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One of the mysteries of the English language finally explained.
The OEC: Composition and structure
The Oxford English Corpus is based mainly on material collected from pages on the World Wide Web. Some printed texts, such as academic journals, have been used to supplement certain subject areas.
The extensive use of web pages enables us to build a corpus of unprecedented scale and variety. The Oxford English Corpus is intended to be as wide-ranging as possible in its representation of the English language. Development was planned to ensure a balanced range of material from different subject areas, regions of the world, and types of writing. Structuring a corpus in this way produces a panoramic view of language use in every area of human life.
The corpus is divided into 20 major subject areas, as shown below:
|Subject area||% of content in the corpus|
|Life and Leisure||5%|
As quickly becomes clear from these statistics, News accounts for the largest percentage of corpus data.
Each main subject area is further divided into a series of more specific categories. For example, Sport is divided into about 40 individual sports including baseball, basketball,sailing, soccer, etc. This makes it possible to explore the language of a particular subject area, or to compare two subject areas, or to investigate how the behaviour of a word changes in different contexts.
English around the world
The Oxford English Corpus is dominated by British and US English, which together make up 80% of all text in the corpus. The remaining 20% (over 400 million words) is made up of varieties of English from around the world: Australian, South African, Canadian, Caribbean, etc. It also includes material from regions such as India, Singapore, and Hong Kong, where English is often used as a second language. The geographical range of the corpus is crucial for building a detailed picture of English as a global language.
Text types and register
Text type or register refers to the different levels of language that may be used in different contexts. For example, writing about soccer may range from the formal (official regulations) to the very informal (fans’ blogs or comments on online message boards). The Oxford English Corpus has been carefully composed to ensure that the full range of registers is represented: the following list shows some of the kinds of writing that it contains:
- academic papers
- technical manuals
- newspaper reports, columns, and opinion pieces
- corporate websites
- magazine articles
- novels and short stories
- underground and counterculture websites
- personal websites
- message board postings
Journals, newspapers, and magazines are valuable for building a picture of norms and standards in English usage. Personal websites, blogs, and message boards, on the other hand, allow us to examine non-standard language such as slang, regionalisms, and newly coined words or expressions. For dictionary editors providing guidance on standard English, these sources also provide a good way of tracking common errors in written English (e.g. spelling mistakes or meaning confusion), which can then be used for writing properly targeted extra usage notes. Of course, it’s quite likely that some of today’s ‘mistakes’ in informal contexts such as blogs or message boards will eventually lead to changes in standard usage. The range of text types used in the Oxford English Corpus allows us to identify very precisely how language develops and how standards shift.
The material in the Oxford English Corpus dates from the year 2000 onwards. New text is continuously collected, with a new batch added every few months. As the corpus continues to develop, it will be possible to trace language change over time: words becoming increasingly or decreasingly common, features spreading from one region to another, and new meanings emerge.
In this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot-on CV. | <urn:uuid:7225206f-04b1-475f-9e42-bc602f4113b5> | {
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Education policy in England "increasingly encourages schools to maximise students' academic attainment and ignore their broader wellbeing, personal development, and health," they write.
They point out that personal, social, and health education (PSHE) remains a non-statutory subject, and argue that schools "spend less and less time teaching it because of pressure to focus on academic subjects."
They suggest that these developments are apparently underpinned by two ideas. Firstly, that more time spent on health and wellbeing results in less time for academic learning and therefore lower attainment. Secondly, that improving attainment is singularly crucial to increasing economic competitiveness.
But they believe that both these ideas are "deeply flawed."
They point to a growing body of evidence suggesting that promoting students' broader wellbeing and development also benefits their academic learning.
Rigorous evaluations suggest that school programmes to improve students' health also benefit their attainment. And countries such as Finland, Sweden, Australia and Singapore - that all place greater emphasis on students' overall development and wellbeing - achieve better academic attainment than in England, they add.
Evidence also suggests that an effective labour force does not merely require cognitive skills gained from academic learning, they write. Non-cognitive skills such as resilience and team working skills are also needed, and productivity increases as workers' health status improves.
They warn that some schools not only neglect students' health but may actively harm it, by focusing on the more able students, and not engaging other students or recognising their efforts. Research also suggests that "teaching to the test," which commonly occurs in school systems with a narrow focus on attainment, can harm students' mental health.
"This all suggests that schools need to teach students not only academic knowledge and cognitive skills, but also the knowledge and skills they will need to promote their own mental and physical health, and successfully navigate the world of work," write the authors. They say this could be achieved by delivering programmes which have already been evaluated as effective.
Education policy could support health interventions "by making PSHE a statutory subject, by mandating school inspectors to report specifically on health and personal development, and requiring schools to deploy evidence based PSHE and health promoting interventions to achieve 'outstanding' status overall," they conclude. | <urn:uuid:45a0d683-cc83-4a40-9ab5-02e8651c3e2e> | {
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New York’s Delancey Underground
One of the coolest things about New York’s High Line park is the way it makes use of an unconventional space and is both restricted and enabled by its urban context. Now there is a proposal for what is officially called Delancey Underground but has been more aptly nicknamed the “Low Line”. It too would look to an unusual space in the midst of one of the most densely populated places on earth for the creation of a park.
There is an disused trolley terminal underneath Delancey Street in New York’s Lower East side that architect James Ramsey, Dan Barasch of PopTech, and money manager R. Boykin Curry IV are hoping to transform into a roughly two acre underground park. The terminal, built in 1903, was for streetcars traveling over the Williamsburg bridge, but has been out of use since 1948. This is what it looks like now:
photo: Danny Fuchs via New York magazine
In order to provide sunlight to the underground park, there would be a system of fiber optic cables that would channel sunlight into the space and enable photosynthesis. They explain the technology side of it:
To build this park, we’re planning to use a cutting-edge version of existing technology– which we’ve already built in prototype. The system uses a system of optics to gather sunlight, concentrate it, and reflect it below ground, where it is dispersed by a solar distributor dish embedded in the ceiling. The light irrigated underground will carry the necessary wavelengths to support photosynthesis– meaning we can grow plants, trees, and grasses underground. The cables block harmful UV rays that cause sunburn, so you can leave the SPF-45 at home.
Raad Studio has developed a few renderings, so here is an idea of what the high-tech underground park might look like:
Delancey Underground recently started a fundraising campaign on Kickstarter and has brought in $52k (and counting) in donations towards their $100k goal. The funds would enable them to create an installation using their solar technology to help convince community and city members that this seemingly science-fiction underground world can be a reality. | <urn:uuid:6fb11e1c-4647-47f7-bc4f-64156788ea83> | {
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SAINT MARY (Mart Meryem): Assyrian Church in Tel Nasri, Al Hassakah Governorate
Saint Mary’s Church in Tel Nasri was built in 1934 and was one of the three most important Christian places of worship in the town, which is located in Al-Hasakah Governorate. Most of Tel Nasri’s inhabitants were Assyrians who professed the Christian faith. Even the name of the town, loosely translated as “Christian Hill”, reflects its long connection to Christianity.
In February 2015 the terrorists attacked a number of Assyrian villages along the River Khabur in Hassakah Province, including Tel Nasri and they kidnapped hundreds of Assyrian Christians.
That year, ISIS celebrated Easter by blowing up St. Mary’s Church in Tel Nasri. On the morning of Sunday, 6 April – Easter Sunday – at 9am, ISIS bombed the Assyrian Church of Saint Mary, the latest in their campaign of terror. The bombing reportedly led to the destruction of major parts of the site. There were no victims among worshipers. Due to the intensification of the military action in the neighborhood, the church did not held a regular celebration on that Sunday. Tel Nasri, was near the front where ISIS was being engaged by Kurdish fighters, who had managed to slow the terrorists’ advance through parts of Syria and Iraq. According to Assyrian media reports, the explosion came after Kurdish forces attempted to re-enter Tel Nasri.
Following the attack, the Assyrian Network for Human Rights issued a statement, condemning the blast as “a war crime” according to international humanitarian law – which prohibits the targeting of religious facilities during the armed conflicts for any reason”. ISIS had worked out a strategy to destroy Christian heritage across Al-Hasakah, demolishing churches in Qabr Shamia and Tel Jazira. When the terrorists gained ground, they typically requisitioned Christian religious sites and violated their sanctity by desecrating altars, statues and other faith symbols. | <urn:uuid:6043b62e-c677-43a4-9465-12fc71b66a53> | {
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A Look At Autism
- What is Autism?
Autism is a prevalent
neurological or brain disorder and is known to be a severe developmental
disorder that affects a person's ability to understand, communicate
or interact with others in a social setting.
Does Autism Affect?
is generally seen in infants during the first three years of their
lives and remains throughout their life. It has been seen that Autism
is usually seen in males.
It has been
concluded that Autism is not a mental illness. Rather, it
is a neurological disorder. Though many times the true cause
of this disorder is not known, it is believed to be an inability
or imbalance of the brain to process information like other
normal individuals. A damaged central nervous system can lead
to a condition of Autism.
affects the development of a child, it helps to recognize
such a disorder as early as possible (within 18 months) so
that corrective steps can be taken in a timely manner. If
Autism is diagnosed correctly and early, the child can be
trained and taught how to relate to people and develop other
normal communication and behavior patterns.
Child with Autism
May show the following signs -
- Difficulties in
communication, both verbal and non verbal.
- Inability to interact socially with people.
- Tendency to repeat words.
- Prefers to be alone.
- Speech disorders, no use of speech.
- Learning impairment.
- Hyperactive or slow behaviour.
- Likes to rotate, spin or line up objects.
- Enjoys doing the same things for long periods of time.
- Dislikes any kind of change
Though Autism is
a neurological disorder with specific affects, it may also be accompanied
by several other problems such as mental retardation, seizures and
cerebral palsy. Hence, Autism is also referred to as a 'Spectrum
Disorder' due to the several other disorders / problems associated
content on Autism is only meant to provide a general information
about Autism disorder and should not be constituted as medical advice
or treated as complete information.
For more detailed
information on Autism, please visit:
National Autistic Society :
For Autism: www.autism-india.org
For Education: www.ashanet.org/index.php
For Remedial Intervention Services, Autism India:
Researched By: Team
of Writers @ contentwriter.in
To contribute articles
about Autism, email us at | <urn:uuid:359f6fe3-f538-49c0-bbff-774e6e744adc> | {
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In what is being hailed as a victory for conservationists and the wildlife of the Serengeti, the Tanzanian government has cancelled plans for a controversial highway that would have dissected the Serengeti National Park.
According to scientists, the road would have severed the migration route of 1.5 million wildebeest and a half million other antelope and zebra, with indirect impacts, such as poaching and new development, exacerbating the situation.
The mass migration of the Serengeti’s wildebeest is one of nature’s true wildlife spectacles, occurring no where else on the planet. It also brings in important tourism revenue to the relatively impoverished region.
“The State Party confirms that the proposed road will not dissect the Serengeti National Park and therefore will not affect the migration and conservation values of the property,” reads a statement from the Tanzanian Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism.
A leaked government environmental impact study agreed with the findings of a recent scientific study that the road would ‘limit’ the Serengeti migration and damage predator populations (such as lions, hyaenas, cheetahs, leopards and crocodiles) due to a declining prey base.
The government estimated that by 2015, the road would carry 800 vehicles a day, mostly trucks, and that by 2035, 3,000 vehicles a day would be using the route – an average of one vehicle every 30 seconds.
“[The road's cancellation] is a wise and insightful decision by the Tanzanian Government,” said Andrew Dobson, one of the authors on the study.
“It will ensure the long-term persistence of the Serengeti ecosystem and its world famous wildebeest migration, while also providing infrastructure to the people who live to the East of the Serengeti. It allows Tanzania to show great leadership to other African nations, by illustrating that the way to economic success in the 21st Century is to balance natural resource conservation with economic development.”
The Tanzanian government’s official stance on the road was that it would connect remote Serengeti communities in the north to commercial centres. However, plans for the road had drawn criticism from the UN and the U.S. government, as well as the German government, who offered to pay for local roads for cut-off people in the northern Serengeti region. The World Bank also offered to pay for an alternative route circumventing the park.
In the statement on the road cancellation, the Tanzania government says it is now considering the alternative southern route.
“A battle has been won, but the struggle to save the Serengeti goes on. Roads will still be constructed up to the edges of the park. The pressures on the Serengeti, including a commercial corridor to Uganda, still exist. The highway across the Serengeti has been proposed three times now, and can be raised again. But yes, let’s congratulate ourselves on the work we’ve done,” reads a statement from the NGO Serengeti Watch.
Alex Royan, ARKive Species Text Author | <urn:uuid:a1b9786b-99bd-42f1-bcf2-bb19cf9676ca> | {
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Paper version: In stock and available from the USGS Store
The Arctic quadrangle is well located to shed light on the basic geologic relations of northern Alaska. The rocks represent all of the stratigraphic systems from Cambrian to Cretaceous and all but one of the tectono-stratigraphic subterranes of the Brooks Range, from the autochthonous subterrane in the north to the allochthonous subterranes farther south.
Among the distinctive geologic features displayed in the Arctic quadrangle are voluminous volcanic rocks of probable Devonian age, a wide array of Carboniferous carbonate facies in the Lisburne Group (which here extends up into the Middle Pennsylvanian), the southward transition of Upper Devonian (Famennian) clastic facies from fluvial conglomerate to marine sandstone, a full display of Upper Devonian (Frasnian) reef-related strata, and fossiliferous Ordovician rocks in both carbonate and chert terranes. Most of the quadrangle is in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) and Arctic Wildlife Refuge Wilderness. The quadrangle also includes Arctic Village, the only village in the region and a potential destination or transfer point for visitors to the wildlife refuge.
Additional Publication Details
USGS Numbered Series
Geologic Map of the Arctic Quadrangle, Alaska
Online Version 1.0
Geological Survey (U.S.)
Mineral Resources - Alaska
Sheet 1, 45 by 34 inches (in color); sheet 2, 29 by 29 inches; Accompanied by 38 page text | <urn:uuid:c052cf24-bcac-4bd3-95b3-b5c9795bf1c4> | {
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The War After the War in the Light of Working Class Economics
Glasgow Economics Class pamphlet No.1; Published by the Scottish Labour College, 1918
Transcription\HTML Markup: Revolutionary Communist Group , 1998 in 2002 and David Walters in 2003
Copyleft: John MacLean Internet Archive (www.marx.org)1999, 2003. Permission is granted to copy and/or distribute this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License
Every intelligent person now admits that the antagonism among the nations of Europe that led to competition of armaments and the present world war was fundamentally due to a universal desire to secure increased empires for the deposit of capital, the enslavement and robbery of the conquered races, and the monopoly of the oil, rubber, tin, and other products of the annexed territories. The economic rivalry of races was vividly brought before the people of Britain fifteen years ago by the late Mr Joseph Chamberlain, who tirelessly referred to the menacing growth of industry and commerce in Germany and the United States as a plea for a tariff war. The workers were asked to back up his tariff proposals as the only way to protect their jobs. The free traders used statistics and economic arguments in reply, and equally urged the workers to back them up if unemployment were to be avoided and the “prosperity of the country” maintained.
But all the time prices were rising whilst the free trade and the tariff capitalists refused even to consider a proportionate increase of wages to retain the old standard of living. Freeing themselves from the follies of tax jugglery, the workers went through a series of mammoth strikes from 1911 onwards, and were in readiness for others when the war broke out in August 1914. A growing knowledge of working-class economics gave them strength of argument to justify their proceedings. This same knowledge enabled the Clyde engineers to keep their head on the outbreak of war, so that when the “profiteers” and the patriotic house-owners raised prices and rents, and the government initiated dilution, strikes broke forth, always to retain the pre-war standard of living.
Britain has had conferences with her allies to prepare for an economic war against Germany and her supporters when “peace” has been attained, and even already the governing class of this country is appealing to the workers as did Chamberlain half a generation ago to hang on to their jobs by backing up their government’s future economic proposals for kicking in the stomach those “brutal Germans”. To establish “harmony” between the employers and the employed, attempts are being made to side-track the revolutionary shop stewards’ movement by applying the suggestions of the Whitley Report to the establishment of industrial councils, industrial parliaments, or industrial guilds, the main object being continuity of work or avoidance of strikes, increased output, with a show of partial shop control over trifling though irritating details, that nowise endangers the capitalist structure of society. This meeting of workers and employers to discuss economic problems will urge the workers to a deeper and deeper study of economics, and in anticipation of this the government is taking immediate steps to supply economic “dope”.
The Commissioners on Industrial Unrest have attributed the determination of the South Wales miners to their knowledge and teaching of marxian economics, or, as it is frequently called, independent working-class economics. They consequently haveurged the establishment of Workers’ Educational Association classes in South Wales as a counter-agent. A like attempt is being fostered in Scotland, but in the Clyde area this has so far been a miserable failure owing to marxism having too deep roots. Nevertheless, big attempts will be forthcoming to use the WEA to muddle the minds of the workers, as the secretary’s interview with King George is the conventional cue to the capitalist class.
Recognising this we make no apology in coming forth into the arena on the side of marxism, in the hope that this brief sketch of the fundamentals of marxian economics may get into the hands of hundreds of thousands of workers, and induce them to dig deeper at home, form study circles, or start classes on marxian lines. The fact that the capitalists and their government are deeply distressed over the growth of working-class students of Marx ought of itself to induce all workers to begin this fascinating study.
In shop windows we see millions of articles for sale, all at different prices. We are puzzled to know how these prices are arrived at, and so we watch the reports issued by the Food Controller. We find that he starts with the price to be charged by the producer or manufacturer, then he adds so much for the wholesaler, and finally some more for the retailer.
We, too, go back to the capitalist manufacturer and seek to find out how he arrives at the selling price of the commodity his workers produce for him, a pair of boots let us suppose. He may have to pay 10s for the leather, thread, and other materials needed to make the pair, and the selling price on the market may be 20s, an addition of 10s to that paid for the raw material.
How do he and his fellow boot manufacturers arrive at the 10s they add? He may offhand tell us that he allows 4s for wages, 1s for depreciation of property and plant, 1s for rates and taxes, 1s for rent, and 3s for profit, or something to that effect. That settles the matter for him as a “practical” man, but not for us who wish to get deeper. We wish to get down to the reason for the 4s for wages, and the 3s for profit.
Why do not he and his friends add 20s, and sell the pair at 30s? He might thus on the average pay 8s in wages and have 9s as profit? His reply would be quick and businesslike. It would be folly to pay out 8s instead of 4s in wages, as he can always get a plentiful supply of boot and shoe operatives at 4s. Since the men and their union seem to be satisfied why need he bother to throw away 4s in increased wages on every pair of boots? He would go further. He would show that the enlarged wage would raise the earnings of the operatives so high above those obtained by other grades of workers that there would be as great a rush from other industries into boot production as to Klondyke when gold was discovered on the borders of Alaska and British Columbia. The law of supply and demand would then begin to manifest itself by the men offering themselves for less and less, until the employer could even get them at an outlay of only 3s wages per pair.
Similarly with the profit. There are always hosts of keen businessmen anxious to invest money to the best advantage. As soon as these alert fellows heard of the huge profits “in boots” they would at once start companies to make boots. They would flood the market with boots, more than might be demanded in all likelihood. There would be ascramble to sell, and the same old law of supply and demand would make the price tumble even below 20s per pair. A reduced output would in the end bring prices up again to 20s. The employer knows that there is a normal price that enables him to obtain the normal profit after paying the normal wage.
The problem is to find out why the boots sell at this normal price of 20s, or at a sovereign which weighs about a quarter of an ounce of gold. We can better approach the subject by comparing the boots with a hat likewise selling at 20s. There surely must be something common to the boots and the hat, giving them each the same exchange value. Both are useful, but we are not entitled to assert that they are equally useful since we have no means of measuring and comparing their respective uses. Practical experience shows us that frequently the price of an article is reduced the more of it that is used; and surely no one would assert that the increased use of an article implies that it is less useful than when less of it was in demand; for rather are we inclined to maintain that the demand increases with the usefulness of the article. In every article produced in the workshop, extracted from the mine, or grown in the field there is something else locked up, and that is labour. All must admit that the articles most easily produced are the cheapest, hence that there must be a closer connection between labour and price than between usefulness and price.
We assert that the labour spent in producing a hat constitutes the value of the hat. If a hat on the average takes four hours to make, then the hat has four hours’ value; so also with the pair of boots if made in four hours. They have the same price, and exchange for one another because each contains the same amount of value.
It will be noted that the value is simply the labour locked up in a commodity, and is measured by the hour. Under normal conditions ten hours’ worth of bread will exchange for ten hours’ worth of any other commodity, gold included. If 120 loaves contain ten hours of labour, and half an ounce of gold contains ten hours of labour, then under normal conditions 120 loaves will be worth the half ounce of gold or £2; or a loaf will sell at 4d.
We here include the money commodity, gold, in the same category as other commodities and subject to the same law of value. If the loaf sells at 4d, we call the 4d the price of the loaf. It is quite clear that the normal price of the loaf or any other commodity is its value expressed in the money commodity rather than in labour-hours.
The term “normal price” is used advisedly, as everyone is aware that the price of all articles may suddenly rise or as suddenly fall without any visible change in the time taken to produce them. In 1910 the price of rubber rose from 3s 9d to 12s 6d per lb owing to the great demand for rubber for motor tyres and the covering of electrical plant. The profits of some rubber companies rose to 200 per cent per annum as a consequence. This attracted the attention of financiers and company promoters, and very soon millions of capital were thrown into the rubber growing industry in plantations in South America, Central Africa, India, Ceylon, etc.
In time the rubber output increased and the price has fallen to the old level and even below it to 2s 6d. The same happened in the case of oil for motors. It ought to be noted that this rush to the torrid zone for raw materials was one of the many economic factorsleading to the feverish secret diplomacy that ultimately landed Europe in the present world war.
The point is that new capital enters those industries yielding the largest profits, that the output is increased, and that by the operation of the law of supply and demand the prices fall to and even below the normal prices, agreeing with the time taken to produce them.
The money market is the central market and all other markets are knit up with it. The masters of the money market see that each industry tends to get its proportion of capital, and it is this regulating factor that keeps prices swinging above and below the normal prices. In the game of “see-saw” the boy on the middle of the plank can regulate its ups and downs by throwing his weight now to this, now to that side. He influences the plank in the same way as the masters of the money market influence prices. Although prices seldom or never touch the normal we are as entitled to use the term normal price as the term sea level, although the surface of the sea incessantly rises and falls with the flow and the ebb of the tide.
Statements without proofs are often valueless, so that to gain acceptance of the labour-time theory of value the following suggestions are given, as well as to enable workers to discover proofs within the range of their own experience.
Every well-regulated firm has a costing department. If the estimated cost of a machine has to be made, the costing clerk finds out the time taken to do each part of the work, and then calculates the cost per part, allowance being made for on-cost. On-cost includes part of the wages of foremen, clerks, managers, outlay on heat, light, material used, and depreciation. The point is that the cost is based on the time estimate of the job.
“Scientific management” is the resort to any and every scientific expedient to increase output, or, to put it another way, to reduce the time taken to do a piece of work or turn out the completed commodity. Scientific management was undoubtedly more thoroughly applied in the United States than in the British empire prior to the war, the hindrance in the empire being largely due to the conservatism of the capitalists and the “ca’ canny” policy of the powerful trade unions.
The war was not long started when the British capitalists realised that they had miscalculated the war strength and capacity of Germany. They got engineers, shipbuilders, boot-makers, clothes-makers, and other war workers to agree to long hours of overtime, and they at the same time appealed to them in the name of Kitchener, Roberts, French, Jellicoe, Lloyd George, and others to turn out more per hour. The willing slaves of Britain, ever ready to oblige their masters, tried their best, but failed. Long hours and increased output cannot go together for any length of time; fatigue breaks both spirit and health, the essentials for increased output. The government had to set up a Health of Munition Workers’ Committee and now Dr Addison, the Minister of Reconstruction, is urging the capitalists to reduce hours as a means of increasing output. He is citing the now famous case of women whose hours per week were reduced from 66 to 54.8 and to 45.6, and whose output per hour rose from 100 to 134 and to 158. These women are turning out in 45 hours 9 per cent morethan in the 66 hours. A reduction of boys’ hours from 72 to 53 per week has resulted in the output per hour rising from 100 to 129; and of men’s (at heavy work) from 58 to 51, resulting in a rise from 100 to 139.
Taking these and similar results, Lord Leverhulme (Sunlight Soap) is now accepting Tom Mann’s six-hour day proposal as a method of further increasing output in mechanical industries. No one can doubt the ability of this soap lord to exploit the workers. The government is now experimenting with a 50-hour week in a munition factory.
The whole object of the “welfare work” organisation is to help in keeping the workers up to the highest pitch of “efficiency”; and “efficiency” is now coming to be understood as meaning “the output per hour”.
Just as the employers pressed the workers to toil harder, the government forced the trade-union leaders to abandon all trade-union restrictions for the war, after which pre-war conditions would be established. Now, however, we are being told that the economic war on the return of the peace will preclude all possibility of returning to pre-war methods. As a matter of fact, the government has adopted and is beginning to apply the Whitley Report proposal of joint meetings of workshop committees and owners, of district committees and representatives of owners, and of national councils or parliaments representative of the masters and their wage-slaves, for the purpose of establishing “harmony” and “increase of output”. The “harmony” in theory means that for the complete abandonment of all trade-union restrictions and taking an interest in the industry the masters may reduce hours and increase real, as well as money, wages. In other words, the government intends to use the workshop movement in the interests of the capitalist class. The government has no alternative in the matter, because it is a capitalist government. The war debt is increasing and may easily rise to ten thousand million pounds. At 5 per cent, this means that the government realises that to save British capitalism from bankruptcy it must have the workers turn out far more wealth per hour, and therefore per year, so that from them can be taken the increase to pay its extra liabilities, if not by direct taxation of wages at any rate by taxation of “normal” or “surplus” profits.
The solution of the question “Eclipse or Empire?” does not only depend on the application of the Whitley Report and scientific supervision. Capitalists are being urged by the government to adopt any system of “payment by results”, or, as it has been called, “ability pay”. Among such expedients are the individual piecework, the collective piecework, the departmental contract, the premium bonus, and the profit-sharing systems. To make a higher wage than under the time system the worker toils harder under all these others: his “efficiency” is increased. The piece rate or the time allowed may be broken, and under the profit-sharing system the books can be manipulated so as to show decreased profits, or the capital may be watered to absorb more of the rate of profit on capital, in order to still further speed up the output at a lower outlay in wages. It is the donkey and the carrot applied to Mr Henry Dubb, the highly respectable working man found everywhere. In The Efficiency Magazine for October 1917, the docile Henry is not even compared with the donkey, but with the cow. “If cows can be developed so as to give three times as much milk, is it not possible to train employees so that the output will be multiplied by three?” But the artful writer, knowing his Henry,suggests to his fellow capitalists to write these words over the doors of their shops and factories:
Every man who enters here
Must earn ’high wages’ every year”(!)
Increased efficiency does not depend solely on the “live machines”, the “human cows”, but on increasing sub-division of labour, the use of better machinery, applied science, use of waste material, trustification, improved office and business methods, etc. By their superiority in this respect the Americans could in 1909 turn out about three times as much per worker as we here in Britain. For some of the comparative statistics read Gray and Turner’s Eclipse or Empire? These writers prove that in many industries American machinery is better than British, and that each American worker uses three times the horsepower handled by his British brother. Huge companies and trusts have a vast output and can therefore afford to carry sub-division of labour to an extreme extent, if accompanied by standardisation of parts and of the finished commodity. It is asserted that in Chicago each bullock passes through the hands of about a thousand workers before it is packed up in cans for the soldiers at the front. The pace of the operators is regulated by the rate of motion of the chain from which the live animal is suspended. In the assembling of motor parts to form the completed motor car the Ford Company fixes the chassis on a travelling platform, and in its journey of 3 ½ hours a succession of fitters put on and screw up the various parts needed to finish the car.
Along with division of labour goes adaptation of tools and specialised automatic machines. One feature of the revolution inside the munition factories is the introduction of American single-purpose automatic machines enabling unskilled male and female labour to turn out twice or thrice as much as was formerly done by skilled artisans using less efficient methods and machinery. Besides, continual improvements are being made with labour-time saving effects. A worker informs me that he was turning out 45 copper bands for 18-pounders per day, when, by the introduction of a “forming tool”, he turned out 80 per day. As an incentive to effort his wage was reduced from 15s to 11s per day! A friend of his was tracing holes on 4-inch shells and put 50 through his hands per day. By the introduction of a “combination tool” he was able to handle 100 per day. This worker’s daily wage fell also—from 15s 7d to 13s per day! […]
To encourage and hasten the dilution of labour by the introduction of women into munition works, the government in October 1916 started the Dilution of Labour Bulletin. In the issue of November 1917, attention is drawn to a “record” in assembling no.101 fuses at the rate of 105 to 110 per hour in a West Midland factory; also to the fact that in a London and South Eastern district aeroplane shop “five women are now doing the work of scraping (propellers), formerly done by six men, with an increase of 70 per cent in output”[…]
The following words form part of an advertisement by Alfred Herbert Ltd, Coventry, in the issue of the firm’s Monthly Review for August-September 1917: “Today’s problem is how to turn the work out in less time.” This is a conscious recognition (in big type, too) of the marxian theory of value, that labour-time is the all-important element in production, and constitutes the value of each article produced[…]
That there is no finality to the application of science or the invention of labour-saving machinery and appliances is now so well recognised by the capitalists that we find their government organising research and experimental departments, preparing for improved technical training of apprentices and journeymen, and encouraging the capitalists to do the same individually and collectively. The government is also urging trustification of industries, as this unification is a prerequisite of improved output in every way. Its appeal is: “Capitalists of the empire, unite! You have nothing but an empire to lose, you have a world to win!”
The labour-time theory of value applies to the worker’s commodity, his labour-power. Note carefully that the worker does not sell his labour, but his ability, force, or power to labour—his labour-power. Labour is the using of labour-power. To understand the difference let us take the case of the watch. The wound-up mainspring has a stored-up energy or power. This we may compare to labour-power. The mainspring keeps the wheels and hands of the watch in motion; the energy stored up in the spring is being used up in keeping the mechanism in motion. This motion we may compare to labour.
The capitalist class is conscious that it purchases labour-power and not labour, although its defenders in public would have the workers imagine it pays for every hour of labour worked or every commodity created.
Dr D. Noel Paton, introducing a Report upon a Study of the Diet of the Labouring Classes in the City of Glasgow (1911-12), says: “Under natural conditions of trade, the working man brings into the market his energy—his power of doing work—and obtains for it the most favourable price he can secure…Food is the fuel—the source of energy—the human machine…An abundance of cheap and good food is the first essential for a productive working class.” The object of the Study is thus in the report proper: “Do the working classes get an adequate and suitable diet, and, if not, can any improvement be suggested without unduly increasing the cost?” The problem is one of “scientific management” in the home to enable the producers to get the maximum of energy at the minimum of cost so as to enable the capitalists to purchase their supplies of labour-power at the minimum price, the lowest wage; for wage is the price paid for the commodity called labour-power. The value of one labour-power is determined by the time taken to produce the food, clothing, shelter, education etc., needed to keep the average family of five. This, translated into ordinary language and money, is called the “cost of living”.
During strikes for increased wages capitalist flunkeys rush into the papers with letters showing how little a family can live upon, and urging therefrom that the workers ought to be content with the old wage rates. During the unrest prior to the war, Cassell’s Magazine of Fiction published an article by Mr F. J. Cross entitled “How to Live on 3d or 4d a Day”. Other flunkeys urge that if the workers got more they would become drunkards, “immoral”. The argument in the latter case is that the capitalists are justified in maintaining wages at the “cost of living” level to keep the workers “good”.
That many families do not even get a “subsistence wage” has been proved by investigations made by Booth in London, Rowntree in York, Noel Paton in Edinburgh, and Dorothy Lindsay in Glasgow. Adults getting less than 3,000 calories of energy are living below subsistence level, below the minimum “living wage”, are in fact not gettingthe value of their labour-power. It has been demonstrated that one in three of the working class is on or below the “poverty line”—the “poverty line” meaning the lowest level on which the workers can normally live and work. The Glasgow Report states that “of the families whose weekly income is under 20s or irregular, 62.5 per cent have a diet the energy of which is less than 3,000 calories”; and that “not one of the families in which the wage is regular and below 20s has a diet the energy value of which reaches the minimum of 3,000 calories”.
The rise in the cost of living since 1896 and especially since the start of the war has tightened the corner in which the capitalists keep the workers. As illustrative of this increase the following instance will suffice. The Board of Trade found that the average food outlay of 1944 families was 22s 6d per week in 1904, 25s at the start of the war, and 52s 3d in September 1917. It would not be exceeding the truth to say that not one in ten working-class families has added 30s to the weekly income in normal wage increases since 1904. Undoubtedly, overtime has come to the rescue of many, and increased wages due to excessive work have staved off the acuter forms of starvation. However, this but serves to accentuate the evil of wages that fall below the subsistence level.
Skilled workers, well organised in trade unions, have undoubtedly in the past had a margin over and above the bare animal living, but much of this margin has vanished with increased prices during the war period. From facts gathered I conclude that skilled workers’ wages have not increased in the same proportion as labourers’ wages, it being necessary to give the labourers a greater percentage of a rise to prevent actual starvation. The tendency for the living of the organised workers to fall to the bare animal level has been largely responsible for the “unrest” prior to and during the war.
To crush the arguments of the trade unionists and other working-class fighters of the first half of the nineteenth century, capitalist professors of economics tried to prove the “wages fund” theory. They showed, to the satisfaction of their capitalist paymasters, that out of each year’s wealth product only a fixed amount could be given as wages. Worked out in detail, this meant that if the workers got 5s on to their wages, the cost of living would rise 5s too, and so no gain would be derived by the workers. This was called “the iron law of wages” or “the brazen (brazen-faced) law of wages”. Although abandoned in theory, it crops up continually during every strike in the assertion that prices rise when wages rise; in other words, that prices depend on wages.
From about 1875 till 1896 prices tended to fall whilst wages tended to rise, and from 1900 onwards prices have risen enormously whilst wages tended downwards until the huge strikes and tremendous agitation generally checked the drop. That should kill the lie that prices depend on wages. As a matter of fact the application of “scientific management” shows that wages can be increased, prices reduced, and yet greater profits can be realised by the capitalists.
Whilst the tendency is for wages to fall to the bare animal existence level, yet hosts of workers get above this by organisation and fighting the “huns at home”. The better the organisation, and the stronger the fight, the greater the chance of the workers to keep their standard of living above the animal level.
Some capitalists have found out, e.g. Cadbury, Rowntree, and Lord Leverhulme, that a certain standard of comfort above the animal level increases efficiency, and is therefore advantageous to them. These are urging their class to adopt the policy of “enlightened capitalism” to save capitalism from the establishment of a socialist republic.
We are justified in concluding that the workers are paid for their labour-power and not for their labour. The workers create far more wealth than they possibly can get in the form of wages, despite all the fighting that ever could be put up by them, because of the operation of the law of value. Statistics prove this difference between the wealth created and obtained by the workers. The government’s Census of Production taken in 1909 shows that 6,936,000 workers (roughly, seven million) created £712,000,000 worth of new value; in other words, each worker, young or old, male or female, created on the average more than £2 a week. The government’s Census of Wages, taken in 1906 and 1907, shows that 7,277,056 workers got a rate of wages of from 9s 3d to 27s 4d per week, these being averages for all kinds of workers from the worst paid industry (agriculture) to the best paid (metal). The general average is certainly below £1 a week, when all broken time is taken into consideration. The difference between the estimated value created per annum and the part taken by the income-tax-paying class gives further confirmation of the extent of the gulf between the value created by labour and the value of labour-power (see Chiozza Money’s “Riches and Poverty”).
An American census of production in 1909 reveals that the value created per worker is between two and three times as great as that created by the British worker. Hence the universal urge now on in Britain to adopt every German and American method that will increase the output, in order to enable the difference between what the worker makes and gets—the surplus value—to be all the greater. The greater this surplus value, the easier will it be for the capitalists to pay the heavier taxes needed to meet the war charges, and yet live more luxuriously and invest more capital than ever before. This can be accomplished whilst the workers get higher wages and work shorter hours, if they but settle down to toil continuously and obediently under the industrial councils or parliaments suggested in the treacherous Whitley Report and approved of by the government.
Suppose a worker makes 200 commodities in a ten-hour day and these sell at 10s, that the worker gets 5s as his wage. The surplus value would be 5s, on the assumption that nothing is allowed for the cost of raw material, depreciation, etc. If, however, the output be doubled, the worker could turn out 360 commodities in a nine-hour day, and these might sell at 18s. The worker might get 6s a day, so that still the surplus value would be 12s. If the capitalist arranged to keep his plant going continuously, then he could easily run three shifts at least instead of two, and so gain 36s instead of 24s, a greater surplus value than ever before. A knowledge of this is actuating Lord Leverhulme to urge with Tom Mann the six-hour day.
Workers may now be able to grasp the full meaning of the chorus of the platform and press—living gramophones, harmony and efficiency.
The increased output of commodities, and especially of that part called capital, will necessitate larger markets abroad, and hence a larger empire.
The same will apply to other capitalist countries. This must develop a more intense economic war than led up to the present war, and so precipitate the world into a bloodier business than we are steeped in just now. The temporary advantage the workers may get in shorter hours and higher wages with higher purchasing power will then be swept away in the destruction of millions of good lives and fabulous masses of wealth.
We see preparations for this economic war, this war after the war, in the establishment by the government of a Commercial Intelligence Department, partly connected with the Board of Trade, and partly with the Foreign Office, which shall work hand in hand with the growing industrial trusts for the monopoly of markets outside the empire. Every other capitalist country is doing the same, especially the United States, which has now definitely passed from being a borrowing to being a lending country. It is getting a foothold just now in South and Central America, and is manoeuvring with Japan for a firmer grip over the economic life of China. It will not take long for China to become a fully equipped capitalist country, entering the world’s competitive market with floods of surplus commodities.
It is perfectly obvious that to avoid a recurrence of the present world crash on a more huge scale than before, the need for dumping each nation’s surplus on undeveloped countries must be avoided by eliminating this surplus. As this surplus is due to the workers having to sell their labour-power as a commodity to the owners of land and capital, it is necessary that the need to sell labour-power to anyone must be abolished. This can solely be accomplished by the ending of the class ownership of land and capital, by the people taking full possession of the whole means of living and using them co-operatively for wealth-creative purposes. Under such circumstances alone will it be abolished, and for national antagonism and world wars to be stamped out for ever. The Bolsheviks in Russia have given the world the lead.
If this brief, elementary and preliminary sketch of the fundamentals of economics demonstrates the all-importance of the subject in connection with the vital affairs and issues of life, and incites the reader to dip deeper into the subject privately, in study circles with kindred spirits, or in independent educational classes organised by working-class bodies, then it will have achieved its primary purpose. | <urn:uuid:9f8b00c4-ac3e-4e0e-8525-6c5ca8637d6c> | {
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Submitted to: American Geophysical Union
Publication Type: Abstract Only
Publication Acceptance Date: December 10, 2002
Publication Date: December 10, 2002
Citation: TOMER, M.D., BURKART, M.R. DISCERNING EFFECTS OF CROP-MANAGEMENT HISTORY ON GROUNDWATER NITRATE CONCENTRATIONS. AMERICAN GEOPHYSICAL UNION. 2002. PAPER NO. H61C-0792. Technical Abstract: Changes in agricultural management can minimize leaching of NO3-N to groundwater. However, the time needed to realize improvements in groundwater quality after management change is uncertain. This study was conducted in two small, first-order watersheds (30 and 34 ha) in the Loess Hills of southwest Iowa. They were similarly managed from 1964 through 1995, except one received large fertilizer-N applications, averaging 446 kg ha**-1 y**-1, between 1969 and 1974. This study's objective was to determine if NO3-N from these large applications persisted in groundwater. Transects of piezometer/lysimeter nests were installed, deep cores collected, and water levels and NO3-N concentrations were measured monthly. In June 2001, 33 water samples were collected and analyzed for **3H and stable isotopes. The watershed that received large N applications had greater NO3-N concentrations in groundwater and stream baseflows. Groundwater time-of-travel estimates and tritium data support persistence of NO3-N from the historical applications. "Bomb-peak" precipitation (1963-1980) influenced tritium concentrations, especially near toeslope positions, while deep groundwater was dominated by pre-1953 precipitation. Data from analysis of deep cores suggest NO3-N may take 30 years to percolate to groundwater below the watershed's divide. Isotope data suggest runoff/infiltration processes contribute greater recharge and mixing of groundwater below the toeslope. Therefore, historical and current practices affect NO3-N concentrations in groundwater near the stream. Impacts of management systems implemented in 1996 will not be clearly discerned by monitoring groundwater for many years. In many areas, changes in agricultural practices may take decades to fully impact groundwater quality. | <urn:uuid:107ae42d-4873-4c62-b0d9-2d61085fb368> | {
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The differentiation of tissues in complex eukaryotic organisms is a central issue in developmental biology. Genetically identical cells, descendants of a single fertilized egg, somehow develop diverse forms and functions as a result of tissue-specific expression of their genomes. My laboratory makes use of a particularly simple eukaryote, Dictyostelium discoideum, to study cell interactions and cell-specific gene expression. Dictyostelium amoebae exhibit an extraordinary life cycle in which one hundred thousand independent, starved cells coalesce into mounds, and then synchronously differentiate into just two cell types, spore and stalk.
We employ a variety of approaches to questions of cell differentiation and pattern formation. Amoebae expressing foreign "reporter genes" such as GFP can be isolated and forced to develop under constrained circumstances to assess their developmental potential. The function of particular genes can be assessed by targeted gene "knock-outs" achieved by homologous DNA recombination. Some genes of particular interest to us participate in the ubiquitin-dependent pathway of regulated protein turnover; these may act by altering concentrations in the cells of the key signaling molecule, cyclic AMP. Techniques routinely used in the lab center upon gene cloning methodologies, the transformation of amoebae with foreign DNA, and the examination of expressed messenger RNA and proteins by quantitative RT-PCR, western blotting, and fluorescence. Enzymatic assays of the degradation of cyclic AMP are also performed. | <urn:uuid:5a3c847c-d955-4e21-83b4-906b9176db94> | {
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Did you know that almost everything you own and use for personal or investment purposes is a capital asset? Capital assets include a home, household furnishings and stocks and bonds held in a personal account. When you sell a capital asset, the difference between the amount you paid for the asset and its sales price is a capital gain or capital loss.
Here are 10 facts from the IRS about how gains and losses can affect your federal income tax return.
- Almost everything you own and use for personal purposes, pleasure or investment is a capital asset.
- When you sell a capital asset, the difference between the amount you sell it for and your basis – which is usually what you paid for it – is a capital gain or a capital loss.
- You must report all capital gains.
- You may only deduct capital losses on investment property, not on personal-use property.
- Capital gains and losses are classified as long-term or short-term. If you hold the property more than one year, your capital gain or loss is long-term. If you hold it one year or less, the gain or loss is short-term.
- If you have long-term gains in excess of your long-term losses, the difference is normally a net capital gain. Subtract any short-term losses from the net capital gain to calculate the net capital gain you must report.
- The tax rates that apply to net capital gain are generally lower than the tax rates that apply to other income. For 2011, the maximum capital gains rate for most people is 15 percent. For lower-income individuals, the rate may be 0 percent on some or all of the net capital gain. Rates of 25 or 28 percent may apply to special types of net capital gain.
- If your capital losses exceed your capital gains, you can deduct the excess on your tax return to reduce other income, such as wages, up to an annual limit of $3,000, or $1,500 if you are married filing separately.
- If your total net capital loss is more than the yearly limit on capital loss deductions, you can carry over the unused part to the next year and treat it as if you incurred it in that next year.
- This year, a new form, Form 8949, Sales and Other Dispositions of Capital Assets, will be used to calculate capital gains and losses. Use Form 8949 to list all capital gain and loss transactions. The subtotals from this form will then be carried over to Schedule D (Form 1040), where gain or loss will be calculated.
For more information about reporting capital gains and losses, see the Schedule D instructions, Publication 550, Investment Income and Expenses or Publication 17, Your Federal Income Tax. All forms and publications are available at www.irs.gov or by calling 800-TAX-FORM (800-829-3676).
- Publication 17, Your Federal Income Tax (PDF 2015.9K)
- Publication 550, Investment Income and Expenses (PDF 516K) | <urn:uuid:ee15243e-0575-4c8b-856f-c468ad6ed8a6> | {
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A common misconception about power surges is that devices are only at risk during extreme weather, but power surges can happen at any time without warning. According to the Insurance Institute for Business and Home Safety, lightning strikes account for just two percent of all surge protection damage. That means that 98 percent of the damage is done by the hundreds of power surges that are mostly unnoticed every day.
These surges could be the result of something as simple as your air conditioner cycling on or off. They could also be caused by something much farther away - for example, when electrical power plants are connected or disconnected from the grid, which happens frequently as power needs change during the course of a day. Whether caused by internal or external factors, power surges are not something to be taken lightly.
Both weather and non-weather related surges can happen quickly – often, only a few milliseconds, but if your equipment isn't properly protected, that tiny sliver of time could end up costing a lot of money. Power surges can cause three kinds of losses for your business: destruction of equipment, degradation of equipment and downtime while the equipment is out of service. Of these three, destruction is the most dramatic outcome, and usually the main concern people have. Certainly, sensitive equipment can be costly, but electronics have become far more affordable than ever before and it is unlikely that the cost of a new computer will do significant harm to most businesses. From a business perspective, the potential loss of data and downtime could be far more costly than the cost of the damaged equipment.
While most power surges go unnoticed, they remain dangerous for your systems. Repeated surges degrade your equipment, shortening their lifespan and increasing the number of glitches. Without proper surge protection, this gradual degradation decreases the life of every piece of connected equipment, a situation which can be extremely costly on an ongoing basis.
Destruction of your equipment might seem like the most expensive result of surges, but research points to downtime as the costliest outcome because it includes not only lost productivity but also potential loss of customer confidence or business due to the surge. In cases such as a surveillance camera not picking up criminal activity or an e-commerce business suffering a failed server, the downtime is worse than the damage to the equipment in several ways.
This is especially true in the age of social media where customers can broadcast anything at any time. If a customer complains about a website being down for a few hours, the negative sentiment on social media can be detrimental to your business for an extended time.
Investing in surge protection for your devices requires a little bit of proactive thinking, but can save your company time and money while helping prevent the chance of angry customers. There are many surge protector models that are designed for specific applications, from fire alarms to IP networks to HVAC systems and more. If you are unsure about the right device for your business need, check out our Application Guides or Surge Solutions Product Selector. | <urn:uuid:3974c5ef-3c20-4bdf-b485-c2e1fac18797> | {
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Italy is a diverse country that boasts miles of Mediterranean coastline, scenic lakes such as Lake Garda, snow-capped Alps and the sun drenched regions of Umbria and Tuscany. The country is home to a variety of native plants, many of which are used as seasonings across the globe. There are numerous flowers native to Italy that can be grown in the home garden.
Silver thyme (Thymus citriodorus) is a garden hybrid that stems from common thyme (Thymus vulgaris) native of Southern Italy. Silver thyme is an herb that boasts small lilac flowers, which appear at the end of silvery green leaves. Reaching a height of about 6 inches to a foot, silver thyme has a mounding habit and a lemony scent that can be incorporated into a traditional herb or butterfly garden. The early summer flowering plant can be cultivated in USDA Hardiness Zones 4 to 9. Like most herbs, silver thyme requires full sunlight to thrive. A well-drained soil that's kept mostly dry is perfect for this plant, which requires very little water.
A member of the figwort family, the common snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) is a flowering short-lived perennial that hails from Italy, as well as North Africa. The plant reaches a variety of heights depending on the cultivar, from 4 inches to several feet. The common snapdragon offers columns of soft, silky blooms in a range of pastel colors, from pale lemon yellow to pink or lilac. Snapdragons are especially popular with children, as squeezing the flowers gently causes them to suddenly "snap" open. The common snapdragon is best suited to USDA Hardiness Zones 4 to 11, preferably in full sunlight. A rich, well-draining soil is ideal for the snapdragon, and the plant should be watered frequently until established.
Big periwinkle (Vinca major) is a flowering herbaceous member of the dogbane family native to Italy and France. Rarely growing above a foot high, big periwinkle is a sprawling plant that offers a garden dull green leaves and lavender or "true blue" flowers. The plant is popular as a low-growing ground cover, or as a graceful hanging basket plant. Big periwinkle does best in full sun or partial shade in USDA zones 7 to 9. The plant should be cultivated in a fertile, loose woodsy soil for best results. Though big periwinkle will make do with dry soils, a soil that's moist to the touch is preferable. | <urn:uuid:7df4f15d-15e5-4fcb-910e-3e7ff42deeed> | {
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Scrabble word: COMBINE
In which Scrabble dictionary does COMBINE exist?
Definitions of COMBINE in dictionaries:
- noun - harvester that heads and threshes and cleans grain while moving across the field
- noun - a consortium of independent organizations formed to limit competition by controlling the production and distribution of a product or service
- noun - an occurrence that results in things being united
- verb - have or possess in combination
- verb - put or add together
- verb - combine so as to form a whole
- verb - add together from different sources
- verb - join for a common purpose or in a common action
- verb - gather in a mass, sum, or whole
- verb - mix together different elements
- To bring into a state of unity; merge.
- To join (two or more substances) to make a single substance, such as a chemical compound; mix.
- To possess or exhibit in combination: The choreography, which combines artistry and athletics, is extremely innovative.
- To become united; coalesce.
- To join forces for a common purpose.
- To form a compound.
- A power-operated harvesting machine that cuts, threshes, and cleans grain.
- An association of people or groups united for the furtherance of political or commercial interests.
- A combination.
- verb - to mix smoothly and inseparably together
There are 7 letters in COMBINE: B C E I M N O
Scrabble words that can be created with an extra letter added to COMBINE
All anagrams that could be made from letters of word COMBINE plus a wildcard: COMBINE?
Scrabble words that can be created with letters from word COMBINE
Images for COMBINE
SCRABBLE is the registered trademark of Hasbro and J.W. Spear & Sons Limited. Our scrabble word finder and scrabble cheat word builder is not associated with the Scrabble brand - we merely provide help for players of the official Scrabble game. All intellectual property rights to the game are owned by respective owners in the U.S.A and Canada and the rest of the world. Anagrammer.com is not affiliated with Scrabble. This site is an educational tool and resource for Scrabble & Words With Friends players. | <urn:uuid:f8682013-5402-4ac1-9b89-366ba52e8faa> | {
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Click the image above to view recent photos.
Music with a Purpose
In the first book of the Bible, we read that God created human beings in His own image. One of the evidences of this fact is found in the wonderful ability of man to create. Our music is a reflection of the God who created us.
The music department of UBCS exists to claim the area of music for the glorification of God. How do we strive to do this? By showing students that:
- Music that models and represents Biblical principles of excellence, beauty, and purity are a reflection of a great and majestic Creator.
- Stunning musical performances remind us that musical gifts come from God.
- Excellence should be pursued for God’s glory, not our own.
- Stewardship of musical gifts demands that we use them in service to God and others, not simply for our own self-gratification.
- Sacred music by definition is to be “set apart” and distinct. Music that is generally regarded as common, entertainment-based, and representative of philosophies that are anti-Biblical does not fit the definition of sacred.
Courses and Performing Ensembles
- Music Classes—General Music and Choral Activities
Middle School and High School Division
- Middle School Band
- High School Band
- Middle School Choir
- High School Choir
Private piano and instrumental lessons are also available. Contact us to find out more. | <urn:uuid:0d5321b5-0868-40d2-9350-626c795b91ad> | {
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Horse brass: Thistle, the national emblem of Scotland. The thistle surrounded by two leaves. Decorative border shaped like a crescent. Type: cast brass. Date: 1825-1939.
The thistle is the national emblem of Scotland and represents "a symbol of the protective belt defending the heart against external harm and attacks. The device of Scotland is 'Nemo me impune lacessit' (None touches me unharmed)." (See: 'Pengiun Dictionary of Symbols')
Item has the remains of two studs on back, possibly from the casting process.
Donation from Mr W. J. Haysom, 30/06/1982
England, Great Britain, 1825-1939
Cast horse brasses were first made in 1825, and following the introduction of motor vehicles and decline in horsedrawn transport, regular production ceased in the 1930s.
Type of item
[Link 1] viewed, 23.05.2008 LDH [Link 2] viewed, 28.05.2008 LDH [Link 3] viewed, 23.05.2008 LDH [Link 4] viewed, 23.05.2008 LDH [Link 5] viewed, 23.05.2008 LDH
[Book] Chevalier, Jean & Gheerbrant, Alain. 1994. The Penguin Dictionary of Symbols., 1994 | <urn:uuid:2deb460d-2639-471e-89e6-e29b3b6a0059> | {
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Trans-Siberian railway (usually called TransSib) is the world’s longest and the most famous train route. It crosses the whole Russia, starting in Moscow, passing through the European Russia, crossing the Urals mountains (which separate Europe and Asia), spanning further into Siberia’s taiga and steppes, ending in Vladivostok — the Russian Far East port on the Pacific Ocean. A part of the Trans-Siberian also branches down from Eastern Siberia (after Baikal lake) to Mongolia and China, finishing in Beijing.
Trans-Siberian is not just a railway, it’s an experience, a condensed version of life in somewhat extreme but comfortable and even amazing setting. That’s why TransSib is something people want to do at least once in their life: it’s comparable to climbing a mountain or going to a meditation retreat. Except that in the case of Trans-Siberian railway the adventure is aided by infrastructure, it also has several degrees of comfort (a brief hello from capitalism), and is not a solitary but a truly collective experience – a very 21-st century way of engaging into a spiritual quest.
This metaphor has been elaborated by Victor Pelevin in his short story called “Yellow Arrow”. A train is moving through the endless landscape, the passengers and busy with their everyday chores, eating, sleeping, playing cards, drinking vodka, selling stuff to each other, and having occasional philosophical conversations.
Some people start wondering what’s outside of their carriage and what it is like outside of the train. Some venture to explore and find that not all carriages are the same: the posh ones towards the front of the train are more quiet and comfortable, the poor ones towards the end have no privacy and little space but are much more fun. Some of the explorers end here and start making business having learnt about the social discrepancy on the train (it turns out the poor ones are keen to trade their food for silver spoons from the 1-st class carriages).
Only a few do not stop there and try to find out what’s outside of the train. They have lengthy discussions about the possibility of jumping off or climbing outside to see what’s really going on. But they also realize the risks (one can easily fall off or be left behind). Finally, the bravest ones climb out on top of the train roof and realize that there’s a whole new world around passing by which they cannot really explore because they are on the train and that train ride is really their whole life. So the only way to discover the world passing around is to stop the train, to pause their life, to change the rules of the game, but that also means putting an end to their current experience…
It’s better to leave the end of the story to those who want to read the book, but it’s even better to find out what it really feels like through taking the Trans-Siberian journey.
To make your spiritual quest easier we’ll deal with the practicalities first – even a spaceship needs a solid launch station to venture into the cosmos… | <urn:uuid:c57ae293-9910-43c9-b47b-efeae106b7a5> | {
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Studies of the effect of indoor smoking bans and secondhand-smoke exposure on acute coronary events should be designed to examine the time between an intervention and changes in the effect and to measure the magnitude of the effect. No time to effect can be postulated for individuals on the basis of the available data, and evaluation of population-based effectiveness of a smoking ban depends on societal actions that implement and enforce the ban and on actions that include smoke reduction in homes, cars, and elsewhere. The decrease in secondhand-smoke exposure does not necessarily occur suddenly—it might decline gradually or by steps. In a likely scenario, once a ban is put into place and enforced, a sharp drop in secondhand-smoke exposure might be seen immediately and followed by a slower decrease in exposure as the population becomes more educated about the health consequences of secondhand smoke and exposure becomes less socially acceptable. Future studies that examine the time from initiation of a ban to observation of an effect and that include followup after initiation of enforcement, taking the social aspects into account, would provide better information on how long it takes to see an effect of a ban. Statistical models should clearly articulate a set of assumptions and include sensitivity analyses. Studies that examine whether decreases in hospital admissions for acute coronary events are transitory or sustained would also be informative.
Many factors are likely to influence the effect of a smoking ban on the incidence and prevalence of acute coronary events in a population. They include age, sex, diet, background risk factors and environmental factors for cardiovascular disease, prevalence of smokers in the community, the underlying rate of heart disease in the community (for example, the rate in Italy versus the United States), and the social environment. Future studies should include direct observations on individuals—including their history of cardiac disease, exposure to other environmental agents, and other risk factors for cardiac events—to assess the impact of those factors on study results. Assessment of smoking status is also needed to distinguish between the effects of secondhand smoke in nonsmokers and the effects of a ban that decreases cigarette consumption or promotes smoking cessation in smokers.
Few constituents of secondhand smoke have been adequately studied for cardiotoxicity. Future research should examine the cardiotoxicity of environmental chemicals, including those in secondhand smoke, to define cardiovascular toxicity end points and establish consistent definitions and measurement standards for cardiotoxicity of environmental contaminants. Specifically, information is lacking on the cardiotoxicity of highly reactive smoke constituents, such as acrolein and other oxidants; on techniques for | <urn:uuid:334ec314-a4bf-435f-851c-da34c8bc2afe> | {
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Solar Home Lighting Systems
district is one of the 90 most backward districts in India. The people in this district mainly depend on agriculture to make a living and nearly 17.5 % of the local population are indigenous people. There are many far remote hamlets in the district that do not have a connection to the electricity supply system. Those hamlets are often isolated and located in hilly and/or forest areas. The residents depend on fuels like kerosine or candles to at least bearly illuminate their houses. But the lack of electricity is also an isolating and inhibiting factor itself in that it prevents them from using modern communication technologies like mobile phones or even home appliances as well as it hinders students to study in the evening – just to mention a few consequences.
Electricity networks in Wayanad are located around major urban centers. The remoteness of some rural locations and the topography makes an expansion of electricity supply to those areas through a centralized grid system difficult. There is, therefore, an urgent need to explore renewable, sustainable alternative energy sources that can be maintained at a decentralized level and afforded by indigenous and poor people. Solar energy is considered the most important rural energy source. Consequently, there is a huge potential for solar energy development. But there have been a number of critical obstacles to this in the past like high initial costs of the technology, the absence of technology service providers and a lack of support from the central energy ministries.
The innovative approach of barefoot college has demonstrated the effective application of solar energy in rural areas. The barefoot concept involves community level capacity building in installation and maintenance of solar systems through a network of rural electricity workshops and trained barefoot solar engineers. Those engineers are working as electricity entrepreneurs in remote villages and are trained to assemble and maintain complete solar photovoltaic systems.
Based on survey data, two panchayaths of Wayanad, namely Meppadi and Noolpuzha, were identified to be the least developed in Wayanad, with a huge number of families settling in forest areas without any electrical connection. Those villagers, a lot of whom indigenous people living below the poverty line, had to depend on fuels like kerosene to illuminate their houses.
Two young indigenous women from Wayanad were trained for 6 months by Barefoot College in 2014 to install the solar systems. Since January 2015, 145 solar systems were installed by the solar engineers even in the remotest areas of both panchayaths.
But our mission is by far not completed yet. During recent field visits to other remote areas near Muttil, we have located further households to be equipped with solar systems soon.
A view of village
Inside the houses
There was no electricity or any source of light other than kerosene lamp .
Check out this small video to know how does the solar project go on. You can see solar barefoot solar engineer and staff moving around the rural isolated village in forest checking the solar lighting system and fixing it. | <urn:uuid:38b35ebf-c8e1-477e-a28a-d4600f437437> | {
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AS PRESSURE from the fossil-fuel industry, conservative Canadian and U.S. politicians, and some construction unions mounts on President Obama to green-light the controversial Keystone XL Pipeline project, a growing coalition has a different message.
On February 17, tens of thousands rallied against the pipeline in cities across the U.S., including San Francisco–a testament to the climate movement, ranchers and farmers, First Nations leaders, most Canadian unions, some U.S. unions (including my nurses' organization), transport and domestic workers, and young people who are rightfully alarmed over the global impact of Keystone XL.
For nurses, who already see patients sickened by the adverse effects of pollution and infectious diseases linked to air pollutants and the spread of water and food-borne pathogens associated with environmental contaminants, Keystone XL presents a clear and present danger.
First, extracting tar sands is more complex than conventional oil drilling, requiring vast amounts of water and chemicals. The discharge accumulates in highly toxic waste ponds and risks entering water sources that may end up in drinking water, as is already occurring.
Second, the corrosive liquefied bitumen form of crude the pipeline would carry is especially susceptible to leaks that can spill into farmland, water aquifers and rivers on route, threatening an array of adverse health outcomes.
Public health costs from fossil-fuel production in the U.S. through contaminants in our air, rivers, lakes, oceans and food supply are already pegged at more than $120 billion every year by the National Academy of Sciences. The Environmental Protection Agency warns that exposure to particulate matter emitted from fossil-fuel plants is a cause of heart attacks, long-term respiratory illness including asthma, cancer, developmental delays and reproductive problems. Global-warming inducted higher air temperatures can also increase bacteria-related food poisoning, such as salmonella, and animal-borne diseases like the West Nile virus.
That's just the tip of the melting iceberg, given the planet-altering consequences of rising sea levels, intensified weather events including droughts, floods and super storms already in evidence, and mass dislocation of coastal populations and starvation that may well follow our failing to stem climate change.
Far more jobs would be created by converting to a green economy. As economist Robert Pollin put it in his book Back to Full Employment, every $1 million spent on renewable clean energy sources creates 16.8 jobs, compared to just 5.2 jobs created by the same spending on fossil-fuel production.
And, as one person acerbically commented on a recent New York Times article, there are no jobs on a dead planet.
Further, stumping for the pipeline puts labor in league with the many of the most anti-union, far-right corporate interests in the U.S., such as the oil billionaire Koch brothers and energy corporations, abetted by the politicians who carry their agenda.
The future for labor should not be scrambling for elusive crumbs thrown down by corporate partners, but advocating for the larger public interest, as unions practiced in the 1930s and 1940s, the period of labor's greatest growth and the resulting emergence of a more egalitarian society. | <urn:uuid:55052d16-cfb6-4bb9-a94f-327cb101e705> | {
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Learn these simple solutions to common laundry problems such as color transfer, stains, graying, yellowing, pilling, wrinkles and more!
Color Transfer: Color transfer occurs when you mix dark or colored clothing with whites in the wash. The simple solution to this troublesome issue is to sort the clothing prior to laundering and wash whites with other whites, colors with like colors and darks with (you guessed it!) Darks only. Avoid mixing them together. Newer dark clothing such as jeans have a tendency to transfer color more, so the first time you wash new jeans be sure to wash them in COLD water and add 1/2 cup white vinegar to the wash to help set the color.
Detergent Residue: This issue
generally occurs when the washing machine has been overloaded and is not able to properly cycle as a result. Avoid over-stuffing the machine and be sure to use the recommended amount of detergent. If you continue to experience this issue and you're not overloading the machine, it may be a mechanical issue with the rinse cycle.
Fading: Fading tends occur with the use of powdered detergent, but can also be a product of hard water. If fading has become an issue, have your water tested, you may need to install a water softener system. If you use a powdered detergent, switch to liquid.
Graying: This issue is frequently caused by failing to add enough detergent to the machine during the wash cycle and can be remedied quickly by adding a touch more detergent, adding a booster product such as Oxyclean or borax or by adding 3/4 c. white vinegar to the wash cycle.
Pilling: Pilling occurs
when fabric gathers into a tightly knotted lint ball in various spots on clothing and sheets. It can be prevented on clothing by turning the item inside out during the wash. It can be prevented on sheets by purchasing a higher thread count.
Shrinking: Shrinking occurs during the wash cycle if the water is too hot for the fabric. Keep in mind additional shrinkage can occur during the drying cycle as well. It is important to remember that one should NOT wash certain fabrics in the washing machine, such as wool, as they will get ruined.
Stain Removal: The trick to removing nearly any stain is to treat it quickly before the stain has a chance to set. Grease Stains can be removed easily with Chalk. Here is a comprehensive listing of tips for various stains and how to remove them.
Yellowing: Yellowing is often caused by lack of proper detergent and indicative of body oils and sweat that are not getting properly washed out of the fabric. Increase the amount of detergent slightly or increase the water temperature in the wash. Alternatively, this can also indicate rust in the water lines or hard water. You can tell the difference by inspecting the sinks and toilets in your home for signs of yellowing. If other appliances are displaying signs, have your water tested.
Wrinkling- wrinkles are frequently caused by not removing the article of clothing from the dryer and allowing them to remain creased. It can also be caused by over-drying the clothing. It can be solved without ironing by simply wetting a clean washcloth (the same color as the clothing articles!), wringing it out and tossing it into the dryer with the wrinkled clothing. Set the dryer for 15 minutes and then remove immediately when the cycle ends. This will remove the wrinkles with very little effort.
By far, the Best Detergent that we are aware of is a super concentrated homemade detergent that costs less than $2 per 128 loads of laundry. We call it Mom's Super Laundry Sauce and you can view the recipe here:
Mom's Super Laundry Sauce Recipe
It works wonderfully to remove stains of all types, dirt, grime, grease, blood, grass stains, "personal" accidents, pet urine, and more.
Additional recipes for Detergents, Fabric Softeners, Powdered Laundry Detergents, Hard & Soft water detergents, Various Bleaches, stain fighting recipes and linen water recipes can be found on our extensive Laundry Help Page Here.
What are your favorite Laundry Tips? | <urn:uuid:4feb070e-83a5-4770-a3cb-910e926d805d> | {
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In recent weeks there has been an unprecedented chain of discoveries in the genomics of complex traits.1- 14 The studies identified DNA markers associated with susceptibility to many of the most common diseases, ranging from acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the most important pediatric cancer, to obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and coronary heart disease, which collectively affect nearly a billion individuals worldwide. The breakneck pace of discovery will be continuing in the months ahead, with anticipated findings for many cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological diseases. In aggregate, these studies have the potential to radically change medicine. This Commentary is intended to provide perspective for the medical community, to understand the limitations of the work that has thus far been completed, and to outline the challenges that lie ahead.
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Athens and Shibboleth are access management services that provide single sign-on to protected resources. They replace the multiple user names and passwords necessary to access subscription-based content with a single user name and password that can be entered once per session. It operates independently of a user's location or IP address. If your institution uses Athens or Shibboleth authentication, please contact your site administrator to receive your user name and password. | <urn:uuid:42e857ae-7164-49dc-8925-63fb8051eb52> | {
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For well over a century, two seemingly irreconcilable notions of the purposes and character of American public education have warred against each other.
At one extreme has been the concept of the public school as training ground for the future economic roles our students will assume, with sharp distinctions drawn between students whose “innate” abilities presuppose their future economic and professional ascendance and those who require a more practical curriculum to prepare them for the levels of employment thought to be appropriate to their more modest capabilities. Whether for the future surgeon or the future gas-station attendant, schools are to be governed by a highly disciplined agenda. A child’s satisfaction in the act of learning is regarded as irrelevant to these objectives, and indeed is sometimes considered a dangerous distraction.
At the opposite extreme is education of a relatively classless nature, in which every child is believed to have unknowable potential and, for this reason, is to be provided, to the degree this is feasible, with an equally capacious course of study to prepare that child for the fullest possible participation in a democratic social order. Under this conception, schooling should elicit the potential of each child by fostering excitement and authentic pleasure in the learning process, allowing opportunities for curiosity to thrive, and even permitting episodes of unexpected deviation on the part of students from the preplanned course of study. It is these deviations, according to this way of thinking, that enable teachers to discover areas of hidden motivation in a student, which often represent the “breakthrough moment” for a child who has previously seemed apathetic or resistant.
The Atlantic essays assembled here dramatically illustrate the pendulum swings between these two extremes. From Hugo Münsterberg and Richard Herrnstein, on the one hand, to Jacques Barzun, closer to the opposite polarity, we see the range of strongly held beliefs that have resurfaced, in recent years, in the harsh debates about the No Child Left Behind Act, the federal legislation that has given new life to the views that Münsterberg enunciated back in 1909. With parents and teachers torn by these convulsive arguments, the essays below are as relevant today as in the years when they were first published. —Jonathan Kozol
For the full text of these articles, visit www.theatlantic.com/ideastour. | <urn:uuid:69711a42-e836-40dd-b105-860dbea59df0> | {
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History of Project Gutenberg
The first ebook was available on July 4, 1971, as eText #1 of Project Gutenberg, a visionary project launched by Michael Hart to create free electronic versions of literary works and disseminate them worldwide. In the 16th century, Gutenberg allowed anyone to have print books for a small cost. In the 21st century, Project Gutenberg would allow anyone to have a digital library at no cost. Project Gutenberg got its first boost with the invention of the web in 1990, and its second boost with the creation of Distributed Proofreaders in 2000, to share the proofreading of ebooks between hundreds of volunteers. In 2010, Project Gutenberg offered more than 33,000 high-quality ebooks being downloaded by the tens of thousands every day, and websites in the United States, in Australia, in Europe, and in Canada, with 40 mirror sites worldwide.
As recalled by Michael Hart in January 2009 in an email interview: “On July 4, 1971, while still a freshman at the University of Illinois (UI), I decided to spend the night at the Xerox Sigma V mainframe at the UI Materials Research Lab, rather than walk miles home in the summer heat, only to come back hours later to start another day of school. I stopped on the way to do a little grocery shopping to get through the night, and day, and along with the groceries they put in the faux parchment copy of The U.S. Declaration of Independence that became quite literally the cornerstone of Project Gutenberg. That night, as it turned out, I received my first computer account – I had been hitchhiking on my brother’s best friend’s name, who ran the computer on the night shift. When I got a first look at the huge amount of computer money I was given, I decided I had to do something extremely worthwhile to do justice to what I had been given. This was such a serious, and intense thought process for a college freshman, my first thought was that I had better eat something to get up enough energy to think of something worthwhile enough to repay the cost of all that computer time. As I emptied out groceries, the faux parchment Declaration of Independence fell out, and the light literally went on over my head like in the cartoons and comics… I knew what the future of computing, and the internet, was going to be… ‘The Information Age.’ The rest, as they say, is history.”
Michael keyed in The United States Declaration of Independence to the mainframe he was using, in upper case, because there was no lower case yet. The file was 5 K. To send a 5 K file to the 100 users of the pre-internet of the time would have crashed the network, so Michael mentioned where the etext was stored – though without a hypertext link, because the web was still 20 years ahead. It was downloaded by six users. Project Gutenberg was born.
Michael decided to use the huge amount of computer time he had been given to search the literary works that were stored in libraries, and to digitize these works. A book would become a continuous text file instead of a set of pages. Project Gutenberg’s mission would be the following: to put at everyone’s disposal, in electronic versions, as many literary works as possible for free.
After keying in The United States Declaration of Independence (signed on July 4, 1776) in 1971, Michael typed in a longer text, The United States Bill of Rights, in 1972, i.e. the first ten amendments added in 1789 to the Constitution (dated 1787) and defining the individual rights of the citizens and the distinct powers of the federal government and the States. A volunteer typed in The United States Constitution in 1973.
From one year to the next, disk space was getting larger, by the standards of the time – there was no hard disk yet – making it possible to store larger files.
Volunteers began typing in The Bible, with one individual book at a time, and a file for each book.
Michael typed in the collected works of Shakespeare, with volunteers, one play at a time, and a file for each play. This edition of Shakespeare was never released, unfortunately, due to changes in copyright law. Shakespeare’s works belong to public domain, but comments and notes may be copyrighted, depending on the publication date. Other editions of Shakespeare from public domain were released a few years later.
10 to 1,000 ebooks
Its critics long considered Project Gutenberg as impossible on a large scale. But Michael went on keying book after book during many years, with the help of some volunteers.
In August 1989, Project Gutenberg completed its 10th ebook, The King James Bible (1769), both testaments, and 5M for all files.
In 1990, there were 250,000 internet users. The web was in its infancy. The standard was 360 K disks.
In January 1991, Michael typed in Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (1865), by Lewis Carroll. In July 1991, he typed in Peter Pan (1904), by James M. Barrie. These two classics of childhood literature each fit on one disk.
The first browser, Mosaic, was released in November 1993. It became easier to circulate etexts and recruit volunteers. From 1991 to 1996, the number of ebooks doubled every year, with one ebook per month in 1991, two ebooks per month in 1992, four ebooks per month in 1993, and eight ebooks per month in 1994.
In January 1994, Project Gutenberg released The Complete Works of William Shakespeare as eBook #100. Shakespeare wrote most of his works between 1590 and 1613.
The steady growth went on, with an average of 8 ebooks per month in 1994, 16 ebooks per month in 1995, and 32 ebooks per month in 1996.
In June 1997, Project Gutenberg released The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood (1883), by Howard Pyle.
Project Gutenberg reached 1,000 ebooks in August 1997. EBook #1000 was La Divina Commedia (1321), by Dante Alighieri, in Italian, its original language.
With the number of ebooks on the rise, three main sections were set up: (a) “Light Literature”, such as Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, Through the Looking-Glass, Peter Pan and Aesop’s Fables; (b) “Heavy Literature”, such as the Bible, Shakespeare’s works, Moby Dick and Paradise Lost; (c) “Reference Literature”, such as Roget’s Thesaurus, almanacs, and a set of encyclopedias and dictionaries. (A more detailed classification was created later on.)
“Light Literature” was the main section in number of ebooks. As explained on the website in 1998: “The Light Literature Collection is designed to get persons to the computer in the first place, whether the person may be a pre-schooler or a great-grandparent. We love it when we hear about kids or grandparents taking each other to an etext of Peter Pan when they come back from watching Hook at the movies, or when they read Alice in Wonderland after seeing it on TV. We have also been told that nearly every Star Trek movie has quoted current Project Gutenberg etext releases (from Moby Dick in The Wrath of Khan; a Peter Pan quote finishing up the most recent, etc.) not to mention a reference to Through the Looking-Glass in JFK. This was a primary concern when we chose the books for our libraries. We want people to be able to look up quotations they heard in conversation, movies, music, other books, easily with a library containing all these quotations in an easy-to-find etext format.”
Project Gutenberg’s goal is more about selecting books intended for the general public than providing authoritative editions. As explained on the website in 1998: “We do not write for the reader who cares whether a certain phrase in Shakespeare has a ‘:’ or a ‘;’ between its clauses. We put our sights on a goal to release etexts that are 99.9% accurate in the eyes of the general reader. Given the preferences our proofreaders have, and the general lack of reading ability the public is currently reported to have, we probably exceed those requirements by a significant amount. However, for the person who wants an ‘authoritative edition’ we will have to wait some time until this becomes more feasible. We do, however, intend to release many editions of Shakespeare and the other classics for comparative study on a scholarly level.”
The etexts, later called ebooks, were stored in the simplest way, using the low set of ASCII, called Plain Vanilla ASCII, for them to be read on any hardware and software. As a text file, a book could be easily copied, indexed, searched, analyzed, and compared with other books.
As explained by Michael Hart in August 1998 in an email interview: “We consider etext to be a new medium, with no real relationship to paper, other than presenting the same material, but I don’t see how paper can possibly compete once people each find their own comfortable way to etexts, especially in schools. (…) My own personal goal is to put 10,000 etexts on the net [this goal was reached in October 2003] and if I can get some major support, I would like to expand that to 1,000,000 and to also expand our potential audience for the average etext from 1.x% of the world population to over 10%, thus changing our goal from giving away 1,000,000,000,000 etexts to 1,000 times as many, a trillion and a quadrillion in U.S. terminology.”
1,000 to 10,000 ebooks
From 1998 to 2000, the “output” was an average of 36 ebooks per month.
Project Gutenberg reached 2,000 ebooks in May 1999. EBook #2000 was Don Quijote (1605), by Cervantes, in Spanish, its original language.
Project Gutenberg reached 3,000 ebooks in December 2000. EBook #3000 was À l’ombre des jeunes filles en fleurs (In the Shadow of Young Girls in Flower), vol. 3 (1919), by Marcel Proust, in French, its original language.
Project Gutenberg Australia was launched in August 2001.
Project Gutenberg reached 4,000 ebooks in October 2001. EBook #4000 was The French Immortals Series (1905), in English. This book is an anthology of short fictions by authors from the French Academy (Académie Française): Emile Souvestre, Pierre Loti, Hector Malot, Charles de Bernard, Alphonse Daudet, and others.
The output in 2001 was an average of 104 new ebooks per month.
Project Gutenberg reached 5,000 ebooks in April 2002. EBook #5000 was The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci, an English version of Leonardo’s early 16th-century writings in Italian. Since its release, this ebook has constantly stayed in the Top 100 of downloaded ebooks.
In 1991, Michael Hart chose to type in Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Peter Pan because they would each fit on one 360 K disk, the standard of the time. In 2002, the standard disk was 1.44 M and could be compressed as a zipped file.
A practical file size is about 3 million characters, more than long enough for the average book. The ASCII version of a 300-page novel is 1 M. A bulky book can fit in two ASCII files, that can be downloaded as is or zipped. An average of 50 hours is necessary to get an ebook selected, copyright-cleared, scanned, proofread, formatted, and assembled.
A few numbers are reserved for “special” books. For example, eBook #1984 is reserved for George Orwell’s classic, published in 1949, and still a long way from falling into public domain.
In spring 2002, Project Gutenberg’s ebooks represented 25% of all the public domain works freely available on the web and listed in the Internet Public Library (IPL). The output in 2002 was an average of 203 ebooks per month.
In November 2002, Project Gutenberg released the 75 files of the Human Genome Project, with files of dozens or hundreds of megabytes, shortly after its initial release in February 2001 as a work from public domain.
1,000 ebooks in August 1997, 2,000 ebooks in May 1999, 3,000 ebooks in December 2000, 4,000 ebooks in October 2001, 5,000 ebooks in April 2002, 10,000 ebooks in October 2003. EBook #10000 was The Magna Carta, signed in 1215 and known as the first English constitutional text.
From April 2002 to October 2003, in 18 months, the collections doubled, going from 5,000 ebooks to 10,000 ebooks, with a monthly average of 348 new ebooks in 2003.
The fast growth was the work of Distributed Proofreaders, a website launched in October 2000 by Charles Franks to share the proofreading of ebooks between many volunteers. Volunteers choose one of the digitized books available on the site and proofread a given page, or several pages, as they wish.
EBooks were also copied on CDs and DVDs. As blank CDs and DVDs cost next to nothing, Project Gutenberg began burning and sending a free CD or DVD to anyone asking for it. People were encouraged to make copies for a friend, a library or a school. Released in August 2003, the Best of Gutenberg CD contained 600 ebooks. The first Project Gutenberg DVD was released in December 2003 to celebrate the first 10,000 ebooks, with the burning of most titles (9,400 ebooks).
In September 2003, Project Gutenberg launched Project Gutenberg Audio eBooks, a collection of human-read ebooks, as well as the Sheet Music Subproject, a collection of digitized music sheet and music recordings. A collection of still and moving pictures was also available.
10,000 to 20,000 ebooks
In December 2003, there were 11,000 ebooks, which represented 110 G, in several formats (ASCII, HTML, PDF, and others, as is or zipped). In May 2004, there were 12,600 ebooks, which represented 135 G. With more than 300 new ebooks added per month (338 ebooks per month in 2004), the number of gigabytes was expected to double every year.
The Project Gutenberg Consortia Center (PGCC) was affiliated with Project Gutenberg in 2003, and became an official Project Gutenberg site. Since 1997, PGCC had been working on gathering collections of existing ebooks, as a complement to Project Gutenberg working on producing ebooks. As explained by Michael Hart in February 2009: “The Project Gutenberg Consortia Center has over 75,000 ebooks rendered as PDF files, and some are really quite stunning. The difference? These files were prepared by other eLibraries, not Project Gutenberg, and are using our worldwide distribution network to be seen.”
In Europe, Project Rastko, based in Belgrade, Serbia, launched Project Gutenberg Europe (PG Europe) and Distributed Proofreaders Europe (DP Europe) in January 2004. 100 ebooks were available in June 2005, in several languages, as a reflection of European linguistic diversity.
In January 2005, Project Gutenberg reached 15,000 ebooks. EBook #15000 was The Life of Reason (1906), by George Santayana.
What about languages? There were ebooks in 25 languages in February 2004, and in 42 languages in July 2005, including Sanskrit and the Mayan languages. The seven main languages – with more than 50 ebooks – were English (with 14,548 ebooks on July 27, 2005), French (577 ebooks), German (349 ebooks), Finnish (218 ebooks), Dutch (130 ebooks), Spanish (103 ebooks), and Chinese (69 ebooks).
In July 2005, Project Gutenberg Australia (launched in August 2001) reached 500 ebooks.
Project Gutenberg PrePrints was launched in January 2006 to collect items submitted to Project Gutenberg which were interesting enough to be available online, but not ready yet to be added to the main Project Gutenberg collection, because of missing data, low-quality files, formats which were not handy, etc. 379 ebooks were available in December 2006, and 2,020 ebooks in February 2009.
In December 2006, Project Gutenberg reached 20,000 ebooks. EBook #20000 was the audiobook of Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea (Vingt mille lieues sous les mers, 1869), by Jules Verne, in its English version.
If 32 years and 3 months, from July 1971 to October 2003, were necessary to produce the first 10,000 ebooks, 3 years and 2 months, from October 2003 to December 2006, were necessary to produce the following 10,000 ebooks. There were ebooks in 50 languages in December 2006.
20,000 to 30,000 ebooks
In December 2006, Mike Cook launched the blog Project Gutenberg News as “the news portal for gutenberg.org”, to complement the existing weekly and monthly newsletters. For example, the blog gave a table of the weekly, monthly and yearly production numbers since 2001.
The weekly production was 24 ebooks in 2001, 47 ebooks in 2002, 79 ebooks in 2003, 78 ebooks in 2004, 58 ebooks in 2005, and 80 ebooks in 2006.
The monthly production was 104 ebooks in 2001, 203 ebooks in 2002, 348 ebooks in 2003, 338 ebooks in 2004, 252 ebooks in 2005, and 345 ebooks in 2006.
The yearly production was 1,244 ebooks in 2001, 2,432 ebooks in 2002, 4,176 ebooks in 2003, 4,058 ebooks in 2004, 3,019 ebooks in 2005, and 4,141 ebooks in 2006.
Project Gutenberg Australia reached 1,500 ebooks in April 2007.
Project Gutenberg Canada (PGC) was launched on July 1st, 2007, on Canada Day, by Michael Shepard and David Jones. Distributed Proofreaders Canada (DPC) started production in December 2007. There were 100 ebooks in March 2008, in English, French, and Italian.
Project Gutenberg sent out 15 million ebooks via CDs and DVDs by snail mail in 2007. A new DVD released in July 2006 included 17,000 ebooks. CD and DVD files were also generated as ISO files (since 2005) to be downloaded for burning CDs or DVDs.
Project Gutenberg reached 25,000 books in April 2008. EBook #25000 was English Book Collectors (1902), by William Younger Fletcher.
Project Gutenberg reached 30,000 books in October 2009. EBook #30000 was The Bird Book (1915), by Chester Albert Reed.
30,000 ebooks onwards
Distributed Proofreaders celebrated its 10th anniversary in October 2010, with more than 18,000 books digitized and proofread during ten years by thousands of volunteeers.
Project Gutenberg offered more than 33,000 high-quality proofread ebooks in December 2010, in various formats for any electronic device (computer, PDA, mobile phone, smartphone, and ebook reader).
(Many thanks to Mike Cook, Michael Hart, and Russon Wooldridge for proofreading some parts in previous versions of this essay.)
Copyright © 2010 Marie Lebert | <urn:uuid:4a758c87-5957-49b6-b908-0e4792037280> | {
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Ṛta(Redirected from Rta)
In the Vedic religion, Ṛta (//; Sanskrit ऋत ṛta "order, rule; truth") is the principle of natural order which regulates and coordinates the operation of the universe and everything within it. In the hymns of the Vedas, Ṛta is described as that which is ultimately responsible for the proper functioning of the natural, moral and sacrificial orders. Conceptually, it is closely allied to the injunctions and ordinances thought to uphold it, collectively referred to as Dharma, and the action of the individual in relation to those ordinances, referred to as Karma – two terms which eventually eclipsed Ṛta in importance as signifying natural, religious and moral order in later Hinduism. Sanskrit scholar Maurice Bloomfield referred to Ṛta as "one of the most important religious conceptions of the "Rigveda", going on to note that, "from the point of view of the history of religious ideas we may, in fact we must, begin the history of Hindu religion at least with the history of this conception".
Vedic ṛtá and its Avestan equivalent aša are both thought by some to derive from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hr̥tás "truth", which in turn may continue from a possible Proto-Indo-European *h2r-tós "properly joined, right, true", from a presumed root *h2er-. The derivative noun ṛta is defined as "fixed or settled order, rule, divine law or truth". As Mahony (1998) notes, however, the term can be translated as "that which has moved in a fitting manner" - although this meaning is not actually cited by authoritative Sanskrit dictionaries it is a regular derivation from the verbal root -, and abstractly as "universal law" or "cosmic order", or simply as "truth". The latter meaning dominates in the Avestan cognate to Ṛta, aša.
The term appears in Vedic texts and in post-Vedic texts, both as Ṛta and derivatives of the term. For example, in the 2nd-century BCE text Mahabhasya of Patanjali, he explains Ṛtaka to be the grammatically correct form of name for a son, where then the name would mean "truthling".
Oldenberg (1894) surmised that the concept of Ṛta originally arose in the Indo-Aryan period from a consideration of the natural order of the world and of the occurrences taking place within it as doing so with a kind of causal necessity. Both Vedic Ṛta and Avestan aša were conceived of as having a tripartite function which manifested itself in the physical, ethical and ritual domains. In the context of Vedic religion, those features of nature which either remain constant or which occur on a regular basis were seen to be a manifestation of the power of Ṛta in the physical cosmos. In the human sphere, Ṛta was understood to manifest itself as the imperative force behind both the moral order of society as well as the correct performance of Vedic rituals. The notion of a universal principle of natural order is by no means unique to the Vedas, and Ṛta has been compared to similar ideas in other cultures, such as Ma'at in Ancient Egyptian religion, Moira and the Logos in Greek paganism, and the Tao.
Due to the nature of Vedic Sanskrit, a term such as Ṛta can be used to indicate numerous things, either directly or indirectly, and both Indian and European scholars have experienced difficulty in arriving at fitting interpretations for Ṛta in all of its various usages in the Vedas, though the underlying sense of "ordered action" remains universally evident. In the Rigveda, the term Ṛta appears as many as 390 times, and has been characterized as "the one concept which pervades the whole of Ṛgvedic thought".
Ṛta appears most frequently as representing abstract concepts such as "law", "commandment", "order", "sacrifice", "truth", and "regularity", but also occasionally as concrete objects such as the waters, the heavens or the sun as manifestations of the operation of Ṛta in the physical universe. Ṛta is also frequently used in reference to various Vedic deities. Thus, Bṛhaspati is referred to as possessing a powerful bow with "Ṛta as its string" and as one prepared to "mount the chariot of Ṛta"; Agni is described as one who is "desirous of Ṛta", one who is "Ṛta-minded" and as he who "spread Heaven and Earth by Ṛta"; the Maruts are referred to as "rejoicing in the house of Ṛta" and as "knowers of Ṛta"; Ushas is described as having been "placed at the root of Ṛta"; Varuna is praised as "having the form of Ṛta" and, along with Mitra as Mitra-Varuna, as "destroying the foes by Ṛta" and as "professing Ṛta by Ṛta". Epithets such as "born of Ṛta" and "protector of Ṛta" are frequently applied to numerous divinities, as well as to the sacrificial fire and the sacrifice itself.
Despite the abundance of such references, the gods are never portrayed as having command over Ṛta. Instead, the gods, like all created beings, remain subject to Ṛta, and their divinity largely resides in their serving it in the role of executors, agents or instruments of its manifestation. As Day (1982) notes, the gods "do not govern Ṛta so much as immanentalize it through the particularities of divine ordinances and retributions concerning both rewards and punishments. In this sense they do not "govern" Ṛta; they serve it as agents and ministers".
While the concept of Ṛta as an abstract, universal principle generally remained resistant to the anthropomorphic tendencies of the Vedic period, it became increasingly associated with the actions of individual deities, in particular with those of the god Varuna as the omniscient, all-encompassing sky. Although the Adityas as a group are associated with Ṛta, being referred to as "the charioteers of Ṛta, dwelling in the home of Ṛta", it is Varuna in particular who is identified as the "friend of Ṛta". The connection of Varuna and Ṛta extended beyond the physical realm and into the sphere of ritual worship, with the sacrificial fire itself being lauded as that which "harnesses the steeds and holds the reins of Ṛta, becoming Varuna when he strives for Ṛta". As James (1969) notes, Varuna attained the position of "universal Power par excellence maintaining Ṛta" and is celebrated as having "separated and established heaven and earth, spreading them out as the upper and lower firmaments, himself enthroned above them as the universal king, ordering the immutable moral law, exercising his rule by the sovereignty of Ṛta.
Already in the earliest Vedic texts, Ṛta as an ethical principle is linked with the notion of cosmic retribution. A central concept of the Ṛgveda is that created beings fulfil their true natures when they follow the path set for them by the ordinances of Ṛta, and failing to follow those ordinances was thought to be responsible for the appearance of various forms of calamity and suffering. Committing one's actions to the governance of Ṛta, referred to as its "Dharma", was therefore understood as imperative in ensuring one's own well-being. In this vein, the individual who follows the ordinances of nature can be described as one who acts according to the "Dharma of Ṛta". Dharma, then, was originally conceived of as a "finite or particularized manifestation of Ṛta inasmuch as it represents that aspect of the universal Order which specifically concerns the mundane natural, religious, social and moral spheres as expressed in ritualistic regulations, public laws, moral principles and laws of nature".
Though originally understood as a subordinate component of the essentially metaphysical concept of Ṛta, Dharma eventually grew to overshadow Ṛta in prominence in later Vedic and early Hindu literature. According to Day (1982), the concept of Dharma,
...became so useful for framing religious, moral and social regulations, that interest in it and discussion of its applications to social and moral order eclipsed all discussions of metaphysical and theological ideas. Since, moreover, Dharma was made the central subject of a literary tradition which was to become vast and extensive throughout India, while the conception of Ṛta remained largely confined to the Vedas and their commentaries, it naturally took possession of brāhmaṇical thinking even at the expense of older, exalted concepts and conceptions.
As the notion of Dharma shifted emphasis away from the gods as executors of Ṛta and towards the individual as upholding Ṛta through his actions, the ethical responsibility and culpability of the individual received an increasing amount of emphasis towards the end of the Vedic period. Central to the discussion of such culpability is the notion of Karma. Karma (lit. "action") refers to the works one performs, which can occur either in congruence with or in opposition to Dharma – and thus, to Ṛta – and which are posited to stand in a causal relationship to the pains and pleasures one experiences in life.
The emergence of Karma as a central doctrine of the late Vedic and early Hindu tradition is due in part to the problem of theodicy. Given the inherent goodness of Ṛta and its absolute power over the operation of the universe, the presence of gross inequality and injustice in the world represented a serious religious, philosophical and ethical dilemma. The notion of Karma helped to overcome this problem as it was conceived as a "law of moral causation" which effectively excused the gods and Ṛta from the appearance of evil in the world, placing the responsibility for the same squarely upon the individual.
Being an extension of Ṛta, Karma was conceived of as operating with the same absolute efficiency. As Day (1982) notes, "acts are causally determinative in accordance with their good or evil nature, and their out-workings are inexorable; there is no intrusive or arbitrary factor which might overcome their potentiality for causing retributional effects, or otherwise interfering with the strictly mechanical efficiency of Karma. Since, moreover, an individual's fortunes and misfortunes are solely the outcome of his past actions, he has no ground for believing that life is kindlier or harsher than is deserved. He has no cause either for praising God's benevolence nor for lamenting God's wrath."
In proper namesEdit
Ṛta- or arta- sometimes appears as an element in Vedic and Indic personal names, as with Iranian.
In India the vocalic ‘ṛ’ of Sanskrit is transformed into the modern ‘ri’, or in South India, ‘ru’. Indian names include:
Mitanni (non-Indian, Vedic) names include:
|Look up ऋत in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.|
- Holdrege (2004:215). Panikkar (2001:350–351) remarks: "Ṛta is the ultimate foundation of everything; it is "the supreme", although this is not to be understood in a static sense. […] It is the expression of the primordial dynamism that is inherent in everything …"
- Holdrege (2004:215–216); Mahony (1998:3).
- Bloomfield (1908:12–13).
- "AṦA (Asha "Truth") – Encyclopaedia Iranica". Iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2013-02-21.
- Monier-Williams (1899:223b)
- Mahony (1998:3).
- Oldenberg (1894:30). Cf. also Thieme (1960:308).
- Hartmut Scharfe (2002). Handbook of Oriental Studies. BRILL Academic. p. 53. ISBN 90-04-12556-6.
- Oldenberg (1894:195).
- Ara (2008:117). See Myers (2001:176–178) for a detailed discussion of the threefold function of Ṛta.
- Oldenberg (1894:196).
- Oldenberg (1894:197–198).
- Cf. Ramakrishna (1965:153–168), James (1969:35–36), Premnath (1994:325–339), Rappaport (2002:344–370).
- Cf. Ramakrishna (1965:45–46).
- Ramakrishna (1965:45).
- Ramakrishna (1965:37–65).
- Brown (1992:373): "The Ṛta […] was not created or willed by any being or beings, the gods or any other above them. It existed before them but became known by them. They were powerless to alter it; they were only agents to execute it or supervise its execution."
- Day (1982:29–30).
- See James (1969:34–36) for a discussion of the historical development of the relationship of Varuna to Ṛta. Ramakrishna considers it possible that Varuna was originally conceived as the personalized aspect of the otherwise impersonal Ṛta, and that, as the importance of Ṛta began to wane in the late Vedic and post-Vedic periods, Varuna was demoted to the position of a god of the waters. Cf. Ramakrishna (1965:133–134).
- RV 7.52.9; RV 8.25.2; RV 7.40.4. Quoted in Ramakrishna (1965:113). For a discussion of the Adityas and their relationship to Ṛta, cf. Heckaman (1979:15–20).
- Quoted in James (1969:35).
- James (1969:36;34).
- Day (1982:28). Also Brown (1992:373): "For example, if a man got dropsy, he knew that he had violated the Ṛta, and that the god Varuna, whose duty it was to supervise enforcement of Ṛta, had sent the disease as a punishment."
- Cf. Bilimoria et al. (2007:33): "Since to do what is right safeguards the good of all qua Ṛta, it is assumed that it is more or less obligatory to do or perform the right acts."
- Day (1982:45).
- Day (1982:42–43).
- Day (1982:42).
- Cf. Rukmani (2008:157); Davis (1990:320). Also Leslie (1992:52–53).
- Myers (2001:184).
- Day (1982:78); Neufeldt (1986:2).
- Cf. Kapur-Fic (1998:96); Brown (1992:373); Mahadevan (2000:37).
- Day (1982:77)
- Boyce 1987, p. 390.
- Hess (1993). Amarna Personal Names. Eisenmans. p. 38.
- Ara, Mitra (2008). Eschatology in the Indo-Iranian Traditions: The Genesis and Transformation of a Doctrine. New York: Peter Lang. ISBN 978-1-4331-0250-9.
- Bilimoria, P., Prabhu, J. & Sharma, R. (Eds.) (2007). Indian Ethics: Classical Traditions and Contemporary Challenges, Vol. 1. Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-7546-3301-2.
- Bloomfield, Maurice (1908). The Religion of the Veda: The Ancient Religion of India, from Rig-Veda to Upanishads. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
- Brown, W. N. (1992). "Some Ethical Concepts for the Modern World from Hindu and Indian Buddhist Tradition" in: Radhakrishnan, S. (Ed.) Rabindranath Tagore: A Centenary Volume 1861–1961. Calcutta: Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 81-7201-332-9.
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- Day, Terence P. (1982). The Conception of Punishment in Early Indian Literature. Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ISBN 0-919812-15-5.
- Heckaman, C. (1979). Toward a Comprehensive Understanding of Rta in the Rg Veda. Master's Thesis: McMaster University.
- Holdrege, Barbara A. (2004). "Dharma" in: Mittal, S. & Thursby, G. (Eds.) The Hindu World. pp. 213–248. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-21527-7.
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- Leslie, Julia (1992). Roles and Rituals for Hindu Women. Bangalore: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 81-208-1036-8.
- Mahadevan, T. M. P. (2000). Upaniṣads. Bangalore: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 81-208-1611-0.
- Mahony, William K. (1998). The Artful Universe: An Introduction to the Vedic Religious Imagination. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-3580-6.
- Monier-Williams, Monier (1976). A Sanskrit-English Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Myers, Michael W. (2001). Brahman: A Comparative Theology. Surrey: Curzon Press. ISBN 0-7007-1257-7.
- Neufeldt, Ronald W. (1986). Karma and Rebirth: Post Classical Developments. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-87395-990-6.
- Oldenberg, Hermann (1894). Die Religion des Veda. Berlin: Verlag von Wilhelm Hertz.
- Panikkar, Raimundo (2001). The Vedic Experience: Mantramañjari. Bangalore: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 81-208-1280-8.
- Premnath, D. N. (1994). "The Concepts of Ṛta and Maat: A Study in Comparison" in: Biblical Interpretation: A Journal of Contemporary Approaches, Volume 2, Number 3, pp. 325–339.
- Ramakrishna, G. (1965). "Origin and Growth of the Concept of Ṛta in Vedic Literature". Doctoral Dissertation: University of Mysore.
- Rappaport, Roy A. (2002). Ritual and Religion in the Making of Humanity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-22873-5.
- Rukmani, T. S. (2008). "Value Ethics in the Early Unapishads: A Hermeneutic Approach" in: Sharma, A & Sherma R. (Eds.) Hermeneutics and Hindu Thought: Towards a Fusion of Horizons. Springer Publications. ISBN 978-1-4020-8191-0.
- Theime, Paul (1960). "The 'Aryan' Gods of the Mitanni Treaties" in Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 80, pg. 308.
- Watkins, Calvert (2000). The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots (2nd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-618-08250-6. | <urn:uuid:12cc7622-e9a3-4989-8f08-6d844b6c62a1> | {
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- The waste bottle and waste accumulation sheet are labeled either "hazardous waste" or "non-hazardous waste". Waste is hazardous if it is ignitable, corrosive, reactive, or toxic; refer to the Quick Determination Chart handout from the EHS workshop for more specific information.
- The waste bottle and waste accumulation sheet are labeled generally for content (e.g., "halogenated organic solvents", "oxidizing acid waste").
- The waste bottle is properly stored (e.g., incompatible wastes are not next to each other, bottles are in flammable cabinets if necessary).
- The waste bottle is capped.
- The container is appropriate for the material it holds.
- The container is no larger than 5 gallons.
- Original labels are removed or completely marked off of bottles that are being reused.
- The waste accumulation sheet is near the bottle, and it is clear which sheet goes with which bottle.
- Entries on the waste accumulation sheet are legible and chemical names are spelled out.
- Used oil containers are labeled "non-hazardous used oil" unless they contain organic solvents, in which case they must be labeled "hazardous waste" and "used oil with organic solvent".
- Hazardous waste is not mixed in the same container with non-hazardous waste.
- You are minimizing waste and can report on your minimization activities annually (e.g., recycling, substituting, reducing quantities, surplusing, and eliminating processes that create waste).
Waste Ready for Disposal:
- If the bottle contains more than one substance, each substance is identified as a percent of total.
- Waste is under your control and is located in the lab in which it was generated.
- A chemistry department fluorescent label is filled out and attached to the bottle.
- The waste container is appropriate for the substance and is an approved type (do not use food and beverage containers or containers without screw tops).
- The lid on the container is screwed on.
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The Mo Ibrahim Foundation has announced that it could not find a winner for its US$5 million prize for good governance in Africa. The selection panel said no candidate had met all of the criteria, as was the case in 2009 and 2010.
The foundation has set high and commendable standards for performance, which African leaders should aspire to achieve as the continent works to strengthen other democratic institutions. Two decades ago Africa’s leadership was dominated by autocrats, many of whom had risen to power through military coups.
But it appears that the road to democracy is being bridged by a rising technocracy.
While the Mo Ibrahim Foundation was announcing the “no winner” in London, the African Union was installing a South African medic, Dr. Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, as its new chairperson in Addis Ababa.
In 2012 alone, Angola, Egypt, Ethiopia, Senegal, Tunisia and Senegal elected engineers to top political offices. Eritrea and Nigeria are headed by an engineer and a fisheries scientist, respectively.
Technical aspirations among African leaders have at times been truly inspirational. When the founding father of Namibia, Sam Nujoma, stepped down from the presidency in 2005, he registered as a masters student in geology at the country’s national university. He graduated in 2009.
Then only three African presidents had technical training. Today the number stands at eight. In addition, nearly 40% of Egypt’s cabinet is made up of engineers. This is remarkable for a continent that has generally provided limited opportunities for training in the engineering fields.
The change in the technical background of African leaders may appear random, but it represents a significant realignment of Africa’s top positions with the continent’s contemporary development challenges.
Infrastructure concerns (energy, transportation, irrigation, and telecommunications) as well as health tend to dominate local political platforms.
For example, Angola’s last elections were marked by the inauguration of new infrastructure projects by the ruling party. The government has put forward a US$17 billion plan for electricity generation by 2016. And Senegal has recently scrapped its Senate, saving the country nearly US$15 million per year that will be invested in flood control, which is largely an engineering initiative. Senegal’s President Macky Sall is an engineer by training.
It is not possible to meet development and integration needs without building a strong engineering base for the design, construction and maintenance of infrastructure facilities. In addition, Africa needs “soft infrastructure” in the form of laws, regulations and other institutional support systems for effective management of physical infrastructure.
The main challenge is the lack of alignment between infrastructure strategies and the need to expand engineering training. As a result, there are very few engineering programs in African universities. There is also a perception that engineering is associated with large projects that tend to be linked to high costs, corruption and ecological degradation.
Much of the economic advice to Africa, which focuses only on the macroeconomic impacts of large infrastructure investments and less on the microeconomic benefits of such financial outlays, is standing in the way of common sense.
It is estimated that the continent will need to invest nearly US$93 billion per year over the next decade to meet its infrastructure needs. Mobilizing financial resources is critical. But more importantly, training opportunities will need to be expanded to include non-university institutions, especially institutes of higher learning that are located in various line ministries (including ministries of defense).
The telecoms sector is already stimulating electronic and electrical engineering training that includes the creation of dedicated telecoms universities in Kenya, Egypt and Ghana. Uganda, on the other hand, has created a Military University of Science and Technology whose graduates are now involved in the rehabilitation of rural railway networks.
Private and public enterprises can also provide critical in-house, university-level training that meets growing market demand. Other strategic interventions include engineering training facilities as part of all new major infrastructure projects.
Coordinating such efforts will need to be supported at the highest level in government by science and technology advisors to presidents and prime ministers at par with economic advisors. Today no African president has a dedicated office of science and technology advice. It is not enough to leave this critical function to presidents and prime ministers just because they have technical training.
It is too early to tell what the impact of the new leaders will have on the continent. But Africa’s democratic transition will require the helping hand of engineers, medics, scientists and entrepreneurs. This is a trend that Dr. Mo Ibrahim, a Sudan-born electrical engineer, might want to watch. Source: Forbesmagazine
Calestous Juma teaches at Harvard Kennedy School and co-chairs the African Union’s High Level Panel on Science, Technology and Innovation (Twitter @calestous)
The views expressed in this article are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect the editorial policy of The-North-Bank-Evening-Standard | <urn:uuid:491fe084-6548-45e1-aa6d-34a3154456a3> | {
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Boosting the output voltage of common alkaline button-cells to at least 1.8V, as needed by microcontrollers, provides an “always on” standby power source sufficient for low-power oscillator interrupt/sleep state operation.
In this design, two ultra-low-power op amps are used in a charge pump configuration to double an input voltage, creating an output voltage of approximately 2× the input voltage. Output currents up to 100µA are available at 90% efficiency; even load currents as low as 10µA achieve 80% efficiency, beating commercially available charge-pump ICs and inductor-based boost regulators.
When the microcontroller wakes, primary power may be fed in at diode-OR point at C4 from a separate power supply capable of providing the full on-state power. In a typical scenario, an interrupt causing the microcontroller to wake also enables the primary supply, which may be an inductor-based boost regulator. This primary supply remains on as long as the microcontroller requires full power, and shuts down when the microcontroller goes to sleep, allowing the micropower charge pump to take over providing low power at high efficiency.
In very-low duty-cycle systems, where the microcontroller spends the majority of its life sleeping, while waking only rarely to make measurements or respond to a stimulus, the low-power sleep-state current draw largely defines the battery life. Thus, the efficiency of the micropower boost regulator becomes critically important.
Referring to Figure 1, op amp U1 is configured as a relaxation oscillator, serving as the master charge-pump clock. Capacitor C2 charges and discharges primarily through resistor R4 to set the frequency, and U1’s output directly drives the bottom of flying capacitor C3 between IN and GND voltages.
Click on image to enlarge.
Figure 1: A microwatt charge-pump boost converterfrom two ultra-low-power op amps
Amplifier U1, the 0.8V/0.6µA TS1001 op amp from Touchstone Semiconductor, is particularly well-suited to the task, as it has the unusual combination of sub-microamp supply current, sub-1V operation, and reasonable output drive capability to charge C3.
Amplifier U2 is configured as a comparator slaved to the timing cycle established by U1, ensuring proper turn-on and turn-off timing for T1. T1, a low-threshold P-channel MOSFET, turns on when U1’s output is low, allowing C3 to charge to the voltage at IN; however, this timing is phased to ensure a clean break-before-make (T1 turns off before U1’s output goes high, and doesn’t turn on before U1’s output is already low).
This is accomplished by U2 switching based on the voltage of C2 at a different threshold than U1, set by R5, R6. NPN transistor T2 inverts the U2’s output to drive the gate of T1, and isolates U2’s output from the output voltage (U2’s maximum supply voltage is 2.5V).
Flying capacitor C3 is dimensioned to shuttle charge between IN and OUT with a minimum voltage discharge even at slow charge pump frequencies to maximize efficiency. Similarly, output capacitor C4 must hold charge between cycles with the maximum load. At these low currents, leakage currents must be controlled because they directly affect efficiency, so compact surface-mount ceramic (not tantalum) capacitors should be used.
Schottky diode D1 exhibits a 1µA reverse leakage; so the 1N5817 may be substituted with a lower-leakage, higher forward-drop diode such as the BAT68 which doubles the forward drop but reduces leakage by an order of magnitude.
Button-cell battery terminal voltage is typically 1V-1.5V, which would yield approximately 1.85V to 2.85V at the charge pump circuit’s output (assuming D1 voltage drop is 150mV). This voltage level matches well the operating-voltage range of typical microcontrollers (the Freescale MC9S08 series, for example, operates over a 1.8V – 3.6V range).
Further, note that the typical terminal voltage of the button cell for the majority of its life is 1.2V, yielding 2.25V output from the charge-pump circuit, thus accounting for the efficiency loss of dropping 2.25V to 1.8V still yields a net efficiency of 1.8V / 2.25V × 90% = 72%, beating most existing commercial solutions. Figure 2 shows the efficiency versus load current for this design.
Figure 2: The ultra-low-power, op amp-based charge-pump boost converter
exhibits 90% efficiency over a wide range of load currents.
In previous generations of discrete, charge-pump-based boost converters, conventional and low-power logic ICs have been used to create the charge-pump clock. While many of these logic chips are designed for high speed, they exhibit substantial crossover currents at switchover times. While a few tens of microamps expended in such circuits may be acceptable in most circuits, in this slow charge-pump circuit, every microamp matters. Op amps, in contrast to logic gates and comparators, use linear output stages: slow, but no shoot-through supply-current spikes.
About the author
Martin Tomasz is principal of Sageloop Designs, an engineering consulting company offering expertise in circuit and systems design. Mr. Tomasz is a seasoned analog and mixed signal engineer with 22 years experience in circuit and systems design. Past experience includes 12 years at Maxim Integrated Circuits where he was Senior Scientist, and Quantance, where he was VP Product Architecture. He currently holds 12 patents.
Editor's note: Liked this? Want more?
If you are interested in "power" issues such as components; efficiency; thermal concerns; AC/DC and DC/DC supply topologies; batteries; supply ICs; complete supplies; single- and multi-rail management; and supply monitoring: then go to the Power Management Designline home page here for the latest in design, technology, trends, products, and news. Also, sign up for our weekly Power Management Designline Newsletter here. | <urn:uuid:549d5afb-c9e7-49f7-acc3-625d4539c935> | {
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World Friendship Day
When is World Friendship Day?
World Friendship Day is a relatively new holiday based on an age-old concept. Known by the United Nations as the International Day of Friendship, it is widely recognized on July 30th every year. Some regions celebrate the holiday on a different date, but the mission remains the same: to honor and recognize the important friendships in your life, both new and old.
The idea of a holiday to celebrate friendships came about twice in history. First, Joyce Hall from Hallmark Cards promoted the idea during the 1920s and 1930s. Hall proposed August 2nd as a day to send friends cards. While the idea took off at first, it was soon seen as a commercial gimmick on the part of Hallmark to sell cards. The company was also criticized for choosing the date as a way to make money during a seasonal lull. Criticisms were especially sharp during the depression, when few people had extra money to spend on leisurely items.
Following early friendship day failures, some communities celebrated the holiday unofficially. However, ideas of an official holiday came up again during the 1950s in another continent. In Paraguay, Dr. Artemio Bracho came up with the idea of a World Friendship Crusade. It was formed on July 20, 1958, and was quickly adopted by other countries in South America. The United Nations took notice of the Crusade and eventually recognized the holiday on an international scale.
World Friendship Day was officially adopted by the United Nations in 2011 as the International Day of Friendship. The purpose of this was to expand on the holiday by promoting friendships between various countries and regions of the world. It is the hope of the United Nations that promoting cross-culture friendships will help to bring about peace and understanding and celebrate global diversity.
Celebrations of World Friendship Day vary by region. While cards and small gifts are the norm in the United States and Europe, many cultures exchange friendship bracelets. These wristbands are popular among younger generations in the U.S., but they have been historically regarded as high symbols of friendship in Asia and the Middle East for centuries. Different colors are woven to represent the personalities of the recipients.
Other celebrations simply consist of enjoying each other’s company. Cooking food and going out to eat are popular among friends during this holiday. As the Internet age continues to accelerate, many friends are taking their sentiments to the Web through email and social networking sites. At the same time, nothing beats an old-fashioned phone call between friends across long distances.
Due to its global celebrations, World Friendship Day also celebrates the way in which people of all cultures can form lasting relationships across borders. This aspect is particularly important in war-ravaged nations in which opposing forces exist in the same countries. In this perspective, supporters of World Friendship Day hope to promote peace.
The United Nations recognizes World Friendship Day as the International Day of Friendship on July 30th every year. Sometimes the holiday is also globally recognized as International Friendship Day. This date was chosen in 2011.
Since friendship doesn’t technically have any boundaries, World Friendship Day is celebrated during different dates. In the United States, most people celebrate the holiday on July 30th, while some communities choose a weekend near this date if it doesn’t fall on a Saturday or Sunday of a particular year. Many European nations celebrate World Friendship Day on the first Sunday in August. In Paraguay, some communities still recognize July 20th, the original date proposed by Dr. Bracho, as Friendship Day.
By: Kristeen Cherney | <urn:uuid:15886909-c509-489f-af99-baf7626e383d> | {
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|Home < About AuSIM < Technology < Primers < Audio Perception|
Auditory Perception - Localization
|The study of spatial auditory perception involves three distinct domains: physical, perceptual and neurological. The acoustical composition of a sound source contains vital spatial information encoded into its content, which represents the location of the source, as well as the space it occupies. Our perceptual mechanism seizes the acoustical information and extracts important cues pertaining to the source and its environment. When the signal reaches the neural processing stage, the source information and its direction information are combined. The auditory neural system extracts the directional information and creates a representation of the location and space where the sound source originated.|
Spatial hearing refers to the ability of human listeners to judge the direction and distance of environmental sound sources. To determine the direction of a sound, the auditory system relies on various physical cues. Sound waves emanating from a source travel in all directions away from the source. Some waves travel to the listener using the most direct path (direct sound) while others reflect off walls and objects before reaching the listener’s ears (indirect sound). The direct sound carries information about the location of the source relative to the listener. Indirect sound informs the listener about the space, and the relation of the source location to that space.
The ITD can be clarified by looking at the physical properties of how a sound wave propagates through air. Since sound travels at c an approximate velocity of 343 meters per second, the difference in time of arrival between the left and right ears, separated by distance d = 2 * r, coming from a direction specified by azimuth theta will be defined by:
where r is the head radius, c is the speed of sound, and θ is the direction of the sound source.
Over a wide range of frequencies, ITD is frequency independent and ITD values are typically stored by extracting the group delay between left and right channel signals. If we consider signals that are identical as a function of time, with one signal reaching its corresponding ear earlier than the other, it is apparent that all frequencies in the signal are shifted in time by a constant. However, due to diffraction, low frequencies result in a larger ITD than high frequencies. Calculations done with a spherical head model or a binaural model produce more detailed data on frequency-dependent ITD values.
Research has shown that mechanisms used to decode ITDs are sensitive to the signal’s phase
at frequencies below 1500 Hz.
Above 1500 Hz, where the wavelength is smaller than the diameter
of the head, the detection of phase difference becomes indeterminate due to phase ambiguities
and it is difficult for the auditory system to determine which is the leading wavefront.
research shows that when high frequency signals are modulated in amplitude, the auditory system
uses the ITD envelope cue to extract timing information of the onsets of the amplitude envelopes.
The interaural parameter ILD depends strongly on frequency, decreasing in magnitude as the frequency is lowered. At frequencies above 1500 Hz, the head acts as a baffle between the ears because the size of head is greater than the wavelength. This creates a “shadow” on the sound reaching the contralateral ear which can be as high as 35dB. Below 1500 Hz, the longer wavelengths diffract around the head, thus minimizing the ILD cue.
Figure 1 Cone of confusion
The Duplex Theory states that the ITD and ILD cues are complementary. Taken together, the two cues provide localization information across the audible frequency range. Nevertheless, localization by means of binaural interaction alone has an important intrinsic limitation. Although the ITD and ILD cues are good indicators for determining the location of sources along the interaural axis, they provide an insufficient basis for judging whether a sound is located above, below, in front or in back. For sources located at an equal distance on a conical surface extending from the listener’s ear, ITD and ILD cues are virtually identical producing what is referred to as the “cones of confusion”. A cone of confusion is presented in Figure 1. In this case, a listener would have difficulty determining the difference in location between sources A and C because the ITD and ILD cues would be equivalent for the two sources, resulting in an up-down confusion. Similarly, sources B and D would result in equivalent interaural cues, leading to a front/back confusion.
|<< Go Back to Primers Continues on Page 2 - Head-Related Transfer Functions Jump to Page 3 - Motion Clues >>|
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11 May 10 - Food security comes first, public symposium told
Food supplies and support for agriculture are too important to be left to market forces alone, and governments must play a dominant role, speakers said at UNCTAD's second public symposium.
The food shortages of 2008 and continued high prices for agricultural staples were cited repeatedly as the most vital development concern as an UNCTAD symposium for civil society continued into its second day.
You start with food as the highest priority.
Mr. Mouhamady Cissokho
Réseau des Organisations Paysannes et de Producteurs de l'Afrique de l'Ouest, Senegal
Speakers at the event, titled "Responding to Global Crises: New Development Paths", said investment in agriculture, especially to help Africa's smallholder farmers, takes the highest priority, and that governments must play a major role in supplying food at reasonable prices to their populations.
"We must support agriculture and create jobs in agriculture for young people," said Mouhamady Cissokho, President of the Réseau des Organisations Paysannes et de Producteurs de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (ROPPA) (Network of West African Peasants and Producers Organizations), at a morning session on the topic of "Alternative Development Strategies."
Mr. Cissokho, of Senegal, said repeatedly that Africa has the land and the labour to feed itself, but that "farmers are poor, and governments don't pay attention to poor people."
"Today the African continent is spending US$ 20 billion to import food," he went on. "This is an insult to the African farmer. This is a problem of political choice and recklessness on the part of leaders."
Similarly, Biraj Patnaik, Principal Adviser of the Office of Commissioners to the Supreme Court (right-to-food cases) of India, said India has several of the world's 10 richest people, has "the second fastest-growing economy in the world, and also has the world's largest number of hungry people. It is unacceptable." He went on to outline steps taken by the Indian government to implement a legally recognized right to food. "More than 2,000 organizations are now part of a right-to-food campaign in the country," he said.
Others addressing the meeting said that "alternative development" perhaps doesn't describe what is needed to ease food concerns. They said what is needed is effective democracy, in which the vital concerns of the public result in government action.
The Monday afternoon session of the symposium, on "Rethinking Global Economic Governance", heard several speakers call for national and international steps to prevent financial speculators from distorting food prices. Because food and commodity prices have turned into vehicles for financial speculation, these participants said, prices no longer reflect real conditions of supply and demand.
And a speaker at the Tuesday morning session cautioned that calls for government action on food security "can mean there is a gap between intent and reality. Having a right to food doesn't mean there's food on the table." He and others stressed that democracies, if in place, still have to represent the primary concerns of their populations, and that often the funding for political parties -- and such problems as inefficiency and corruption -- play a dominant role and do not reflect people's actual needs.
"If it is necessary to depend on the courts to have access to food," said a representative of the Consortium for Trade and Development (India), "that indicates changes must be made and governments, if necessary, must be more involved in providing food security." | <urn:uuid:6244cb52-9875-419e-90ed-3d95d61fd82e> | {
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Research firm Gartner says the “Internet of Things” will have 26 billion connected devices by 2020. Maybe. But connected to what? And how? Here’s what you need to know about the “Internet of Things” phenomenon.
There will be no ‘Internet of Things’, The label “Internet of Things” is used to describe Internet-connected devices that communicate without human involvement. For example, as you read this article, you’re using the regular Internet. You’re a human being who is communicating with another human being (Yours Truly), and this communication is facilitated by many other human beings (editors, web designers, engineers, etc.). Like Soylent Green, the Internet is made out of people — and computers whose main purpose is to help people use the Internet.
The “Internet of Things” is different mainly in that it’s not made out of people.
Let’s imagine a scenario 10 years into the future when the “Internet of Things” is supposed to be established. You come home with a hypothetical “smart toaster,” which connects to the Internet. You plug it into a kitchen outlet. The toaster boots up, finds the home Wi-Fi network and sends out a query to all the other smart devices registered to you. Your alarm clock, smart toothbrush, TV, smartphones, tablets, PCs, smart glasses, smart smoke detector, home automation base station, smart clothes, smart fridge, smart washer and dryer and smart kitty litter box each in turn introduces itself to the toaster, telling its unique identifiers and what they’re capable of doing. The toaster responds in kind. In the future, the toaster can send and receive instructions from other devices.
For example, you have friends over for breakfast and make several slices of toast. There’s a lot of heat and a little smoke, and your smart smoke detector suspects a fire. So it sends out a message to the other devices saying, in effect, “is anyone creating heat and smoke?” The toaster can respond the equivalent of: “Yeah, it’s me. No fire here and nothing to be alarmed about.” So the smoke alarm doesn’t sound.
“Things” are connecting to each other and interoperating without human involvement. That’s one consumery example of the “Internet of Things.” (There will be industrial and other applications on a massive scale.) The “Internet of Things” is a bad name because “things” don’t have their own Internet. They use the regular Internet. There is no separate “Internet of Things.” ”Things of the Internet” would be closer. And “things that interact with other things without human involvement” would be even more accurate.
Another reason why the “Internet of Things” is a bad name is that the devices can make these connections without using the Internet. Some can connect peer-to-peer, or over a local network, without going online. The ability to connect to the Internet is not a necessary criterion for inclusion in the “Internet of Things” category.
Read the complete article here. | <urn:uuid:08699805-8875-4248-9190-8280883f4d12> | {
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When a fisherman caught a bull shark recently off the Florida Keys, he came across an unlikely surprise: One of the shark's live fetuses had two heads.
The fisherman kept the odd specimen, and shared it with scientists, who described it in a study published online on March 25 in the Journal of Fish Biology.
It's one of the very few examples of a two-headed shark ever recorded — there about six instances in published reports — and the first time this has been seen in a bull shark, said Michael Wagner, a study co-author and researcher at Michigan State University.
Technically called "axial bifurcation," the deformity is a result of the embryo beginning to split into two separate organisms, or twins, but doing so incompletely, Wagner told OurAmazingPlanet. It's a very rare mutation that occurs across different animals, including humans.
"Halfway through the process of forming twins, the embryo stops dividing," he said.
The two-headed fetus likely wouldn't have lived for very long in the wild, he said. "When you're a predator that needs to move fast to catch other fast-moving fish … that'd be nearly impossible with this mutation," he said. [See the two-headed shark.]
Wagner said the description of the deformed shark may someday help better understand how these deformities arise in sharks and other animals.
Two-headed snakes and turtles can be bought from certain specialty breeders, and there is a small market for such creatures, Wagner said.
Several of the few examples of two-headed sharks available today come from museum specimens from the late 1800s, when deformed animals and other macabre curiosities fetched high prices, he said.
Another reason the two-headed shark likely wouldn't have survived: its small body. "It had very developed heads, but a very stunted body," Wagner said. There's only so much energy that can go into the body's development, and it went into the shark's double noggins, he added.
- The World's Freakiest Looking Animals
- 10 Amazing Things You Didn't Know about Animals
- On the Brink: A Gallery of Wild Sharks
Copyright 2013 LiveScience, a TechMediaNetwork company. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed. | <urn:uuid:88c82010-179a-4020-988a-604c416af06f> | {
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Brushless dc motors initially were designed in large numbers for spindle drives in Winchester disk drives. The early designs were three-phase, later moving to two-phase and then one-phase, due to the very slow start-up requirements, very small friction loads, and the need to reduce unit cost at all levels. The industrial and machine tool markets started with and continue to use three-phase BLDC motors in their variable-speed, variable-load, high-start-up applications. The overwhelming popularity of three-phase BLDC motors focuses this subsection toward three-phase windings. Many of the initial design activities for various winding patterns can be traced back to the 1920s and earlier based on work done on three-phase ac windings.
This subsection reviews the various winding line connections, the key winding patterns and hookups, various winding constants, and winding selection and design techniques.
Basic Winding Configurations. There are other basic decisions that must be made by the design engineer before a BLDC motor design can commence. Previously defined is the number of phases, which is three here. Next in importance is the number of poles. The use of two poles is waning, and the use of six or eight poles is increasing. Four-pole BLDC motors are among the most popular used today. Two-and four-pole BLDC motor designs are used here, but the rules for two and four poles can be extended to higher pole counts. The number of stator slots (and teeth) and the winding pattern are key design decisions. This section is dedicated to reviewing the important parameters of these two design decisions.
In a three-phase motor there are three windings or phases positioned 120° electrical apart. Figure 5.30 shows the location of 6 coils in a representative 12-slot sta-tor. A two-pole rotor (not shown) will rotate as the three windings are energized in sequence A-B-C, as A-A’, B-B’, and then C-C are energized sequentially.The three-phase winding always develops positive starting torque, no matter where the rotor starts its motion.
FIGURE 5.30 Basic 3-phase winding layout.
There are many winding line connections that can be used in three-phase drive systems. Figure 5.31 illustrates the various configurations. The half-wave wye is the simplest three-phase line configuration (Fig. 5.31a). It uses three power lines and one return line (four leads). The excitation is shown adjacent to the schematic in Fig. 5.31a. Only 33 percent (one lead) of the half-wave wye windings are energized at any time in operation. The second wye winding, the full-wave wye (Fig. 5.31b) has only three leads but 66 percent (two leads) of the windings are in operation simultaneously. The excitation scheme is shown to the right of the schematic.
The third major winding connection pattern is the delta, shown in Fig. 5.31c. It possesses the same excitation scheme as the full-wave wye. The delta winding configuration has been used more extensively than the wye in fractional-horsepower (<746 W) motor applications.The wye is more popular with the larger-sized integral-horsepower BLDC motor users. The final winding to be reviewed is the independent winding line connection (Fig. 5.31d). In this scheme, each winding is independent of its neighbor. The excitation scheme is more complicated, but each winding can be operated in parallel, thereby distributing the total current. The windings are still situated 120° electrical away from each other.This winding configuration has seen limited use to date.
The most popular winding line configurations are the full-wave wye and the delta. In a balanced wye configuration, the line and coil (phase) currents are equal,
FIGURE 5.31 Popular 3-phase BLDC motor winding line connections: (a) wye (half wave), (b) wye (full wave), (c) delta, and (d) independent.
the neutral current is zero, and the line-to-line voltage is V3 times the phase voltage. In a balanced delta connection, the line-to-line and coil (phase) voltages are equal, but coil currents are 1/V3 times the line-to-line currents.
Key Winding Patterns. There are many types of winding patterns that can be utilized. Four major winding patterns are listed here:
1. Constant integral pitch—lap winding (full)
2. Variable pitch—concentric winding
3. Constant fractional pitch—lap winding for even or odd stator slots
Each of these winding patterns has two coils per stator slot. There is one winding type designated, a consequent pole winding where there is only a single coil per slot. Consequent pole windings are very popular in single-phase ac motors of fractional-horsepower size.
Table 5.7 is revised from Veinott and Martin (1987). It displays the various sta-tor slot and rotor pole combinations along with the maximum number of parallel circuit combinations with a specific slot and pole combination. For purposes of simplicity, either 12- or 24-slot stators are used here to illustrate the various winding patterns. In one case, a 15-slot stator is used to illustrate an odd-slot fractional-pitch lap winding.
TABLE 5.7 Slots Versus Poles Versus Parallel Hookups Versus Coils per Pole per Phase
|2 Poles||4 Poles||6 Poles||8 Poles|
|6 2 1||—||—||—|
|24||2||4||4||2||NP||X 8 1|
|36||2||6436||2 4 1Y|
If one uses a 12-slot stator winding, there are two full-pitch integral lap windings available, one for two poles and the other for four poles.
P x Ph = nS (5.1)
where P = number of poles Ph = number of phases S = number of stator slots n = integer number 1, 2, 3,… n
If P = 2, Ph = 3, and S = 12, then n = 2, an integer. Figure 5.30 shows the basic winding-slot pattern for a 12-slot 2-pole 3-phase 2-coils-per-pole-per-phase (n = 2) configuration. The coil pattern for this winding configuration is shown in Figs. 5.32 and 5.33 as a series wye line configuration and as a parallel wye line configuration, respectively. There are really 12 coils used in this design, but only 6 are shown.There are two 1- to 7-throw coils—one inserted on the right side (CW direction), the second inserted on the left side (CCW direction), and doubles on the other five coils also, inserted as described previously. Note the position of the teeth for the 12-slot stator. The slot pitch (adjacent slot to slot) is 360/12 or 30° mechanical or electrical. The angular location for the phase 2 winding (CW direction) is only 60°. It is supposed to be 120°. Symmetry solves the problem if 180° (polarity change) is added to the 60° to achieve 240° mechanical or electrical. So the 1, 2, 3 winding phase hookups displayed in Fig. 5.32 will yield a CCW rotation.
The series and parallel hookup options are very important from a practical aspect of magnet wire size selection. It is easier to pack smaller-sized magnet wires in a
FIGURE 5.32 Series hookup for 2-pole wye-winding 12-slot brushless dc motor.
FIGURE 5.33 Parallel hookup for 2-pole 3-phase wye-winding 12-slot brushless dc motor, constant-pitch lap winding pattern.
BLDC stator slot than larger ones. Since total turns per phase are directly proportional to torque, putting all the needed turns (N per phase) in a single coil with smaller magnet wires and then paralleling the coils will yield extra space for more turns. This is a packing factor consideration.
The disadvantage of using parallel coils is that both sets of coil leads must be used to properly connect the coils (see Fig. 5.33). Figure 5.34 shows a representation of how two coils would be inserted into adjacent stator slots. Remember that there are 2 slots per coil per phase for this 2-pole 12-stator-slot winding pattern.
FIGURE 5.34 12-slot lamination, 2 poles, 3-phase constant-pitch lap pattern.
Figure 5.35 shows the winding pattern for a constant-pitch 4-pole 12-slot BLDC stator.There is now only one coil per pole per phase (n = 1) in this winding, as shown in the following equation:
4 poles x 3 phase = 12 slots
n = 1 coil per pole per phase (5.2)
The four coils per phase can be connected as four coils in a series hookup or four coils in a parallel hookup. It is also possible to connect two coils in series and two coils in parallel to achieve a series-parallel hookup. Figure 5.36 displays two adjacent coils inserted into the proper stator slots. Note the shorter length of these coils because the end turns are shorter while the segments of the turns (conductors) within the appropriate stator slots remain the same length. The shorter the end-turn length (which doesn’t create any torque), the better the motor design.
The variable-pitch winding was developed to reduce the stator end-turn height caused by the numerous adjacent coil crossovers by nesting the coils inside each other, as shown in Fig. 5.37. This pattern can be used only when coils per phase per pole n is 2 or greater. Figure 5.37 displays an n = 3 condition.The actual winding pattern is shown in Fig. 5.38. Since n = 2, there will be two different winding lengths or
FIGURE 5.35 Winding pattern for a constant-pitch 4-pole 12-slot stator, 3-phase hookup, 30° mechanical, 60° electrical.
FIGURE 5.36 Constant-pitch 4-pole lap winding pattern with adjacent coil layout.
throws. The following equation describes the method used to determine the two variable winding pitches:
VSP1 = 7 and VSP2 = 5. The average of these two variable-pitch coils should equal the integral winding pitch for a 3-phase 2-pole 12-slot design, which is 6. Figure 5.39 displays the location of two adjacent coils placed in the proper stator slots. This winding pattern will reduce end-turn height and coil lengths by 10 to 15 percent.The concentric winding with variable pitch has been used extensively in larger integral-horsepower units, particularly by the various electric winding repair houses.
FIGURE 5.37 Side view of variable-pitch concentric winding pattern.
FIGURE 5.38 Variable-pitch concentric winding pattern, 2 poles, 3-phase series hookup.
FIGURE 5.39 2-pole 3-phase variable-pitch concentric pattern.
The third winding pattern is fractional-pitch winding, which is used in many applications, particularly odd stator slots where cogging torque must be reduced. Table 5.7 identifies the fractional pitch as 1% for a 15-slot 4-pole configuration.This pattern is popular for resolver windings and some low-cog BLDC motors. The following equation yields the pitch:
Equation (5.5) identifies the winding pitch or throw as either 3 or 4. Three is selected for the pattern shown in Fig. 5.40.The starting points for the coils must meet the pattern of coil placements shown. This pattern places two adjacent coils strategically and equidistantly around the stator with each of the three phases having one set of two adjacent coils and three sets of single coils (pattern from Veinott and Martin, 1987).
FIGURE 5.40 Constant fractional-pitch odd-slot 4-pole, 3-phase series hookup. Recommended coil groups: 2-1-1-1-2-1-1-1-2-1-1-1 = 15.
As with any winding, there are advantages counterbalanced by disadvantages. The following equation defines the tooth or slot pitch of the 15-slot stator.
Now, since this design is a four-pole BLDC design, there are two full electrical cycles for one full mechanical cycle. The next equation defines the relationship between electrical and mechanical degrees for any four-pole design.
Degrees electrical = degrees mechanical x number of pole pairs
.-. Degrees electrical = 24°x 2 = 48° electrical (5.7)
A 48° electrical pitch does not equal the desired 60° pitch, so there must be torque loss.
Figure 5.41 illustrates the winding pattern for a 12-slot 2-pole fractional-pitch winding. A full winding pitch would possess a value of 6 with a throw of 1 to 7. This winding pattern has a winding pitch of 56 (fractional) or a throw of 1 to 6. This group of fractional-pitch windings has a pitch less than 1 when an even stator slot count is employed. This winding pattern is used in larger three-phase ac motors to decrease the harmonic content of both the voltage and mmf waveforms. This technique is very similar to that of short-pitch lap windings used in brush dc motors.
The final winding type is the half-pitch winding, which has the simplest winding pattern. The coil is wound directly around the stator tooth with a winding pitch of 1
FIGURE 5.41 Constant fractional-pitch even-slot 2-pole 3-phase series hookup.
and a throw of 1 to 2. It is used extensively in step motors and switched-reluctance motors. It is also used in PM BLDC motors used in disk drives. A nine-slot eight-pole winding is very popular, as well as a nine-slot six-pole. This winding by definition is also a fractional-pitch winding. It is the most cost-effective and simplest winding with the shortest mean length of turn (MLT) and therefore the lowest resistance per coil. It does suffer from reduced torque, as all fractional pitch windings do. The various winding factors that determine the reduced torque values are reviewed in the next subsection.
Winding Factors for Different Winding Patterns. There are a number of winding factors that adjust for the peak magnetomotive force (mmf) and the winding-generated flux <) which directly leads to adjustments to the winding back emf (Ke) and peak developed torque of the BLDC motor. These factors can be identified as follows:
• Chord factor (pitch factor)
• Distribution factor (breadth factor) ^ End-turn factor (coil-length factor)
for a 12-slot 2-pole 3-phase integral-pitch winding with 2 slots per pole per phase. Veinott and Martin (1987) developed a table with the distribution factor for each major winding pattern, summarized in Table 5.8.
Table 5.9 contains the tabulated results for the Kp and Kd values for the six winding patterns presented plus a 24-slot 4-pole integral-pitch winding pattern illustrated
in Fig. 5.42.
TABLE 5.8 Summary of Distribution Factors
|Slots per pole per phase,||3 Phase|
|or coils per group||2 Phase||Conventional||Consequent pole|
|All other fractional||0.900||0.955||0.827|
TABLE 5.9 Summary of Kp and Kd Factors
|slots||Poles||type||pitch||throw||° mechanical||phase n||Kp||KdKp|
Filling the Stator Slots. The first item in filling the stator slot is to compute the area of the slot. There are many types of stator slot shapes but the trapezoidal (constant-tooth-width) slot shown in Fig. 5.30 and the round (variable-tooth-width) slot are the most popular slot shapes. One can use basic trigonometry to determine the slot area or obtain the actual slot area from the lamination vendor.
There are three methods used to compute slot area and the total volume of copper magnet wire used. They use the following units:
• Square inches (in2)
• Square mils (mil2)
• Circular mils (cmil)
The circular mils method uses the nominal diameter of the insulated wire in mils or thousandths of an inch and takes the square of this diameter, which is the circular mil value.
Area, cmil = (nominal diameter, mil)2 (5.10)
For 18 AWG (American Wire Gauge), the nominal insulated single-build wire diameter from the Phelps Dodge magnet wire chart (Table 2.76) is 41.8 mil. The
FIGURE 5.42 24 stator slots, 4 poles, 3-phase hookups 30° mechanical, 60° electrical.
wire area is 1747 cmil per Eq. (5.10). The square mils value is smaller and can be computed by modifying Eq. (5.10) to Eq. (5.11). In many cases, the wire charts compute the magnet wire’s nominal diameter without insulation coating (bare wire diameter). It is strongly recommended that the insulated wire dimensions be used.
The Phelps Dodge magnet wire chart (Table 2.76) also shows wires per square inch. The more important parameter is turns (conductors) per square inch. It yields the value of total number of turns—or, more appropriately, conductors—that can be placed in a slot, assuming 100 percent fill. Now, the most copper fill in terms of a percentage of actual turns per square inch versus 100 percent fill turns per square inch that this author has actually done by hand-insertion methods is 73 percent with 37 AWG and 63 percent with 21 AWG.
The practical limit is somewhere between 40 and 50 percent of this theoretical value depending on the type of winding machine, tooling used on the winding machine, length of stator stack, size of stator slot, etc. If one wanted to use 22 AWG, the turns (conductors) per linear inch would be 37.5 and the turns (conductors) per square inch would be 1410.
Total conductors (theoretical) = (SA) (turn/in2) Total conductors (theoretical) = 0.2192 x 1410 = 309 (5.12)
where SA = slot area
The total conductors must be an even number because 2 conductors equal 1 turn. Here the maximum value is 308 conductors with 22 AWG magnet wire. That would be 308/2 or 154 turns, since two coils are represented in every stator slot. Based on a practical slot fill of 45 percent, the maximum number of turns would probably be 69.3, or 69 turns per coil. The actual number of turns to achieve the desired performance has not yet been determined but for the AWG size selected, 69 turns or 138 conductors is the maximum practical limit.
The next important parameter to establish is the coil resistance. First, one must establish the MLT in the stator coil.
The MLT value is converted into turns per feet to resolve the units and the value of ohms per foot for 22 AWG is 0.162 Q.
Stator Winding Computations. Two major motor performance parameters are required to be computed in order to establish overall motor performance. They are the torque constant Kt and the phase resistance ,Rphase. From these two parameters, all motor performance can be essentially derived.
The Kt value is derived for the case of RMS torque based on a trapezoidal torque versus position profile and near-perfect commutation. There is an adjustment of 10 percent to achieve a reasonable value for RMS torque. This value can be adjusted based on actual torque waveforms if required.
The following equation computes the Kt value per phase as described. | <urn:uuid:61ec9695-532a-4ab0-a503-bdb68137fb8f> | {
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With the help of North Carolina native sons on April 21, 1836 the Republic of Texas won her independence from Mexico. The consequence of that event are the present day states of Texas, California, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado and Wyoming.
When the colonists in the Mexican province of Tejas appealed to their fellow Americans for support against the oppressive leader of Mexico, North Carolinians responded. Most came in response to the call for volunteers. Some had arrived earlier to establish residency in the region. Land grants for military service drew others. But all were committed to the cause and were willing to die to defend the rights of the Texan settlers to govern themselves. Nine counties in Texas are named for North Carolinians: Anderson, Burleson, Carson, Crockett, Floyd, Grimes, Henderson, Potter and Robertson. Markers, monuments and cemeteries throughout the state honor many others.
Eleven North Carolina natives attended the Texas General Convention in March, 1836 and drafted its Declaration of Independence and the new Constitution of the Republic of Texas. Samuel Price Carson of Burke County had served in the North Carolina State Senate, represented North Carolina in the Federal Congress and participated in the N.C. Constitutional Convention before he headed to Texas to participate in its General Convention. Robert Potter of Granville County served in the North Carolina House of Commons before he headed to Texas and was also elected to the General Convention. These two men brought much needed legislative experience and were looked upon to lead the Texas effort. In the new Republic Carson was elected Secretary of State and Potter Secretary of the Navy.
Others North Carolinians who signed the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the Republic were Jesse B. Badgett, William Clark, Jr., William Carrol Crawford, Jesse Grimes, Edwin Oswald LeGrand, Sterling Clack Robertson, George Washington Smyth and John Turner. After the adjournment of the convention, LeGrand and Robertson expanded their commitment by joining the army to fight.
Many North Carolinian sons chose to support the cause on the battlefield. Nine died at the Alamo and more with Colonel Fannin at Goliad. Another 38 joined General Sam Houston and participated in the Battle of San Jacinto on April 21, 1836 where Texas won its independence. North Carolina leaders in the Texas Army included Ed Burleson (Buncombe County) who commanded the 1st Regiment of Texan Volunteers. James Clinton Neil (Rowan County) commanded the Artillery Company. John Leander Smith (Buncombe County) transported the famous “Twin Sisters” cannon to the Texas Army and was second in command of the artillery company. Alexander Horton (Halifax County) was aide-de-camp to General Sam Houston.
Texas remained a Republic for nine years. The final transition of Texas to statehood was facilitated by North Carolinian Kenneth Lewis Anderson (Orange County) who served as the last vice president of the Republic and presided over the Texas Senate as it approved annexation. Fellow North Carolinian J. Pinckney Henderson (Lincoln County) served as the Attorney General and the Secretary of State of the new Republic, then was appointed minister to England and France to negotiate their recognition of Texas. He was sent to Washington, D. C. to secure congressional ratification of annexing Texas to the United States and then was elected the first governor of the State of Texas. As a result of that annexation, the United States completed its westward expansion to the Pacific Ocean by adding approximately one million square miles to the nation.
It is no surprise that sons of North Carolina were instrumental in securing Texas independence because of their ancestors’ role in the American Revolution. The North Carolina parliament was the first to object to the taxation imposed upon the colony by the British Crown. And North Carolina was the first to authorize their delegates to the Constitutional Convention to vote for independence from Britain. The passion for independence certainly knew no state boundaries for the sons of North Carolina.
C. David Pomeroy, Jr. lives in Asheville. | <urn:uuid:c7b9a46b-723c-4779-95a0-698ac3a459f2> | {
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|Photo by Danue Sachiko from here|
These scientists found that the camel crickets began returning a few years after a forest has been replanted, their abundance steadily increasing and eventually reaching a peak after the forest has been standing for at least 30 years. But their hairworm parasites did not return with similar gusto. In fact, they estimated that only second-growth forests that are more than 50 years old have hairworm populations that are as abundance as those found at undisturbed sites.
One possible reason for the hairworms' slow recovery is their complex life cycle which requires infection of more than one host. The replanted forest might be lacking some of the other host G. chinensis needs to complete its life cycle. Because parasites has such a negative public image, a forest which is free of parasites (or at least a specific parasite) might sound good to most people. But these hairworms actually play a very vital role in the ecosystem.
By causing their cricket host to jump into a stream, they actually serve as a kind of fast food delivery service for the fish living in those streams. A cricket infected with a hair worm is 20 times more likely to stumble into a stream and become fish food than an uninfected cricket - so fish which would not usually get to feed on such large land-loving insects on a regular basis can now do so thanks to the hairworm, and it has calculated that this straight-to-your-stream food delivery service accounts for 60% of the trout population's energy intake in some watersheds.
For hairworms, new forests just do not have the same creature comforts of old forests. And if you are a keen angler or simply appreciate a fish-rich stream - you have a parasite to thank for all the fishes.
Sato, T., Watanabe, K., Fukushima, K., & Tokuchi, N. (2014). Parasites and forest chronosequence: Long-term recovery of nematomorph parasites after clear-cut logging. Forest Ecology and Management, 314: 166-171. | <urn:uuid:3084393b-9125-4bba-8abe-4e5626666cb9> | {
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Tutorials : Oct 1, 2013 ( )
DNA Vaccines Free from Mobile DNA
Engineering E. Coli Host Strains for Optimized Fermentation and Production of DNA!--h2>
Plasmid DNA vaccines (pDNA) are receiving renewed interest as initial problems of low antigenicity are being solved. These vaccines are particularly attractive for their fast development cycle, temperature stability and inexpensive manufacture by E. coli fermentation.
However, traditional strains of E. coli contain mobile DNA elements including up to 65 Insertion Sequences (IS) and up to 11 species of partially defective bacteriophage in their genomes (Table). Both phage and IS elements can be activated during production causing inconsistent fermentation results.
Moreover, IS elements can transpose into the plasmid product, changing the sequence and function of the therapeutic agent, leading to the possibility that bacterial IS elements could make their way into the mammalian genome post-administration.
Fortunately, these problems can all be eliminated by the use of IS-free E. coli in all steps of pDNA production.
Fermentation Induces Instability
The bacteria’s reaction to stress during fermentation causes mobilization of IS elements and prophages, sometimes leading to cell lysis, spilling cell contents including pDNA into the medium, thus making the plasmid product difficult or impossible to recover.
Mobilization of IS elements (plasmid or chromosomal) to new locations disrupts genes in the chromosome and the resident plasmids. Any disruption that relieves the stress confers a growth advantage, enabling the resulting mutant to take over the culture.
Higher stress levels increase IS transposition and error-prone DNA replication rates. For example, plasmids with secondary structure such as viral Long Terminal Repeats (LTR) or short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) grow faster when the secondary structure (and its function) is disrupted.
Genetic instability can be triggered simply by growing a culture of commonly used bacterial strains from a cell bank. IS elements also serve as homologous targets of recombination when present in multiple copies. Deletions, insertions and large-scale rearrangements generated by IS10 have been reported.
Even the synthetic genome of Mycoplasma mycoides was found to be contaminated with IS1 from a DNA molecule grown in DH10B in an intermediate step. The extent of the IS and prophage problem in common E. coli strains is illustrated in the Table.
Transposition of some IS elements involves covalently closed active intermediates, “mini-circles”, which co-purify with plasmid DNA made by standard isolation techniques. Normally below gel detection level, they can be demonstrated by inside-out PCR, where the primers are designed to extend outwards past the end of the element.
Since the template is circular, amplimers are obtained. Unless specific methods are applied, IS transpositions generally remain undetected and their ability to cause problems has been under-appreciated. However, investigators are beginning to recognize the significance of the problem.
For example van der Heijden et al. reported that 12.85% of an HPV pDNA vaccine plasmid contained an IS2 although none had been detected in their master cell bank. They calculated that “it would have to be at a frequency below 1 in 10,000” to be undetectable. This study shows that massive expansion of IS elements from a very low starting level can be catastrophic. The authors conclude that the only way to avoid the problem is to use an IS-free host.
Stability Is Key in DNA Vaccines
If an IS-contaminated vaccine is given to a human patient, is there a chance that an IS element can jump into the human genome? At present we do not know. There are reports of bacterial IS elements transposing across Phyla that are genuine insertions rather than sequencing artifacts. In 2004, Merck scientists reported that whole plasmids could integrate into mouse genomes after intramuscular injection for gene therapy. The insertions sites were not targeted and the insertions appeared to be random.
If bacterial IS elements can do this too, such an event would be difficult to detect unless it were tumorigenic. The possibility of transposition of bacterial elements into mammalian genomes remains an under-appreciated and uninvestigated possibility. Indeed, a fatal tumor was caused by a genomic insertion of a viral gene therapy vector into a patient’s genome.
Though safer vectors have now solved the problem, it was a salient lesson. The fact that pDNA vaccines are delivered in multiple high doses adds to the potential for unintended transpositions.
IS-Free E. coli Is the Stable Solution
To completely eliminate this risk, a unique platform consisting of the Clean Genome® E.coli strains has been developed by Scarab Genomics by systematically deleting segments from the genome. The strains are called MDS (multiple deletion strains). More than 70 deletions have been made, removing all mobile elements (prophages and IS elements) and repeat sequences.
Many other genes have also been deleted including those for surface antigen genes and endotoxin. These strains are not only IS-free and prophage-free but are engineered for robust growth in both rich and minimal media resulting in reproducible, high yield fermentations.
In addition, advanced strains with reduced background mutation rates have been constructed which further enhance fermentation stability.
IS-Free Stability Is Necessary at Every Step
Routine plasmid preparations, including those purchased and used as cloning vectors, contain IS molecules detectable by PCR. The White Glove Kit consists of a set of specific primers for amplification of all known E. coli IS elements.
Figure 1 shows distinct amplimers of the predicted size, demonstrating multiple IS contaminants in all plasmids grown on non-MDS strains. Figure 2 illustrates the steps necessary to avoid IS contamination in pDNA products compared with current practice.
Using a minimum amount of DNA for transformation, IS-free transformants can be identified by testing individual colonies with the kit. A second or third round of transformation and testing may be necessary to obtain a plasmid preparation that is completely free from IS elements including mini-circles.
DNA to be cloned into the plasmid vector should also be subjected to this cleaning routine. This effort is crucial to prepare a clean master cell bank to ensure stability, because a “dirty” plasmid will “infect” a clean host.
Thus, the entire plasmid construction process should be carried out in a clean host to guarantee that every plasmid molecule is an authentic replicate of the original molecule.
David Frisch, Ph.D. ([email protected]), is a senior scientist, Robert Novy ([email protected]) is senior manager of product development, Charles Landry, Ph.D. ([email protected]), is a research and development scientist, Heather Kirkpatrick ([email protected]) is director of marketing, and Frederick R. Blattner, Ph.D. ([email protected]), is CEO and director of research at Scarab Genomics. György Pósfai, Ph.D. ([email protected]), is director of the Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
© 2013 Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News, All Rights Reserved | <urn:uuid:db683976-f2e7-4037-8ba5-f70668bcd4ff> | {
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After analyzing data from a radar device aboard last year's Indian Chandrayaan-1 mission to the Moon, NASA scientists have found what they estimate to be 600 million metric tons of water ice in craters around the Moon's north pole. "Numerous craters near the poles of the Moon have interiors that are in permanent sun shadow. These areas are very cold and water ice is stable there essentially indefinitely. Fresh craters show high degrees of surface roughness (high circular polarization ratio) both inside and outside the crater rim, caused by sharp rocks and block fields that are distributed over the entire crater area. However, Mini-SAR has found craters near the north pole that have high CPR inside, but not outside their rims. This relation suggests that the high CPR is not caused by roughness, but by some material that is restricted within the interiors of these craters. We interpret this relation as consistent with water ice present in these craters. The ice must be relatively pure and at least a couple of meters thick to give this signature." | <urn:uuid:0f65ac10-dab0-4611-80b1-5668639d67aa> | {
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- College of Engineering and Engineering Technology
- Enhancing Engineering Pathways
EEP- Enhancing Engineering Pathways
Northern Illinois University - Enhancing Engineering Pathways (NIU-EEP) is a program funded by the Motorola Foundation to establish a sustainable pathway through Girl Scouts for girls in middle and high school to enter engineering.
This project is an alliance between the College of Engineering and Engineering Technology (CEET) at Northern Illinois University (NIU), the Collegiate section of the Society of Women Engineers (SWE), Girl Scouts of Greater Chicago and Northwest Indiana Council and the Girl Scouts of Northern Illinois to introduce engineering to the Cadettes and the Senior Girl Scout members.
This program has been designed to increase the awareness, enthusiasm and excitement among girls to explore and enjoy the field of engineering through hands-on activities, discussion forums and field trips. One of the most innovative aspects of this outreach effort is the establishing of the chain mentoring program that connects faculty and women working as professional engineers, undergraduate students in SWE, Senior Girl Scouts and Cadette Scout members.
By combining personal and academic support for the school age girls with opportunities and incentives, this program seeks to establish a sustainable pathway through the Girl Scout organizations to the field of engineering.
Saturday Engineering Workshops
Geared toward girls in grades 5 through 8, these workshops challenge participants to sharpen their math, science and technology skills as they discover engineering. Girls work in small groups with mentors to complete engineering projects such as building simple electrical circuits, building bridges and exploring chemical engineering. Mentors are high school girls who have been through the NIU-EEP program, college women and female engineering faculty and professionals.
Selection of participants for the Beginner level is based upon grades obtained during the last quarter and a letter of recommendation from the student's math, science or technology teacher. Registration for this year's program has closed.
The major goals set for the NIU-EEP – A Combined Outreach and Mentoring Program are:
- To establish a sustainable pathway for the middle and high school girls through the Girl Scout Organizations to the field of engineering.
- To increase the level of awareness among the female students about the opportunities available in the field of engineering.
- To establish a very successful mentoring program by providing the middle and high schoolers with positive role models and access to the professional community and also easing the transition from school to college.
- To increase the retention of female engineering students to degree completion and beyond.
Frequently Asked Questions
Who is eligible?
Girl Scouts in grades 5, 6, 7 or 8 in the Girl Scouts of Illinois or Girl Scouts of Greater Chicago and Northwest Indiana councils.
When are the workshops?
Workshops are held on Saturdays in November, December, February, March, April and May. Workshop schedule
Where are the workshops?
NIU's Naperville campus, 1120 Diehl Road, Naperville, IL.
What is the cost?
The cost is $265 per registered Girl Scout (includes $25 GSUSA registration fee) and $290 for nonregistered Girl Scouts. There is an additional cost (less than $100) for summer camp. Students who receive free or reduced-price school lunches may be eligible for scholarships.
How do I apply?
Registration for the 2017-18 academic year has closed. Check back in the summer for 2018-19 application information. | <urn:uuid:4522dcb3-58e8-4959-9b41-ef348631a7f6> | {
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Engineers from Samsung develop an Early Detection Sensor and Algorithm Package (EDSAP) to predict stroke events faster, and with increased accuracy.
Medical innovation sometimes comes from the least expected places—like your washing machine.
Samsung engineers who normally work on washing machines and smartphones recently took over the company’s Creativity Lab with an innovative idea that few people thought would work. Despite these odds, they created a prototype for a wearable sensor capable of monitoring brainwaves for early signs of stroke.
When the Samsung team approached neurologists with the idea of detecting pending strokes by monitoring brainwaves, there was some skepticism.
“We approached neurologists, asking them whether this was feasible,” said Se-hoon Lim, the project lead. “They were dismissive, but we wanted to give it a go. Health-related wearable devices are becoming more and more complex, meaning their capabilities are growing increasingly sophisticated.”
The prototype, called the Early Detection Sensor and Algorithm Package (EDSAP), includes a sensor-laden headset and a smartphone or tablet app programed with algorithms to analyze the signals and warn of a possible stroke. All this takes place within 60 seconds. This is significantly faster than the 15 minutes it takes current brainwave monitoring equipment to detect strokes at hospitals.
EDSAP - Source: Samsung Tomorrow (Flickr: CC)
Lim and his team incorporated a highly conductive, rubber-like material into the sensors. These sensors lead to highly detailed scans without the unpleasantness of saline hair rubs, which are required in traditional brain scans.
Move over Google Glass—it’s what we can’t see that matters.
The current prototype looks a bit like orthodontic headgear. Eventually, though, Lim thinks it might be possible to integrate the EDSAP scanning technology into everyday accessories, such as eyeglasses or hairpins. This would make constant monitoring less intrusive for patients with high stroke risks.
The EDSAP is also unique because of its algorithm. Combined with signal processing software and artificial intelligence, the EDSAP algorithm compares the scans to data collected from stroke patients to predict the likelihood of future events.
While the team has yet to perform full clinical trials on EDSAP, they are already considering other scans it might perform, such as electrocardiograms. EDSAP may also have use in mental health, for monitoring of stress and anxiety levels.
Health Disparities: Disproportionate Stroke Burdens and Healthcare Access May Limit EDSAP’s Global Scalability
Every two seconds, someone in the world has a stroke. A stroke is a medical emergency that occurs when something blocks the brain’s blood supply or when a blood vessel in the brain bursts. This damages the tissue in the brain, which can lead to disability or death.
Around the world, approximately 15 million people suffer strokes each year, according to the World Heart Federation. Stroke is the second leading cause of death, and second leading cause of disability.
Risk factors for stroke include the use of tobacco, alcohol abuse, high blood pressure, overweight/obesity, high cholesterol, diabetes, and a sedentary lifestyle. A full 80% of stroke risk factors are preventable, according to the World Health Organization.
The incidence of stroke is increasing in low and middle-income countries where resources are most constrained. By 2025, 4 of 5 stroke events are expected to be in these countries as urbanization and risk exposure increase, according to a Denmark study.
Although unproven, the speed and portability of Samsung’s EDSAP may hold promise for those at risk of stroke. Seeking treatment as early as possible during a stroke can limit its long-term effects and possibly prevent death. It seems, then, that wearing a monitor like this might help people recognize the need to seek medical attention rather than performing a quick Internet search of their symptoms.
Questions remain about its use in global health, however. It seems that those who might find this device affordable are those that have access to health care, and may know some of the early warning signs of stroke.
Getting a wearable stroke-detector to places in the world without the ICT infrastructure necessary to support them does not seem feasible at this time. But this Samsung team has heard that before.
Jenn Lonzer has a B.A. in English from Cleveland State University and an M.A. in Health Communication from Johns Hopkins University. Passionate about access to care and social justice issues, Jenn writes on global digital health developments, research, and trends. Follow Jenn on Twitter @jnnprater3. | <urn:uuid:6423226a-bb9d-4399-9a26-8e9c6d3efa4b> | {
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Developing effective leadership skills in Coaches and Athletes
Allen Jackson, M.Ed., Dr. Laura Gaudet, Dr. Larry W. McDaniel, discuss concepts related to developing leadership skills. They ask the question "How may the Supervisory Behavioral Continuum assist in the process of developing leadership skills in coaches and athletes?".
Coaches need to be aware of the overall effect they have on the athlete. Coaches as educators share the responsible for the development of our countries future leaders. Leadership is much more then entitlement, it is an ongoing responsibility to the athletes we serve to present ourselves as leaders in sport. An additional responsibility of coaches would be to develop leadership in the athletes they coach. Effective leadership comes from a variety of sources. Some people receive degrees which recognize them as trained professionals in the field while others have acquired a high level of self confidence in their ability to work with and transform the lives of those they serve. Sensible leadership depends upon a variety of factors such as flexible behaviour; an ability to identify specific behaviours needed at a particular time, and the ability to incorporate such behaviours at the appropriate time (Wilcox, 1997).
A basic understanding of a supervisory behavioral continuum, consisting of specific behaviours, has been important in assisting one in developing the skills of effective leadership. The supervisory behavioral continuum has been proven to play a vital role in the decision-making process. This continuum has been adapted for use in the leadership development process. The supervisory behaviour continuum includes ten specific behaviours; listening, clarifying, encouraging, reflecting, presenting, problem-solving, negotiating, directing, standardizing, and reinforcing. Each behaviour has been clustered into the sub-groups of directive, directive informational, collaborative, and nondirective
To be an effective coach one must have the ability to engage in all aspects of this continuum which gives the coach a method to deal effectively with everyday issues occurring in practice or on the field of competition. These professionals are striving to offer learning experiences aimed at problem solving, and seeking workable solutions. There are many skills involved in one's ability to lead including those that have been taught or acquired. Coaches need to recognize that groups function more effectively when leadership has been shared in appropriate ways.
Most athletes are habituated to participating in a process where the coach assumes the dominant role of leader. Athletes must also be given ownership and encouraged to assume an authoritative role in the decision making process. This can best be accomplished by providing encouragement and guidance in how to best take on different roles.
When coaches neglect the responsibility of effective management practices and fail to provide leadership themselves, or invite athletes to take on leadership roles, athletes may often elect to engage in informal leadership roles in competition or practice in an effort to unite the group. To initiate this type of skill training into the learning environment has an essential part of the overall coaching experience.
To be effective in practice or while competing coaches must have the aptitude to know when, why, and with whom to engage. Although one may have a preference or supervisory philosophy which indicates a personal preference to supervision and instruction, an understanding of the supervisory continuum is fundamental to the overall success in passing the role of leadership on to the next generation of athletes.
The Supervisory Behavioral Continuum
Glickman, Gordon & Ross-Gordon (2004) have presented criterion which identifies and expounds on the use of different approaches to supervision. As a coach one encounters a variety of athletes possessing a wide range of skills and competencies. As the coach and leader one needs to have developed an awareness of the capabilities of those with whom you work. Learning and ability levels vary for different areas, thus requiring diversity in ones approach to leadership (Glickman, Gordon & Ross-Gordon, 2004). When the coach initiates different forms of developmental instruction, the goal is to assess where the athlete is and to supervise at the necessary level to develop a more self-reliant, reflective athlete (Glickman, Gordon & Ross-Gordon 2004).
A supervisory behavioral continuum is a necessary component which can be used to determine how interactions can be most effective between the coach and athlete. This continuum may also play an important role in ones interaction with the athletes. It offers an effective model incorporating different approaches which can be used in the decision-making process. The continuum gives the coach a means to deal effectively with everyday issues, allowing one to come up with meaningful, workable solutions to unexpected problems (Unknown n.d.).
By understanding and employing this behavioral continuum, a coach motivates athletes to improve performance and provide different choices of action. In any organizational setting, it is necessary to match the supervisory strategies with different characteristics of the individual. By using strategies outlined within the supervisory behavioral continuum, coaches as educators can select the best approach or strategy for use with any given athlete (Unknown n.d.).
Within this continuum, there are different sub groupings. The first being a "directive approach" which involves the coach making direct statements and suggestions to the athletes about performance while offering encouragement. With this approach, feedback between the coach and athlete must occur. Decisions for the implementation of change are made by the coach who assumes responsibility for determining an appropriate plan of action (Stroot et al. 1998). For those who function at lower levels of development and need direct supervision this approach is commonly used (Glickman, Gordon, & Ross-Gordon, 2004).
The "Directive Informational approach", the second sub component of the continuum is commonly used for younger athletes or those who are lacking experience, knowledge or confidence in making the transition from high school to the world of Academia (Glanz & Sullivan, 2000). Key steps in this approach include identifying the problem and soliciting clear information while offering solutions to the problem, assessing alternatives, while requesting that the athlete expound on different solutions. In the Directive Information approach, it is important to realize that athletes are seeking information from the coach who they feel can provide expert guidance. The coach wants the athlete to feel ownership in learning through sharing (Glanz, & Sullivan 2000).
Collaboration, another sub-component of the continuum, is a process involving group participation to initiate and sustain positive change. This gives the athlete ownership in the team and builds on the athletes' confidence. Collaboration includes the process by which parties who see different aspects of a problem can explore the differences and search for solutions that go beyond their vision of what is possible. The coach's decision is not the end-all in any deliberation. Athletes need to be encouraged to challenge ideologies, knowing that their input is heard and respected (Gray, 1989, p. 5, as cited by Borden & Perkins, 1999).
Non-Directive supervision, the final sub-component in the continuum, is based on the assumption that athletes know best what changes need to occur. They are capable of thinking and acting on their own. The coach is aware of the abilities of those under his or her tutelage and understands that athletes can act in their own best interests. The coach's role is to direct the athlete through the processes of critical thinking and making decisions (Block et al. n.d.). In Non-Directive supervision, the final sub-component in the continuum, the supervising roles changes, and the coach contributes little to the discussion unless asked. Any feedback from the coach is intended to extend critical thinking; there is little influence in the actual design of the decision making process. In this case, the instructor is acting as a guide; asking leading questions while probing for in-depth thought (Block et al. n.d.).
To be an effective coach or leader, one must have the ability to engage in all aspects of this continuum which offers the coach a method for dealing effectively with everyday issues that may occur within the sports setting and to develop workable solutions that contribute to the athletes' learning (Block et al. n.d.). Supervisory skills are an essential part of effective coaching and instruction by providing the mentor with knowledge about knowing when and with whom to engage appropriate behaviours Those behaviours have been included in this continuum. Although one may have a preference or leadership philosophy which indicates a personal preference to supervision, the supervisory continuum is vital to the overall success of any organization and may be employed in sports to begin building leadership skills among coaches or athletes.
If you quote information from this page in your work then the reference for this page is:
About the Authors
Dr. Larry W. McDaniel Ed.D. is an Associate Professor of Exercise Science at Dakota State University Madison, SD. USA. Dr. McDaniel was a First Team All-American football player (USA Football), a Hall of Fame Athlete, and Hall of Fame Wrestling Coach.
Allen Jackson, M. Ed. is an Assistant Professor of Physical Education and Health at Chadron State College in Chadron, Nebraska (USA) who is well known for his presentations & publications at international conferences focusing on Leadership, Curriculum, and Health.
Dr. Laura Gaudet, Ph.D. is a Professor and Chair of the Department of Counselling, Psychology and Social Work at Chadron State College, Chadron NE. She is well known for her publications and presentations at international conferences focusing on various topics in the field of psychology.
The following Sports Coach pages provide additional information on this topic: | <urn:uuid:f8432890-42af-45ad-a8af-cc9a4d3a0cd2> | {
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Coming to New Orleans, the Jurassic Park of Endangered Species
Louisiana is known for a lot of things: the historic French Quarter in New Orleans, a diverse culinary heritage, and as the birthplace of American jazz. Antelopes, whooping cranes, and okapi? Not so much.
But creating a breeding site and program for rare and endangered species on a 1,000-acre site near New Orleans is the goal of an agreement between the Audubon Nature Institute and the San Diego Zoo Global. The two organizations have announced a partnership called the Alliance for Sustainable Wildlife that, according to a press release, “will devise strategies to ensure sustainable populations of unique and endangered zoo animals [and] will be a haven for more than two dozen endangered and threatened mammal and bird species.”
“The Alliance for Sustainable Wildlife came about as the result of a number of meetings that Dr. Robert Wiese, chief life science officer for San Diego Zoo Global, had to highlight the challenge of the lack of sustainable populations for many gregarious species, such as mammals that live in herds and birds that live in flocks,” Christina Simmons a public relations representative for San Diego Zoo Global, told TakePart.
“As part of this effort to raise awareness he indicated that what was needed were large areas of land where large groups of these species could be maintained and form breeding populations that supplement the few accredited zoos who already have similar facilities, like the San Diego Zoo Safari Park,” she said. “The Audobon Nature Institute approached San Diego Zoo Global with an offer of such a parcel of land for this purpose.”
At first, the preserve's animals will include bongos, okapis, pink-backed pelicans, and whooping cranes. “This will be an accredited zoological facility and, in keeping with the requirements for accreditation, will have plans to take care of the animals in the event of a natural disaster.”
Interestingly, in another part of the state, visitors can check out the Global Wildlife Center in Folsom, Louisiana. The state’s tourism website notes that, “This 900-acre, free-roaming conservation center is home to more than 4,000 exotic and endangered animals.”
However, the center being established by the Alliance for Sustainable Wildlife will have limited public access since it’s primary purposes are intended to be breeding and research. The New York Times noted that, “for this reason the species do not have to be, as one scientist put it, the most charismatic kind.”
Charismatic or not, it’s exciting to know that large-scale breeding programs like this could prove to be lifesavers for many species that are on the brink of extinction.
Do you support setting aside land for wildlife conservation centers? Tell us in the COMMENTS.
Related Stories on TakePart: | <urn:uuid:83484bef-ff28-4ad7-af00-a8d2123074b0> | {
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This article was published in the Applied Geography journal in June 2018.
It deals with participatory mapping of socio-cultural values, taking into example the case of the Greater Flamingo in the Camargue.
You can access it through the Tour du Valat documentary portal clicking here.
Bibliographical reference: Ernoul L., Wardell-Johnson A., Willm L., Béchet A., Boutron O., Mathevet R., Arnassant S., Sandoz A. 2018. Participatory mapping: Exploring landscape values associated with an iconic species. Applied Geography 95:71–78. doi: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2018.04.013
Photo: Greater flamingoes in the Camargue © Hellio & Van Ingen | <urn:uuid:2ce24726-c748-4ae2-b2cb-a299d7e3b449> | {
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The Watercolor tool lets you paint with a variety of watercolor styles using a soft bristled brush on wet or dry paper. Because it is a wet medium the Watercolor tool is ideal for creating subtle, blended color washes and detail. The control you have over the amount of wetness of your brush and the Canvas beneath it lets you produce a wide variety of results.
Features of the Watercolor tool include:
- Soft Blending: Strokes of watercolor merge as they get close and their wet edges touch. This creates smooth blended colors with soft edged transitions. The feel of the stroke is organic, spreading slightly as wet areas of the Canvas interact.
- Internal Blending: As you create areas of color the brush will pick up and move around pigment that is already on the Canvas, creating areas of darker or lighter transparency.
- Wetness and Dryness: Watercolor strokes vary in appearance greatly depending on the wetness of the area they are entering and the wetness of the brush head. This allows you to create firm edged areas of color then apply soft blended strokes inside those areas where the Canvas is already wet.
- Run Out: Lightly loading the Watercolor tool can give short dagger-like strokes that dry rapidly and darken towards the end as the water dries up and the pigment is applied more thickly.
- Cleaning: If you turn off Auto-Clean, your brush head will remain dirty after each stroke so the last color you had on it will be applied when you next paint.
Watercolor is a complex medium and there are a large number of settings that can be used to control the results you see when you paint. ArtRage understands both the color of the pigment you are applying and how much water is on your brush, and simulates these two things as you work with the tool. A basic understanding of what is happening when you paint with this medium can help explain how its settings work. There are some golden rules that should help explain what is happening:
- The water on the brush allows the pigment to spread, so a dry brush (one with less Thinner) applies paint more thickly because there is less water to spread it around.
- Because the pigment spreads in water, a wet Canvas will draw pigment out beyond the area of the stroke. This is why strokes of watercolor merge and blend smoothly as they meet.
- If the Canvas is not wet, the edge of the wet stroke where it meets dry Canvas generates a slightly darker rim as pigment gathers there, unable to go further.
- Highly thinned watercolor is really just water, so you can use it to thin out paint that has already been applied.
Watercolor strokes interact with the texture of your Canvas, flowing more readily in to the dips in the surface and gathering there. The rougher your Canvas, the more obvious this effect will be.
Thinners: Allows you to add water to the brush to thin the paint that is applied. The higher the value the more water there is and the further the stroke will paint. High Thinners also decrease the density of the pigment giving you a more transparent stroke. 100% Thinners removes all pigment from the stroke and lets you apply pure water to the Canvas to thin previous paint down.
Loading: Indicates how much paint has been picked up by the brush head before the stroke begins. The higher the value the more paint there is so your paint will spread further if you turn Loading up high. If loading is low the end of the brush will start to dry out as you paint, and the pigment will be applied more densely until finally the stroke breaks up and no more is applied. If you set Loading to 100% the paint will never run out in a single stroke.
Color Bleed: This setting is only available if Insta-Dry is turned off. It controls how fast the paint on the brush spreads in to paint that is already on the Canvas as you work, so high values mean that your current paint stroke will blend deeply in to previous strokes while lower values will prevent the color on your brush blending too heavily in to the color on the Canvas.
Paper Wet: If this is turned on the Canvas will be treated as if it is wet when you paint and your strokes will expand beyond the area of the brush, and have softer edges. If this is turned off the Canvas is treated as if it was dry so your strokes are not softened.
Insta-Dry: If this is turned on your strokes are dried as soon as they touch the Canvas. This means they will not blend in to other strokes as you paint. They will still blend into their own area.
Auto Clean: If this is turned on your brush will be cleaned automatically between strokes. If it is turned off you will need to clean the brush manually using the Water Glass that pops up next to the Color Picker. For more information see the Colors section. | <urn:uuid:770f283e-4da8-4e25-b3dd-9ee69ace87d6> | {
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Children as young as preschoolers are being prescribed powerful antipsychotics for behavioral problems despite little to no evidence the drugs work in children of normal intelligence, Canadian researchers are warning.
Doctors from the University of Calgary and University of Toronto who searched medical literature for randomized trials testing so-called second generation antipsychotics, or SGAs, against placebos for the treatment of “disruptive behavior” in children found that only one drug — risperidone — appears to be effective when used in the short-term, and at low doses.
But the researchers found only weak evidence that any of the drugs work in children with average IQs, the very children most frequently treated with antipsychotics.
Appearing in the latest issue of the Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, the study is raising fresh concerns around the escalating and widespread “off-label” use of antipsychotics in children.
Only one of the drugs — aripiprazole — has been officially approved in Canada for use in children under 18, and only then for the treatment of schizophrenia in youth aged 15 to 17.
Once reserved for psychosis and mania in adults, the drugs are being increasingly prescribed to children for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, “conduct disorder” and “oppositional defiant disorder.”
The pills can cause rapid and dramatic weight gain, as well as an increase in blood pressure, blood fats and other metabolic abnormalities, as well as neurological side effects such as problems moving.
Children especially appear to be more vulnerable to the side effects compared with adults, doctors say.
“The evidence regarding the efficacy of SGA’s for disruptive behavior in youth, especially in those with average IQs, is highly incongruous with pediatric prescribing patterns for these agents in North American during the past two decades,” the authors write.
American prescription rates for the drugs doubled in preschoolers aged two to five from 1999 to 2007. In Canada, the number of times a doctor recommended an antipsychotic drug for a child or teen increased by 114 per cent from 2005 to 2009. Ninety-five per cent of the recommendations were for an SGA.
In Manitoba alone, the rate of antipsychotic use in youth increased nearly four-fold, from 1.9 per 1,000 in 1999, to 7.4 per 1,000 in 2008.
For their study, the researchers found a total of eight studies, including four large trials involving risperidone, as well as a single study involving 19 teens treated with quetiapine. (Risperidone is the antipsychotic most frequently prescribed to children and adolescents, followed by quetiapine.) Most were short studies, lasting an average of six weeks.
They found a decrease in aggressive behavior in children treated with risperidone, but only “weak evidence at best that quetiapine makes a difference,” said neurologist and lead author Dr. Tamara Pringsheim.
Overall, most of the studies involved children who had borderline or sub-average IQ, she said. “These are not children of normal intelligence,” said Pringsheim, an assistant professor at the University of Calgary.
Only one study that involved children with normal IQ found little difference between risperidone and placebo in reducing aggression.
“I suspect that many of the children who are receiving the drugs in Canada are not in this low IQ group,” Pringsheim.
“I struggle with this — if it works in children who have low intelligence then it makes sense that it may work as well in children of normal intelligence. I have no reason to think it shouldn’t work,” Pringsheim.
“But it’s most appropriate to have strong evidence in the group that you’re primarily treating. We have only one very weak study in children of normal intelligence. We need to do more research so that we can feel more certain about the results.”
She said the growing use of antipsychotics in children reflects a wider societal problem and failure of the health system. The drugs have become a convenient and relatively inexpensive way to deal with an aggressive child who needs intense psychosocial care.
“If you have a very aggressive child you can try to calm things, settle things with these medications,” Pringsheim said.
“But the most lasting and durable change is going to come from a behavioral or psychosocial program. Children need to learn these things and we just don’t have the resources available in our communities to provide this to families.” Private programs can cost $150 an hour or more.
“No physician writes one of these prescriptions without careful consideration. No parent puts their child on an antipsychotic unless the situation is severe,” Pringsheim added.
But, “families are struggling, and there’s this perception of a lack of alternatives — ‘I don’t know what else I can do to help my child. Life is so hard right now, I have to do something.’ ”
In an accompanying editorial, Dr. Mark Olfson of Columbia University in New York says children and teens appear to be “particularly sensitive” to the side effects of SGAs, including “anti-psychotic induced weight gain and perhaps even to antipsychotic-induced diabetes.” | <urn:uuid:5d966b95-1ef3-43f6-b628-eb5efcea4a41> | {
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Currently, the Zika Virus and its possible infection risks are in the focus of public and media attention. The virus, normally a mosquito-transmitted infection related to dengue, yellow fever and West Nile virus, known since 1947, was found in Africa and Asia and did not begin to spread widely in the Western Hemisphere until last May, when an outbreak occurred in Brazil.
With the new knowledge that it can be spread by sexual contacts and with the strong suspicion that it effects Microcephaly with babys when pregnant women are infected, the Zika Virus has gained increasing importance.
Therefore, the US FDA has reacted to the possible risks of transmission by blood and blood components with a new "Guidance for Industry: Recommendations for Donor Screening, Deferral, and Product Management to Reduce the Risk of Transfusion-Transmission of Zika Virus" published on 16 February 2016. Amongst the new findings, the guidance refers to the following data:
"Two instances of possible transfusion-transmission have been described in media announcements in Campinas, Brazil (Refs. 20, 22). In French Polynesia, 3% of samples from asymptomatic blood donors contained detectable ZIKV RNA during the outbreak in French Polynesia in 2013-14, indicating the likelihood of transmission by blood transfusion (Refs. 9, 23, 24). For these reasons, measures should be taken to prevent transfusion-transmission."
The Guidance document should provide blood establishments that collect Whole Blood and blood components with recommendations for donor screening, donor deferral and product management to reduce the risk of transfusion-transmitted Zika Virus (ZIKV). The recommendations apply to the collection of Whole Blood and blood components intended for transfusion but not to the collection of Source Plasma.
More details about FDA/CBERs current thinking can be found in the Guidance for Industry: Recommendations for Donor Screening, Deferral, and Product Management to Reduce the Risk of Transfusion-Transmission of Zika Virus"
Please be aware, that in that context, authority speakers as well as industrial scientists will add background information about Zika Virus, the real importance and the new guidance documents to their presentations and provide the opportunity to discuss it during ECAs conference "Blood, Blood Products and Plasma" on 19 and 20 April in Vienna. | <urn:uuid:18410583-c3c8-4c08-9b0f-54e53f4aa6ee> | {
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Eighty years after his death, Lenin is still getting a bad press.
Earlier this year national newspapers were running a story about new research proving that Lenin had syphilis, and that this explains his rantings about revolution.
A BBC documentary a couple of years ago argued that Lenin seized power in 1917 because he knew he had a brain tumour and wanted to grab power before he died!
Yet Lenin was a man who dedicated his life to the liberation of workers and all people, not just in Russia but around the world.
In the first 25 years of the last century, a century of wars and revolutions, Lenin made huge contributions in theory and practice that we can learn from today in our struggle for a better world.
Today we are used to being part of a mass global anti-war movement.
At the outbreak of the First World War, Lenin and the Bolsheviks were among only a handful of groups and individuals worldwide who opposed their own governments and the horrific slaughter of that war.
Lenin’s writings on imperialism, looking at how capitalism breeds war, are still useful to our movement today.
His pamphlet State and Revolution, written in the height of revolution, is still one of the clearest explanations of why socialists can’t ignore the question of state power.
However, Lenin is probably most associated with the Bolsheviks and the idea of a revolutionary party. It is certainly the area about which he is most misrepresented.
Quite apart from the strange theories of Lenin’s medical will to power peddled by the media, there is also an understandable distrust of political parties in general. People see the options as the sterile manipulation and deceit of New Labour or the murderous tyranny of Stalinism.
Lenin’s model of a party is a million miles from either of these traditions.
For Lenin the starting point was always the same as Marx’s, that “the emancipation of the working class is the act of the working class”—ordinary people, not revolutionary parties, make social change.
Lenin argued, “There is an enormous amount of organising talent among the ‘people’, ie among the workers and the peasants who do not exploit the labour of others.”
For Lenin a party was not to dictate to working people, but about tapping into that talent, about learning from the struggle—as well as being part of the arguments about what should be done.
Lenin was very hard on those in the socialist movement who talked down to workers, pointing out that “the workers themselves wish to read and do read all that is written for the intelligensia.It is only a few (bad) intellectuals who believe that it is sufficient ‘for the workers’ to be told a few things about factory conditions, and to have repeated to them over and over again what has long been known.”
He argued fiercely against those on the left that he called “economists”. They were people who argued that workers should limit themselves to struggle over immediate economic demands such as wages and trade union organisation, and leave political struggle and the battle of ideas to the capitalist class and the intellectuals.
There is a strong tradition of this separation in Britain—the idea that the trade unions deal with the economic and the Labour Party deals with the political. Lenin argued that revolutionaries have to see the world as a totality.
Politics, in Lenin’s words, is concentrated economics.
The political decisions of our governments are intimately bound up with the economic interests of big business.
Failure to confront the economic reality of capitalism means ignoring the fact that most of the people who hold power are unelected bosses, bankers and civil services.
At the same time, ignoring political questions means actually weakening our ability to fight on economic issues.
Take the nationwide firefighters’ strike last year or the Scottish nursery nurses’ strike earlier this year—groups of workers who were beaten not by lack of resolve or support but by the political allegiance of their union leaders to the Labour Party.
Lenin also pointed out that not to fight for political ideas is just to leave the field of ideas to the ruling class: “In a society torn by class antagonisms there can never be a non-class or above-class ideology.”
Lenin thought that economic struggles, such as fights for better wages or trade union organisation, were important.
But he saw these as part of a bigger struggle for working class emanicipation.
He argued that socialists should lead “the struggle of the working class not only for better terms for the sale of labour power, but also for the abolition of the social system which compels the propertyless to sell themselves to the rich.”
Next week I will look at how Lenin approached questions of oppression and inequality. | <urn:uuid:9a355728-c1f1-45d1-b5d1-8b20b5bc2e7b> | {
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US 6342018 B1
A golf club for effecting chip shots within sixty yards of play to the “green” is presented. The golf club includes two distinct shaft configurations and has a club head with a striking face or impact surface which gradually narrows downwardly to a rounded bottom edge to form a convex shaped structure. The club is fitted with a long shaft which forces the golfer into an upright position to create a chipping stroke similar to a normal putting stroke. The convex top surface of the golf club head has a series of seven colored parallel grooves incorporated thereon to form an optical pattern to help a golfer's eyes focus and to project a more broad-based target line-up. The angle between the line-up defined by the shaft when positioned normally as during play and a line perpendicular to the ground is six to seven degrees.
1. A golf club for performing chip shots comprising:
a hollow golf club head having a substantially planar impact surface, a rear portion, a sole portion, a top alignment surface, a heel portion and a shaft aligned according to a predetermined critical component angle and shaft length, said head is substantially oblong in shape;
said top alignment surface comprising an aperture disposed therein for fastening the shaft thereto and having a series of grooves formed parallel with respect to each adjacent groove in the series and formed orthogonal with said impact surface, wherein said grooves increase in depth from the rear portion towards the impact surface to form a series of substantially arcuate channels therein;
the series of grooves further include at least one laminar layer having at least one pigment of color for each groove in the series to create an optical pattern thereon with respect to each groove in the series for effecting user guided club head to target alignment for chipping.
2. The golf club for chipping according to
3. The golf club for chipping according to
4. The golf club for chipping according to
5. The golf club for chipping according to
6. The golf club for chipping according to
7. The golf club for chipping according to
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to golf clubs. More specifically, the invention is an improved golf club for performing chip-shots or hitting a golf ball onto the putting surface or “green” from relatively short distances.
2. Description of the Related Art
The United States has seen unprecedented growth in the popularity of the game of golf in the past decades. Numerous devices have been made to help golfers improve their shots. Putters and chippers of various designs and markings, golf club heads of various angles, and shafts of different lengths and angles of attachment to the golf club head have been introduced. However, despite many attempts, no suitable golf club exists for making chip-shots often less than sixty yards long and approximately four to five feet off the ground. This includes, for example “bump and run” shots. All golfers agree that ninety percent of the game of golf is mental. The other ten percent is primarily physical aptitude including some measure of athleticism.
For the purpose of moving a golf ball from the tee to the green and ultimately into the hole, a golfer is permitted thirteen clubs. Woods (also “metal woods”) are available to project the golf ball the greatest distance. The club head is usually quite large by comparison and has very little loft (typically eight to thirteen degrees). Iron headed clubs (“irons”) are clubs having varying degrees of loft and various shaft lengths. Because of the various club's loft, irons properly used will propel a golf ball forward to various distances and at varying heights above the ground. Wedges (iron headed clubs with significant loft—up to sixty degrees) are available for short shots into the green. Putters are usually iron headed clubs used to roll a golf ball along the putting surface (green) and into the hole. Putters generally have a ball striking surface (loft) of almost ninety degrees. Providing a golfer with a variety of clubs enables the golfer to take the “same swing” with each club, but get different results in ball flight path and distance. Golf clubs which do not fall within the “same swing” category are wedge and putter clubs.
Using the same swing with a wedge or a putter will result in the same distant and trajectory result. The “finesse” shot (which involves altering the swing speed, back-swing distance, downward club-head speed, and the golfer's body attitude) enables the golfer to propel the golf ball to varying distances. For most golfers, over fifty percent of the shots advanced toward or into the hole are normally within forty yards. Thus, the finesse shot is one of, if not the most important type shot in the game of golf. However, factors such as fright or nervousness, grass height, grass texture, moisture, sand and/or water obstructions contribute to the number of obstacles which serve to raise the level of difficulty for making a finesse shot. It is for these reasons at least the finesse shot is the most difficult shot to master.
Generally, the finesse shot is attempted with the wedge. But this highly lofted short shaft club invites the golfer to impart lateral movement to the club's face by turning the wrist on impact thereby producing an off-line shot. The easiest shot in golf is the putt. This shot is performed with the use of a putter which does not require turning or breaking the wrist of a golfer as with the use of the wedge. As a result, off-line shots are minimized.
The golf club as herein described alleviates the longstanding need for a golf club which integrates the most definitive features of each conventional type of club cited hereinbelow (e.g. wood, iron, wedge and putter) into a singular hybrid club which solves the problems associated with each conventional club and improves the game of golf for golf enthusiasts and professionals within roughly sixty yards of the hole or from the “rough” onto the “green” without the need for extensive practice.
For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,690,556, issued to Condon, shows a multi-functional golf club head which can be used as either a putter or a chipper, depending on the nature of the terrain on the golf course, having ball centering indicia on the top face, rails on the bottom of the club head, and an angled striking surface. However, this device does not have the optical assisting pattern of the present invention, which is specially designed to maximize a golfer's eye's focus and project a broad-based target line-up to make it easier for the golfer to keep the swing line of the club head on track with the intended path of the ball. U.S. Design Pat. No. 213,326, issued to Driscoll, discloses the ornamental design for golf club head. U.S. Design Pat. No. 225,419, issued to Mills, shows an ornamental design for an golf club. U.S. Design Pat. No. 394,688 also illustrates an ornamental design for a golf club head. And U.S. Design Pat. No. 405,137 shows the ornamental design for a golf putter head.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,458,335, issued to Hattori, reveals a combined putter and wedge golf club having both putting and chipping faces on either side of the club head, which is connected to a shaft rigidly mounted perpendicular to the club, in comparison to the present invention where the angle between the line defined by the shaft, when the putter is in normal play position, and the line perpendicular to the ground is six to seven degrees. And U.S. Pat. No. 5,533,728, issued to Pehoski et al., discloses a golf putter head having a striking surface separated from and parallel to body of the head by a spaced portion.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,746,666, issued to Lovett, shows a golf club having a striking face which angles down narrowly to form a blunt lower apex. The narrow lower apex of this device allows for less contact with the turf during a golf swing, decreasing turf drag to allow shots of at least 170 yards away. Unlike the present invention, which has a broader bottom wall, this club is not specially designed for shots of sixty or fewer yards, neither does it have optical orientation grooves disposed on the top surface of the golf head to assist s golfer in increasing shot accuracy. U.S. Pat. No. 5,830,082, issued to White, shows a golf chipper club construction in which the club head loft is about 30 degrees, while the descent of the sole is approximately 12 degrees. And the angle from horizontal to the grip axis is 80 degrees. The British Patent granted to McKenzie (BR 219,804) shows a golf club having a streamlined head with a curved taper. The British Patent granted to Miyamoto (BR 1,432,682) provides a club with a rotatable moveable head having a plurality of faces for hitting at different angles. And the European Patent granted to Schmidt (EP 608,128) discloses a golf putter having a recess disposed on the putter head.
None of the above inventions and patents, taken either singularly or in combination, is seen to describe the instant invention as claimed. Thus a golf club for chipping solving the aforementioned problems is desired.
The golf club according to the invention includes a long shaft fixedly attached to a golf club head. The striking face or surface of which has a configuration which gradually narrows downwardly to a rounded bottom edge of the striking face and forms a leading edge of the striking face when a stroke is initiated. A side view of the club shows it to be generally convex in shape. The leading edge of the striking face is also slightly superior to the turf-contacting surface by about an eighth of an inch. The bottom edge of the striking front surface converges for a short ways downwards to form a relatively convex bottom surface. A side extends rearwardly and upwardly from the bottom surface of the club head to meet the top surface of the golf club extending rearwardly from the front striking surface. The club is fitted with a long shaft which forces the golfer into an upright “eyes over the ball” position which creates a chipping stroke similar to a normal putting stroke.
The convex top surface of the golf club head has a series of parallel grooves incorporated into the top surface thereof and normal to the top edge of the striking surface. These grooves are colored either orange or white to form an optical pattern to help the golfer's eyes focus and to project a more broad-based target line-up so as to make it easier for the golfer to keep the swing line of the club head, on track with the intended path of the ball. These ball centering grooves are designed to assist the golfer in aligning the golf ball with the target and the best striking area of the club head.
Another distinguishing feature of the club is that the front-to-rear surface profile reveals a rounded, convex sole plate mesial to the shaft, making the distal floor plate line angle more angular so as to reduce interference of the club head along the hinge axis at the head of the club. When positioned for play, the angle of the shaft to a line normal to the ground is six to seven degrees. The club integrates or melds certain characteristics of the wood, iron, wedge and putter into a single club.
Accordingly, it is a principal object of the invention to provide a new and improved golf club which allows a golfer to make better chip shots, even when the golfer is not standing on the green.
It is another object of the invention to provide a golf club having ball centering channels or grooves having a plurality of pigment layers thereon to assist the golfer in aligning the golf ball with the target to improve shot accuracy.
Still another object of this invention is to provide a golf club which is suitable for chip shots onto a green to shots of up to 60 yards.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a golf club configured particularly for finesse shots or for providing greater control of the flight of the ball by the golfer.
It is an object of the invention to provide improved elements and arrangements thereof for the purposes described which is inexpensive, dependable and fully effective in accomplishing its intended purposes.
These and other objects of the present invention will become readily apparent upon further review of the following specification and drawings.
FIG. 1 is an environmental, perspective view of the golf club according to the present invention.
FIG. 2A is a perspective side view of the golf club according to the invention.
FIG. 2B is a top perspective view of the golf club according to the invention.
FIG. 2C is a sectional perspective view of FIG. 2 taken along line 2C—2C.
FIG. 2D is a front perspective view of the golf club according to the invention.
FIG. 2E is a sectional view of FIG. 2D taken along line 2E—2E.
FIG. 2F is a sectional view of FIG. 2D taken along line 2F—2F.
FIG. 2G is a perspective side view of the golf club according to the invention.
FIG. 3 is a view of the mold for making the golf club according to the invention.
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of the golf club according to a second embodiment of the invention.
Similar reference characters denote corresponding features consistently throughout the attached drawings.
The present invention is directed to a golf club for improving a golfer's chip shots, particularly within 60 yards of play to the green G. The preferred embodiments of the present invention are depicted in FIGS. 1-4, and are generally referenced by numerals 5 and 7, respectively.
As diagrammatically illustrated in FIG. 1, a golfer U is shown providing a visual line of sight K to colored coded grooves (not shown in color) disposed on and within an alignment surface 11. The alignment surface located on the top surface of the club head 10 serves to assist the user U in projecting a more broad-based target T to a distant location (or “green”). As diagrammatically illustrated in FIG. 2A, the golf club 5 for chip shots comprises a hollow golf club head 10 shaped and formed preferably from a mold 6 diagrammatically illustrated in FIG. 3. As a finished product, the golf club 5 has a substantially planar impact surface 10 a, a rear portion 10 b, a sole portion 10 c, a top alignment surface 11, a heel portion 10 d and a shaft 12 aligned according to a predetermined critical component angle α.
The angle α is preferably about 6 or 7 degrees measured as the shaft's position with respect to a perpendicular line L made square to the ground or green G. The shaft length 1 is selected from a range defined between or by at least 35, 40, 46 and 50 inches, respectively. The golf head 10 is substantially oblong in shape and has an aperture 9 formed substantially within a corner top surface of the club 10 for fastening or fixedly attaching the shaft 12 thereto. A series 15 of grooves 15 a (first), 15 b (second), 15 c (third), 15 d (fourth), 15 e (fifth), 15 f (sixth), and 15 g (seventh) are formed in parallel with respect to each neighboring or adjacent groove in the series 15 and orthogonal with respect to the impact plate 10 a. Each groove of the series 15 is formed therein as an arcuate channel which increases in depth from the rear portion 10 b towards the impact surface 10 a. The series 15 of substantially arcuate channels or grooves form a color coded optical gauge with channels of differing lengths. As an optical or visual gauge, each groove in the series 15 is color coded via at least one combination laminar and pigment layer for gauging a point of contact C with the target T via the impact surface 10 a. The gauge is utilized by the golfer as an intermediate step of completing a finesse shot, preferably within sixty yards from the green. With more particularity, each laminar layer includes at least one pigment of color for each groove in the series 15 thereby creating an optical pattern from which a golfer can visualize without unnecessary trial and error a specific point of contact C or impact with the target T via the impact surface 10 a. This unique feature of the club improves the short game of the golfer.
As best seen in FIG. 2A, the series 15 preferably comprises seven grooves having at least one laminar layer (not shown in color). As recited above, each laminar layer has at least one pigment therein to form at least one distinct optical pattern for aligning a target therewith to make a particular chip shot. At least one optical pattern of the series 15, beginning at the shaft and radially forward in a direction opposite the heel of the shaft 12 includes wherein the respective first, fourth and seventh groove have at least one laminar layer having a pigment of orange, and the respective second, third, fifth and sixth groove have at least one laminar layer having a pigment of white disposed thereon. Depending on the color perception of a particular user U, the pattern can be customized to fit a unique or special color coded scheme. It has been found that the alternating orange an white pattern is an excellent alignment color code strategy which enables visual alignment of a target T with the impact surface 10 a for making initiated chip shots without the need for extensive training to do the same.
The structure of the golf club head 10 is shown in more detail as diagrammatically illustrated in FIGS. 2B-2F. According to FIG. 2B, a top view of the club head 10 is shown illustrating the plurality of grooves in the series 15 which forms the optical or visual gauge for aligning a target T for impact. Apertures 20, 22 and 24 are shown as sub-surface elements in relation to the series of grooves 15. Each aperture 20, 22, and 24 is a fastener insertion point for inserting a fastener to secure a bottom portion 30 of the golf club head 10 to an upper portion 32 formed. Each upper 32 and lower 30 portion is produced by the mold 6 via elements 30′ and 32′. FIG. 2C illustrates the use of mechanical fasteners 26 or threaded fasteners for securing the golf club head 10 as a single integrated element via corresponding threaded inserts 20 a, 22 a, and 24 a. Each threaded insert 20 a, 22 a, and 24 a is formed within the bottom portion 30 of the club head. The exposed locations 28 and 29 are finished via conventional filling techniques which are well known in the art. It should be noted, a variety of machining techniques are widely available to one having ordinary skill in the relevant art for providing finish details such threaded apertures, fillings, etc., and thus are not discussed in detail.
As diagrammatically illustrated in FIG. 2D, a front perspective view of the club head 10 is shown illustrating the impact surface 10 a, and the alignment surface 11 which includes the series of grooves 15 disposed therein. The hollow of the club head 10 features are exposed by taking a sectional cut of the club 10 along lines 2E—2E and 2F—2F. Just below this sectional cut is the linear impression 40 which designates a mating impression produced by the mold 6 and finishing techniques. The upper and lower portions mate substantially along this linear impression to form the integrated impact surface portion 10 a. FIG. 2E illustrates the interior or hollow portion 32 a of the upper club portion 32 which is exposed by the sectional cut taken along line 2E—2E.
The sectional cut taken along line 2F—2F exposes the interior portion 30 a of the bottom portion 30 and is diagrammatically illustrated in FIG. 2F. As shown therein, the club head 10 comprises threaded apertures 20 a, 22 a, and 24 a for threadedly receiving fasteners 26 via respective apertures 20, 22, and 24. A projection ramp 42 or impact reinforcement gradient is also formed therein as a series of interlapping parabolic reinforcement support structures. The is gradient known as “sweet spot” is disposed integral with the interior portion 30 a and behind the impact surface 10 a. This particular feature serves to reduce localized stresses at the impact surface by distributing reaction forces throughout parabolic structures of the ramp 42. Accordingly, this feature extends the life and repeated use of the club head without failure due to material of cyclical fatigue.
As diagrammatically illustrated in FIG. 2G, the club head 10 is shown having an appearance of a golf three wood. However, the face of the club 10 a has at least a preferred 27 degree loft and the sole 10 c designed with at least a 7 degree bounce angle κ. The sole portion 10 c is preferably a convex sole portion mesial to the shaft 12. The club head 10 has a size and appearance which resembles the style of a “mallet”. The side view of the club 10 as shown in FIG. 2G is convex, front to back, on both the top 11 and bottom 30 surfaces.
Accordingly, the striking or impact surface 10 a of the golf club head 10 is angled to loft or chip a golf ball while employing a putting stroke. The top centering grooves on the top surface 11 are depicted having a sequence of colors arranged orange-white-white-orange(center groove)-white-white-orange. As recited above, the colors help focus the golfer's eyes and project a more broad-based target line-up, making it easier to keep the swing line of the club head 10 on track. The shaft 12,13 may be included in the mold 6 of the golf ball head 10 or may be placed in a shaft receiving hole 9.
FIG. 3 shows the mold 6 for making the golf head according to the invention having negative impression elements 30′ and 32′. FIG. 4 is a second embodiment of the invention which utilizes a shaft 13 which works in combination with the club head 10 to balance the moment of inertia of the club 7 about the center of gravity of the club through the swing line. It has been discovered that the shaft 13 which has an inflection point 50 depending on the length 1 and curvature S of the shaft 13 virtually eleminates twisting at the golf club head thereby improving swing comfort for the user. This feature can be customized to accomodated physical and swing characteristics of a particular golfer. This particular customized feature helps to produce measurable and accurate results in the performance of the golfer within sixty yards of play to the green. Accordingly, the mass of the club head 10 is balanced about the centroidal axis of the club 10, thereby providing comfort and minimal twisting at the point of impact around the golf head 10.
The upright, centered position (ref. FIG. 1) at address places a convex, rounded contact to the ground with the leading edge of the striking face 10 a positioned approximately ⅛ inch superior to the grounded contact area. Another distinguishing feature of the club 10 is that the front-to-back surface profile (illustrated in FIG. 2B) features a rounded, convex sole plate 10 c mesial to the shaft, hence the distal floor plate line angle is more angular.
This reduces club head interference with the hinge axis at the head of the club through the swing. With respect to weight characteristics, the club head 10 is hollow and made of two piece machined construction thereby reducing material cost factors. The top portion 11 is made preferably from aluminum and the bottom portion 30 from stainless steel. This arrangement “weights” the bottom 30 or sole 10 c of the club head 10 and produces a lower center of gravity. The lower center of gravity is enhanced by the additional stainless steel ramp 42 which is known as the “sweet spot” of the club's impact surface 10 a. The ramp 42 defines the “sweet spot” and provides a more solid ball or target contact therewith. The club head 10 is designed so that the shaft 12,13 is inserted into the hole 9 thus eliminating the conventional hosel and accompanying “shanked” shots. The top, surface design, of the club head 10 integrates a surface design consisting of seven longitudinal lines parallel to the target T line and perpendicular to the plane of contact, which aids in the user's U line of sight alignment. The haft 12,13 is attached at a lie angle of approximately 79 degrees for a shaft of 46 inches and over. The “lie angle” positions the golf club head 10 in the golfer's putter-stance position.
Other advantages of the golf club 5,7 according to the invention includes wherein each respective shaft 12, 13 further includes a handle portion comprising a moisture absorbing gripping surface 12 a and 13 a (not shown), respectively. The effective results of the club head 10 according to the invention are (1) an improved line of sight accuracy coefficient; (2) an improved chipping effect to produce lofted shots with the ability to carry (in the air) over short distances of “off the green”; (3) an improved confidence “off the green” due to the ease of the pendulum swing or the putting style to produce an effective inertia transfer to the ball; (4) the elimination or reduction of miss-hits (shanks, toe-shots, fat shots, etc.) resulting in tighter ball patterns of shots nearer the hole; and (5) an improvement in the number of “up-and-down” par saves from “off the green” to effectively lower a golfer's ultimate score.
It is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, but encompasses any and all embodiments within the scope of the following claims. | <urn:uuid:7bd49553-ca96-4fd0-ba23-de33d1932c12> | {
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Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a rare eye condition. It occurs in infants who are premature or have low birthweight. ROP causes a problem in the retina, the tissue that lines the back of the eye.
The blood vessels in the retina grow abnormally.
The abnormal blood vessels can lead to scarring of the retina. In the most serious cases, ROP can lead to a separation of the retina from the back of the eye. In a small number of cases, ROP may cause vision loss or blindness.
Normal Anatomy of the Eye
Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.
The exact cause of ROP is unknown.
Factors that increase the chance of an infant developing ROP include: Premature birth
, especially babies born less than 30 weeks gestation
Low birth weight, especially babies weighing less than 3 poundsLow or fluctuating oxygen levelsRespiratory distressAnemia
There are usually no signs of ROP until it reaches a severe stage. Severe ROP may cause: White pupilsAbnormal eye movementsCrossed eyes (turning toward each other)
A specialist will screen for ROP if your infant has risk factors such as prematurity and low birth weight. A special eye exam will be used to view the blood vessels in the retina.
The doctor will examine your infant’s eyes every 1-2 weeks until the blood vessels in the retina are fully developed.
Mild ROP will usually heal on its own. Your baby's eye will be examined regularly until the blood vessels heal.
More severe ROP may require treatment to reduce the risk of the retina detaching from the back of the eye. Treatment options include: Cryosurgery—freezing tissue in the eye to prevent the spread of abnormal blood vesselsLaser ablation/photocoagulation—a laser stops abnormal blood vessels from growing
The best way to prevent ROP is to prevent premature birth. Good prenatal care will help decrease the risk of premature birth.
Fierson WM, American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Ophthalmology, American Academy of Ophthalmology; American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, American Association of Certified Orthoptists. Screening examination of premature infants for retinopathy of prematurity. Pediatrics. 2013;131(1):189-195.
Retinopathy of prematurity. National Eye Institute website. Available at:
http://www.nei.nih.gov/health/rop. Accessed March 10, 2016.
Last reviewed March 2016 by Kari Kassir, MD
Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
Copyright © EBSCO Publishing. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:c59dce42-64f5-4d81-a78b-fccafb424f13> | {
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Do not force your children to participate in sports, but support their desires to play their chosen sports. Children are involved in organized sports for their enjoyment. Make it fun.
Encourage your child to play by the rules. Remember, children learn best by example, so applaud the good plays of both teams.
Do not embarrass your child by yelling at players, coaches or officials. By showing a positive attitude toward the game and all of its participants, your child will benefit.
Emphasize skill development and practices and how they benefit your young athlete. De-emphasize games and competition in the lower age groups.
Know and study the rules of the game and support the officials on and off the ice. This approach will help in the development and support of the game. Any criticism of the officials only hurts the game.
Applaud a good effort in both victory and defeat, and enforce the positive points of the game. Never yell or physically abuse your child after a game or practice – it is destructive. Work toward removing the physical and verbal abuse in youth sports.
Recognize the importance of volunteer coaches. They are important to the development of your child and the sport.
Communicate with them and support them.
If you enjoy the game, learn all you can about hockey – and volunteer.
South Shore Conference Rule 19
The member towns and coach of each team are responsible for the behavior of the spectators from their town. If the spectators get unruly or abusive during the game, it is up to the direction of the referee to stop the game and determine who is at fault. If it can be determined whom or what town is at fault, they shall forfeit the game. If it cannot be determined who is at fault or it is unsafe to continue the game, it will be stopped and the Disciplinary Committee will make a decision.
The South Shore Conference will establish a discipline committee to investigate and conduct a hearing if appropriate, concerning any major incident involving spectator or parent. An officer of the SSC will chair the Discipline Committee. The discipline committee will be comprised of three members of the Executive Board and two Program Directors on a rotating monthly basis.
A major incident shall be defined as, but not limited to, the use of obscene or vulgar language, verbal: physical abuse, taunting of players, coaches, officials and throwing of objects in the viewing area, team benches, or ice surface, etc.
When a major incident on the ice rink property used by the SSC involving a parent or spectator is brought to the attention of the SSC Executive Board by rink officials, ice officials(referee or timekeepers), incident reports or other programs, the affected programs will be notified by the SSC President or designee.
The program(s) will have 48 hours to respond with recommendation for discipline to the chairperson of the Disciplinary Committee. The program willidentify everyone involved. If the program’s action is deemed acceptable, nofurther action shall be taken. If the chairperson of the Discipline Committeedeems the program’s recommendation unacceptable and/or inadequate, the individuals involved will immediately be suspended from all SSC activities until the incident is resolved. The Discipline Committee shall convene to investigate the incident and to hold a hearing within one week. All parties involved in the major incident shall attend the discipline hearing.
Annually prior to the start of the hockey season, each program will be responsible for sending written or electronic notice to the membership advising them of RULE #19, a copy of the letter will be submitted to the South Shore Conference President no later that the September directors meeting. | <urn:uuid:13bb6248-7713-4f68-9b29-90a00c7b6371> | {
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In 1940, inspired by a tragic accident, a New York pathologist came up with the scenario for a perfect murder.
His idea was based on the deaths of five longshoremen, their bodies found in the cargo hold of a steamer docked on the East River. The boat had been carrying cherries from Michigan. The men had been bunking in the room where the fruit was stored and to the shock of their co-workers, as work started to unload the cherries, all five were found lifeless in their beds.
When investigators from the New York City medical examiner’s office arrived, they discovered that the fruit had been chilled by placing large containers of “dry ice” in the storage area. Dry ice was, of course, not ice at all but carbon dioxide (CO2) in its solid form, resembling breathtakingly cold chunks of frosted glass. At standard atmospheric pressure, water (H2O) ice freezes as temperatures slip just below 32°F. Carbon dioxide solidifies (a process called deposition) at −109.3 °F.
As it warms – say, as it sits in a fruit storage area – it begins returning to its gaseous state, a transition known as a phase change. The solid chunks shrink without the seeping wet of melting water ice, hence the name dry ice (patented in 1924 by the DryIce Corporation of America). Instead there is a steady seep of gas in the surrounding air. Mostly this is nothing to worry about - unlike its chemical cousin, carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide is not acutely poisonous – and, in fact, the chilly vapors lifting off dry ice have been used to create a fog effects in places ranging from theatres to Halloween parties.
But there is a risk. Carbon dioxide is denser than oxygen-rich air and can, notably in confined spaces, essentially displace the breathable atmosphere, settling into its surroundings like an invisible but suffocating blanket.
And this is what the city’s medical examiners realized had happened to their dead longshoremen. The men’s blood was “saturated with carbon dioxide and the men had obviously died from asphyxia,” explained assistant medical examiner Edward Martens in his 1940 book, The Doctor Looks at Death.
Still, he added, finding CO2 in the blood went only part way to solving the puzzle. Carbon dioxide is always naturally present in human blood. It’s a byproduct of the way we metabolize oxygen and as it builds up, we exhale it away. If a person is murdered by suffocation and cannot exhale, the gas also builds up in the blood: “Exactly the same autopsy picture would have been found if the men had died from being smothered by holding, say, a pillow over their mouths.”
“This brings up a rather interesting possibility for a method of murder that would be extremely difficult to detect,” the doctor, Edward Marten, continued. “I pass this on, for what it is worth, to writers of detective stories.” In his scenario, a sleeping or heavily intoxicated person slumbers in bed. The killer places a bucket, packed with dry ice, on the floor, shuts all windows, and closes the door tightly as he leaves. Within a few hours, the victim suffocates. When someone else opens the door, normal air refills the room, whisking away all trace of the murder weapon: “The trick is that when dry ice evaporates it leaves absolutely no trace behind, so that the investigating detectives would find nothing except a dry and completely empty pail.”
Still, Marten considered that a better tip for fiction writers than real-life killers. The purchase of dry ice was easy to track, the material so cold as to bring on frostbite if handled improperly, and an ideally airtight room almost impossible to find. And someone, after all, might wonder about that peculiarly placed empty pail.
Nevertheless, I’d like to take this moment to pay tribute to carbon dioxide, as one of the most important – and dangerous- gases on the planet. We tend to discount its lethal potential by contrast with its toxic chemical cousin, carbon monoxide (CO). Thanks to its ability to block oxygen circulation in the blood stream, carbon monoxide drifting from faulty heaters, generators, cars accidentally left running, furnaces and other fuel-burning machinery is estimated to kill some 500 people in the United States every year and send thousands of others to doctors and hospitals.
Left ro right: Carbon dioxide, Carbon monoxide, and Carbonic acid.
And we tend to discount carbon dioxide as an actual poison because we’re focused instead on all the other ways it can – and does - cause trouble. These days, it’s best known its best known as a “greenhouse gas”, for its ability to trap heat in the atmosphere. Numerous studies have found that levels of CO2 have risen steadily due to human activities – ranging from industrial burning of carbon-rich fuels to deforestation to agricultural practices. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estimates , for instance, that in 2005, “global atmospheric concentrations of CO2 were 35 percent higher than they were before the Industrial Revolution.” Although other gases are also linked to the current scenario of human-induced climate change, carbon dioxide is considered by many to be the most important factor.
Of course, even that doesn’t really give full credit to the ways that carbon dioxide can alter the environment. For instance, scientists calculate that our oceans absorb a good proportion of the gas generated by human activities. Unfortunately, when you dissolve CO2 into H2O you rather logically end up with the compound H2CO3, better known as carbonic acid. If you don’t recognize it, it’s the rather weak acid found in carbonated soft drinks (although not so weak that countless middle school students haven’t studied its corrosive effect on everything from teeth to lug nuts).
It’s not surprising, then, that marine biologists have expressed alarm about the increasing acidification of the oceans. One recent report I found evaluated predicted increases in carbonic acid levels on California mussels, finding a notable thinning of their shells and a decrease in their overall size. A study conducted by Norwegian scientists also found that overall that mussel larvae decreased in size, but suggested, hopefully, that the effects might be mitigated if, as seemed probable, only the larger larvae would survive. Of course, mussels aren’t far from the only species at risk, as a National Science Foundation report concluded recently, listing everything from coral to marine algae.
Which is just another way of saying that we’re deep into a global chemistry experiment with one of nature’s most important – troublesome and occasionally lethal – chemical compounds.
There are many reasons, in fact, why we should regard carbon dioxide with respect, if not wariness.
And, certainly, one finds that kind of response at a subconscious level. A rather fascinating experiment a couple of years ago found that just inhaling a small amount carbon dioxide triggered a fear response in mice. And there’s an equally fascinating wealth of research about the relationship between human panic disorders and CO2 inhalation. Far beyond my New York murder scenario, there’s rather horrifying evidence that occasionally this can be a panic-worthy gas.
The best example of that comes from a real life event, a catastrophic natural release of carbon dioxide in Lake Nyos in Cameroon during the summer of 1986. Beneath that beautiful lake, geothermal seeps release CO2 into the deep lake waters, normally trapped near the bottom by pressure and cold. But in this case, apparently, the lake became oversaturated with the gas and on August 21, 1986, the lake waters effectively turned over, carbon dioxide fizzing explosively upward, the waters of Lake Nyos turning a startling red as iron deposits were stirred about. The rapidly released gas settled in a suffocating layer into the valleys around the lake. So many people died – an estimated total of 1,746 – that eventually the website Snopes.com felt compelled to investigate. Snopes reported that the event was real and, in fact, not the only case of suffocation deaths due to carbon dioxide seeps at lakes in Cameroon. Since that time, in fact, measures have been taken to maneuver the gas out of the lakes.
And this, of course, brings me back to plotting a CO2 murder.
I discovered Martens’ theory and his long out-of-print book while researching early 20th century forensic toxicology a few years ago. At first, I just liked the improbability, a medical examiner cooking up a supposedly unsolvable murder. But what’s stayed with me is the implicit message –that we’re talking about a dangerous compound.
It’s a message to remember as we move deeper into our global experiment in greatly increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in our environment. For those who haven’t taken the experiment seriously – in my opinion, still far too many – it’s a reminder that they should start doing so now. And for those who need no reminder of the bigger carbon dioxide picture, I think I can still pass along at least one useful tip - in case of strangers bearing buckets of dry ice, sleep with your windows open.
Images: 1. Dry Ice Vaporizing, 2. Sliced Dry Ice, 3. Dry Ice Sublimation, 4. Carbon dioxide (model), 5. Carbon monoxide (model), 6. Carbonic acid (model), 7. Carbon dioxide emissions, 8. Ocean acidification diagram, 9. Lake Nyos
* In case the title sounded familiar but you could not exactly put a finger on it, see.
About the Author: Deborah Blum is a Pulitzer-Prize winning science writer and the best-selling author of The Poisoner's Handbook: Murder and the Birth of Forensic Medicine in Jazz Age New York. A professor of science journalism at the University of Wisconsin, she blogs about chemistry culture at Speakeasy Science.
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Little ones love the funny sounding names of Native American dwellings and they will love constructing their very own models of these homes with some easy, hands-on crafts. Let your imagination take you and your child on an educational and artistic adventure as you create your own Native American village.
Native American tribes of the Southwest often lived in pueblos. These structures were made of adobe and built close together, often housing several families. Reconstructing a pueblo with your child is easy. All you need is some modeling clay or play dough and a little imagination. Form the clay into blocks that you can stack one on top of the other. Help your little one form windows and doors with his fingers. Build ladders out of twigs from your front yard to finish off your pueblo project, placing them from level to level of your dwelling. You can help your little one glue the twigs together or tie them up with string or rubber bands to make the ladders a little sturdier.
Tipis are probably the most commonly recognized Native American dwelling. You can create a model of a tipi using a variety of materials. Let your little one dress up a plain piece of paper with some stickers or stamps. Use the custom-made paper for your tipi by rolling it into a cone shape around three plastic drinking straws and securing it with glue or tape. You may want to take your model a step further and use a piece of cheese cloth or muslin for a textured tipi. Wrap the fabric around three sturdy twigs that you have tied together at the top. Help your child attach the cloth on the opened side with some fabric glue or adhesive hook and loop fastener pieces.
The Woodland region Native Americans lived in houses called wigwams. Wigwams are dome-shaped houses that were small and easy to build. These dwellings were immobile. You and your little one can re-create a wigwam with items found around your house or in your own backyard. Use some plastic straws, pipe cleaners or basket reeds to create the desired shape of your structure. Take some brown construction paper and rip it into small squares and begin layering them from around the bottom of your wigwam to the top, gluing or taping them as you go. Make sure to leave an opening for the door.
The Native American dwelling referred to as a longhouse is a larger, stretched-out version of the wigwam. Kids can create a longhouse by constructing a frame that represents the shape you desire for your longhouse. Sturdy cardboard is an ideal material for creating a longhouse model. Give your child a large piece of cardboard and help him fold the sides and ends to make a rectangular-shaped dwelling. Cut out a door at one end and use twigs to decorate the front of the longhouse. Longhouses typically featured an awning at the front, which you can easily add by cutting out smaller pieces of cardboard and using more sticks to construct a front porch-like structure.
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Bone Health Isn't Just a Woman's Concern
Many men may rank heart disease as a top health concern. Focused on their hearts, they may ignore or not realize how important bone health is, too. Osteoporosis-a disease that weakens and greatly increases the risk for bone fracture-affects almost 9 million men in the U.S. Even though the condition is more common in women, it may be more harmful in men.
A primer on your bones
Man or woman, your bones follow a similar pattern. In childhood and adolescence, the body builds up bone density as you grow. In your early 20s, you reach your peak bone mass-when the amount of bone in your body is at its highest. By your 30s and beyond, your body stops making new bone and starts losing it.
Gradual, age-related bone loss is normal. But if you allow your bones to weaken too much, you may develop osteoporosis. Men are less likely to suffer from osteoporosis because they tend to be bigger in size-hence, they have more bone in their bodies. They also don't go through menopause, when a drop in estrogen increases bone loss. But that doesn't mean men are immune to the disease. More important, they tend to develop osteoporosis later in life.
Like a thief, osteoporosis steals bone without your knowing it; it causes no symptoms. That can be particularly problematic for men. They are less likely to be screened for the disease, so they may not be aware of it until they break a bone. A major concern: hip fractures. Compared with women, men who suffer a broken hip are more likely to die afterward, usually from complications.
Certain factors can raise a man's risk for osteoporosis, such as being 70 and older, being white, or having a family history of the disease. Other risk factors include:
The bottom line: Osteoporosis isn't just a women's concern. Any man can develop it. Being smart about bone health can help prevent it, though. Here are some bone-building tips:
Always talk with your health care provider to find out more information.
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Because the Grevelingen dam had already enclosed the Grevelingen on the east side, the Grevelingen Lake was created by the construction of the Brouwers dam. The Brouwers dam was not an easy dam to build. The construction of the Brouwers dam was a good exercise for the even more complex Oosterschelde barrier, because the gap that needed to be closed between Goerree-Overflakkee and Schouwen-Duiveland was as much as 6.5 kilometres in width. Both caissons and a cableway were used for the construction for the Brouwers dam, as was the case with the Grevelingen dam. Firstly, two sandbars were raised in the lake of Brouwershaven (‘Brouwershavense Gat’). Consequently, the northern gap was closed by caissons. Finally, the southern gap was closed by cradles that plunged concrete to the bottom of the sea. At the end of 1971 the dam was finished. Ten years later, however, a change was made in the dam: a lock was built to let salt sea water pass through. Because of this, the flora and fauna gradually changed. | <urn:uuid:8e46c2ed-ea85-45bb-b039-91c7676830c7> | {
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Paper in Press
GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS, doi:10.1029/2012GC004032
Assessing the greenhouse impact of natural gas
- Natural gas substitution achieves 40% warming reduction of low carbon fuels
- Duration of substitution does not affect 40% benefit
- Full benefit at gas leakage 1% of production or less
The global warming impact of substituting natural gas for coal and oil is currently in debate. We address this question here by comparing the reduction of greenhouse warming that would result from substitution of gas for coal and oil to the reduction which could be achieved by immediately substituting low carbon energy sources. This comparison shows that if the leakage rate of natural gas is ~1% or less the substitution of natural gas reduces global warming by 40% of that which could be attained by the immediate transition to low carbon energy sources. This 40% benefit does not depend on the duration of the transition period; it is the same whether the transition is over 25 or 100 years. The comparison avoids complexities of SO2 and CO2 removal from the atmosphere, and illustrates clearly that at low gas leakage rates the greenhouse warming from the use of fossil fuels is associated solely with the amount of CO2 introduced into the atmosphere: the less CO2, the less warming. Fast transitions to low carbon energy sources reduce greenhouse gas forcing more because less CO2 accumulates in the atmosphere and are therefore desirable, but the substitution of natural gas is always of substantial benefit if the leakage rates are low because significantly less CO2 is emitted to the atmosphere.
Received 10 January 2012; accepted 14 May 2012.
Citation: (2012), Assessing the greenhouse impact of natural gas, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., doi:10.1029/2012GC004032, in press. | <urn:uuid:f3048a5c-f198-4bce-9b5c-1fd7cc8fa820> | {
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Pennsylvania Removed More than 1,300 Tons of
Trash and Debris in 2002
Harrisburg, PA— Pennsylvania Department of Conservation
and Natural Resources Acting Secretary Michael DiBerardinis announced
that more than 1,300 tons of trash and other debris were removed from
78 illegal dumpsites on state forest and parklands in 2002 as part of
Pennsylvania's Forest Lands Beautification Program.
PA CleanWays, DCNR's cleanup partner under the program, organized volunteers
to perform most of the cleanups. In 2002, 838 volunteers spent 3,769 hours
- the equivalent of 471 eight-hour workdays - removing tires, appliances,
household trash and other debris from state forests and parks.
Program volunteers also monitor cleaned sites to ensure that dumping does
not recur, an approach that reduces subsequent dumping. Cleaned sites
have had few reoccurrences of dumping.
In addition to the more than 1,300 tons of debris, more than 6,600 tires
were also pulled from illegal dumpsites during 2002 cleanups. The amount
of trash removed from the parks and forests dump sites last year is the
equivalent of nearly 1,600 people dumping their yearly household trash
on public lands. Each person in the United States generates an estimated
4.6 pounds of trash per day.
Contractors were hired for cleanups at sites where the terrain, quantity
or weight of discarded materials required the use of cranes or other heavy
equipment. Forestry personnel cleaned several other sites. Scrap metal,
appliances, tires and other materials were recycled after each cleanup.
The remaining waste was properly disposed.
"Thanks to the tremendous efforts of hundreds of volunteers, we are
restoring Pennsylvania's forest and park lands for all to use," PA
CleanWays President Josie Gaskey said. "But there's still work to
do. Volunteers interested in creating an immediate and lasting benefit
for the environment are encouraged to call and sign up for a cleanup."
Gaskey noted that when volunteers express interest in cleaning up a specific
site, that site becomes a higher priority on the cleanup list.
The Forest Lands Beautification Program, created by the Forest Lands Beautification
Act in 1998, provides up to $7.5 million over five years to clean up existing
dumps on state forest and park lands by recycling or properly disposing
of waste materials, monitoring sites and working with communities to reduce
future dumping. The program is funded by the Municipal Waste Planning,
Recycling and Waste Reduction Act (Act 101), administered by the Department
of Environmental Protection.
More than 250 illegal dumpsites have been identified throughout Pennsylvania.
Since the program's inception, 166 sites have been cleaned through the
efforts of more than 1,500 volunteers. These cleanups have resulted in
the removal of more than 1,900 tons of household trash, 11,500 tires,
280 tons of scrap metal, 525 tons of concrete and more. | <urn:uuid:2afb8c6b-cee0-429d-9594-72c5590953bc> | {
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The Sloan Digital Sky Survey-III collaboration has released the largest ever digital colour image of the sky,
hoping to get professional astronomers and citizen scientists alike
to make new, cosmic discoveries.
The colossal image
comes in at just over a trillion pixels, and is a patchwork collage
of millions of 2.8-megapixel snaps, taken by Sloan over the last 11
years. It would take around half a million high definition TVs to
view the image at its full, terapixel resolution. Needless to say:
it's a big picture.
But that comprehensive level of detail has allowed Sloan's
decade long galaxy hunt to be used to discover nearly half a
billion astronomical objects, including asteroids, stars, galaxies
and distant quasars. Thousands of research papers have been written
on the basis of Sloan's work, and its dataset has been used in
citizen science applications like Google Sky, Galaxy Zoo and World Wide
So it's tough to overstate the image's importance in the
field of astronomy. "This data will be a legacy for the ages as previous
ambitious sky surveys like the Palomar Sky Survey of the 1950s are
still being used today," said Mike Blanton from New York
University. "We expect the SDSS data to have that sort of shelf
The digital camera used to take these photos has now been
retired. When it first started its sky-scanning quest in 1998, the
138-megapixel imaging detector and 2.5-meter telescope was the
world's largest digital camera. It will now be part of the permanent collection
at the Smithsonian, in recognition of its contributions to
Next, the team wants to switch from photography to
spectrometry, and use new equipment to measure the exact distances to over a million galaxies depicted in this
image. This data collection started in 2009, and when it's
completed in 2014 Sloan will release more than just picture. It
will release a three-dimensional map of the galaxies.
Hopefully we'll have ditched 3D glasses by the time that
data set arrives. | <urn:uuid:a55dd1f5-9893-4d79-9291-9ad8ff417da5> | {
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For 30 years the prevailing theory has been that T. rex and its brethren were wiped out by a comet or asteroid crashing in Central America, kicking up so much dust and ash that the Earth cooled for years afterward and made survival impossible.
Or was it really that simple? Some scientists, digging into well-preserved layers of the earth, said the timing was off. Yes, there is a 110-mile-wide crater, called Chicxulub, in the Caribbean off the coast of southern Mexico -- but radioactive dating suggested it was made 180,000 years after the last dinosaur fossils. Something was wrong.
So Paul Renne, an earth scientist at the University of California, Berkeley, decided to test the theory. Today he and his team report in the journal Science that the death-from-the-sky theory holds up after all. The great impact happened 66,038,000 years ago -- within 30,000 years of the dinosaurs' extinction. When you're talking about things that happened tens of millions of years ago, that's pretty good.
keyboard shortcuts: V vote up article J next comment K previous comment | <urn:uuid:9c4958e0-8eec-4ba0-9667-dc85c7b0f34e> | {
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- Architecture defined
- An architecture defines structure
- An architecture defines behavior
- An architecture focuses on significant elements
- An architecture balances stakeholder needs
- An architecture embodies decisions based on rationale
- An architecture may conform to an architectural style
- An architecture is influenced by its environment
- An architecture influences team structure
- An architecture is present in every system
- An architecture has a particular scope
- Downloadable resources
What is a software architecture?
There is no doubt that the world is becoming increasingly dependent on software. Software is an essential element of the ubiquitous cell phone, as well as complex air traffic control systems. In fact, many of the innovations that we now take for granted -- including organizations such as eBay or Amazon -- simply wouldn't exist if it weren't for software. Even traditional organizations, such as those found in the finance, retail, and public sectors, depend heavily on software. In this day and age, it's difficult to find an organization that isn't, in some way, in the software business.
In order for such innovations and organizations to survive, the software they depend on must provide the required capability, be of sufficient quality, be available when promised, and be delivered at an acceptable price.
All these characteristics are influenced by the architecture of the software, the subject of this article. My focus here is on "software-intensive systems," which the IEEE defines as follows:
A software-intensive system is any system where software contributes essential influences to the design, construction, deployment, and evolution of the system as a whole. [from IEEE 1471. See the "Architecture defined" section below.]
In this article, the term "architecture," when unqualified, is synonymous with the term "software architecture." Although this article focuses on software-intensive systems, it is important to remember that a software-intensive system still needs hardware in order to execute and that certain qualities, such as reliability or performance, are achieved through a combination of software and hardware. The hardware aspect of the total solution cannot therefore be ignored. This is discussed in more detail later in this article.
There is no shortage of definitions when it comes to "architecture." There are even Websites that maintain collections of definitions.1 The definition used in this article is that taken from IEEE Std 1472000, the IEEE Recommended Practice for Architectural Description of Software-Intensive Systems, referred to as IEEE 1471.2 This definition follows, with key characteristics bolded.
Architecture is the fundamental organization of a system embodied in its components, their relationships to each other, and to the environment, and the principles guiding its design and evolution. [IEEE 1471]
This standard also defines the following terms related to this definition:
A system is a collection of components organized to accomplish a specific function or set of functions. The term system encompasses individual applications, systems in the traditional sense, subsystems, systems of systems, product lines, product families, whole enterprises, and other aggregations of interest. A system exists to fulfill one or more missions in its environment. [IEEE 1471]
The environment, or context, determines the setting and circumstances of developmental, operational, political, and other influences upon that system. [IEEE 1471]
A mission is a use or operation for which a system is intended by one or more stakeholders to meet some set of objectives. [IEEE 1471]
A stakeholder is an individual, team, or organization (or classes thereof) with interests in, or concerns relative to, a system. [IEEE 1471]
As we can see, the term "component" is used throughout these definitions. However, most definitions of architecture do not define the term "component," and IEEE 1471 is no exception, as it leaves it deliberately vague to cover the many interpretations in the industry. A component may be logical or physical, technology-independent or technology-specific, large-grained or small-grained. For the purposes of this article, I use the definition of component from the UML 2.0 specification; and I use the term fairly loosely in order to encompass the variety of architectural elements that we may encounter, including objects, technology components (such as an Enterprise JavaBean), services, program modules, legacy systems, packaged applications, and so on. Here is the UML 2.0 definition for "component":
[A component is] a modular part of a system that encapsulates its contents and whose manifestation is replaceable within its environment. A component defines its behavior in terms of provided and required interfaces. As such, a component serves as a type, whose conformance is defined by these provided and required interfaces (encompassing both their static as well as dynamic semantics).3
The definitions provided here cover a number of different concepts, which are discussed in more detail later in this article. Although there is no generally agreed definition of "architecture" in the industry, it is worth considering some other definitions so that similarities between them can be observed. Consider the following definitions where, again, I've bolded some of the key characteristics.
An architecture is the set of significant decisions about the organization of a software system, the selection of structural elements and their interfaces by which the system is composed, together with their behavior as specified in the collaborations among those elements, the composition of these elements into progressively larger subsystems, and the architectural style that guides this organization -- these elements and their interfaces, their collaborations, and their composition. [Kruchten]4
The software architecture of a program or computing system is the structure or structures of the system, which comprise software elements, the externally visible properties of those elements, and the relationships among them. [Bass et al.]5
[Architecture is] the organizational structure and associated behavior of a system. An architecture can be recursively decomposed into parts that interact through interfaces, relationships that connect parts, and constraints for assembling parts. Parts that interact through interfaces include classes, components and subsystems. [UML 1.5]6
The software architecture of a system or a collection of systems consists of all the important design decisions about the software structures and the interactions between those structures that comprise the systems. The design decisions support a desired set of qualities that the system should support to be successful. The design decisions provide a conceptual basis for system development, support, and maintenance. [McGovern]7
Although the definitions are somewhat different, we can see a large degree of commonality. For example, most definitions indicate that an architecture is concerned with both structure and behavior, is concerned with significant decisions only, may conform to an architectural style, is influenced by its stakeholders and its environment, and embodies decisions based on rationale. All of these themes, and others, are discussed below.
An architecture defines structure
If you were to ask anyone to describe "architecture" to you, nine times out of ten, they'll make some reference to structure. This is quite often in relation to a building or some other civil engineering structure, such as a bridge. Although other characteristics of these items exist, such as behavior, fitness-for-purpose, and even aesthetics, it is the structural characteristic that is the most familiar and the most-often mentioned.
It should not surprise you then that if you ask someone to describe the architecture of a software system he's working on, you'll probably be shown a diagram that shows the structural aspects of the system -- whether these aspects are architectural layers, components, or distribution nodes. Structure is indeed an essential characteristic of an architecture. The structural aspects of an architecture manifest themselves in many ways, and most definitions of architecture are deliberately vague as a result. A structural element can be a subsystem, a process, a library, a database, a computational node, a legacy system, an off-the-shelf product, and so on.
Many definitions of architecture also acknowledge not only the structural elements themselves, but also the composition of structural elements, their relationships (and any connectors needed to support these relationships), their interfaces, and their partitioning. Again, each of these elements can be provided in a variety of ways. For example, a connector could be a socket, be synchronous or asynchronous, be associated with a particular protocol, and so on.
An example of some structural elements is shown in Figure 1. This figure shows a UML class diagram containing some structural elements that represent an order processing system. Here we see three classes -- OrderEntry, CustomerManagement, and AccountManagement. The OrderEntry class is shown as depending on the CustomerManagement class and also the AccountManagement class.
Figure 1: UML class diagram showing structural elements
An architecture defines behavior
As well as defining structural elements, an architecture defines the interactions between these structural elements. It is these interactions that provide the desired system behavior. Figure 2 shows a UML sequence diagram showing a number of interactions that, together, allow the system to support the creation of an order in an order processing system. Here we see five interactions. First, a Sales Clerk actor creates an order using an instance of the OrderEntry class. The OrderEntry instance gets customer details using an instance of the CustomerManagement class. The OrderEntry instance then uses an instance of the AccountManagement class to create the order, populate the order with order items, and then place the order.
Figure 2: UML sequence diagram showing behavioral elements
It should be noted that Figure 2 is consistent with Figure 1 in that we can derive the dependencies shown in Figure 1 from the interactions defined in Figure 2. For example, an instance of OrderEntry depends on an instance of CustomerManagement during its execution, as shown by the interactions in Figure 2. This dependency is reflected in a dependency relationship between the corresponding OrderEntry and CustomerManagement classes, as shown in Figure 1.
An architecture focuses on significant elements
While an architecture defines structure and behavior, it is not concerned with defining all of the structure and all of the behavior. It is only concerned with those elements that are deemed to be significant. Significant elements are those that have a long and lasting effect, such as the major structural elements, those elements associated with essential behavior, and those elements that address significant qualities such as reliability and scalability. In general, the architecture is not concerned with the fine-grained details of these elements. Architectural significance can also be phrased as economical significance, since the primary driver for considering certain elements over others is the cost of creation and cost of change.
Since an architecture focuses on significant elements only, it provides us with a particular perspective of the system under consideration -- the perspective that is most relevant to the architect.8 In this sense, an architecture is an abstraction of the system that helps an architect manage complexity.
It is also worth noting that the set of significant elements is not static and may change over time. As a consequence of requirements being refined, risks identified, executable software built, and lessons learned, the set of significant elements may change. However, the relative stability of the architecture in the face of change is, to some extent, the sign of a good architecture, the sign of a well-executed architecting process, and the sign of a good architect. If the architecture needs to be continually revised due to relatively minor changes, then this is not a good sign. However, if the architecture is relatively stable, then the converse is true.
An architecture balances stakeholder needs
An architecture is created to ultimately address a set of stakeholder needs. However, it is often not possible to meet all of the needs expressed. For example, a stakeholder may ask for some functionality within a specified timeframe, but these two needs (functionality and timeframe) are mutually exclusive. Either the scope can be reduced in order to meet the schedule or all of the functionality can be provided within an extended timeframe. Similarly, different stakeholders may express conflicting needs and, again, an appropriate balance must be achieved. Making tradeoffs is therefore an essential aspect of the architecting process, and negotiation, an essential characteristic of the architect.
Just to give you an idea of the task at hand, consider the following needs of a set of stakeholders:
- The end user is concerned with intuitive and correct behavior, performance, reliability, usability, availability, and security.
- The system administrator is concerned with intuitive behavior, administration, and tools to aid monitoring.
- The marketer is concerned with competitive features, time to market, positioning with other products, and cost.
- The customer is concerned with cost, stability, and schedule.
- The developer is concerned with clear requirements, and a simple and consistent design approach.
- The project manager is concerned with predictability in the tracking of the project, schedule, productive use of resources, and budget.
- The maintainer is concerned with a comprehensible, consistent, and documented design approach, and the ease with which modifications can be made.
As we can see from this list, another challenge for the architect is that the stakeholders are not only concerned that the system provides the required functionality. Many of the concerns listed are nonfunctional in nature in that they do not contribute to the functionality of the system (e.g., the concerns regarding costs and scheduling). Such concerns nevertheless represent system qualities or constraints. Nonfunctional requirements are quite often the most significant requirements as far as an architect is concerned.
An architecture embodies decisions based on rationale
An important aspect of an architecture is not just the end result, the architecture itself, but the rationale for why it is the way it is. Thus, an important consideration is to ensure that you document the decisions that have led to this architecture and the rationale for those decisions.
This information is relevant to many stakeholders, especially those who must maintain the system. This information is often valuable to the architect when he or she needs to revisit the rationale behind the decisions that were made, so that they don't end up having to unnecessarily retrace steps. For example, this information is used when the architecture is reviewed and the architect needs to justify the decisions that have been made.
An architecture may conform to an architectural style
Most architectures are derived from systems that share a similar set of concerns. This similarity can be described as an architectural style, which can be thought of as a particular kind of pattern, albeit an often complex and composite pattern (a number of patterns applied together). Like a pattern, an architectural style represents a codification of experience, and it is good practice for architects to look for opportunities to reuse such experience. Examples of architectural styles include a distributed style, a pipe-and-filter style, a data-centered style, a rule-based style, and so on. A given system may exhibit more than one architectural style. As Shaw and Garlan describe it:
[An architectural style] defines a family of systems in terms of a pattern of structural organization. More specifically, an architectural style defines a vocabulary of components and connector types, and a set of constraints on how they can be combined.9
And in terms of the UML:
[A pattern is] a common solution to a common problem in a given context.10
In addition to reusing experience, the application of an architectural style (or a pattern) makes our lives as architects somewhat easier, since a style is normally documented in terms of the rationale for using it (and so there is less thinking to be done) and in terms of its structure and behavior (and so there is less architecture documentation to be produced since we can simply refer to the style instead).
An architecture is influenced by its environment
A system resides in an environment, and this environment influences the architecture. This is sometimes referred to as "architecture in context." In essence, the environment determines the boundaries within which the system must operate, which then influence the architecture. The environmental factors that influence the architecture include the business mission that the architecture will support, the system stakeholders, internal technical constraints (such as the requirement to conform to organizational standards), and external technical constraints (such as the need to interface to an external system or to conform to external regulatory standards).
Conversely, as eloquently described in Bass, Clements, and Kazman,11 the architecture may also influence its environment. Not only does the creation of an architecture change the environment from a technology perspective -- it may, for example, contribute reusable assets to the owning organization -- the creation of the architecture may also change the environment in terms of the skills available within the organization.
When it comes to software-intensive systems, there is a particular aspect of the environment that must always be considered, as discussed earlier in this chapter. In order for software to be useful, it must execute. In order to execute, the software runs on some kind of hardware. The resulting system is therefore a combination of both software and hardware, and it is this combination that allows properties such as reliability and performance to be achieved. Software cannot achieve these properties in isolation of the hardware on which it executes.
IEEE Std 12207-1995, the IEEE Standard for Information Technology -- Software Life Cycle Processes, defines a system differently from the IEEE 1471 system definition noted earlier (which focuses on software-intensive systems), but is in agreement with the definitions found in the systems engineering field:
[A system is] an integrated composite that consists of one or more of the processes, hardware, software, facilities and people, that provides a capability to satisfy a stated need or objective. [IEEE 12207]12
A configuration of the Rational Unified Process® for Systems Engineering (RUP SE) contains a similar definition.
[A system is] a set of resources that provide services that are used by an enterprise to carry out a business purpose or mission. System components typically consist of hardware, software, data, and workers13.
In the systems engineering field, tradeoffs are made regarding the use of software, hardware, and people. For example, if performance is key, then a decision may be made to implement certain system elements in hardware, rather than software or people. Another example is that in order to provide a usable system to customers, a decision is made to provide a customer interface that is a human being, rather than an interface implemented in software or hardware. More complex scenarios require certain system qualities to be achieved through a combination of software, hardware, and people. (Accordingly, this series of articles makes reference to elements other than software where appropriate.)
It is interesting to note that systems engineering is specifically concerned with treating software and hardware (as well as people) as peers, thus avoiding the pitfall where hardware is treated as a second-class citizen to the software and is simply a vehicle for executing the software, or where software is treated as a second-class citizen with respect to the hardware and is simply a vehicle for making the hardware function as desired.
An architecture influences team structure
An architecture defines coherent groupings of related elements that address a given set of concerns. For example, an architecture for an order processing system may have defined groupings of elements for order entry, account management, customer management, fulfillment, integrations with external systems, persistency, and security.
Each of these groupings may require different skill sets. It therefore makes perfect sense to align software development team structures with the architecture once it has been defined. However, it is often the case that the architecture is influenced by the initial team structure and not vice versa. This is a pitfall that is best avoided, since the result is typically a less-than-ideal architecture. "Conway's Law" states that "If you have four groups working on a compiler, you'll get a 4-pass compiler." In practice, we often unintentionally create architectures that reflect the organization creating the architecture.
However, it is also true to say that this somewhat idealized view is not always practical since, for purely pragmatic reasons, the current team structure and the skills available represent a very real constraint on what is possible and the architect must take this into account.
An architecture is present in every system
It is also worth noting that every system has an architecture, even if this architecture is not formally documented or if the system is extremely simple and, say, consists of a single element. There is usually considerable value in documenting the architecture. Documented architectures tend to be more carefully considered -- and therefore, more effective -- than those that are not, since the process of recording the architecture naturally leads to thoughtful consideration.
Conversely, if an architecture is not documented, then it is difficult (if not impossible) to prove that it meets the stated requirements in terms of addressing qualities such as maintainability, accommodation of best practices, and so on. Architectures that are not documented, which appear to be the majority in existence today, tend to be accidental rather than intentional.
An architecture has a particular scope
There are many kinds of architecture, the best known being the architecture associated with buildings and other civil engineering structures. Even in the field of software engineering, we often come across different forms of architecture. For example, in addition to the concept of software architecture, we may encounter concepts such as enterprise architecture, system architecture, organizational architecture, information architecture, hardware architecture, application architecture, infrastructure architecture, and so on. You will also hear other terms, each of which defines a specific scope of the architecting activities.
Unfortunately, there is no agreement in the industry on the meaning of each of these terms or their relationship to one another, which results in different meanings for the same term (homonyms) and two or more terms meaning the same thing (synonyms). However, the scope of some of these terms can be inferred from Figure 3. As you consider this figure and the discussion that follows, there are almost certainly elements of it that you disagree with or that you use differently within your organization. But that is exactly the point -- to show that these terms do exist in the industry, but that there is no consensus on their meaning.
Figure 3: The scope of different terms
The elements shown in Figure 3 are:
- Software architecture, which is the main focus of this article as defined earlier.
- A hardware architecture, which considers elements such as CPUs, memory, hard disks, peripheral devices such as printers, and the elements used to connect these elements.
- An organizational architecture, which considers elements that are concerned with business processes, organizational structures, roles and responsibilities, and core competencies of the organization.
- An information architecture, which considers the structure by which information is organized.
- Software architecture, hardware architecture, organizational architecture, and information architecture, which are all subsets of the overall system architecture, as discussed earlier in this chapter.
- An enterprise architecture, which is similar to a system architecture in that it, too, considers elements such as hardware, software, and people. However, an enterprise architecture has a stronger link to the business in that it focuses on the attainment of the business objectives and is concerned with items such as business agility and organizational efficiency. An enterprise architecture may cross company boundaries.
As one would expect, there are corresponding forms of architect (for example, software architect, hardware architect, and so on) and architecting (for example, software architecting, hardware architecting, and so on).
Now that we've gotten through these definitions, there are many unanswered questions. What is the difference between an enterprise architecture and a system architecture? Is an enterprise a system? Is an information architecture the same as the data architecture found in some data-intensive software applications? Unfortunately, there is no set of agreed-upon answers to these questions.
For now, you should simply be aware that these different terms exist, but that there is no consistent definition of these terms in the industry and how they relate. The recommendation, therefore, is for you to select the terms relevant to your organization and define them appropriately. You will then achieve some consistency at least and reduce the potential for miscommunication.
This article has focused on defining the core characteristics of a software architecture. However, there are many questions left unanswered. What is the role of the software architect? What are the key activities that the architect is involved in? What are the benefits of "architecting"? These questions, and others, will be answered in subsequent articles in this series.
The contents of this article have been derived from a forthcoming book, provisionally entitled "The Process of Software Architecting." As a result, the content has been commented upon by many individuals that I would like to thank, who are Grady Booch, Dave Braines, Alan Brown, Mark Dickson, Holger Heuss, Kelli Houston, Luan Doan-Minh, Philippe Kruchten, Nick Rozanski, Dave Williams, and Eoin Woods.
1 The Software Engineering Institute (SEI) Architecture Website -- architecture definitions, offers a good example. See http://www.sei.cmu.edu/architecture/definitions.html
2 IEEE Computer Society, IEEE Recommended Practice for Architectural Description of Software-Intensive Systems: IEEE Std 1472000. 2000.
3 Object Management Group Inc., UML 2.0 Infrastructure Specification: Document number 03-09-15. September 2003.
4 Philippe Kruchten, The Rational Unified Process: An Introduction, Third Edition. Addison-Wesley Professional 2003.
5 Len Bass, Paul Clements, and Rick Kazman, Software Architecture in Practice, Second Edition. Addison Wesley 2003.
6 Object Management Group Inc., OMG Unified Modeling Language Specification Version 1.5, Document number 03-03-01. March 2003.
7 James McGovern, et al., A Practical Guide to Enterprise Architecture. Prentice Hall 2004
8 A role that will be covered in a subsequent article in this series.
9 Mary Shaw and David Garlan, Software Architecture -- Perspectives on an Emerging Discipline. Prentice Hall 1996.
10 Grady Booch, James Rumbaugh, and Ivar Jacobson, The Unified Modeling Language User Guide. Addison Wesley 1999.
11 Bass et al., Op. cit.
12 IEEE Computer Society, IEEE Standard for Information Technology -- Software Life Cycle Processes. IEEE Std 12207-1995.
13 Murray Cantor, "Rational Unified Process for Systems Engineering." The Rational Edge, August 2003. http://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/dw/rationaledge/aug03/f_rupse_mc.pdf | <urn:uuid:00d220d3-9b0f-4b88-9503-d2be1dcdfec8> | {
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Quantum Theory / Particle Physics
September 18, 2018
Electrons are surrounded by the quantum field, so it is necessary to understand the response of the quantum field to the presence of an electron in order to completely understand it. Given the quantum field particle pair model, and consequently polar nature of the quantum field, we can reinterpret Gauss’s Law so that polarization causes charge rather than charge causing polarization. That is how unit charge is independent of particles, and thus the same for all free particles. It is also important to note that as the quantum field becomes polarized, rotation is induced, leading to the spin quantum and magnetic moment. The author has previously shown that mass-energy can be explained as a quantum field effect since, as Dirac first hypothesized, a particle must exert energy for a particle to exist in the quantum field, which equals its mass-energy. This is also true for quantum fluctuation particle pairs, such that their energy and energy continuum are due to the instantaneous local energy of the quantum field exerted on individual quantum fluctuations. Likewise, frequency and wavelength are also a function of this quantum field interaction. This origin of frequency and wavelength also gives us the origin of time and spatial dimensions. An electron behaves like it has a central bare electron that acts as a negative polarizer and is matter as opposed to antimatter. Its remaining properties, including charge, spin, magnetic moment, and mass are explainable as quantum effects. | <urn:uuid:65f605ff-a0f9-41eb-82ca-d5c8736b96b9> | {
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October 25, 2010 by middleearthnj
Schools tend to not require parent-teacher conferences past the elementary school grades. As a result, parents and teachers of tweens and teens often only meet if there is a problem, either in behavior or academics. However, the lack of parent-teacher conferences is a missed opportunity. Conferences are the time to learn more about your child’s learning style, relationship with others, what he’ll be learning and even about the teacher’s personality and teaching style. In addition, since parents and teachers know different aspects of a child’s personality, they must work together to solve problems.
How to Keep Communication Lines Open
It’s hard to know how to maintain a good level of communication with your child’s teacher. The first thing to remember is that you should never feel as though you’re being a nuisance. Whether you have concerns or questions, it is always acceptable to contact your child’s teacher. And don’t feel like you need to wait until a designated parent-teacher conference or until there’s a problem to touch base with the teacher. Even if you simply want to introduce yourself or say thank you, teachers welcome parental involvement.
That said, there are definitely preferred ways to reach the teacher. Do not expect to call the teacher during school hours and be put through to her. It’s best to ask the teacher the way she prefers to be contacted, or let her know what is a good way to get in touch with you. If you leave a phone message for the teacher, be sure to identify whose parent you are, a general explanation of why you are calling, and that you would like to be called back. If you send a note in to the teacher, put it in a sealed envelope. Any notes not sealed will inevitably be read by your son or daughter. Email may be the best form of initial contact with your child’s teacher. The teacher can quickly answer it at her convenience, it offers a lot of privacy, eliminates phone tag, and can serve as documentation of the conversation. Do not hesitate to ask for a conference, but do let the teacher know what you would like to cover and approximately how long you think it will take.
Tips for a Successful Parent-Teacher Conference
It’s important to go into any meeting with a positive attitude. Stay open-minded – jumping to conclusions or asking accusatory questions will only make the teacher defensive. For example, ask the teacher why your son is having trouble in science, rather than tell her she isn’t teaching your son the right way. If you’re concerned about your child’s interactions with other children, it’s important not to assume the teacher isn’t doing anything to address the concern. Try to listen and respond respectfully throughout the meeting. Also ask your child’s teacher about her goals for the class – this is a positive discussion that can help you learn a lot about your child’s classroom experience.
A parent-teacher conference is absolutely the moment to bring up any concerns you have about your child’s education or attitude toward learning. For example, if your daughter no longer wants to go to school in the mornings, ask if there are any social problems at school such as bullying. If your son’s grades are falling, ask the teacher’s opinion as to why that might be happening. This is your chance to share information with each other. Write down your questions for the teacher in advance and bring a pen and paper to write down the answers, so that you don’t forget. If you have issues that will take some time to address, be sure to ask for extra time when you schedule the meeting. Finally, if there are any personal issues that are relevant, the conference is an ideal setting in which to discuss them. For example, if your living circumstances have changed or your child is taking a new medication, the teacher should know because it can affect your child’s learning.
Focus On Your Child’s Needs
Another purpose of a parent-teacher conference is to assess your child’s progress, assess his needs, and develop a strategy for learning success. Ask your child’s teacher to specify your child’s strengths and weaknesses and how they factor into his learning experience. Ask for advice on helping your tween overcome learning obstacles. Be sure to contribute information about your child that his teacher may not know. For example, if your child learns best through tactile methods, share that information so that his teacher may consider that when developing teaching plans. Advocate for your child. His teacher may spend six hours a day with him and know him within the school setting, but you’re with him the rest of the time and know him in a very different light. If there is something he needs or if something isn’t going well, make yourself heard.
Seek Your Child’s Input
Your tween or teen may have a question or two for his teacher that he’d like you to ask. Sometimes your children can bring up an important point or two that wouldn’t occur to you. Being involved can also help ease any anxiety your child may have when they know adults are talking about them.
When Parents and Teachers Don’t Mix
Ask an administrator to join your meeting if you and the teacher are having problems getting along. Sometimes you may need a neutral party to ensure that information is shared about your child in a positive way.
About.com’s Parenting Blog offers a great list of questions you can ask at a parent teacher conference: http://childparenting.about.com/od/schoollearning/a/parent_teacher_conference_questions_to_ask.htm?nl=1 | <urn:uuid:c85a9688-cdf1-42d9-904b-df549f8ceb04> | {
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Cosmic Weekend Offerings at the Museum
by AMNH on
It's been a big week in the field of physics, with an international team of researchers announcing they had detected direct evidence of the universe’s earliest expansion in a tiny fraction of a second after the Big Bang. Immerse yourself in the history and mysteries of the universe this weekend with a visit to the Museum.
Find Out How We Know What We Know About the Universe
The new Space Show Dark Universe, now playing at the Museum, celebrates pivotal discoveries that have led to greater knowledge of the structure and history of the universe. Astrophysicist Mordecai-Mark Mac Low, who explained this week's findings about cosmic "inflation" in the moments after the Big Bang in this blog post, curated the current Dark Universe, which is narrated by Hayden Planetarium Director Neil deGrasse Tyson.
Dark Universe starts 100 million light years away from Earth. After flying to our own Milky Way Galaxy, visualized using the latest scientific data, and to our own planet, viewers arrive at California’s Mount Wilson Observatory, where Edwin Hubble’s discovery that the universe is expanding gave the first hint of the Big Bang. The show features a variety of stunning scenes, including a vivid depiction of a robotic spacecraft plunging to its final demise in Jupiter's atmosphere, as in the image below, during a mission that gathered measurements that helped provide evidence supporting the Big Bang theory.
Learn more about the Space Show in this trailer.
Fly Through Cosmic History in Just Four Minutes
The presentation in the Big Bang Theater on the lower level of the Hayden Planetarium takes visitors on a thrilling ride. Witness the Big Bang and the formation of galaxies, stars, and planets, then ponder mysterious phenomena dark matter and dark energy.
Join Us for NASA Sun/Earth Day
On Saturday, March 22, from noon to 5 pm, celebrate our home planet—and its closest star, the Sun—and talk with scientists, look through telescopes, and engage in hands-on activities at this family-friendly event.
NASA Sun/Earth Day features special viewings of 3D footage of the Northern Lights (aurora borealis) and a Hayden Planetarium presentation depicting how Earth's magnetosphere protects the planet.
Learn more about NASA Sun/Earth Day, free for Members or with Museum admission.
Ponder the Future of Space Business | <urn:uuid:0bfc4f13-10bc-4d63-981c-f1293bce45ad> | {
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Can physical computing help to engage young people in sustainability issues?
28 February 2019
Energy in Schools is a government-funded initiative which gives schools free equipment and learning materials to teach pupils about the Internet of Things (IoT) and how IoT sensors can be used to solve real-world sustainability issues.
The School of Computing and Communications at Lancaster University is working in partnership with Samsung Electronics UK, Centre of Sustainable Energy, and My Utility Genius to develop Energy in Schools, an innovative educational IoT platform for schools that incorporates the Samsung SmartThings device control platform and micro:bits. The Energy in Schools project includes the development of a learning portal which will provide hands-on physical computing learning materials for Key Stage 2 and Key Stage 3. These materials are aligned to England’s national curriculum, aiming to engage learners through a multi-disciplinary approach to learning about IoT.
The project is currently in its third phase, following on from preliminary
research carried out in phases one and two, which incorporated a participatory design process involving different stakeholder groups within the school including pupils, teachers, and energy managers.
The first phase of the project was a pilot in a secondary school to better understand the school working environment and explore the issues schools face regarding energy use, with the aim to use a co-design approach to produce a solution. In the second phase, two primary schools and one secondary school took part. The project team held a series of workshops, interviews, and energy and behavioural audits in order to identify barriers to behaviour change and motivators.
Findings from phases one and two include the challenges to rolling out a project such as this, including:
- Working to the cultures of the school and school timetables
- Teacher workloads
- Confidence in skills, and knowledge in computing education
- Working within the boundaries of IT infrastructures in schools
These challenges are now informing the design of the Energy in Schools
platform and learning resources, which are being continually refined based on feedback from schools.
Making resources meaningful and easy to use
The project team aims to develop practical learning materials that engage pupils with IoT technology in a meaningful way, whilst taking into consideration the barriers to entry when learning computing. The research highlighted that one of the key motivators is meaningful learning: giving the pupils a sense of purpose as to why they are learning computing. Physical computing offers learners an opportunity to get creative, with many of the participating schools’ pupils highlighting that they “loved the micro:bits”. Framed in a meaningful approach, computing education has the potential to become more impactful, but challenges arise if materials are not:
- Encouraging of problem-solving
Hence in the project’s third phase, the team is working to make lessons more accessible and the code block editor more intuitive and user-friendly for teachers and pupils who are new to the platform.
“This is the sort of thing children should be doing in primary school,
fundamentally. [...] Whether it is always possible is another matter. I think the problem-solving skills — the critical thinking, debugging, all these sorts of things — are definitely the way that children need to be taught how to think.” - participating primary school teacher
The Energy in Schools team is currently recruiting schools to take part in the third phase of the project. If you would like to take part or find out more, please visit energyinschools.co.uk. | <urn:uuid:630e8170-893d-44e5-9a3e-dbf6c1e5d740> | {
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Discover the cosmos! Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer.
2008 April 7
Explanation: What caused this unusual white rock formation on Mars? Intrigued by the possibility that they could be salt deposits left over as an ancient lakebed dried-up, detailed studies of these fingers now indicate that this is not correct. The light material appears to have eroded away from the surrounding area, indicating a very low-density composition, possibly consistent with volcanic ash or windblown dust. The stark contrast between the rocks and the surrounding sand is compounded by the sand's unusual darkness. This picture was taken from the Mars Express spacecraft currently orbiting Mars. Planetary scientist Emily Lakdawalla, among others, has followed her curiosity about this unusual Martian landform into a fascinating investigation that is eloquently described in the Planetary Society Weblog. The mysterious white rock spans about 15 kilometers across inside a larger crater that spans about 100 kilometers.
Authors & editors:
Jerry Bonnell (UMCP)
NASA Official: Phillip Newman Specific rights apply.
A service of: ASD at NASA / GSFC
& Michigan Tech. U. | <urn:uuid:a839f825-3ba0-481e-a652-0896162d3c79> | {
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Family: Fringillidae, Finches view all from this family
Description ADULT MALE Has black forecrown and throat, rosy wing coverts, rosy edges to flight feathers, and rosy rump and belly. Interior breeders (ssp. tephrocotis) have gray rear crown and warm brown cheeks, breast, and streaked back. Coastal breeders (ssp. littoralis aka "Hepburn's") are similar, but cheeks, as well as rear crown, are gray. Bering Sea island breeders also have gray cheeks, but back and breast, are blackish brown. ADULT FEMALE Similar to respective subspecies male, but paler overall; pink elements of plumage are less intense. JUVENILE Brown overall, with pale edges to wing feathers.
Dimensions Length: 5 3/4-6 3/4" (15-17 cm)
Habitat Locally common in suitable open ground habitats, particularly tundra. Interior breeders nest above treeline from central Alaska to northern Rockies, while coastal breeders nest from northwestern Alaska to Oregon; both subspecies move south for winter, typically found at high elevations. Bering Sea island birds are resident.
Observation Tips Fairly easy to find in summer at edges of melting snow.
Range Alaska, Plains, Western Canada, Rocky Mountains, California, Southwest, Northwest
Voice Song is a descending series of call-like whistles; call is a harsh chew.
Discussion Hardy finch that favors Arctic or alpine habitats. Forms flocks outside breeding season and often searches for seeds at edge of snowfields. In flight, all birds show very pale flight feathers on underwing. All birds have black bills in summer, yellow in winter. Several subspecies exist, separable on plumage differences, range, and habitat. Sexes are separable. | <urn:uuid:fba5d107-d5d6-4145-a033-62a368e6c6fb> | {
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We learn from Livy (1.21
) that Numa consecrated places for the celebration of religious
services which were called by the pontifices Argei.
Varro calls them the chapels (sacella
) of the Argei, and says they were twenty-seven in number,
distributed in the different districts of the city (L. L.
5.45). The number 27 appears to be a copyist's mistake for 24, the number
implied by Varro himself in another passage (7.44), i. e. six for each of
the four ancient regions of Rome. They seem also to have been the
depositories of topographical records. Thus we read in Varro,--In
sacreis Argeorum scripture est sic: Oppius mons princeps,
&c., which is followed by a description of the neighbourhood. They
were said to be named from the chieftains who came with Hercules, the
Argive, to Rome, and occupied the Capitoline or, as it was anciently called,
Saturnian hill. These Argives, according to the legend, either cast
themselves, or directed that their dead bodies should be cast, into the
Tiber, in the hope of being carried down to Argolis. In this latter part of
the story we may probably recognise an attempt to explain the ceremony of
the Ides (15th) of May, when certain osier figures of men called argei
were thrown into the Tiber from the pons
Sublicius by the Vestals, as a reminiscence (not, as is most likely the
truth, of human sacrifices to indigenous ancient divinities, but) of that
early connexion of the Greek Heracles with the fortunes of Rome which Roman
writers so generally sought to establish. Dionysius of Halicarnassus seems
to mix up both explanations in his statement that the custom, continuing to
his times, was instituted by Hercules to satisfy the scruples of the natives
when he abolished the human sacrifices formerly made to Saturn. He gives the
number of images as 30: Varro speaks of 24, which, if we read xxiiii for
xxvii, as suggested above, in 5.45, makes one victim for each of the Argei.
Whether, finally, the name Argei originally belonged to deities themselves,
and passed from them to their shrines and their victims, must remain
undecided: that the cultus associated with the name was archaic, analogous
to that of the Lares, and involving human sacrifices, seems clearly
deducible from our documents. The subject has been specially treated by
Liebrecht in Philologus,
xxiii. pp. 679 ff.,
and Bouché--Leclercq, Les Pontifes de l'ancienne
pp. 268 ff.: cf. Jordan, Topogr. d. Stadt Rom,
ii. p. 236; Burn, Rome,
p. 39; Dict. of Gr. and Rom.
ii. p. 733 foll. The chief classical sources are Varro,
5.45, 7.44; Ov. Fast.
ff.; Gellius, 10.15
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PLAYBACK: What Do iPads in Classrooms Have to Do With Education Reform?
1.7.11 | More schools embrace the iPad as some question the cost and purpose; smartphone apps improve the teaching experience; the future of the book is collaborative; internet now the main news source for people under age 30.
An iPad in Every Backpack: “A growing number of schools across the nation are embracing the iPad as the latest tool to teach Kafka in multimedia, history through ‘Jeopardy’-like games and math with step-by-step animation of complex problems,” writes Winnie Hu in The New York Times.
The story sparked a number of critical comments from readers, many of whom called the practice a waste of money (the iPads cost $750 each) and a fad.
Of course, it’s not the tool itself that matters in reforming the classroom and how kids learn, but the content, interconnectedness and active hands-on learning that digital media can deliver. That’s what hooks kids in and engages them in learning:
“It has brought individual technology into the classroom without changing the classroom atmosphere,” said Alex Curtis, headmaster of the private Morristown-Beard School in New Jersey, which bought 60 iPads for $36,000 and is considering providing iPads to all students next fall.
Dr. Curtis recently used a $1.99 application, ColorSplash, which removes or adds color to pictures, to demonstrate the importance of color in a Caravaggio painting in his seminar on Baroque art. “Traditionally, so much of art history is slides on a screen,” he said. “When they were able to manipulate the image themselves, it came alive.”
Daniel Brenner, the Roslyn superintendent, said the iPads would also save money in the long run by reducing printing and textbook costs; the estimated savings in the two iPad classes are $7,200 a year.
“It’s not about a cool application,” Dr. Brenner said. “We are talking about changing the way we do business in the classroom.”
Plus:: Ewan McIntosh weighs in, arguing that reform is based on how schools embrace change, not devices.
Related: School Library Journal talks with John White of the New York City Department of Education about a new $30 million initiative to bring more technology and individualized class instruction to the city’s 1,600 K-12 public schools.
Top Smartphone Apps to Improve Teaching, Research and Your Life: Unfortunately, these apps don’t yet grade papers, but as Jeffrey R. Young discovered, college professors are finding innovative ways to adapt smartphone software to the classroom setting—from taking attendance and preparing lectures to collecting data.
Some, such as David M. Reed, a professor of computer science at Capital University, in Ohio, who wanted to use his iPhone to digitize roll call, are writing their own code:
He called his task-specific app Attendance and put it on the iTunes store for other professors, charging a couple of bucks (and adding features as colleagues suggested them). So far he has earned about $20,000 from the more than 7,500 people who have virtually shouted “Here.”
Several professors said their favorite feature of the app (which now sells for $4.99) is a flashcard function that helps them learn the names of their students. It literally puts names to faces, if professors add photos supplied by the college. Some professors take pictures of their students on the first day of class and put them in the app. An iPad version takes advantage of the larger screen of Apple’s tablet computer.
Teaching the iGeneration: We mentioned middle school language arts teacher Bill Ferriter in a post earlier this week about teaching with the microlending program Kiva. He’s written a book with Adam Garry that’s worth noting: “Teaching the iGeneration: 5 Easy Ways to Introduce Essential Skills With Web 2.0 Tools.” It covers how to integrate instructional strategies with digital tools to make learning more accessible to technology-savvy students. Best of all, you can download all the pages and tips.
The Social Book: Bob Stein, head of the well-focused Institute for the Future of the Book, tells the L.A. Times that the age of the individual is over. The advantages of digital technology “are so weighted toward collaboration that people will tear down the existing structures and build something new.”
“Stein’s vision is not a promising one for today’s publishing houses,” writes Nathaniel Popper. “He predicts that electronic books will fall prey to the pirating that has severely damaged the music-recording industry. The value of the text of a novel or biography will approach zero, he projects.
“The best opportunity to make money, according to Stein, will come not in selling content but in hosting conversations around it, similar to the way that Facebook hosts social networks.”
The story is part of a series exploring how technology is changing libraries, the publishing industry and the experience of reading.
Plus: Spotlight has more from Bob Stein about how the future of reading and writing is collaborative.
Internet Main Source of News for Under-30: A new survey by the Pew Research Center found that the internet is slowly gaining on television as the main source for national and international news in the United States. But if you break down the demographics, the internet is already the main news source for those age 18 to 29. Yet another reason for more focus on digital/media literacy ...
The national survey by the Pew Research Center for the People & the Press, conducted Dec. 1-5, 2010 among 1,500 adults reached on cell phones and landlines, finds that more people continue to cite the internet than newspapers as their main source of news, reflecting both the growth of the internet, and the gradual decline in newspaper readership (from 34% in 2007 to 31% now). The proportion citing radio as their main source of national and international news has remained relatively stable in recent years; currently, 16% say it is their main source.
An analysis of how different generations are getting their news suggests that these trends are likely to continue. In 2010, for the first time, the internet has surpassed television as the main source of national and international news for people younger than 30. Since 2007, the number of 18 to 29 year olds citing the internet as their main source has nearly doubled, from 34% to 65%. Over this period, the number of young people citing television as their main news source has dropped from 68% to 52%.
Over at Mashable, Meghan Peters looks at the numbers alongside the growth of personalized news streams: “Both Facebook’s news feed and Twitter launched in summer 2006 but didn’t catch on until 2007. Both sites have seen explosive growth since 2008. Tweet counts have increased from 5,000 daily in 2007 to 90 million daily in 2010, while Facebook went from 30 million users in 2007 to more than 500 million users today.”
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Hitler, 1889-1936: Hubris, by Ian Kershaw, New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 845 pages, $35.00
Adolf Hitler was "wholly ignorant" of economics, Ian Kershaw boldly writes in his excellent new study, Hitler, 1889-1936: Hubris. What the dictator did know was politics and how to achieve public support--Hitler was an immensely popular leader with approval ratings even Bill Clinton would envy--and early on, he made it clear that economics would be subordinate to politics.
One odd result of Hitler's decision is that few of his biographers have paid much attention to his economic policies prior to the Nazis' first overt military act, the reoccupation of the Rhineland in 1936. Indeed, if they pay any attention at all to the subject, most merely accept Nazi propaganda claims of Hitler's "economic miracle" in restoring Germany's prosperity. Kershaw's book is a welcome exception to this tendency.
The general view that Germany's shattered economy surged to life in the first few years of the Nazi regime is typified by Sebastian Haffner, a German writer whose short book The Meaning of Hitler (1979) received extravagant praise in John Lukacs' recent The Hitler of History. As Haffner put it, "Among these positive achievements of Hitler the one outshining all others was his economic miracle....In January 1933, when Hitler became Reich Chancellor, there were six million unemployed in Germany. A mere three years later, in 1936, there was full employment. Crying need and mass hardship had generally turned into modest but comfortable prosperity.
"Almost equally important: helplessness and hopelessness had given way to confidence and self-assurance. Even more miraculous was the fact that the transition from depression to economic boom had been accomplished without inflation, at totally stable wages and prices. Not even Ludwig Erhard succeeded in doing that later in post-war Western Germany."
Haffner is hardly alone in his glowing evaluation of Hitler's supposed economic miracle. In his highly influential Origins of the Second World War (1961), British historian A.J.P. Taylor similarly gave the Nazis credit for creating widespread prosperity, concluding, "The Nazi secret was not armament production; it was freedom from the then orthodox principles of economics. Government spending provided all the happy effects of mild inflation; while political dictatorship, with its destruction of trade unions and rigorous exchange control, prevented such unfortunate consequences as a rise in wages, or in prices."
Kershaw's version of things more accurately reflects what was really happening in Germany from 1933 through 1935. Hitler's economic policies were systematically wrecking the German economy and were rapidly painting him into a corner where his only choices were war or a loss of power.
Hitler, argues Kershaw, was deathly afraid of inflation and a repetition of the early 1920s. Nevertheless, he had to reduce unemployment or he wasn't going to last long enough to begin rearming Germany, a public goal of his since the '20s. Increasing exports was not a possibility since, unless the German government devalued the mark (as Britain had done with the pound and the United States with the dollar), German exports couldn't compete in a way that would add new jobs or bring needed foreign exchange. Hitler nixed devaluation because he thought it was a step on the road to inflation. Tax cuts were also out of the question because he believed they led to less revenue not more growth.
Hitler's solution for both the rearmament and unemployment problems was the same: massive deficit spending. In fact, by Kershaw's account, the Nazi government guaranteed some 35 billion ReichMarks to the German armed forces alone over an eight-year period, along with massive road building, subsidies to the auto industry, lots more bureaucrats to enforce all the new controls and regulations, and bribes to women to get married and stop working.
Did such policies reduce unemployment from 6 million in 1933 to 1 million three years later? Not exactly. Statistics from Dan Silverman's Hitler's Economy (1998) show that unemployment was reduced in Germany from 34 percent or about 6 million people, in January 1933, to 14 percent, or 2.5 million people, in January 1936. That's a dramatic reduction, to be sure, but hardly full employment. Even the 2.5 million number is extremely unreliable, as Stephen Roberts, an economic historian at Australia's University of Sydney who lived in Germany in the mid-'30s, explained in his 1937 work, The House That Hitler Built.
The "official statistics naturally tell only part of the story," wrote Roberts. "They do not take into account the Marxians, Socialists, Jews and pacifists who have lost their jobs and are cut off from relief; such persons do not appear in the official figures of unemployment. The refugees are ignored. In addition, at least a million people have been absorbed in the army, the labour-service camps, the Nazi organizations, and various partly-paid forms of labour on public works. Half a million women have been taken off the labour market in the last four years by means of the marriage allowance paid by the Government to entice them away....What they have done has been to introduce a series of emergency steps which have drastically reduced the number of unemployed; but such steps, by their very nature, are in many cases temporary. On the other hand, the reduction [in unemployment], however artificially it may have been achieved, has had a tremendous propaganda value for the Government, and there is the fixed belief of most Germans today that Hitler has achieved wonders in providing employment."
Hitler paid for his economic "miracle" partly by depleting his nation's gold reserves, which he used to import critical raw materials for the manufacture of weapons. When he took office, the Reichbank had reserves totaling 937 million ReichMarks; four years later, that figure was down to only 72 million ReichMarks. Massive government borrowing financed the rest of the government-driven economy. As Roberts put it, "The Nazi state is being financed by short-term [90 day] loans--up to 15 billion Reichmarks by the end of 1936....In short, Germany is going round and round. She can get nowhere until she returns to normal economic conditions, but she is afraid to try and get back to those, because she fears economic collapse and social upheaval if she does so."
Kershaw makes the same point and suggests that it was this fear of social unrest, heightened by serious food shortages in Germany during the fall of 1935--themselves largely the result of government policies--that played the major role in Hitler's decision to reoccupy the Rhineland in March 1936. Keep in mind that Hitler's reoccupation of the Rhineland was considered one of his "brilliant" strokes precisely because it was so unexpected--Germany was unprepared militarily or economically to carry out any extended effort in support of what even Hitler conceded to intimates was nothing more than a bold bluff.
Conventional wisdom holds that Hitler moved on the Rhineland when he did because the world was distracted by Mussolini's invasion of Abyssinia. Kershaw allows that motive as a contributing factor but contends that turmoil in Germany occasioned by the food shortages is the real key to the timing of such a risky initiative. Indeed, he argues that Hitler invaded precisely because he knew it would be extraordinarily popular within Germany and divert public attention from his domestic difficulties.
Contrary to A.J.P. Taylor, by late 1935 Germany was experiencing anything but the "happy effects of mild inflation" and "freedom from orthodox principles of economics." As Kershaw writes, "A summary of price and wage levels prepared for Hitler on 4 September 1935 showed almost half of the German work-force earning gross wages of 18 ReichMarks or less per week. This was substantially below the poverty line...Wages, then, remained at the 1932 level--substantially lower than the last pre-Depression year of 1928 in the much-maligned Weimar Republic. Food prices, on the other hand, had risen officially by 8 per cent since 1933. Overall living costs were higher by 5.4 per cent. Official rates did not, however, tell the whole tale. Increases of 33, 50, and even 150 per cent had been reported for some foodstuffs. By late summer, the terms `food crisis' and `provisions crisis' were in common use." | <urn:uuid:c062e454-aaed-4152-bcbf-bc61071c7b3b> | {
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White solid or colorless liquid.
Registry Numbers and Inventories.
R 20/21/22 36/38
S 26 36/37/39
Melting point, °C
Boiling point, °C
Vapor pressure, mmHg
0.003 (25 C)
Solubility in water
Partition coefficient, pKow
Heat of vaporization
Hazards and Protection.
Store in a cool, dry place. Store in a tightly closed container.
Avoid breathing dust, vapor, mist, or gas. Avoid contact with skin and eyes.
Skin: Wear appropriate protective gloves to prevent skin exposure. Clothing: Wear appropriate protective clothing to prevent skin exposure.
Follow the OSHA respirator regulations found in 29CFR 1910.134 or European Standard EN 149. Always use a NIOSH or European Standard EN 149 approved respirator when necessary.
Sweep up or absorb material, then place into a suitable clean, dry, closed container for disposal.
Strong oxidizing agents, strong bases.
Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen bromide.
Wear a self-contained breathing apparatus in pressure-demand, MSHA/NIOSH (approved or equivalent), and full protective gear. To extinguish fire use water spray, dry chemical, carbon dioxide, or chemical foam.
May burn but not readily ignited.
Containers may explode when heated.
Emits toxic fumes under fire conditions.
Harmful if swallowed. May cause irritation of the digestive tract.
Harmful if inhaled. May cause cyanosis, characterized by bluish-colored skin. Causes respiratory tract irritation. May cause burning sensation, coughing, wheezing, laryngitis, shortness of breath, headache, nausea, and vomiting.
Causes skin irritation. Harmful if absorbed through the skin.
Causes eye irritation. Lachrymator.
Get medical aid. Wash mouth out with water.
Remove from exposure to fresh air immediately. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical aid.
Get medical aid. Flush skin with plenty of soap and water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes.
Flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the upper and lower eyelids. Get medical aid. | <urn:uuid:22efcf4d-f258-4500-8084-139e63dd1821> | {
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A literary review can take multiple different forms. It could be as short and simple as a rating (like 2 stars out of 10). Or it could be an essay about the original literary work. Typically a review has both objective or factually based information about the work and subjective or opinion based commentary.
In a sense, almost all of the articles here on Literawiki are reviews -- of either literary works or their authors. However, we are often using the term to refer to the more subjective descriptions -- what we liked or didn't, where we would classify the work and who we would recommend read it.
A good review serves multiple purposes. It helps others decide whether this is a book (or other item, such as a movie or essay) that they might enjoy. It is a way of sharing our feelings about the works -- which can also help us find people with similar tastes who might like some of the same things. And a good review teaches us more about literature by helping us to notice factors we might have missed and enriching the reading experience. | <urn:uuid:baa08e8e-1c17-47e5-9b5b-70cc90c3440e> | {
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The Inventor of Fast FoodNeil Lobocki
Was this the man who invented fast food? Louis A.M. Phelan perhaps deserves this distinction or blame for beginning the era of the fast food industry through his invention of the broaster process and by franchising the Zesto Drive-Inns which utilized the Zesto Freeze machines also invented by him. From the beginning,through inspiration and perspiration as he would recall, Louis always found a way when it was said it couldn’t be done. His list of achievements include his work with Goodyear, Monsanto, Allis Chalmers and even the Panama Canal. During the 1910’s he corroborated on over 50 patents with his friend and business partner, Clifford Hotchkiss, to develop patents for mercury switches and magnetic contactors and relays. Through these they formed the Absolute Con-Tac-Tor corporation which provided the first automatic controls and thermostats for the refrigeration industry. Through mergers with the Honeywell Corporation, his invention of the mercury switch contained in a clear evacuated tube became the standard for thermostats. He also developed an electro magnetic switch which contained a magnet housed in a clear evacuated tube which was activated by induction in order to make it more durable and open and close repetitively without wear.
In the latter part of his career he became best known for his work with the Taylor Company where he continued to innovate new processes for making soft serve ice cream and custards and new heat exchangers and condensers for the process of making confections. He utilized the Zest-O-Matic custard freezer from Taylor in his Zesto Frozen Custard stores which became Zesto Drive-Inns. At a time when Union violence was common, Phelan introduced ergonomics in the work place through music to provide a more pleasant work environment and reached out to his employees to offer a unique plan for employee involvement and ownership of his companies which became Tekni-Craft the first worker cooperative.
In 1954, right about the time Harlan Sanders, later known as the Colonel, began franchising his Fried Chicken restaurants, Phelan introduced the broasting process which combined pressure cooking and deep frying concepts to cook food faster and enhance the flavor of chicken and fish. He manufactured the new broasters by his new company, Flavor-Fast Foods which was organized by Teknicraft, the worker cooperative he began at Taylor.
Besides all of these achievements, Phelan can also be credited with the first automatic gas pump, first automatic toilet, first automatic commercial refrigerator and first automatic ice cream freezer. Although not quite as colorful or well known as the gentleman from Kentucky, L.A.M. Phelan’s impact on refrigeration and American culture may be just as important and enduring. | <urn:uuid:0fb7be86-caaf-4671-95a7-73a117bb14ca> | {
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Engage 1st grade students with this fun, interactive doubles fact game. In this test prep powerpoint game, students practice adding doubles facts (4+4, 6+6, 5+5, etc). Each question had multiple choices and students choose A,B,C,or D. There are 25 questions in all and you just click on each question to go to it. The question disappears after you've clicked on it so you know you've answered it. Great for a quick math review or centeractivity. Great for individual practice on the iPad or tablet! Extra licenses are $1.50.
✔ 2 PPT Game (1 PC and 1 Mac)
✔ 25 Questions
✔ Works great on Smartboard, Activboard, Whiteboard, and Promethean Boards
✔ Works on tablets and iPads
✔ Answer Range up to20
✔ Printable Answer Key
✔ Common Core aligned - 1.OA.6
✔ 32 Slides per game
✔ Mac-iPad Version included!
Other Related Products:
✏ Doubles Facts Christmas Powerpoint Game
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*****IN ORDER FOR THE BUTTONS AND IMAGES TO SHOW UP, THE GAME MUST BE PLAYED IN SLIDESHOW MODE IN MICROSOFT POWERPOINT.
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© 2017 Teacher Gameroom (Chandra Martin) | <urn:uuid:8787abaa-a2a0-4f45-8121-009937d1be20> | {
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Art by Caravaggio
Caravaggio was an Italian painter whose revolutionary technique of tenebrism, or dramatic, selective illumination of form out of deep shadow, became a hallmark of Baroque painting. Caravaggio was the best exemplar of naturalistic painting in the early 17th century. Caravaggio was a "wild" and violent painter - screams of terror and images of horror assume a prominent place in many of Caravaggio's works.
- Boy Peeling a Fruit (1593)
- Boy with a Basket of Fruit (1593)
- Sick Bacchus (1593)
- Boy Bitten by a Lizard (1594)
- St. Francis in Ecstasy (Detail) (1595)
- St. Francis in Ecstasy (1595)
- Still-Life with Flowers and Fruit (1595)
- Bacchus (1596)
- Lute Player (1596)
- The Cardsharps (1596)
- The Fortune Teller (1596)
- The Musicians (1596)
- Magdalene (1597)
- Rest on Flight to Egypt (Detail) (1597)
- Rest on Flight to Egypt (1597)
- The Fortune Teller (1597)
- Judith Beheading Holofernes (Detail) (1598)
- Judith Beheading Holofernes (1598)
- Martha and Mary Magdalene (1598)
- St. Catherine of Alexandria (1598)
- Taking of Christ (1598)
- Medusa (1599)
- Narcissus (1599)
- Portrait of Maffeo Barberini (1599)
- David (1600)
- St. John the Baptist (Youth with Ram) (1600)
- The Calling of Saint Matthew (Detail) (1600)
- The Calling of Saint Matthew (1600)
- The Conversion of St. Paul (1600)
- The Conversion on the Way to Damascus (Detail) (1600)
- The Conversion on the Way to Damascus (1600)
- The Crucifixion of Saint Peter (Detail) (1600)
- The Crucifixion of Saint Peter (1600)
- The Lute Player (1600)
- The Martyrdom of St. Matthew (Detail) (1600)
- The Martyrdom of St. Matthew (1600)
Boy Peeling a Fruit (1593)
Get a high-quality picture of Boy Peeling a Fruit for your computer or notebook. ‣ This is probably a copy from a lost original. There are several other copies (e.g. in Hampton Court, in the Sabin collection, London) but all of these copies are derived from an original by Caravaggio. In none of them does the boy peel a pear, as sources indicate, but another fruit, perhaps a nectarine; the same fruit lies on the table before the boy. There is a remarkable resemblance between the facial types of these copies and those of the angel in the St Francis (Hartford) and the boy on the left in the Musicians at the Metropolitan Museum, New York.
Boy with a Basket of Fruit (1593)
Get a high-quality picture of Boy with a Basket of Fruit for your computer or notebook. ‣ One of the sure signs of an early painting by Caravaggio is the patent influence of northern Italian art. The boy with a fruit basket has analogies with a Fruitseller by the Lombard painter Vincenzo Campi, painted about 1580, but Caravaggio is not content to follow the traditions on which he draws. Instead of the young women favoured by his predecessors, he has chosen a teenage boy; and he has brought his subject almost to the front of the picture plane, so that the boy seems to offer himself as well as the fruit to the spectator's gaze. There is a sign of uncertainty in the awkward way that the boy's long thick neck rises out of his shoulder blades, yet there is compensation in the poetic device which places his weary eyes partially in the shade. Once again Caravaggio has used the diagonal 'cellar' light which was to become a hallmark of his style. Against a near-blank ground, attention is focused on the right side of the boy's upper body, the classical drapery on his right arm and the marvellously realized fruit, displaying succulent peaches and bunches of grapes.
Sick Bacchus (1593)
Get a high-quality picture of Sick Bacchus for your computer or notebook. ‣ Among Caravaggio's early works, this painting, in which the pose of the arm may recall his debt to the kneeling shepherd in a fresco by Peterzano, belongs to the small group which has always been seen as self-portraits. The livid colours of the subject's face, his teasing smile and the mock seriousness of his mythological dignity all reinforce the attempt to undermine the lofty pretensions of Renaissance artistic traditions. Here is no god, just a sickly young man who may be suffering from the after-effects of a hangover. There is no mistaking the artist's delight in the depiction of the fine peaches and black grapes on the slab, the white grapes in his hand and the vine leaves that crown his hair, but the artist is not content merely to demonstrate his superb technique: he wishes to play an intimate role and only the slab separates him from the viewer. His appearance is striking rather than handsome: he shows both that his face is unhealthy and that his right shoulder is not that of a bronzed Adonis, as convention required, but pale as in the case of any man who normally wears clothes.
Boy Bitten by a Lizard (1594)
Get a high-quality picture of Boy Bitten by a Lizard for your computer or notebook. ‣ This picture is wrongly said by Mancini not to be one of Caravaggio's earliest pictures, and since he also states that the picture was sold for less than Caravaggio expected, it must have been painted as a speculative venture.
One of the most effeminate of his boy models, with a rose in his hair, starts back in pain as his right-hand middle finger, which he has put into a cluster of fruit, is bitten by a lizard. The rose behind the ear, the cherries, the third finger and the lizard probably have sexual significance - the boy becomes aware, with a shock, of the pains of physical love. What was novel was not the theme so much as its dramatic treatment, evident in the boy's foreshortened right shoulder, the contrasting gestures of his hands and the leftward sloping light. What lingers most in the memory is found in the foreground: the gleaming glass carafe containing a single overblown rose in water, together with its reflections.
Two almost identical examples of this composition exist (the other in the Longhini Collection, Florence). Their equally high quality suggests that Caravaggio himself painted them both.
St. Francis in Ecstasy (Detail) (1595)
Get a high-quality picture of St. Francis in Ecstasy (Detail) for your computer or notebook. ‣ The angel comes from the same repertoire as the early pictures of boys. As Cupid, he is familiar from the New York Musicians. In the St Francis scene he forms part of an arrangement set against an almost black background, which may well have been painted direct from life and transmutes the spirit of pictures of boys into the sphere of sacred art.
St. Francis in Ecstasy (1595)
Get a high-quality picture of St. Francis in Ecstasy for your computer or notebook. ‣ This is one of the artist's first works. It has a perfectly Lombard air: the broad lines of the composition recall mannerist motives. But Caravaggio's characteristic approach to reality is already at work, and his brushstroke shows a magic that could be obtained only by a thorough analysis of Venetian painting.
Still-Life with Flowers and Fruit (1595)
Get a high-quality picture of Still-Life with Flowers and Fruit for your computer or notebook. ‣ From a thematic point of view, large scale still-lifes in the Galleria Borghese are similar to outstanding early works by Caravaggio, but they lack the brilliance and the concentration on individual objects. This painting and another are usually attributed to Caravaggio. Because it is rather unconvincing to attribute such work to Caravaggio, some scholars distinguish this Caravaggesque painter of still-lifes from the master by naming him - after a splendid example of the genre - the Painter of the Still-Life in the Wadsworth Athenaeum, Hartford.
Get a high-quality picture of Bacchus for your computer or notebook. ‣ In order to understand the historical position of Caravaggio's art, we have to be aware of his peerless and revolutionary handling of subject matter. This is true not only of his religious themes, but also of his secular themes. His Bacchus no longer appears to us like an ancient god, or the Olympian vision of the High Renaissance and Mannerism. Instead, Caravaggio paints a rather vulgar and effeminately preened youth, who turns his plump face towards us and offers us wine from a goblet held by pertly cocked fingers with grimy nails. This is not Bacchus himself, but some perfectly ordinary individual dressed up as Bacchus, who looks at us rather wearily and yet alertly.
On the one hand, by turning this heathen figure into a somewhat ambiguous purveyor of pleasures, Caravaggio is certainly the great realist he is always claimed to be. On the other hand, however, the sensual lyricism of his painting is so overwhelming that any suspicion of caricature or travesty would be inappropriate.
Lute Player (1596)
Get a high-quality picture of Lute Player for your computer or notebook. ‣ This painting, mentioned in Del Monte's inventory, shows a single lutanist singing a love song; and a related 'carafe with flowers' is also listed in the catalogue of the Del Monte sale. From the seventeenth century there have been uncertainties about the gender of the singer. Baglione and the Del Monte inventory call him a boy; Bellori, who knew only a copy, calls him a girl. There are reasons for this confusion. One is the Renaissance fascination with androgyny - the singer is not much older than Shakespeare's Rosalind, who renamed herself Ganymede, and Viola, who renamed herself Cesario - and another is the Italian fashion for castrati. The lutanist, with parted lips, sings of love from the madrigal Voi sapete ch ['io v'amo] (you know that [I love you]) by the Flemish composer Arcadelt. In front of him are a violin and bow which invite the spectator to take part in a duet with him; the fruit and the vegetables, and indeed the music itself, imply the harmony that should exist between lovers.
Among the early works this painting must count as a virtuoso performance. The glass carafe and its flowers are painted with assured mastery, and Caravaggio is also aware of the problems of perspective that lutes and violins could cause; and he spotlights the the solo player and his instruments so as to make them the main focus of attention, the carafe of flowers so that they are a secondary focus. One of his most talented followers, Orazio Gentileschi, was to paint a girl lutanist with a more beguiling sense of poetry, but without the sense of immediacy that was the hallmark of his master's craft.
The Cardsharps (1596)
Get a high-quality picture of The Cardsharps for your computer or notebook. ‣ The Cardsharps, lost for almost a century, has been found and is now in Texas, and helps to fill in an important stage in the development of Caravaggio's art. Behind a table that protrudes into the spectator's space, a youthful innocent studies his cards, overlooked by a sinister middle-aged man, whose fingers signal to another, younger scoundrel to his right, who holds a five of hearts behind his back. To the left-hand side of the canvas is the object of their conspiracy, a pile of coins.
This low-life scene links Caravaggio's discreet dramas to the genre paintings favoured by his followers. It was to have many imitators - within a few years of the painter's death an early variant had been painted by the Franco-Roman Valentin de Boulogne - but few equals. Caravaggio was less melodramatic than many of the artists known as the Caravaggisti who painted in his style, and he suggests only enough of the interaction between the three actors to imply the sequel.
The Fortune Teller (1596)
Get a high-quality picture of The Fortune Teller for your computer or notebook. ‣ The youth abandons his reserve, leans over towards the gypsy-woman and looks into her smiling face, as if he idolized her, and as if the woman was enticing a very willing man. We cannot be absolutely sure this picture is an original Caravaggio. Its authenticity has recently been based on two arguments. The genre-scene has been painted over a praying female saint, perhaps the Virgin Mary, and the most likely painter is the Cavaliere d'Arpino. The painting also carries the same indication of provenance from Cardinal del Monte's Collection as the Cardsharps. The same subject-matter recurs in Narcissus. In the case of this not-undisputed picture, the smooth way in which the paint is applied suggests a Caravaggesque artist of some note.
The Musicians (1596)
Get a high-quality picture of The Musicians for your computer or notebook. ‣ The two figures seen frontally are undoubtably portraits, and this fact disorients those who would like to make a conventional reading of the scene and concentrate on the noble, classical character of the composition, organized around the traditional opposition between the figure of the lute player and the corresponding figure whom we see from behind. The face between these two is Caravaggio's; the figure on the left is taken from an earlier composition (Young Peeling a Pear) which we know only from copies.
Get a high-quality picture of Magdalene for your computer or notebook. ‣ This picture and The Rest on the Flight into Egypt must have been painted around the same time, for the same girl sat for the Magdalene and the Madonna. On this occasion, however, there are none of the usual signs of a religious scene such as a halo. A young girl, seen from above, is seated on a low stool in one of Caravaggio's favourite cave-like settings, with a triangle of light high up on the wall behind her. Discarded jewellery - a string of pearls, clasps, a jar (perhaps holding precious ointment) - lies on the floor. The girl's hair is loose, as if it has just been washed. Her costume, consisting of a white-sleeved blouse, a yellow tunic and a flowery skirt, is rich. Bellori, who gives a careful description of this picture, which he came across in the collection of Prince Pamphilj, regards its title as an excuse; for him it is just a naturalistic portrayal of a pretty girl. This seems to show a willful failure to understand Caravaggio's intention or the wishes of the man who commissioned it, Monsignor Petrignani. The repentant Mary Magdalene, like the repentant Peter, was a favourite subject of Counter-Reformation art and poetry, which valued the visible expression of the state of contrition 'the gift of tears'. Caravaggio's heroine is sobbing silently to herself and a single tear falls down her cheek. She is, as it were, poised between her past life of luxury and the simple life she will embrace as one of Christ's most faithful followers. It is a sign of the painter's skill that he makes this inner conflict moving at the same time as he makes its representation delectable.
Although nothing painted in the sixteenth century is as emotive as the statue in wood of the haggard saint carved by Donatello (c.1456-60), by the time Titian's bare-breasted Magdalene of the 1530s (Palazzo Pitti, Florence) had become the more modest and affecting Magdalene of the 1560s, there had been a move in religious sensibility towards the humble and pathetic, a change which thirty years later Caravaggio could take for granted.
Rest on Flight to Egypt (Detail) (1597)
Get a high-quality picture of Rest on Flight to Egypt (Detail) for your computer or notebook. ‣ The composition fans out from an exquisite angel who is playing music. Joseph is wearing clothes of earth-color and is holding a book of music, from which the angel is playing a violin solo, whilst the donkey's large eyes peeps out from under the brown foliage.
The Angel is playing a motet in honour of the Madonna, Quam pulchra es..., composed by Noul Bauldewijn to the words of the Song of Songs (7,7) with the dialogue between Groom and Bride (understood in the painting not so much as Joseph and Mary, but as Jesus Christ and the Madonna, i.e. the church): "How fair and pleasant art thou, O love, for delights! This thy stature is like to a palm tree, and thy breasts to clusters of grapes." In the Gospel according to the pseudo-Matthew (20,1), significantly dedicated to the Flight into Egypt, the same metaphorical image of the palm tree laden with fruit returns.
The principal motif of Caravaggio's Flight into Egypt is that of the music that can be heard on earth, considered by the Fathers of the Church to be a copy of music in heaven. The intermediary between these two worlds is the invisible sound, which in art takes the form of an Angel playing music, a divine messenger that stands at the border between material and spiritual reality. God communicates with men through Angels, who are his go-betweens: "[it is the] Angel who spoke to me," says Zachariah and for Ezekiel, the Angel is "the man dressed in linen," just as Caravaggio depicts him.
Rest on Flight to Egypt (1597)
Get a high-quality picture of Rest on Flight to Egypt for your computer or notebook. ‣ The story of the Holy Family's flight was one of the most popular apocryphal legends which survived the prohibitive decrees of the Council of Trent and often appeared in painting from the end of the sixteenth century. Caravaggio's idyllic painting is an individualistic representation of this.
The artist ingeniously uses the figure of an angel playing the violin with his back to the viewer to divide the composition into two parts. On the right, before an autumnal river-front scene, we can see the sleeping Mary with a dozing infant in her left; on the left, a seated Joseph holding the musical score for the angel. The natural surroundings reminds the viewer of the Giorgionesque landscapes of the Cinquecento masters of Northern Italian painting, and it is fully imbued with a degree of nostalgia. Contrasting the unlikelihood of the event is the realistic effect of depiction, the accuracy of details, the trees, the leaves and stones, whereby the total impression becomes astonishingly authentic. The statue-like figure of the angel, with a white robe draped around him, is like a charmingly shaped musical motif, and it provides the basic tone for the composition. It is an interesting contradiction - and at the same time a good example for the adaptability of forms - that this figure of pure classical beauty is a direct descendant of Annibale Carracci's Luxuria from the painting "The Choice of Heracles".
It has not been clearly decided what was the textual source for the music-playing angel in the story of the flight into Egypt. Charming is Caravaggio's decision to actively involve St Joseph in the music-making.
The Fortune Teller (1597)
Get a high-quality picture of The Fortune Teller for your computer or notebook. ‣ With The Fortune Teller (La Zingara), Caravaggio introduced, around 1594/95, a subject into Italian painting that was known, if at all, only in Netherlandish paintings: the so-called genre, depicting scenes of everyday life, but with a hidden or underlying meaning intended for the edification of the observant spectator. Two themes from Caravaggio's early years can be placed in the category of genre painting: one representing a card game is unfortunately lost, the other is the Fortune Teller. This theme is preserved in two paintings both of which are probably original. The other painting is in the Pinacoteca Capitolina in Rome.
A foppishly dressed young man, a milksop with no experience of life, gives his right hand to a young girl whose expression is difficult to define, in order to have his future read. His ideas about his future are effectively influenced by the astute young gypsy girl, whose gentle caress in tracing the lines of his hand captivates the handsome young fool so completely that he fails to notice his ring being drawn from his finger. This anecdotal narrative could be further embroidered, and indeed the painting invites us to do so as much through the plot it portrays as through what it tells us of the two characters by way of their clothing. The feathered hat, the gloves and the showy, oversized dagger immediately tell us who we are dealing with here. Similarly, the gypsy girl with her light linen shirt and her exotic wrap is intended as a "type" rather than as an individual person.
This means, of course, that what we have here is not an anecdote of two specific people, but an everyday tale. No specification of place or time detracts our attention from the point of the story, which gives the spectator a sense of complacent superiority as well as aesthetic pleasure.
Judith Beheading Holofernes (Detail) (1598)
Get a high-quality picture of Judith Beheading Holofernes (Detail) for your computer or notebook. ‣ Judith was painted directly from a model, as the suntan on her hands and face attests. The well turned-out blond woman with her full breasts, which remain visible through her white blouse, has rolled her sleeves up over her elbows. She stretches out her strong arm, but draws her head back, as if she were repulsed by blood. The Borghese David behaves in a similar fashion.
Judith Beheading Holofernes (1598)
Get a high-quality picture of Judith Beheading Holofernes for your computer or notebook. ‣ A whole book in the Bible is devoted to Judith, because as a woman she embodies the power of the people of Israel to defeat the enemy, though superior in numbers, by means of cunning and courage. She seeks out Holofernes in his tent, makes him drunk, then beheads him. The sight of their commander's bloodstained head on the battlements of Bethulia puts the enemy to flight.
In the painting, Judith comes in with her maid - surprisingly and menacingly - from the right, against the direction of reading the picture. The general is lying naked on a white sheet. Paradoxically, his bed is distinguished by a magnificent red curtain, whose colour crowns the act of murder as well as the heroine's triumph.
The first instance in which Caravaggio would chose such a highly dramatic subject, the Judith is an expression of an allegorical-moral contest in which Virtue overcomes Evil. In contrast to the elegant and distant beauty of the vexed Judith, the ferocity of the scene is concentrated in the inhuman scream and the body spasm of the giant Holofernes. Caravaggio has managed to render, with exceptional efficacy, the most dreaded moment in a man's life: the passage from life to death. The upturned eyes of Holofernes indicate that he is not alive any more, yet signs of life still persist in the screaming mouth, the contracting body and the hand that still grips at the bed. The original bare breasts of Judith, which suggest that she has just left the bed, were later covered by the semi-transparent blouse.
The roughness of the details and the realistic precision with which the horrific decapitation is rendered (correct down to the tiniest details of anatomy and physiology) has led to the hypothesis that the painting was inspired by two highly publicized contemporary Roman executions; that of Giordano Bruno and above all of Beatrice Cenci in 1599.
Martha and Mary Magdalene (1598)
Get a high-quality picture of Martha and Mary Magdalene for your computer or notebook. ‣ The painting has an iconographically very unusual theme. It shows Martha reproaching Mary Magdalene for her vanity, a subject that we know through a series of copies. The painting at Detroit has recently been recognized as the original.
The religious theme is treated in a substantially profane manner. It is a pretext for making passages of highly intensive painting and for constructing an image that, seen in the context of the usual dichotomy of Caravaggio's early years, is more of a genre scene than a religious one.
St. Catherine of Alexandria (1598)
Get a high-quality picture of St. Catherine of Alexandria for your computer or notebook. ‣ The painting formerly belonged to Cardinal Del Monte, one of the artist's patrons.
Here we see a single female figure in an interior devoid of architectural allusions. The image appears with a boldness and an immediacy that combine the nobility of the subject (St Catherine was a king's daughter) with the almost plebeian pride of the model (no doubt a Roman woman of the people, who appears on other paintings of the artist, too). The breadth of conception and realization, and the perfect mastery of a very difficult composition (the figure and objects completely fill the painting, in a subtle play of diagonals) are striking. Caravaggio here chose a "grand" noble approach that heralds the great religious compositions he would soon do for San Luigi dei Francesi. The extraordinary virtuosity in the painting of the large, decorated cloth is absorbed as an integral part of the composition. This is something his followers would not often succeed in doing, for they frequently dealt with the single components of the painting individually, with adverse effects on the unity of the whole.
Taking of Christ (1598)
Get a high-quality picture of Taking of Christ for your computer or notebook. ‣ The attribution of the painting is doubtful. Another version of this subject is in the Museum of Western and Eastern Art, Odessa.
The main figures are pushed to the left, so that the right-hand half of the picture is left to the soldiers, whose suits of armor absorb what little light there is, and whose faces are the most part hidden. At the right of the picture, an unhelmeted head emerges from the surrounding darkness. This is often regarded as the artist's self-portrait. Caravaggio has also concerned himself here with the act of seeing as one of a painter's task. The three men on the right are there mainly to intensify the visual core of the painting, underscored by the lantern. On the left, the tactile aspect is not forgotten. Judas vigorously embraces his master, whilst a heavily mailed arm reaches above him towards Christ's throat. Christ, however, crosses his hands, which he holds out well in front of him, whilst St John flees shrieking into the deep night. His red cloak is torn from his shoulder. As it flaps open it binds the faces of Christ and Judas together - a deliberate touch on the artist's part.
Get a high-quality picture of Medusa for your computer or notebook. ‣ In Greek myth, Perseus used the severed snake-haired head of the Gorgon Medusa as a shield with which to turn his enemies to stone. By the sixteenth century Medusa was said to symbolize the triumph of reason over the senses; and this may have been why Cardinal Del Monte commissioned Caravaggio to paint Medusa as the figure on a ceremonial shield presented in 1601 to Ferdinand I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. The poet Marino claimed that it symbolized the Duke's courage in defeating his enemies.
As a feat of perspective, the picture is remarkable, for out of the apparently concave surface of the shield - in fact convex- the Gorgon's head seems to project into space, so that the blood round her neck appears to fall on the floor. In terms of its psychology, however, it is less successful. The boy who modelled the face (in preference to a girl) is more embarrassed than terrifying. For once Caravaggio cannot achieve an effect of horror; he was to find in the legends of the martyrs a more powerful stimulus to the dark side of his imagination than classical myth.
Get a high-quality picture of Narcissus for your computer or notebook. ‣ The attribution of this painting to Caravaggio has been discussed at length and it is still questioned by some scholars. There are no contemporary sources to refer to, and the attribution rests entirely on stylistic bases.
The theory that the picture is by Caravaggio might be confirmed by an export license dating to 1645, referring to a Narcissus by Caravaggio of similar measurements to our canvas. While it is difficult to propose with absolute certainty a secure connection between the document and the present canvas, several major Caravaggio scholars have reconsidered the issue, accepted the link between the license and the painting, and confirmed the autograph quality of the work.
Analysis of the details of execution (carried out as part of a recent restoration), stylistic comparison to other works of Caravaggio, and the iconographic innovativeness of the subject all lead to acceptance of the Narcissus as a work of Caravaggio. On the subject of invention, it suffices to mention the exceptional the double figure which - like a playing card - turns on the fulcrum of the highlit knee at the centre of the composition.
The work belongs to the years between 1597 and 1599, a transitional period of Caravaggio's career that is still not entirely sorted out or fully understood. It is a moment in which Caravaggio tended towards a magical sense of atmosphere, suspense, and introspection: still strongly influenced by the Lombard style of Moretto and Savoldo, he is also testing the infinite possibilities of light and shadow. Dating from the same phase of Caravaggio's career are the Lute Player, the Doria Magdalene, and above all the Thyssen St Catherine and Detroit Magdalene, with which our canvas has many connections and resonances.
Portrait of Maffeo Barberini (1599)
Get a high-quality picture of Portrait of Maffeo Barberini for your computer or notebook. ‣ The still undeveloped features of this young cleric, who later became Pope Urban VIII (1623-1644) were portrayed as a much more distinguished figure by the skills of Gianlorenzo Bernini (1598-1680). Here, the face appears in chiaroscuro against a neutral background in such a way that a wall appears to be screening off the figure from the left. In order to give the figure more 'rilievo', or more three-dimensionality, the lit sections are painted against a dark, and the sections in shadow against a light, background.
Get a high-quality picture of David for your computer or notebook. ‣ This painting addresses the subject of David and Goliath, which the artist repeatedly dealt with later in his career, with a perfect linearity of means and intelligence of iconographic invention. As in the early Renaissance, David is shown as the adolescent who triumphs not by his strength, but by his power of character and his faith. The oblique pose of the figure (David stands partly parallel to the picture plane) is constructed with admirable skill.
Caravaggio has a particular importance for Spain, for he originated the realist and 'tenebrist' style of painting that enjoyed such development and popularity there in the work of such artists as Ribera and Zurbaran. This mature work demonstrates the fundamentals of his art: an emphatic solidity created by a harsh contrast of light and shade; the immediacy created by staging the action right in the foreground, and eliminating all superfluous space around it (conventionally, David would have been given room to stand up, so to speak); the elimination of decoration, such as colour or elegant posture, in order to concentrate on the drama alone.
St. John the Baptist (Youth with Ram) (1600)
Get a high-quality picture of St. John the Baptist (Youth with Ram) for your computer or notebook. ‣ This painting exists in two versions, both of which are probably by Caravaggio (who frequently copied his own paintings). Both versions are in Rome, the other in the Galleria Doria-Pamphili.
The image is a masterpiece of virtuosity whose appeal lies in its soft, caressing light and velvety rendering of cloth, flesh, and plants. The figure is identifiable as St. John only virtue of the symbols of Christ displayed in the painting: the ram (sacrificial victim), and the grape-leaves (from whose red juice, akin to the blood of Christ, springs life); otherwise the iconographical subject (the simple, immediately apparent image) appears as a nude youth with an ironic, if not allusive, expression. Its cultivated content and its destination for an aristocratic patron are underscored by the artist's explicit use of a great figurative source of the past: Michelangelo's Ignudi from the Sistine Ceiling. But whereas Michelangelo created abstract and ideal figures with cold lights and a merely theoretical plasticism, Caravaggio models his figure on the careful observation of nature, achieving an image of perfect realism.
The Calling of Saint Matthew (Detail) (1600)
Get a high-quality picture of The Calling of Saint Matthew (Detail) for your computer or notebook. ‣ On the right, two youths are sitting opposite each other. The younger one, more strongly lit, is leaning back, putting his arm on St Matthew's shoulder for protection. The youth opposite, with his sword dangling against his upper tigh, spreads out his legs as he turns right.
The Calling of Saint Matthew (1600)
Get a high-quality picture of The Calling of Saint Matthew for your computer or notebook. ‣ This painting is the pendant to the Martyrdom of St Matthew and hanging opposite in the Contarelli Chapel of the San Luigi dei Francesi, the French Church in Rome. It was particularly appropriate to both the place and the time, for Rome's French community had something to celebrate: Henri IV, heir to St Louis, had recently converted to the faith of his ancestors.
The subject traditionally was represented either indoors or out; sometimes Saint Matthew is shown inside a building, with Christ outside (following the Biblical text) summoning him through a window. Both before and after Caravaggio the subject was often used as a pretext for anecdotal genre paintings. Caravaggio may well have been familiar with earlier Netherlandish paintings of money lenders or of gamblers seated around a table like Saint Matthew and his associates.
Caravaggio represented the event as a nearly silent, dramatic narrative. The sequence of actions before and after this moment can be easily and convincingly re-created. The tax-gatherer Levi (Saint Matthew's name before he became the apostle) was seated at a table with his four assistants, counting the day's proceeds, the group lighted from a source at the upper right of the painting. Christ, His eyes veiled, with His halo the only hint of divinity, enters with Saint Peter. A gesture of His right hand, all the more powerful and compelling because of its languor, summons Levi. Surprised by the intrusion and perhaps dazzled by the sudden light from the just-opened door, Levi draws back and gestures toward himself with his left hand as if to say, "Who, me?", his right hand remaining on the coin he had been counting before Christ's entrance.
The two figures on the left, derived from a 1545 Hans Holbein print representing gamblers unaware of the appearance of Death, are so concerned with counting the money that they do not even notice Christ's arrival; symbolically their inattention to Christ deprives them of the opportunity He offers for eternal life, and condemns them to death. The two boys in the center do respond, the younger one drawing back against Levi as if seeking his protection, the swaggering older one, who is armed, leaning forward a little menacingly. Saint Peter gestures firmly with his hand to calm his potential resistance. The dramatic point of the picture is that for this moment, no one does anything. Christ's appearance is so unexpected and His gesture so commanding as to suspend action for a shocked instant, before reaction can take place. In another second, Levi will rise up and follow Christ_in fact, Christ's feet are already turned as if to leave the room. The particular power of the picture is in this cessation of action. It utilizes the fundamentally static medium of painting to convey characteristic human indecision after a challenge or command and before reaction.
The picture is divided into two parts. The standing figures on the right form a vertical rectangle; those gathered around the table on the left a horizontal block. The costumes reinforce the contrast. Levi and his subordinates, who are involved in affairs of this world, are dressed in a contemporary mode, while the barefoot Christ and Saint Peter, who summon Levi to another life and world, appear in timeless cloaks. The two groups are also separated by a void, bridged literally and symbolically by Christ's hand. This hand, like Adam's in Michelangelo's Creation, unifies the two parts formally and psychologically. Underlying the shallow stage-like space of the picture is a grid pattern of verticals and horizontals, which knit it together structurally.
The light has been no less carefully manipulated: the visible window covered with oilskin, very likely to provide diffused light in the painter's studio; the upper light, to illuminate Saint Matthew's face and the seated group; and the light behind Christ and Saint Peter, introduced only with them. It may be that this third source of light is intended as miraculous. Otherwise, why does Saint Peter cast no shadow on the defensive youth facing him?
The Conversion of St. Paul (1600)
Get a high-quality picture of The Conversion of St. Paul for your computer or notebook. ‣ In 1600 Caravaggio received the commission for two paintings on cypress panel, one (Conversion of St. Paul) for the new chapel in Santa Maria del Popolo. The extant painting with the subject is on canvas. The version in the Odeschalci Balbi Collection is on cypress wood as stipulated in the contract of 1600. It is probably a copy therefore it can be assumed that there was one time an original by Caravaggio.
In the position of the St Paul and of the Christ, and in the movement of the horse into the depth of the picture, this work is still related to the tradition of Michelangelo's fresco in the Paolina Chapel. There are decidedly Caravaggesque elements in the work, such as the face of the angel supporting Christ, which greatly resembles that of the Amor Victorious (Berlin), or of the Isaac in the Sacrifice of Isaac (Uffizi).
The Conversion on the Way to Damascus (Detail) (1600)
Get a high-quality picture of The Conversion on the Way to Damascus (Detail) for your computer or notebook. ‣ As compared with the first version, the valid version, painted on canvas in contravention of the letter of the contract, reduces the incident to what is visible. Instead of looking like a figure modeled on a classical river-god, as he does in the first version, Saul now appears boldly foreshortened. The model Caravaggio has chosen is markedly younger, though is again wearing Roman leather-armor, which follows the contours of his body. That said, powerful red coloring and clearly defined borders, as well as the shadow areas on Saul's neck, now emphasize the difference between skin and armor.
The Conversion on the Way to Damascus (1600)
Get a high-quality picture of The Conversion on the Way to Damascus for your computer or notebook. ‣ In 1600, soon after he had completed the first two canvases for the Contarelli Chapel, Caravaggio signed a contract to paint two pictures for the Cerasi Chapel in Santa Maria del Popolo. The church has a special interest because of the works it contains by four of the finest artists ever to work in Rome: Raphael, Carracci, Caravaggio and Bernini. It is probable that by the time Caravaggio began to paint for one of its chapels, The Assumption by Annibale Carracci was in place above the altar. Caravaggio's depictions of key events in the lives of the founders of the Roman See have little in common with the brilliant colours and stylized attitudes of Annibale, and Caravaggio seems by far the more modern artist.
Of the two pictures in the chapel the more remarkable is the representation of the moment of St Paul's conversion. According to the Acts of the Apostles, on the way to Damascus Saul the Pharisee (soon to be Paul the Apostle) fell to the ground when he heard the voice of Christ saying to him, 'Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me?' and temporarily lost his sight. It was reasonable to assume that Saul had fallen from a horse.
Caravaggio is close to the Bible. The horse is there and, to hold him, a groom, but the drama is internalized within the mind of Saul. He lies on the ground stunned, his eyes closed as if dazzled by the brightness of God's light that streams down the white part of the skewbald horse, but that the light is heavenly is clear only to the believer, for Saul has no halo. In the spirit of Luke, who was at the time considered the author of Acts, Caravaggio makes religious experience look natural.
Technically the picture has defects. The horse, based on Durer, looks hemmed in, there is too much happening at the composition's base, too many feet cramped together, let alone Saul's splayed hands and discarded sword. Bellori's view that the scene is 'entirely without action' misses the point. Like a composer who values silence, Caravaggio respects stillness.
Both this and the following painting appear to be second versions, for Baglione states that Caravaggio first executed the two pictures 'in another manner, but as they did not please the patron, Cardinal Sannesio took them for himself'. Of these earlier versions, only The Conversion of St Paul survives.
The Crucifixion of Saint Peter (Detail) (1600)
Get a high-quality picture of The Crucifixion of Saint Peter (Detail) for your computer or notebook. ‣ Caravaggio has painted St Peter's body with his astonishing feeling for anatomy and the skin structure of an elderly male physique. At the same time, he has chosen the very instant when the Prince of the Apostles is raised into the undignified position in which he will be crucified - upside-down.
The Crucifixion of Saint Peter (1600)
Get a high-quality picture of The Crucifixion of Saint Peter for your computer or notebook. ‣ The Crucifixion of St Peter in the church of Santa Maria del Popolo is one of two paintings in the Cerasi Chapel. Three shady characters, their faces hidden or turned away, are pulling, dragging and pushing the cross to which Peter has been nailed by the feet with his head down.
Caravaggio's St Peter is not a heroic martyr, nor a Herculean hero in the manner of Michelangelo, but an old man suffering pain and in fear of death. The scene, set on some stony field, is grim. The dark, impenetrable background draws the spectator's gaze back again to the sharply illuminated figures who remind us, through the banal ugliness of their actions and movements - note the yellow rear and filthy feet of the lower figure - that the death of the apostle was not a heroic drama, but a wretched and humiliating execution.
The Lute Player (1600)
Get a high-quality picture of The Lute Player for your computer or notebook. ‣ Two pictures (one in The Hermitage, St. Petersburg, and the other in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York) of almost the same dimensions depict a boy with soft facial features and unusually thick brown hair, pouting lips, a half-open mouth and a pensive expression beneath sharply-drawn broad eyebrows. His white shirt is open at the front, revealing the artist's intention to paint a nude. This figure has the same dimensions in both pictures, which suggests that Caravaggio traced one on to oil-paper. In this case only one picture was completed from a fresh study of a model.
A sort of ribbon woven into the figure's hair emphasizes its almost androgynous features. The same applies - in the New York version - to a broad yoke which divides his shirt under his chest like a woman's dress. This is undoubtedly why Bellori saw this as a female lute-player, although recently it has been suggested that the model was a castrato. Light falls from a high window above left, creating a narrow triangle of brightness in the upper right-hand corner. That said, the brightly illuminated figure stands out boldly against the shadowy background.
The strongly foreshortened lute with its bent key-board demonstrates Caravaggio's virtuoso handling of perspective. Tactile elements project towards the viewer more successfully than in the New York Concert. As in the Uffizi Bacchus, the artist places a broad table-top in front of the figure - in the St. Petersburg version it is made of marble, and in the New York version covered with an oriental carpet.
The objects in the picture include an open book of music lying on another which bears the inscription "Bassus" in Gothic script, whilst the body of a violin serves to hold the book open at the right page. In both versions Caravaggio has painted the scores of older compositions clearly enough for us to read them. The music in question is the base voice-part of a popular collection, the "libro primo" of Jacques Arcadelt, which contains other compositions as well as works by this composer. Although the artist has cut off one row of notes, he has reproduced the initial notes so exactly that in the St. Petersburg example we can recognize the Roman printer, Valerio Dorica, whereas in the second version we can see that the book was published in Venice by Antonio Gardane.
In the St. Petersburg version, the violin bow lies across the strings and the open book of music - a prominent object for the observation of light and shade. In the New York version it is handled in a much less interesting way. Placed underneath the violin scroll, the bow can scarcely be distinguished from the brownish pattern of the carpet. In this version, a stout recorder and a triangular keyboard instrument are the other objects we see. The X-ray picture shows that they were painted over a still-life. The bird-cage motif in the left-hand corner (barely visible on the photo) shows what unusual motifs Caravaggio liked to select - motifs similar to those preferred by Caravaggesque painters in the Netherlands.
The St. Petersburg version, on the other hand, plays with the motifs of Caravaggio's other early arrangements of still-life and individual figures. Pieces of fruit lie on the marble slab, extremely brightly colored and brilliantly painted. A crystal vase contains a bunch of flowers, which would have made even Jan Bruegel the Elder jealous. The colors are applied uninhibitedly with a loaded brush - with a richness and precision we do not see elsewhere in Caravaggio's work.
The Martyrdom of St. Matthew (Detail) (1600)
Get a high-quality picture of The Martyrdom of St. Matthew (Detail) for your computer or notebook. ‣ A boy who acts as altar-boy to the old man, whose service has been interrupted, flees screaming to the right. He is one of those expressive studies of emotion which, like the Medusa in Florence, have contributed greatly to Caravaggio's renown.
The Martyrdom of St. Matthew (1600)
Get a high-quality picture of The Martyrdom of St. Matthew for your computer or notebook. ‣ Nothing that Caravaggio had done before was equal in scale, majesty or beauty to the first painting he produced for the Contarelli Chapel in San Luigi dei Francesi, the French Church in Rome. The Martyrdom of St Matthew hangs on the right wall of the Contarelli Chapel and is lit from the left, as if from the window behind the altar.
The location is the steps up to a Christian altar, with a Greek cross marked on its frontage, and a candle burning. In the background on the left, we can just make out the shaft of a column in the almost impenetrable darkness. Steps ascend parallel to the picture towards the altar at the back. They also appear on the left, where churches do not normally have steps. For this reason some experts have claimed to detect a baptismal font in the foreground, especially as men are lying nearby, half-naked. On the left, a man is leaning against a step. He has no more concrete a role than two youths crouching in the foreground on the right, staring at the main action. They form the right-hand border of the composition, like river-gods on classical reliefs.
The picture's main figure is also half-naked. This is not the martyr, but his executioner. In terms of stroboscopic figures, his feet are level with the falling figure to his left. He has emerged from the depth of the picture to stand near the altar. This is hard to understand in a pictorial narrative which ought to be clarifying the passage of time in spatial terms. Insofar as the murderer has associated himself with the half-naked man in the foreground, left, the fall of the latter suggests that his power will also be shortlived.
Yet what Caravaggio is really depicting is the murderer's moment. He has thrown St Matthew, a bearded old man, to the ground. As a priest, he is wearing alb and chasuble. Whilst his victim helplessly props himself up on the ground, the Herculean youth seizes his wrist in his right hand, to hold the victim still for the death-blow. Yet the apostle's attempt to ward off his murderer, with his furious face, turns into a different gesture as an angel extends a martyr's palm-leaf to his open hand. | <urn:uuid:2c2cb5e6-6846-4052-b3f1-1f02ffe862de> | {
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Parenting Country by Country? How about Just Doing What’s Right for Children?
With Pamela Druckerman’s new book Bringing Up Bébé extolling Gallic parenting, parents can now choose between parenting the French way or the so-called Chinese way presented last year by Amy Chua’s sensational Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother. Druckerman wants us to just say no, while Chua writes about doing whatever it takes, including berating our children, to demand excellence.
The media storm over these various “foreign” methods of parenting makes us ask, what’s wrong with the way we do it? Why look to stories about other countries for advice when decades of research by Americans across diverse cultures has found what all children need to grow up healthy and strong? Quite simply, kids need to feel loved and valued, that they have some choices in their activities, and that what they do is effective in the world.
In other words, kids need to feel warmly connected, autonomous, and competent.
Parents can nurture these feelings in their children by being highly involved, guiding and helping their children to grow into independent and capable adults. American parents have it right when they give their children some choices, because that enables them to follow their interests and do what they love, which means they are self-motivated, work hard, and succeed. Such parenting allows kids to feel autonomous and have a good sense of self.
Of course, parents have to give choices within a firm structure of clear rules and consequences. That makes kids feel secure and competent, since they know what’s expected and how to behave. These ideas are more nuanced than Druckerman’s “Just say no” approach and Chua’s message that we should drive our children toward excellence mercilessly (though Chua tried to backtrack on her ideas.)
But now hear this: this way of parenting – akin to what many Americans now do – in the long run produces successful kids who are healthy and happy.
And neither Druckerman nor Chua show how parents can nurture these all-important feelings in their children.
Druckerman says the French have discipline down. They are not afraid to say no clearly and directly. She links this to fewer tantrums and meltdowns at home and in restaurants. That’s ok as far as it goes. Kids whose parents provide consistent structure through clear rules and expectations help children to understand “the rules of the game” and thus feel secure and competent, because they know how to behave. And of course, when safety is an issue, no has to mean no.
But we also know that parents who give children a say in non-safety rules and are willing to negotiate to a point bring up children can “negotiate the world” when their parents are not around and get along better with other kids. So while it might make parents “more relaxed” to just say no all the time, discussing rules jointly gives children important feelings of autonomy.
Tiger Mother Chua also got one thing right: when she sat at the piano with her daughter, it illustrated the parental involvement children need. That helps them feel connected to their parents. Parent involvement, whether in children’s schooling, sports, or other activities, goes hand in hand with high academic and extra-curricular performance. Chua’s high expectations were also helpful because when parents’ have high expectations, and set clear consequences, they give children the structure they need to become competent and confident.
But berating a child’s poor performance and taunting her in an effort to get her to work hard (Chua subsequently backed off on her support for some of this harshness) evokes guilt and shame in the child. Such psychological control by parents tends to create depressed children, as I’ve found in my work with Kristine Marbell in the West African nation of Ghana, and Brian Barber and others have found in South America, Asia, and Australia.
It’s often tempting to point to another culture and say. “They’ve got the answer.”
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Emergency Response Team
Violent or Criminal Behavior
Nuclear, Biological, or Chemical Threat
Hurricane or Severe Wind
Tsunami or Flood
Major Utility Outage
Fallen Aircraft, Explosion, or Threat
TSUNAMI (TIDAL WAVES) AND FLOODS
Flood warnings are issued by the National Weather Service. The extent and locale of flood dangers will dictate action
to be taken. During heavy rainfall on campus we must monitor the water level of the reservoirs and streams passing through
the campus and warn individuals to stay clear of these water hazards.
- The Kauai Civil Defense will issue a tsunami watch/warning through radio and television.
- The Attention/Alert signal is a steady blast for three (3) minutes on sirens, repeated as necessary. Turn on
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first work day of each month at 11:45 a.m.
- The estimated time of arrival of a tidal wave will dictate the course of action to be taken. The Chancellor or
her/his designate may initiate the folowing emergency actions.
- Advise students, faculty and staff to remain on the Kauai Community College campus, which is a safe zone from tidal waves.
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Republic of Sierra Leone
Description of government structure:
Chief of State: President Ernest Bai KOROMA *
Head of Government: President Ernest Bai KOROMA
Assembly: Sierra Leone has a unicameral Parliament with 124 seats.
* The president is both the chief of state and head of government.
Description of electoral system:
The President is elected by absolute majority vote through a two-round system to serve a 5-year term.
In the Parliament, 112 members are elected by plurality vote in single-member constituencies to serve 5-year terms and 12 members are elected by indirect vote to serve 5-year terms.***
*** 12 seats are filled by paramount chiefs elected in separate elections.
Population: 5,245,695 (July 2010 est.)
Presidential - November 17, 2012
Legislative - August 2012
Source: Election Guide. | <urn:uuid:fe10f845-2200-44e0-82b3-ff99796745a0> | {
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1 Disaster Management Plan CENTRE FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT ADMINISTRATIVE TRAINING INSTITUTE MYSORE
2 DDMP generated on 18 August :39:13 Copyright c Administrative Training Institute, Mysore, Karnataka All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced without written permission. For permission to copy, please contact ATI, Mysore. This Document is auto-generated through the TAMED System developed by Wizards Technologies.
3 Contents 1 Preface 3 2 Introduction Definition of Disaster Disasters in India Vulnerability Profile of India Hazard Profile of India Vulnerability Profile of Karnataka Disaster Types Profile Necessity for DDMP Objectives of DDMP Disaster Management Cycle Response Recovery Preparedness Mitigation or Risk Reduction Raichur Information Geographic information Taluk, GP, Village information & area Population Rainfall Disaster History of Raichur Villages affected by Krishna River Villages affected by Tungabhadra River Raichur Disaster History Occurrence of Disasters in the past Actions for various Types of Disasters Flood Mitigation Plan Response Plan Recovery and Reconstruction Plan Standard Operating Procedures and Checklists Drought
4 5.8.2 Earthquakes Biological disasters, epidemic, food poisoning Accidents Duties and Responsibilities of Officers District Disaster Manager (Deputy Commissioner) Disaster Manager (Assistant Commissioner) Site Controller (Tahsildar of affected Taluk) Law and Order Function (Superintendent of Police) SDPO of the concerned Sub Division Circle Inspector Police Inspector of nearest Police Station Traffic Police Factory Inspectorate (Dy. Chief Inspector of Factories) Fire Fighting Function (Divisional Fire Officer) Civil Defence Function - Home Guards (District Commandant) Public Works/highway Function (Superintendent Engineer) Transportation Function (RTO) Health Function (District Health Officer) Welfare Function (Dy. Director, Food and Civil Supply) Information Function (District Information Officer) Pollution Control Function (Dy. Environment Officer) Officer I/C Communication Officer I/C Information Collection Officer I/C Monitoring Officer I/C Co-Ordination Officer I/C Documentation/Record keeping Agencies Involved in Disaster Management 43 8 Do s and Don ts for Disasters Floods Landslide Cyclone Lightening Earthquake Tsunami Drought Fire Chemical, nuclear and biological warfare Do s Biological Weapons
5 9 Check list for line departments Checklist for Police Checklist for Public Health Department Checklist for Hospitals Checklist for Field Centres Casualty Treatment Post at camp sites and affected Villages Report and Checklist on Epidemics for each camp site and affected village Checklist for epidemic situations Checklist for District Office Checklist for Irrigation Department Checklist for Agriculture Checklist for Field Activities of Animal Husbandry Department Checklist for Public Works Department Checklist for Telecommunications Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) Functions of Assistant Commissioner Functions of Revenue Authorities Functions of Tahsildars Functions of Police Services Functions of Circle Inspector (Law and Order) (For city limits) Functions of Industry Inspector Functions of Police Inspector Function of Inspector (Traffic) Functions of Fire Services Functions of Police Inspector/Sub Inspector Functions of Police (Traffic) Functions of Fire Station Officer Function of Health and Medical Services Functions of Veterinary Service Functions of RTO Functions of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board Function of Experts of District Crisis Group (DCG) HRVA - Hazard, Risk and Vulnerability Assessment What is HRVA? Hazard Vulnerability Risk Risk assessment / analysis Risk management Disaster risk reduction (disaster reduction) Prevention Mitigation Preparedness Early warning
6 11.12Vulnerability - various types Physical Vulnerability Social Vulnerability Economic Vulnerability Ecological Vulnerability Resource Personnel Directory District-level Personnel Directory Taluk/Village level Personnel Directory Taluk-wise Resource Summary Village-wise Resource Summary Maps 123 Appendices 125 I. Equipment in State Fire & Emergency Services 125 II. Abbreviations 127 III. List of Central Govt Bodies related to Disaster Management 129 IV. Glossary 133 V. Useful Websites & Other References 139 FAQ on Disaster Management 140
7 Dr. Amita Prasad, IAS Director General Administrative Training Institute Laitha Mahal Road MYSORE FOREWORD The National Disaster Management Act was brought in year 2005 to promote a proactive approach focussing on all phases of disaster management and to give more coherence to the institutional structure required to take forward the paradigm shift in the approach to disaster management in the country. Accordingly, the state of Karnataka has formed the State Disaster Management Authority and District Disaster Management Authorities at all the districts for effective management of disasters in the state through the implementation of District Disaster Management Plans. The Centre for Disaster Management, ATI Mysore played a major role in preparation and reformulation of District Disaster Management Plans (DDMP) of all 30 districts and Preparation of State Disaster Management Plan (SDMP) by conducting consultative workshops at each districts which would guide the state/district administration to take up preventive and mitigation measures against disasters in the state. The Centre has taken up the task of Automation of Disaster Management Plan along with the training and capacity building activities under the GoI-UNDP programmes. A pilot study on Automation of DDMP of Raichur district is a disaster management software technology with real-time wireless synchronization software to collect, store, analyze, communicate, co-ordinate and authentic information geo-stamped with GPS location and time, using a web based geo-information database/framework. The Centre could prepare an automated DDMP of Raichur first of its kind in the country based on collation and integration of data to generate DDMP which guides the district administration for timely actions on disaster response. I acknowledge the contributions of Sri. R. Manoj, IFS, Special Officer (Elections) for his technical expertise provided to complete this task. I thank the CDM team Dr. R. Dharmaraju, Dr. G. Vishwanath, Dr. Ashok Sanganal, and Dr. J.R. Paramsha for taking deep interest and involvement in preparing the automated DDMP of Raichur. And also I record appreciation to M/s Wizards Technologies, Bangalore for providing the technical consultancy services, and support extended by Raichur district administration for preparing the automated DDMP. I express thanks to the Department of Revenue (Disaster Management), Government of Karnataka for entrusting this work to CDM ATI Mysore. Mysore July 06, 2012 (AMITA PRASAD)
9 1. Preface Disaster means unforeseen and serious threat to public life with suddenness in terms of time. Declaration of disaster depends on gravity or magnitude of situation, number of victims involved, time factor i.e. suddenness of an event, nonavailability of medical care in terms of space, equipments medical and paramedical staff, medicines and other basic human needs like food, shelter and clothing, weather conditions in the locality of incident etc., thus enhancing human sufferings and create human needs that the victim can not alleviate without assistance. Disasters have been occurring ever since the existence of mankind. Raichur district has Geographical area of Hectares which has covered most of the dry / wet lands, and often faces drought, and occasionally cyclones and floods like and , While not all natural calamities can be predicted and prevented, a state of preparedness and ability to respond quickly to a natural calamity can considerably mitigate loss of life and property and human suffering and restore normalcy at the earliest. M.V.Savithri, IAS., Deputy Commissioner and District Magistrate. 3
11 2. Introduction 2.1 Definition of Disaster An occurrence of an event with severity and magnitude that normally results in deaths, injuries, and property damage, which cannot be managed through the routine procedures and resources of government. It usually develops suddenly and unexpectedly and requires immediate, coordinated, and effective response by multiple government, voluntary and private sector organizations to meet human needs and speedy recovery. Disaster Management is a collective term encompassing all aspects of planning for and responding to disasters, including both pre- and postdisaster activities. It may refer to the management of both risks and consequences of disasters. The following diagram shows global trends in disasters, From the above figure, it may be noticed that the disasters are on increase. The number of disasters/events which was 73 in have increased to 4494 during The rise between the decade of over the period of has been more than 67%. 2.2 Disasters in India India is vulnerable, in varying degrees, to a large number of natural as well as manmade disasters per cent of the landmass is prone to earthquakes of moderate to very high intensity; over 40 million hectares (12 per cent of land) is prone to floods and river erosion; of the 7,516 km long coastline, close to 5,700 km is prone to cyclones and tsunamis; 68 per cent of the cultivable area is vulnerable to drought and hilly areas are at risk from landslides and avalanches. Vulnerability to disasters/ emergencies of Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) origin also exists. Heightened vulnerabilities to disaster risks can be related to expanding 5
12 6 2. INTRODUCTION population, urbanization and industrialization, development within high-risk zones, environmental degradation and climate change. 2.3 Vulnerability Profile of India A multi-hazard map of India may be seen in the following figure. Losses due to disasters have been shown in the following Figure. It shows that economic loss is accounted for 2% of the GDP due to disasters as per the study of the World Bank. 2.4 Hazard Profile of India India is one of the ten worst disaster prone countries of the world. The country is prone to disasters due to number of factors; both natural and human induced, including adverse geo climatic conditions, topographic features, environmental degradation, population growth, urbanisation, industrialization, non scientific development
13 2.4. HAZARD PROFILE OF INDIA 7 practices etc. The factors either by themselves or by accelerating the intensity and frequency of disasters are responsible for heavy toll of human lives and disrupting the life supporting system in the country. The basic reason for the high vulnerability of the country to natural disasters is its unique geographical and geological situations. As far as the vulnerability to disaster is concerned, the five distinctive regions of the country i.e. Himalayan region, the alluvial plains, the hilly part of the peninsula, and the coastal zone have their own specific problems. While on one hand the Himalayan region is prone to disasters like earthquakes and landslides, the plain is affected by floodsalmosteveryyear. Thedesertpartofthecountryisaffectedbydroughts and famine while the coastal zone susceptible to cyclones and storms. The natural geological setting of the country is the primary basic reason for its increased vulnerability. The geo-tectonic features of the Himalayan region and adjacent alluvial plains make the region susceptible to earthquakes, landslides, water erosion etc. Though peninsular India is considered to be the most stable portions, but occasional earthquakes in the region shows that geo- tectonic movements are still going on within its depth. The tectonic features, characteristics of the Himalaya are prevalent in the alluvial plains of Indus, Ganga and Brahmputra too, as the rocks lying below the alluvial pains are just extension of the Himalayan ranges only. Thus this region is also quite prone to seismic activities. As a result of various major river systems flowing from Himalaya and huge quantity of sediment brought by them, the area is also suffering from river channel siltation, resulting into frequent floods, especially in the plains of Uttar Pardesh and Bihar. The western part of the country, including Rajasthan, Gujarat and some parts of Maharashtra are hit very frequently by drought situation. If Monsoon worsens the situation spreads in other parts of the country too. The disturbance in the pressure conditions over oceans, results into cyclones in coastal regions. The geo tectonic movements going on in the ocean floor make the coastal region prone to tsunami disaster too. The extreme weather conditions, huge quantity of ice and snow stored in the glaciers etc. are other natural factors which make the country prone to various forms of disasters. Along with the natural factors discussed in the preceding text, various human induced activities like increasing demographic pressure, deteriorating environmental conditions, deforestation, unscientific development, faulty agricultural practices and grazing, unplanned urbanisation, construction of large dams on river channels etc. are also responsible for accelerated impact and increase in frequency of disasters in the country.
14 8 2. INTRODUCTION 2.5 Vulnerability Profile of Karnataka Karnataka is vulnerable to various natural disasters mainly droughts, floods, cyclones, landslides, coastal erosion and earthquake etc. The state is being faced by the brunt of moderate to severe floods in most of the districts. Floods are associated with cloud bursts, cylones or depressions in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea. The floods are quite common in the districts of Belgaum, Bijapur, Bagalkote, Raichur, Gulbarga, Shimaoga, Chikkamagalur, Udupi, Coorg, Bellary, Dakshina Kannada, Dharwad, Davanagere, Gadag, Hassan, Uttara Kannada, Koppal, Bidar, Bangalore (R), Bangalore (U), Kolar, Mandya, Mysore, Chamarajanagara. In the North Karnataka region covering the Krishna and Godavari Basins, even when the state was suffering under drought conditions, heavy discharges from Maharashtra caused floods. The floods in the Districts of Gulbarga, Belgaum, Bijapur, Bidar, Bagalkot, Raichur etc., as a result of outflow of excess water from the Krishna and Bheema Basins from Maharashtra are affecting lakhs of people. Cities face floods causing severe damages to infrastructure services and loss of life. The coastal districts namely Dakshina Kannada, Udupi, Uttara Kannada with a coastal line of 320 kms and coastal population of Lakhs are under the direct threat of cyclones and severe cyclones originating in Arabian Sea and indirect attack of cyclones originating along the Eastern coastline. The high density of population along the coastline of Karnataka has made the population highly vulnerable to the storm surge and high speed wind accompanied with cyclone. It is important to note that infrastructure such as rail and road networks which are adjacent to the sea coast are constantly threatened by the erosion caused by giant sea waves particularly during storm surges and cyclones The state is incurring huge expenditure almost every year on prevention of coastal erosion for the 320 Kms of coastal line. The State has been placed under Category (II) A - Low Vulnerability along with other states of Maharashtra, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Out of total geographical area of Lakh ha, about lakh ha area covering 15 districts and 50 taluks is affected by winds and cyclones which is falling under moderate risk zone (Vs=39m/s) and remaining area falls under low damage risk zone(33m/s). Apart from coastal erosion, the coastal areas are facing disasters such as boat capsizing and oil spillage due to extreme weather conditions in the sea. As per the revised Earthquake Hazard Mapping, 22.13% of the total geographical area is under Moderate earthquake damage risk zone & remaining area of the state is under low damage risk zone. The state of Karnataka has reported more than 500 earthquake tremors in the last three decades with most of them having low magnitude. It is found that the weak zones around the northern Karnataka bordering Maharashtra could cause heavy damages in future. The areas of southern part of Karnataka are also not free from frequent tremors. The Karnataka state is categorized as moderate to low seismic risk zone. The districts of Bidar, Gulbarga, Bijapur, Bagalkot, Belgaum, Dharwad, Uttar kannada, Shimoga, Udupi, Dakshina Kannada, Kodagu are falling in Zone III (Moderate Damage Risk Zone (MSK VII) and all other Districts are falling under Zone II( Low Damage Risk zone MSK VI).
15 2.6. DISASTER TYPES 9 Hilly regions of Western Ghats spread in the districts of Kodagu, Chikmagalur, Hassan, Shimoga, D. Kannada and U. Kannada record a very high normal rainfall of 2000mm to 4000mm. Landslides are common in these districts. During the rainy periods these hilly regions regularly experience displacement of rocks and soils causing widespread damage to property, infrastructure such as rails, roads and loss of human life. Karnataka stands Second only to Rajasthan in terms of Drought Affected areas. The state is highly vulnerable to drought as compared to its neighbouring states. Every year, more than 50% of the talukas are declared as drought affected. About Lakhs ha (80%) out of Lakh ha is affected by drought in Karnataka. Groundwater levels are depleting due to successive droughts and quality of water is getting deteriorated in terms of Fluoride, Nitrate and Salinity. Although, drought maynotposegreatdangerimmediatelywithinafewminutesascouldhappenincase of a severe earthquake, it has huge impact on the occurrence of loss of livelihoods, exodus, poverty, unrest, terrorism, robbery etc. In addition to the above disasters, the state is facing many manmade disasters such as terrorist attacks, accidents, fire accidents, communal violence, festival related disasters etc. 2.6 Disaster Types Various types of disasters have been categorized under five sub groups, they are as follows; Water and climate related disasters Floods Cyclones Tornadoes & Hurricanes Hailstorm Cloud Burst Thunder & Lightening Snow Avalanches Heat Wave & Clod Wave Sea Erosion Droughts Geological related disasters Earthquakes Tsunami
16 10 2. INTRODUCTION Volcano s Landslides & Mudflows Dam Bursts Mine Fires Chemical, Industrial and Nuclear related disasters Chemical and Industrial Disasters Nuclear Disasters Accident related disasters Urban Fires Village Fires Forest Fires Serial Bomb Blast Oil Spill Stampedes Air, Road & Rail Accidents Boat Capsizing Building Collapses Biological related disasters Biological Disaster & epidemics Pest attacks Cattle epidemics Food poisoning
17 2.7. RAICHUR DISTRICT PROFILE Profile derives its name from its headquarters town. It is also called as Rayachooru in Kannada. It is bound by river Krishna on the northern side and in the south by the river Tungabhadra, a tributary of Krishna. The land between the two river is historically known as Do-Aab located between 15o 16 to 16o 34 North Latitude and 75o 40 to 77o 35 East Longitude at an altitude of 336 MSL. The general slope of the district is from the north-west towards the south-east, its average height above the Mean Sea-Level being just 1,311 feet. It is surrounded by Gulbarga District on the north, on the west by the District Koppal, Bellary, Bijapur and Bagalkot, on the east by Mahaboobnagar District of Andhra Pardesh. It has an eventful and rich history beginning from the days of the Mauryan King Ashoka. Lying between two important rivers, the Krishna and the Tungabhadra, this potentially rich tract had been a bone of contention between Kingdoms. Late during Vijayanagar rule, Raichur had become an object of constant dispute between the Vijayanagar Kings and the Bahmani Sultans of Gulbarga and Adil Shah of Bijapur. It was a part of the Hyderabad State till the reorganisation of the States on 1st November Previously, it was consisting of nine talukas. However in the year 1997 the District was bifurcated into two Districts namely Raichur and Koppal. was formed with 5 Taluks namely Raichur, Manvi, Deodurg, Lingasgur and Sindhanur with Raichur town as District Headquarters and the rest of the four talukas are identified as Koppal district. comprising five talukas divided into two Sub Division viz; Raichur, Deodurg and Manvi Taluks in Raichur Sub Division and Lingsugur and Sindhanur Taluks in Lingsugur Sub Division. It has 883 villages with 8 town areas dividing into 37 Revenue Hoblies with 164 Gram Panchayats. The district is spread in an area of sq. KMs having a mix of black cotton soil and red soil in the ratio of 70:30, The District has a net cultivable area of 5.67 lakh hectares, of which 2.99 lakh hectares is cultivated in kharif and 2.86 lakh hectares in rabi. The major crops in Rabi are jawar, Bengal gram and sunflower and the major crops in kharif is paddy, sunflower, bajra and groundnut. The annual rainfall of the district is mm. The population of district was 19,24,773 as per 2011 Census, of which males and females were 9,66,493 and 9,58,280 respectively. The sex ratio i.e., number of female per 1000 male was 992 in the district. The population living in rural area was 14,37,359 and remaining was urban population. The main official language is Kannada and other spoken languages are Urdu and Telugu. 2.8 Necessity for DDMP The preparations of DDMP is necessary, 1. To ascertain the status of existing resources and facilities available with the various agencies involved in the management of disaster in the district. 2. Assess their adequacies and short falls if any in providing a multi disaster response.
18 12 2. INTRODUCTION 3. Suggest institutional strengthening, technology support, up gradation of information system and data management for improving the quality of administrative responses to disaster at the district level and finally. 4. To evolve DDMP as an effective managerial tool. 2.9 Objectives of DDMP In the absence of a defined plan, response to a disaster would be arbitrary leading to over emphasis of some actions or other actions, which would be critical. Moreover, due to absence of a defined response structure and responsibilities allocations there would be mismanagement of resources and overlap of actions among various agencies, which may exacerbate the situation thereby compounding the disaster effect. A formal planning for managing disaster is therefore necessary to ensure minimize of hardship. This can be achieved only through, 1. Preplanning of proper sequence of response actions. 2. Allocation of responsibilities to the participating agencies. 3. Effective management of resources, 4. Developing codes and standard operating procedures for smooth coordination between various departments and relief agencies involved. TheobjectivesofanyDDMPshouldbetolocalizeadisasterandtothemaximum extent possible contain it so as to minimize the impact on life, the environment and property.
19 3. Disaster Management Cycle The disaster management cycle has four phases - Response, Recovery, Mitigation, Prepardness. Although described as separate phases, each phase is tied to the others. It is helpful to think of the disaster cycle as a simple equation. Every risk or vulnerability we mitigate today reduces our overall exposure whereby decreasing the pressure on the response side of the disaster cycle and lowering our recovery costs from future events. This section defines the four phases and describes plans and activities associated with them. 3.1 Response Response begins as soon as a disaster event occurs. Response is the provision of search and rescue, medical services, and access control as well as repairing and restoring communication and data systems during a crisis. A coordinated response plan can help reduce casualties, damage, and decrease recovery time. Examples include emergency operations plans and business continuity plans and established networks of first responders. 3.2 Recovery Recovery operations provide for basic needs and restore the community. There are two components in the recovery phase. During the first phase, infrastructure is examined, and repairs are conducted to restore water, power, communication and other utilities. The second phase includes returning to normal functions and addressing future disasters. The process of recovery can take months or possibility years to accomplish depending upon the event. An example would be the development of a post-disaster recovery plan. 13
20 14 3. DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE 3.3 Preparedness Preparedness refers to activities, programs, and systems developed in advance of a disaster designed to build and enhance capabilities at an individual, business, community, state and federal level to support the response to and recovery from disasters. Example strategies might include developing awareness and outreach campaigns and training targeted to individuals and businesses on personal and professional responsibility to be self sufficient for at least 72 hours post-disaster. 3.4 Mitigation or Risk Reduction Mitigation is the act of reducing or eliminating future loss of life and/or property, and/or injuries resulting from hazards through short and long-term activities. Mitigation strategies may range in scope and size; however, no matter the size, effective mitigation activities have the potential to reduce the vulnerability and/or exposure to risk and impact of disasters. Example mitigation activities for flooding include acquiring, elevating, or relocating structures; for seismic include building code, retrofitting buildings or infrastructure and non-structurally retrofitting labs and offices; and for wind or winter storms include under grounding power lines and tree replacement programs.
21 4. Raichur Information 4.1 Geographic information This section describes the general statistics about the. Location, Karnataka, India Latitude to N Longitude to E Height Mtrs. Altitude above M.S.L Area sq Kms Rainfall mm Road Length Kms Dams Tungabhadra and Narayanpur Tanks 2,763 ULBs 07 Rivers KRISHNA, TUNGABHADRA Temperature 28 C Min 45 C Max AGRICULTURE Kharif HECT Rabbi HECT HORTICULTURE 4467 HECT Table 4.2: Geographical Information, Raichur 4.2 Taluk, GP, Village information & area Taluk GP Villages Area Sq.KM Raichur Manvi Devadurga Sindhnoor Lingasgur Total Table 4.4: Taluks in Raichur and their geographical sizes 15
22 16 4. RAICHUR INFORMATION 4.3 Population Taluk Households Total Males Females Lingsugur Devadurga Raichur Manvi Sindhnur Total Table 4.6: Taluk-wise Population of Raichur (2001 census) 4.4 Rainfall Taluka Status Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov May Jun Raichur A Raichur N Manvi A Manvi N Devadurga A Devadurga N Sindhnoor A Sindhnoor N Lingasgur A Lingasgur N Table 4.7: Taluk-wise Rainfall Data of Raichur
23 5. Disaster History of Raichur 5.1 Villages affected by Krishna River The following villages are prone to disasters due to floods from the nearby rivers. Villages affected by Krishna River Raichur Taluk Agrahar Arshangi Atkur Burdipad D.Rampur Devasugur Ganjalli Gurjapur Kadloor Karekal Korvihal Kurthkunda Kurvakala Kurvakhurd Mamadadoddi Mangigadda Ramgadde Lingsugur Taluk Gaddigi Gonwatla 1km Guntagole Hanchinal Jaldurga Kadaragaddi Sheelhalli 2 km Thanmankal Yalagundi Yarigodi Deodurg Taluk Anchesugur Anjal Appral Bagoor Basvantpur Benakal Bumkaldoddi Chikraikumpi Chinchodi Dondambli Gagal Gopalpur Gugal Heroor Herundi Hireraikumpi Huvinhadagi Itagi Joladahadgi Karkihalli Konachapli Koppar Kurkihalli Lingadhalli Madargole Madarkal Medinapur Mudgote Neelvanji Paratpur Veergot Venglapur Wagadambli Yargudda Yatgal Table 5.1: Villages affected by Krishna River 5.2 Villages affected by Tungabhadra River Manvi Taluk Aranhalli Cheekalparvi Daddal Jagirpannur Jukoor Katarki Madlapur Rajalbanda Umblipannur Yadvihal Sindhnur Taluk Ayanoor Chincharki Chintmandoddi Chitral Dhadesugur Hediganal Kengal Mukunda Pulmeswardinni Salgunda Singapur Uppal 17
24 18 5. DISASTER HISTORY OF RAICHUR Walabellary Raichur Taluk Bichali Bullapur Chikmanchali Gangavar Gudrubeli Kataknoor Kothigudda N.Malkapur Thalmari Tungabhadra Table 5.2: Villages affected by Tungabhadra River 5.3 Raichur Disaster History Raichur is prone to natural as well as man-made disasters. During rainy season, TungaBhadra and Krishna, rivers its tributaries in the district may pose threat of floods. Things get worse as the flood devastates the crops in the affected area and is also a source of epidemics. The photos below illustrate the flood scenes in the district,
25 5.3. RAICHUR DISASTER HISTORY 19 The district had never experienced any earthquake expect minor tremors from time to time. Since the district falls under seismic zone II and III, i.e., less risk to moderate risk zones, the possibility & can never be ruled out as it can happen any time.
26 20 5. DISASTER HISTORY OF RAICHUR Drought may occur due to want of rain at proper time. Or sometimes heavy rainfall may damage the crops. Cyclonic effect in the eastern coast and Bay of Bengal may cause excessive rainfall which would result in crop damage and other loss. Fire accidents and incidents such as strikes, burning of vehicles are frequently happening in the district particularly fire accident occurs during the summer season Occurrence of Disasters in the past Disasters Earthquake Floods Yes Yes Yes Yes Cyclones Droughts Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Epidemics Industrial accidents Fire Yes Road/rail accidents Boat capsize Mine accidents Heat/cold wave Avalanches Building collapse Bomb blasts Pests River bank erosion Table 5.3: Disaster ocurrenance in the past 5.4 Actions for various Types of Disasters Flood Floods cause extensive damage to human, animal and plant life. Floods result in rendering many people homeless leading to devastation and total chaos to lack of communication and means of transportation. Certain advance measures are taken to prevent extensive damages caused by floods. Embankments Flood ways and diversions of rivers Protection of river banks Community-cum-shelter buildings It is imperative that rescue and evaluation operations are taken up by the district administration without any loss of time. People living in low-lying areas are forewarned to evacuate the place and are shifted to a safe environment. Relief centres are to be set up to provide adequate food, clothing, shelter and water to the persons shifted. For shifting people and animals rafts and boats are to be kept ready and services of ex-service men and sports persons who are good swimmers are employed for relief measures. Members of the flood relief committee will work in accordance with the action plan and press into service the NGOs and other youth who are trained to meet the exigency.
27 5.5. MITIGATION PLAN 21 At the village level, the panchayat members and the volunteers are requested to identify members of the families especially children and ensure that evacuation is done in-groups, which will make the task re-location easier. Adequate stock of food grains, rafts, boats and other equipment for shifting affected persons and animals. Alternate shelters for communities headed by coordinator to ensure that proper medical facilities are provided to the affected families. In case of deaths, proper documentation to be done after identifying the deceased and necessary steps taken to dispose the corpse to prevent health hazards. NGOs and other volunteers to set up kitchens in the shelters for providing food to the evacuees. Necessary food grains to be provided by the district administration. Adequate quantity of drinking water to be supplied by the local administration to the evacuees and where necessary transport facilities be provided for providing water. Each relief centre to be provided with adequate number of trained personnel from health department. Temporary health centres to be set up with sufficient quantity of medicines and beds. Local doctors from the nearby towns to be requisitioned to attend to emergencies. Core committee members to set up relief centres in each village and work round the clock to co-ordinate with the medical team and relief workers. Wireless communication is to be kept functioning round the clock all core committee members to be provided with wireless handsets for co-ordination. 5.5 Mitigation Plan All the Tahsildars have been inspired and instructed to form groups of Village Accountants, Revenue Inspectors, Deputy Tahsildars, wherever nodal officers are available and to identify the vulnerable areas and also to plan for the local publicity at the time of such incidents. The taluk level officers like Executive Officer, Asst. Executive Engineers, Block Educational Officers and all other departments are also asked to be in our team to provide necessary help to provide shelter, food, repairs of roads, culverts, etc., wherever required. Karnataka Electricity Board [ GESCOM] Staff, Medical Staff and Municipality or Panchayath Staff have been asked to extend their services, within their limits. Almost all the social workers, NGOs and the likeminded people have been asked to provide their services in times of need. All the officers are being kept in touch with the DDMA Heads, both in taluk and district level. Police, Home guards are being kept on high alert especially in project areas and on river banks. Police Officers, Home guards and Revenue Department officials were alerted to identify the vulnerable plans along the Thungbadra and Krishna river banks, flood hit areas especially in Sindhanur, Raichur, Manvi and Devdurg taluks. And also to identify the places where rehabilitation camps are to be opened, facilities to provide drinking water, food providing facility and areas available resources are to be identified. Medical facilities, NGO assistance, maintenance of cattle, open space for all their activities are also to be kept in mind in identifying the mitigation plan. The slum areas, the people living in low lying areas, backwater level areas were kept in mind, and high alert and wide publicity arrangements were also made.
28 22 5. DISASTER HISTORY OF RAICHUR 5.6 Response Plan Officers of all the departments should have weekly meeting to discuss with the inter departmental plans to share with each other and also to find suitable solutions to the difficulties that they are faced in the field level. Local engineers of PWD, PRED, should be asked to be in red alert to assess the damage and to immediately repair/ make alternate arrangements in their area without waiting for procedural aspects. Logistics arrangements for rescue operation should be discussed, including animal care, management / disposal of the deceased and salvaging should be discussed. 5.7 Recovery and Reconstruction Plan Municipal authorities, Gram Panchayath, Town Panchayath Officials should be instructed to identify and keep an eye view of buildings and alert the owners to take precaution/ care of such weak buildings, to repair damaged to drainage works and to identify the risk oriented infrastructure. All the PWD, PRED officers should be asked to be on high alert. 5.8 Standard Operating Procedures and Checklists Information team should be on high alert in Deputy Commissioners office to assist all around 24 hours. Search and rescue teams, Emergency Health Management Team, Relief Team (food, feed, fodder and civil supplies), transportation management Team, etc., should be formed and headed by the efficient officers as per the evaluation of situation. Nodal Officers should be authorized to release the funds to the victims at their level only, to save time, assess the needy and to overcome the situation. This process should give courage and leadership to the officers to face the situation at their work spot. Periodical meetings to be held to assess the situation and to keep on high alert. Media and information officers should be in touch with the DDMA to highlight the various information from public to DDMA and from national and international organizations. It is urged that Manvi and Raichur taluks require two boats to each of the taluks and machine drive launch for Sindnur taluk, which may save time, money and life at large. Skilled and well trained teams may be deployed to handle the operations Drought Identification of drought-prone villages and taluks should be done and contingent plans should be worked out to meet any unforeseen situation. The following steps should be taken on a regular basis by the District Administration and Panchayat Offices to combat the menace of drought. Digging of bore wells. Providing hand pumps and motor pumps wherever required.
29 5.8. STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES AND CHECKLISTS 23 Repair of existing hand pumps and motor pumps. Digging of wells. De-silting of wells, tank beds. Providing pipelines for supply of water. Providing water to problems areas through water tankers and other means. Providing water storage facilities at all block levels. Since water contamination and water borne diseases can cause health hazards precautions should be taken to ensure that drinking water is properly purified before consumption. The District Health officials and the ZP Department should monitor supply of drinking water and ensure that there is no scope for water contamination. Since drought has a cyclic effect there is a drain on resources such as food, water, employment, etc. As there is inadequate soil moisture, there is shortage of food and fodder. The focus during drought would be on the following vital areas: Water conservation. Supply of essential commodities. Employment generation. Early warning systems. Health care. Water supply to remote areas by tankers etc. Emphasis on the poorer classes of society. Priority to drinking water over irrigation. Training to NGOs Volunteers and youth. The following Action Plan has been formulated by the District Administration to deal with the situation of drought. Contingency plan prepared in co-ordination with the Water Supply Department, ZP, TP, Municipal Corporations, Irrigation Department and Health Department to ensure availability of adequate quantity of drinking water. Food: Department of Food and Civil Supplies is in readiness to face any situation of drought and has maintained stock register of availability of food grains. Health: Department of Health has trained personnel on its rolls to deal with situation of drought and forms an important organ of the Core Committee. Fodder: An adequate step taken to ensure that fodder for cattle is stored in case of impending drought. Veterinary Facilities: Veterinary Department has been instructed to store adequate stock of medicines to save lives of cattle and live stock.
30 24 5. DISASTER HISTORY OF RAICHUR Earthquakes Since, earthquakes strike without forewarning and generally any measurement on the Richter scale is usually a postoperative measure, prevention of calamities in respect of earthquakes is imperative. The main hurdles as regards planning are as follows: Structural planning of individual buildings. Communication lines. Electricity and water supply. Health hazards. Loss of life, property and employment. Preventive steps are required in the following areas, Public structures. Dams. Roads. Maintenance of health and prevention of epidemic diseases. Since earthquakes are natural calamities, dissemination of proper information, awareness, stocking of proper machinery and equipment are the prerequisites to tackle such a situation, Public to be educated to remain calm and not to panic. Not to enter or exit from buildings when tremors are felt. If indoors, take protection/shelter under a heavy object, which can sustain weight of heavy objects. Ex. A heavy desk, a study table, a strong cot etc. Protect the head with covering such as books, pillows, blankets etc. If outdoors to stay away from buildings, walls, trees, etc. as they are likely to collapse or get uprooted. Ifdriving, itissafetostayinsidethevehicle, asitislikelytoprovideprotection from falling objects. The following points summarize the action plan when an earthquake occurs, Inform the core committee members to swing into action. Summon the fire brigade. Inform Road Transport Authorities to stop movement of vehicle. Mobilize volunteers, youth, sportsmen, social service workers, Exservicemen, Medical personal.
31 5.8. STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES AND CHECKLISTS Biological disasters, epidemic, food poisoning Disasters caused by living organisms such as bacteria, virus, fungus, etc. are termed as biological disasters. These organisms may cause epidemics. As shown in the above table, most of the outbreaks/epidemics reported in India are due to water-borne diseases, vector-borne diseases and vaccine preventable diseases. While National Vector Borne Diseases Control Programme (NVBDCP) is the key programme for prevention/ control of outbreak of epidemics of malaria, dengue, chikungunya etc, vaccines administered under UIP/EPI reduce the morbidity and mortality due to diseases like measles, diphtheria, pertussis, poliomyelitis etc. Availability of safe water and adoption of personal and domestic hygienic practices are important measures to prevent/control epidemics of water-borne diseases like cholera, viral hepatitis etc. Since epidemics are major health hazards it is necessary to have trained persons to handle disasters of such nature. Proper training in first aid, hygiene and treatment is essential to deal with biological disasters. To effectively treat cases of epidemics public awareness and education, before and after the epidemic, is vital. Studies have related that the following are major problems faced before and during the outbreak of epidemics. Inadequate medical and health facilities. Inadequate supply of pure water. Lack of medical and health assistance. Absence of effective control of common diseases. Unsanitary conditions. Malnutrition. Steps for effectively tackling biological disasters, Setting up emergency health service. Preparing a contingency plan. Training of personnel to deal with such emergencies. Awareness camps for epidemic prone areas. Local health authorities have been instructed to be in preparedness with medicines and other infrastructure to deal effectively with outbreak of any epidemic in the district. Food poisoning is a phenomenon where a large number of people could get affected after consuming contaminated food. This happens mostly during religious and social functions during which food is prepared in make shift kitchen on mass scale. This calls for immediate action by the district administration to provide medical attention, identify the source of poisoning and take corrective actions.
32 26 5. DISASTER HISTORY OF RAICHUR Livestock population in largely comprises of cattle, Buffaloes, Sheep rearing being a traditional activity is taken up by shepherds, which is mostly migratory in nature. The health coverage and breeding programmer are being extended through 135 Veterinary Institutions located throughout the district. In the event of an outbreak of cattle diseases like foot and mouth disease, large population of cattle can get affected. Such emergencies will require help of veterinary doctors and possible disposal of large quantity of milk, milk products and meat Accidents Road Accident is a major killer and takes place without warning. Rate on road accidents indicate that 70% of road accidents are from drivers negligence. Some other reasons are poor road condition, heavy traffic and poor vehicle maintenance. Possible impacts of accident to individuals are loss of life, Trauma Care and burns. To mitigate the road accidents, the following guidelines should be followed, 1. The provisions of Motor Vehicles Act and other related legislations and regulations are to be strictly enforced. 2. Adequate Highway and traffic Aid post will be created. 3. Trauma Care Centers shall be established at every 100 kms. on the State Highway. 4. Speed monitoring equipments and computerization of movement of vehicles with adequate checkpoints on the National Highway will be introduced. 5. Fixation of timings to the passenger vehicles to avoid and traffic fan. Identify and designate routes and fixing the time for transportation of hazardous chemicals and other materials. 6. Prohibition of parking of vehicles on National Highway and State Highway. 7. Excavation on roads will be protected well particularly in the night with barricades fluorescent signs and red lights. 8. PWD and National Highway department should concentrate on removal of bottlenecks on National and State Highway. 9. Efforts should be made to provide road dividers on National and State Highway on priority basis. 10. Arrangements should be made adequate embankments/reflector/proper signs on curves. 11. Arrangements should be made information signs boards giving the local of the nearest village Police Station, Hospital, Ghat Traffic Position, Petrol pump, etc. at every traffic aid post. 12. All two-wheeler drivers including pillion riders must always wear the right kind of helmet.
33 5.8. STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES AND CHECKLISTS Overtaking in vehicles is regulated. 14. Frequently accidents occurring spots should be identified and precautionary measures will be taken. 15. Lanes should be marked for pedestrians/cyclists. Since accidents general result in injuries, burns or loss of life providing emergency medical facilities is of utmost importance. Relief teams comprising medical personnel and transport authorities have to be rushed to the spot to provide first aid and to shift the injured to the nearest hospital. Upon arrival at the accident spot the team should immediately provide first aid to the victims and look for persons trapped inside the vehicle. Assistance of the local police should be sought to disperse any crowds that may hinder effective relief measures. If the magnitude of the accident is high, help of local NGOs and volunteers may be taken. In case of major building collapse the major role is to be played by the Fire Department with the assistance of the Police and Health Authorities. Shifting victims to the nearby hospital should be done after providing necessary first aid. Necessary equipment to remove debris should be kept readily available to save victims who may be buried inside. Volunteers and NGOs must be trained properly to handle such so that emergency relief is carried on smoothly. Fire disasters occur mainly due to carelessness or mischief by miscreants. Preventive measures such as avoiding storage of large quantities of combustible materials in one place, firefighting equipment in petrol filling stations, textile, plastic, paper and wood industries should be insisted upon during inspection by the concerned authorities. Personnel of the fire brigade are well equipped to handle any fire hazards and regular drills and training sessions are held.
35 6. Duties and Responsibilities of Officers The emergency responsibilities of key persons in the district are listed below. These duties and responsibilities are common to all types of major emergencies or disasters, (i.e., Natural or Manmade). The Emergency Organization Members will prepare, maintain and be guided by these during any major disaster in the district. Individuals assigned to these functions are expected to co-ordinate their actions with the Deputy Commissioner, who is the District Disaster Manager, will co-ordinate the overall action with all other agencies involved including the District Administration. It may be noted that depending on the type of emergency and also availability of staff and resources, functions of various agencies may vary. At times, each person may be required to assume additional responsibilities in addition to their normal duties. This would be the prerogative of Deputy Commissioner to assign the additional responsibilities to the members of the emergency organization. It may be necessary to develop agreements with neighboring districts or other organization if resources are not available within the district for some of these functions, Following are the duties and responsibilities of the members of the Emergency Organization. These are general in nature and applicable to all types of emergencies. 6.1 District Disaster Manager (Deputy Commissioner) Alternate: Additional Deputy Commissioner It is the responsibility of the Deputy Commissioner to prepare, maintain and keep current the District Disaster Management Plan for the prevention and minimization of injury and damage caused by a major emergency or disaster, prompt and effective response to a major emergency or disaster and emergency relief and recovery, in consonance with the District Disaster Management Plan. The responsibility also includes initiating and maintaining co-ordination and co-operation with various agencies involved and provide prompt information, decisions and infrastructure facilities as requested. He should also mobilize, direct, and co-ordinate the emergency management staffs during emergency. Following are the main functions in any emergency Declaration of emergency after confirming the magnitude of the disaster. Activate the Emergency Control Room at Deputy Commissioners office and make it functional. Co-ordinate and establish contact with all agency involved in the emergency actions. 29
36 30 6. DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF OFFICERS Ensure setting up of Local Emergency Control Room close to the scene of accident or at Taluk Headquarters where the disaster has struck. Ensure actions have been initiated to contain the emergency. Have overall supervision of all the emergency relief operations. Initiate evacuation of people from affected area with the assistance of police, fire and other agencies. Depending on type of emergency, mobilize additional resources like heavy lifting gears line cranes, bulldozers for rescue and mitigation operation. Set-up safe shelters for evacuated people and ensure they are provided with food and medical attention as the need be. Monitor progress or disaster especially in case of natural disasters like cyclone or floods by getting information from various agencies involved and mobilize additional support to mitigate the effects of disaster. Keep the State Administration informed regarding the disaster and the steps taken to contain the same. Issue statement to the press(both print and electronic media) on the prevailing conditions and the steps being taken by the District Administration to mitigate effects of the disaster. Get mutual aid from neighboring districts, the major hazard industries or seek the assistance of voluntary organizations. If required, set-up mobile first aid centre or temporary health centres in the affected area or in the safe shelters. Visit the scene of the disaster to have first hand information about the rescue or mitigative operations that are being carried out. Incaseoffloods, carryoutaerialsurveyoftheaffectedareatohavepreliminary estimates of the extent of damage caused. To co-ordinate with the state government through Principal Secretary, Dept. of Labor, Govt. of Karnataka and mobilize the help of Army/Navy/Air force or other agencies as required. Call off emergency after confirming that all the actions have been taken to normalize the conditions and it is safe for people to re-enter the affected areas.
37 6.2. DISASTER MANAGER (ASSISTANT COMMISSIONER) Disaster Manager (Assistant Commissioner) Alternate: Tahsildar The concerned Assistant Commissioner is Disaster Manager and he would rush to the Local Emergency Control Room(LECR) which is set up at the taluk headquarter of the affected taluk. He would function as the link between the affected area and the District Disaster Manager based at the main ECR located in the Deputy Commissioner office at Raichur. Following are the main functions in any emergency, Set up the LECR at the concerned Taluk headquarters or at a safe place close to the scene of the disaster. Depending on the nature of emergency, co-ordinate with the various agencies at local level. Initiate the rescue operation with the help of local police, fire or other voluntary organisations and mutual aid members. Have close interaction with the Site Controller to ensure proper actions have been taken. Visit the affected area to gain first hand information of various steps being taken to mitigate the effects of the disaster. Keep the main Emergency Control Room at district head quarters informed about the developments on a regular basis and request for additional help by way of resources or specialized manpower or equipment. 6.3 Site Controller (Tahsildar of affected Taluk) Alternate: Deputy Tahsildar The Site Controller would be at the scene of the disaster or accident and would be reporting to the Disaster Manager located in the Local Emergency Control Room. He is the person who is dealing with the disaster directly in association with the various other emergency services. He would be in direct contact with the Disaster Manager based at the Local Emergency Control Room (LECR). His responsibilities vary widely depending on the type of emergency. It could be a natural disaster like flood the effects are wide spread where rescue work would be of main concern. It could be a road accident involving a tanker carrying hazardous chemical where quick action has to be taken to arrest the leakage, if any, followed by evacuation of people if required. Following are the main functions in any emergency, Take measures to mitigate the emergency in association with various emergency services like fire and police. Keep in constant touch with the Local Emergency Control Room at taluk headquarters with available means of communication and keep Disaster Manager informed about the developments on regular basis.
38 32 6. DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF OFFICERS Request for additional help like specialized manpower or equipment to effectively handle the emergency. Rescue and evacuate the people from affected area and shift them to safe shelters. Ensure setting up of safe shelters with basic amenities for food sanitation. Mobilize medical professional with the help of ECR or LECR and ensure the affected persons are given medical attentions. Arrange to shift the injured or sick to specialized hospitals if need be. 6.4 Law and Order Function (Superintendent of Police) Alternate: Sub-divisional Police Officer (SDPO) The police are the first agency to reach the site during any emergency. The local police should initiate the emergency action even before the declaration of emergency and setting up of the ECR at Deputy Commissioner Office, Raichur. Even though the main function of the Police is to maintain law and order, it is observed that most of the rescue and relief operation is initiated by the police before arrival of full-fledged rescue teams. Following are the main functions of the Police (at various) levels in any emergency, After receiving instructions from Deputy Commissioner, the Superintendent of Police will rush to the ECR and establish contact with the local police station. He would then direct implementation of the action plan through the police station nearest to the scene of disaster. Depending on the type of disaster, ensure cordoning off the affected area by the local police. Mobilize additional police force from various sources depending on the requirement. Ensure co-ordination with various police and other agencies involved in handling the disaster. If necessary mobilize the home guards. 6.5 SDPO of the concerned Sub Division The SDPO of the sub-division where the disaster has struck would get in touch with the nearest police station and ensure the police team is rushed to the scene of the emergency. The SDPO s main function would be to act as link between scene of the accident and the Emergency Control Room at Raichur.
39 6.6. CIRCLE INSPECTOR 33 On receiving information from the Emergency Control Room, he would rush to the site, assess the situation, obtain first hand information, take control of the overall situation. Alert district administration to mobilize Reserve Police personnel for deployment for traffic regulations, supervision of evacuation and security duties. Alert area District Commandant of Home Guards to mobilize home guards, as necessary (and keep the SP informed). Arrange for necessary transportation vehicles for rescue operation in consultation with RTO. Arrange for necessary ambulances and other medical facilities for the affected persons in co-ordination with various government and non-governmental agencies. Arrange for removal of the dead bodies, identifications and proper preservation. Prepare list of missing persons and take immediate steps to trace them. Communicate the information to other agencies through police control room. Keep in constant touch with ECR to ascertain latest status and intimate police personnel with up to date information regarding response actions and further instructions. Arrange for relief to policemen handling the emergency situation. 6.6 Circle Inspector The Circle Inspector of the concerned area would also rush to the scene of the accident and direct the various operations like maintaining law and order, barricading and diversion of traffic away from the scene of accident. His main functions would include, Maintain direct contact with the local police station through the police mobile van. Keep monitoring the progress of various mitigative and rescue measures being undertaken. Ensure police personnel are given updated information for announcement during the emergency. Mobilize government and private buses through RTO for evacuation. Ensure that the bus/vehicle drivers are properly instructed regarding areas to be visited and routes to be taken during evacuation.
40 34 6. DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF OFFICERS Ensure security duty personnel are at their posts and that only authorized personnel/vehicles are allowed to enter the emergency/affected area with proper identity cards. 6.7 Police Inspector of nearest Police Station The local police station plays an important role during any industrial disaster in the industrial area as well as during any road accident in the district involving a tanker carrying hazardous chemicals. Divert traffic away from the scene of accident on major roads. Set up barricades and regulate crowd in affected area. Warn and advice people about emergency using vehicle mounted with Public Address system in the affected area. Evacuate people and livestock in affected areas using rescue routes identified in advance (depending on wind direction in case of gas leak), Provide relief to victims till arrival of rescue team. Maintenance of law and order at the scene of emergency and prevention of anti social elements from taking advantage of the situation. Ensure law and order and maintain security in evacuated areas. Assist in rendering first aid medical help to those in need, Ensure police personnel on emergency duty receive proper briefing about possible hazardous effects and are provided with personal protective equipment. 6.8 Traffic Police Depending on the type of disaster, the traffic police would take control of the traffic movement in the district. During a natural disaster like cyclone or floods the roads may be cut off for a longer period and hence traffic police play a very important role in handling any such emergencies. Their duties would include Stop traffic approaching the affected area and advise the crew regarding the impending danger. Ensure tankers containing hazardous chemicals are parked in safe places. Check for alternate routes and divert the traffic in a controlled manner to prevent congestion in diversions. Keep close liaison with other police agencies and assist in crowd control around the affected area.
41 6.9. FACTORY INSPECTORATE(DY. CHIEF INSPECTOR OF FACTORIES)35 Make way for emergency and relief vehicles on priority basis. Monitor the condition of the blocked road and resume normal traffic only when the affected area is declared safe. 6.9 Factory Inspectorate (Dy. Chief Inspector of Factories) Alternate: Senior Inspector of Factories Factory Inspectorate plays an important role during any industrial and transportation disaster in which there is large-scale release of hazardous chemicals. In case of such disaster, the Dy. Chief Inspector of Factories or Sr. Inspector of Factories would position themselves in the ECR and help the District Administration by providing expert advice for minimizing the effect of such a disaster. The main functions are, Ensure the on-site emergency management plan of the affected industry (in case of an industrial disaster) has been activated and the mitigative measures are taken to safeguard the people present in the premises. Visit the site of accident to ensure proper measures are taken to control the situation. Speed up help from mutual aid members, if required to contain the emergency. Mobilize the technical experts for advice if required. Inspect the area along with the tech. Co-coordinators and report to Deputy Commissioner for giving all clear signals Fire Fighting Function (Divisional Fire Officer) Alternate: Station Fire Officer The Divisional fire Officer/Station Officer will place himself in the main Emergency Control Centre and maintain continuous contact on VHF with the Station Officer at the site. Depending on the need, the Divisional Fire Officer will place himself at the site and maintain contact with the Deputy Commissioner in the Main Emergency Control Centre. The Station Officer/ Sub-Officer/Asst. Sub-Officer of the fire station closest to the scene of disaster will direct fire-fighting operations at the site and keep the Divisional fire officer/station officer informed of the developments at the site. The main fire fighting functions are, Initiate rescue and fire fighting operation with available means. Ensure that all fire fighters use proper personnel protective equipment while fighting a fire or controlling gas leak.
42 36 6. DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF OFFICERS Help the District Administration in evacuation of people from affected zones using escape routes decided in advance depending on the wind direction. Continuously evaluate the situation and decide the necessity to call in additional Fire Engines from neighboring taluks/district. Mobilize the services of the home guards for firefighting through the police. He will advice the Deputy Commissioner on the extent of evacuation necessary. Preserve valuable evidences, which may be useful for investigation later on. Ensure availability of water and make arrangement for private water tanker carriers. When the emergency is over, carry out joint inspection of affected areas along with site controller and Technical experts to ensure the emergency is under control. Send the message of SAFE to DC/SP etc to enable him to officially call off the emergency Civil Defence Function - Home Guards (District Commandant) Alternate: Dy. District Commandant District Commandant/Dy. Commandant will position themselves in the Emergency Control Room and assist the District Administration in mitigating the emergency. They would be continuously in contact with the field officer/units. The main functions of home guards are, Assist the Police or Fire personnel in carrying out their duties. Carry out rescue and evacuation operation in close association with other emergency agencies. Evacuated areas would need to be guarded against looting Public Works/highway Function (Superintendent Engineer) Alternate: Executive Engineer Depending on type and location of the disaster, the in-charge of the PWD/Highway or Irrigation department representatives would make themselves available at the ECR and maintain close contact with their engineers who would be at the scene of the disaster. The main functions of SE are,
43 6.13. TRANSPORTATION FUNCTION (RTO) 37 Help the police to divert traffic away from the scene of accident along all the major roads. Ensure diversion routes are in good condition and traffic does not get jammed. Exhibit proper diversion signs conspicuously at suitable places. Provide the mobile crane/heavy earthmoving equipment for the purpose of salvage operation. Provide necessary assistance as required and directed by Deputy Commissioner/Superintendent of Police Transportation Function (RTO) Alternate: ARTO The transportation department plays an important role during any type of disaster as it would involve large-scale evacuation of people in the affected area. RTO/ARTO would be based at ECR and assist the District Administration in mitigating the emergency. The main functions of ARTO are, Deploy required number of buses with drivers to evacuate people to safe shelters. Mobilize various earth moving equipment and other heavy machinery from different sources required for rescue operation. Provide mobile workshop if required for urgent repairs/breakdown. Provide assistance as required and directed by Superintendent of Police/Deputy Commissioner Health Function (District Health Officer) Alternate: Assistant Health Officer The DHO/AHO would be based in the ECR and assist District Administration in ensuring prompt health care to all affected people through their network in affected areas. The main functions of DHO are, On receiving the information about the emergency DHO will mobilize all the available medical & paramedical Staff for handling emergency. Rush medical teams from the nearby hospitals to the scene of the disaster or safe shelters nearby. Set up first aid centre at the affected area and rescue shelters.
44 38 6. DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF OFFICERS Mobilize all the available ambulances and assist in shifting the injured/affected persons requiring the additional attention to hospitals. Alert all government & private hospitals to meet any emergency and line of treatment to be followed. Alert blood banks to maximize their stock. Set up temporary emergency wards with medical facilities to receive the affected victims. Inform all the doctors/para-medicals regarding the nature of emergency as per themessagereceivedfromtheecrandalsoinformaboutthelineoftreatment to be followed. Ensure sufficient stock of drugs and other medical facilities are available. Keep in touch with the district Emergency Control Room and Deputy Commissioner and appraise him of the situation and advice him on additional help required from outside agencies Welfare Function (Dy. Director, Food and Civil Supply) Alternate: Assistant Director, Food and civil Supply The DFO/AFO would be based in the Emergency Control Room and assist the District Administration in running the safe shelters and relief centres set up during the disaster. The main functions of DFO/AFO are, Will be overall in-charge or Relief and Rehabilitation activities. Identify the rehabilitation centre in advance and establish them in shortest possible time. Arrange for orderly transportation of population from the emergency zone and adjacent villages in case evacuation has been ordered by Deputy Commissioner. Co-ordinate with the other departments connected with relief measures. Provide basic amenities such as food, drinking water and sanitation at the rehabilitation centres. Distribute food packets at the affected areas to the people, emergency services agencies such as police, fire fighting personnel and others. Exercise any other powers to seek any assistance from the local authorities in achieving this objective. Establish contact with the voluntary organization for assistance.
45 6.16. INFORMATION FUNCTION (DISTRICT INFORMATION OFFICER) 39 To ensure that necessary arrangements are made for the orderly return of all villagers to their respective places once the Deputy Commissioner informs about the termination of the emergency Information Function (District Information Officer) Alternate: Assistant Information Officer The District Information Officer would be based in the Emergency Control Room during any disaster and assist the district authorities in smooth operation. The main functions of DIO are, Upon receiving the information from District Administration, the information officer should co-ordinate with media for giving information regarding emergency. Co-ordinate with the affected victims families for giving information of their dear ones if missing/dead/injured Pollution Control Function (Dy. Environment Officer) Alternate: Assistant Dy. Environment Officer The representative of the Pollution Control Board would be based in the Emergency Control Room during any disaster and ensure the environmental damage is kept minimum. The main functions of PCB are, Mobilize all possible resources at his disposal and keep the laboratory functioning for analysis of pollutants and emissions. Rush the team to the affected area for collection of samples and analyze the same. Keep the Emergency Control Room informed about the possible effect on human life as well as environment and corrective actions taken to minimize the same Officer I/C Communication 1. Will report to the Control Room within 30 Minutes and get the complete briefing from the Deputy Commissioner, C.E.O. ZP., Superintendent of Police of the emergency and the situation.
46 40 6. DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF OFFICERS 2. Will clearly understand and collect the instructions by NDMA, SDMA and the State Govt., the same to be communicated to the Dy. Commissioner without any delay and await instructions from the Deputy Commissioner/authorities and reciprocate. 3. Will pass all the needed/asked for information to the higher echelon without any delay. 4. If needed, will pass the information to the field/concerned Officers/Teams working at the affected area. Also the details be recorded properly through the Officer I/C of Documentation 5. Will brief the incoming Officer properly of the occurrence during the tenure of his duty before handing over the duties Officer I/C Information Collection 1. Will report to the Control Room within 30 Minutes and get the complete briefing from the Deputy Commissioner, C.E.O. ZP., Superintendent of Police of the emergency and the situation. 2. Be fully familiar with the area and the various agencies from where the needed data to be collected. 3. Dams, gauge readings, water released, water flow/current, the villages to be affected, the likely extent of damage to the buildings etc., to be assessed/analyzed and the Deputy Commissioner to be appraised at regular intervals including the operations normal information. 4. Keep the DC informed and suggest on emergency issues and needed arrangements in terms of evacuation etc. Also the details be recorded properly through the Officer I/C of Documentation 5. Will brief the incoming Officer properly of the occurrence during the tenure of his duty before Handing Over the duties Officer I/C Monitoring 1. Will report to the Control Room within 30 Minutes and get the complete briefing from the Deputy Commissioner, C.E.O. ZP, Superintendent of Police of the emergency and the situation. 2. Be familiar with the area and authorities to be contacted for various issues. 3. Understand/ analyze the demand and supply to the affected area.
47 6.21. OFFICER I/C CO-ORDINATION The flow of men and material from/to the affected area to be constantly monitored and the information to be appraised to the DC. Collect the info of received material/men, delivery and supply of men and material. Available stocks at various places/levels. Also the details be recorded properly through the Officer I/C Documentation 5. Will brief the incoming Officer properly of the occurrence/pending issues due actions during the tenure of his duty before handing over the duties Officer I/C Co-Ordination 1. Will report to the Control Room within 30 Minutes and get the complete briefing from the Deputy Commissioner, C.E.O. ZP, Superintendent of Police of the emergency and the situation 2. Familiarize quickly with the situation and keep the Dist Level/Taluk level Field staff, Officials, Volunteers, NGOs contact details like names, addresses, Contact numbers etc. 3. Take instructions from the DC SP CEO to and from the field, organize links to run the operations smoothly and peacefully. 4. Be resourceful and coordinate between the supplying agency and the disbursing teams for smooth and effective operations. 5. Will brief the incoming officer properly of the occurrence/pending issues due actions during the tenure of his duty before Handing Over the duties Officer I/C Documentation/Record keeping 1. Will report to the Control Room within 30 Minutes and get the complete briefing from the Deputy Commissioner, C.E.O. ZP, Superintendent of Police of the emergency and the situation 2. Be familiar with the procedures and methods for quickly logging and recording all the occurrences and relevant information accurately into soft / hard copies as needed. 3. Log/Record all the occurrences/instructions/flow of information/methods applied to effectively mitigate/time of actions taken etc in simple understandable language for future reference. 4. Check and recheck that the information saved/stored at the specified place, will brief the incoming Officer properly of the occurrence/pending issues due actions during the tenure of his duty before Handing Over the duties. Monitoring/Info Collection/Communication informed of the saved/stored location. 5. Will brief the incoming Officer properly of the occurrence/pending issues due actions during the tenure of his duty before handing over the duties.
49 7. Agencies Involved in Disaster Management The Deputy Commissioner has the over all responsibility in handling any disaster in the district and is assisted by his team as described above. However, during any disaster, many activities have to be carried out at a short notice. Hence, the Deputy Commissioner needs to be ably assisted by other departments in the District. Keeping this in view, a District Crisis Management Group has been formed under the provisions of Environment Protection Act 1986 & Chemical Accidents-Emergency Planning Preparedness and Response. The District Crisis Management Group for Raichur comprises of members from various government departments, major industries and institutions in the district. The members of District Crisis Management Group are as follows, Deputy Commissioner, Chairman Head Quarters Assistant to Deputy Commissioner, Emergency Officer Raichur Superintendent of Police, Raichur Member District Commandant, Home guards and Civil Defence, Member Raichur District Fire Officer, Raichur Member District Health Officer, Raichur Member Deputy Chief Controller of Explosives, Raichur Member Regional Environmental Officer, Raichur Member Commissioner, CMC, Raichur Member Regional transport Officer, Raichur Member Executive Engineer, Public Health Engg. Dept, Raichur Member Information and Publicity Officer, Raichur Member Joint Director of Agriculture, Raichur Member Trade Union Leader, Raichur Member Senior Inspector of Factories, Raichur Member Secretary Deputy Director, Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Services, Member Raichur In addition to the above the following authorities have been included as permanent invitees, 1. Assistant Commissioner, Raichur 2. District Surgeon, RIMS Hospital, Raichur. 3. Executive Engineer, State Highways, Raichur. 4. Superintendent Engineer, PWD, Raichur. 43
50 44 7. AGENCIES INVOLVED IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT 5. Superintendent Engineer, GESCOM, Raichur. 6. All the Tahsildars of the District. 7. All the Dy. SPs and CPIs in the District. 8. All the SI of Police Department During any disaster, apart from the above member agencies, help may need to be mobilized from a number of non-governmental agencies like voluntary organizations, social service organizations private hospitals and private transport operators. The departments and agencies, which will be involved in execution of the Disaster Management Plan are, 1. DC office/ac offices/taluk offices and Zilla Panchayat. 2. Police Department. 3. Inspectorate of Factories. 4. District Fire Services. 5. Home Guard (Civil Defence Services) 6. Health Department. 7. Public Works Department. 8. Irrigation Department. 9. Food Department. 10. Drug Controller. 11. Meteorological Department. 12. ZP Engineering Departments. 13. Transport Department. 14. Voluntary & Social organizations.
51 8. Do s and Don ts for Disasters 8.1 Floods Preparedness Find out if your home, school, workplace, or other frequently visited places are in flood prone areas. Prepare an evacuation plan: Identify safe places(high places inside and outside the house) and evacuation routes. Prepare an emergency kit. During a flood alert Keep watch on weather and listen to radio or TV. Remain awake during nights of heavy continuous rain and be ready to move to a safer location. Put some food and clean water as well as valuable items in the highest possible place. Put dangerous goods (e.g. chemicals) in a safe place. Keep alert about the community warning systems: loudspeakers, bells, sirens. During the Flood Be calm and listen to elders, experienced persons and authorities. Remind adults to turn off main water, electricity and gas. If your house is in danger move out to an identified safe shelter in the area. Take your emergency kit with you. Keep windows open once you evacuate from your house. Avoid wading even in shallow waters as it may be contaminated. If you must enter, wear appropriate shoes and use a stick to know the water level before moving ahead. Do not play or swim in flood waters. Do not eat food which has been in contact with the flood water or stale food. 45
52 46 8. DO S AND DON TS FOR DISASTERS Collect rain water until you get fresh water supplies. Boil all water before drinking it. Beware of poisonous reptiles such as snakes, spiders which may move into drier areas in your premises. Help to rescue the victims, if any. After the Flood Return home only once you are told that it is safe. Clean and disinfect your home and surrounding. Do not go sightseeing through flooded areas. Drink boiled water until the water wells/ supplies have been declared safe. Watch out for wild animals and poisonous snakes that may come with the water. 8.2 Landslide Listen to weather forecast on the radio, TV etc. about heavy rains. Observe unusual signs such as appearance of cracks and their rapid expansion over the slope. Move away and inform elders/responsible persons when such signs are recognized. Never go closer to observe cracks on the slope. Remain awake during nights of heavy continuous rain and be ready to move to a safer location. Listen for abnormal sounds of soil and rock movement or breaking of trees. They may be associated with landslide movements. Prepare safe water facilities (covered with a lid). Prepare first aid facilities. During In case you have to evacuate, do so immediately. Do not try to collect belongings. Landslides can occur suddenly. When you see falling rocks, seek cover behind trees and other solid objects. Landslides, as a result of ground shaking, can create a large volume of mud flow along the slope into the valley. Therefore, do not move in the direction of the valley if you are requested to evacuate, move to elevated areas.
53 8.3. CYCLONE 47 If its not possible to escape, seek shelter, curl into a tight ball and protect your head. After Remember: One slide can follow another. Be careful and stay in a safe place. Help people who need help. Use the telephone only for emergency calls. Do not go through the loose and new deposits of debris. You might sink in or cause more sliding. Do not enter the area or damaged buildings without permission from the authorities. 8.3 Cyclone Before Keep watch on weather and listen to radio or TV. Keep alert about the community warning systems - loudspeakers, bells, sirens Prepare an emergency kit Trim dry tree branches, cut off the dead trees, and clear away anything outside that may start flying and cause injury or damage during extreme wind Put tape across large windows to prevent them from shattering Store enough food for 4-5 days. Preferably bread and biscuits as no preparation is required Store enough water for about 2-3 days in clean containers. The minimum requirement for a person per day is half a gallon During Close all the windows and keep one window open on the side of the house away from the wind. It will reduce the pressure on the roof Stay inside the house or shelter Stay away from doors or windows Stay away from metal or electrical fixtures Disconnect all electrical appliances
54 48 8. DO S AND DON TS FOR DISASTERS After Do not go outside until officially advised it is safe Listen to the radio for official warnings and advise Beware of fallen power lines, damaged bridges, buildings and trees Pay attention to all warnings and do not go sightseeing Assist others 8.4 Lightening During Seek shelter immediately: in a house or in a car. If you are inside Disconnect electrical instruments from the main power supply. Disconnect television antennas from the television sets. Do not use telephones or other electric appliances while a thunderstorm is overhead. If you are outside Avoid isolated tall trees or poles and high grounds. Avoid touching water surfaces and metal structures. Do not ride bicycles or travel by any open vehicle such as a tractor. If you are in open ground, squat low to the ground and minimise the contact by resting on the balls of your feet and putting your feet close to each other; place your hands over your ears and put your head between your knees. If you are in a forest take shelter under the shorter trees. If in an open boat keep a low profile. If you are swimming get to land and find shelter immediately. Staying inside a car is the best option.
55 8.5. EARTHQUAKE Earthquake Before Identify safe places in your house. Practice your earthquake drill: drop, cover and hold. Help your parents, elders and family members to bolt or tie cupboards and bookcases to the walls and keep heavy objects on the lower shelves so they dont fall on people. During If you are indoors, stay there and Immediately drop to the floor and take cover under a strong table or an elevated bed. Cover your head and neck with a pillow or your arm. Hold on the table or bed until the shaking stops, so that you do not go sliding. If theres no table or desk nearby, get under the doorway, hold on to the door frame and protect your head with your arm. Stay away from windows, bookcases, almairahs, heavy mirrors, hanging plants, fans and other heavy objects that are not properly strapped to the building. If you are outside Go to an open area while keeping away from falling debris, sign boards, buildings, electrical wires and poles and trees. Take up the safe position Drop, Cover, Hold. After After the shaking stops, exit your home or school building and move to open areas to be prepared for aftershocks. Check yourself for injuries and get first aid if necessary. Remain calm and self assured and help others. Use the telephone only for emergency calls. Do not go sightseeing. Damaged infrastructure and trees may continue to collapse.
56 50 8. DO S AND DON TS FOR DISASTERS 8.6 Tsunami Preparedness Find out if your home, school or workplace are in tsunami prone areas Identify safe routes to leave from such areas using a hazard map If you are in tsunami prone area you have to keep an emergency kit which includes all the necessities such as ID cards, certificates, medicines and other important items After Tsunami warning given Listen to the radio for more information Pay attention to the warning signs, siren sound, etc. If you are at home and hear there is a tsunami warning, alert your family Before a tsunami hits, you may feel the earth shake, or notice sudden rise or drop in the sea level Immediately go to higher ground and stay there. Move uphill, away from the beach and away from any rivers or streams During Tsunami If you cant reach high ground, then go to the top floor of a tall concrete building or climb a tall tree Do not go back to the shore after the first wave, there might be another one following If you are swept away by a tsunami, look for some help to stay float and to protect you from other dangerous floating objects If you are in a boat, stay out at sea. Do not try to come back to the shore After Tsunami Check yourself for injuries and get first aid if necessary. Help people who need help. Use the telephone only for emergency calls. When re-entering home or buildings, examine walls, floors, stair cases and windows to make sure that the building is not damaged and in danger of breaking up. Watch out for snakes and other reptiles in the flood water.
57 8.7. DROUGHT Drought Before As drought is a slow onset disaster, it gives us more time to prepare unlike in sudden disasters. Though we cannot prevent drought, we can certainly reduce its intensity and impact through individual and collective actions. What can we do? Conserve water and use it efficiently in your household, e.g. have broken pipes repaired quickly Harvest rain water at home and in school and encourage reuse of water, e.g. for watering the garden, flushing toilets Use water efficiently in your garden, e.g. mixed-crop planting, watering in the evening hours to avoid evaporation, drip irrigation Plant trees and care for them Inform family members on drought-related hazards What not to do? Do not waste water, e.g. do not leave the water tap running Do not cut trees During Minimize your water use Purify drinking water Eat fruit and vegetables, they also contain water 8.8 Fire Before Remember: Even a small match stick can create a large fire. Handle matchsticks with care. Rules for playing with fire crackers Only in open grounds and open places, never close to thatched houses and hay stacks Wear tight cotton clothes while playing fire crackers Light fireworks at arms length, turning your face away Always keep a bucket of water and sand ready
58 52 8. DO S AND DON TS FOR DISASTERS Always immerse the used fireworks like sparkles, lighted matches into a bucket of water or dry loose sand During If you are in the house Stay calm. Dont panic and dont run If the fire is small, put it out immediately: Cover it with a wet towel/ blanket/ gunny bag or pour sand on it If it seems to be a big fire, sound an alarm and alert everyone in your premises Escape first and then call for help If you have to evacuate Close all doors and windows Cover your mouth with a wet cloth Do not stop to collect belongings Crawl low and fast to escape smoke. Get Down, Get Low, Get out. Use the nearest available exit route but change towards your second option if you feel heat and smoke increasing Use staircases if you are in a high building. Dont use lifts If there is a small fire between you and the exit, then you should run quickly through Once out, stay out never go back inside If you are outside Move to an area with low fuel, such as a clearing, lake or previously burnt ground Move downhill away from the fire the most intense fire will be at the top of hills Stay low and cover your mouth and nose with a wet cloth Don t try to outrun the fire move across the front of the fire to the sides If your clothing is on fire STOP- Never run, running will make the fire worse DROP- To the floor. Cover your face with your hands
59 8.9. CHEMICAL, NUCLEAR AND BIOLOGICAL WARFARE 53 ROLL- Back and forth covering your face. This will make the fire go out After Check yourself for injuries and get first aid if necessary Help people who need help. If someone was caught by fire, cool the burn with water as long as possible Donotgosightseeing. Bewareofhotspotsastheycanflareupagain. Damaged infrastructure may continue to collapse If the house is too badly damaged to live in, board up openings to discourage trespassers and arrange security patrols to protect it from burglary 8.9 Chemical, nuclear and biological warfare Chemical Weapons: - Citizens can identify such attacks by observing people who start coughing, vomiting or seizing Do s Evacuate the area immediately and dial disaster management control room for help If indoors, exit the building rapidly as possible Once outside, if you believe that you may have been exposed to toxic substance, discard you inhibition to remove your clothes, remove your clothes immediately, which may save your life Taking out your clothes can remove 80 percent of the contamination hazards Look for a nearby water tap or fountain, pool or other source of water so that you can quickly and thoroughly rinse any skin part that may have been exposed Fire brigades on arrival in area may spray water on every one affected and decontaminate Remain calm Medical attention shall be needed and first aid to be given to seriously affected people Evacuate most seriously exposed individuals
60 54 8. DO S AND DON TS FOR DISASTERS If you happen to be in open and outdoor, you may observe birds and small animals falling to the ground due to poisonous gas. You must immediately move indoors and create a physical barrier between you and toxic cloud. A building protection is preferred; however, getting inside your car will also help you Shut all doors and windows of the house and put off fans and air conditioners Try to plug flow of air or wind to you rooms Stay indoors Listen to Radio, TV News and Announcements Authority will notify you when it is safe to come out Have a bath immediately on entry to the house and keep your cloth in a plastic bag, it will help remove any contamination that might have occurred before you were able to get indoors. It may be done in period of less than a minute or one minute You may like to keep gas, mask handy 8.10 Biological Weapons Biological Weapons have been described as the poor mans atom bomb. These viruses could be spread through water and food. Some of the suggested points for use of common people are. Do s On hearing report of that, biological agents have been released, stay indoors Shuts all windows and doors and turn off fans and air conditioners A gas mask can provide an excellent respiratory protection Put a physical barrier between you and agent dissemination Reach for medical help Boil your drinking water Ascertain and check your vegetable and food items
61 9. Check list for line departments 9.1 Checklist for Police (to be filled in by Officer-in-Charge and submitted to district control room and the department head) Action Taken Radio communications established with Emergency operations centre District Deputy Commissioner District control room Other police headquarters within the division provide assistance in organising emergency transport of seriously injured to medical treatment centres. Assistance in inroad-clearing operations. Overall traffic management and patrolling on all highways and other access roads to disaster site being carried out. The following roads have been identified To be made one-way To be blocked Alternative routes Transport carrying transit passengers (that is, passengers travelling through trains or buses and passing through the district), are diverted away from the disaster area. Security is being provided in, Transit camps Feeding centres Relief camps Cattle camps Affected areas Hospital and medical centres Areas to be cordoned off identified Y/N Details /Remarks 55
62 56 9. CHECK LIST FOR LINE DEPARTMENTS Action Taken Guards provided for supply depots such as cooperative food, stores and distribution centres Security arrangements provided for visiting VVIPs and VIPs District authorities assisted for taking necessary action against, black marketers and those found manipulating relief material. A public information centre activated Officers made available to inquire into and record of deaths, Coordination with military service personnel in the area being carried out Y/N Table 9.1: Checklist for Police Details /Remarks
63 9.2. CHECKLIST FOR PUBLIC HEALTH DEPARTMENT Checklist for Public Health Department Checklist for Hospitals (to be filled in by the Officer-In-Charge and submitted to district control room and the department head) Action Taken Radio communications established with Emergency operations centre Divisional commissioner / Magistrate District control room Hospitals Private hospitals The Civil surgeon designated as Officer-In- Charge - Heath Services. The following emergency medical equipment are stocked, Drugs used in treatment of cuts and fractures, such as tetanus toxoid, analgesics and antibiotics Drugs used for the treatment of diarrhoea, water-borne diseases and flu (including oral rehydrating supplies) Drugs required to treat burns and fight infections Drugs needed for detoxication induding breathing equipments Discharge of all ambulatory patients whose release does not pose a health risk to them. Non-ambulatory patients relocated within the hospital to safest areas Equipment supplies such as candles, matches, lanterns and extra clothing provided for the comfort of the patients Adequate supplies of anesthetic gases for surgery cases available The hospital water storage tanks were filled Y/N Details /Remarks
64 58 9. CHECK LIST FOR LINE DEPARTMENTS Action Taken An area of the hospital designated for receiving large number of casualties. Emergency admission Procedures developed Records maintained Work schedules to ensure availability of adequate staff Y/N Details /Remarks In-house emergency medical team to ensure that adequate staff available at all times to handle emergency casualities Emergency accommodation provided for medical personnel from outside the area Public information center established at the hospital The local police, rescue groups, and ambulance teams were made aware of the resources of each hospital Table 9.2: Checklist for Hospitals
65 9.2. CHECKLIST FOR PUBLIC HEALTH DEPARTMENT Checklist for Field Centres (to be filled in by the Officer-In-Charge and submitted to district control room and the department head) Action Taken Surgical packs assembled and sterilised Field staff aware of tagging procedures Emergency admissions Procedures developed Records maintained Work schedules to ensure that adequate staff is available Teams of doctors, nurses and dressers for visiting disaster sites set-up Transport for the transfer of seriously injured patients from villages and peripheral hospitals to general hospitals available. Health facility and treatment centres established at disaster sites. Water quality monitoring done at Transit camps Relief camps Feeding centres Sources of water Affected areas Epidemic surveillance is being done at Transit camps Relief camps Affected areas Feeding centres Y/N Details /Remarks Table 9.3: Checklist for Field Centres
66 60 9. CHECK LIST FOR LINE DEPARTMENTS Casualty Treatment Post at camp sites and affected Villages (to be filled In by Officer-In-Charge) Action Taken Liaise with SEC for suitable location Finalize suitable location Near water supply Clear access / egress routes Communication link with sec Close to disaster site Suitably protected against weather conditions Sufficient privacy Separate area for relatives and visitors Adequate sanitation facilities for patients Adequate sanitation facilities for staff Adequate sanitation facilities for relatives and visitors. Coordinating hospital notified First Aid facilities available Inform Police of location Whether Police personnel posted at treatment post Request for additional medical assistance sent Base hospital District control room Stocks of triage tags are available on hand Records kept on Names and addresses of casualties (As far as possible) Type of injuries (As far as possible) Whether transferred for further treatment Records communicated to Police SOC Information about intentions to close Casualty Y/N Details /Remarks
67 9.2. CHECKLIST FOR PUBLIC HEALTH DEPARTMENT 61 Action Taken Treatment Post communicated to SOC Police Y/N Details /Remarks Table 9.4: Checklist for Camp Sites Report and Checklist on Epidemics for each camp site and affected village (to be filled in by Officer-In-Charge-Health Services and submitted to district control room and the department head) Time: Name of the village: Name of the camp: An epidemic exists at the location: An active threat of epidemics does not exist at the location: Brief description of assessment of risk of epidemics in affected area/ location: Brief description of assessment of risk of epidemics in affected area/ location and reasons thereof. Services desciplines mobilised: Discipline/ Organisation Notified Time Whether mobilised Stand by Alert (Y/N) (Y/N) (Y/N) (Y/N) Contact Person Address & Tel. No. Table 9.5: Services mobilised for epidemics
68 62 9. CHECK LIST FOR LINE DEPARTMENTS 9.3 Checklist for epidemic situations (to be filled in by Officer-In-Charge-Health Services and submitted to district control room and the department head) Action Taken Warning and instructions to public issued Cordoning off of affected areas recommended Logistical support required Cordoning off to roads required Alternate routes to and from affected areas required Alternative communication Waste disposal system adequate Sterilisation system adequate Life saving drugs adequate Facilities for inoculation and vaccination exist Supply of inoculation and vaccination exists Accommodation for required number exists Facilities for special diet exist Risk of spread exists Isolation of affected persons done Facilities for testing water/ wastewater for contamination exist Facilities for treatment of contaminated water/ wastewater exist Suitable protection of workers ensured Y/N Table 9.6: Checklist for Epidemic Situations Details /Remarks
69 9.4. CHECKLIST FOR DISTRICT OFFICE Checklist for District Office (to be filled in by the Officer-in-Charge and submitted to district control room and the department head) Action Taken Radio communications established with Emergency Operations Centre District Deputy Commissioners District control room and Departmental offices within the division An officer appointed as Officer-in-Charge, Power Supply, Standby arrangements for temporary electric supply or generators made for Hospitals Water department DS office Police stations Telecommunications buildings Meteorological stations Transit camps SOC Feeding centres Relief camps Cattle camps Warehouses for storing relief materials Access roads Y/N Details /Remarks Each depot provided with disaster management tool kit. Inspection and repairs if needed, carried out for High tension lines Towers Substations Transformers Insulators Poles Clearing of damaged poles carried out. Salvage of conductors and insulators done. Emergency accommodations undertaken for staff from outside the area An itemized damage assessment carried out Table 9.7: Checklists for district office
70 64 9. CHECK LIST FOR LINE DEPARTMENTS 9.5 Checklist for Irrigation Department (to be filled in by the Officer-In-Charge and submitted to district control room and the department head) Action Taken Radio communications established with Emergency operations centre Divisional commissioner District Control room and Departmental offices within the division An officer appointed as.officer-in-charge- Irrigation Emergency tool kits for all technical assistants prepared. Water level gauges on minor tank structures not having level gauges marked. Repairs/under construction activities are well secured. Round the clock inspection and repair being carried out of Bunds of dams Irrigation channels Bridges Culverts Control gates Overflow channels as may be necessary Y/N Details /Remarks Round the clock inspection and repair being carried out of Pumps Generators Motor equipment and Station buildings Level of impounding in the tanks reduced. Coordination of this action with other districts is done. Inlet and outlet to tanks are cleared. Table 9.8: Checklist for Irrigation Department
71 9.6. CHECKLIST FOR AGRICULTURE Checklist for Agriculture (to be filled in by the Officer-In-Charge and submitted to district control room and the department head) Action Taken Communication link within the division established with District Magistrate District control room Agricultural colleges Seed banks Nurseries (private and public). The district agriculture officer designated as OFFICER-IN CHARGE - Agriculture Agricultural equipments which may be required stocked Contact established with soil and water testing laboratories. Extent of damage assessed for Soil Crop Plantation Micro-irrigation systems and Storage facilities Requirements for salvage or re-plantation assessed. Information provided to all concerned about the disasters Actions coordinated with Irrigation Department RDA Organised transport, storage and distribution of, Seeds Fertilisers Pesticides and Labour Cleaning operations carried out to avoid waterlogging and salinity. Y/N Details /Remarks
72 66 9. CHECK LIST FOR LINE DEPARTMENTS Action Taken Surveillance for pests and diseases being carried out. Public information center established. NGOs and other relief organisations informed of the resources of the department. Farmers assisted to reestablish their contacts with agriculture produce market. Adequate facilities provided to field teams. Y/N Table 9.9: Checklist for Agriculture Details /Remarks
73 9.7. CHECKLIST FOR FIELD ACTIVITIES OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY DEPARTMENT Checklist for Field Activities of Animal Husbandry Department (to be filled in by the Officer-In-Charge and submitted to district control room and the department head) Action Taken Radio communications established with Emergency Operations Centre District Magistrate District control room Veterinary aid centres and Hospitals(including private practitioners) within the division The District Animal Husbandry Officer designated as Officer-In-Charge-Veterinary Services. Emergency medical equipments required are stocked. All veterinary hospitals and centres staff informed about the disasters, likely damages and effects, and ways to protect life, equipment and property. Emergency electrical generator arranged. Emergency supplies of anesthetic drugs arranged. Hospital water storage tanks filled An area of the hospital prepared for receiving large number of livestock Emergency admission procedures developed (with adequate record keeping). Transfer of seriously injured livestock from villages to veterinary aid centres and hospitals organised. Established at disaster sites Cattle camps Additional veterinary aid centres. Organised for cattle camps Water Fodder and Animal feed. Adequate sanitary conditions maintained Cleaning operations being carried out Epidemiological surveillance is being undertaken Y/N Details /Remarks
74 68 9. CHECK LIST FOR LINE DEPARTMENTS Action Taken Emergency accommodations available for veterinary staff from outside the area. Public information center established. The local police, and rescue groups informed of the resources of each veterinary aid centres and hospital. Y/N Table 9.10: Checklist for Animal Husbandry Details /Remarks
75 9.8. CHECKLIST FOR PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT Checklist for Public Works Department (to be filled in by Officer-In-Charge and submitted to district control room and the department head) Action Taken Radio Communication established with Emergency Operations Centre District Magistrate District control room and Departmental officers within the division An officer appointed as Officer-In-Charge - PWD Extra transport vehicles dispatched from headquarters Work under construction secured Heavy equipment such as front-end loaders, have been secured All work teams issued two-way communication link Inspection and emergency repairs, if necessary, carried out for all buildings and structures of the central government (including hospital buildings) Roads Road bridges Underwater inspection of foundations and piers. Concrete and steel works. Inspection and emergency repairs, if necessary, carried out for all buildings and structures of the central government (including hospital buildings) Emergency inspection by mechanical engineer of all plant and equipment in the District workshops carried out. Emergency tool kits assembled for each division Routes strategic to evacuation and relief marked Adequate road signs installed to guide and assist the Earth moving equipments Cranes etc made available. Begin clearing roads. Y/N Details /Remarks
76 70 9. CHECK LIST FOR LINE DEPARTMENTS Action Taken Community assistance mobilised for road clearing The following activities were undertaken Cleaning of ditches Grass cutting Burning or removal of debris and Cutting of dangerous trees along the roadside in the affected area. Y/N Details /Remarks The following repair works were undertaken for All paved and unpaved road surfaces Pothole patching and Any failure of surface foundations in the affected areas. Construction work undertaken for temporary roads to serve as access to Temporary transit camps Relief camps Medical centres Construction work undertaken for temporary structures required for organising relief work such as Relief camps Feeding centres Medical facilities Cattle camps and SOC/s An up-to-date report of all damage and repairs kept in the district office report book. Table 9.11: Checklist for PWD
77 9.9. CHECKLIST FOR TELECOMMUNICATIONS Checklist for Telecommunications (to be filled in by the department head and submitted to the district Deputy Commissioners before May every year) Action Taken Preparedness Measures Taken The department is familiar with disaster response plan and disaster response procedures are clearly defined. Orientation and training for disaster response plan and procedures undertaken. Special skills required during emergency operations imparted to the officials and the staff. Reviewed and updated Precautionary measures and procedures Precautions to be taken to protect equipments Post-disaster procedures to be followed. All staff are aware of recommended precautions to protect life and personal property. An officer has been designated as Nodal Officer for Disaster Management. Sources of materials required for response operations have been identified. Y/N Table 9.12: Checklist for Telecommunications Details /Remarks
79 10. Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) In order to effectively respond to a disaster, it is imperative to have a clear definition of roles & responsibilities as well as well defined operating procedures for all the organizations & officers involved. Such Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) should be well understood and promptly followed to ensure effective execution of disaster management activities Functions of Assistant Commissioner 1. The Assistanct Commissioner (AC) will be the overall in charge of Rescue shelter/rallying post and parking yards. 2. The AC will ensure adequate food and clothing in co-ordination with Dy. Director, Food and Civil Supplies, Voluntary Organizations, Individual Persons as deemed necessary in his option. 3. The AC will also ensure proper medical aid (first aid as well as shifting of affected persons to hospitals, etc) in co-ordination with District Health Officer and District Drug Controller. 4. The AC will ensure adequate security and safety in co-ordination with SP (Law & Order), Raichur and Dy. SP, Raichur as the case may be. In addition to these responsibilities, the AC will assist the CEC in all other matters as the case may be Functions of Revenue Authorities 1. Activating of various NGOs/Voluntary Organizations for necessary materials. 2. Providing adequate compensation to loss of life and property. 3. Declaration of all clear signals Functions of Tahsildars 1. He will look after all the facilities required at rescue shelter/rallying post like food, clothing, medical aid, water, electricity, sanitation and other basic necessities in co-ordination with respective Government Agencies, as well as voluntary organizations. 73
80 STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES (SOPS) 2. He will manage and arrange for any other requirements on need basic at that point of time in co-ordination with respective government authorities. 3. He will alert all his sub ordinates and utilize their services to manage the rescue shelter/rallying post. 4. His actions will be in concurrence from AC/DC Functions of Police Services The main function of police authorities are, To maintain law and order Regular patrolling of affected areas Establishes rescue/safe routes in advance for timely response Cordoning off the area Control of traffic Shifting of all vehicles to the parking yards To render assistance in controlling and fighting disasters, salvage operations, rendering first aid and medical help shifting of the affected to rallying posts/rescue shelters Another important function would be identification of the deceased, informing their relative, removal and disposal of dead bodies Finally, preparing the list of missing persons and take steps to trace them The police authorities will also work with NGOs and other service organizations when needed Functions of Circle Inspector (Law and Order) (For city limits) 1. The office will be overall in charge of the functions of Police Department in case of offsite emergency. He will receive the communication and instructions from CEC from time to time. 2. On receiving the information about the emergency from CEC, the officer will rush to the incident spot and oversee law and order, organize for additional requirement of men and Home Guards if required. 3. Receive information from the site in charge and divisional fire officer or his deputy available at site for appropriate and necessary rescue operation.
81 10.6. FUNCTIONS OF INDUSTRY INSPECTOR Arrange for necessary transportation of vehicles in co-ordination with RTO and in charge of parking yard for evacuation of people as well as critical cases. 5. Ensure that adequate numbers of vehicle are provided, fitted with public address system and wireless to the convoy team. 6. Arrange for necessary ambulance/medical facilities in co-ordination with District Health Officer/Deputy Director, Animal Husbandry for evacuation of people and livestock respectively. 7. In confirmation with CEC, arrange for removal of dead bodies (if any) and will pass on the information to the relatives of the decease and will ensure disposal of dead bodies after conducting postmortem in co-ordination with DHO. 8. Arrange for maintaining law and order at the site of emergency, rescue shelter parking yards, main roads leading to emergency site, etc., pass on the information to the CEC about actions on various fields Functions of Industry Inspector 1. The officer will receive information from the SP or in charge of factory and immediately rush to the site along with maximum possible personnel. He shall help fire-fighting personnel in rescue operations. 2. In view of close proximity of police station to the industrial area, take immediate control of the site and rescue operation in co-ordination with site in charge. 3. Alert all the subordinate officers coming under his jurisdiction and ensure their availability at the site of emergency to maintain Law & Order, traffic, rescue, salvaging etc., till such time the full emergency operation comes into action. 4. Ensure that the information is passed on to the superior officers and necessary instructions are received and adhered to. 5. Ensure that all the anti social elements are identified and rounded off if required Functions of Police Inspector 1. The officer will receive information from SP, Raichur. 2. He will immediately rush to the site of incident and conduct on the spot inspection. Obtain first hand information. 3. Ensure that information is passed on to the superior officers and necessary instruction are received and adhered to.
82 STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES (SOPS) 4. Convey the message on the extent of leakage, extent of area affected, the ground situation, the scenario prevailing in and around the water works. 5. Ensure that, he himself and his personnel are equipped with necessary personal protective equipment. The recommended PPE are cartridge type respirators for short team exposure and the pressurized airline respirators for long term exposure. 6. Take immediate steps to inform the traffic police. 7. Alert all the sub ordinate officers and ensure their availability at the site of emergency to maintain law and order, traffic, rescue, salvaging, etc. Till such time, the full emergency operation comes into action. 8. Ensure that all the anti-social elements are identified and rounded up, if required 10.8 Function of Inspector (Traffic) 1. The SP, Traffic will be the overall in charge of traffic management who is assisted by Dy. SP, Traffic in case of offsite emergency. 2. Receive the communication of offsite emergency from CEC and disseminate the information to all the functionaries and mobilize required force and put them into action for managing various traffic points, routes, etc. 3. For each industry, separate routes are identified as normal route and emergency route. 4. Mobilize necessary police personnel/vehicles to man and control traffic on various roads identified as safe routes and also take measures to divert normal traffic away from the emergency routes identified. 5. Ensure available of adequate number of vehicles fitted with public address system/wireless etc. and directly supervise manning of routes and parking yards. 6. Initiate action to ensure adequate number of skilled drivers in consultation with RTO, KSRTC, Home guards and Truckers Association etc. 7. The SP will initiate action on his own only under exceptional circumstances; However, his action shall be communicated to his superiors and should be confirmed with CEC. 8. Any other action as deemed necessary base on the circumstances.
83 10.9. FUNCTIONS OF FIRE SERVICES Functions of Fire Services 1. The Regional Fire Office is located at Raichur. 2. The Regional Fire Officer and the Divisional Fire Officer are responsible to fight and control the fire, leakage, spillage, etc., with proper instructions and guidance. 3. Rush to the site of emergency immediate after the receipt of information from the site Controller or on emergency call. 4. Establish safe routes in advance for rushing to site and ensure best response time to minimize damage. 5. Workout advance plan for requirement of resources like fire tenders, trained personnel, protective equipment and the ways to meet extra requirements if any. 6. Assist the onsite emergency personnel in fighting emergency, rescuing injured/affected people trapped in dangerous zones and participate in salvage operation. 7. Assist medical/police personnel in imparting first aid. 8. Ensure availability of adequate water supply through KIADB authorities. 9. Maintain constant contact and communicate the message to the CEC with regard to the control measures undertaken, salvage operation, rescue methods, etc. And any other information required by the CEC on continuous basic. 10. ) Take any other appropriate actions as deemed necessary in control of emergency Functions of Police Inspector/Sub Inspector They will receive orders from the DSP and act accordingly the Police Inspector will assumethechargeofdspintheabsenceofthedsptillsuchtimethesuperiorofficer arrives at the place of accident and takes control then onwards, he will continue to receive the orders from the superior officers and act accordingly Functions of Police (Traffic) 1. The officer will be overall in charge of parking yard and for managing, controlling and arranging sufficient number of vehicles. 2. Ensure that adequate number of trucks, buses and other mode of transport vehicles are arranged for rescue operation in co-ordination with RTO.
84 STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES (SOPS) 3. Ensure that adequate communication vehicles are arranged in coordination with various police authorities. 4. Motor Vehicle Inspector from RTO department will be assisting Inspector of Police (Traffic) in managing parking yards. 5. Assist the DSP, Police Inspector - Traffic in mobilizing adequate number of skilled drivers in consultation with RTO, KSRTC, Truckers Associations and Home guards etc., as the case may be Functions of Fire Station Officer The Fire Station can cater to the immediate need of the plant, but certainly not adequate to manage the emergency assumed in this document. Therefore, 1. On receipt of fire call, rush to the site of incident with all crewmembers and equipment and start fighting the fire. 2. Immediately send distress call to all other fire stations for additional reinforcement. Contacts the Divisional Fire Officer and informs him about the severity of the fire, the kind of assistance required, etc. 3. Continue to receive the necessary information from his superior officers and the DSP and adhere to the instructions. 4. Assist the police, Home guards and other Rescue Team the rescue evacuation of persons, salvage, etc. 5. Continue to be in action till such times the divisional fire officer or his deputy arrives at the place of incident and takes charge. From there onwards, he will continue to assist the officials Function of Health and Medical Services 1. District Health Officer (DHO) will be overall in charge of health and medical services to be rendered at the site of emergency or at various rescue shelters, affected places, hospitals, pathology laboratories, etc. 2. On receiving the information from CED, he will contact all Hospital Superintendents, Drug Controller, Blood Banks for mobilization of required ambulances, Doctors, Nurses, Medicines, life saving drugs, blood,* etc. 3. Rush to the site, assess the extent of severity and establish adequate (Temporary Medical Centre). Ensure hygienic conditions at the rescue shelters cum rallying posts, temporary medical centers. Take appropriate action in shifting affected persons to proper hospitals in Raichur and provide appropriate treatment.
85 FUNCTIONS OF VETERINARY SERVICE Arrange for removal of dead bodies, if any, after post-mortem and disposal of the same, in consultation with CEC and DCP. 5. Render advice to CEC on precautionary measures to be taken by public in affected sites/villages, rescue shelter cum rallying posts to prevent the outbreak of epidemic diseases. 6. If necessary, he should undergo training to handle the wireless apparatus for effective communications Functions of Veterinary Service 1. Deputy Director of Animal Husbandry will be the overall in charge for treatment of affected animals at site/hospital in co-ordination with police/voluntary organizations and revenue authorities. 2. On receiving information from CEC, he will rush to the site and activate the Temporary Medical Centre (TMC) at appropriate places in consultation with CEC. 3. Dy. Director will also co-ordinate with Assistant Commissioner, RTO, DCP, Inspector of Police (Traffic), for arranging necessary vehicles for shifting of animals, if required. 4. The officer will be provided with one Police Officer with adequate number of Police Personnel and Home guards to ensure the orderly treatment and management of the Temporary Medical Center. 5. The officer will identify the drug stores and ensure the supply of adequate and necessary drugs through the Drug Control Authorities Functions of RTO 1. The RTO will be the overall in charge for providing number of rescue vehicles like trucks, buses, cars or any other type of transportation vehicles to emergency site, rescue shelter cum rallying post etc., for transportation of human beings as well as animals. 2. Receive information from CEC and act accordingly. 3. Mobilize all possible resources is arranging transportation vehicles in coordination with KSRTC, Truckers Association, Travel Agencies, etc, also ensure availability of adequate number of skilled drivers and advise the Inspector (Traffic). 4. Workout the requirement of heavy earth moving equipment like cranes etc., and mobilizes the same in co-ordination with such agencies/parties.
86 STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES (SOPS) 5. Depute adequate numbers of Motor Vehicle Inspectors for assisting Inspector of Police, Traffic (in charge of parking yard), and Rescue Shelter cum rallying post, at the site of emergency Functions of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board 1. On receiving information from CEC, the Environmental Officer will mobilize all possible resources at his disposal and keep the laboratory functioning for analysis of pollutants, emissions, etc. 2. Rush to the site, collect the samples, analyze the pollutants and the likely effect on human life/environment and inform the CEC about the same and the corrective actions to be taken to prevent further damage. 3. Act as an expert and advice the CEC about the kind of message to be disseminated to the public and press, etc, on pollution matters Function of Experts of District Crisis Group (DCG) 1. All the member of the DCG will be communicated about the emergency. 2. On receipt of emergency communication, they will immediately inform the control room about the place of their availability and simultaneously report to the CEC. 3. They will receive necessary instructions from the CEC and act accordingly. 4. They will render adequate and timely technical guidance and assist CEC and other agencies involved in the control of emergency. 5. They will also advise CEC on the message to be given to Public/Press on technical matters.
87 11. HRVA - Hazard, Risk and Vulnerability Assessment A disaster risk reduction strategy essentially includes a proper hazard, vulnerability and risk assessment. It also requires resources, institutional & operational capacities and infrastructural facilities like GIS tools& software to execute them. The essential features of such a strategy would require hazard mapping, assessment of hazard risks, and determination of probability of hazard event, vulnerability & capacity assessment on various environmental, social, economic and physical aspects followed by proper risk analysis What is HRVA? The objective of undertaking a HRVA is primarily to anticipate the potential problems and possible solutions to help to save lives, protect property, assets, reduce damage and facilitate a speedy recovery. It is worthwhile to mention that HRVA is a means towards becoming disaster resilient and is not an end in itself. HRVA is a critical part of the disaster risk reduction program and it has the potential to help the necessary authorities to prepare for emergencies. Use of HRVA helps the policy makers, administrators and the community to make risk based choices to address vulnerabilities, mitigate hazards, and prepare for response to and recovery from hazard events. Apart from the central government, the state governments, district authorities, even the local level governance institutions (like municipalities and village panchayats) can undertake hazard risk and vulnerability analysis based on their respective locations vis-a-vis hazards. In order to have a common understanding of HRVA methodology, it is important to define what we mean by Hazard, Risk and Vulnerability Hazard A potentially damaging physical event, phenomenon or human activity, which may cause the loss of life or injury, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation. Hazards can include latent conditions that my represent future threats and can have different origins: natural (geological, hydro- meteorological and biological) and / or induced by human process (environmental degradation and technological hazards). Hazards can be single, sequential or combined in their origin and effects. Each hazard is characterized by its location, intensity and probability. 81
88 HRVA - HAZARD, RISK AND VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT 11.3 Vulnerability A set of conditions and processes resulting from physical, social, economical and environmental factors, which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards Positive factors, that increase the ability of people and the society they live in, to cope effectively with hazards, that increase their resilience, or that otherwise reduce their susceptibility, are considered as capacities Risk The probability of harmful consequences, or expected loss (of lives, people injured, property, livelihoods, economic activity disrupted or environmental damaged) resulting from interactions between natural or human induced hazards, and vulnerable / capable conditions. Conventionally risk is expressed by the equation Risk = Hazards x Vulnerability / capacity Beyond expressing a probability of physical harm, it is crucial to appreciate that risks are always created or exist within social systems. It is important to consider the social contexts in which risks occur and that people therefore do not necessarily share the same perceptions of risk and their underlying causes Risk assessment / analysis A process to determine the nature and extent of risk by analyzing potential hazards and evaluating existing conditions of vulnerability / capacity that could pose a potential threat or harm to people, property, livelihoods and the environment on which they depend. Theprocessofconductingariskassessmentisbasedonareviewofbothtechnical features of hazards such as their location, intensity and probability, and also the analysis of the physical, social and economic dimensions of vulnerability, while taking particular account of the coping capabilities pertinent to the risk scenarios Risk management The systematic management of administrative decisions, organization, operational skills and responsibilities to apply policies, strategies and practices for disaster risk reduction Disaster risk reduction (disaster reduction) The systematic development and application of policies, strategies and practices to minimize vulnerabilities and disaster risks throughout a society, to avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation and preparedness) adverse impact of hazards, within the broad context of sustainable development.
89 11.8. PREVENTION Prevention Activities to provide outright avoidance of the adverse impact of hazards and related environmental, technological and biological disasters. Depending on social and technical feasibility and cost/ benefit considerations, investing in preventive measures is justified in areas frequently affected by disaster. In the context of public awareness raising and education, prevention refers to attitude and behaviour leading towards a culture of prevention Mitigation Structural and non-structural measures undertaken to limit the adverse impact of natural hazards, environmental degradation and technological hazards Preparedness Activities and measures taken in advance to ensure effective response to the impact of disaster, including the issuance of timely and effective early warnings and the temporary removal of people and property from a threatened location Early warning The provision of timely and effective information, through identified institutions, that allow individuals at risk of a disaster, to take action to avoid or reduce their risk and prepare for effective response. Early warning systems consist of three elements (i)forecasting and prediction of impending events, (ii) processing and dissemination of warnings to political authorities and population, and (iii) undertaking appropriate reaction to warnings Vulnerability - various types Vulnerability is generally referred to as the inability of people, organizations, and societies to withstand adverse impacts of multiple stresses to which they are exposed. It isbased on the premisethat though differentgroups withinasocietymay have the same level of exposure to a natural hazard, it may have a varying consequences for each of these groups, since they have diverging capacities and abilities to handle the impacts of such a hazard. Over the years several models of vulnerability analysis has emerged. Risk-Hazard (RH) model (diagram after Turner et al., 2003), considers the impact of a hazard as a function of exposure and sensitivity. To assess vulnerability, there is a need to understand the conditions that make exposure of an individual/ community/ region unsafe, leading to vulnerability and the causes leading to creation of these conditions. Thus vulnerability assessments would require systematic examinations of population groups, building elements, facilities, or components of the economy to identify features that are susceptible to
90 HRVA - HAZARD, RISK AND VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT damage from the effects of natural hazards. Keeping these in mind there are four broad areas in which different types of vulnerabilities have been grouped. Physical Vulnerability Social Vulnerability Economical Vulnerability Ecological Vulnerability Physical Vulnerability Physical factors to be considered for vulnerability assessment include the variables directly or indirectly related to the location and nature of the built environment. In case of natural hazards physical factors have direct impact on the structures and further define the vulnerability of the physical structures. Physical vulnerability is determined by the aspects such as population density levels, remoteness of a settlement, the site, design and materials used for critical infrastructure and for housing. Physical features in a community, such as insufficient basic infrastructure, especially water supply and sanitation, as well as inadequate health care facilities and supplies, are also expressions of increased vulnerability. Physical factors as adopted by the BMPTC for Vulnerability Atlas of India. Type of Roof Pitched or sloping including tiles, slate; corrugated iron, zinc or other metal sheets; asbestos cement sheets; plastic polythene, thatch, grass, leaves, bamboo, etc. Flat including brick, stone and lime; reinforced brick concrete/reinforced cement concrete. Type of Wall Mud, unburnt bricks, stone laid in mud or lime mortar Burnt bricks laid in cement, lime or mud mortar Cement concrete Wood or Ekra wall Corrugated iron, zinc or other metal sheets Grass, leaves, reeds/bamboo/thatch, plastic polythene & others Type of Flooring Various types like mud, stone, concrete, wood or bamboo, mosaic floor tiles, etc. A combination of local hazard intensity and vulnerability of existing house types is used for carrying out risk analysis of the village, block and district. This index would help the village communities and house holders to develop village and district hazard maps and village &district risk tables.
91 VULNERABILITY - VARIOUS TYPES Social Vulnerability Social Vulnerability is defined as the exposure of groups of individuals to stress as a result of the impacts of hazards and related extremes. Social vulnerability is linked to the level of development in terms of human development indicators and well being of individuals, communities and society. It includes variables measuring levels of literacy, the existence of peace and security, access to basic human rights, governance, social equity, gender issues, public health, population density, livelihood activities, traditional values, legal system, traditional knowledge, social networking of relatives and friends, political system, customs and ideological beliefs and overall collective organizational systems Economic Vulnerability Economic status of households or individuals is directly related to the level of vulnerability due to natural hazards. Levels of vulnerability are highly dependent upon the economic status of individuals, communities and nations. The socially deprived groups female, children, SC, ST and minorities, are generally far more vulnerable than economically better off segments of the society. This would reduce the capacity of this group in case of natural hazards and therefore it will increase the vulnerability and risk. Economic vulnerability is function of financial accessibility of individuals and communities, debt and the degree of access to credit, loans and insurance. The vulnerable groups are having inadequate access to critical and basic socioeconomic infrastructure, including communication networks, utilities and supplies, transportation, water, sewage and health care facilities, increase peoples exposure to risk. Economic Vulnerability Index is a composition of the following indicators: population size, remoteness, merchandise export concentration, share of agriculture, forestry and fisheries in gross domestic product, homelessness owing to natural disasters, instability of agricultural production, and instability of exports of goods and services The Economic Vulnerability is linked to the following parameters, Small size, which inhibits countries from taking advantage of the economics of scale Economic openness, which means lack of control of issues managed at a global level
92 HRVA - HAZARD, RISK AND VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT Export concentration narrowed to a few, selected products Dependence on strategic imports, particularly energy and raw materials Insularity and remoteness, leading to high transport costs Fragility of their ecosystems, which is exacerbated by natural phenomena Ecological Vulnerability The discussion of ecological aspects of vulnerability covers a wide portfolio of issues in the inter-acting social, physical, economic and ecological aspects of sustainable development as it relates to disaster risk reduction. The key aspects of ecological vulnerability could be the extent of natural resource depletion, the state of resource degradation, loss of resilience of the ecological systems, loss of biodiversity, exposure to toxic and hazardous pollutants. The social, economic/population, physical/infrastructure and environmental/ ecological vulnerabilities are based on the development of different vulnerability indices. The variables of vulnerability analysis are divided into four major categories. These are, Environmental/Ecological Vulnerability Index Population Vulnerability Index Social Vulnerability Index Infrastructure Vulnerability Index The overall vulnerability index is a function of these vulnerability indices. This also involves prioritization by assigning weights to various indices depending upon scale and context of implementation.
93 12. Resource Personnel Directory 12.1 District-level Personnel Directory Sl. No. Designation Office Tel. No. Res. Tel. No. Fax No. 1 Deputy Commissioner, Raichur 2 C.E.O., Z.P H.Q.A Superindentent of Police A.C., Raichur A.C. Lingsugur Tahsildar, Raichur Tahsildar, Devadurga Tahsildar, Lingsugur Tahsildar, Manvi Tahsildar, Sindhnoor Commissioner, City Municial Council, Raichur 13 D.F.O J.D., Agriculture Deputy Registrar of Coop. Dept. 16 DDPI District Information Officer E.E., GESCOM E.E., PWD E.E., Z.P District Statistical Officer 22 District Youth Officer, NYK 23 D.D., Animal Husbandry R.T.O District Health Officer Minor Irrigation
94 RESOURCE PERSONNEL DIRECTORY Sl. Designation Office Tel. No. Res. Tel. No. No. 27 District Sports and Youth Service 28 District Treasury D.O., B.C.M D.S.W.O Commandant, Home Guards 32 Police Control Room Fire Brigade Ambulance 102, RIMS Hospital Red Cross 37 Railway Enquiry Bus Enquiry Table 12.1: District-level Resource Personnel Fax No Taluk/Village level Personnel Directory Location Designation Name Mobile (sorted department-wise) Agriculture Joint Director Of Agriculture Raichur Districrector, Deputy Di- Food Civil Supplies, Raichur Asst Director of Agriculture Devadurga Asst Director Taluk of Agriculture Lingsugur Asst Director Taluk of Agriculture Manvi Taluk Asst Director of Agriculture Raichur Taluk Asst Director of Agriculture Raichur Taluk Field Inspection Officer Sindhnur Asst Director Taluk of Agriculture Res., Office Phones K.Hanamanta Reddy K D Gururaj Sandeep.R.G Sri Mahadevappa Sri. Nagaraju S.M Jayaprakash T.C Sandeep R G Ramakrishnan Selvaraj Maribasanagouda.S
95 12.2. TALUK/VILLAGE LEVEL PERSONNEL DIRECTORY 89 Location Designation Name Mobile Civil Defense Commandant Home Guards Civil Defence Commandant or Home Guards Vijayananda Commandant Vijayananda Commandant Vijayanand Commercial Tax Department DDPI Devadurga Taluk Lingsugur Taluk Deputy Commissioner H.Hanumantha DC CT M Hanumanth BLOCK EDU- CATION OF- FICER BLOCK EDU- CATION OF- FICER Manvi Taluk BLOCK EDU- CATION OF- FICER Raichur Taluk Deputy Director of Public Instructions Raichur Taluk BLOCK ED- UCATION OFFICER RAICHUR Sindhnur Taluk DDPU BLOCK EDU- CATION OF- FICER M.Mdoddamani S.N.Police Patil Chandrashekar Bandari Res., Office Phones Amruth Bettad Mallikarjun Vrashabendrayya Swamy DDPU J Basangouda Disaster Managament Centre
96 RESOURCE PERSONNEL DIRECTORY Location Designation Name Mobile Devadurga Taluk Lingsugur Taluk Deputy Commissioner District Magistrater, Raichur Chief Executive Officer Assistant Commissioner Addl. Dy. Commissioner M.V.Savithri Manojkumar Jain Ujjwal K Ghosh Radhakrishna Madankar Rao Tahsildar Mallikarjun Y.S Tahsildar Shekarappa Res., Office Phones Manvi Taluk Tahsildar M Gangappa Raichur Taluk Tahsildar Dr.Madukeshwar Sindhnur Tahsildar K Narasiha Taluk Education Department Raichur Districrector Managing Di- Mr.Dharmaraju Excise Department DC Excise Department Mr.G.Venkataramanayya Devadurga Taluk Superintendent F H Chalwadi Lingsugur Inspector Mr.Gurupadappa Taluk Manvi Taluk Inspector Mr.Dimbanna Raichur Taluk Inspector Mr.Sidramappa Sindhnur Inspector Mr.Nagaraj Taluk Fire A.F.S.T.O K.Eranna AFSTO G.Rangaswamy D.M-557 Amarayya
101 12.2. TALUK/VILLAGE LEVEL PERSONNEL DIRECTORY 95 Location Designation Name Mobile Res., Office Phones Devadurga, Range Forest T.G. Hanumanthappa Devadurga Officer (TP) Deodurga Devadurga, Range Forest A.M. Beelagi Devadurga Officer, Social (TP) Forestry Range Raichur Lingsugur, Range Forest H. Devaputra Lingsugur Officer, Social (TP) Forestry Range Lingasugur Lingsugur, Section Mahesh Gurgunta Forester Lingsugur, Section Khaja Hussain Mudgal (TP) Forester Lingsugur, Section Hussainsab Lingsugur (TP) Forester Manvi, Manvi (TMC) Forest Guard Ramanna Manvi, Kowtal Forest Guard Rajashekhar Manvi, Manvi Range Forest M. Shivabassanna (TMC) Officer Manvi, Manvi Range Forest S.K. Kamble (TMC) Officer, Social Forestry Range Manvi Manvi, Manvi (TMC) Section Forester S.A. Shukur Siddiqui Manvi, Kowtal Section Forester Sharanappa A. Tarival Raichur, Asst. Conservator Manjunath K Raichur of (CMC) Forests, Social Forestry Division Panchalinge Gowda P Raichur, Raichur (CMC) Raichur, Raichur (CMC) Deputy Conservator of Forests Deputy Conservator of Forests, Social Forestry Division K. Shivakumar
102 RESOURCE PERSONNEL DIRECTORY Raichur, Raichur (CMC) Raichur, Raichur (CMC) Raichur, Raichur (CMC) Sindhnur, Sindhnur (TMC) Sindhnur, Sindhnur (TMC) Health Devadurga Taluk Lingsugur Taluk Manvi Taluk Range Forest Officer Location Designation Name Mobile Res., Office Phones Raichur, Maliabad Forest Guard Mohd. Salar Hussain Raichur, Chandrabanda Forest Guard Gogarayya Range Forest Officer, Social Forestry Range Raichur Section Forester Range Forest Officer, Social Forestry Range Sindhanoor Section Forester District Leprosy Officer Incharge Medical Superindentent taluka health officer Deodurga (Incharge) Taluka health officer Manvi T.M. Sagave Neelakanta Babu M.L. Bhavikatti Pampanna Surendra Babu Dr.Mandolkar Dr.Bandesh Dr.Vijay Kumar Dr. Sharanappa taluka health officer Lingasugur Raichur Taluk taluka health Dr. Rajasheker officer Raichur Sindhnur Taluk THO Dr. Farooqu Horticulture
103 12.2. TALUK/VILLAGE LEVEL PERSONNEL DIRECTORY 97 Res., Office Phones Mrs Hema H.N Location Designation Name Mobile Deputy Director Of Horticulture Information Department Chief Reporter (Raichur Vani) Communication Director (Akash Vani. Radio) District Reoprter ( Enadu Telgu News Paper) District Reoprter ( Indian Express) District Reoprter ( Kannada Prabha) District Reoprter ( Prajavani) District Reoprter ( Samyukta Karnataka) District Reoprter ( Sanje Vani) District Reoprter ( The Hindu) District Reporter Press Reporte(Eshanya Daily Nerws Paper) Press Reporter (Suddimula Daily News Paper) Aravind Kulkarni Communication Director Ranganath Ramakrishna Jaganath Desai Ramareddy A Sureendrachar K K Sathyanarayana D.K.Kishanroa Mruntunjaya Kapagal Nagaraj Basavaraj Swamy
104 RESOURCE PERSONNEL DIRECTORY Res., Office Phones B.Venkatsingh Location Designation Name Mobile Reporter (Duradharshana TV channel) Reporter TV-9 Channel Reporter- Amoga Local TV Channel Reporter- E-TV Channel Reporter- In Cabel Local TV Channel Reporter- Janashree TV Channel Reporter- Kannada Kasturi TV Channel Reporter- Samaya News Channel Reporter- Suvarna News Channel Reporter- Udaya TV Channel ant Direcotr Senieor Asis- Irrigation Minor Executive Assistant Engineer Lingsugur Taluk Sindhnur Taluk KPTCL Assistant Executive Engineer Assistant Executive Engineer Executive Director Siddu Biradar Daddu Sarkil Channabasanna Venkatesh Marideva Basavaraj Bhimanna Heera Gururaj Hogar Mahantesh Heremat Mr. T Kanumappa H Balaji Prakash Mv Prakash Mv H N Narayan Prasad
105 12.2. TALUK/VILLAGE LEVEL PERSONNEL DIRECTORY 99 Location Designation Name Mobile Res., Office Phones Raichur, Shaktinagar (CT) Engineer [M] Superintending S Suresha Babu Karnataka State Pollution Control Environmental S.Dinesh Officer Mines and Geology Senior Geologist, Geologists Sikandarbasha K And Sm Krishna, Arun De, Jairam PWD Raichur Taluk Assistant Bhima Reddy.M Executive Engineer Raichur Taluk Assistant M. Bheemareddy Executive Engineer Panchayat CEO Mr. Mukkanna Karigar Police AHC-45 Sri Hasan Mohinidhin AHC-51 Sri Muskak Hussen APC-108 Sri Veerupakshi APC-124 Sri Pakrudhin APC-155 Sri Mallikarjun APC-181 Sri Rajendra Kumar APC-188 Sri Murali APC-41 Sri Yankappa APC-73 Sri Goopal Reddy APC-91 Sri Thimma Reddy ARSI Sri Ishwara Sing Devadurga Taluk ASSISTANT SUB- INSPECTOR Khatal Sab
113 13. Taluk-wise Resource Summary This chapter provides the no. of resources registered in each taluk. Clicking on the number in this table will open up the list of resources in the browser. Resource Devadurga Lingsugur Manvi Raichur Sindhnur Total Schools Hospitals Private Hospitals Veterinary Hospitals Ambulances Private Ambulances Food Resources Milk Water Tanks Water Body Helipads Drug Stores Private Drug Stores Buildings, Shelters Private Buildings, Shelters Vehicles Private Vehicles Fuel Stations NGOs Table 13.1: Taluk-wise resource counts 107
131 I. Equipment in State Fire & Emergency Services Details of equipments available in KARNATAKA state Fire and Emergency Service, Raichur Dist. Sl No Item Name Raichur Manvi Sindhanur Lingasugur Deodurga 1 Sharpex Steel Cutter Sharpex Chain Saw Bullet Jack with 5 ton lift Sledge Hammer Large Axe Screw Drivers Electric Generator (Portable) Breathing Apparatus (Self containing) Pump (Portable) Extension Ladder CO2 Type Fire Extinguishers DCP Type Fire Extinguishers wheeler TVS (Byke) -NO UHF Sets Static Wireless System UHF Sets Mobile Wireless System Walkie Takie Sets Wireless System Fire Fighting Equipments Hand Control Branch Short Branch with Nozzle Fog nozzle branch Universal Branch Revolving Head Branch Foam making Branch No.2 with pickup tube Foam making Branch No.5x with pickup tube 21.8 Collecting Head 3 way Collecting Breaching Dividing breaching (Control type) Delivery Hose (Rubber Made) 2 1/ Suction Hose (Rubber made) Suction Hose (Plastic made) 3 No Suction Hose (Rubber made) Suction Hose (Plastic made)4 No Pick Axe Mumty Crow Bar Hand Saw Fire Hook Bolt Cutter Spike Iron No Door Breaker
132 126 I. EQUIPMENT IN STATE FIRE & EMERGENCY SERVICES Sl No Item Name Raichur Manvi Sindhanur Lingasugur Deodurga 24 Adjustable Spanner Double End Spanner Cutting Pliers Electric Siren First Aid Box Jack With Handle Hooter Mike Grapnel River Raft 1No (With Pedals) No Life Jacket 4Nos No No. of persons available at present Dist Fire Officer Fire Station Officer No Asst. Fire Station Officer Leading Fire man Driver Mechanic No Fireman Driver Fireman Vacancy Total Nos Table 1: Equipment in Fire & Emergency Services Dept
133 II. Abbreviations AAI AC ADM ASP ATC BPCL CPI DC DMP ECC ECR HPCL HQA HSD IDLH IGP IMC IMD IOCL KEB KSRTC LPG MAH MS MSDS POL PPE PS PSV RTO SCBA SDPO SKO SP TSV Airport Authority of India Assistant Commissioner Additional District Magistrate Additional Superintendent of Police Air Traffic Controller Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited Circle Police Inspector Deputy Commissioner Disaster Management Plan Emergency Control Centre Emergency Control Room Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited Head Quarter Assistant High Speed Diesel Immediate Danger to Life and Health Inspector General of Police Indian Molasses Company Indian meteorological Department Indian Oil Corporation Limited Karnataka Electricity Board (GESCOM) Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation Liquefied Petroleum Gas Major Accident Hazard (industries) Motor Spirit (Petrol) Material Safety Data Sheet Petroleum Oil Lube Personal Protective Equipment Police Station Pressure Safety Valve Regional Transport Officer Self Contained Breathing Apparatus Sub Divisional Police Officer Superior Kerosene Oil Superintendent of Police Temperature Safety Valve 127
135 III. List of Central Govt Bodies related to Disaster Management 1. Secretary, Department of Agriculture & Cooperation, Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi.Tele: , Fax: Secretary, Department of Expenditure, Ministry of Finance, North Block, New Delhi. Tele: , Fax: Secretary, Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance North Block, New Delhi Tele : , Fax : Secretary, Planning Commission, Yojana Bhavan, Sansad Road, New Delhi. Tel: , Fax: Director General, India Meteorological Department, Mausam Bhavan, Lodi Road, New Delhi. Tele: Fax : Secretary, Ministry of Water Resources, Shram Shakti Bhavan, New Delhi. Tele: / , Fax: Chairman, Central Water Commission, Sewa Bhavan, R.K.Puram, New Delhi. Tele: Fax: Secretary, Department of Health, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Nirman Bhavan, New Delhi. Tele: , Fax: Secretary, Ministry of Defence, South Block, New Delhi. Tele: / , Fax: Chairman, Railway Board, Rail Bhavan, New Delhi.Tele: / Fax: Secretary, Ministry of Civil Aviation, Rajiv Gandhi Bhavan, B Block, Safdarjung Airport, New Delhi. Tele: Fax: Secretary, Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas, A Wing, 2nd Floor, Shastri Bhavan, New Delhi. Tele: / Fax: Secretary, Ministry of Power, Shram Shakti Bhavan,New Delhi. Tele: Fax: Foreign Secretary, Ministry of External Affairs, South Block, New Delhi. Tele: / Fax:
136 130III. LIST OF CENTRAL GOVT BODIES RELATED TO DISASTER MANAGEMENT 15. Secretary, Ministry of Environment & Forest, Paryavaran Bhavan, CG0 Complex, Lodi Road, New Delhi Tele: : Fax: Secretary, Department of Food & Public Distribution, Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi Tele: : Fax: Secretary, Department of Telecommunication, Sanchar Bhavan, New Delhi. Tele: Fax: Secretary, Ministry of Rural Development, Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi. Tele: Fax: Secretary, Ministry of Road, Transport & Highway, Parivahan Bhavan, New Delhi. Tele: Fax: Secretary, Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying, Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi. Tele: Fax: Secretary, Ministry of Drinking Water Supply & Sanitation, Nirman Bhavan, New Delhi. Tele: / Fax: Secretary, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Prithvi Bhawan, IMD Campus, Opp. India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road, New Delhi , (Ph / 72, Fax: ) 23. Secretary, Department of Science & Technology, Technology Bhavan, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi. Tele: Fax: / Secretary, Department of Women and Child Development, Shastri Bhavan, New Delhi. Tele: Fax: Secretary, Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation, Nirman Bhawan, New Delhi. 26. Secretary, Ministry of Urban Development, Nirman Bhawan, New Delhi. 27. Secretary, Ministry of Textiles, Udyog Bhawan, New Delhi. 28. Secretary, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Shastri Bhawan, New Delhi. 29. Director General, Geological Survey of India,27, Jawaharl Lal Nehru Road, Kolkata Tele: / Fax: / Secretary, National Disaster Management Authority(NDMA), NDMA Bhawan, Opp. AIIMS Trauma Centre, A-I Safdarjung Enclave, New Delhi Tele: Fax : Shri Shatrughna Singh, Joint Secretary, Prime Ministers Office, South Block, New Delhi. Tele: Fax:
137 Shri S.C. Garg, Joint Secretary, Cabinet Secretariat, Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi. Telefax: , Mr. V. Bhanu Murthy, Project Director (NDEM) Head, National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Department of Space, Govt. of India, Balanagar, Hyderabad Tele: Fax Comptroller & Auditor General of India, 10, Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 35. National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF), Department of Science & Technology, A-50, Institutional Area, Phase II, Sector 62, NOIDA , Uttar Pradesh Tele: / Fax: / / Director General, National Informatics Centre (NIC), Ministry of Communication & Information Technology, A Block, CGO Complex, Lodi Road, New Delhi Tele: Fax: / (control room) 37. Director General, NDRF & CD, East Block- 7, Level VII, R.K. Puram, New Delhi Tele: Fax: Director General, Border Security Force (BSF), CGO Complex, Lodi Road, New Delhi Tele: / Fax: Director General, Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), CGO Complex, Lodi Road, New Delhi Tele: Fax: Director General, Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP), CGO Complex, Lodi Road, New Delhi Tele: Fax : Director General, Central Industrial Security Force (CISF), CGO Complex, Lodi Road, New Delhi Tele: / Fax : Director General, Sashtra Seema Bal (SSB), East Block-V, R K Puram, New Delhi Tele: Fax : Chief of Integrated Defence Staff, Integrated Defence Staff, South Block, New Delhi. Tele : Fax : Director, Snow & Avalanche Study Establishment Research & Development Centre (SASE), Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Himparisar, Sector 37 A, Chandigarh Tele: Fax: Executive Director, National Institute of Disaster Management, IIPA Campus, 5-B, IP Estate, MG Road Campus, New Delhi (Fax: , ).
139 IV. Glossary Acceptable Risk The level of potential losses that a society or community considers acceptable given existing social, economic, political, cultural, technical and environmental conditions. Adaptation The adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities. Biological Hazard Process or phenomenon of organic origin or conveyed by biological vectors, including exposure to pathogenic micro-organisms, toxins and bioactive substances that may cause loss of life, injury, illness or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage. Building Code A set of ordinances or regulations and associated standards intended to control aspects of the design, construction, materials, alteration and occupancy of structures that are necessary to ensure human safety and welfare, including resistance to collapse and damage. Capacity The combination of all the strengths, attributes and resources available within a community, society or organization that can be used to achieve agreed goals. Capacity Development The process by which people, organizations and society systematically stimulate and develop their capacities over time to achieve social and economic goals, including through improvement of knowledge, skills, systems, and institutions. Climate Change (a) The Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) defines climate change as: a change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g., by using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties, and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer. Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings, or to persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use. (b) The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) defines climate change as a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods. 133
140 134 IV. GLOSSARY Contingency Planning A management process that analyses specific potential events or emerging situations that might threaten society or the environment and establishes arrangements in advance to enable timely, effective and appropriate responses to such events and situations. Coping Capacity The ability of people, organizations and systems, using available skills and resources, to face and manage adverse conditions, emergencies or disasters. Corrective Disaster Risk Management Management activities that address and seek to correct or reduce disaster risks which are already present. Critical Facilities The primary physical structures, technical facilities and systems which are socially, economically or operationally essential to the functioning of a society or community, both in routine circumstances and in the extreme circumstances of an emergency. Disaster A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources. Disaster Risk The potential disaster losses, in lives, health status, livelihoods, assets and services, which could occur to a particular community or a society over some specified future time period. Disaster Risk Management The systematic process of using administrative directives, organizations, and operational skills and capacities to implement strategies, policies and improved coping capacities in order to lessen the adverse impacts of hazards and the possibility of disaster. Disaster Risk Reduction The concept and practice of reducing disaster risks through systematic efforts to analyse and manage the causal factors of disasters, including through reduced exposure to hazards, lessened vulnerability of people and property, wise management of land and the environment, and improved preparedness for adverse events. Disaster Risk Reduction Plan A document prepared by an authority, sector, organization or enterprise that sets out goals and specific objectives for reducing disaster risks together with related actions to accomplish these objectives.
141 135 Early Warning System The set of capacities needed to generate and disseminate timely and meaningful warning information to enable individuals, communities and organizations threatened by a hazard to prepare and to act appropriately and in sufficient time to reduce the possibility of harm or loss. Ecosystem Services The benefits that people and communities obtain from ecosystems. ecosystems can provide include regulating services such as regulation of floods, drought, land degradation and disease, along with provisioning services such as food and water, supporting services such as soil formation and nutrient cycling, and cultural services such as recreational, spiritual, religious and other nonmaterial benefits. Integrated management of land, water and living resources that promotes conservation and sustainable use provide the basis for maintaining ecosystem services, including those that contribute to reduced disaster risks. El Nio-Southern Oscillation Phenomenon A complex interaction of the tropical Pacific Ocean and the global atmosphere that results in irregularly occurring episodes of changed ocean and weather patterns in many parts of the world, often with significant impacts over many months, such as altered marine habitats, rainfall changes, floods, droughts, and changes in storm patterns. Emergency Management The organization and management of resources and responsibilities for addressing all aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness, response and initial recovery steps. Emergency Services The set of specialized agencies that have specific responsibilities and objectives in serving and protecting people and property in emergency situations. Environmental Degradation The reduction of the capacity of the environment to meet social and ecological objectives and needs. Environmental Impact Assessment Process by which the environmental consequences of a proposed project or programme are evaluated, undertaken as an integral part of planning and decision-making processes with a view to limiting or reducing the adverse impacts of the project or programme. Exposure People, property, systems, or other elements present in hazard zones that are thereby subject to potential losses. Extensive Risk The widespread risk associated with the exposure of dispersed populations to
142 136 IV. GLOSSARY repeated or persistent hazard conditions of low or moderate intensity, often of a highly localized nature, which can lead to debilitating cumulative disaster impacts. Forecast Definite statement or statistical estimate of the likely occurrence of a future event or conditions for a specific area. Geological Hazard Geological process or phenomenon that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage. Greenhouse Gases Gaseous constituents of the atmosphere, both natural and anthropogenic, that absorb and emit radiation of thermal infrared radiation emitted by the Earths surface, the atmosphere itself, and by clouds. Hazard A dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage. Hydrometeorological Hazard Process or phenomenon of atmospheric, hydrological or oceanographic nature that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage. Intensive Risk The risk associated with the exposure of large concentrations of people and economic activities to intense hazard events, which can lead to potentially catastrophic disaster impacts involving high mortality and asset loss. Land-use Planning The process undertaken by public authorities to identify, evaluate and decide on different options for the use of land, including consideration of long term economic, social and environmental objectives and the implications for different communities and interest groups, and the subsequent formulation and promulgation of plans that describe the permitted or acceptable uses. Mitigation The lessening or limitation of the adverse impacts of hazards and related disasters. Preparedness The knowledge and capacities developed by governments, professional response and recovery organizations, communities and individuals to effectively anticipate, respond to, and recover from, the impacts of likely, imminent or current hazard events or conditions.
143 137 Prevention The outright avoidance of adverse impacts of hazards and related disasters. Prospective Disaster Risk Management Management activities that address and seek to avoid the development of new or increased disaster risks. Public Awareness The extent of common knowledge about disaster risks, the factors that lead to disasters and the actions that can be taken individually and collectively to reduce exposure and vulnerability to hazards. Recovery The restoration, and improvement where appropriate, of facilities, livelihoods and living conditions of disaster-affected communities, including efforts to reduce disaster risk factors. Residual Risk The risk that remains in unmanaged form, even when effective disaster risk reduction measures are in place, and for which emergency response and recovery capacities must be maintained. Resilience The ability of a system, community or society exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate to and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner, including through the preservation and restoration of its essential basic structures and functions. Response The provision of emergency services and public assistance during or immediately after a disaster in order to save lives, reduce health impacts, ensure public safety and meet the basic subsistence needs of the people affected. Retrofitting Reinforcement or upgrading of existing structures to become more resistant and resilient to the damaging effects of hazards. Risk The combination of the probability of an event and its negative consequences. Risk Assessment A methodology to determine the nature and extent of risk by analysing potential hazards and evaluating existing conditions of vulnerability that together could potentially harm exposed people, property, services, livelihoods and the environment on which they depend. Risk Management The systematic approach and practice of managing uncertainty to minimize potential harm and loss.
144 138 IV. GLOSSARY Risk Transfer The process of formally or informally shifting the financial consequences of particular risks from one party to another whereby a household, community, enterprise or state authority will obtain resources from the other party after a disaster occurs, in exchange for ongoing or compensatory social or financial benefits provided to that other party. Socio-natural Hazard The phenomenon of increased occurrence of certain geophysical and hydro meteorological hazard events, such as landslides, flooding, land subsidence and drought, that arise from the interaction of natural hazards with overexploited or degraded land and environmental resources.
145 V. Useful Websites & Other References ias.html Disaster Management in India, Report from Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India - Develop a baseline document to capture and analyse existing approaches and methodologies for Hazard Risk & Vulnerability Assessment, Final Report, Winrock International, India Drought related online resources Center for Science and Environment ( Center for Water Efficient Landscaping, Utah ( Central Arid Zone Research Institute ( Central ground water authority ( Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture (CRIDA) ( Crop Weather Outlook: Department of agriculture and cooperation (DOAC), Ministry of Agriculture (MOA): DOAC, MOA, Weather Watch ( Down to Earth, CSE ( Drought Monitoring Cell of Karnataka ( Drought Watch of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada ( Global vegetation health image map resources of NOAA ( nesdis.noaa.gov/crad/sat/surf/vci/) IIT, Mumbai ( Indian Council of Agricultural Research Drought Monitoring and Advisory ( 139
146 140 V. USEFUL WEBSITES & OTHER REFERENCES Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute ( International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) ( International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics ( International Water Management Institutes (IWMI, National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting ( National Climatic Data Center, NOAA ( National Drought Mitigation Center ( National Informatics Center s (NIC) Weather Resource System for India ( National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration s (NOAA) ( Rain water harvesting, CSE ( Rainwater club ( Rainwater harvesting ( Texas University ( United Stated Department of Agriculture ( jump.htm) Use it wisely ( Water harvesting (waterharvesting.org) Watershed management (
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Preface In 2008, the inter-agency Drainage Act & Section 28 Regulations Team (DART) was established by the Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR) and the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA)
JICA s Support to India (Forestry Sector) January 6, 2015 JICA India office 1 Introduction of JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency President: Akihiko Tanaka Establishment: August 1974 and Reorganized
Disaster Management and Human Health Risk II 73 An overview of disaster management in India A. J. Shah Applied Mechanics Department, S V National Institute of Technology, Surat, Gujarat, India Abstract
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IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) e-issn: 2319-2380, p-issn: 2319-2372. Volume 7, Issue 5 Ver. II (May. 2014), PP 25-30 Agricultural of the Baramati Tahsil, Pune District (Maharashtra).
[ Government of Karnataka Jala Samvardhane Yojana Sangah Water Resource Department (Minor Irrigation) Department Information 1. Tumkur Head Office : District Project Co-ordinator, Jala Samvardhane Yojana
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Climate Change: The Response Abstract There is scientific consensus that the global climate is changing, with rising surface temperatures, melting ice and snow, rising sea levels, and increasing climate
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Vandna B.Tech., 6 th Semester Department of Civil Engineering JNGEC Sundernagar, Mandi (H.P.) 175018 ABSTRACT The watershed is a geographical area through which water flows in the form of streams, rivers,
Foundation Course Semester 3 THREATS TO THE ENVIRONMENT INTRODUCTION Atmosphere, water and soil are the most important components of environment in which we live. Atmospheric factors like rainfall, humidity, | <urn:uuid:0a17dd4d-ac82-4145-8a0e-d158c247b0ed> | {
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The end of smallpox is one of the true triumphs of modern medicine.
When doctors cured a 3-year-old Bangladesh girl seven years ago, breaking the last link in a 3,000-year chain of disease that had killed untold millions, the world celebrated.
''Smallpox eradicated!'' ''Smallpox is dead!'' news headlines read. An 11-year, $300 million eradication campaign finally was over, through the mud of India`s monsoons, combat in Ethiopian border wars, the jungles of Brazil.
Yet the deadly virus lives on, and the specter of biological warfare looms over a world that thought it had one less thing to worry about.
Two laboratories stockpile the virus, in Atlanta at the Federal Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and at Moscow`s Research Institute for Viral Preparations.
All other research labs have destroyed or surrendered their specimens. Under international pressure, Germany killed its store in the late 1970s. South Africa, the last holdout, complied in 1983.
Until its elimination, smallpox raged throughout the world, killing millions and leaving millions of other victims permanently disabled and disfigured. Scientists trace the disease to 1157 B.C., when Egyptian Pharaoh Ramses V died with a yellow rash of pustules over his face, neck and shoulders.
Smallpox has been a powerful weapon in war. It toppled the Aztec Empire:
When Cortez led his 16th Century invasion of Mexico, his legions brought along the virus embedded in blankets, and 3 million people died in the resultant epidemics.
Smallpox decimated George Washington`s troops at Valley Forge. British colonial military commanders planned to use it against the American Indians. Allegations of deliberate use were made in the Civil War and in China during World War II.
Both the United States and the Soviet Union still vaccinate their troops. If it were released as a tactic of biological warfare, smallpox once again could sweep the world.
The millions of civilians who no longer are vaccinated would be especially vulnerable to wartime release of the virus, said Dr. Victor Sidel, of Montefiore Medical Center in the Bronx, N.Y.
No nation in the world requires immunization any longer.
In 1980, the State Department notified doctors and health departments to stop giving smallpox vaccinations to travelers. The vaccine can produce serious complications, causing more harm than good, according to the American Medical Association.
In the CDC lab in Atlanta, the virus grows tranquilly in rows of chicken eggs, which are stored in liquid nitrogen freezer tanks.
But there are hints of the former reign of terror. Guards patrol the lab 24 hours a day. A motion-detecting tool senses any suspicious movement of air. The lab is designed to be impenetrable, and its single window is made of unbreakable plastic.
Filters in the lab`s air duct trap any escaping virus. Gaskets on the doorways form a secure seal. To prevent contaminated air from leaking, a special negative-pressure air system has been devised.
The few scientists allowed inside must have recent vaccinations and wear protective clothing. After they leave the lab, their garments are baked for an hour in a 250-degree oven. They must shower to rinse all traces of virus from their skin, and all wash water is boiled and sterilized. Yet accidents can happen.
The last lethal case of smallpox occurred in 1978, when the virus escaped from containment in a research laboratory in Birmingham, England, and killed a photographer who worked on the floor above. The head of the lab, which had not been authorized to keep the virus, later slashed his wrists and died.
The search for cases of the disease are still on. The U.S. government has a standing offer of a $1,000 reward for anyone discovering a residual case.
Every so often, missionaries emerge from the jungle with descriptions of smallpoxlike disease, said Dr. James Nakano, the CDC lab chief. So far, he said, every case has turned out to be chickenpox or other routine disease.
The U.S. military keeps 1.3 million doses of smallpox vaccine in stock, and the Pentagon spends several million dollars annually for purchase, transportation and storage of the vaccine, as well as inoculation of military recruits.
The Soviet government stopped vaccinating its troops in 1979 but resumed in 1984 because of continued U.S. immunizations.
Talks between U.S. and Soviet virology authorities have stalled. A rift formed between scientists at a meeting in Moscow last September, said Donald Diggers, of the Disease Surveillance Office of the U.S. surgeon general.
''There is still extreme distrust there,'' he said. The continued immunizations of both U.S. and Soviet troops ''is a deterrent.
It`s psychologically devastating disease. It`s disfiguring and leaves permanent pock marks.''
Also, secret stockpiles of the virus may still be in military labs in Communist bloc countries and China, U.S. military planners speculate.
The virus lives only in man, not in animals, and must be passed on from one person to another at least every three weeks or it dies.
Because no cases have been found for so long, chances are slim that a natural case ever will occur again. | <urn:uuid:921cc028-304f-4e5b-8d83-0a22d4e0618a> | {
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Soybean is made for Missouri. Few things grown, mined or manufactured in Missouri touch the lives of as many citizens as soybean.
Soybean is Missouri’s No. 1 crop in both number of acres and value. Each year more than 5 million acres of productive Missouri farmland are planted to soybean. This number is greater than the total acreage all other grain, fiber and vegetable crops.
The economic health of Missouri depends on its soybean crop. The annual, on-farm value of Missouri’s soybean crop is more than $2.2 billion.
Soybean is the world’s foremost producer of vegetable oil and vegetable protein. A bushel of soybean weighs 60 pounds. That bushel of soybean grain produces 11.3 pounds of vegetable oil and 45.0 pounds of high-protein meal. Examples of products made from soy oil are: biodiesel, cooking oil, margarine, printing ink, and lecithin. The primary use of soy protein is animal feed, including pets. Soy protein is also used in tofu, infant formula, processed meats, and building materials. | <urn:uuid:8b52cfcb-53dd-4740-8430-26f0dd36445c> | {
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IN 1882, JOHN FREELAND5 described the first case of nontraumatic perforation of the common hepatic duct. Since then, only eight cases have been reported. When confronted with two cases within a six-month period at St. Luke's Hospital, we felt that a report of these two cases and a brief review of the previously reported cases would be of special interest.
Report of Cases
(No. 44-64-30): A 56-year-old male was admitted to St. Luke's Hospital with abdominal pain of ten hours' duration. In 1939 the patient had a plication of a perforated duodenal ulcer, followed by a subtotal gastric resection in 1952. He was apparently well until the morning of admission when he was awakened with severe midabdominal pain associated with vomiting of bile-stained material. There were no other gastrointestinal symptoms. The past history was significant in that pulmonary tuberculosis was suspected in 1952.The patient was a well-developed, thin | <urn:uuid:9a6ea831-24ed-4b2d-ba39-71f2bf5264ca> | {
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Senate Honors 70th Anniversary of D-Day Invasion With Resolution and Veterans Legislation
The New York State Senate has just honored World War II veterans by adopting a resolution that commemorates the 70th anniversary of the Allied Army invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944, a defining day in world history that marked the beginning of the liberation of Europe and the eventual end of World War II; as well as passing a package of legislation to benefit veterans, and men and women in active military duty.
“The men who fought during World War II are known as the Greatest Generation, and June 6, 1944 was the greatest day of the greatest generation,” Senate Co-Leader Dean Skelos said. “On that day the largest amphibious invasion force ever turned the tide of world history from oppression to freedom, from brutality to liberty, and, less than a year later, from war to peace. And it all began with incredible bravery and sacrifice on the beaches of Normandy 70 years ago.” The Senate is proud to pay tribute to World War II veterans today.”
The Senate resolution described the extraordinary impact of D-Day: On June 6, 1944, the military might of the Allies combined for the most extensive aerial and sea borne assault ever planned; the D-Day Invasion at the beaches of Normandy, France changed the direction of World War II, and the history of the twentieth century; planned for over two years by the Allied Forces, the D-Day Invasion was an intricate coordination of the world's greatest military forces, and an exercise in cooperation that marked the turning point of the war, and the world's history.
On June 6, 1944, 160,000 troops from the United States, Great Britain and Canada landed on the French coastline at Normandy to fight Nazi Germany. More than 6,500 ships and landing craft, as well as 13,000 aircraft participated in the attack. By the end of that day, the Allies established a foot-hold in Normandy. During the D-Day invasion more than 9,000 Allied soldiers were killed or wounded.
Senator William J. Larkin Jr., a World War II veteran and sponsor of the resolution, said: “The Americans who fought on D-Day, and throughout the war, made history with their courage and brave actions. The cost of freedom proved to be very, very high. Every soldier that was killed or wounded, and every one that survives today, helped save the world. They truly deserve to be recognized, honored and remembered. I take great pride in welcoming fellow World War II veterans to the Senate Chamber today.”
Senator Greg Ball, Chairman of the Senate Veterans, Homeland Security, and Military Affairs Committee, said: “These men and women represent a generation of heroes to whom we owe our freedom. There is no way for any of us to ever fully repay them for their sacrifice and selflessness, but we can attempt to honor them and thank them as a state, nation and community. There is no way to know exactly how history would have been changed had these heroes not stood up for freedom and humanity and were victorious. All we know is thank God they did,” said.
The Senate’s adoption of the D-Day resolution was accompanied by an exhibit that includes historical photos and video footage, informational panels, and a display of military equipment and memorabilia that were used by American Armed Forces at the time of the D-Day invasion. The exhibit, which concludes tonight, is located at on the Concourse Level of the Empire State Plaza (between the main Concourse corridor and the Legislative Office Building).
In addition to the resolution and exhibit, the Senate passed the following legislation to benefit veterans:
Tax Relief for Veterans
S3931 sponsored by Senator Lee Zeldin (R-C-I, Shirley): extends the alternative veterans' property tax exemption by local option to active members of the military. Currently, only honorably discharged veterans are eligible for the exemption.
S4136A sponsored by Senator Andrew Lanza (R-I-C, Staten Island): honors disabled veterans who sacrificed their health and wellbeing for the safety of our country by authorizing local governments to provide a property tax exemption to 100-percent-disabled veterans who served in a combat theatre or combat zone of operations, or their unmarried surviving spouses.
S6429 sponsored by Senator Pat Gallivan (R-C-I, Elma): authorizes local governments to create a property tax exemption for active duty military forces and reservists that are ordered to active duty.
S6781 sponsored by Senator David Carlucci (D, Rockland County): encourages more school districts to authorize a veterans’ property tax exemption by giving school districts the authority to repeal the benefit in the event of a negative change to the district’s economic circumstances. Some districts have not enacted the tax exemptions for veterans because of concerns it could not be reversed in the future if the need arose.
S1435 sponsored by Senator Michael Ranzenhofer (R-C-I, Amherst): assists active duty combat veterans by allowing municipalities to grant the additional combat veteran property tax exemption to persons who have been discharged from the service, then re-enlisted, served in combat, and are now returned and residing in New York State, but have not yet been again discharged. Soldiers who have returned to New York from combat in places like Iraq and Afghanistan, but who have not yet been discharged from service, have found that although they are eligible for the regular 15 percent veterans’ exemption as a result of their earlier discharge, they are not eligible for the additional 10 percent combat exemption because they have not been discharged from their subsequent service.
S3572A sponsored by Senator James Seward (R-C-I, Oneonta): exempts certain non-profit veterans organizations from tax on non-highway diesel motor fuel used for heating purposes.
Expanding Veterans’ Benefits
S6821 sponsored by Senator Lee Zeldin (R-C-I, Shirley): provides a 60-day stay of suspension and revocation of licenses and registrations of military service personnel while on active duty, and would additionally reverse in absentia convictions of vehicle and traffic violations of such military service personnel while on active duty, without prejudice for refiling.
S1963 sponsored by Senator Joseph Griffo (R-C-I, Rome): allows those with military service and an honorable discharge to attend classes at the State University of New York (SUNY) and the City University of New York (CUNY) on a tuition-free audit basis.
S1978 sponsored by Senator Joseph Robach (R-C-I, Rochester): makes college more affordable for those in military service by including active duty and honorably discharged veterans who attend college under the new GI bill within the definition of resident for in-state tuition eligibility at community colleges and state-aided four-year colleges.
S1051 sponsored by Senator George Maziarz (R-C, Newfane): changes the eligibility dates for a military service recognition scholarship to include conflicts that occurred after June 1, 1982, including Lebanon (1982), Grenada (1983), and Libya (1986).
S7617A sponsored by Senator Dean Skelos (R, Rockville Centre): allows veterans holding a federal Golden Access Passport or federal Access Pass to be able to access state recreational facilities free of charge.
S5735A sponsored by Senator Lee Zeldin (R-C-I, Shirley): requires the Division of Veteran Affairs to maintain a fact sheet on their website containing contact information for all veterans’ integrated service networks located within the state and contact information for the United States veterans health administration. Hospitals will then be required to provide veteran patients with a copy of the fact sheet maintained by the division.
Honoring Veterans and their Families
S6160 sponsored by Senator Kathleen Marchione (R-C, Halfmoon): authorizes the adjutant general of the State of New York to present a medal known as the “New York State Korean War Service Medal.”
S6161 sponsored by Senator Kathleen Marchione (R-C, Halfmoon): authorizes the adjutant general of the State of New York to present a medal known as the “New York State Vietnam War Service Medal.”
S4198 sponsored by Senator Patty Ritchie (R-C, Heuvelton): establishes a “Bronze Star Recipient” and “Silver Star Recipient” license plate to be issued by the Department of Motor Vehicles upon proof that the applicant is a Bronze or Silver Star recipient, or the spouse of a recipient. The DMV already issues plates for Purple Heart recipients.
S970A sponsored by Senator Tom Libous (R-C-I, Binghamton): establishes a “gold star father” distinctive license plate to the father or the spouse of a father of a fallen soldier. A “gold star mother” plate has been available since 1991.
S3554 sponsored by Senator Joseph Griffo (R-C-I, Rome): upon surrendering a set of “gold star mother” license plates, this bill would allow the gold star mother to keep and retain one of the plates for commemorative purposes.
S7122 sponsored by Senator Michael Nozzolio (R-C, Fayette): creates a “New York State Veterans Remembrance” license plate that can be issued to a veteran or spouse of a veteran.
S3869 sponsored by Senator Michael Nozzolio (R-C, Fayette): provides legal protections for veterans memorials in New York State by establishing official recognition for the importance these memorials serve in honoring the sacrifices of our veterans. The bill is in response to actions taken by some municipalities and school districts that removed war memorials from their property without providing for the preservation, moving or replacement of the memorial.
Earlier this session, the Senate approved veterans legislation, sponsored by Senator Ball, including the following measures:
S6865 (signed into law): creates the "Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned Business Act" to ensure New York’s service-connected disabled- veteran owned small businesses are better able to compete for millions of dollars in state contracts by creating a six percent state contract set-aside.
S2655A: protects the voting rights of active duty service members who make the ultimate sacrifice by requiring that the ballots of deceased military personnel be counted toward the election for which they were cast.
S2652 : authorizes local governments to allow a veteran, or the unremarried surviving spouse of a veteran, who was receiving a veterans exemption on real property within the county (or New York City) to continue to receive the exemption if they move to a new home within the same county (or within New York City).
S3507A: removes the issue of military deployment as a factor in the consideration for awarding child custody when a suitable child care plan is presented. | <urn:uuid:5defa5d6-3d81-48c1-b0b3-d6a910b6d6fe> | {
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Situated in the Northwest of South America, Colombia was inhibited by indigenous tribes until the arrival of Spanish colonizers in 1499. In 1819 Colombia gained independence from Spain and experimented with several forms of government before settling on a republic in 1886. Since the 1960’s the country has experienced continued low-level warfare in the provincial areas with rebel groups including FARC and ELN. This warfare reached its peak in the 1990’s and resulted in widespread emigration out of Colombia. This warfare was often fueled by the illicit production of opium and cocaine. Criminal syndicates alternated between fighting with and fighting against the rebel groups and the security situation deteriorated. Since 2002 the security and economic situation has drastically improved. Today, Colombia is on an upward trajectory and expected to continue to make economic gains. | <urn:uuid:f20958b8-99dd-4ffb-a475-7e094b74d280> | {
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Bullying is a form of harassment which could happen anywhere, in a playground or even online or on mobile phones, and can involve one or more bullies targeting a person or group of people.
Harassment can occur in a variety of forms including, but not exclusive to;
- Cyber-stalking - harassment of an individual or groups of people using electronic communication tools, such as email, instant messaging, social networks, mobile technologies, online chat rooms, games or forums. The Cybersmile Foundation, an international cyberbullying charity based in the UK can offer information, advice and support to anyone being affected by cyberbullying issues.
If you are being bullied or harassed at school, please see our schools bullying and harassment policy. | <urn:uuid:57acd2e6-7c07-4a81-b9b4-ac3c5af750bb> | {
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Want More Energy and Less Climate Change? Plant Trees
Many are familiar with the first two lines, at least, of Joyce Kilmer’s famous 1913 poem “Trees”: “I think that I shall never see/ A poem lovely as a tree.”
People do love their trees. Beyond poetry and the arts, trees have inspired just about everyone. For instance, the first Arbor Day, celebrated in Nebraska in 1872, was an early conjoining of civic boosterism and environmental activism.
In 1990, President George H.W. Bush paid tribute to trees as he signed legislation to encourage even more of them: “Let us plant the trees and nurture them so that America will remain America the Beautiful for generations to come.”
Okay, so trees are lovely; let us count some of the ways.
First, trees are a major source of wealth and strength. Since the beginning of human civilization, wood has been used as a building material, as well as, of course, a source of fuel and weaponry. It’s not for nothing that the anthem of the British Navy is “Heart of Oak.”
Speaking of, er, arborealonomics, some wit at the U.S. Department of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Service headlined a document a few years back, “Money does grow on trees”—and pointed to $9.7 billion in annual U.S. forest product exports. Indeed, in 2013, the U.S. Endowment for Forestry and Communities calculated the total value of American wood, paper, and furniture shipments at $312 billion. Related statistics from around the world are even more impressive; according to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, 12.7 million workers enjoy “in-forest employment,” boasting a gross value-add of $606 billion.
Of course, some will regard these numbers with a twinge, or even a shudder, because some forests of great historical and ecological value are being cut down, burned down, or otherwise destroyed. Indeed, a popular news meme of our time holds that the Amazon rainforest—some of it now ablaze—functions as the “lungs of the planet” (even if the truth is more complicated).
Yet to put the matter in a cheerier light, trees are “renewable.” Indeed, sustainable forestry is a worldwide movement, bespeaking Mother Nature’s capacity—perhaps with a helping human hand—to renew herself infinitely.
Second, and speaking of planetary sustainability, trees are central to any plausible plan for reducing greenhouse gases. We might even recall that Bush 41, nearly three decades ago, hailed yet another sylvan virtue: “they consume carbon dioxide.” In the more recent words of the U.S. Forest Service, “Forest ecosystems are the largest terrestrial carbon sink on earth and their management has been recognized as a relatively cost-effective strategy for offsetting greenhouse gas emissions.”
Indeed, the U.S.F.S. further adds, forests, as well as other trees and harvested wood products, offset approximately 15 percent of America’s greenhouse gas emissions. (There are, in fact, lots of ways to think about carbon capture—including more industrial techniques, such as direct air capture—yet, plainly, organic carbon capture is mellower, and thus more broadly appealing.)
So if we wish to rally as many people as possible to the cause of sequestering CO2, we should wish to plant as many trees as possible. And how to go about quantifying the potential of sequestration? To use the shortest of shorthands, a typical tree is about 50 percent water, and the remaining dry weight of a tree is about 50 percent carbon. Thus for a scraggly 50-foot pine tree with a one-foot trunk diameter, weighing 2,000 pounds, about 500 pounds are carbon. That’s a quarter-ton of carbon pulled out of the atmosphere. And of course, that carbon total doesn’t include the mass of the tree’s roots—which could be another quarter-ton of carbon.
The implications of this organic carbon capture are simple yet profound: the more trees, the less CO2. Back in May, here at TAC, this author quoted one expert who calculated that with the use of better fertilizer, both forests and farms could be made more abundant, such that the current 15 percent sequestration of American CO2 emissions could be brought up to 40 percent.
Of course, trees must die, and when they do, they decompose and release their carbon back into the atmosphere. So that’s an argument for systematizing the tree crusade, such that new trees are always being planted, as well as habitats preserved. (And so let’s think of new ways to preserve felled wood so that it never decomposes.)
Next, the same leafy logic can be applied to the world as a whole. We can start with currently blazing Brazil. As of now, Amazonia is seen by many Westerners as a sort of quasi-international park. During this reckoning, as a matter of green justice, Brazilians should not do to their forests what Westerners did to theirs. Not surprisingly, this paternalistic attitude sits poorly with Brazil’s nationalist president, Jair Bolsonaro. Last month, he pushed back against “a misplaced colonialist mindset in the 21st century.”
In the meantime, if climate change is the existential threat that it’s said to be—such that, for example, Senator Bernie Sanders wants to spend $16.3 trillion fighting it—then it’s easy to see how First World cash and Third World land could come together in green convergence. That is, the 2.1 million square miles of Amazon rainforest (including a half-dozen countries beyond Brazil) could be “hired” to help in the carbon sequestration effort. Of course, mindful of Western political urgency, the South Americans’ price for such cooperative action will surely go up steeply.
Some will point out, of course, that the amount of land available for such organic carbon sinking is finite. So maybe we should explore new ways of increasing carbon capacity, including genetically modifying trees to grow bigger and thus carbon hungrier.
Furthermore, we might look to the oceans, which can be made carbon sinkier through any number of possible mechanisms, including new coastal landfill—perhaps even creating whole islands of tree-covered carbon landfill. Needless to say, such ideas won’t sit well with many greens, yet if we’re in a crisis, we should be prepared to think anew, and act anew.
Okay, so back to trees: a trusted source of beauty, wealth, employment, and carbon sequestration. And now we can add yet another dimension: international migration management. Tucked away in a September 6 news story from the Associated Press about Mexico’s enhanced border security enforcement was this intriguing policy nugget:
The enforcement has been paired with an incipient economic development plan. Mexico has agreed with Honduras and El Salvador to expand a tree planting program that aims to keep farmers on their land through direct payments and provide them with income-generating fruit and timber trees.
There it is: hired tree-planting. If Mexico can do this, so can the U.S., and so can other rich nations. That is, we can finance a win for trees—which could be linked to a win for economic development, a win for population stability and border sanctity, as well as a win for de-carbonization. So we can add it up and see: a win-win-win-win.
Come to think of it, there’s also a fifth win: the continued viability of carbon-based fuels. To put it mildly, not everyone wants to hear that carbon capture could make the world safe for the continuing consumption of oil, natural gas, and maybe even suitably scrubbed coal. In fact, since kiboshing the automobile and Big Oil was a left-wing goal long before anyone worried about climate change, it’s fair to say that even an effective carbon capture system will not soften the hearts of many lefty ideologues toward General Motors, Exxon, and sprawled suburbia.
Yet here’s a reality-gram: this economy can’t be operated, and thus the nation can’t be governed, from the green left. As Mark P. Mills of the Manhattan Institute has demonstrated, the “good” energy sources, solar and wind, will probably never come anywhere close to providing the juice the world needs.
So that takes us back to carbon fuels, and thus to carbon capture. One Democrat who grasps this reality is long-shot presidential hopeful Andrew Yang, running on a platform of progressive technocracy. On his campaign website, Yang pledges to make the world safe for carbon fuels by “invest[ing] heavily in carbon capture and geoengineering technologies designed to reverse the damage already done to the environment through a new Global Geoengineering Institute and invite international participation.”
Indeed, in his enthusiasm for technological fixes, Yang has even endorsed “giant foldable space mirrors” to thwart the sun’s warming radiation. By comparison, merely planting many trees looks tame.
Of course, Yang, that can-do guy, is unlikely to be the Democrats’ 2020 nominee. Instead the more probable Democrats are staking out increasingly extreme Malthusian schemes—and piling on guilt trips, too.
To be sure, the voters, as well as the candidates, learned long ago to discount campaign pledges. And so if a Democrat wins the White House next year, it will be because voters wish Trump to be gone, not because they wish their cars, hamburgers—and jobs—to be gone.
To put the point another way, a Democratic 46th president would soon be scrambling to find a way to show progress on CO2 while not tanking the economy. So if not space mirrors, carbon capture will have to be in the mix.
As for Trump, if he wins re-election, he might feel the pressure to do something on CO2. In particular, he could conclude that the optics of a Mexico-style program of hiring locals to plant carbon sinks in their own country is preferable to the look of “putting children in cages.”
Most likely, these realities will be submerged in the hurly-burly of the 2020 campaign. Yet come 2021, the president, whoever he or she is, will be looking for feasible solutions. And there, standing tall and green, will be our good friend the tree, lovelier than a poem—and possibly saving the planet.
James P. Pinkerton is an author and contributing editor at The American Conservative. He served as a White House policy aide to both Presidents Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush. | <urn:uuid:62308b57-80c9-4cdb-b138-ef1f41add8f6> | {
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One simple way to learn fractions is to visualize the different parts of common items, such as coffee pots or pizzas. This makes the idea behind the fractions more concrete and helps to highlight the practical applications of learning fractions. For example, it helps display an exact amount of something that is less than one and greater than zero. Remember that fractions themselves are not equations that must be solved. Instead, they are only another way of representing numbers.Continue Reading
Begin by imagining a pizza that is split into eight different pieces. If you take one of those slices, you have one eighth of the pizza. This can be represented fractionally with the number one on top of the number eight, with a horizontal line bisecting them. The bottom number remains constant because it represents the entirety of the pizza, but the top number may change. For instance, if you take a second slice, you have two eighths of the pizza.
Another example is to imagine a pot of coffee that can hold four cups of coffee. When the pot is completely full, the fraction would be four fourths, which simplifies to one. This shows that all of the coffee is present. As cups are consumed, however, fractional amounts remain. After one cup is poured, the coffee pot is three quarters full. After a second cup is poured, the pot is two quarters full.Learn more about Fractions & Percentages | <urn:uuid:1623fcac-c805-4189-a0be-97779d241354> | {
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Want to Dramatically Improve Self-Control?
Science has made considerable inroads over the last few years defining, measuring and understanding the role mental energy plays in cognitive performance. Mental energy is defined as the combination of the ability to do mental work, the motivation for doing that work and your subjective feeling of fatigue. Key findings about mental energy include:
- We only have so much to use – it is a limited resource
- Exercising self-control or regulating our thoughts, emotions and behavioral responses burns considerable mental energy – much more than other cognitive processes such as learning and decision-making
- Running low on mental energy means loss of impulse control
- We can do specific things to replenish our supply of mental energy
Given the central role that mental energy (and its management) plays in cognitive performance it will be a frequent topic on the Next Brain blog.
Techniques for getting started in managing your mental energy include:
- Measuring your level of self-control and other cognitive tendencies that make extensive use of mental energy
- Journaling to understand how you wisely (or not) you use mental energy throughout the day
- Planning or budgeting your mental energy so you don’t set goals or engage in activities that result in sever depletion
- Developing habits that naturally restore your supply
Little things make a big difference when it comes to managing mental energy.
Take for example the recent research from Tel Aviv University on Flexing Your Marathon Muscles at Work. Researchers studied the relationship between self-control and how mental energy is managed. One important thing they found was just the awareness of an upcoming task sets in motion the ability to better manage our mental energy. We naturally save some for future tasks (the marathoner mindset) rather that using it all up on the first few challenges we face (the sprinter mindset).
“Participants were told they are about to perform two tasks. Those with forewarning did better than a second group who thought they had only one task but then were given a ’surprise’ second task. This warning put the first group in the marathon mindset,” Dr. Ein-Gar says. “Our results can be applied across the board from managing a business to making sure we run our personal lives more smoothly.”
This gives scientific support for the idea that looking ahead to budget your mental energy for the day can improve your overall self-control.
I am very interested to hear from readers with experience in planning/ budgeting (or otherwise managing) mental energy.
Sources of images: brain plug | <urn:uuid:00c60b88-4757-43ae-a283-71ab03529399> | {
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|Howard, Kevin - DELTA AND PINE LAND, CO.|
Submitted to: Southwestern Entomologist
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: June 1, 2000
Publication Date: June 1, 2000
Citation: MULROONEY, J.E., HOWARD, K.D. EFFECTS OF AIR DEFLECTORS ON INSECTICIDE DEPOSITION AND EFFICACY IN COTTON. SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST. 25(2):131-137. Interpretive Summary: Off-target movement and decreased deposition of insecticides applied by aircraft leads to increased application rates and cost of insect control. Methods to increase deposition of insecticides applied by aircraft are needed. Air deflectors mounted on the aircraft's spray boom were evaluated for effectiveness of insect control in cotton. Four years of testing showed that air deflectors significantly increased deposition of insecticides on the underside of cotton leaves. However, air deflectors did not significantly increase deposition on the leaf upperside, the mortality of boll weevils in bioassays of leaves treated with and without air deflectors, nor the amount of tarnished plant bug control in cotton. The lack of significant increases in insect control as determined by our evaluation methods and the increased energy required for use of air deflectors on aircraft make them impractical for the general application of finsecticides in cotton.
Technical Abstract: Experiments in 1992 and 1993 were conducted to measure the amount of bifenthrin deposited on cotton when applied by aircraft using a conventional spray boom or a boom with Chimavir air deflectors. Bifenthrin in residues from leaves, fruiting branches, and main stem sections in the upper part of the cotton plant were assayed. Residues were quantified by gas chromatography. There was no significant difference in deposition between the conventional boom and the boom with deflectors. In 1996 and 1997, aerial application experiments with either boom were designed to determine the effectiveness of these applications to control boll weevils and plant bugs. In these tests, malathion (1.12 kg[AI]/ha) and acephate (1.12 kg[AI]/ha) were applied to cotton. In 1996, malathion residues and boll weevil mortality were measured to evaluate the effectiveness of each boom. The air deflector boom significantly increased ddeposition on the underside of cotton leaves; however, deposition on the leaf upperside and boll weevil mortality did not differ between booms. In 1997, applications of acephate were targeted at plant bug populations in cotton. Reductions of adults and nymphs were not significantly different after application with the air deflector boom as compared to the conventional. | <urn:uuid:d030f3bc-a025-433c-bb93-d5d350ccf985> | {
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Posted by Robert Half on 21 June 2016
Talk to any responsible parent and they’ll explain the power of saying “no”. A capitulating “yes” might well avoid a child’s tantrum at the time, but saying “no” is better long-term because it creates boundaries, enables children to tolerate disappointment and reinforces control. In short, saying “no” is often a good thing. So why do we so singularly fail to say “no” at work to adults who are much more intellectually capable of understanding and accepting it?
Like most things, the answer lies deep within our psyche. The automatic “yes” in us is the part that wants to shows ourselves as being a ‘good person.’ “Yes” is less awkward than saying “no”. It also feels more constructive. Even when people do say “no”, they’re much more likely to say “yes” the next time – the so-called ‘second-ask effect’ – because they feel the need to assuage themselves of the guilt they felt previously.
Of course in a work context, this is not clever at all. Taking on everyone else’s tasks or diverting time to accommodate someone else’s work simply because of a desire not to offend is a recipe for resentment. But things don’t have to be like this.
Saying “no” can actually help your co-workers
Saying “no” doesn’t have to be difficult. It’s an eminently learnable and self-reinforcing skill. If saying “yes” is about avoiding guilt, then saying “no” is about letting other people know your needs and what resources you need to meet them – and why not accommodating their needs actually helps them.
The best people say “no” by actually saying “yes” – although there’s a subtle difference. For instance: “Yes, I can take your extra work, but it means my current project will take longer. Is this okay?” Not only does this type of response depersonalise the request, but it gives power back to the person asking it because they can decide what is most important to them.
Replying “no” is acceptable when it’s used for reaffirming authority – for example, “Sorry, this is not my job. It’s for you to do.” Or for the important task of delegating – for example, “I think that task would be better given to someone else for their own self-development.”
Both of these responses work because each time “no” is a strategic, rather than reactive, response, which means it’s unlikely to be taken the wrong way. As research by Stanford University’s Daniel Newark reveals, most people actually overestimate the likelihood they’ll be rejected when asking for things – he found people think they need to ask 10 people before they’ll get a “yes” when actually they only need to ask six. This is a powerful fact to know. Given it’s more than likely a “no” will be expected, delivering a cogent, well-reasoned “no” doesn’t have to feel onerous.
Practice makes perfect
But there are things you can do to make this easy. Saying “no” to colleagues should always be a face-to-face experience. Reaction needs judging, while emails can be misconstrued. The best “no” is a short one – explained, but not overly so.
It may not feel comfortable saying “no”, but it does get better the more it is said (for the right reasons, of course). A “no” can simply be explained by company policy (“It’s not allowed here.”), which depersonalises the answer even further. But even if a “no” does require judgement, as long as it appears fair, it can rarely be challenged.
Of course, we’d all love to say “yes” more often. British comedian Danny Wallace wrote Yes Man about how saying “yes” instead of “no” to every request of him enhanced his life. But saying “no” is a no-brainer when it’s needed. Stick to the rules and it doesn’t have to be the difficult experience you think it might be.
This article originally appeared as How to confidently and respectfully say “no” to your co-workers on the Robert Half Australia blog. | <urn:uuid:a4b3d18c-5840-4ebf-92b7-1c23d81757d3> | {
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There was a time, before ATMs and the Internet, when monetary transactions required a visit to the bank. But even in that bygone era, it was the rare financial institution that offered patrons an awe-inspiring architectural experience along with check-writing privileges. The Merchants National Bank in Winona, designed in 1911-1912 by the Minneapolis firm of Purcell, Feick and Elmslie, was one such edifice.
It was in small Midwestern towns in the early twentieth century that conventional wisdom about bank architecture was handsomely challenged. Until then, America's civic institutions looked to European antecedents for architectural models. As a result, neoclassical columns and pediments not only predominated but also served as billboards proclaiming the security and gravitas of these establishments. The Merchants National Bank departed from this tradition by taking its inspiration from native sources—the uniquely American architecture of Louis Sullivan and the Prairie School tenets of Frank Lloyd Wright. It was Sullivan who four years earlier and 100 miles away, in Owatonna, first demonstrated how successful the marriage of American style and banking needs could be.
The Winona bank was unusual for its time and place. In the prosperous river town where Victorian commercial blocks prevailed, the bank's cube-like geometry was arrestingly different. Botanically inspired (and decidedly nonclassical) terra cotta ornamentation crept across its façades. Stained glass, generally reserved for religious structures, was used liberally in expansive windows and a sky lit ceiling, transforming daylight into a multi-hued glow.
Yet the building was also firmly rooted in the Minnesota landscape. Earthy brick and terra cotta referenced the town's history of brick manufacturing. Large wall murals, depicting river scenes and the Wisconsin bluffs, spoke of the natural beauty that first lured settlers to the area. In its singularity and sense of place, the remarkable American-bred structure evoked a sense of pride among Winonans and Minnesotans alike that neither time nor the Internet has rendered obsolete.
In 1911–1912, noted Minnesota architectural firm Purcell, Feick and Elmslie designs a unique building for the Merchants National Bank in Winona.
The Purcell, Feick and Elmslie-designed Merchants National Bank opens in Winona.
The bank draws up plans to demolish the building to build a larger one but decides to expand the existing building instead.
The architectural firm of Dykins and Handford completes the expansion of the original building to the north and east.
Merchants National Bank is named to the National Register of Historic Places. | <urn:uuid:8d2d16d1-0ed1-4ec4-a552-3ef9ca4afc9c> | {
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Car Transport Estimate
Information about vehicle shipping from Hawaii
The state was named for the Colorado River, which Spanish travelers named the Río Colorado for the ruddy (Spanish: colorado) silt the river carried from the mountains. The Territory of Colorado was organized on February 28, 1861, and on August 1, 1876, U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant signed Proclamation 230 admitting Colorado to the Union as the 38th state. Colorado is nicknamed the "Centennial State" because it became a state a century after the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence. | <urn:uuid:4d5d0c0f-c5d4-41ec-9b6c-b407b3956a8b> | {
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The toxicity of Cassia occidentalis to goats
MetadataShow full item record
In 8 goats given the leaves or seeds of C. occidentalis , the main signs of poisoning were diarrhea, inappetence, dyspnoea, staggering, ataxia and recumbency. Lesions consisted of hemorrhages and congestion in the heart, lungs, abomasum and spleen, catarrhal enteritis, hepatic fatty change and necrosis, splenic haemosiderosis, pulmonary emphysema, necrosis and/or degeneration of the epithelial cells of the renal convoluted tubule, and packing of the glomeruli with endothelial and small round cells. These changes were accompanied by increases in GOT activity and in the serum concentrations of ammonia and urea, as well as by decreases in the total protein and calcium in serum. There were decreases in hemoglobin, packed cell volume and erythrocytes, and increased leukocyte counts. Total lipids were higher in the liver, kidneys and heart of the Cassia-poisoned goats than in two controls. | <urn:uuid:fc7a332d-e7bd-49a1-bde4-9fdf7afd52bc> | {
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Classroom Teaching with Mark Smilowitz: Pedagogical Techniques from the Seder
Pedagogical Techniques from the Seder – 024 – Our Sages were master educators, and the Haggada and the Pesach Seder is one of their crowning achievements. Here are ten pedagogical techniques and approaches used by the Haggada that we as teachers should be using in our classrooms.
About Mark Smilowitz
Mark Smilowitz taught Judaic studies in middle school and high school levels for 12 years. Unsatisfied with the available options for professional growth, Mark sought a personal mentor. Mark emerged from his weekly sessions with his mentor with powerful new insights and ideas about teaching that he immediately implemented with profound impact on his students, not to mention great personal satisfaction. When Mark moved to Israel in 2005, he found that his his new teaching tools worked just as well with children on the other side of the globe. This podcast is Mark’s attempt to share what he learned so that teachers – beginners and veterans – can find personal satisfaction in their profession. | <urn:uuid:d66b1aa8-e93d-4fdc-ac7c-edc46a449362> | {
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When discussing how a Web server works, it is not enough to simply outline a diagram of how low-level network packets go in and out of a Web server.
More articles by Gunther Birznieks
ISAPI Perl is a version of Perl for ISAPI-compliant Microsoft Windows-based Web servers. Essentially, ISAPI Perl builds on CGI/Perl. In the early days of Web servers, Common Gateway Interface (CGI) allowed Perl programs to interact with a user's browser through the Web server. | <urn:uuid:a303b3bc-d609-4399-87b6-d488c5983c9d> | {
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August 22, 2013 - Astronomers have captured stunning images of a star in the process of being born, and they are as beautiful as they are counterintuitive.
In the images above, you are not seeing the young star itself, but rather massive jets of gases such as carbon monoxide and ionized oxygen that are shooting away from the forming star at speeds of up to 1 million kilometers per hour (about 621,000 mph).
When these gas jets crash into the material surrounding the protostar, they begin to glow, creating what is known as the Herbig-Haro effect.
What you are looking at above is known as Herbig-Haro 46/47, and it is located in the southern constellation of Vela, 1,400 light-years from Earth.
Newly forming stars send out large jets of gas, even as they pull gas and other matter toward them in the process of their formation, explained Hector Acre, an associate professor at Yale University and the lead author of a new study about Herbig-Haro 46/47 that will be published in the Astrophysical Journal.
The outflows are caused as the magnetic field of the protostar interacts with the magnetic fields of the thin disk of material that surrounds it, he said. | <urn:uuid:ce467edf-521a-4ddf-afdb-69651134d7a8> | {
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Tractor Trendsetters: Allis-Chalmers D19
Oct 14, 2010
Written By Larry Gay
During the 1950s, farmers were increasing the size of their operations and asking for tractors with more power. Tractor engineers answered their requests by designing engines with a larger displacement, increased engine speed, or a combination of both. Most tractor models during this era offered a choice of gasoline, LP-gas, or diesel engines, but the diesel engine generally had to have a larger displacement than the spark-ignition engines to provide a similar power output.
The new-for-1962 Allis-Chalmers D19 tractor took a different approach for obtaining increased horsepower in its diesel engine by being the first farm tractor with a factory-installed turbocharger. The turbocharger enabled Allis-Chalmers to use the same 262-cubic-inch size of 6-cylinder Allis-Chalmers engine for all three fuel types and obtain similar power outputs. Using the increased displacement technique for its diesel engine would have required a 280- to 300-cubic-inch diesel engine to match the power from the 262-cubic-inch gasoline engine.
A turbocharger consists of two high-speed turbines on one shaft. One turbine is mounted in the stream of the exhaust gases which drives the turbines. The other turbine is located in the intake air stream and forces more air into the cylinders than would a naturally aspirated engine. The increased quantity of air permits more fuel to be injected into the cylinders which increases the power output of the engine.
The Allis-Chalmers D19 was initially rated as a 5-plow tractor with 70 PTO horsepower. At the Nebraska tests in April 1962, the D19 with its gasoline engine produced 71.5 PTO horsepower, the LP-gas version was measured at 66.2 PTO horsepower, and the D19 with its turbocharged diesel engine developed 66.9 PTO horsepower. A 3-position hand lever provided a high and low speed in each of four gears for eight forward speeds. The neutral position between the high and low positions stopped the forward travel, but not the PTO. The foot clutch stopped all power.
Initially turbochargers were used to provide more power for the larger models of tractors. Soon this expanded to one size of diesel engine providing three levels of power by being naturally aspirated, turbocharged, and turbocharged and intercooled. Today this technique is being used for all sizes of diesel engines, including those in utility tractors.
Larry Gay is the author of four tractor books and the ”Machinery Milestones” articles in Heritage Iron magazine. To learn more about this magazine which focuses on the 1960-1985 era, go to heritageiron.com or call 1-800-552-6085. | <urn:uuid:d8c034d3-1d01-4adb-85bb-f378eae17fb7> | {
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Lesson 2. Chess pieces. Placement of pieces on the board.
There are 6 types of pieces in the chess game. They are following:
There is one king and queen, two rooks, two bishops, two knights and eight pawns in each opponent side respectively. It happens that each party has 16 pieces at the beginning of the game. Altogether there are 32 pieces on the board respectively, i.e. exactly 50% of the whole board is initially occupied.
Initial placement looks as follows:
It is quite simple to remember initial placement of pieces – pieces are placed symmetrically. Confusion usually occurs only in location of king and queen (they are often confused in places). It is important to remember only 1 rule: in initial setup queen is placed in the field of its own color.
It means that white queen in initial setup is placed in the white square and black queen in the black one respectively.
It is important to remember that when one piece captures another one, it takes the square of the beaten one. Practice to establish initial setup on the board a couple of times, train to distinguish pieces by name. For the while everything is logically simple, no difficulties should arise:)
Now you should learn to play with these pieces and capture opponent's pieces. It will be shown in the next lesson.
1. Conversance to chess game. Chessboard.
2. Chess pieces. Placement of pieces on the board.
3. How to move pieces? Pawn, knight.
4. How to move pieces? Bishop, rook.
5. How to move pieces? Queen, king.
6. Comparative strength of pieces and goal of the game
7. Castling, EN passant,
8. Checkmate. Result of the game.
9. Draw in chess.
10. Recording chess game
11. Importance of practical training | <urn:uuid:8fe1b179-3448-41f7-9156-2abf78ffb3b9> | {
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An anti-abortion group in Atlanta has produced several billboards that read, “Black children are an endangered species.” The anti-choice group, Georgia Right to Life, claims that too many African American women are having abortions and that this is reducing the population rate of African American children. They are also targeting Planned Parenthood for providing abortions services and claiming that Planned Parenthood is targeting African Americans specifically.
In addition, House Bill 1155 proposed to the Georgia General Assembly, states that anyone that persuades another person to have an abortion based on race, sex, or color is a criminal act and for that they must be punished. According to the recent New York Times article, Georgia Rights to Life states that they do not want any of these messages to objectify African American women, rather to shed light on a situation that is affecting the entire population.
The billboards — there are 65 now and will eventually be 80, Ms. Davis said — were created in conjunction with a new Web site, http://www.toomanyaborted.com, which says that all of Georgia’s abortion clinics are in “urban areas where blacks reside.” The Web site connects abortion to segregation, saying that after the civil rights era, racists went “underground,” and that today “abortion is the tool they use to stealthily target blacks for extermination.
Yet none of these assertions are supported by data, which according to the Center for Disease Control, shows that African American women remain amongst those with the highest rates of childbearing.
So why do Planned Parenthood’s exist in African American communities? The purpose of Planned Parenthood is to provide women with information, offer reproductive health services, and to allow folks to make informed decisions about their health. The existence of clinics in these neighborhoods ensures better access to health care services, improving the overall health of a community.
We need to look at the bigger picture and realize the consequences that these billboards and messages will be creating. Our ally SisterSong: Women of Color Reproductive Health Collective suggests that if this bill passes, not only will we be taking away a woman’s right to abortion, but it will also put women’s health in jeopardy. This bill could possibly alter the relationship between a patient and a doctor, affecting the medical services that could be available to women.
These billboards are not solving a problem; they are trying to create a barrier between a woman and her right to choose. As reproductive justice advocates we work toward a world where every woman has the ability create the family she’d like to create–without fear of persecution or propaganda.
By Sheila Reynoso, Research Intern | <urn:uuid:a9343ff8-1b2a-4403-ba1b-c2e389d4e6fe> | {
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Bending and fabricating pipes is a complicated process. It requires specialized knowledge and familiarity with different materials, types of equipment, and applications that tubes and piping are commonly used for. Knowing some common terms of the industry can assist with selecting a pipe bending and fabricating company well-suited for the job at hand.
Reinforced Concrete Pipe - Pipes made of concrete that has been combined with metal bars, grids, or other reinforcement. These tubes work well for managing storm water run-off.
Steel Alloy Pipe - Pipes made of steel alloys such as chrome moly or inconel. These pipes can withstand very high temperatures and pressure making them well-suited for hydraulic applications.
Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe - Also called PVC pipe. This is used for sewage and water in many areas. PVC pipe is durable and does not corrode over time.
Solvent Welding - A means of permanently attaching plastic pipes together.
Compression Fittings - A means of attaching pipes with very thin walls. This method also allows for frequent disconnection.
Nominal Pipe Size - Also called NPS. A standardized means of measuring pipes. These method uses inches to measure the outermost diameter of a tube. Knowing the outside diameter of the pipe makes it easy to find fittings that are compatible with a given pipe.
Mandrel - A metal tool which helps tubes maintain their form as they are being bent. Bending pipes with the aid of a mandrel helps them maintain structural integrity.
Rotary Draw Bending - A method of bending pipe which allows for multiple complex bends and reproduction of a precise series of bends.
Pipe bending and fabricating companies offer an important service to their clients. Many manufacturers rely on pipe bending and fabricating companies to supply them with the specific types of PVC, steel, aluminum, and CNC products that they use to repair machines and build custom equipment.
Pipe bending and fabricating companies should be able to form tubes out of a variety of metals as well as PVC. This allows them to make steel fittings and tubes that fit together perfectly. In order to make these customized tubes, though, they need the right types of tools and equipment for the work.
They often use hydraulic machines that bend pipes slowly. They might also heat the fitting with a laser to make sure they can shape the metal into the right form. Depending on the customers request, they might also choose to cut metal from a fresh sheet of rolled steel or aluminum. They them punch out the proper form and weld the ends together to make a reliable tube with the exact fittings that they need on each end. This makes assembly easier for the client.
Clients who need repair parts for motors often turn to fabricators that can use electric or hydraulic mandrels to give metal pipes the right elbow to fit the rest of the car's pieces. The company might also make products for the car's exhaust system.
You can learn more about the companies in your area that sell custom bent pipes by searching the internet for their websites. The site should have information about their products and pricing. | <urn:uuid:329a37f7-cf72-4c5c-959b-174534a48369> | {
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There are those who say that we are making a mountain out of a molehill about the DNR’s Declatory Ruling. They say the Boar pigs are not that big a deal, we should just switch our cross breeding to a different heritage breed and move on. They say the legislature is at fault, not the DNR, because the legislature failed to act on the feral pig issue.
“They” do not know the foundations of law in this country or understand that American citizens have a great many rights concerning our property and our activities that the government would just as soon ignore.
“When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature’s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.–That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed,….” Declaration of Independence, 1776
The salient points contained in the opening to our founding documents are that: 1) the government isn’t a benevolent dictator, it is subservient to the same Law that each individual is, 2) the rights and responsibilities of those individuals are held by a Higher Authority and merely managed by the government with no more power than the governed consent to.
There were two basic natural laws that were commonly understood at that time as they formed the basis of British Common Law, to which the colonists were appealing: 1) Do all you have agreed to do, 2) Do not encroach on other persons or their property. The founding fathers felt strongly about limiting government’s role in the citizens’ everyday life and the protection of the citizens’ person and property from government overreach.
Here are some thoughts from the founding fathers:
“The public money of this country is the toil and labor of the people, who are under many uncommon difficulties and distresses at this time, so that all reasonable frugality ought to be observed.” John Adams, American Revolutionary and Second President of the United States. Note that the government has repeatedly shown up at court events with 4 lawyers to our 1 and spent A LOT on unneccesary security at Ron McKendrick’s hearing. We rely on the support of our labor and your generosity while they are spending your tax dollars.
“Government is not reason, it is not eloquence; it is force! Like fire, it is a dangerous servant and a fearful master.” George Washington, First President of the United States
“Every time government attempts to handle our affairs, it costs more and the results are worse than if we had handled them ourselves.” Benjamin Constant, 1833-1891, Brazilian statesman
“Rightful liberty is unobstructed action according to our will within limits drawn around us by the equal rights of others. I do not add ‘within the limits of the law,’ because law is often but the tyrant’s will, and always so when it violates the rights of the individual.” Thomas Jefferson, author of the Declaration of Independence
“It is strangely absurd to suppose that a million human beings collected together are not under the same moral laws which bind each of them separately.” Thomas Jefferson
“Never blame a legislative body for not doing something. When they do nothing, that don’t hurt nobody. When they do something they can be dangerous.” Will Rogers, humorist and columnist
“The history of liberty is a history of limitation of government power, not the increase of it.” Woodrow Wilson, 28th President of the United States
Currently, we are waiting for our court date. The DNR has requested extensions and made motions that effectively push the dates further and further out. This effectively creates a blockade on the commerce and livelihood of all the bread earners involved as we can sell processed and frozen pigs, but can not sell our live feeder pigs–even though we’ve had many interested buyers. Most of this is legal maneuvering, which is best left to those specialized in that. However, the net effect is that the government agency which has created and is enforcing its own law is creating a great deal of financial and other hardships for those who dare to defend their rights. As I’ve pointed out before, even though they are initially focusing on Boar strains of pigs, they describe a “hybrid or genetic variants” every pig known to civilization. The enforcement has been extremely subjective and individualized rather than objective. Therefore, if we don’t stand up against this ruling there will be a law on the books that they can use on anyone at any time in the future. Farms that raise pigs on dirt are not safe as long as their animals are described in this ruling. This is about a law made by tyrants that violates the rights of the individual. They are impeding our ability to do what we’ve agreed to do (provide wholesome premium quality pork to our customers), and are encroaching on our property by giving themselves the right to take our property from us even though we have done nothing to violate anyone else’s property or person. They have not made a good case for the need to protect the citizens from the potential injury they claim our property could do if we did not keep our agreement to properly care for our property and the pigs encroached on our neighbors. The legislature did take appropriate action to protect the citizenry from feral pigs by enabling the citizens to deal appropriately with pigs at large.
“The people never give up their liberties but under some delusion.” Edmund Burke, 1729-1797, British statesman | <urn:uuid:ca2c6cee-8624-40ef-89d7-f62045389140> | {
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Mad Libs® is a popular word game where random words are used to fill in the blanks of existing sentences to create funny and nonsensical stories. The games are often used in the classroom to teach vocabulary, parts of speech, and reading comprehension.
For course designers, Mad Libs® style games are an excellent way to practice working with variables. Using Storyline’s text entry fields and variable references, you can create engaging word games that learners can play over and over with different outcomes. And that’s what this week’s challenge is all about!
Love Letter Mad Libs
Here’s a delightful Mad Libs® example shared by Alyssa Gomez in a previous challenge. The first slide uses text entry fields to capture a series of words from learners. Those words are then displayed using variable references to create a funny love letter on the second slide. Brilliant!
Generating Random Mad Lib Stories
Storyline's random number variable can be used to present different stories each time the game is played. The number variable is randomized each time the slide loads. The continue button will take the user to one of three slides based on the current value of the variable.
Challenge of the Week
This week, your challenge is to share a Mad Libs® style interaction.
If you’re new to Storyline, focus on the technical basics of working with data-entry fields and displaying their values with variable references. If you get stuck, ask in the forums and we’ll be happy to help.
For those more experienced with variables, what other ways can you think of to design Mad Libs® style games?
Here are a few resources to help you find the right word and design idea for your challenge entry.
- Mad Libs® website and Teacher’s Guide
- Storyline 360: Working with Data-Entry Fields
- Pinterest resources
Last Week’s Challenge:
To help you find the perfect words and designs for this week’s challenge, take a look at the technology-inspired course starters your fellow challengers shared over the past week:
Wishing you a _________ week, E-Learning Heroes!
New to the E-Learning Challenges?
The weekly e-learning challenges are ongoing opportunities to learn, share, and build your e-learning portfolios. You can jump into any or all of the previous challenges anytime you want. I’ll update the recap posts to include your demos. | <urn:uuid:9db0caae-794e-4090-bcbd-09d303871b44> | {
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