lack of a common or. Empowering users and providers and supporting frontline staff to feel patient empowerment: for better quality, more sustainable health bmj qual saf 2016 25:182–9 doi:101136/bmjqs-2015-004006 the impact of a token economy on injuries and negative events on an acute psychiatric unit. This study by the economist intelligence unit (eiu), supported by philips see the highlights from the empowering cities research and hear how the city of it easier to get around: because users can also suggest routes for the buses, the on smart city projects (15%) or improvements in energy and water services (9%), . 9 eating and drinking 46 10 oral health and hygiene 50 11 toilet needs 55 guidance on the quality of care service users may expect from health and social care level 3 national occ standards in care units sc8,nc11 faulkner, m (2001) empowerment in policy and practice, nursing times 97(22) p40-1. Pharmacists are accessible public health practitioners who are focused munities9 overdose education and nalox- to provide opioid and heroin users and caregivers/friends/ exposed, and the units do not require bat.
Discussion a community empowerment approach to hiv prevention and access to plos one 9(2): e88047 bank core team from the health, nutrition and population unit (hnp) (2010) hiv prevalence among female sex workers, drug users and men. Patient empowerment, co-production of care, health budget, patients' enabling users and enhancing their abilities to self-manage their health status, in 2005, the local health unit (lhu) of caserta launched a challenging pilot page 9. Unit credit 9 empowering users of health and social care services 4 15 10 safeguarding in health and social care 4 15 11 the role of public health in. Health and social care is a term that is being utilized all around the globe and is related with an arrangement of incorporated administrations that are being.
Empowering users of health and social care services contents introduction3 11 influence of organizational policies and practices by current. Users with long-term health problems or illnesses (or 120, 95% ci 9 empowerment of health internet users, 1435, 358, 398, 1992, –0637, 0491 the authors would like to thank ioannis maghiros, head of unit,. Mental health service users: people are perceived as a source of risk first rather 9 raising awareness among professionals and policy makers about the risks removal of ligature points in a non-acute mental health unit led to curtains being henderson, r, (2004) empowerment through advocacy – mental health. 9 pantelis angelidis, “the ehealth manifesto: a call to action for a healthier europe,” digital project empowerment requires that users possess the skills.
Empowerment is a widely used concept referring to managing theory, in which unprivileged groups are described as oppressed 9, to get an overview of how the concept of empowerment is used in the health and caring sciences, in the intensive care unit (icu), whether patient, next of kin or staff. Engaging and empowering millennials a follow-up study to pwc's nextgen global generational study 1 29 average page 9 2 million #pwcaspire users on twitter their units and to the firm as previous individual left to attend medical. Read this essay on health and social care management 4/5hnc/d diploma health and social care unit 9: empowering users of health and social care.
Empowering users of health and social care services unit number: 12 level: 4 credit value: 15 guided learning hours: 60 unit reference number: d/601/1598. Patient empowerment is the enhanced ability of patients to actively more than half of internet users state that they have searched the web for health information clinic state that they plan to use the web as a medical information resource revision (icd-9) coding, billing, and quality through compliance standards. Title: unit 9 empowering users of hsc services assignment brief, for promoting and maximizing the rights of users of health and social care.
- Unformatted text preview: 09/11/2014 unit 9: empowering users of health and social care services lo3:understand the responsibility of managing and.
- Health service executive health promotion strategic framework the health 9 health inequalities in ireland 11 section 4: settings for health promotion 12.
Aim the aim of this unit is to enable learners to explore how to empower individuals using health and social care services in order to maximise. This is an independent report by the national nursing research unit voice of service users - learning from service users' experiences to inform page 9. May 6–9 | orlando, florida learn how progress health cloud accelerates the development of successful patient-centric, connected-care, hipaa-compliant.Download unit 9 empowering users of health | <urn:uuid:d44e8f91-d004-4374-8e94-22d085cd8ec7> | {
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Sizes and types
Containers come in various shapes and sizes - this section outlines what sort of container you might want and standard dimensions.
Shipping containers are made in two main standard lengths – 40ft and 20ft. The width is almost always 8ft (external measurement) and the height is usually 8ft 6in, giving an internal height of 8ft. For the 20ft container, the metric measurements are 6.1 metres long, 2.4 m wide and 2.59m high, which gives a capacity of about 39 cubic metres.
For site storage these containers are often cut down into half sizes, being about 10ft long or even smaller units with lengths of 5ft or 6ft. These smaller containers are much easier to store and transport.
Exceptionally you can buy or lease a “high cube” container which is an extra 1ft high giving an internal height of 9ft. Most measurements are in imperial measures because the standards in the world shipping industry were set before metrification was established. References to TEU mean “20ft equivalent units”, so that a 40ft container is equivalent to 2 TEU etc. This term is often used to describe the capacity of a port or a container ship.
Structurally a container is based on a rigid frame with a strong wooden floor and four thick corner posts. This works well for lifting because cranes and port handling equipment use the corner castings at the top and bottom of these corner posts. These strong corner posts make it possible to stack containers up to nine boxes high even when filled. A typical 20ft container weighs 2.2 tonnes and can be loaded with 24 tonnes of cargo.
Various unusual containers are available, such as an “open-top” box, which can be used for craning-in heavy machinery that would be impossible to get into a standard container. There are also “flat-beds” which - while conforming to ISO standard sizes - are used for wide loads that could not be carried otherwise.
"Side-loaders" are containers with doors at the sides for loading awkward shaped items and “Reefers” are refrigerated containers; these have much less steel in them and use more aluminium and fibreglass, but crucially they have a space at one end for a refrigeration unit. They are like giant fridges and are much more expensive to rent – you will need to establish carefully what the maintenance and fuelling arrangements are. As site storage boxes, Reefers are not usually satisfactory, being smaller and less secure than steel containers. There are also "Tanker" containers for carrying liquids.
High cube containers are easily recognisable from their warning flashes in black and yellow. These boxes give significantly more space without costing much more , and for storage at sports grounds they are especially helpful if you intend to store a tractor or goal posts.
The container locking bars are designed to hold the doors closed if the goods inside move around. Consequently for shipping purposes you need to keep them on, but for site storage they make the doors harder to open and close, so many people remove one of these bars from each of the two doors.
So there are lots of sizes and types of containers, but for most static storage purposes the best ones are standard steel 20ft and with easy-opening secure doors. | <urn:uuid:790a29b1-9b4d-46c4-b4b6-b3a025bdf0a4> | {
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Children's Resources for Learning About the Saints
Teaching Children About the Saints
Any time is the right time to begin introducing Catholic children to the lives of the saints, the holy men and women who have lived and defended the Faith before us. Aquinas and More has a great selection of books, DVDs, and other resources to aid in teaching children about the saints.
Books about Saints for Children
Aquinas and More is pleased to offer a wide variety of saint books for children of all ages.
Young children will appreciate the favorite Fr. Lawrence Lovasik picture books, which tell the lives of the saints in a way that is easy for older preschool and elementary school-aged children to grasp, and are complimented with attractive, colorful pictures. First Book of Saints is a great book with which to start, and the titles in Fr. Lovasik’s Book of Saints series are available individually or in gift set packs. View all of Fr. Lovasik’s books about the saints by clicking here.
Available from Neumann Press are several reprints of favorite, classic books about saints such as Alphabet of Saints and Heroes of God’s Church. Many other picture books of stories about saints for children are also available, including titles such as The Life of Mary and The Holy Twins: Benedict and Scholastica.
There are also plenty of books for older children and young teens, including chapter books such as St. Isaac and the Indians, St. Ignatius and the Company of Jesus, and Edmund Campion. Further books for teens can be found here.
Movies about Saints for Children
Children will also love our great selection of DVDs about the saints. With many interesting and Faith-filled movies to choose from, there is something for everyone. The EWTN series My Catholic Family is now available on DVD; these delightful movies will introduce your young ones to saints through a pair of siblings who carry what they have leaned about saints into their own lives. Children, Behold Your Mother is a DVD that will teach children about Mary and the Rosary through song and drawings. There are also many other animated movies to help your children discover God’s saints, such as Juan Diego: Messenger of Guadalupe and Francis: The Knight of Assisi.
View our entire selection of saint movies for children by clicking here.
Activities and Crafts
To help children really dive in and become engrossed, Aquinas and More also has several craft and activity books and kits to help make learning fun. Of course, there are plenty of coloring books, such as Family Saints, Mother of God, and God’s Little Flower. View all of these coloring books and more here.
For a fun, artsy way to teach about the saints, take a look at Draw and Tell Saints or the Marian Apparition Cards. Additionally, many of the general Catholic activity books, such as A Treasure Chest of Traditions and Crafty Catholic Kids, contain ideas for art and activities based on saints and saint feast days. Or for a fun family game, play the Saint Search Game, a delightful, saint-focused take the classic “Bingo.”
View more Catholic activity books and kits for children by clicking here. | <urn:uuid:310a5a93-17f0-4a82-a405-3b4a3e1dae3b> | {
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About Circuit Training
Circuit training is a type of interval training in which strength exercises are combined with aerobic exercises, thus giving you all the benefits of both a cardiovascular and strength training workout.
The main purpose of circuit workouts are to give you more variety, keep
your heart pumping and give you the best results in the shortest amount
Circuit Training Benefits
Circuit training is an excellent way to improve mobility, strength and stamina.
Circuit training has been made popular by
places like Curves and Ladies Workout Express. In circuit training you
have several pieces of strength training equipment interspersed with
aerobic equipment like steps or jogging pads. It has all the benefits
of both cardiovascular and strength training workouts.
Types of Circuit Training
There are many types of circuit training, but
the most conventional way is performing 8 to 12 strength exercises that
are completed one exercise after another.
Each exercise is performed for a specified
number of repetitions or for a prescribed time before moving on to the
The exercises within each circuit are separated
by brief, timed rest intervals, and each circuit is separated by a
longer rest period.
The total number of circuits performed during a
training session may vary from two to six depending on your training
level (beginner, intermediate, or advanced), your period of training
(preparation or competition) and your training objective.
For example, one would perform squats, then
with no rest go straight into lunges, then leg extensions, then leg
curls, then calf raises, etc.
There are many ways to structure your circuit
training. You can make up a workout that is only upper body or lower
body. You could incorporate sports drills with strength exercise in
between. There are endless possibilities when constructing a circuit
Circuit Training Goals
Typically circuit training is a type of
interval training aimed at losing weight and inches, however it can
also be used to add strength, endurance and/or to build muscle as well.
A circuit training workout can be structured in many different ways depending on your goals. For instance:
- To incorporate more strength then you should increase the load and increase the rest intervals.
- If you looking to increase endurance you would decrease the load and decrease the rest intervals.
About Jeff BeharJeff Behar, MS, MBA is a recognized health, fitness and nutrition expert, regularly writing about hot topics in the areas of health, fitness, disease prevention, nutrition, anti aging and alternative medicine. Jeff Behar's work often appears in several of the major health and fitness newsletters, health and fitness magazines, and on major health, and fitness websites. Jeff Behar is also a well sought after personal trainer, motivational speaker and weight loss expert. | <urn:uuid:0e0f7845-b0dc-4027-8812-b49c58d31b40> | {
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‘still separate, still unequal’ by jonathan kozol essay sample in the text still separate, still unequal by jonathan kozol, the segregation in education is discussed and examples are given to prove that the segregation is regressing all around our country. “still separate, still unequal” by jonathan kozol one what is america’s myth of equality, and how does kozol dismantle this myth america prides itself on the following narrative: rich or poor, you are in america, the land of the american dream, where all people, rich or poor, can get a good education, climb up the social and economic ladder and live the dream that makes america the. Jonathan kozol essay examples 45 total results a realistic conditions of the most poor in new york city in amazing grace by jonathan kozol 811 words 2 pages a discussion of trials and tribulations of everyday life as depicted in amazing grace by jonathan kozol 1,791 words 4 pages. Jonathan kozol discusses the disparities in the education system between school of different races and classes in his book “savage inequalities: children in america’s schools.
Jonathan kozol (born september 5, 1936) is an american writer, educator, and activist, best known for his books on public education in the united states. Below is an essay on jonathan kozol’s “untouchables” from anti essays, your source for research papers, essays, and term paper examples summary to jonathan kozol’s “untouchables” “untouchables” by jonathan kozol is an exemplification essay about the treatment of homeless american’s. Jonathan kozol essaysit is the mark of an educated mind to be able to entertain a thought without accepting it aristotle's point is that once we have been educated, through schools or our parents, we have the choice to accept or decline different ideas.
In jonathan kozol’s novel amazing grace, religion plays a dominant role throughout the book as kozol describes the people in poverty of mott haven and the myriad horrible circumstances that they face everyday, religion provides their one and only salvation and solace. Jonathan kozol’s 1991 book, savage inequalities, is a critical look at the american educational system and its failures the main argument of the book is that a tremendous divide exists between rich and poor in education, a divide intensified by ethnic and racial prejudice. In his book, ordinary resurrections: children in the years of hope, jonathan kozol pulls back the veil and provides readers with a glimpse of the harsh conditions and unrelenting hope that exists in a community located in the south bronx called mott haven. Essay in savage inequalities, jonathan kozol documents the devastating inequalities in american schools, focusing on public educations savage inequalities between affluent districts and poor districts from 1988 till 1990, kozol visited schools in over thirty neighborhoods, including east st louis, the bronx, chicago, harlem, jersey city, and san antonio.
Summary on kozol’s essay in his essay “ from still separate, still unequal: america’s educational apartheid, ” the author, jonathan kozol, based his essay on the interviews and observation that he had with many of the still racially segregated schools in america and his personal thought of the situation. Racial segregation is worse than it was fifty years ago at least, that is the educated the opinion of jonathan kozol in his essay still separate, still unequal kozol directs us attention to the growing problem of racial segregation in today's inner city and urban schools. Jonathan kozol is a immature adult male who works as a instructor like many others at the clip the grade school where he teaches is segregated ( learning merely colored pupils ) short-handed and in hapless physical status. Jonathan kozol-according to his biography is an american writer, educator, and activist, best known for his books on public education in the united states he also received variety of rewards such as national book award or puffin/nation prize for creative citizenship.
Jonathan kozol the human cost of an illiterate society essay knowledge is an effective factor in which human society relies on throughout history, those who were knowledgeable were well-respected, honored and revered. Savage inequalities by jonathan kozol essay 922 words | 4 pages in savage inequalities, jonathan kozol describes the conditions of several of america's public schools kozol visited schools in neighborhoods and found that there was a wide disparity in the conditions between the schools in the poorest inner-city communities and schools in the. Kozol reaction/analysis paper after reading jonathan kozol’s amazing grace, two main topics stood out to me the first topic that stood out to me was power and the affects of power the second topic that stood out to me was the major socio-economic class differences that exist between the rich and the poor using the [. Kozol provides descriptions of the worst of the worst, but his research only extends to a limited number of urban schools (jonathan kozol, 1992) perhaps kozol could also include more on his views as to what the “minimal” requirements for a good school should be.
Response essay on the shame of the nation by jonathan kozol false promise is the eighth chapter in the book the shame of the nation by jonathan kozol in which he addresses the issue of resegragation in american schools. Savage inequalities essay in chapter one of savage inequalities, by jonathan kozol, he speaks of the disastrous state of east st - savage inequalities essay introduction louis. In the essay “still separate, still unequal” by jonathan kozol, the situation of racial segregation is refurbished with the author’s beliefs that minorities (ie african americans or hispanics) are being placed in poor conditions while the caucasian majority is obtaining mi32 the funding.
In his essay “still separate, still unequal: america’s educational apartheid,” jonathan kozol brings our attention to the apparent growing trend of racial segregation within america’s urban and inner-city schools (309-310. An essay or paper on jonathan kozol's amazing grace jonathan kozol"s amazing grace is a book about the trials and tribulations of everyday life for a group of children who live in the poorest congressional district of the united states, the south bronx. Human cost of an illiterate so essaysthe human cost of an illiterate society i agree slightly with kozol, that widespread illiteracy may undermine democracy in the united states kozol says that illiteracy undermines democracy in the us since most illiterates do not vote he claims th. | <urn:uuid:f67dd12c-f0a8-45ba-b14c-8c7b21ba5a66> | {
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10 Facts about Deng Xiaoping
Get the interesting information about the paramount leader of China on Facts about Deng Xiaoping. Xiaoping was born on August 22nd, 1904 and died on February 19th, 1997. In China, Deng was known as a statesman and a revolutionary. In 1978 until 1989, he led China until his retirement. Deng replaced Mao Zedong after his death. Find out other interesting facts about Deng below:
Facts about Deng Xiaoping 1: the paramount leader
In December 1978 until 1992, Deng was named as the paramount leader of the People’s Republic of China even though he never sat as General Secretary, head of government or head of state.
Facts about Deng Xiaoping 2: the Eight Elders
The Eight Elders is a term used to call the powerful older politicians in China where Deng shared his power with them. Actually Deng served as the central man in the 2nd generation of leaders in Communist Party.
Facts about Deng Xiaoping 3: the early life
Deng was born into a peasant family. In 1920s, he was in France to study and work. The Marxism-Leninism influenced his thought when he was in the country.
Facts about Deng Xiaoping 4: Communist Party of China
In 1923, Deng decided to become a member of Communist Party of China.
Facts about Deng Xiaoping 5: working in China
He became a political commissar after returning to China from France. He served in the rural regions for the military. After the Long March, he was known as revolutionary veteran.
Facts about Deng Xiaoping 6: the communist control
Deng had a job to consolidate the communist control in Tibet and southwestern areas after People’s of Republic China were founded in 1949.
Facts about Deng Xiaoping 7: Mao Zedong
In the beginning of 1950s, Deng heavily supported Mao Zedong. In the beginning of 1960s, Deng had a prominent role for reconstructing the economy of China after he became Secretary General of the party.
Facts about Deng Xiaoping 8: the economic policies
During the Cultural Revolution, Deng was eliminated twice due to the odd economic policies which contradicted with the political ideologies of Mao. However, he was able to defeat Hua Guofeng the chosen successor of Mao after Deng rose to prominence in 1978. Look at facts about China’s Government here.
Facts about Deng Xiaoping 9: the leadership of Deng
Deng had a new way of thinking related to the socialist movement. Therefore, he was often called as the architect. He applied the combination of pragmatic market economy practices and socialist ideology of Communist Party.
Facts about Deng Xiaoping 10: the global market
During his leadership, he encouraged foreign investment on China and private competition. Find facts about China’s History here.
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Much has been written about Gilbert's early homesteaders during its days as "hay capital of the world, " but less publicized are the stories about the town's rapid growth.
The Gilbert Historical Society, in collaboration with South Carolina-based Arcadia Publishing, will bring to light a new take on town history in a new book paying special attention to the years after U.S. 60 was built.
The book, titled "Gilbert," is part of Arcadia's Images of America series that features the history of neighborhoods, towns and cities across the country. It will have about 240 black-and-white images from the society's archives and some descriptions.
Authors include Dale Hallock, society trustee emeritus; Kayla Kolar, Gilbert Historical Museum executive director; and Ann Norbut, member of the society's board of directors.
"Yes, we have stories of our roots and our early days, but people don't understand that Gilbert was not always the way that it is," Kolar said. "How did we double our population every five years for so many years since 1980? How did we have such explosive growth?"
"People move here to Gilbert and think it just kind of evolved like everywhere else around us," Kolar said. "But it has not. Gilbert is different in that way."
The small community of pioneering homesteaders began developing into a town in 1905 after it purchased land for a train depot from its namesake Bobby Gilbert.
When Gilbert was incorporated in 1920, it had barely 500 residents. With the creation of canals and the Roosevelt Dam, it gradually became a thriving agricultural community.
The town grew slowly at first. Even in 1971, Gilbert had fewer than 2,000 residents.
That's when Hallock, who was Gilbert mayor from 1971 to 1976, worked for a strip annexation of 57 sections surrounding Gilbert, thus growing the town from less than 2 square miles to 58.
The strip annexation and the creation of U.S. 60 did wonders for Gilbert's population growth that currently is more than 240,000.
"The houses on the 1-acre lots were the big thing," said Hallock, who has previously authored two books on the history of Gilbert. "When people found that they could come to Gilbert and buy a one-acre lot and put homes on that reasonably, and then also have an incredible education system, why wouldn't people come here?"
Housing developments such as Circle G Ranch and White Fence Farms offered homes of about 1,800 square feet, Hallock recalled.
"They were not that big, but they were on one-acre lots, so people can have a little farm around," Hallock said. "So, it really gave them incredible freedom."
The book will also illustrate early homesteaders and town life, the first schools and churches, World War I and World War II years and the development of the municipality with the advent of its parks system, school districts, public safety and housing subdivisions.
The book will cost about $22 and is expected to be available in mid-2015 via online booksellers. The museum will collect royalties on the sales and will also purchase copies at a wholesale rate to sell in its gift shop.
"I think that in Gilbert, it will be a popular book forever, just because of the kind of community we are," Kolar said. | <urn:uuid:22d38a87-e7b9-4034-bb92-2170c0f0affa> | {
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Inside Clearance. By the expression inside clearance is meant the amount the steam port is uncovered by the exhaust cavity of the valve when the valve is in its central position. Formerly it was customary to have an inside lap of about 1/16 of an inch but in recent years in the development of engines which require a free exhaust at high speeds, the inside lap was reduced until now there is in some cases from 1/8 to 3/16 inches inside clearance. The effect of changing a valve from inside lap to inside clearance, other things remaining unchanged, is to hasten release and delay compression and hence to increase the interval in which the exhaust port remains open. It also permits a greater extent of exhaust port opening. As a consequence, the exhaust is freer and the back pressure is reduced, giving an advantage in the operation of the engine, which is desired at high speeds. Experiments have shown that an increase in inside clearance for high speeds will bring about an increase in the power of the locomotive, but an increase in inside clearance at slow speeds entails a loss of power and a decrease in efficiency. The loss in power at low speeds, due to inside clearance, is greater at short cut-offs and diminishes as the cutoff is increased. Tests have shown that at moderate speeds, say, 40 to 50 miles per hour, all disadvantages are overcome.
Requirements. The valve motion of a locomotive engine must meet the following regulations:
- It must be so constructed as to impart a motion to the valve which will permit the engine to be operated in either direction.
- It must be operative when the engine is running at a high or low speed and when starting a heavy load.
- It should be simple in construction and easily kept in order.
A number of valve gears have been developed which fulfill these requirements more or less satisfactorily, such as the Stephenson, the Walschaert, the Joy, and the fixed link, the Stephenson gear being the one most commonly used in the United States. A study will be made of the Stephenson and Walschaert gears, the latter resembling in some respects the Joy valve gear. The Walschaert gear has been extensively used in Europe for many years and of late years has become quite common in America. There are a few modifications of the Stephenson gear which have been made to meet structural requirements but the great majority of American engines are fitted with a device as illustrated in Fig. 64. The action of this device is fully explained in the article on "Valve Gears."
Table of Contents; Page 83; Page 85; Index | <urn:uuid:5d425be0-4f0d-4f0a-933c-f5ac377ca81b> | {
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The drug methadone and its benefits
Methadone hydrochloride research
More research has been done on methadone than most other prescription medications. Many studies, ever since Dole and Nyswander’s groundbreaking study of 1966, have conclusively shown the benefits of methadone for the treatment of opioid addiction. It works for any type of opioid addiction, both heroin and pain pills.
“Evidence-based” is a frequently used phrase in medicine today. It means that a certain treatment is backed by quality studies that prove its effectiveness. Treatment of opioid addiction with methadone is one of the most heavily evidence-based treatments we have in medicine today. Study after study has shown multiple benefits: reduced transmission of HIV, reduced rate of crime, and reduced death rates. We’ll review these benefits of the drug methadone here.
1. Opioid treatment programs using methadone reduces HIV transmission
Methadone treatment reduces the transmission of HIV. Fortunately, this disease now is viewed as a chronic disease, rather than a death sentence, since the newer highly active HIV drugs have been available. Unfortunately, thirty percent of new diagnoses of HIV are related to injection drug use. A review of all studies of HIV transmission among methadone maintained patients versus untreated opioid addicts showed that treatment with methadone significantly reduced behaviors leading to increased HIV risk. In one study of HIV negative intravenous heroin users followed over eighteen months, 22% of untreated addicts converted to HIV positive. But only 3.5% of patients converted to HIV positive who were on methadone maintenance for the entire eighteen months.
2. Opioid treatment program using methadone reduce crime
Multiple studies have shown that opioid addicts on methadone maintenance significantly reduce their criminal activity. Both drug dealing and predatory crimes, which are usually committed to pay for their drugs, are reduced by as much as ninety-four percent. Most studies show an increase in rates of employment for patients on methadone, compared to similar addicts not in treatment. Even people with no concern for suffering addicts should be willing to endorse methadone maintenance, if for no other reason than to reduce the risk of getting mugged!
3. Opioid therapy using methadone reduces death rate of heroin addicts
Methadone treatment reduces mortality. Patients on waiting lists for methadone clinics have a death rate three times higher than patients in treatment on methadone. Many people would say this is reason enough to support methadone clinics. What other treatments in medicine can boast of such a reduction in mortality? Another study showed a mortality rate of 1.6% per year for addicts on continuous methadone maintenance, as opposed to a mortality rate of 8.1% per year for addicts who left treatment.
However, in the first two weeks of methadone treatment, patients may have an increased risk of death from methadone overdose, underlining the need for caution with initial doses.
Methadone treatment purpose discussion
Clearly, the drug methadone has significant benefits and outcomes for opiate addicts. Given the positive outcomes of methadone treatment for opiate addiction, some may consider the reductions in negative behaviors and consequences reason enough for methadone clinics to exist. But what should the purpose of methadone treatment be? And are methadone effects too difficult for former heroin addicts considering this type of opiate addiction treatment? Comment here. | <urn:uuid:8afe8346-c25f-4e44-961a-49d8a9fe4f82> | {
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1. <programming> To prepare to read or write a file. This usually involves checking whether the file already exists and that the user has the necessary authorisation to read or write it. The result of a successful open is usually some kind of capability (e.g. a Unix file descriptor) - a token that the user passes back to the system in order to access the file without further checks and finally to close the file.
2. <character> Abbreviation for "open (or left) parenthesis" - used when necessary to eliminate oral ambiguity. To read aloud the LISP form (DEFUN FOO (X) (PLUS X 1)) one might say: "Open defun foo, open eks close, open, plus eks one, close close."
4. <mathematics> open interval. | <urn:uuid:4712754a-1e4a-4ae5-9146-56b8ca0113be> | {
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Example of the burial environment of two wooden Egyptian
Statues in Saqqara (from HARVEY, Wooden statues of the Old Kingdom, plate I).
The cleaning of the two heads is now in progress, and almost finished on the head with the wig.
But first, let’s talk about the main problem concerning those heads: paraffin. Thanks to W.M. Flinders Petrie’s publication about his preservation practices in the field (PETRIE, Methods and aims in archaeology), we knew in advance what to expect. He wrote that he used paraffin wax, almost at its melting point, to impregnate wooden objects that were very damaged. Using paraffin for that purpose, and on many other materials, was very common from the 19th to the first decades of the 20th century. Thanks to it we have artifacts instead of wood powder, which nevertheless presents some issues !
As far as we know, the heads were found very decayed and couldn’t be lifted from the ground. To facilitate their removal, the paraffin was spread on them while still half buried. That explains the current condition of the surface: here the paraffin takes several shapes.
White deposits (seen in photos below) on the surface are due to an application of paraffin in a non-optimal? environment. Indeed, the paraffin is brought to its boiling point and is supposed to remain warm enough to flow far inside the porous material. If it doesn’t, you might obtain something like this :
White deposits on the surface, due to the precipitation of paraffin applied in the field (magnification x10 and x25).
Those deposits cover the eyelids and the polychromy too (magnification x12,5 and x50).
On the left: Yes, this yellowish tube-shaped material is paraffin !
More paraffin, covering the red polychromy on E17910 (magnification x25 and x20).
And here is what the surface looks like:
Detailed view of the surface, similar on both heads (magnification x12,5 and x50).
Sediment (sand, quartz), and some vegetal particles, were stuck to the surface and it has never been cleaned since the discovery in 1898. The general texture can be described with a single word: waxy ! The paraffin was spread on the entire object, including the surrounding sediment. That’s why we have so much sand, quartz and organic elements included in the paraffin layer. That is particularly a problem for a conservator because the layers on an object generally have different textures that help us understanding the general stratigraphy. It also helps to guide the cleaning.
Several methods of cleaning were possible, all involving mechanical work, with a scalpel and requiring many hours of work ! The subtle aspect of this treatment is that we don’t want to completely remove the paraffin because it seems to hold what remains of the wood together. It’s like a shell of paraffin and inside is the wood, its cells completely disorganized as the CT-scan helps to figure out.
CT-scan picture of E17911, showing the damaged structure of the wood.
Here is what wood is supposed to look like when well-preserved:
Example of the CT-scan of a Japanese wooden statue from the 18th century CE, conserved at the Field Museum, Chicago.
The wood growth rings are clearly visible and the structure appears to be in very good condition.
So, removing the paraffin would be both dangerous for the object and impossible. It was decided to remove, as far as possible, the layer that prevents us from knowing what the real condition of the object is. And it certainly hides more polychromy, especially on the head E17911. Cleaning tests indicated that in addition to mechanical cleaning, other cleaning methods are needed to reduce the paraffin on the surface.
First possibility: solvents. After trying several, it appeared that it wasn’t the best solution because this method was slow, not so efficient and penetration of the solvent into the material can’t be controlled.
Second possibility: heat. This More precisely a lamp with a bulb that provides warmth. Once warm, the paraffin melts and is much easier to remove mechanically. However cleaning the polychromy has to be carried out when the object is “cool” because of its fragility. This is the cleaning method that was ultimately chosen.
General view of the heating process.
And many things were hidden under that waxy layer… | <urn:uuid:6f5882bd-8012-469e-9185-6d04440a8bb5> | {
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The Pow Wow and its meaning
A Pow Wow— Wacipi in the Dakota language— was originally a spring event to celebrate the seasonal renewal of life. People would congregate to sing, dance, renew old friendships and form new ones. Pow wows had religious significance as an opportunity for families to hold naming and honoring ceremonies. In the Dakota tradition, the celebration was also a prayer to what is referred to as Wakan-Tanka (The Great Spirit of Grandfather). The term “pow wow” is traced by some to the Algonquin language and is thought to have been used by non-Indians to mean— in general— a council or meeting.
Today, pow wows are still very much a part of the lives of many Native Americans around the country. While some pow wows begin as early as March, the pow wow season runs from June until September. Pow wows are held every weekend, often at several locations during peak periods. Many families pack up and “go on the circuit,” camping out and enjoying the traditional celebration activities of singing, dancing and seeing old friends not seen since the previous season.
Competitive singing and dancing for prize money is relatively recent change in the traditional pow wow. Prize money is awarded to top point-getters as the culmination of the last day of the pow wow, usually Sunday.
Most religious ceremonies are no longer part of the pow wow.
Naming ceremonies, for instance, are now more often conducted in the privacy of family gatherings. Honoring ceremonies and ceremonies for dropped eagle feathers remain today, however.
The circle is an important symbol to Native American people. It is used extensively during pow wows. The dancers are in the center of a circle, the drums and the audience form a circle around them, and the concessions form yet another circle around the gathering. The pow wow brings the circle of people closer to family, friends and their culture.
Pow Wow Know How
Committee members: Jessica Hovland 605-997-3891 Mike Weston 605-997-3891
FSST Wacipi Committee | Attn: Mike Weston | PO Box 283 | Flandreau, SD 57028 | <urn:uuid:7dbbb57e-8963-4005-988b-b5448e3ff945> | {
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You've heard of the Million Man March on Washington, DC? How about a "Million Genealogists March" to index the 1940 US census? March right up to your computer desk and sign up to index now at www.the1940census.com.
According to US Census Bureau stats reported at the1940 US Census Project, there were 132 million people living in in the US in 1940. If there are 132 million people to index, here's how the indexing project will shake down.
- Each name must be indexed TWICE to ensure a quality index is created, so that's 264 million entries.
- ARBITRATION compares and resolves keystroke differences. Let's say this happens 10% of the time, based on my personal experience arbitrating earlier census records at FamilySearch Indexing.
264 million double data entry indexing tasks
+ 26 million arbitration tasks, if a 10% error rate
290 million indexing tasks
LET'S SAY THE AVERAGE PERSON INDEXES 10 names per day, or 70 names per week, then 1 million indexers could do this in 29 days days.
Right now, according to Jim Erickson of FamilySearch, there are an average of 21,000 indexers submitting work each day. That's up from 8,000 in early January, but it is no where near the number of indexers needed to roll out the 1940 index on a timely basis.
LET'S GET SERIOUS and say that 1 million indexers could do this in 2.9 days if they index 100 names per day.
100 names per day isn't difficult. In previous census indexing I've done, that is roughly 2 pages of the census.
OK, let's get this straight. However we decide to crunch the projection numbers, the 1940 US Census Project needs volunteers.
Most genealogy society members are using the internet, but what about those who aren't yet? What about the FAN - family, friends and neighbors of each society member? Our circle of influence is larger than we realize, and now is the time to corral all that talent to get the job done starting on day one. The 1940 Census Project will notify you between 2-27 of April 2012 when your preferred state is available to index.
Happy family tree climbing!
Your friend in genealogy. | <urn:uuid:08e37c9d-67af-42e2-a4d9-cbde5eac83dc> | {
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Good design should support learning through making
“I’m proud of this project because it impacted the way that
out-of-school programs approach coding.
It’s difficult to ask teens to go into sandbox environments to learn how to edit
Run hack-jams with the New York and Chicago Public Libraries to user test how
might we design web development learning experiences that meet youth where
they are on the Web.
Help teens remix the websites that they regularly with a bookmarklet. Teach the educators who support youth hackers so that they can be involved in the learning activity.
We designed a bookmarklet and curriculum to make it easy for anyone
to uncover and mess around with the building blocks that make up the web—
empowering them to move from digital consumer. The X-Ray Goggles bookmarklet helps you to look under the hood of a website and then remix the code.
This project was conceived of, designed, and, implemented with Atul Varma.
during our time at Mozilla. We worked very closely with radical librarians in New York and Chicago initially, and this morphed into a huge international collaboration with educators and youth from Newark to Nairobi. We worked iteratively, testing and tweaking the tools and updating (and localizing) the curriculum.
The bookmarklet in action remixing an image.
This is an early mockup of the editor. Lot’s of mark up!
I created a ton of learning resources: (left to right)Teach the Teachers Guide, I.T. checklist for hosting events, How to Hack - a users guide, Goggles cheat sheet. | <urn:uuid:5fc113ef-683e-4d60-b03c-dc8a2d9f2793> | {
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The role of floc density in solid-liquid separation.
FILTRATION & SEPARATION.
(pp. 367 - 371).
ELSEVIER ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY
Flocculation is a very important step in many solid-liquid separation processes and the structure of flocs can greatly influence the efficiency of separation. Flocs are typically fractal objects, for which the density decreases appreciably with increasing flee size, The open structure of large flocs can give much lower sedimentation rates than for more compact flocs of the same mass, because of increased drag, For similar reasons, cake filtration rates can be affected by flee density. Basic concepts of fractal aggregates are briefly reviewed, and the factors which influence free density considered. Some important practical consequences are discussed.
|Title:||The role of floc density in solid-liquid separation|
|Event:||Filtech Europa 97 Conference|
|Dates:||1997-10-15 - 1997-10-16|
|Keywords:||AGGREGATION, COAGULATION, KINETICS|
|UCL classification:||UCL > School of BEAMS > Faculty of Engineering Science > Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering|
Archive Staff Only | <urn:uuid:8994dcce-dfca-405d-9d9e-0c56b413e6d3> | {
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"url": "http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1334526/"
} |
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