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Wisconsin homeowners and city foresters have their hands full; trees line the streets of their municipalities and fill vast areas of the interior in state and national forests, parks and wildlife refuges. The Department of Natural Resources and city foresters trim trees on public property, but homeowners are responsible for pruning trees on their own property to keep them healthy and safe.
Winter in Wisconsin
The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (DNR) and University of Wisconsin Extension Service (UW Extension), like many authorities, advise pruning and trimming trees during dormancy; in other words, winter.
The problem in Wisconsin is to define winter in terms of what part of the state you want to trim a tree. "Winter" begins much sooner in northern Wisconsin where the first average frost date occurs in the middle of September, than in the south part of the state where the first frost occurs as late as the end of October along Lake Michigan. By Halloween, the northern end of the state may have had its first snow and "trackers" snow flies in the south as early as Thanksgiving. As for late-winter pruning, the challenge is to beat the sugar maples. Horicon Marsh tree-owners had best get started in February; the geese are back and forsythia is blooming by mid-March on the south end. Christmas tree growers in Bayfield County, however, have most of April to trim their crops.
Because there are so many maples in Wisconsin--the sugar maple is the state tree--the DNR and UW Extension both recommend early winter early rather than late winter pruning to guarantee that the trees are dormant. UW Extension also recommends pruning oak trees in late fall to early winter to prevent the spread of oak wilt.
According to the University of Minnesota, oak species most likely to be affected by oak wilt include Northern red oak and pin oak. Burr oaks are less sensitive and white oaks have some resistance. All are species that grow in southern and western Wisconsin. Prune in the summer after leaves have fully formed only when it is necessary for the health of the tree or the safety of the surrounding area. Never prune the river birch, another Wisconsin native, between May 1 and August 1 to minimize exposure to the bronze birch borer.
UW Extension recommends pruning the state's conifers (firs, cedars, hemlock, juniper, pine, spruce, tamaracks and yews) in late winter before new candles appear.
The DNR suggests pruning deciduous trees from November to March. The onset of winter can be sudden and severe and the passage of spring hardly noticeable (but also severe) in many parts of the state. In Wisconsin's apple orchards, summer trimming after blossoming controls tree shape and maximizes the next year's crop. The same is true of the other fruits grown in the state; Asian pears, cherries, nectarines, peaches and plums. As with any fruit tree, Wisconsin orchard growers shape young trees carefully when they are young, completing major trimming during early winter. | <urn:uuid:13f08bba-c529-485e-843e-6eb6c0d3658e> | {
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Technology in the News Today
Born on this Day in History: June 8, 1867 - Frank Lloyd Wright was born in Richland Center, Wisconsin. After college, he became chief assistant to architect Louis Sullivan. Wright then founded his own firm and developed a style known as the Prairie school, which strove for an "organic architecture" in designs for homes and commercial buildings. Over his career he created numerous iconic buildings. He died April 9, 1959.
On this Day in History: June 8, 1948 - A hand-built aluminum prototype labeled "No. 1" becomes the first vehicle to bear the name of one of the world's leading luxury car manufacturers: Porsche. The Austrian automotive engineer Ferdinand Porsche debuted his first design at the World's Fair in Paris in 1900. The electric vehicle set several Austrian land-speed records, reaching more than 35 mph and earning international acclaim for the young engineer. He became general director of the Austro-Daimler Company (an outpost of the German automaker) in 1916 and later moved to Daimler headquarters in Stuttgart. Daimler merged with the Benz firm in the 1920s, and Porsche was chiefly responsible for designing some of the great Mercedes racing cars of that decade. | <urn:uuid:a9a64025-de68-4c3a-9337-445dcb0ea652> | {
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Capillary pressure plays a central role in the description of water flow in unsaturated soils. While capillarity is ubiquitous in unsaturated analyses, the theoretical basis and practical implications of capillarity in soils remain poorly understood. In most traditional treatments of capillary pressure, it is defined as the difference between pressures of phases, in this case air and water, and is assumed to be a function of saturation. Recent theories have indicated that capillary pressure should be given a more general thermodynamic definition, and its functional dependence should be generalized to include dynamic effects. Experimental evidence has slowly accumulated in the past decades to support a more general description of capillary pressure that includes dynamic effects. A review of these experiments shows that the coefficient arising in the theoretical analysis can be estimated from the reported data. The calculated values range from 104 to 107 kg (m s)−1. In addition, recently developed pore-scale models that simulate interface dynamics within a network of pores can also be used to estimate the appropriate dynamic coefficients. Analyses of experiments reported in the literature, and of simulations based on pore-scale models, indicate a range of dynamic coefficients that spans about three orders of magnitude. To examine whether these coefficients have any practical effects on larger-scale problems, continuum-scale simulators may be constructed in which the dynamic effects are included. These simulators may then be run to determine the range of coefficients for which discernable effects occur. Results from such simulations indicate that measured values of dynamic coefficients are within one order of magnitude of those values that produce significant effects in field simulations. This indicates that dynamic effects may be important for some field situations, and numerical simulators for unsaturated flow should generally include the additional term(s) associated with dynamic capillary pressure. | <urn:uuid:2ba334bd-f316-495e-8cc6-4490af489b0e> | {
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versión impresa ISSN 0036-3634
Salud pública Méx vol.54 no.2 Cuernavaca mar./abr. 2012
Distribución de la prevalencia de deficiencia de folato y vitamina B12 en niños mexicanos de 1 a 6 años de edad. Encuesta con base poblacional
Lucía Cuevas-Nasu, MScI; Verónica Mundo-Rosas, MScI; Teresa Shamah-Levy, MScI; Ignacio Méndez-Gómez Humaran, MScII; Marco Antonio Ávila-Arcos, BScI; Ma. del Rosario Rebollar-Campos, Lab TechI; Salvador Villalpando, PhDI
IInstituto Nacional de Salud Pública.Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
IICentro de Investigación en Matemáticas, A. C. Aguascalientes, México
OBJECTIVE: To describe the magnitude and distribution of folate and vitamin B12 deficiency in Mexican children.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Folate and vitamin B12 serum concentrations were measured in a probabilistic sample of 2 099 children. Adjusted prevalence, mean concentrations and relevant associations were calculated based on series of logistic and linear regression models.
RESULTS: The overall prevalence of folate and vitamin B12 deficiency were 3.2% and 7.7%, respectively. The highest prevalence of folate was found in the 2-year-old (7.9%), and of vitamin B12 in the 1 year-old (9.1%) groups. Being a beneficiary of the fortified milk program Liconsa was protectively associated with serum folate (p=0.001) and daily Intake of milk with vitamin B12 (p=0.002) concentrations.
CONCLUSIONS: We describe the magnitude of folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies in Mexican children. The deficiency of both vitamins in children under 2 years old is a moderate public health problem in Mexico.
Key words: Vitamin B12 deficiency; folate deficiency; children; probabilistic surveys; Mexico
OBJETIVO: Describir la magnitud de la deficiencia de folato y vitamina B12 en niños mexicanos.
MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se midieron las concentraciones séricas de folatos y vitamina B12 en una muestra probabilística de 2 099 niños. Se calcularon prevalencias ajustadas, medias de las concentraciones y las asociaciones relevantes mediante una serie de modelos de regresiones logísticas y lineales.
RESULTADOS: La prevalencia global de deficiencia de folatos y vitamina B12 fueron 3.2% y 7.7%, respectivamente. La prevalencia más alta de folatos se encontró en el grupo de 2 años (7.9%) y de la vitamina B12 en los de 1 año de edad (9.1%). Ser beneficiario del programa de leche fortificada Liconsa estuvo asociado de manera protectora con el folato serico (p=0.001) y la ingestión diaria de leche con la de vitamina B12 (p=0.002).
CONCLUSIONES: La deficiencia de ambas vitaminas, en los niños menores de dos años, es un problema de salud pública de magnitud moderada en México.
Palabras clave: deficiencia de vitamina B12; deficiencia de folatos; niños; encuesta probabilística, México
Deficiency of micronutrients is still one of the most frequent nutritional problems worldwide. The lack of access to a varied diet including animal foods, grains, fruits, and vegetables, is the recurrent cause of deficiency, given those are the most important sources of micronutrients.1
Folate deficiency is related mainly to a low intake of green leafy vegetables and legumes and meat.2 This deficiency is associated with megaloblastic anemia.3-5 During pregnancy, it is linked to an increased risk of low birth weight and neural tube defects,6,7 and it is also associated with stunting.8,9
Vitamin B12 deficiency is more frequent in population with a poor or inadequate diet of animal foods.10 Other causes of this deficiency include: intestinal parasitosis in low-income population,11 Helycobacter pylori infections,12 and atrophic gastritis in older adults (due to lack of intrinsic factor production).13 Strict vegetarian diets may be associated with vitamin B12 deficiency, both, in the mother and in the newborn, because the demand for this vitamin increases during pregnancy and lactation.14 Clinical manifestations of vitamin B12 deficiency include megaloblastic anemia which is undistinguishable from that produced by folate deficiency. Vitamin B12 is also crucially involved in the proliferation, maturation, and regeneration of neural cells15 therefore, its deficiency causes memory loss, dementia, and depression16 as well as cardiovascular disease17,18 and cerebrovascular ischemia.19
There is very little population-based information regarding folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies, although its prevalence could be very high worldwide.20 Folate deficiency is among the five micronutrient deficiencies targeted for population-based interventions,1 especially because of its role in the reduction of the incidence of neural tube defects.21,22 Also, has been documented that about 40% of Latin American children and adults suffer from vitamin B12 deficiency or have marginally low serum concentrations. The prevalence of vitamin B12 depletion and marginal deficiency is even higher in Kenyan school children (70%) and Indian preschool children (80%).23
The recent review by WHO showed that the majority of data on the prevalence of folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies are derived from local surveys, but these and national survey data from a few countries suggest that deficiencies of both of these vitamins may be a public health problem.24
In Mexico, there are few studies documenting the deficiency of vitamin B12 and folate. ENN-99 (Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición 1999) was a probabilistic survey, representative of the national, regional, as well as urban and rural levels in Mexico. ENN-99 was conducted on a sample of almost 18 000 households.25 Overall folate deficiency in ENN-99 was 7.3% in children under 12 years-of-age, the highest prevalence corresponding to children younger than 2 years and those aged 3 to 4 years (8.8% and 11.2%, respectively).26 Besides in a sample of children younger than 2 years old, representative of beneficiaries of health care services provided by the Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS) the prevalence of folate deficiency in children was 10% in urban and 8% in rural area, respectively.27
Some studies have measured the magnitude of vitamin B12 deficiency in children under 5 years old, those had reported prevalence of 8% in six rural communities at central region in Mexico.28 Others reported prevalence of 30% in a subsample of data from the National Nutrition Survey 1999 (ENN-99).29 In both cases, these studies do not represent the national population.
The aim of this analysis is to describe the magnitude and distribution of folate and vitamin B12 deficiency in Mexican children aged 1 to 6 years, and to identify some associated sociodemographic and dietary determinants using data derived from the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2006 (ENSANUT-2006). Data from this study could help to plan public health strategies and policies focused on the control and reduction of these micronutrient deficiencies.
Materials and methods
The National Health and Nutrition Survey conducted in Mexico (ENSANUT-2006) was a probabilistic, cross-sectional, stratified cluster sample study representative of the national, regional, and state levels, and of urban and rural areas. Sampling methodology was previously published.30 The ENSANUT-2006 was more extensive than previous surveys. It covered more health and nutrition problems (including the deficiency of some nutrients such as vitamin B12) which broaden the populations studied in previous surveys. ENSANUT had the power to make distinctions between geographic regions, and urban and rural area of residence.
The information collected includes socio-demographic, health and nutrition conditions; anthropometry and food consumption in all participants, included information of 11 685 children aged 1 to 6 years. Blood samples were obtained from a systematic sub-sample of 2 099 children to document the vitamins deficiencies.
Statistical analysis and model based estimators were carried out to assess a possible selection bias, using reference variables like height, weight and the socioeconomic index. There were not differences compared the selected sub-sample and the overall sample of the survey.
Blood sample collection, preparation, and preservation
Blood samples were drawn from the antecubital vein and collected in evacuated tubes (Vacutainer vacuum tubes, Beckton Dickinson Inc). Blood was centrifugated in situ at 2 500 g in a portable centrifuge (Hettich). Serum was stored in cryotubes covered with aluminum foil to preserve them from light and kept in liquid nitrogen to be transported to the Nutrition laboratory at the National Institute of Public Health in Cuernavaca, Mexico.
Both serum folate and vitamin B12 were released from proteins using sodium hydroxide, dithiothreitol, and potassium cyanide, and transformed into cyanocobalamin and stable folates. Their concentrations were measured by competitive enzymatic immunoassays in a TOSOH automated immunoanalyzer.
Definition of variables
a) Folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies
Children with serum concentrations of vitamin B12 below 203pg/mL and of folate below 4ng/mL were categorized as deficient.20
b) Sociodemographic variables
A questionnaire administered to the mother or guardian of the child collected socioeconomic and household information. A socioeconomic status index (SES) was constructed through a main components analysis based on the household characteristics and family assets: floor covering, piped water, owning of radio, TV set, computer, telephone, refrigerator, washing machine, stove and automobile. The first component accounted for 46% of the total variance. The resulting standardized factor was divided into tertiles to categorize three socioeconomic status groups: low, medium and high.
c) Dietary information
Dietary data were obtained through a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire for the seven days previous to the interview. The questionnaire included 102 food items and was administered by personnel trained and standardized on data collection.31
Data on food intake were transformed into energy and nutrients intake, using a food composition table compiled by INSP.32 Details about the processing of dietary information were previously published.33 Mean daily folate and vitamin B12 intakes were estimated and food groups that furnished those vitamins were identified and expressed as 100g of daily intake.
d) Residence area
In Mexico, the breakdown by size of locality (urban or rural) is directly related to the principle that smaller towns are reduced in development conditions. According to the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI, for its acronym in Spanish), localities with 2 500 inhabitants or more were considered as urban; otherwise were categorized as rural.34
e) Region of residence
According to the ENSANUT sample frame, the states of the country were divided into four regions: North, Center, Mexico City, and South.30 Mexico City was excluded from this analysis because of the small number of available samples.
f) Food assistance programs
A child was defined as affiliated with a public food assistance program when the mother or guardian declared that he or she received food or micronutrient supplements from programs as such Oportunidades, Liconsa or others.
g) Indigenous ethnicity
Indigenous ethnicity was defined when a family member spoke an indigenous language.
Data are described as frequencies and by confidence intervals (95%CI). Prevalence for folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies and the adjusted means of the serum concentration of both vitamins were estimated and stratified by age, sex, locality, geographic region, socioeconomic status and indigenous ethnicity. Linear regression models were constructed to assess the effect of nutrient intake, food assistance programs and indigenous ethnicity, adjusted by age sex and sociodemographic variables on folate and vitamin B12 serum concentrations. Interaction terms between folate and vitamin B12 were introduced in both vitamins models.
All analysis procedures were carried out using corrections for the sample. The original expansion factors of this survey were recalculated using a ratio calibration procedure, to improve the population representativeness for estimators at the national level.
The analysis was carried out using the Stata V10.1 software; adjustment for the sample design was performed using the module for complex samples SVY and the SPSS V15.0 software.
The protocol was approved by the Research, Ethics and Biosecurity Committees. Written informed consent was signed-up by the mother or guardian of the child before participation in the survey.
This sample of 2 099 children aged 1 to 6 years with serum folate and vitamin B12 determinations represents approximately 6 million Mexican children.
Folic acid deficiency
The overall mean of serum folate concentration was 12.5 ng/mL (95%CI 12.1,12.9) and the overall prevalence of folate deficiency was 3.2% (Table I). The highest prevalence was in children aged 1 to 2 years (4.3% and 7.9%, respectively) and it decreased with age down to 2.4% in children aged 6 years.
Prevalence of folate deficiency was higher in boys (4.1%) than in girls (2.1%); in urban (3.5%) than in rural (2.8%), and in the Southern (4.4%) than in the Northern (0.9%) region. Folate deficiency was also higher in indigenous children (4.5%) compared with the national prevalence (3.2%). However, none of these differences were significant.
In a multiple linear regression model having folate concentrations as the dependent variable, the intake of vegetables (more than 100 g/day) (coefficient 0.79, p=0.09) and being beneficiary of the Fortified Milk program (Liconsa) (coefficient 1.72, p=0.004) were positively associated with serum folate concentration. Living in the Center or Southern regions was negatively associated with serum folate concentration (coefficients 1.37 and 1.7, p=0.014 and p=0.004, respectively). The interaction between folate intake and vitamin B12 was not significant (Table III).
Vitamin B12 deficiency
The overall mean concentration of vitamin B12 was 510.2 pg/mL (95%CI 487.9, 532.6), and overall prevalence deficiency was 7.7%. The prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency varied in a non-systematic manner between 5.5% in children aged 3 years and 10.6% in those aged 6 years. The prevalence was highest in children from the Southern region (12.1%) and in children of indigenous ethnicity (14.2%), and lowest in the Northern region (3.4%), and non-indigenous children and compared with the national prevalence (7.7%) (Table II).
In a multiple linear regression model with vitamin B12 serum concentration as dependent variable, the dairy foods intake (more than 100 mL per day) was found to be positively associated with the serum concentration of vitamin B12 (coefficient 70.0, p=0.002). In addition, belonging to medium or high socioeconomic status was positively associated with the serum concentration of vitamin B12 (coefficients 98.7 and 88.9, respectively, p=0.001).
Being of indigenous ethnicity was negatively associated with the serum concentrations of vitamin B12 (coefficient 48.2, p=0.04) (Table IV).
We describe herein the magnitude and distribution of the prevalence of folate and vitamin B12 deficiency in a population sample of Mexican children younger than 6 years.
The observed national prevalence of 7.7% for vitamin B12 and 3.2% for folate deficiencies represents more than 456 000 and 193 000 children younger than 6 years, suffering from these vitamin deficiencies in Mexico. The national overall prevalence of folate deficiency was relatively low, although the groups of 1 and 2-year-old children had the highest prevalence (4.3% and 7.9%, respectively).
While the national prevalence of vitamin B12 was always above 5%. Such prevalence, close to 5%, should be considered as a public health problem according to the WHO Technical Consultation on folate and vitamin B12.20
Results also indicate that the highest prevalence of folate and vitamin B12 deficiency have seen in the most vulnerable population: children younger than 2 years old, from indigenous origin, and living in the Southern region, known for its poor economic development in Mexico.
The low serum concentrations of vitamin B12 and folate, might be associated with the low body reserves of newborns at birth. In developing countries, maternal deficiency of vitamin B12 is frequent during pregnancy due to poor or inadequate intakes of animal foods. For small children, dietary intake of both vitamins is limited during the weaning period because, frequently, weaning foods offered is reduced to a limited variety of foods with a low content of micronutrients. This, in time, critically reduces their body stores and serum levels.
Also, the high prevalence of B12 deficiency in school children might be associated with an inadequate intake or a low absorption of the vitamin because of parasitic or recurrent bacterial infections.35-37
The presence of fortification programs, population group, indicators and cut-off points used to assess folate and vitamin B12 status in countries with similar levels of development as such Guatemala,38 Costa Rica39 and Venezuela40 were not homogeneous and precluded us to make comparisons with the findings reported. Comparability with other population-based surveys in Mexico and the estimation of trends are difficult as well. In the 1999 National Nutrition Survey (ENN-1999)26 folate was measured in red blood cells using a microbiological assay, whereas in the ENSANUT-2006, folate concentration was measured in serum using an immune assay. On these grounds the comparison is not valid because red blood cell folate is an indicator of body stores while serum values indicate recent dietary intake. However, repeated plasma folate measurements over time reflect trends in folate status.41 In 1999, the prevalence of low folate stores in children under 5y of age was low (10%), but we are not able to assess whether the 2006 prevalence of low serum folate in the same age group (3.6%) represent a change.
Is also difficult to quantify the change in the magnitude of the deficiency of vitamin B12 because published studies are based on specific groups or populations who do not represent the national population. However, the prevalence reported by Allen L. in the preschool age group from a subsample of the National Nutrition Survey 1999 (ENN-99) was 30%29 compared with 7% in the present study, suggests a decrease in the magnitude of this problem.
For more than a decade, Mexico has implemented targeted interventions in addressing nutrient deficiencies in children: The voluntary fortification of maize and wheat flour with iron and folic acid;42 Oportunidades Human Development Program that distributes a nutritional supplement (suplemento Nutrisano) and The Social Milk Supply Program (LICONSA) that provides fortified milk containing nutrients deficient in the Mexican diet, including folic acid and vitamin B12. Without a doubt, these interventions have a positive effect on reducing these vitamins deficiencies in children, however, the impact of these interventions in reducing folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies has not been evaluated. We found in this study that being beneficiary of the Liconsa program was associated with higher serum concentrations of folate, and the intake of more than 100mL of dairy products was positively associated with serum concentrations of vitamin B12.
This study contributes to generate information on the magnitude of the deficiency of both vitamins, since there are very few available publications documenting folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies in children at preschool age, one of the most affected group.43 The current strategies for reducing and controlling micronutrient deficiencies should thus be reexamined. Particular attention must be paid to the content of folic acid and vitamin B12 of the food or supplements distributed by food assistance programs like Oportunidades and Liconsa.
1. The Micronutrient Initiative. Investing in the future. A united call to action on vitamin and mineral deficiencies. Global report 2009. pp.1-44. [Accessed 2010 September 20]. Available at: http://www.unitedcalltoaction.org/documents/Investing_in_the_future.pdf [ Links ]
2. Carmel R. Discussion: Causes of vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies. Food Nutr Bull. 2008 ;29(2 Suppl):S35-S37. [ Links ]
3. Al Khatib L, Obeid O, Sibai AM, Batal M, Adra N, Hwalla N. Folate deficiency is associated with nutritional anaemia in Lebanese women of childbearing age. Public Health Nutr 2006; 9:921-927. [ Links ]
4. Haidar J. Prevalence of Anaemia, Deficiencies of Iron and Folic Acid and Their Determinants in Ethiopian Women. J Health Popul Nutr 2010;28:359-368. [ Links ]
5. Metz J. A high prevalence of biochemical evidence of vitamin B12 or folate deficiency does not translate into a comparable prevalence of anemia. Food Nutr Bull 2008; 29(2 Suppl):S74-85. [ Links ]
6. Daly LE, Kirke PM, Molloy A, Weir DG, Scott JM. Folate levels and neural tube defects. Implications for prevention. JAMA 1995;274: 1698-1702. [ Links ]
7. Rodríguez-Morán M, Guerrero-Romero JF, Parra-Quezada M, Segura-Pineda MJ, Levario-Carrillo M, Sotelo-Ham EI. Deficiencia de folatos y su asociación con defectos de cierre del tubo neural en el norte de México. Salud Publica Mex 1998;40:474-480. [ Links ]
8. Villalpando S, Latulippe ME, Rosas G, Irurita J, Picciano MF, O'Connor DL. Milk folate but not milk iron concentrations may be inadequate for some infants in a rural farming community in San Mateo, Capulhuac, Mexico. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78: 782-789. [ Links ]
9. Matoth Y, Zehavi I, Topper E. Klein T. Folate nutrition and growth in infancy. Arch Dis Child 1979; 54: 699-702. [ Links ]
10. Allen LH. Causes of vitamin B12 and folate deficiency. Food Nutr Bull. 2008 ;29(2 Suppl):S20-34. [ Links ]
11. Bjorke-Monsen AL, Refsum H, Markestad T, Ueland PM. Cobalamin status and its biochemical markers methylmalonic acid and homocysteine in different age groups from 4 days to 19 years. Clin Chem 2003;49:20672075. [ Links ]
12. Kaptan K, Beyan C, Ural AU, Cetin C, Avcu F, Gülsen M, et al. Helicobacter pylori is it a novel causative agent in Vitamin B12 deficiency? Arch Intern Med 2000; 160: 1349-1353. [ Links ]
13. Sipponen P, Laxen F, Huotari K, Harkonen M. Prevalence of low vitamin B12 and high homocysteine in serum in an elderly male population: association with atrophic gastritis and Helicobacter pylori infection. Scand J Gastroenterol 2003; 38: 1209-1216. [ Links ]
14. Allen LH. Vitamin B12 metabolism and status during pregnancy, lactation and infancy. Adv Exp Med Biol 1994;352:173-186. [ Links ]
15. Herrmann W, Obeid R. Causes and Early Diagnosis of Vitamin B12 Deficiency. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2008; 105: 680-685. [ Links ]
16. Selhub J, Bagley LC, Miller J, Rosenberg IH. B vitamins, homocysteine, and neurocognitive function in the elderly. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71: 614S-620S. [ Links ]
17. Verhoef P, Kok FJ, Kruyssen DA, Schouten EG, Witteman JC, Grobbee DE, et al. Plasma total homocysteine, B vitamins, and risk of coronary atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17: 989-995. [ Links ]
18. Pancharuniti N, Lewis CA, Sauberlich HE, Perkins LL, Go RC, Alvarez JO, et al. Plasma homocyst(e)ine, folate, and vitamin B-12 concentrations and risk for early-onset coronary artery disease. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;59:940-948. [ Links ]
19. Weikert C, Dierkes J, Hoffmann K, Borger K, Drogan D, Klipstein-Grobusch K, et al. B vitamin plasma levels and the risk of ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack in a German cohort. Stroke 2007;38:2912-2918. [ Links ]
20. The World Health Organization. Conclusions of a WHO Technical Consultation on folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies. Food Nutr Bull 2008;29(2). [ Links ]
21. Howson C, Christianson A, Modell B. Controlling Birth Defects: Reducing the Hidden Toll of Dying and Disabled Children in Low-Income Countries | Disease Control Priorities Project. December 2008. [Accessed 2010 September 23]. Available at: http://www.dcp2.org/file/230/dcpp-twpcongenitaldefects_web.pdf [ Links ]
22. Berry RJ, Li Z, Erickson D, Li S, Moore CA, Wong H, et al. Prevention of neural-tube defects with folic acid in China. China-U.S. Collaborative Project for Neural Tube Defect Prevention. N Engl J Med 1999;341:1485-1490. [ Links ]
24. McLean E, Benoist B, Allen L. Review of the magnitude of folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies worldwide. Food Nutr Bull 2008;29:S38-S51. [ Links ]
25. Resano E, Méndez I, Shamah T, Rivera JA, Sepúlveda J. Methods of the National Nutrition Survey 1999. Salud Publica Mex 2003; 45 suppl 4:S558-S564. [ Links ]
26. Villalpando S, Montalvo-Velarde I, Zambrano N, García-Guerra Armando, Ramírez-Silva CI, Shamah-Levy T, et al. Vitamins A, and C and folate status in mexican children under 12 years and women 12-49 years: A probabilistic national survey. Salud Publica Mex 2003; 45 suppl 4:S508-S519. [ Links ]
27. Duque X, Flores-Hernández S, Flores-Huerta S, Méndez-Ramírez I, Muñoz S, Turnbull B, et al. Prevalence of anemia and deficiency of iron, folic acid, and zinc in children younger than 2 years of age who use the health services provided by the Mexican Social Security Institute. BMC Public Health 2007; 7:345. [ Links ]
28. Black AK, Allen LH, Pelto GH, de Mata MP, Chávez A. Iron, vitamin B-12 and folate status in Mexico: associated factors in men and women and during pregnancy and lactation. J Nutr 1994;124:1179-1188. [ Links ]
29. Allen L. Folate and Vitamin B12 Status in the Americas. Nutrition Reviews 2004; 62,(6):S29-S33. [ Links ]
30. Palma O, Shamah T, Franco A, Olaiz G, Méndez I, et al. Metodología. En: Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (ENSANUT-2006). Cuernavaca, México: Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, 2006:19-33. [ Links ]
31. Ramírez CI, Mundo V, Rodríguez SC, Vizuet NI, Hernández N, Jiménez A. Encuestas dietéticas: Recordatorio de 24 horas y Frecuencia de consumo de alimentos. En: Manual de procedimientos para proyectos de nutrición. Cuernavaca, México: Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, 2006. [ Links ]
32. Safdie M, Barquera S, Porcayo M, Rodríguez S, Ramírez C, Rivera J, et al. Bases de datos del valor nutritivo de los alimentos. Compilación del Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Cuernavaca, Morelos: Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, 2004. [ Links ]
33. Rodriguez-Ramirez S, Mundo-Rosas V, Jiménez-Aguilar A, Shamah-Levy T. Methodology for the analysis of dietary data from the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey 2006. Salud Publica Mex 2009; 51suppl 4: S540-S550. [ Links ]
34. Instuto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI). Síntesis metodológica del XII Censo General de Población y Vivienda 2000. p.9. Página de Internet: http://www.inegi.org.mx/est/contenidos/Proyectos/ccpv/cpv2000/default.aspx [ Links ]
35. Allen L, Rosado JL, Casterline JE,Martínez H, Lopez P, Muñoz E, et al. Vitamin B12 deficiency and malabsoption are highly prevalent in rural Mexican communities. Am J Clin Nutr 1995; 62:1013-1019. [ Links ]
36. Luqueño V, López-Vidal Y, Calva JJ, Ruíz-Palacios GM. Serum antibody response to Helicobacter pylori in a cohort of Mexican children. Microbiol Ecol 1991;4:S19. [ Links ]
37. Gilman RH, Marquis GS, Miranda E, Vestegui M, Martínez H. Rapid reinfection by Giárdia lambia after treatment in a hyperendemic third world comunity. Lancet 1988:1:343-346. [ Links ]
38. Casterline JE, Allen LH, Ruel MT. Vitamin B12 deficiency is very prevalent in lactating Guatemalan women and their infants at three months postpartum. J Nutr 1997;127:1966-1972. [ Links ]
39. Cunningham L, Blanco A, Rodriguez S, Ascencio M. Prevalencia de anemia, deficiencia de hierro y folatos en niños menores de siete años. Costa Rica, 1996. Arch Latinoam Nutr 2001;51:37-43. [ Links ]
40. Garcia-Casal MN, Osorio C, Landaeta M, Leets I, Matus P, Fazzino F, et al. High prevalence of folic acid and vitamin B12 deficiencies in infants, children, adolescents and pregnant women in Venezuela. Eur J Clin Nutr 2005;59:1064-1070. [ Links ]
41. Green R. Indicators for assessing folate and vitamin B12 status and for monitoring the efficacy of intervention strategies. Food Nutr Bull 2008;29:S52-S63. [ Links ]
42. Organización Panamericana de la Salud. Fortificación de harinas con Hierro, ácido fólico y vitamina B12. Informe de la reunión regional. Washington, DC: OPS, 2004. [ Links ]
43. Molloy A, Kirke P, Brody l, Scott J, Mills J. Efects of folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies during pregnancy on fetal, infant, and child development. Food Nutr Bull 2008;29(2):S101-S111. [ Links ]
MSc Verónica Mundo-Rosas.
Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública.
Av. Universidad 655,
Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán. 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.
Received on: June 3, 2011
Accepted on: January 31, 2012
Declaration of conflict of interests. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests. | <urn:uuid:dd7b1f8c-05bb-4840-b4df-00e22d63172c> | {
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Clothes Moths Undressed
Summer is giving way to fall. The sun drops, and for the first time in months, you feel a little shiver of cold. It's refreshing and kind of fun to have goose bumps on your arms again. An extra layer is just what you need, and it feels great to pull on your favorite old wool sweater.
What's this? As you smooth the sweater down over your middle, you see your shirt showing through a small hole. Upon closer inspection, you find a half-dozen, randomly spaced little holes. The moths have done it again—they've chewed holes in your favorite sweater.
Fortunately, of the more than 11,500 species of moths found in North America, only a few are known to take up residence in clothes closets and ruin stored woolens. The three most common fiber villains are in the Tineidae family, one of 65 families of moths. Their common names are the casemaking clothes moth (Tinea pellionella), webbing clothes moth (Tineola bisselliella) and carpet moth (Trichophaga tapetzella). Most people lump them together and refer to them all as clothes moths or miller moths.
They are barely distinguishable from one another and look bland compared to their many colorful cousins. The webbing clothes moth and the casemaking clothes moth are most common. They both are straw-colored with a wingspan that is no more than 1/2-inch long. The casemaking clothes moth has two to three indistinct dark spots on each front wing. If occasionally you see tiny, light tan moths fluttering around the house, they are probably grain moths venturing out of your neglected flour bin or old cereal box.
Although clothes moths are bigger, they are seldom seen because they prefer dark, remote parts of the house, like the top shelf in your closet where you stored your favorite sweater for the summer. They don't fly well and stay concealed, often living in the corners of folded fabric or underneath a hem. They avoid light.
The adults don't eat and, therefore, don't harm your woolens. But they do produce eggs that hatch into fabric-chewing larvae. The food preferences of larvae are unique, even among insects. They are one of the few organisms in the world that can digest keratin, an insoluble, tough structural protein produced by animals. This makes clothes moths perfectly suited for eating keratin-packed natural fibers. They are best known for eating wool, as well as a variety of other fibers such as felt, hair, silk, fur and feathers. Outside, they survive on rotten wood, fungi and dried carcasses.
Many moths have the beauty of butterflies. Who hasn't come across a striking green one or paused to admire an especially fuzzy, long-antennaed moth clinging to a screen door? Moths outnumber butterflies 14 to 1, and like some butterflies, some beneficial species are vanishing as a result of lost habitat and, possibly, due to pesticides and other pollutants. Moths are near the bottom of the food chain and are eaten by countless birds, mammals, fish, frogs, lizards and turtles. Songbirds eat them by the zillions, and grizzly bears pig out on army cutworm moths to fatten up for hibernation.
Moths recycle nutrients, enrich the soil and pollinate many plants. For the last 5,000 years, the almost completely domesticated species, Bombyx mori, or silk moth, has been responsible for spinning most of the world's supply of silk. Computer scientists have imitated the moth's three-dimensional, grid-patterned eye to design optical software.
Many moths, such as the gypsy moth or corn earworm, damage products useful to humans. People spend millions trying to keep them from eating crops and stored goods. The clothes moths are no exception. They rarely bother items that are used regularly, but they infest stored wool sweaters, pants, coats, carpets, down pillows and comforters, mounted animal trophies and upholstered furniture. Sometimes they turn up in air ducts where larvae feed on lint or fur shed by a family pet. They also can originate from an animal carcass or nest that finds its way into your attic, basement or crawl space.
Moths don't live long as adults. They do their damage as larvae.
Like all lepidoptera, clothes moths undergo metamorphosis. Your favorite sweater tucked away on that top, dark shelf was a perfect place for an adult female to lay 100 to 150 tiny eggs in small spaces between your sweater's fibers. In about five days, the eggs hatched and became small, creamy-white caterpillars, no more than 1/16-inch long. They were equipped with well-developed chewing organs and immediately began moving around in your sweater, eating and searching for a protected place to prepare for cocoon-building. The damage was done.
How long they remain in this larval stage depends on conditions and food supply. A fully grown larva can be up to 1/2-inch long, living in a case that gets bigger as the larva grows and eventually transforms into a tough cocoon. Webbing clothes moth larvae attach to one small area of your sweater while they eat it, spinning silken patches or short feeding tunnels for protection. They don't move around much. Casemaking moths enclose themselves in a mobile, protective case as they eat, dragging it with them wherever they please. They eventually settle in a folded corner of fabric or dark, protected cracks high in your closet and make tough cocoons out of the chewed up pieces of your sweater, leaving you with a perforated garment.
Adult moths emerge from the cocoons and have about a week to find a mate. Females emit pheromones to attract males. They mate, and the cycle begins again. The next generation of moths may get into your supply of wool guest blankets or down pillows.
Are you convinced now that your house is infested? Are you ready to doff all natural fiber and switch to polyester, or just go au natural? You don't have to take drastic measures. Clothes moths are fairly easy to thwart.
Keep your woolens clean. Clothes moths are attracted to organic materials, such as body oils, perspiration and saliva, that commonly accumulate on woolens. Dry cleaning or laundering will kill the eggs and larvae.
Don't let stored items go undisturbed for a whole season. Unfold your blankets and sweaters from time to time. Shake them out. Hang your blankets, sweaters and feather pillows outside in the hot sun a couple of times during the summer. Hot, direct sunlight will drive away or kill eggs and larvae.
For long-term storage, keep your woolens in tight-fitting, plastic containers. Remember to clean them before putting them away. Cedar-lined closets or cedar chips placed inside your storage container will curb clothes moths. Cedar masks the males' ability to smell female pheremones, but it doesn't kill eggs or larvae. Neither do common household quantities of mothballs, although they do pose a health risk to pets or kids who could accidentally ingest them. Mothballs contain the chemical naphthalene, which is toxic. Mothballs also have a strong, lingering odor.
Try concocting an old-time moth repellant. In the 1800s, members of the Sturbridge Village farm community in Sturbridge, Mass. used a mixture of dried plants to ward away clothes moths. They placed dried geranium, lavender and tansy, along with pine needles and cedar chips, into small cloth bags and tucked the bags into their folded woolens.
If on that first, chilly fall evening, you discover moths have nestled into your sweater closet, get ready to clean. Empty your storage space and wipe it clean with a wet sponge. Wash your woolens by hand or take them to the cleaners. Give priority to the ones that aren't yet damaged. They are probably harboring eggs that have yet to hatch into larvae. You can also place sweaters and smaller items into a freezer to kill the eggs, or hang them outside for the first frost of the year. Repairing moth-chewed woolens can be tricky. Unlike a snag or little tear that can be stitched closed, moths literally devour part of the material. There's usually nothing to pull back together or rejoin. Try repairing knitted sweaters by turning them inside out and closing the hole the best you can with a needle and fine thread. Bulky yarn and knits tend to hide the repair job better than finer ones. | <urn:uuid:e83256f5-a348-4e3f-b462-bbccf4d62d04> | {
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The 46th Miss
The Lauderdale County Website is pleased to be a member of the
Genealogy and History Network
Lauderdale County was established on 23 December
1833. Named in honor of COL James Lauderdale, who
distinguished himself during the War of 1812, the county was a
thriving and prosperous concern until about the beginning of the
twentieth century when the population began a modest decline.
Occupying a land area of approximately 715 square miles, the
counties history was in agriculture, logging and the railroad
industry. In more recent times, the county has turned to
the medical industry and retail sales as the chief employers.
illustrated, Lauderdale County lies on the eastern boundary of
the state of Mississippi, centrally located on the North-South
axis. The adjacent counties in Mississippi are Kemper to the
North, Neshoba is Northwest,
Newton in the West,
Southwest and Clarke to the South. In Alabama, Lauderdale
County adjoins Sumter in the Northeast and
Choctow in the
Southeast. Click on any of the adjacent county names
to access the appropriate site for that county.
The latest articles:
Nineteenth Century Marriages
This comprehensive listing includes all marriages
Lauderdale County from its creation up to and including the year
1900. If your ancestors aren't here, they didn't get married in
Cyclone: The Great Storm of 1906
This article documents the events of March 2, 1906 as the
destructive tornado in Mississippi struck the City of Meridian. In
parts, a great deal of detail about the city's history and development
has been included in the article.
A Haunting Tale
A companion story to the Cyclone of 1906, this brief story
reports of a haunting at the Peavey Melody Music story in downtown
A New Section:
The Constantine Rea Historical Society.
Includes a three-part biography of Lauderdale Counties
Con Rea and a multiple-part history of the 46th Mississippi
Regiment along with several other interesting articles.
(31 Mar 08)
Hancock: One of Lauderdale County's First Citizens
(8 Feb 08)
Question of Honor: The 1855 Rea - Evans Duel
(7 Feb 08)
at the Marion Brickyard (31
(13 Dec 07)
Movers and Shakers: William Harris Hardy
(30 Sep 07)
(15 Aug 07)
Creek Where the Rabbit Dances
(15 Aug 07)
Lauderdale Springs Confederate Cemetery
(19 Jul 07)
Orphans' Home of Mississippi
A Brief History of Mississippi Leading to the Creation of Lauderdale
(26 Mar 07)
Page Last Updated:
Wednesday, 03 September 2014
The email addresses of
our lookup volunteers and others are protected from Email Spam-bots!
If you do not
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This week’s column is, in a way, poorly named, as it concerns itself not with something lost from Capitol Hill, but rather, something that never was built in the first place. Nonetheless, it gives me a chance to look back on L’Enfant’s plan of Washington once again, and this opportunity is one that I will not leave unseized.
When L’Enfant submitted his plan for Washington DC in 1791, he had not only laid out the streets in much the manner that we are today used to, but also described in detail what was to be placed at different points on the map. Some, such as the location of the Capitol and the White House, were built as planned, others were not.
For instance, L’Enfant wrote of the section of East Capitol Street between the Capitol and the Anacostia that “…all along the avenue from the two bridges [over the Anacostia river] to the Federal house [Capitol] the pavement on each side will pass under an arched way, under whose cover, Shops will be most conveniently and agreeably situated. This Street is 160 feet in breadth, and a mile long.” [sic. The distance from the Capitol to the Anacostia is a bit over 2 miles]
Obviously, this arched way never came to pass, nor did the another feature of East Capitol Street as envisioned by L’Enfant: Between 11th and 13th Street, L’Enfant envisioned a square, which he marked ‘B’ on his map. The notes on the side of the map state that B would be “An historic Column – also intended for a mile or itinerary Column, from whose station, (a mile from the Federal house) all distances of places through the Continent, are to be calculated” [all commas are indeed like that in the original]
This column was also to be the ‘Washington Meridian,’ marking the longitudinal line from which everything else should be measured (in the end, the Greenwich Meridian became the base of all calculations)
Unfortunately, this column was never placed, nor was the spot used for calculating distance. In 1804, a milestone was placed at a point due west of the Capitol and due south of the White House. At the time, 16th Street was to be used as a meridian (hence Meridian Hill Park) and 115 years later, a column was finally placed for purposes of measuring distances – but was erected on the Ellipse in front of the White House.
On July 7, 1919, a temporary milestone was erected, to mark the beginning of an attempt to drive a convoy of Army vehicles across the country. It was the difficulties encountered along the way by an Army observer, Captain Dwight Eisenhower, that convinced him many years later to build the Interstate system.
A more permanent marker was unveiled in 1923. On its sides, it commemorates the first two convoys across the US. In spite of the hoopla involved in the unveiling thereof, including a speech by President Warren Harding, the zero milestone is not used for measuring any distances outside of Washington DC itself. You can see this milestone on the Ellipse, due south of the center of the White House.
As to what happened to the square marked ‘B’ in L’Enfant’s map, you can read about that in last week’s column. | <urn:uuid:df4fdab7-a80c-4760-9787-b58591e6db8f> | {
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(near Bidwell Mansion)
College of Natural Sci.
Chico, CA 95929-0545
A historical perspective of some of the important women who have shaped and influenced modern research in the earth sciences.
The following are some of the incredible groundbreaking women whose life works contributed to the vast and growing body of knowledge of earth sciences. Though some of them were contemporaries of Annie Alexander, many followed Alexander's pioneering lead. What all of the women shared was a spirit of adventure and the pursuit of scientific research at the risk of social approval.
- Marion Rawson
- Grace Crowfoot
- Winnifred Goldring
- Grace Harriet Macurdy
- Ersilia Lovatelli
- Florence Bascom
- Vesta Holt
- Marija Gimbutas
- Mary Leakey
Annie Alexander was a woman born to wealth, opportunity and prestige in a time when women's roles in society were generally prescribed by social expectations for accepted gender roles. Rather than accepting her elevated social position and the comforts in life associated with it, she defied those roles and struck out as an intrepid world-traveler who was excited by adventure, discovery, independence and most of all, paleontology. Her contributions to the field changed not only the status and views of women on scientific expeditions, but also the understanding of paleontology in Northern California and beyond.
Growing up in Hawaii at a
young age, Annie Alexander watched as her father, Samuel Alexander, worked tirelessly to transform an arid area of the island of Maui into the lush environment necessary for growing sugar cane. She spent her childhood riding horse back around the island and her nights camping with her siblings in the forests of Maui.
When her father made the decision to move the family to Oakland, California in 1883 for reasons of health and to further his business in sugar on the mainland, Annie was disappointed at the loss of her island home. In 1887, she traveled east to Massachusetts to attend Lasell Seminary forYoung Women. This school was radical in its time with the idea that women should be educated beyond simple reading, writing and arithmetic. Her attendance at Lasell Seminary likely laid the groundwork for Alexander's independent thinking later in her life.
Upon completing her education at Lasell Seminary, Alexander began traveling. The first destination was Europe, which she explored with her family at first and later alone with her father. Whether taking a 1,500 mile bike-tour of Europe or traveling to places like China, Java, Samoa and Singapore in the South Pacific, Alexander flourished with the exposure to other cultures, landscapes and the general freedom that traveling provided her. Later, when she was at her home in Oakland, Alexander would write letters to friends explaining her extreme loneliness and feelings of depression at being forced to stay in one place at a time.
In 1899, Alexander set out on a 10-week trip through Northern California and Oregon on horseback with a close friend, Martha Beckwith. The two women collected plant samples and studied the geology of the region. Beckwith educated Annie about the birds they encountered as well. The trip marked the beginning of a lifelong friendship between the two women and Alexander later credited Beckwith withintroducing her to geology and her ensuing passion for fossils.
In 1901, Alexander began attending lectures by John C. Merriam, a well-known and engaging professor of paleontology at UC Berkeley. She developed a passion for paleontology through these lectures and began exploring the Bay Area to discover fossils on her own. At this time, she wrote letters extolling the amazing landscapes of the area and expressing regret that she had never appreciated the land where she lived until she was fossil-hunting or digging in the nearby shell mounds. Alexander developed a professional relationship with Merriam and an interest in his work, and eventually offered to fund his expeditions.
As Merriam's trips became more successful and Alexander saw the fascinating fossils recovered by the team, she began to express interest in joining Merriam's team in the field. Her requests to accompany Merriam's team of paleontologists in the field was eventually accepted with the understanding that she would fund the expeditions, work on the trips (to her delight) and would donate whatever fossils she discovered back to the UC Berkeley to boost its standing as a center for paleontological research.
The sudden death of her father during an African expedition in 1904 became a catalyst for Alexander to absorb herself in another project to distract herself from her grief. Alexander was devastated by the loss of her father, but was determined to continue to live in a manner consistent with her father's wishes for her. Soon, she began formulating a plan for a museum of vertebrate zoology.
It was not until 1908 that the plans for the museum began to take a realistic shape. Alexander helped prepare the plans for the museum and continued her expeditions to collect specimens for the museum and the paleontology department.
During this time, Alexander decided to find a female companion to travel with; her colleagues had suggested the idea due to issues of propriety. Alexander had taken up some of the duties as the cook at the expedition camps and she was looking for someone to share both the physical labor and the joy of fieldwork she enjoyed as a field biologist. Soon enough, Alexander discovered a friend in Louise Kellogg.
Their first trip together was the "1908 Alexander Expedition" to Alaska. Alexander expressed concern to her colleagues about Kellogg's ability to survive the conditions in the field, but to Alexander's delight, Kellogg proved to be an exceptional work and travel companion. The trip to Alaska marked the beginning of a 42-year-long relationship between the women that ended only with Alexander's death in 1950.
In 1911, Alexander and Kellogg purchased the land on Grizzly Island in Suisun Bay, approximately 40 miles northeast of Oakland. They wanted to have a ranch, grow crops and raise cattle. With a slow and difficult start, the women were successful in growing hay over the years, breeding and milking shorthorn cattle, as well as growing nationally-purchased, award-winning asparagus. Alexander provided the financial backing for the ranch, made the business decisions and purchases; Louise did much of the physical labor-plowing, planting, weeding the vegetable garden, doing the wash and the cooking.
With Kellogg by her side, Alexander continued to do field research with the UC Berkeley Department of Paleontology. In 1920 she established the University of California Museum of Paleontology and created an endowment for its funding. Over the years, Kellogg and Alexander collected, documented and donated more than 22,000 species of plant, animal and paleontological specimens to the university. At least 17 species of plants and animals honor Alexander in their scientific names. Several others are named after Kellogg.
Annie Montague Alexander was an incredible woman in many ways. Most prominent of her qualities was her refusal to accept the norms and propriety expected of women. In an era when women in science were rare, Alexander pressed forward and accepted no other definition of her life than the one she created for herself. It is this spirit that pioneering female scientists all over the world exhibit when they contribute to their fields of study.
|Historical Images and Biographies|
Known for her work at the Palace of Nestor, Ancient Troy and Pylos, Rawson was one of the first women to specialize in Bronze Age Archaeology. Photo courtesy of Brown University.
Grace Crowfoot was born in England. Her first excavation was a cave in the Ligurian Alps where she discovered 300 beads. She became a textile archaeologist and specialized on the textiles and ceramics associated with the Pharaonic tombs. Photo courtesy of Brown University.
Winnifred Goldring is known as the first female state paleontologist of New York. She is best known for her work on the Gilboa fossil flora and the Devonian Crinoids of New York. Photo courtesy of New York State Museum.
Grace Macurdy was a professor of Greek at Vassar College and was the first scholar to focus her studies on the political and social roles of women in history. Photo courtesy of VROMA.
Born in Rome, Lovatelli was the first female member of the National Academy of Lincei. She was called by some, the most important archaeologist of her time. Some of her studies focused on Roman dress, inscriptions, mosaics, ancient topography, cults, rites, festivals, popular traditions and children's games. Photo courtesy of Brown University.
Bascom was a well-documented, pioneering geologist. She was the second woman in the United States to receive a doctorate in geology and the first female geologist hired by the United States Geological Survey in 1896. She was also an associate editor of the American Geologist and founded the geology department at Bryn Mawr College. She is known as an expert in crystallography, mineralogy and petrography. Photo courtesy of USGS.org.
Holt was a pioneering botanist in Northern California. She graduated from Stanford University with a Ph.D and spent her career at Chico State, discovering and documenting many plant species in Northern California and served as chair of the Department of Biological Sciences. Photo courtesy of California State University, Chico.
Gimbutas was a world-renowned prehistorian. She was a lecturer at Stanford, Harvard and UCLA where she was appointed Curator of Old World Archaeology, now the Fowler Museum of Cultural History. She is also known for introducing the "Mother Goddess Cult." Photo courtesy of Wikipedia.
Mary Leaky discovered the Proconsul africanus on Rusinga Island, Kenya- the first fossil of an ape skull ever found. She spent most of her career working with her husband, Louis Leakey, excavating hominine in the Olduvai Gorge in Eastern Africa. She was also responsible for uncovering the Laetoli footprints. Photo courtesy of Archaeologics.com. | <urn:uuid:85b0093b-ad9a-484c-b5fc-65edca5be355> | {
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The Copernican vision of an earth in motion was not without its rudimentary precedents, as Copernicus himself recounts: "For a long time then, I reflected on this confusion in the astronomical traditions concerning the derivation of the motions of the universe's spheres. I began to be annoyed that the movements of the world machine, created for our sake by the best and most systematic Artisan of all, were not understood with greater certainty by the philosophers, who otherwise examined so precisely the most insignificant trifles of this world. For this reason I undertook the task of rereading the works of all the philosophers which I could obtain to learn whether anyone had ever proposed other motions of the universe's spheres than those expounded by the teachers of astronomy in the schools. And in fact I found in Cicero that Hicetas supposed the earth to move. Later I also discovered in Plutarch that certain others were of this opinion. . . . Therefore, having obtained the opportunity from these sources, I too began to consider the mobility of the earth."
Source: Letter to Pope Paul III: Preface to De Revolutionibus, 1543
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Circulation of the blood around the body is essential as the blood takes nourishment to all your tissues and organs. It also transports waste materials to the lungs and kidneys, which then get rid of them from the body.
The heart is a muscular pump that pumps blood around your body. The two sides of the heart – the right side and the left side – work together. Blood from your muscles and organs enters the right side of your heart. The heart pumps the blood to the lungs where it takes up oxygen and removes the carbon dioxide it has been carrying. This oxygen-rich blood then enters the left side of the heart. From here it is pumped through the arteries to all parts of your body including to the heart muscle itself.
The movement of the blood through the heart is regulated by a system of valves. These make sure that the blood flows in the correct direction. There are four valves – one at the entrance (Tricuspid and Mitral valve in right and left side respectively) and one at the exit of each of the two pumping chambers (Aortic and Pulmonary valve in right and left side respectively).
The heart itself is a specialised muscular organ, which weighs 250 to 350 grams and beats approximately 100,000 times a day pumping around 5-6 litres of blood/min. Therefore the heart itself needs nutrients and blood supply to maintain the function. Tiny arteries called coronary arteries supply the blood to the heart muscle. These coronary arteries are the lifeline for the heart. The heart also has electrical conduction system inside which regulates the timing of the heart beat and act as a trigger for the heart to pump. | <urn:uuid:ccd148a8-57de-472d-bd1e-9eafa171c4a5> | {
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When the price of something goes down, people tend to buy more of it. Is this true for health care? There are many aspects of health care over which people have little control. People do not decide to get sick. Also, when they do get sick, physicians make many decisions about what care they receive. However, people do have some role in their care. What people pay out of their own pocket can affect what services they use. For example, someone with complete insurance for prescription drugs might not give much thought to getting a prescription for a brand-name drug that costs $120, even if there is a similar generic drug that costs only $12. However, someone who is uninsured and pays for the prescription out their own pocket might look at the options and decide to get the $12 drug.
“Moral Hazard” means that people with more insurance use more health care than people with less insurance. The term moral hazard came from the idea that an insured person knows that insurance will pay for losses and becomes careless. The classic example was a driver who becomes reckless after getting car insurance. Such behavior was viewed as irresponsible, so “moral” was included in the term moral hazard.
However, moral hazard can be viewed as plain old economics instead of morality. An insured person pays less for additional services. In the extreme, complete insurance coverage makes additional health care services look free. Thus, we should not be surprised when insured people use more health care services. Although insured people do not pay for additional services at the time that they receive them, someone pays for them when insurance premiums go up. In the long run, everyone in the insurance pool pays part of the cost when one person gets additional services.
Have you ever been on the way to a restaurant with a group of people and had someone (probably a heavy drinker or eater) suggest that you all “split the bill evenly”? If so, what happened? Did everyone order more? Unless friendships or dirty looks hold people back, the group will probably spend more with a check split evenly than it would with separate checks. People in the group will order things that are not really worth the money because they don’t pay all of it. Who wants to order a cheap meal while others order expensive meals and drinks? Moral hazard causes excess consumption and a higher bill for everyone. The same thing happens with health insurance. Insured people use health care services with costs greater than benefits. For this reason, most insurance policies limit moral hazard in some way. | <urn:uuid:e358360d-3fde-4dfa-bf85-233edff80e03> | {
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CNET GLOSSARY: Terms for the techie
A television that employs a liquid-crystal display screen rather than a CRT; used in small, personal TVs, portable video equipment, front projectors, and larger flat-panel displays. An LCD projector uses a lamp to shine light through liquid-crystal panels, then through mirrors and lenses to the screen. More info
Can't find your term here? Have a question about the glossary? E-mail us. | <urn:uuid:b909740b-0a97-4dc7-88cd-e98e3f73d831> | {
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The Einstein Theory of Relativity
It is comprehensible that a person could not have arrived at such a far-reaching change of view by continuing to follow the old beaten paths, but only by introducing some sort of new idea. Indeed, Einstein arrived at his theory through a train of thought of great originality. Let me try to restate it in concise terms.
THE EARTH AS A MOVING CAR
Everyone knows that a person may be sitting in any kind of a vehicle without noticing its progress, so long as the movement does not vary in direction or speed; in a car of a fast express train objects fall in just the same way as in a coach that is standing still. Only when we look at objects outside the train, or when the air can enter the car, do we notice indications of the motion. We may compare the earth with such a moving vehicle, which in its course around the sun has a remarkable speed, of which the direction and velocity during a considerable period of time may be regarded as constant. In place of the a | <urn:uuid:5461198e-caa5-4a5f-9586-2e8025ccd9bf> | {
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Nestled between the foothills of the Cascade Mountain range and the Puget Sound lies Lake Washington, a lake that contains an extraordinary history. Many call the shores of Lake Washington home. Residences include many prominent citizens, major industries, and until recently, the U.S. Navy. Three major floating bridges cross the Lake. One is State Route 520 and the other two comprise the western end of Interstate 90. Prior to bridge construction Lake Washington had its own ferry system.
Lake Washington is the largest lake in western Washington. The lake is approximately 20 miles long encompassing 71.5 miles of shoreline and 28 square miles of land. In the center of the lake is a large island known as Mercer Island. I-90 travels across the island connecting Seattle with the eastside communities of Bellevue, and Issaquah. The average depth of the lake is 110 feet and its deepest spot, northwest of Mercer Island, is about 220 feet deep. Since the lake surface is about 21 feet above mean sea level, its deepest point is nearly 200 feet below sea level.
The southern end of the lake is home to the Boeing Corporations Renton commercial aircraft plant where all Boeing 737s, and 757s are assembled. The Cedar River, one of two main tributaries, flows past the plant and enters the lake. The other tributary, known as the Sammamish Slew enters the lake at the northern end. The U.S. Navy made its home on the northwestern shores in an area known as Sand Point.
Over the years many unfortunate accidents have occurred on the lake. The remains of these accidents and the stories they tell are contained within the lakes depth. Arguably the most remembered accident on the lake was the sinking of the old I-90 bridge. In 1990 the bridge was undergoing reconstruction and was scheduled to reopen servicing the eastbound lanes of I-90. In November of that year a fierce storm blew in and ravaged the bridge. Waves crashed over the bridge deck filling pontoon structures that provided flotation. Within hours the bridge, which was a floating structure, began to sink. Section after section gave way and fell to the bottom of the lake approximately 300 feet below. The bridge was eventually replaced with a new floating bridge.
The Department of Transportation is not the only agency to sustain losses in Lake Washington. The U.S. Navy has had its share of aviation mishaps. When you dive underwater you expect to find sunken ships, old bottles and coins, but nothing can prepare you for a fully armed PB4Y-2, a four engine bomber larger than a B-17, resting upright on its landing gear.
The World War II Navy aircraft may be one of the more dramatic things in the lake, but there are many others. In 1991 UAS completed the first comprehensive survey of the lake bottom. UAS used side-scanning sonar to locate at least seven military aircraft including a huge martin Mariner PMB flying boat, more than one hundred sunken boats and ships, a train, several sunken forests, the pontoons of the old I-90 bridge.
These images and links are of four Navy wrecks currently held within the lakes depth. In addition one potentially civilian aircraft was recovered by UAS.
Lake Washington, History and Mystery
For thousands of years, prior to the turn of the century, Native Americans inhabited the shores of Lake Washington. They called it hacuylake and the people who lived in the eighteen house sites scattered along its shore were called hachuabsh, the lake people. They caught fish from the lake and nearby streams. They hunted vast numbers of waterfowl in the extensive marshes along the shore as well as muskrats, otter, raccoons, deer and elk.
The lake would seem to have been a perfect Eden for these people, but in their folklore it has an otherworldly, even frightening character. Legends identify places along the shore haunted by dangerous supernatural beings: monsters that sucked swimmers to their doom, huge spotted serpents with horns on their head that caused terrible landslides, and a race of dwarfs who drove people insane. One told of a man who tried to capture an elk in the lake and got his shirt caught in its antlers. Both disappeared underwater, and some time later their bodies appeared in Puget Sound near Richmond Beach. Some sort of mysterious, subterranean channel connecting the lake with the Sound seemed to have swallowed them. Another legend claimed the lake itself swallowed Mercer Island every night and disgorged it every morning.
This perception reflected the peoples long relationship with the lake, and its own dramatic history. Clearly, the lake was a mysterious place whose depths held powerful secrets. Some of these revealed themselves when the Europeans settled the land and began to change its character.
When workers completed the Lake Washington Ship Canal, connecting the lake with Lake Union and Puget Sound in 1916, the lakes level was lowered about nine feet to match that of Lake Union. The exposure of the lakes near shore shallows wiped out most of the salmon spawning beds and killed the wapato plants harvested but the Native Americans. The Black River, which was then the outlet for the lake, was also destroyed. The Black River flowed from the south end of the lake into the Duwamish River and Elliott Bay.
The newly exposed lakeshore revealed a number of interesting things. In Union bay, the wooden stumps of an ancient fish trap poked above the mud. At the mouth of the May Creak, near Kennydale, the remains of campfire circles indicated the lakeshore had been even lower in the past. Even more interesting and mysterious were the forests of drowned trees that surfaced at several places along the lakeshore.
The bark, still attached to the snags and well preserved, identified most as Douglas Fir. An old legend told of a man who went to the southern end of Mercer Island to strip bark off the drowned trees. Dried, this made excellent fuel for his house fire. But he began to experience strange, unpleasant sensations. These, others claimed, were produced by supernatural dwarfs inhabiting the tree trunks. The dwarfs resented the man stripping off the bark as much as a person who would have his clothes taken away.
The snags hiding just beneath the surface of the water or rising above presented a navigational hazard. In 1919 workers removed nearly 200 of them or dynamited their tops to within 30 feet of the surface. The remaining trees stood upright in 60 to 120 feet of water. Huge landslides seem to be the likeliest way these forests ended up in the lake.
Geologists had concluded that an enormous ice sheet gouged out the lake basic during the ice age. They speculated that the lake had once been an arm of Puget Sound. Duwamish Indian legend recalled a time when the lake contained salt water. In the late 1950s core samples taken from bottom sediment confirmed the legend. For a brief period, thirteen to fourteen thousand years ago, the sea had invaded the lake basin. The delta building from the ancestral Cedar River soon pinched the arm from the Sound and melt water from the ice sheet and from other streams created a deep freshwater lake. The lake was already mature when the eruption that produced Oregons Crater Lake left a telltale layer of ash on the bottom about 6,800 years ago.
The lake bottom has a W shaped profile, with steep sides plunging to a floor which gently rises in the center due to the movement of silt by seasonal convection currents. Near shore, a wave cut terrace rings the lake 40 feet below its present surface, evidence of earlier water levels. As the Cedar River delta grew it dammed more water in the lake basin raising its level.
Lake Washingtons bottom sediments and the objects resting in them provide a detailed history. Carbon 14 measurements of the submerged trees indicate that a number of events occurred around 3,000, 2,500, 1,700, and 1,100 years ago. The latest group of trees helped date an earthquake believed to have occurred along a break in the North American Plate called the Seattle Fault. Scientists believe that an earthquake along this fault, which runs roughly east to west from the Kitsap Peninsula through Seattles business district, beneath the lake bottom, and out past the Sammamish plateau, lifted the southern portion of the fault. Restoration Point, at the southeastern end of Bainbridge Island, was raised as much as 20 feet and Alki Point in Seattle rose 13 feet.
The earthquake, estimated at 7 to 7.5 on the Richter Scale, caused rockslides in the Olympic Mountains, and sent several forests-covered sections of Lake Washingtons shoreline into the lake. Two of these slides produced the sunken forests on the west and southeast sides of Mercer Island. The third was on the northeast shore of the lake at O. O. Denny Park. An analysis of sunken forests from Mercer Island indicated they died sometime in the fall, winter, or spring between the years 894 and 997 AD.
These landslides were catastrophic events. Sections of Mercer Island more than 150 feet high collapsed, traveling nearly a quarter mile before coming to rest deep in the lake. Their plunge sent huge waves sweeping across the lakes surface and slamming into the shore, probably devastating native villages. Little wonder they regarded the southern end of Mercer Island with dread.
Dates from other trees in the lake suggest massive landslides occurred earlier, and other evidence suggests one happened as recently as 300 years ago. These disasters and a relentlessly rising lake level must have contributed to the Indians ambivalent feelings towards the lake; feeling that are preserved in their folklore. Scientific data also suggests that similar disasters are likely to occur in the future.
The history of Lake Washington is often shaped by natural disasters but human tragedy also shapes the lake. Contained in the lake are bits of history known only to a few adventurous explorers. Aided with high-tech equipment UAS has located a train of coal cars lost to the lake in 1875.
The train belonged to the Seattle Coal & Transportation Company, one of the early local business enterprises that succeeded in putting Seattle and the eastside on the map. In the fall of 1863, surveyor Edwin Richardson discovered coal beside a stream later named Coal Creek. Wagons hauled sacks of coal down to the lake where it was transported to the west shore by sail boat, rowboat, or Indian canoe. Six weeks later, prospectors discovered a richer coal seam south of the Creek at a place called Newcastle, named after the famous English mining town. To bring the coal form Newcastle to Seattle, the company constructed a cumbersome system of tramways and barges to haul trains of iron-wheeled wooden cars. Each cart was capable of carrying two tons of coal from the mines to bunkers on the Seattle waterfront. In January 1875, the sternwheeler Chehalis was rounding the northwest point of Mercer Island when a gale blowing from the south tipped the barge it was towing and sent 18 cars plunging into the lake. They remain where they sank, well preserved in 200 feet of water, many of them upright and still carrying their cargoes of coal.
UAS has taken the lead in crafting laws to preserve the states underwater archaeological resources in an effort to prevent these and other wrecks from becoming vandalized and to ensure proper conservation and restoration. Hopefully, one day the train may be on display in Renton and some of the aircraft will find shelter in the Museum of Flight. Lake Washington has always been a valued for its beauty and as a natural resource. We are now coming to understand its value as a historical resource. | <urn:uuid:1a7a18d7-8c54-4a7d-8ec2-947fcb11df9d> | {
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(Left: Prof. Jung Byung-joon(鄭秉峻) of Ewha Womans University , from Choson Ilbo)The artcle is quite perplexing since it is well-known that the Takeshima/Dokdo was listed as the territory held by Japan and remove the island from the Korean territory that it would renounce in the next draft made on 29th December, 1949, which was right after this draft of Peace Treaty made on Nov. 2, 1949. US decision that Takeshima remains as Japan's never changed in the final Treaty and Takeshima remained to be Japan's territory in the end.
A map used by the U.S. while drafting a peace treaty with Japan at the end of World War II clearly indicates that the Dokdo islets are Korean territory. The find adds to a growing body of evidence that Japanese territorial claims to islets are without merit.
Prof. Jung Byung-joon of Ewha Womans University discovered the map in the MacArthur Memorial Archives in Norfolk, Virginia in 2008 and included a copy in his book "Dokdo 1947." It was drawn up by the State Department on Nov. 2, 1949 and sent to Gen. Douglas MacArthur, then supreme commander of the Allied Forces headquartered in Tokyo, along with a draft peace treaty.
So it is quite natural that this Prof's "newly discovered" map, attached to the Draft, depicted Liancourt Rocks within Korean territory since that is what the draft on Nov. 2, 1949 said. The point is, this draft, text and map, were amended and replaced by next draft made on 29th December, 1949. Although the map attached to the 29th Dec. 1949 draft is yet to be found, Prof. Jung Byung-joon's claim "the November 1949 map depicting Dokdo as belonging to Korea was the final version" is not true. The map is not the "final version" nor it "confirm" Korean sovereignty since it was already replaced with next draft. It’s pointless to intimidate Japan not to claim territorial sovereignty over Takeshima with this map.U.S. Draft made on December 29, 1949
1.The Territory of Japan shall comprise the four principal Japanese islands of Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku and Hokkaido and all adjacent minor islands, including the islands of the Inland sea(seto Naikai); Tsushima,Takeshima (Liancourt Rocks), Oki retto, Sado, Okujiri, Rebun, Riishiri and all other islands in the Japan Sea (Nippon Kai) within a line connecting the farther shores of Tsushima, Takeshima and Rebun; the Goto archipelago, the Ryukyu Islands north of 29° N. Latitude, and all other islanls of the East China Sea east of longtude 127° east of Greenwich and north of 29°N. Latitude; the Izu Islands southward to end including Sofu Gan (lot's Wife) and all other islands of the Philippine Sea nearer to the four principal islands than the islands named; and the Habomai group and Shikotan lying to the east and south of a line extending from a point in 43°35' N.Latitude, 145°35' E. logitude to a point in 44°N. latitude, 146°30' E. longitude, and to the south of a line drawn due east on the parsllel in 44° N. Latitude. All of the islands identified above, with a three-mile belt of territorial waters, shall belong to Japan.
2. All of the islands mentioned above are shown on the map attached to the present Treaty.
In fact, Mr. Tsukamoto Takashi from the Japan’s National Diet Library had already wrote about this drafting process of Peace Treaty with Japan in his article written in 1994. He’s already introduced the Article 6, which deals with territorial issue, of this draft of Peace Treaty made on Nov. 2, 1949 and the article clearly stated that it has attached map.
The drafting process is well-written in English by Shimane’s Web Takeshima Research Center as below.
The principles of international law have great significanceOn January 18th 1952, the President of ROK Syngman Rhee (李承晩) suddenly issued a Declaration concerning maritime sovereignty, with which he installed the so-called “Syngman Rhee Line” including Takeshima/Liancourt Rocks in the Korean territory, it was three months before April when the Peace Treaty would be effective.
It is an established principle of international law that a peace treaty is the final determination of a country's territory, however. Whereas the Potsdam Declaration of July 26, 1945 stated, “Japanese sovereignty shall be limited to...such minor islands an we determine, ” SCAPIN #677 specified, “ Nothing in this directive shall be construed as an indication of Allied policy relating to the ultimate determination of the minor islands.” The Allies again declined to make a decision in SCAPIN #1033, which stated, “The present authorization is not an expression of Allied policy relative to ultimate determination of national jurisdiction, international boundaries or fishing rights...”
The peace treaty is therefore the key to the puzzle, but how does it deal with Takeshima? A draft of the peace treaty with Japan formulated in March 1947 defined the extent of Japanese sovereignty, which included the main islands of Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku, and Hokkaido, as well as such outlying islands as Oki, Sado,and Tsushima. On the other hand, its provisions stated that Japan renounced the rights and title to the islands of Cheju, Komun, Ulleungdo, and Takeshima. This principle remained unchanged until the draft of November 1949.
A Change in the Provisions Concerning Takeshima at the Draft Stage
The situation began to change when the acting Political Advisor in Japan, William J. Sebald, went a note to the U.S. State Department stating, “Recommend reconsideration Liancourt Rocks (Takeshima), Japan's claim to these islands is old and appears valid” As a result, the treaty draft was amended in December 1949 to add Takeshima to the territory held by Japan and remove the island from the Korean territory that it would renounce.
The later American discussions with the British subsequently adhered to this policy, and the joint American and British draft of June 14, 1951, stated that the territory Japan would renounce would be Cheju, Komundo, and Ulleungdo. This clause eventually became Article 2 (a) of the San Francisco Peace Treaty. The treaty was signed on September 8, and all that awaited was its enforcement on April 28, 1952.
In response to this, the South Korean government that had taken office on August 15, 1948, demanded the revision of the Revised American and British Draft Treaty on July 19, 1951, to include both the islands of Dokdo (Takeshima) and Parangdo (a submerged island) as part of its territory. The American government rejected this demand for revision, however, stating, “Takeshima was...never treated as part of Korea and, since about 1905, has been under the jurisdiction of the Oki Islands Branch Office of Shimane Prefecture of Japan. The island does not appear ever before to have been claimed by Korea.”.
1952- January: Syngman Rhee Line
Later, on 12th July, 1954, Korean invaded Takeshima with heavily armed forces and refuse to bring the issue to ICJ against Japan’s proposal.
The Choson Ilbo’s strange discovery story continues as follows.
Jung also discovered another U.S. government map, equally putting Dokdo in Korean territory, that was drawn up by a policy planning taskforce of the State Department on Oct. 14, 1947 to define Japanese territory. Until recently it was believed that this map was drawn up in 1949 or 1950.The map he “discovered” is the map made by Jorge F. Kennan, the director of the Policy Planning Staff(PPS). The documents are included in the FRUS, The Foreign Relations of the United States, a book series published by the Office of the Historian in the United States Department of State. It’s even available online here. Moreover, the PPS documents are sold in the form of microfilms more than 20 years ago. How on the earth he can “discover” the map which is open to the public ages ago?
I strongly recommend Prof. Jung and Choson Ilbo to stop this kind of silly argument and claiming that he “discovered” things which are already known.
The initial information of the Choson Ilbo’s article was informed by matsu and other information concerning to the drafting process of the Peace Treaty were provided by Mr. Tsukamoto.
Mr. Tsukamoto Takashi's article is written in Japanese.
Takashi Tsukamoto, "Heiwajoyaku to Takeshima (sairon)" Reference 1994. 3, pp. 31-56. (塚本 孝「平和条約と竹島（再論）」、『レファレンス』第518号、国立国会図書館調査及び立法考査局、1994年3月、pp.31-56)
The article and related articles in Japanese.
History of San Francisco Peace Treaty
1946 - SCAPIN 677 - #1
1946 - SCAPIN 1033 - #2
1947 - SCAPIN 1778 - #3
1949 - Willam J. Sebald's telegram - #4
1949 - A letter from W. Walton Butterworth - #5
1949 - December 29th; 6th Amendment of the Treaty Draft - #6
1950 - July - Commentary on Draft Treaty by the Department of State - #6-b
1950 - August - U.S. Draft of the Peace Treaty - #6-c
1950 - October 26th - USA Answers to Questions Submitted by the Australian Government - #7
1951 - April - May: Joint UK and USA Draft - extra(1)
1951 - June 1 - New Zealand's view - extra(2)
1951 - July 9th - Coversation of Yu Chan Yang with John F. Dulles - #8
1951 - July 19th - The 2nd Conversation between Yu Chan Yang and John F. Dulles - #9
1951 - August - Another letter from You Chan Yang - #10
1951 - August 3rd - Memorandum - #11(On re-ceiving Boggs's memo. I asked the Korean desk to find out whether anyone in the Korean Embassy officer had told him they believed Dokdo was near Ullengdo, or Takeshima Rock, and suspected that Parangdo was too.)
1951 - August - Rusk's Letter - #12
1951 - September 9th - San Francisco Peace Treaty - #13
Korea's Illegal Land Grab from Japan
1952- January: Syngman Rhee Line
After the Installation of Syngman Rhee Line - American documents
1952 - November - Confidential Security Information of USA - #1 ("It appears that the Department has taken the position that these rocks belong to Japan and has so informed the Korean Ambassador in Washington." )
1952 - December - Confidential Security Information of USA - #2( "I much appreciate your letter of November 14 in regard to the status of the Dokdo Island (Liancourt Rocks). The information you gave us had never been previously available to the Embassy. We had never heard of Deen Rusk’s letter to the Korean Ambassador in which the Department took a definite stand on this question.")
1953 July: Confidential Security Information of USA - #3( The United States Government's understanding of the territorial status of this island was stated in assistant Secretary dated August 10,1951.")
1953 - November - Secret Security Information of USA - #4 ("The Liancourt Rocks case appears to have aspects in common with that of Shikotan Island" "Remind the ROK of our previous statement of view (the Rusk letter)")
1953 - December - SECRET SECURITY INFORMATION by Dulles - #5 | <urn:uuid:59743b7f-c18d-42ac-a870-e84836a88930> | {
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Translation of learned in Spanish:
- (allusion/work)it appeared in a learned journal
eruditosalió en una publicación especializadashe belongs to various learned bodieses miembro de varias agrupaciones académicasmy learned colleague (British) [formal]mi distinguido colegaExample sentences
- And he was learned and perspicacious enough to see that the rigidity which the old Labour party embraced would entail its own reaction.
- I have studied under learned professors in stately halls of learning.
- The ideal would be to study those very same books under the auspices of a learned teacher.
- Data from scientists in the field were published in learned society journals.
- It is good to have this learned and scholarly life back in circulation.
- Founded in 1660, the Society has three roles, as the UK academy of science, as a learned Society, and as a funding agency.
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
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Nanyang Technological University (NTU)'s Associate Professor Zhong Guofu has made a significant contribution to the field of organic chemistry, in particular the study of using small organic molecules as catalysts, in the synthesis process called organocatalysis. Such synthesis process takes place for example, during the production of chiral drugs.
In his study, Professor Zhong, who is from NTU's School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, has successfully created the first example where an organocatalyst is able to be 'recycled' (i.e. multiple reactions achieved with the recycled catalyst) during the synthesis process thus increasing its yield/effectiveness. Previously no one has been able to 'recycle' the organocatalysts directly (i.e. only single reactions performed) leading to the limitation of the use of organocatalysis in the industry.
This ability to 'recycle' and produce multiple reactions thus increases the efficacy of the organocatalysis, making it a more efficient process, something that has not been demonstrated before. It also means that fewer chemicals are used in the synthesis process, making it a far more 'green' and less toxic process.
Professor Zhong has written a paper on his discovery, which has been published in a recent edition of the scientific journal ChemComm.
The study of organocatalysis using organic molecules (which exists in nature, e.g. protein, amino acids) is a relatively new idea that started less than 10 years ago. The present dominant catalysts used in such synthesis process are 'ligand-metal catalysts' (such as ligand-copper, -palladium, -platinum, -ruthenium etc). However when compared to organocatalysts, ligand-metal catalysis is considered less 'green' and thus more 'toxic'.
However, the problem with using organocatalysts is that it is usually not an efficient or cost effective process since relatively a high catalyst loading is needed, compared to ligand-metal catalysis.
Professor Zhong is seeking patent in the United States for his hi process, which will be useful for the synthesis of certain chiral drug molecules which will be less toxic and produced under more efficient processes. The other advantage is that this process is considered 'highly enantioselective' producing asymmetric synthesis that is desirable, for example, in synthesising certain drugs with chiral centers.
Professor Zhong is also filing for another patent related to his findings on domino synthesis, where the production process of one of the leading anti-cholesterol drugs in the world will be able to be shortened from its present 11 production steps to only 2-3 steps in the synthesis of its core intermediate. Pharmaceutical firms have expressed interest in adopting his methodology in their drug discovery and production process.
|Contact: Hisham Hambari|
Nanyang Technological University | <urn:uuid:af5bc074-464a-41bf-a3e2-5913b7d8bfba> | {
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ONION Overview Information
Onion is a plant. The bulb (rounded underground part) of the onion is used to make medicine.
Onion is used for treating digestion problems including loss of appetite, upset stomach, and gallbladder disorders; for treating heart and blood vessel problems including chest pain (angina) and high blood pressure; and for preventing “hardening of the arteries” (atherosclerosis). It is also used for treating sore mouth and throat, whooping cough, bronchitis, asthma, dehydration, intestinal gas, parasitic worms, and diabetes. Some people use it as a diuretic to increase urine output.
Onion is applied directly to the skin for insect bites, wounds, light burns, boils, warts, and bruises.
In foods, onion is used in many recipes.
In manufacturing, the oil is used to flavor foods.
How does it work?
Possibly Effective for:
- Scarring. Most research suggests that applying onion extract, usually as a specific product containing heparin and allantoin (Contractubex), to the skin for 10 weeks to 6 months improves scar color and appearance, as well as pain and itching, in people with scars due to burns, tattoo removal, injuries, or surgical removement of tissue. However, using a specific product containing onion exract and allantoin (Mederma, Merz Pharmaceuticals) for 4-11 weeks does not seem to improve the appearance of new surgical scars.
- Hair loss (alopecia areata). Early research suggests that applying onion juice to the scalp for 8 weeks might improve hair growth in people with hair loss due to a condition called alopecia areata.
- Diabetes. Early research suggests that adding onion three times daily to a specific diet for 8 weeks might reduce blood sugar in people with diabetes.
- High blood pressure. Early research suggests that taking a specific product containing onion, olive oil, grape skin extract, L-carnitine, vitamin E, vitamin C, lycopene, and folic acid daily for one week might lower systolic blood pressure (the top number) but not diastolic blood pressure (the bottom number) in people with high blood pressure.
- Upset stomach.
- Swelling (inflammation) of the mouth and throat.
- Loss of appetite.
- Preventing hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis).
- Other conditions.
ONION Side Effects & Safety
Onion is LIKELY SAFE when taken by mouth in amounts commonly found in food or when applied to the skin. It is POSSIBLY SAFE for most people when taken by mouth in larger amounts. Taking up to a maximum of 35 mg of the onion ingredient “diphenylamine” per day for several months seems to be safe.
Special Precautions & Warnings:Pregnancy and breast-feeding: There is not enough reliable information about the safety of taking onion as a medicine if you are pregnant or breast-feeding. Stay on the safe side and avoid using onion in amounts larger than usual food amounts.
Bleeding disorder: Onion might slow blood clotting. There is concern that onion might increase the risk of bleeding when taken as a medicine. Don’t use medicinal amounts of onion or onion extract if you have a bleeding disorder.
Diabetes: Onion might lower blood sugar. If you have diabetes and use onion in medicinal amounts, check your blood sugar carefully.
Surgery: Onion might slow blood clotting and lower blood sugar. In theory, onion might increase the risk for bleeding or interfere with blood sugar control during and after surgical procedures. Stop using onion as a medicine at least 2 weeks before a scheduled surgery.
Moderate Interaction Be cautious with this combination
- Aspirin interacts with ONION
Some people are allergic to onions. Aspirin might increase your sensitivity to onions if you are allergic to onions. This has only been reported in one person. But to be on the safe side, if you are allergic to onions do not take aspirin and eat onions.
- Lithium interacts with ONION
Onion might have an effect like a water pill or "diuretic." Taking onion might decrease how well the body gets rid of lithium. This could increase how much lithium is in the body and result in serious side effects. Talk with your healthcare provider before using this product if you are taking lithium. Your lithium dose might need to be changed.
- Medications for diabetes (Antidiabetes drugs) interacts with ONION
Onion might decrease blood sugar. Diabetes medications are also used to lower blood sugar. Taking onion along with diabetes medications might cause your blood sugar to go too low. Monitor your blood sugar closely. The dose of your diabetes medication might need to be changed.
Some medications used for diabetes include glimepiride (Amaryl), glyburide (DiaBeta, Glynase PresTab, Micronase), insulin, pioglitazone (Actos), rosiglitazone (Avandia), chlorpropamide (Diabinese), glipizide (Glucotrol), tolbutamide (Orinase), and others.
- Medications that slow blood clotting (Anticoagulant / Antiplatelet drugs) interacts with ONION
Onion might slow blood clotting. Taking onion along with medications that also slow clotting might increase the chances of bruising and bleeding.
Some medications that slow blood clotting include aspirin, clopidogrel (Plavix), diclofenac (Voltaren, Cataflam, others), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others), naproxen (Anaprox, Naprosyn, others), dalteparin (Fragmin), enoxaparin (Lovenox), heparin, warfarin (Coumadin), and others.
The appropriate dose of onion depends on several factors such as the user's age, health, and several other conditions. At this time there is not enough scientific information to determine an appropriate range of doses for onion. Keep in mind that natural products are not always necessarily safe and dosages can be important. Be sure to follow relevant directions on product labels and consult your pharmacist or physician or other healthcare professional before using. | <urn:uuid:ed5e1a17-9faa-4aee-ac01-415bf5810e7a> | {
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The Time Constant
All Electrical or Electronic circuits or systems suffer from some form of “time-delay” between its input and output, when a signal or voltage, either continuous, ( DC ) or alternating ( AC ) is firstly applied to it. This delay is generally known as the time delay or Time Constant of the circuit and it is the time response of the circuit when a step voltage or signal is firstly applied.
The resultant time constant of any Electronic Circuit or system will mainly depend upon the reactive components either capacitive or inductive connected to it and is a measurement of the response time with units of, Tau – τ
When an increasing DC voltage is applied to a discharged Capacitor, the capacitor draws a charging current and “charges up”, and when the voltage is reduced, the capacitor discharges in the opposite direction. Because capacitors are able to store electrical energy they act like small batteries and can store or release the energy as required.
The charge on the plates of the capacitor is given as: Q = CV. This charging (storage) and discharging (release) of a capacitors energy is never instant but takes a certain amount of time to occur with the time taken for the capacitor to charge or discharge to within a certain percentage of its maximum supply value being known as its Time Constant ( τ ).
If a resistor is connected in series with the capacitor forming an RC circuit, the capacitor will charge up gradually through the resistor until the voltage across the capacitor reaches that of the supply voltage. The time called the transient response, required for this to occur is equivalent to about 5 time constants or 5T.
This transient response time T, is measured in terms of τ = R x C, in seconds, where R is the value of the resistor in ohms and C is the value of the capacitor in Farads. This then forms the basis of an RC charging circuit were 5T can also be thought of as “5 x RC”.
RC Charging Circuit
The figure below shows a capacitor, ( C ) in series with a resistor, ( R ) forming a RC Charging Circuit connected across a DC battery supply ( Vs ) via a mechanical switch. When the switch is closed, the capacitor will gradually charge up through the resistor until the voltage across it reaches the supply voltage of the battery. The manner in which the capacitor charges up is also shown below.
RC Charging Circuit
Let us assume above, that the capacitor, C is fully “discharged” and the switch (S) is fully open. These are the initial conditions of the circuit, then t = 0, i = 0 and q = 0. When the switch is closed the time begins at t = 0 and current begins to flow into the capacitor via the resistor.
Since the initial voltage across the capacitor is zero, ( Vc = 0 ) the capacitor appears to be a short circuit to the external circuit and the maximum current flows through the circuit restricted only by the resistor R. Then by using Kirchoff’s voltage law (KVL), the voltage drops around the circuit are given as:
The current now flowing around the circuit is called the Charging Current and is found by using Ohms law as: i = Vs/R.
RC Charging Circuit Curves
The capacitor now starts to charge up as shown, with the rise in the RC charging curve steeper at the beginning because the charging rate is fastest at the start and then tapers off as the capacitor takes on additional charge at a slower rate.
As the capacitor charges up, the potential difference across its plates slowly increases with the actual time taken for the charge on the capacitor to reach 63% of its maximum possible voltage, in our curve 0.63Vs being known as one Time Constant, ( T ). This 0.63Vs voltage point is given the abbreviation of 1T.
The capacitor continues charging up and the voltage difference between Vs and Vc reduces, so to does the circuit current, i. Then at its final condition greater than five time constants ( 5T ) when the capacitor is said to be fully charged, t = ∞, i = 0, q = Q = CV. Then at infinity the current diminishes to zero, the capacitor acts like an open circuit condition therefore, the voltage drop is entirely across the capacitor.
So mathematically we can say that the time required for a capacitor to charge up to one time constant is given as:
Where, R is in Ω‘s and C in Farads.
Since voltage V is related to charge on a capacitor given by the equation, Vc = Q/C, the voltage across the value of the voltage across the capacitor ( Vc ) at any instant in time during the charging period is given as:
- Vc is the voltage across the capacitor
- Vs is the supply voltage
- t is the elapsed time since the application of the supply voltage
- RC is the time constant of the RC charging circuit
After a period equivalent to 4 time constants, ( 4T ) the capacitor in this RC charging circuit is virtually fully charged and the voltage across the capacitor is now approx 99% of its maximum value, 0.99Vs. The time period taken for the capacitor to reach this 4T point is known as the Transient Period.
After a time of 5T the capacitor is now fully charged and the voltage across the capacitor, ( Vc ) is equal to the supply voltage, ( Vs ). As the capacitor is fully charged no more current flows in the circuit. The time period after this 5T point is known as the Steady State Period.
As the voltage across the capacitor Vc changes with time, and is a different value at each time constant up to 5T, we can calculate this value of capacitor voltage, Vc at any given point, for example.
RC Charging Circuit Example No1
Calculate the RC time constant, τ of the following circuit.
Therefore the time constant τ is given as:
T = R x C = 47k x 1000uF = 47 Secs
a) What value will be the voltage across the capacitor at 0.7 time constants?
At 0.7 time constants ( 0.7T ) Vc = 0.5Vs. Therefore, Vc = 0.5 x 5V = 2.5V
b) What value will be the voltage across the capacitor at 1 time constant?
At 1 time constant ( 1T ) Vc = 0.63Vs. Therefore, Vc = 0.63 x 5V = 3.15V
c) How long will it take to “fully charge” the capacitor?
The capacitor will be fully charged at 5 time constants.
1 time constant ( 1T ) = 47 seconds, (from above). Therefore, 5T = 5 x 47 = 235 secs
d) The voltage across the Capacitor after 100 seconds?
The voltage formula is given as Vc = V(1 – e-t/RC)
which equals: Vc = 5(1-e-100/47) RC = 47 seconds from above, Therefore, Vc = 4.4 volts
We have seen that the charge on a capacitor is given by the expression: Q = CV and that when a voltage is firstly applied to the plates of the capacitor it charges up at a rate determined by its time constant, τ. In the next tutorial we will examine the current-voltage relationship of a discharging capacitor and look at the curves associated with it when the capacitors plates are shorted together. | <urn:uuid:ec6613a9-3f4d-450c-b0d4-691831c4c1b0> | {
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The illustration to the right is a reproduction
of the frontispiece from the original Libretto of Die
Zauberflöte. It was engraved and printed by one of Mozart's fellow
Masons in the Lodge Zur gekrönten Hoffung, Ignaz Alberti, in
Vienna in 1791. This frontispiece was so rich in esoteric
symbolism that it was eliminated from all later editions of the
At first glance, to the uninitiated, the picture
seems to depict some sort of a Middle Eastern archaeological dig.
However, to a knowledgeable Mason and/or Rosicrucian the following
could be noted:
The center of the engraving shows a
large stone double arch, the central pillar of which contains a
series of bas reliefs or friezes of a totally obscure nature. The
lowermost frieze may contain the symbol for the Gnostic God Abraxis.
Hanging from the arch in the upper center of the engraving is a
chain with a five-pointed star attached to the end of it. The center
of the star contains a niche from which a flame sprouts. Apparently,
this flame is the sole source of illumination for the entire scene!
This shining star reminds me of the most famous and mystical verse
in the entire Koran known as Al Nur (Surah 24, Verse 35)! In the
center foreground is the body of a living man or a perhaps a corpse.
Living or not, the man is staring directly at the flaming star!
Behind the arch is a brick structure which some sources believe may
be a temple of initiation. Just above the frame of the doorway to
this building is a large cross with equal sides. Some people
consider this building to be an alchemist's laboratory complete with
an oven or furnace. If so the cross could represent the four
elements. I personally have no idea what this building is supposed
The left side of the engraving shows part of a
fully illuminated pyramid on which is carved eight identifiable
symbols. Six of the symbols seem to be associated with all of
the seven planets known to the ancients: Venus in
conjunction with the Sun (topmost symbol), Mercury (lower left of the Bull's head),
right of the Bull), Mars (upper right of the Bull), Saturn by the
two crossed snakes on the lower left, and the Moon on the right side
of the Ibis bird. The Bull's head is the astrological sign for
Taurus and the Ibis bird shown with a snake in its mouth symbolizes
the alchemical process of putrefaction. Taken altogether, these
eight symbols suggest an astrological date (when Venus in
conjunction with the Sun is in the constellation of Taurus and the
Moon is full) during which the alchemical process of putrefaction is
to take place. The date for this process to commence appears
to be early in the month of May!
The right side of the engraving shows a large
porcelain vase standing on a pedestal. The very top of the vase shows
a pair of copulating dogs! Just below the dogs are several pairs of intertwined (copulating?) snakes. The middle part
of the vase shows a series of encircled animal heads which may
represent faces of demons or of death. On the pedestal are two
squatting figures with apelike bodies and human heads attached by
chains to the lower part of the vase. These creatures probably
represent alchemists as they are people who seek to imitate or "ape"
the natural world. Also, the posture of these creatures seems
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History of West Virginia Mineral Industries - Salt
Salt was the first West Virginia mineral industry to be developed. The State's
salt was being utilized long before the arrival of man. Deer and buffalo
would travel to a salt spring along the Kanawha River where they could lick
the salt they needed. This spot, near the town of Malden, became known as the
Great Buffalo Lick, of the Kanawha Licks. Native Americans later followed the
animal trails to the springs where they too could obtain their salt supply.
In 1755, a Shawnee Indian raiding party stopped at the springs with some
captive pioneers from Virginia. The Shawnees boiled brines in a kettle in
order to obtain salt to carry back to Ohio with them. A captive later escaped
to tell the story, and in 1774, members of Andrew Lewis' army stopped here on
their way to fight Indians in Ohio at the Battle of Point Pleasant. The
pioneers' victory at the Battle of Point Pleasant began the settlement of the
Kanawha Valley and an increase in the importance of the Kanawha salt springs.
In 1797, Elisha Brooks erected the first salt furnace in the Kanawha Valley
at the mouth of Campbell's Creek. He produced as much as 150 bushels of salt
a day and sold it to settlers to be used for curing butter and meats.
By 1808, David and Joseph Ruffner succeeded in drilling to 59 feet, where they
secured a good flow of strong brine. Also in that year, the first salt was
shipped west, by river, on a log raft. A younger Ruffner brother, Tobias,
suspected that a vast saline reservoir existed under the Kanawha Valley and,
drilling to a depth of 410 feet, tapped an even richer brine. This discovery
set off a veritable frenzy of drilling and by 1815 there were 52 furnaces in
operation in the "Kanawha Salines." In 1817, David Ruffner experimented with
the use of coal in his furnaces, and soon all saltmakers had switched from
wood to coal. The saltmakers formed a "trust," the Kanawha Salt Company, in
order to regulate the quality and price of salt and to discourage foreign
competition. This was the first "trust" in the United States. This
cooperative helped the salt industry grow until it reached its peak in 1846,
producing 3,224,786 bushels that year. At that time, the Kanawha Valley was
one of the largest salt manufacturing centers in the United States. In 1861,
the Kanawha Valley was flooded. By the late 1800s, because of the 1861 flood
and because of Civil War destruction, the Dickinson furnace at Malden was the
only survivor of the Great Kanawha River salt industry.
Although the Kanawha salt industry declined in importance after 1861, the
advent of World War I brought a demand for chemical products such as chlorine
and caustic acid, which could be obtained from salt brine. In 1914, the
Warner-Klipstein Chemical Company opened a plant in South Charleston to
produce these products. The plant is now the Westvaco Chlorine Products
Corporation, and is the largest chlorine producer in the world. Other
chemical industries, also based on this salt brine, have grown up in the
Kanawha Valley since then.
Until World War II, only salt brine (entrapped sea water) was used for salt
production. However in 1942, the Defense Plant Corporation built an
electrolytic caustic soda plant at Natrium in Marshall County to extract
rock salt. Water is sent down the wells to the rock salt, at depths of
about 7,000 feet, where the water dissolves the salt. The salt-saturated
water is then forced back to the surface where it is evaporated and the
salt removed. Today there are three principal salt-producing companies in
the State, two in Marshall County and one in Tyler County. All three
companies extract rock salt, most of which is sent to chemical companies
along the Kanawha River. West Virginia has large reserves of rock salt
at depth, providing great potentials for future use.
(adapted from an article by Jane R. Eggleston, updated September 1996)
Page last revised: July 19, 2004
Please send questions, comments, and/or suggestions to webmaster.
Page created and maintained by:
West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey
Address: Mont Chateau Research Center
1 Mont Chateau Road
Morgantown, WV 26508-8079
Hours: 8:00 a.m. - 5:00 p.m. EST, Monday - Friday
Permission to reproduce this material is granted if acknowledgment is given
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Equality in the name of Islam
"Historically, the women's movement in Islam emerged around the mid-twentieth century," says Amina Wadud, perhaps the most prominent representative of Islamic feminism in the world today. At that time, the women involved did not focus specifically on Islam; they were Muslim women who campaigned for the political participation of women in public life. Their efforts centred on general female suffrage, participation in education and the safeguarding of human rights.
Today, Islamic feminists are dealing directly with their own religion. "Islamic feminism is a gender-neutral approach oriented to religion. We take the impetus needed to implement this gender-neutral view from religion, from the Koran itself," says Rabeya Muller, one of the Muslim women pioneering Islamic feminism in Germany.
Alice Schwarzer's generalisations about Islam
Born in the German town of Mayen in 1957, the young Catholic began her particular search after finishing secondary school. In the late 1970s, following detailed forays into the study of Protestantism, Buddhism, Hinduism and Judaism, she converted to Islam. "I felt it was the start of a path that I should continue to follow," she says. She then took courses in educational theory, Islamic studies and ethnology both in Germany and abroad before publishing her first writings on the status of women in Islam.
Even before she became a Muslim, Rabeya Muller was active in the women's movement. Right from the word go, she was critical of the prominent and at times controversial German feminist Alice Schwarzer. "I simply have a problem with Alice Schwarzer's generalisations with respect to Islam, and her highly undifferentiated view of it," she says.
Rabeya Muller, who is 57, is quick to point out that she has no issue with the concept of "feminism" per se. "Feminism is something that you shouldn't leave to people like Alice Schwarzer," she says, adding that it is a subject for all women. But doesn't Islamic feminism also profit from the achievements of the former icon of the women's movement? Muller disagrees: "I would say that we Muslim feminist theologians gain more from women within the Christian feminist ideology."
A gender-neutral reading of the Koran
In the US, Amina Wadud and her fellow campaigners are fighting for a new interpretation of the Koran; in Europe, Riffat Hassan or Asma Barlas campaign for a female-friendly reading of Islamic texts. So, are there also signs of a "gender jihad" in Germany?
"The Centre for Islamic Women's Studies (ZIF) in Cologne established the Islamic women's movement in Germany in the late 1990s," says Muller, one of the centre's co-founders, who goes on to say that it is thus far the only women's centre in Germany that implements this form of theology. The focus of its endeavours, adds Muller, is the development of a gender-neutral perspective on the Koran. By establishing links with other Islamic-feminist theologians worldwide, the centre ascertained that similar efforts are being made in this regard in many places.
Muller goes on to say that the first steps towards a gender-neutral perspective within Islam would consist of verbalising injustice, in other words highlighting everyday injustices that occur regarding gender difference, referring to them as such and resisting them. "If I assume that God is just, then I must also be allowed to read the texts attributed to him in this light. And that means I'm allowed to ask questions," she says.
Highlighting injustice and referring to it as such also means opposing patriarchy if necessary. Rabeya Muller is also known for doing this. But what grievances are Islamic women's rights activists in Germany addressing? Muller explains that above all, there are very few women within academia and in senior positions. Another major irritation is the current regulation that is often used to prohibit Muslim women who are married to non-Muslim men from providing denominational Islamic religious education. What's more, says Muller, the time has come to finally publicly address the question of the female Imamate.
Representatives of the associations that are organised within the Co-ordination Council of Muslims (KRM) repeatedly point out that a theological education open to both sexes at universities is possible. "But we shouldn't forget one thing: imams are not educated at universities. This is where theologians receive their education, who then later become imams in the community – or in the Turkish community, hojas." In this respect, she says, it would certainly be important to reach agreement with the associations on a common position on the issue of the female Imamate.
The thorny subject of polygamy
Within the Muslim community of the Rhineland, Rabeya Muller's spiritual home, women and men take it in turns to lead prayers – a break with taboo in the eyes of many Muslims. "I see nothing in what is for me the relevant text, the Koran, that says this should not be done" says Muller. As long as the congregation that follows the prayers of the female preacher also supports her too, this is completely acceptable, she says. Nevertheless, she does understand that there are communities that do not want this and feels that they are perfectly entitled to hold this view.
The Cologne-based theologian is well-known within the Islamic community for breaches of taboo. For example, Rabeya Muller also oversees Islamic weddings. She serves as a witness of the marriage before God and conducts preliminary briefings with respect to the contract under civil law, where she also advises couples on regulations that apply in the event of a separation.
As far as Muller is concerned, there is nothing to say that Muslim women should not be allowed to marry non-Muslim men. Again, her view is not shared by many. But the feminist has her limits: "I do not want to be a witness at a wedding where a man wants to marry a second wife. I have personal difficulties with that," she says. The practice may be essentially permitted by Islam, but there are also male theologians who interpret the relevant part of the Koran as saying that polygamy is unfeasible in practice, she continues.
Rabeya Muller leaves the question of same-sex marriage open. She has not yet received a request of this nature, she says. "I know there are both male and female imams who do this." In such a case, one would have to seek theological justifications both for and against, before weighing these up.
A stronger voice within mosque communities
It is also controversial that women and men pray together in the Rhineland Muslim community. On this matter, the theologian likes to point to a section of the Sunnah that suggests this is possible from an Islamic perspective.
Muller is convinced of the need to act on the issue of emancipation and gender equality within mosque communities: women themselves must learn that they are not just assistants but co-authors of everyday Islamic life, she says. "If I participate in work, then I must also participate in the rights applicable to that work," says Muller. Female Muslims should fight on their own initiative to secure greater involvement in decision-making and more respect. "And if it is decided that men and women should pray separately, then it is not ideal that the women's room often looks like a box room."
Rabeya Muller's conceptual approaches and self-perception make her one of the very few German theologians campaigning for feminism within Islam. She is involved in the composition of textbooks, trains teachers of religion and is responsible for numerous publications.
She is currently active as deputy director of the Centre for Islamic Women's Studies. Rabeya Muller pursues interreligious dialogue in many associations, and her commitment in this area has been outstanding. One of her latest projects is editorial work on a new interfaith women's magazine that focuses on feminist-theological issues.
© Qantara.de 2014
Translated from the German by Nina Coon
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Did You Know?
It takes 3 of our keepers to lift our powerful Burmese Python.
For the past 5 years Potter Park Zoo has been participating in the Species Survival Program (SSP) for the Puerto Rican Crested Toad. The Puerto Rican Crested Toad is listed as Threatened by the US Fish and Wildlife Service and is the only Native species of toad found in Puerto Rico.
Every year we undertake the difficult task of getting these toads to breed in captivity. Prior to breeding we get recommendations from our SSP Coordinator regarding which toads are to be bred. This ensures that all zoos participating in the program do their part and help to maintain genetic diversity in the breeding population.
The process by which we get the toads to breed is a very delicate task and our goal is to replicate the rainy season found in the spring and fall in Puerto Rico. We begin by cooling the toads down to 66 degrees Fahrenheit and leaving them in this moist, cool environment for a month. We check on them daily but they spend most of this time hibernating. The cool temperatures are necessary for good egg development in our female toads.
After the cooling process, it’s time to wake them up! We heat their room to 82 degrees Fahrenheit over the course of just three days and then spend a week feeding them and giving them anti-fungal baths to prevent the spread of Chytrid (a fungus that is very dangerous and responsible for killing off multitudes of amphibians world wide) to the eggs and tadpoles.
Next we place the toads, split into their recommended pairings, into a specially made rain tank simulating natural conditions in the wild. Due to difficulties in captive breeding we have to inject our toads with a hormone to assist with egg and sperm development. During this time we play their breeding call until the toads amplex and eggs are laid. Then we cross our fingers and wait.
This past round of breeding yielded up nearly 1200 tadpoles when all was said and done. We shipped these tadpoles to Puerto Rico so that they could be released into the wild and help bolster the wild population. Some years we hold a few back to raise to adulthood so that they can enter the captive breeding population and help maintain genetic diversity.
Though we have a protocol to follow, over the years, we’ve found that some very simple things make a large difference in the breeding of the Puerto Rican Crested Toad. Water temperatures, adult toad diet, tadpole diet and method of cooling/heating have all needed to be tweaked to fit our zoo and our circumstances. We are super excited to have been so successful this time around and we are looking forward to continued success! | <urn:uuid:3d32200e-d687-4a5d-8c9e-ee165bae0e4c> | {
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Cambridge School Shakespeare
A wealth of free resources for everyone interested in the reading, performing and learning of Shakespeare's plays.
The History Manifesto
Jo Guldi and David Armitage, Hardback
The History Manifesto is a call to arms to historians and everyone interested in the role of history in contemporary society.
Environmental Systems and Societies for the IB Diploma (second edition)
Paul Guinness, Brenda Walpole Education
Environmental Systems and Societies for the IB Diploma (second edition) follows the latest syllabus for first examination in 2017.
Successful Scientific Writing A Step-by-Step Guide for the Biological and Medical Sciences
Janice R. Matthews and Robert W. Matthews Paperback
Thoroughly revised and updated, the new edition of this acclaimed and best-selling guide offers a rich blend of practical advice and real-life examples.
Lindsay Clandfield, Ben Goldstein, Leslie Anne Hendra, Mark Ibbotson, Ceri Jones, Philip Kerr, Kathryn O'Dell Cambridge English
Drawing on insights from language teaching experts and real students, EVOLVE is a general English course that gets students speaking with confidence.
Africa Bibliography is a large and authoritative guide to works in African studies including monographs, chapters in edited volumes, journal articles, and pamphlets. It lists works published in English as well as a number of other languages.
Cambridge IELTS 13
Cambridge IELTS 13 provides students with an excellent opportunity to familiarise themselves with IELTS and to practise examination techniques using authentic test material.
Ancient Mesoamerica is the international forum for the method, theory, substance and interpretation of Mesoamerican archaeology, art history and ethnohistory.
Fetal Medicine for the MRCOG and Beyond 2nd Edition
A solid understanding of fetal medicine is essential for the practice of obstetrics and gynaecology. This comprehensive book has been extensively updated to reflect current clinical practice and developments in the field.
Advances in Applied Probability
Advances in Applied Probability has been published by the Applied Probability Trust for over four decades, and is a companion publication to the Journal of Applied Probability.
Leo Selivan Cambridge English
This book is for anyone is interested in the relationship between grammar and vocabulary.
Historical Statistics of the United States
Historical Statistics of the United States has long been the standard source for quantitative indicators of American history. This revised, updated, and expanded Millennial Edition contains more information than ever before.
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Cambridge University Press and ‘Fitz and Will’ create festive story to bring city to life for global audience
Cambridge University Press launches first crowdfunding campaign to make a book open access | <urn:uuid:d73b70ca-06fb-4d3b-a174-7549170bd718> | {
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This section is from the book "The Gardener's Monthly And Horticulturist V20", by Thomas Meehan. See also: Four-Season Harvest: Organic Vegetables from Your Home Garden All Year Long.
During this and previous Winters, several small Green Houses excited my interest, and I have made a "note on it, " which is here given for the benefit of those who feel a similar interest with myself.
They are all heated with anthracite coal, by stoves. The smallest is eighteen feet long, and nine feet wide. The highest part at the back of the lean-to is seven feet seven inches; from the ground to the roof, in front is three feet. The floor is dug down two and a half feet. An excavation deeper than the floor is made for the stove, which is set near the front, but not quite in the centre of the line east and west. A glazed terra-cotta pipe runs from a short galvanized pipe attached to the stove, about three-fourths of the length of the building, under a wide shelf at the front, then crosses the eastern end of the house, (the house faces south) and runs up the northeast corner nearly to the roof, and then passes outside, where it rises three or four feet. The top is closed, but several apertures beneath allow the egress of the smoke. There are four elbows to the pipe, the last one resting on a wooden bracket out-side of the house, where it is held securely by strong wires. A wide table runs along the front of this house.
A narrow pathway intervenes between this and the stage of four steps which fills all the rest of the house, except the pathway between the two stages which runs from the main path to the door; that opens three-fourths of the way from the east end, and is placed in the north wall. From the door we step into a narrow passageway, or shed, lighted by a window in the east end, and leave it by a door in the west end. This passage protects the house at the north, and prevents a draft of cold air when the door is opened. Three flat wooden shutters on top allow of ventilation. The glass in front is also set on hinges, and permits of more or less ventilation.
When the sun becomes too powerful, panes made of lath are laid over the roof, and are left there all Summer to protect it from hail. They make a subdued light and prevent the trouble of white-washing the glass.
The whole cost of this house was almost exactly $100.00; the lath-work for the roof costing an extra $4.50. It has been used nearly two Winters. The owners have had no trouble this Winter, with gas, since substituting the terracotta pipe for an ordinary sheet iron one, which in the previous Winter rusted into holes and allowed the gas to escape, and do some slight damage. This house is exposed to all the north blasts; but so far no flowers have been lost by cold. The stove is attended once in twenty-four hours, and consumes about one ton of coal in a season. It is a self-feeder, but is never filled up high enough to require the feeder.
Another house about eleven feet wide, and sixteen feet long, (we could not get the exact dimensions) faces the east, and is built up against a high back building facing west. The stove stands in the middle of a square left in the centre. The pipe to this is galvanized, and goes up straight through the roof where it is held in position by wires fastened to the wall. During high winds gas has sometimes been thrown back into this greenhouse; but no serious disaster occurred till this Winter, when a varnish which had been applied to the outside of the pipe had, unknown to the owners, found entrance, and with stringy festoons had formed a barricade, which on one dark night, sent out such a volume of gas, as nearly stripped every leaf, from every plant in the house. Some few plants were entirely killed. The only ones escaping injury were Amaryllis, and peristrophe angustifolia, which with its gay yellow and green leaves, and bright rosy-purple flowers, seemed almost too jubilant amidst the general desolation. We had seen the whole place a short time before in a blaze of beauty. The contrast was sombre. The stately Callas in bud and flower, and shorn of their leaves, looked like dignified poverty.
This house has a high shelf at the back, running the full length of the house, and near enough to the roof to allow only plants of moderate height to be accommodated. This shelf held some earth, or tan on which the pots were set. Kenilworth Ivy and Tradescantia zebrina were planted along the edge and fell in lovely green drapery nearly to a second shelf below, where ferns and other shade loving plants were kept. The under shelf extended front as far as the door, which was in the north end, and across the south end, meeting a shelf which extended the whole length of the front, and around again to the door. Hanging baskets were suspended to the roof, and wall-pots to the north wall. The peristrophe filled one of these and trailed down the side, making gayety amid the gloom, and assisted somewhat by a stately Cyclamen in another wall pot, the flowers of which remained uninjured, while a few leaves had been burned up completely. The floor of this house was perhaps eight or ten inches below the surface of the yard.
Another house of much less pretensions, was made of rough boards up to the height of the window, which were of old window frames fastened together, as was the roof and east end, the house facing south. The west end was partly formed by a fence and partly by rough boards. The back was a storehouse, which protected it entirely from the north. This house is heated by a self-feeding stove that stands near the door, which is in the south-west corner. The pipe runs up through the roof. Two wide shelves extend along the back of the house, one above the other, the upper being the narrowest. The lower shelf extends along the east end. A small shelf is placed high up at the west end. This is rather a cool house; the Begonias, and other heat loving plants, declined to flourish there till made quite warm. The plants that could bear a coolish atmosphere flourished and bloomed in exquisite beauty. The Zonale Geraniums Dr.
Koch and Jean Sisley took on an extra garb of loveliness and even of size in the flower; while Oxalis versicolor became so dainty and fairylike a beauty as to pass beyond the knowledge of its former owner, who had never known its perfections, or its capabilities. This house required very little fuel. One night, however, it was forgotten altogether, and jack frost swooped down with a keen blade and smote so fiercely that the delicate plants never again lifted their heads. Great lamentation ensued, among owner and friends; but it would not restore the lost beauty, nor even build the fire.
I heard a Florist say it did not pay him to cultivate his flowers all the year, and then by a night's neglect, loose all he had gained; so when severe weather approached he sat up at night and mended his fires, and so saved when others lost.
"Well lived, well saved, " says the proverb. | <urn:uuid:d9c243d7-40ba-4b45-a92f-6182573bc2d7> | {
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Sometimes, it seems that HIV/AIDS is still a "new" disease, a foreign invader infiltrating our bodies and our communities, one that we are still only starting to understand and still can't control. Other times, it seems as though HIV/AIDS has been with us forever, looming over our lives and shaping our reality. But this year, 2001, actually marks two decades since the AIDS epidemic first came to light in the spring of 1981.
It was on June 5, 1981 that a report first appeared in the medical literature about five gay men with pneumonia in Los Angeles whose immune systems had collapsed. By the next month, in a famous article in The New York Times, word of the new "gay plague" began to reach the population at large. Since then, the history of the AIDS epidemic has brought some of the lowest lows of discrimination, hatred, ignorance and fear and some of the highest highs of courage, compassion, dedication, and hope.
The history of AIDS has yet to be written, but we can already begin to identify some of its major turning points. The vignettes on the following pages (some of which originally appeared in the magazine A&U) offer some scenes from the history of an epidemic.
The "march of science" is viewed by many as one of smooth, steady progress: each advance builds upon a previous one, each new problem is solved by an innovative new scientific solution. Ironically, however, dramatic advances in the treatment of three serious diseases -- hemophilia, hepatitis B
, and smallpox -- in the 1970s may actually have ended up worsening the AIDS epidemic of the 1980s.
Hemophilia: The Factor VIII Breakthrough
People with the genetic disease hemophilia (almost all of whom are men) are unable to form normal blood clots, which can turn even minor internal bleeding into a life-threatening event. Through history, many entire families of hemophiliacs would die young, with those who survived childhood would be crippled by arthritis caused by uncontrolled bleeding into joints.
In the 1960s, however, blood fractionating technology made it possible to derive concentrated blood factors (particularly one known as Factor VIII) which could be injected directly into the bodies of hemophiliacs in order to stop bleeding. By the 1970s, families whose lives might once have promised to be short and painful had the hope of much longer, healthier lives in which they could participate in a much broader range of physical activities. The only catch was that Factor VIII concentrate was drawn from the pooled blood of as many as 60,000 people.
By 1982, it had become clear that massive numbers of hemophiliacs were being infected with a previously unknown bloodborne pathogen that destroyed the immune system. More than 50 percent of the roughly 20,000 hemophiliacs in the United States would eventually test HIV-positive; by 1996 over 4,000 Americans with hemophilia had died of AIDS. Perhaps most tragically, the deaths were once again clustered in families -- but this time not just among hemophiliacs themselves but also often to their spouses and, in some cases, their children.
Hepatitis B: Development of a Vaccine
After the "antibiotics revolution" of the 1940s, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) such as gonorrhea and syphilis lost their power to inspire dread. Because they were caused by bacteria, they could be easily cured, sometimes by a single dose of drugs like penicillin or erythromycin.
However, antibiotics had no efficacy against diseases caused by viruses, including the Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) which attacks the liver and can lead to severe illness and even death. Thus, while rates of all STDs skyrocketed during the sexual revolution of the 1960s and 1970s, those of viral origin were of the greatest concern, since they remained incurable. In the case of viral STDs, the most that could be done was to treat the symptoms of infection and to search for a vaccine for those not yet infected.
In the mid-1970s, researchers undertook intensive studies among gay male communities, whose members were disproportionately infected with HBV. After vigorous outreach and intensive study, a vaccine for the virus was developed: it would from then on be possible to vaccinate anyone at high risk to protect them from infection. Thus, with science firmly in control, there was no need to change sexual behaviors to avoid disease. Until, of course, another viral STD hit epidemic proportions a few years later. Its name: genital herpes, and it was considered the most intractable viral STD of its time.
Smallpox: Global Eradication
One of the deadliest viruses in history, smallpox has been circulating in human populations throughout the world since prehistoric times. So virulent is smallpox that upon its introduction into the Americans by Europeans in the 15th century, it wiped out as much as half of the native population. Its effects were as awful as its reach: pustules broke out all over the body and caused of patches of skin to slough off; internal bleeding led to black vomit; disfiguration, blindness, and often death followed.
Although a vaccine was developed in the 18th century, it was not until 1966 that a team from the World Health Organization (WHO) set out to systematically vaccinate the global population, ultimately reaching hundreds of millions of individuals and, in the process, leaving ever-fewer hosts for the virus. By December 1977, the WHO was able to issue a proclamation certifying that "smallpox has been eradicated from the world." This was a stunning success, one of the greatest in biomedical history.
And so, by 1980, it had become clear that, at long last, science had triumphed. Hemophilia had been rendered manageable, Hepatitis B could be protected against, and smallpox was consigned to history. The age of infectious disease was over, and the world's medical and scientific establishment was finally able to let down its guard.
Document Zero: The Publication of the First Report of AIDS, June 5, 1981
When did AIDS begin? It all depends upon what you mean by the question.
It now seems clear that HIV, the human immunodeficiency virus itself, has been around for decades, conceivably even for centuries. We may never know when HIV first crossed over from its original animal hosts. But when thinking of "AIDS" -- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome -- as a medical construct, a classification created by medical and public health authorities, it becomes easy to pinpoint the specific day on which AIDS first came into view: June 5, 1981.
On that day, of course, no one had ever heard of HIV or of AIDS, which was first known by several other names particularly GRID (Gay-Related Immune Deficiency). Throughout the 1970s, small numbers of people had been dying from HIV-related causes, one at a time, here and there. But such deaths were rare enough and random enough for no real pattern to emerge. And so, it was not until mid-1981 that the epidemic first reached proportions large enough for it to be picked up by the public health monitoring and surveillance system.
It thus came to be that on June 5, 1981 the CDC publication Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) included a nondescript article entitled simply "Pneumocystis Pneumonia -- Los Angeles." Based on cases from Drs. Michael Gottlieb and Joel Weisman, this is the so-called "Document Zero" of the AIDS epidemic, the one from which all others proceed.
"In the period October 1980-May 1981, 5 young men, all active homosexuals, were treated for biopsy-confirmed Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) at 3 different hospitals in Los Angeles," began the article.
"Pneumocystis pneumonia in the United States is almost exclusively limited to severely immunosuppressed patients," continued the article, in the first signal of things to come. "The fact that these patients were all homosexuals suggests an association between some aspect of a homosexual lifestyle or disease acquired though sexual contact and Pneumocystis pneumonia in this population . . . . [raising] the possibility of a cellular-immune dysfunction related to a common exposure that predisposes individuals to opportunistic infections."
The article then went on to recount the five case histories, which encapsulate an early history of the sudden, ferocious impact of AIDS. A "previously healthy 33-year old man" developed PCP and oral candidiasis, dying May 3, 1981. Another 30-year-old man was diagnosed with PCP after "a 5-month history of fever each day and of elevated liver function tests"; yet another had esophageal and oral candidiasis. And a 29-year-old man, who three years earlier had battled Hodgkin's disease, died in March 1981. The last, at age 36, had cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and a "4-month history of fever, dyspnea, and cough."
What might have been an obscure, easily forgotten medical footnote became more troubling a month later when the July 3, 1981 issue of MMWR reported yet another trend: "During the past 30 months, Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), an uncommonly reported malignancy in the United States, has been diagnosed in 26 homosexual men." The article also indicated the diagnosis of 10 additional cases of pneumonia among gay men in Los Angeles and the San Francisco Bay Area. And so it noted, dryly, that "physicians should be alert for Kaposi's sarcoma, PC pneumonia, and other opportunistic infections associated with immunosuppression in homosexual men." This notice prompted the first coverage in the mass media, perhaps most notably a now-famous article on "gay cancer" buried on the inside of The New York Times.
By the end of that summer, the contours of a full-blown epidemic were coming into view. The August 28 issue of MMWR reported that an additional 70 cases of KS and PCP had been diagnosed. By the end of 1981, 150 adults and nine children had died of AIDS in the United States.
Today, the number of people, living and dead, who are believed to have ever had HIV is close to 50 million, a nearly ten million-fold increase. If the first five people known to have HIV represented a plant that stood five feet tall in 1981, with each new case representing a foot in height, the plant would now be tall enough to stretch from the earth to the moon and back -- 99 times. Thus, given the magnitude of the AIDS epidemic, "Document Zero" can in some ways be seen as among the most significant documents in history.
Finally, News Fit to Print:
AIDS Makes the Front Page
of The New York Times,
May 25, 1983
In the earliest days of AIDS, no one could have know at first what big news AIDS would come to be. But even so, the news media remained strangely uninterested in the growing health threat of AIDS in the early 1980s.
Consider, for instance, the news coverage when in 1976, a number of middle-aged men who had met in a Philadelphia hotel for an American Legion convention were stricken by a mysterious respiratory illness -- later dubbed "Legionnaire's Disease." The New York Times, the national leader in news coverage and the country's newspaper of record, published 62 stories in the two month outbreak of the so-called "Legionnaire's Disease," which would ultimately kill 29 people and make another 182 ill. Eleven of these stories were on the front page.
Similarly, the discovery of cyanide-laced Tylenol capsules in the Chicago area in October 1982 prompted a huge spate of press coverage. The New York Times covered the story every day of October, and then ran 23 more stories in November and December. In the end, seven people died from the capsules.
By contrast, The New York Times published only three stories on AIDS in 1981, and only three more in all of 1982, none of which were on page one. Yet by the time of the Tylenol poisonings, 260 Americans had died of AIDS, and 374 more had been diagnosed. Similar disparities in news coverage exist for several other health scares of the late 1970s and early 1980s.
Pointing out the extensive attention paid to these and other public health crises is not meant to imply that excessive or wasteful attention was paid to them. Legionnaire's disease was discovered in a hotel during the American bicentennial in a hotel in Philadelphia, a city whose hotels were to host millions of tourists that year. Likewise, there was no way to know how widespread the contamination of Tylenol capsules might be.
And so, the press should not be chastised for providing such extensive coverage of developments which turned out to be comparatively minor threats to the public health. In fact, the press should be given credit for the way in which these public health threats were contained. In each case, intense media scrutiny is credited with expediting government funding, advancing scientific research, and encouraging legislation urging pharmaceutical companies to find vaccines.
Indeed, it is the very effectiveness of the media that makes its neglect of AIDS all the more of an indictment. Thus it was especially sad that it was not until May 25, 1983 -- nearly two years, 1450 diagnosed cases, and 558 deaths into the epidemic -- that AIDS made the front page of The New York Times (albeit on the bottom on the page). The story finally became a front-page story only when the foot-dragging federal government at last said it was so. The story's topic was "Health Chief Calls AIDS Battle 'No.1 Priority'," a reference to a statement by the Assistant Secretary of Health and Human Services. AIDS had finally become "news fit to print."
A variety of reasons have been advanced for the slow response of the American media. The most obvious was overt homophobia, or a simple hostility to the gay men who were at the core of the epidemic. Another reason may have been editorial judgements that the general readership of newspapers was simply not interested in what happened to sex-crazed gay men and drug-addled junkies in the inner city, who were seen by many as getting what they deserved. A more benign argument says that the frank discussion of sexual and drug-using practices required to talk about AIDS was too much for the conservative media establishment, who chose to skirt the issue instead by speaking in vague generalities and censoring "longtime companions" out of obituaries.
Whatever the explanation, the ultimate insult of AIDS media coverage is well described by James Kinsella, author of the landmark 1989 book, Covering the Plague: AIDS and the American Media. Kinsella notes that two months before AIDS made the front page of The New York Times, "a deadly virus claiming lives" did make it onto the front page of the Times. The horror was unfolding in a small town in Austria [in which there were] . . . thirty victims who had already died.
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The Museo del Prado presents El Greco’s Library until June 2014. The exhibition surveys the Spanish Renaissance painter’s work from a fresh perspective. The museum has studied the inventory list of the books that El Greco had in his working library. The exhibit includes about 40 book volumes that are copiously marked with comments by the artist, sketches of architecture and form, a letter to Cardinal Alessandro Farnes, prints and five of his paintings including The Annunciation. The museum’s intention is to recreate the literary and the theoretical origins of El Greco’s work through his books so visitors can recognize the source and basis of his inspiration.
El Greco, born Doménikos Theotokópoulos, was a Greek painter-sculptor whose passionate style expressed the fervidness of Counter-Reformation Spain. The intense melancholy of his paintings is the consequence of their uncharacteristically elongated, tortured figures and use of heavy contrasts of color and light. His subject matter was often religious or even spiritual in style such as his dichotomy of heaven and earth called, The Burial of Count Orgaz, This painting portrayed a “visionary experience, transcending the known and revealing that which exists in the spiritual imagination.”
The nature of his subject matter has brought a kind of mythmaking about his life and art. He has been called a spiritualist of modern art, a diviner, and even “a man whose eyes were distorted by astigmatism,” all false impressions that have blurred over his individualistic but methodical approach.
Following his death in 1614, El Greco’s work fell into obscurity. After its rediscovery in the 19th century, it was still misunderstood. El Greco’s son, Jorge Manuel, compiled two inventories of the painter’s books as proof of possessions that he would bring into his marriage. Centered on these original documents, the show has been set into five sections.
The first section investigates Greek Forefathers and the Classical Heritage. Greek culture was central to El Greco, who was proud of his Crete origins. Visitors will note that he owned classical texts by the historian Appian of Alexandria, the Greek poet, Homer and Greek historian-solider Xenophon of Athens among others, based on the life of Alexander the Great, king of Macedonia. To El Greco, the king was a hero of Greek history and the archetype of artistic benefaction due to his support for the painter, Apelles of Kos.
The second part entitled, Metamorphosis in Italy examines the decisive transformation of El Greco’s painting after his time in Venice and Rome studying under the Italian painter Titian (Tiziano Vecellio), mastering the fundamental aspects of Renaissance painting. It was during this period and after rigorous undergoing of self-education based on his understanding of other artists’ work, his connections with academics and thinkers, and his own interpretation that he adapted the “current” practice and theory of art. At this point El Greco began to view the process of painting as self-directed, well beyond the moralistic depiction of subject matter inspired by history, religion and mythology.
For the exhibit’s central focus, the Prado studies Painting as a Speculative Science. El Greco thought that painting could not only mimic the invisible, but the impossible. He used this line of thought as a method in which to study the “wonders of the real” and to denote “mythological subjects or sacred mysteries.”
Vitruvius and the Terms of Architecture are explored in the largest part of the exhibit. El Greco’s library included copies of Vitruvius’s treatise on architecture, along with copies of the most important published architectural treatises in his time such as works by the 16th century architects, Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola and Sebastiano Serlio’s architectural treatise with more annotations by the artist. This section highlights El Greco’s interest in “the universal nature” of architecture and its effect on the importance of painting. El Greco designed the architectural settings for some of the altarpieces into which his paintings were set, and it is said that he wrote an architectural treatise, as well.
The exhibit closes with a smaller section on The Problem of Religious Imagery, which instead of the genre itself being problematic; the section stresses the fact that while El Greco’s body of work mainly consists of religious paintings, he did not dedicate any of his personal reflections to the subject. He had about 11 books on religion in his library, which shows that they were used to ensure his artwork were “doctrinally correct,” and followed the existing principles of propriety.
Besides reconstructing El Greco’s library, the Prado exhibition encourages visitors to reflect on the traditional interpretation of the painter and his artwork, based on the books that he owned and the annotations he made on his copies. The exhibit, El Greco’s Library reveals the relationship between the artist’s pictorial creations and his books which provide a better understanding of the ideas on the art of painting that underpinned the painter’s creative actions.
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For almost sixty years, life in Arlington literally revolved around the "Old Mineral Well" at the intersection of Main and Center Streets. The original well was drilled in 1893 by Sam Shafer. Financed by public subscription, a wood powered steam engine was used to drill the well. The artesian water was pumped to businesses and residences alike. The ladies of Arlington placed a concrete basin around the well so all could water their horses. In 1910, the Commercial Club, predecessor to the Chamber of Commerce, funded the construction of two ornate fountains. Mineral water flowed through lion heads perched on a four-sided pyramid while a second fountain watered animals. In the 1920s, the well-site received another facelift. Part of the platform was later enclosed with brick and plate glass windows as a display room for Arlington Crystals. The structure over the mineral well was razed in 1951 to accommodate growing vehicle traffic. As part of the City's 1976 centennial celebration, a monument commemorating the mineral well was built on the grounds of the Arlington Public Library at Abram and Center Streets. Its columns contain a brief history of the well -- and appropriately -- a drinking fountain! Next time you motor south on Center Street in downtown Arlington, think of this bygone landmark.
Mineral Well circa 1900, 1910, & 1920. J.W. Dunlop Collection, The University of Texas at Arlington | <urn:uuid:907bbb71-c3b5-4982-a6cc-b4af97d77f18> | {
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Starting with the premise that we'll eventually stop using fossil fuels, Robert Laughlin imagines the energy sources of tomorrow
ROBERT LAUGHLIN, a Nobel laureate for his work in quantum physics, starts his study of our energy futures with an absurd proposition - that it doesn't matter much whether we burn all our coal and oil or leave it underground.
It's a cop-out, of course. If we burn all the coal, we would probably burn too. But for the purposes of Powering the Future, it means "we don't have to analyze contemporary energy struggles". Instead, he moves swiftly on to imagine what a world that does not burn carbon might look like.
He likes nuclear best, and fast breeder reactors in particular, because they will extend the lifetime of available nuclear fuel to "about 20,000 years". But he also has a soft spot for solar energy, especially solar thermal energy, which ...
To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content. | <urn:uuid:a4fb5935-8a47-47ef-b1e4-eed85678231e> | {
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|This article needs additional citations for verification. (June 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)|
William Crassus, or Le Gros (d.1219), was the son of Stephen Le Gros. William was from an Anglo-Norman baronial family long established in central Normandy. He inherited Sodbury from his uncle, William le Gros, 1st Earl of Albemarle, primo-genitus. He was granted a licence to hold fairs and markets in (what is now) Chipping Sodbury in 1217.
William was appointed Seneschal of Normandy in 1203 by King John of England. He was a noted kinsman and follower of the elder William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke.
He married Margaret, daughter of Robert Fitz Warren. By Margaret he had at least one son, his namesake, William Crassus, or Le Gros.
- Étienne le Gros | <urn:uuid:8fd46c98-9aa9-4b76-a6f7-2f65faf12eb4> | {
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CMU Biological Station|
Charlevoix County, Michigan
Central Michigan University Biological Station The Central Michigan University Biological Station is located on Beaver Island, 32 miles from Charlevoix, Michigan in northern Lake Michigan. The island's exceptional freshwater ecosystems, natural habitat, and seven biologically unique inland lakes provide an unmatched learning and research environment. The island's abundant and varied natural habitats include cedar swamps, upland and lowland coniferous forest, beaver ponds, sand dunes, and a great variety of plants and animals.
|Updated: 13 October, 2010|
|Discover Life | Projects | Study sites | Top|
|© Designed by The Polistes Corporation| | <urn:uuid:0266b511-c9af-4437-a4f4-59e96756670a> | {
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WCEP News Release
Ultralight-led Whooping Cranes will be Released on Wheeler National Wildlife Refuge
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
February 3, 2012
Contact: Joan Garland, 608-381-1262
Nine juvenile whooping cranes on their first ultralight-led migration south will be taken to Wheeler National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) in Morgan County, Ala. in the next few days.
The nine whooping cranes will be placed in travel enclosures and loaded onto vehicles as soon as possible. They will be driven about 70 miles from Winston County, Ala., to Wheeler NWR. The cranes will be temporarily housed in a secure pen, during which time they will be fitted with identification bands and tracking transmitters. The young birds will then be released in the company of other whooping cranes that have been wintering at the refuge.
These nine juvenile cranes are the 11th group to be guided south by ultralight aircraft from Wisconsin. The Whooping Crane Eastern Partnership (WCEP), an international coalition of public and private organizations, is conducting the reintroduction project in an effort to restore this endangered species to part of its historic range in eastern North America. There are approximately 111 whooping cranes in this population thanks to WCEP’s efforts.
The cranes were intended to spend the winter at St. Marks and Chassahowitzka National Wildlife Refuges along Florida’s Gulf Coast. The migration had been delayed for over a month due to weather and an issue involving FAA flying policies. The FAA granted a waiver for the flight, but the cranes apparently decided that Alabama was far enough, refusing to follow the ultralights any further.
“We are fortunate to be in a position to help by standing in for our sister refuges at Chassahowitzka and St. Marks in Florida,” said Dwight Cooley, refuge manager for Wheeler NWR. “While we hope the cranes will visit us again in coming winters, where they eventually winter is not nearly as important as their survival, and the hope that they will complete many more migrations in years to come. Their continued safety is our highest concern. We’ve got great habitat and conditions, as evidenced by the number of cranes wintering on the refuge--more than 11,000 sandhill cranes and seven whooping cranes.”
In addition to the nine birds led south by project partner Operation Migration’s ultralights, eight juvenile cranes made their first southward migration this fall as part of WCEP’s Direct Autumn Release program. Biologists from the International Crane Foundation released the cranes in the company of older cranes at Horicon NWR in Dodge County, Wis. The young birds learned the migration route by following the older cranes.
Whooping cranes that take part in the ultralight and Direct Autumn Release reintroductions are hatched at the U.S. Geological Survey’s Patuxent Wildlife Research Center in Laurel, Md., and at the International Crane Foundation in Baraboo, Wis. Chicks are raised under a strict isolation protocol and to ensure the birds remain wild, handlers adhere to a no-talking rule and wear costumes designed to mask the human form.
Most of the whooping cranes released in previous years spend the summer in central Wisconsin, where they use areas on or near Necedah NWR, as well as other public and private lands. In the spring and fall, project staff from the International Crane Foundation and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources track and monitor the released cranes in an effort to learn as much as possible about their unassisted journeys and the habitat choices they make both along the way and on their summering and wintering grounds.
Whooping cranes were on the verge of extinction in the 1940s. Today, there are only about 600 birds in existence, approximately 450 of them in the wild. Aside from the 111 WCEP birds, the only other migrating population of whooping cranes nests at Wood Buffalo National Park in northern Alberta, Canada and winters at Aransas NWR on the Texas Gulf Coast. A non-migrating flock of approximately 20 birds lives year-round in the central Florida Kissimmee region, and an additional 19 non-migratory cranes live in southern Louisiana.
WCEP asks anyone who encounters a whooping crane in the wild to please give them the respect and distance they need. Do not approach birds on foot within 200 yards; remain in your vehicle; do not approach in a vehicle within 100 yards. Also, please remain concealed and do not speak loudly enough that the birds can hear you. Finally, do not trespass on private property in an attempt to view or photograph whooping cranes.
Whooping Crane Eastern Partnership founding members are the International
Crane Foundation, Operation
Migration, Inc., Wisconsin Department
of Natural Resources, U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, the U.S. Geological Survey's
Patuxent Wildlife Research Center and National
Wildlife Health Center, the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, the Natural Resources Foundation
and the International Whooping Crane Recovery Team.
Many other flyway states, provinces, private individuals and conservation groups have joined forces with and support WCEP by donating resources, funding and personnel. More than 60 percent of the project’s budget comes from private sources in the form of grants, public donations and corporate sponsors.
WCEP has developed a short public service announcement to spread the word that disturbing, harassing or killing whooping cranes is a crime. Multi file formats are available for download on the WCEP website at: http://www.bringbackthecranes.org.
To report whooping crane sightings, visit the WCEP whooping crane observation webpage at: http://www.fws.gov/midwest/whoopingcrane/sightings/sightingform.cfm. | <urn:uuid:e85f4d41-3172-41e5-bcf3-6ccb6cb93e3e> | {
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The findings suggest that such changes in a patient's visual system could provide biomarkers to help detect the disease early and monitor its progress.
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative condition caused by neuronal loss in several brain structures. It is characterized by tremors, rigidity or stiffness throughout the body, and impaired balance and coordination. However, nonmotor symptoms, such as an inability to perceive colors, a change in visual acuity, and a decrease in blinking, may also be present in Parkinson's patients.
"Although Parkinson's disease is primarily considered a motor disorder, several studies have shown nonmotor symptoms are common across all stages of the disease," said lead author Dr. Alessandro Arrigo, a resident in ophthalmology at the University Vita-Salute San Raffaele in Milan, in a statement from the RSNA. "However, these symptoms are often undiagnosed because patients are unaware of the link to the disease and, as a result, they may be undertreated."
Subjects were recruited from January 2013 to December 2014 for the study, which involved a team of researchers from ophthalmology, neurology, and neuroradiology. There were 20 newly diagnosed and not yet treated patients with Parkinson's disease, along with 20 age- and gender-matched healthy controls.
Three-tesla MRI scans (Achieva, Philips Healthcare) were performed on the healthy controls and patients, who underwent imaging within four weeks of their diagnosis. Arrigo and colleagues used DWI to assess white-matter changes and voxel-based morphometry to determine concentration changes of the brain's gray and white matter. All study participants also had ophthalmologic exams.
The group found statistically significant abnormalities within the visual system brain structures of patients with Parkinson's disease, compared with the healthy control subjects. These included changes in optic radiations, reduced white-matter concentration, and reduced optic chiasm volume.
Left and right optic radiation image is overlaid onto a T1-weighted axial volume image. Optic radiation images were obtained based on diffusion-weighted volume images through constrained spherical deconvolution fitting and related tractography. Each bundle was automatically colored according to tract main directionality: red for left to right, green for anterior to posterior, and blue for inferior to superior. Image courtesy of the RSNA.
"This protocol could be used for longitudinal studies to help understand the progression of visual alterations in the course of the disease and to assess positive or negative effects of pharmacologic treatments on visual structures," the authors wrote.
Because the study did not include specific neurologic-ophthalmologic exams, additional studies should be performed to confirm these findings and to correlate them with clinical neurologic-ophthalmologic assessment, they noted.
Copyright © 2017 AuntMinnie.com | <urn:uuid:eaa747b7-44b5-4468-89f3-18303cb46f28> | {
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Robin Hood, champion of the poor and opponent of the Sheriff of Nottingham, takes refuge in the Sherwood Forest and outwits his enemies with daring and panache in this classic English work. Ages 8-12.
The classic story of social justice and outrageous cunning. Robin Hood, champion of the poor and oppressed, stands against the cruel power of Prince John and the brutal Sheriff of Nottingham. Taking refuge in the vast Sherwood Forest with his band of men, he remains determined to outwit his enemies.
Roger Lancelyn Green was born in 1918. He loved storytelling and was fascinated by traditional fairy tales, myths and legends from around the world. His retellings include Egyptian, Greek and Norse legends, plus a retelling of Robin Hood. He died in 1987.
Have a question about this product? Ask us here. | <urn:uuid:0aaa030c-c17b-4b5c-9acd-b450b8755dff> | {
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Most Active Stories
Mon May 7, 2012
Early Report: U.S. Highway Deaths Fall To Lowest Number Since 1949
If a preliminary report holds true, the number of road deaths fell again in 2011. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) estimated that 32,310 people died on highways last year, down almost 2 percent from the 32,885 people who died in 2010.
"The fatality rate for 2011 is projected to decline to the lowest on record, to 1.09 fatalities per 100 million vehicle miles traveled, down from 1.11 fatalities per 100 million in 2010.
"Road deaths fell the most in New England in 2011, down 7.2 percent. In the Great Lakes region, including Michigan, deaths were down 3.3 percent. In California, Arizona and Hawaii road deaths were up 3.3 percent and traffic deaths were flat in Texas and surrounding states.
"NHTSA will release final numbers later this year, including a more detailed breakdown on causes of road deaths and crashes."
The report from NHTSA did not give reasons for the decline. But the AP spoke to safety experts who "attributed the decline to a variety of factors, including less driving due to a weak economy, more people wearing seat belts, better safety equipment in cars and efforts to curb drunken driving."
Bloomberg reports that U.S. drivers travelled 1.2 percent fewer vehicle miles.
Prices during that period rose 6.7 percent, Bloomberg notes quoting the AAA. | <urn:uuid:045e6679-fa9c-4708-b53d-6cf6f6e05489> | {
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12 July, 2011
Toxicity of Apricot Kernels
Apricots are a nutritious source of potassium, fiber and vitamins A, C and K, and have a place in your healthy eating plan. The kernel, however, contains cyanide. For that reason, the kernels might not be an appropriate part of your diet because the cyanide can cause unpleasant and potentially dangerous side effects. These effects are even more acute and profound in children, who should never eat apricot kernels.
What Makes Them Toxic
The toxic compound in apricot kernels is cyanide. One apricot kernel contains about 0.5 milligram of cyanide, according to Internet Scientific Publications. Cyanide is a chemical gas that's poisonous and prevents your body from properly absorbing oxygen. Cyanide is most often present in factories that make plastic, paper, jewelry or textiles. The chemical is also present in some soil, fire and cigarette smoke and exhaust from cars.
Apricots and Cyanide Poisoning
Apricots contain cyanogenic glycosides, when, if chewed, release cyanide, according to a 2013 article published in "ISRN Toxicology." Eating apricot kernels raw is one way humans can become exposed, but many cultures use ground apricot kernels in baking and cooking, which is another potential route for poisoning. Cyanide poisoning can cause headache, dizziness and confusion. Anxiety, restlessness, nausea, vomiting and shortness of breath are additional symptoms of cyanide poisoning. More serious symptoms include rapid heartbeat, rapid breathing, chest pain, loss of consciousness and seizures, according to the Drugs.com website. Coma and death are possible in acute cases.
How Much Would Cause Toxicity Effects
Eating one apricot kernel isn't as likely to cause any negative side effects compared to larger doses, though you should always speak to your doctor before adding the kernels to your diet. A lethal dose of cyanide falls in a range between 0.5 and 3.5 milligrams per kilogram of body weight, notes "Internet Scientific Publications." So for a 175-pound man, a toxic dose would be between 80 and 560 kernels. For children, however, even 10 apricot kernels can be fatal, according to the World Health Organization. Nonfatal reactions are possible at much lower doses, however, and can require hospitalization for treatment. Common treatments include the administration of activated charcoal or of hydroxocobalamin, a medication that helps normalize blood pressure and promote normal oxygen absorption.
Do not allow children to eat apricot kernels. Because they are much smaller than adults, even small amounts can prove toxic. If you have small children, remove the kernel before serving the apricots. While dying from eating apricot kernels is rare, you should also limit your intake because small amounts can still cause negative side effects. Always consult with a physician before you use apricot kernels or apricot kernel powder for any reason.
- USDA National Nutrient Database: Apricots, Raw
- Internet Scientific Publications: Are Apricot Kernels Toxic?
- ISRN Toxicology: Potential Toxic Levels of Cyanide in Almonds (Prunus amygdalus), Apricot Kernels (Prunus armeniaca), and Almond Syrup
- Annals of Tropical Paediatrics: Cyanide Poisoning Caused by Ingestion of Apricot Seeds
- Drugs.com: Cyanide Poisoning
- Emergency Medicine Journal: Hydroxocobalamin Treatment of Acute Cyanide Poisoning From Apricot Kernels
- Blue Jean Images/Photodisc/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:5d73189e-0a3a-4aef-9b5a-5264e8357e0c> | {
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Bone protein may lead to better
treatments for virulent cancers
Research under way in a bustling laboratory on the sixth floor of the School of Dental Medicine may lead to therapies for regenerating periodontal bone. It also may produce a therapy for stopping or controlling the metastasis of breast or prostate cancer to bone.
In the world of molecular biology, where scientists sometimes follow a protein wherever it may lead them, these two destinations are not as far apart as they may seem.
Bone sialoprotein (BSP), a major protein in bone and other mineralized tissue, has been the research focus for years of Dr. Jinkun (Jake) Chen, director of the Division of Oral Biology at the dental school.
Chen came to Tufts in the summer of 2002 with a track record of more than 100 published studies, a history of interdisciplinary research and expertise in creating transgenic mouse models. He also brought funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) for his ongoing research and two members of his current seven-member research team.
Chen’s lab was the first to demonstrate the presence of BSP in the earliest stages of bone formation. In fact, BSP, which is instrumental in mineralization of bone and tissue, is at its highest post-birth levels in the first two weeks of life when bones are continuing to develop. Those levels drop sharply after the first two weeks and thereafter are typically noticeable only in the regeneration of bone, for instance after a bone fracture.
One of the issues Chen’s lab is investigating is whether a lack of BSP causes deterioration of periodontal bone.
“People over age 40 often suffer periodontal bone resorption, especially if they have periodontal disease,” says Chen. “The gums recede; bone that holds the teeth in place is reabsorbed, and teeth may fall out. The bone does not regenerate. We don’t know why.”
Along with research on gene expression and regulation of tooth and bone formation, Chen is experimenting with tissue engineering, attempting to regenerate periodontal bone in mouse models. The research, supported by a $1.4 million grant from NIH, may be the first to use bone marrow stem cells to regenerate periodontal tissue. If the experiments are successful, the door may be opened to regenerating periodontal bone in patients by using their own bone marrow cells to grow new bone.
The cancer connection
BSP also was found in prostate cancer cells. Both breast and prostate cancers are more likely than other cancers to spread to bone. Bone lesions caused by metastasis are found in 90 percent of people who die of breast cancer, and higher BSP levels in breast cancer cells correlate to higher metastasis and death rates.
Chen and his colleagues used a novel approach, involving chicken embryos, to study in vivo the effect of BSP on human breast cancer cells’ ability to break into a blood vessel. They found BSP appeared to enhance that early step in metastasis, while the introduction of BSP antibodies hindered it.
Their most recent study focused on the role BSP might play in the “homing” of breast cancer cells to bone. The study, published earlier this winter in the International Journal of Oncology, supported a strong role for BSP and perhaps, even more exciting, a strong anti-metastasis role for a BSP antibody.
The experiment involved injecting 15 mice with human breast cancer cells. One group of five mice received cells with an over-expression of human BSP. The second group received cells that repressed BSP, and the third group had no extra BSP injected. Four weeks later, X-rays showed metastatic lesions on the leg bones of all of the mice in the first group, three of the mice in the control group and only one of the mice in the repressed-BSP group. | <urn:uuid:ebad081b-9125-4b09-83ab-237395d4dcb0> | {
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We’re nonetheless simplest starting to perceive the complexities of ways the human mind works. It’s going to be a very long time but sooner than we will be able to absolutely know it, and actually, we might by no means be capable of totally perceive all its little intricacies. On the other hand, even the little quantity that neuroscientists learn about it’s attention-grabbing however even they recognize that many mysteries of the mind might by no means be unraveled. This infographic from Learn about Medication Europe takes you thru what we all know concerning the workings of the mind and explains how we will be able to deal with a wholesome mind all the way through our existence. Infrequently we will be able to push psychological well being to at least one facet once we’re busy and it actually is time we stopped being so naive.
Mind building is a fascinating house and a few analysis has proven that our brains are nonetheless growing till our 30s however the majority of building (90%) is completed by way of the age of three. Many additionally argue that mind building is whole by way of the age of 25 and researchers are nonetheless not sure of the precise timeline.
The volume of process in our mind within the early years of our existence is staggering. As an example, mind synapses are regularly eradicated because the mind develops, and a mean two or three-year-old has round 15,000 synapses consistent with neuron. That is usually lower in part by the point they’re an grownup.
The advance of the prefrontal cortex is necessary as it’s answerable for such a lot of vital purposes. Other folks with psychological problems incessantly have problems with the prefrontal cortex, so let’s take a more in-depth take a look at all its other roles. One vital serve as of the prefrontal cortex is within the realm of impulse regulate and self-control. Simply believe for a 2d how vital impulse regulate is to guide a regular existence – with out it the arena can be an overly odd position. Different vital purposes of the prefrontal cortex come with choice making and impulse regulate. It’s usually known as the ‘mind heart’.
Despite the fact that, a lot of our mind building is completed by way of our 30s, there may be nonetheless lots we will be able to do all the way through our lives to make sure our mind remains wholesome. Meditation has an excessive amount of analysis in the back of it to again up its psychological well being advantages, and it will even lend a hand with building of the prefrontal cortex.
Different components reminiscent of rigidity could have a particularly unfavourable impact on mind well being so we actually want to watch out on this regard. Fashionable existence and rigidity appear to be interlinked and it has turn into an increasing number of tricky to regulate the whole lot. We will have to make sure to place our well being above all else and take measures to make sure rigidity doesn’t get out of hand.
Curiously, new analysis has proven that we might be able to shape new neural connections in our mind thru a procedure referred to as ‘neuroplasticity’ so it’ll be attention-grabbing to look how briefly that develops in years yet to come. Take a look at the infographic for extra vital details about the mind and mind well being. Get started taking right kind care of your mind as of late. | <urn:uuid:12bed228-e584-4fd2-a355-8ffe09a569ff> | {
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Scouts aims to build and develop young people’s confidence, sense of adventure and outdoor skills, as well as encouraging them to explore their beliefs and attitudes and be creative. It offers them the independence to put these skills into practice at camps and even on international trips.
Scouts are encouraged to work together and take the lead on all sorts of projects, from community based work to planning games and activities for their meetings. Badges can be gained and life skills learned from many activities, and it’s a delight working with young people who are proud of their achievements.
The Scout Troop is the third section in the Scout Group, after Beavers and Cubs. The Scout Section is for young people aged between 10½ and 14 years. There is flexibility in the age range: young people can join from age 10, and can move to Explorers at any age between 13½ and 14½.
Scouts in Norfolk:
There are currently almost 2000 Scouts enjoying the adventure in 100 Troops across Norfolk. To make sure you don’t miss out, contact us today to find your nearest Scout Troop.
To help sections push boundaries and explore wider values the Programme and Development team have created ‘Freedoms’ for more information check out the special Freedoms Support Page | <urn:uuid:cd729eb1-183d-462f-99f0-635cc4407718> | {
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The author investigates the Third Reich’s special courts as important institutions of the Nazi judicial system and analyzes their decisions against so-called »agitators against the people« and those
deemed »impediments to the construction of the National Socialist state.« The legal precedent for the special courts’ judgments was the Heimtückegesetz (treason law) introduced in 1934, which
served to »muzzle« opponents and underscore Nazi claims to totalitarian control over state and society.
Following the National Socialist alignment of political parties, unions, civic organizations, and much of the press, Catholic clergy and laypeople who resisted the
Gleichschaltung of conscience, as well as efforts to push Catholicism from the center to the fringes of societal life and »confine it to the sacristy,« emerged as the most important ideological opponents
remaining in the country. They became the targets of special jurisdiction, amplified by Göring’s 1935 circular »On Combatting Political Catholicism.« These cases represent onyl a portion of the
special courts’ decisions but they enable readers to trace, within certain thematic limits, the development of these institutions from 1933 until the war years. The treason cases against Catholic
clergy and laypeople examined in this context offer direct insight into the everyday life of Catholic communities in the Nazi period and illustrate the conflicts between regime and Church on a local | <urn:uuid:9a5b901c-1ae5-4528-ab8b-2fffed3e5a2f> | {
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} |
A person that studies artifacts
a society that has cities, government, and specialized workers
Modern humans and the ancestors of modern humans
The recorded events of people from the past
a system to water dry crops used by people in the ancient world
stories passed by word of mouth from generation to generation
The period of time in the past before writing was invented
Priests, nobles, and slaves are examples of this
more than what is needed of something like food.
a person with no settled home
a worker who is especially skilled at crafting items by hand
to tame animals and breed them for human use
a person who studies written records and why societies survive.
By hunting animals and gathering wild plants
How did people in the Old Stone Age get their food?
New Stone Age
During what time did people begin to farm the land for the first time?
During pre-history people developed the ability to do what?
A surplus of food allowed people to the New Stone Age to become___________.
a dependable water source
What did farming settlements in the New Stone Age need in order to develop into cities?
A characteristic of a civilization in the ancient world
Who would best be able to spread new ideas and tools from one civilization to another?
What does the word part "pre" mean?
By studying his clothing, tools, and body
How did scientists learn more about the Iceman's life?
because regular flooding provided rich soil for farming.
Why did the ancient Egyptian civilization begin on the banks of the Nile River?
Old Stone Age
Almost all of human prehistory took place during this time.
The beginning of farming
What is the major difference beween the Old Stone Age and the New Stone Age?
hunting and gathering
How did people get their food during the Old Stone Age?
They settled in one place
How did farming change the way early people lived?
having surplus food
What factor let to rapid population growth?
develop into cities.
Having a dependable water source helped some farming settlements do what?
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For help fixing this issue, see this FAQ. | <urn:uuid:f31bc450-3d6f-48eb-a7df-e2ceac268ac9> | {
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Systematic Water Quality Assessment in Rural West Virginia
Approximately 13.1 million households rely on domestic wells as their primary source of drinking water. West Virginia—a predominantly rural state—has numerous residences that use privately owned wells as their drinking water source. While the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates public drinking water sources, it does not regulate private drinking water wells.
HSB’s goals were to quantify contaminant (i.e. analyte) levels in private well water and compare levels by geologic age (i.e. US Geological Survey’s divisions of geologic time) of three regions of West Virginia. We collected well water samples from 139 households. All water samples were analyzed for the EPA-recommended primary and secondary water analytes, as well as radon-222.
Elevated radon-222 levels were detected in 71.4% of samples disbursed throughout the three regions. Geologic age of the region was associated with both arsenic and radon-222 concentrations.
Our results suggest that rural communities should be targeted for education and outreach promoting private well water testing and mitigating any well water contamination that exceeds EPA-recommended levels. | <urn:uuid:d599385d-276d-425c-809d-cd804c6799bc> | {
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Their applications, physics, and math. -- Peter Ceperley
There are all sorts of resonances around us, in the world, in our culture, and in our technology. A tidal resonance causes the 55 foot tides in the Bay of Fundy. Mechanical and acoustical resonances and their control are at the center of practically every musical instrument that ever existed. Even our voices and speech are based on controlling the resonances in our throat and mouth. Technology is also a heavy user of resonance. All clocks, radios, televisions, and gps navigating systems use electronic resonators at their very core. Doctors use magnetic resonance imaging or MRI to sense the resonances in atomic nuclei to map the insides of their patients. In spite of the great diversity of resonators, they all share many common properties. In this blog, we will delve into their various aspects. It is hoped that this will serve both the students and professionals who would like to understand more about resonators. I hope all will enjoy the animations.
1. Mathematical derivations of special relativity - introduction
This section involves a number of mathematical derivations. They are meant to show the underpinnings of relativity, both from Einstein's point of view and Lorentz's point of view. There is an outline of the various chapters at the right and a flow chart of the logical progression of the chapters at the bottom of this posting. If you are interested in a non-mathematical treatment of relativity which stresses the history, the phenomena, and philosophy, see my earlier introduction to relativity.
Einstein's view was that all of relativity flows from the truth that physics should look the same in all inertial reference frames (reference frames traveling at constant velocity). This means the speed of light is the same, and all basic equations of physics are the same in all inertial reference frames.
Lorentz's point of view was that the above consistency was simply an illusion that was made possible by an oddity in Maxwell's equations. His view was that the speed of light and the equations of physics really differ in different inertial reference frames. However, people and their instruments in these frames are affected in such a way as to make the speed of light and the equations of physics seem the same. Furthermore, he felt that there probably is a true "at rest" (or universal) reference frame, but as yet we do not know how to ascertain which reference frame that is. This would be perhaps like the early chemists (Boyle, Lavoisier, etc.) who didn't have a chance of directly verifying the existence of atoms or molecules, but still correctly used atoms and molecules as central entities in their theories.
As was explained in the previous postings, the two views are mathematically identical and barring any future discovery, we may never know which is really "correct". In any case, in this section we present the mathematics behind relativity.
For the most part, the mathematics in the following postings follow the standard relativity derivations, i.e. they follow Einstein's logic: starting with a constant speed of light and going on to derive transformations between reference frames for all sorts of physical quantities.
In addition to the standard logical progression, we include a few derivations, at the very beginning, supporting Lorentz's views. These derive the electromagnetic wave equation from Maxwell's equations to illustrate the lack of reference frame in the wave equation. We go on to show that the electromagnetic wave equation is not invariant under the old Galilean velocity transforms, but it is invariant under Lorentz transformations. We also discuss the implications of this from Lorentz's point of view.
To some extent, the chapters can be read individually to suit one's interest. For example, people interested primarily in the conventional Einsteinian logic might be mostly interested in reading Chapter 7 and a few chapters thereafter.
Flowchart for the math of relativity
Fig. 1.1. This illustration shows the logical flow of this math section: which chapter shows which relationship.
Waves, Berkeley Physics Course - vol. 3, Frank S. Crawford, Jr. McGraw-Hill 1965. This book is suitable for an add-on to an introductory course on college or university physics. It discusses all sorts of aspects of waves and has a multitude of home experiments. One could probably make a great science fair project from one of them. As to its math level, it mostly uses algebra, with some calculus in the mix.
Physics of waves, by Elmore and Heald, originally published by McGraw-Hill in 1969, but currently published by Dover. This book covers many different wave systems, such as waves on a string, on a membrane, in solids, in fluids, on a liquid surface, and electromagnetic waves. It also covers the many aspects of waves. It has an excellent chapter on diffraction.
The Feynman lectures on physics, Feynman, Leighton, and Sands, Addison-Wesley 1963. Three volumes. These cover many aspects of physics. They are perhaps best suited for someone who has made it through an introductory sequence in college or university physics, and wants to read about the subject from a more sophisticated point of view. They are not particularly math intensive, more just into discussing concepts with some math as required. These are books you read to understand a physicist's mind. Perhaps 10% to 20% of the chapters are about waves and resonances.
Electromagnetic books that I use:
Engineering Electromagnetics, Hayt (with Buck on more recent editions), McGraw-Hill. An easy to read, compact junior-level text for electrical engineering students.
Fields and waves in communication electronics, Ramo, Whinnery, Van Duzer, Wiley. A upper level/graduate level text for electrical engineering student. Covers practically every aspect of applied electromagnetic fields in some depth. Is not a book to sit down and read for philosophy, but rather to look up the rational behind certain devices or design methods. | <urn:uuid:a904583a-a3ce-4b3e-8fa1-663cc9dedba0> | {
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bridges vol. 11, September 2006 / Green Buildings Focus
by Rick Fedrizzi & Jessica Sackett
The buildings in which we live, play, work, and learn have a profound impact on environmental and human health. In the United States alone, buildings account for:
- 37% of all energy use, including 68% of all electricity use
- 40% of raw materials consumption
- 88% of potable water supplies
- more than one-third of municipal solid waste streams
- nearly 40% of CO2 emissions, the primary greenhouse gas associated with global climate change.
In addition, the US Environmental Protection Agency classifies indoor air quality as one of the top five environmental health risks today. The concentration of air pollutants indoors can be two-to-five times greater than in the outside air. Some concentrations have been measured at more than 100 times greater. (Source: Building Momentum, report prepared for the US Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works by USGBC, http://www.usgbc.org/Docs/Resources/043003_hpgb_whitepaper.pdf)
Designing and building high performance "green" buildings - buildings that improve environmental, economic, health, and productivity performance - is thus critical to the future health of our planet and communities.
LEED - Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
Thirteen years ago, pockets of interest in green building had developed throughout the building industry, but the trend lacked momentum. The disparate facets of the industry had differing needs, ideas, and concerns about green building, and multiple and contradictory definitions of "green" abounded. Green washing - espousing sustainable practices without validating the claims - was rampant, and the market was reluctant to accept an idea that lacked objective, verifiable standards. Then, in 1993, the US Green Building Council (USGBC) was founded to lead a national consensus on green building and to bring together the entire building industry to chart a path for market transformation. Today, more than 6,300 organizations belong to USGBC, representing the full spectrum of the building industry and actively participating in the development of the Council's programs and services.
Access to the full article is free, but requires you to register. Registration is simple and quick - all we need is your name and a valid e-mail address. We appreciate your interest in bridges. | <urn:uuid:1fe36350-944d-441e-835c-619805baacc2> | {
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In addition to the treatment your healthcare provider recommends, eating better and exercising more may help. Making healthy adjustments to your diet may help you feel better and improve your overall well-being. Be sure to talk to your healthcare provider before making any changes to your diet. In general, the same basic rules that apply to everyone can also apply to people living with multiple sclerosis (MS).
Just like anyone, you should eat a healthy, consistent diet. Follow a diet that focuses on vegetables, fruits, lean proteins, and whole grains. Your healthcare provider, or a registered dietitian, may suggest additional ideas for how to improve what you eat.
Finding healthy foods you love is a pleasant surprise. Trying new foods and recipes can be a fun way to improve your diet. The website ChooseMyPlate.gov is a good place to get started if you want to discover nutritious new foods.
There’s no special food that can cure MS. Some diets often focus on large amounts of certain nutrients and leave others out completely. It’s better to follow a balanced diet that your healthcare provider or dietitian has approved.
It is important to get enough vitamin D. Vitamin D has been shown to help you absorb calcium and build stronger bones. Although further research is necessary, some research has also shown that vitamin D may have positive effects on the immune system.
Speak with your healthcare provider or a registered dietitian to evaluate your diet, and learn what you can do to help lead a healthy lifestyle. | <urn:uuid:8b7bd15e-4ab6-4216-986d-4e74c47403c0> | {
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What is the difference between Old English and Anglo-Saxon?
There is no difference: Old English is the name that language scholars give to the language spoken by the people known to historians and archaeologists as the Anglo-Saxons.
There were several major dialects of Old English; most of the literature that survives is in the dialect of Wessex. Like modern German, Old English used a certain number of inflections, using endings added to the stem of a word to indicate its role in a sentence, its grammatical gender, and whether it was singular or plural.
Danish and Norwegian settlers in Britain spoke the related Old Norse language, and this influenced Old English, both in adding new words to the vocabulary, and probably in speeding up the loss of the inflections, which may often have been the only partial barrier to communication between Old English and Old Norse speakers.
The Norman invasion of 1066 resulted in the temporary dominance of French, and by 1150 Old English was effectively obsolete. You can read more on this in Philip Durkin's: Five Events that Shaped the History of English. | <urn:uuid:5e49002f-1dc4-412d-b7bc-19fb8700e5f9> | {
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November 17, 1988 |
President Jose Sarney's ruling center-right party, saddled with voter discontent stemming from the country's 700% inflation, was taking a beating late Wednesday from both the right and left in municipal election returns. In the mayor's race in Sao Paulo, Luiza Erundina, 53, a social worker and self-proclaimed Marxist, narrowly defeated millionaire businessman Paulo Maluf. Erundina, representing the Workers' Party, becomes the first woman mayor of South America's largest city.
October 9, 1987 |
Brazilian President Jose Sarney, lacking solid support from his majority party, is attempting to form a new political alliance more loyal to his administration. Sarney is asking politicians to sign a document that includes a pledge "to support the president in the actions that he deems appropriate in the legislative, governmental and political area."
July 12, 1988 |
Brazil's biggest political party, once firmly united against military rule, is breaking up in stormy controversy over its relationship with President Jose Sarney and his unpopular administration. The troubles in the Party of the Brazilian Democratic Movement, or PMDB, reflect a panorama of political confusion in Brazil as the largest country in Latin America moves toward full democracy.
February 17, 1989 |
International pressure for the preservation of Amazon rain forests has triggered a defiant barrage of nationalist reaction in Brazil. President Jose Sarney has declared repeatedly in recent weeks that Brazil will accept no Amazon conservation proposals that infringe on Brazil's sovereignty. Some foreign proposals have called for international supervision of Amazon conservation programs as a condition for financial aid or foreign debt relief.
December 19, 1987 |
Finance Minister Luiz Carlos Bresser Pereira resigned Friday in a dispute with President Jose Sarney over proposed tax and austerity measures aimed at reducing Brazil's huge government deficit. Bresser, who took the job in April, was the third finance minister to quit since Sarney took office in March, 1985. Like Bresser, the previous ministers resigned under the pressure of double-digit monthly inflation and the largest foreign debt--now $113 billion--owed by a developing country.
June 3, 1988 |
Brazil's Congress adopted a constitutional provision Thursday that will keep President Jose Sarney in office until March, 1990, a year longer than his opponents had hoped. The vote gives Sarney, a civilian who took office in 1985 at the end of 21 years of military government, a total of five years as "transitional" president. | <urn:uuid:29fe3d0d-aafa-4150-82fe-6207e854554e> | {
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If energy markets are a zero-sum game, then renewables’ gains are a loss to any of the other forms of energy that they displace. In this case, the losers are fossil fuels.
One of those fossil fuels, and the one that most proponents of a cleaner energy future would be happy to see disappear, is coal.
On one hand, coal will be with us for years to come. Its share of total energy production dwarfs that of any of its rivals. However, there are plenty of signs that the growing popularity of renewables is making a dent.
According to the Boulder, Colo.-based market research firm, Navigant, a number of factors are driving more companies to shut down their coal plants. That trend is creating a market of its own.
In a September report, “Coal Plant Decommissioning,” Navigant explains that a combination of factors will drive companies to shut down a record number of coal-fired plants over the next six years. These factors include tightening environmental regulations, competition from natural gas and public pressure for cleaner sources of power.
This will also present a series of challenges and difficult decisions for plant owners, including whether to convert plants to natural gas combustion, how best to decommission the plants, how to replace generating capacity and what will ultimately become of the facilities and the land they sit on.
These questions will create opportunities for experts and specialists who can assist the companies that are wrestling with them. Consultants, engineers, procurement specialists, construction companies, demolition companies and environmental remediation firms are some of the many specialists who will benefit from this unique market.
Navigant forecasts the market for coal plant decommissioning in North America and Europe to grow from $455 million in 2013 to $1.3 billion by 2016. Although revenue is expected to decline rapidly after that, the company projects cumulative revenue to total $5.3 billion through the year 2020. | <urn:uuid:c493f26b-65f0-4482-b3d0-e78ca65b93b5> | {
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Antibiotics are commonly prescribed drugs that inhibit or kill the growth of micro-organisms in the body. They are used either:
Taking a probiotic (a supplement of food that contains more of this 'good bacteria') can help to restore the balance of beneficial bacteria in the gut that is often affected by antibiotics. This additional 'good' bacteria helps a number of digestive and immune functions in our body, and importantly prevents the proliferation of 'bad' bacteria which can make us sick. As such, taking a probiotic can work to either minimise the severity of, or totally negate, the unpleasant side effects of taking antibiotics. A healthy balance of “good” bacteria is important for maintaining everyday health, digestive health and immunity and probiotics help you achieve this.
Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis in particular have been shown to be effective in preventing antibiotic-associated imbalances. In a double-blind controlled study, patients who received both antibiotics and Lactobacillus did not develop diarrhoea. This result is particularly important for elderly and immune-compromised people.
If you are taking a course of antibiotics, taking a probiotic during and for several weeks after can help to replenish gut flora balance. It is recommended that probiotics are taken at least two hours from antibiotics, within 30 minutes of eating or as recommended by your healthcare professional.
Want to know more about probiotics and immunity? Check out our range of digestion and probiotic products.
This article was provided by our friends at health365. For mroe information on the benefits of probiotics, visit Health365.com.au.
Probiotics are beneficial for immunity due to a number of reasons. Firstly, probiotics help to rebalance the gut in favour of ‘good’ bacteria so that harmful bacteria are outnumbered.
Secondly, certain types of gut bacteria are involved in functions related to the body’s immune system. Researchers from Harvard Medical School have found evidence that certain bacteria aid in T-cell production, and correcting mineral and nutrient deficiencies.
The below strains of bacteria have been shown to be beneficial in these particular instances:
There is no 'cure' for the common cold or the flu, but eating well and leading a healthy lifestyle can definitely help prevent catching it one of these in the first place. By nourishing our bodies with a diet full of a range of foods that give it the right nutrients, you can make sure your immune system is at full strength when the next cold or flu does the rounds of your neighbourhood. Check out the following superfoods that boost immunity and contain the right nutrients to help your body avoid disease & infection.
Honey is a remarkable food with a number of health benefits. It has been used for thousands of years as a food source, and boasts numerous antiseptic and antibiotic properties. Honey is also a favourite traditional remedy for soothing a sore throat when you are sick, and is also traditionally used for indigestion and heart burn. Include honey regularly in your diet to support good health. Include it when you are sick to sooth and support.
This fruit from the Amazon contains an extraordinary amount of Vitamin C. Vitamin C is important for a variety of bodily functions, and is particularly important as an antioxidant - antioxidants fight the effect of harmful molecules called 'free radicals', which can cause cellular damage that results in disease. Include Camu in your smoothies, juices, yoghurt or cooking.
Spirulina is incredibly rich in vitamins and minerals: more so than any other plant source on earth. Spirulina stimulates the immune system and improves its ability to fight viral and bacterial infections. As with Camu, Spirulina is packed with antioxidants to fight the effect of damaging free radicals, which helps fight disease.
We may sound like a broken record, but antioxidants are important for protecting your body against a range of diseases. Acai berry is easy to include in your diet, and has 22 times more antioxidant power than antioxidant rich blueberries! The antioxidants and plant sterols of this super berry help to strengthen your immune system and prevent cellular damage.
Traditionally used for treating cold and flu once sick, black elderberry may also help bolster immunity in times when you have an elevated risk of catching cold or flu. Preliminary studies show that this superfood may also help people with the flu recover faster than those taking a placebo. | <urn:uuid:3f8b1383-1708-4968-a4bf-d3dd7736322b> | {
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Ergonomics is a common term in factories and office buildings where assembly work and typing can cause repetitive-motion injuries to workers. Now it's becoming a buzzword on job sites, where ergonomically designed tools and equipment ease the strain of fast-track projects. Further, many electrical contractors are finding that ergonomics training can increase profits and reduce worker injuries. That's why many contractors are taking the time and spending money on ergonomics training.
Merriam-Webster's dictionary defines ergonomics as "an applied science concerned with designing and arranging things people use so that people and things interact most efficiently and safely-also called human engineering." Because of the increasing number of injuries caused by repetitive motion, excessive force and/or awkward postures and positions, ergonomics has become a critical factor in workplace safety. Ergonomics is the science that seeks to adapt tasks and tools to fit the person. It's a way of looking at the design of tasks, tools and equipment, workplace layouts, and the overall organization of work to fit the job to the worker, rather than the person to the job.
Injuries from poor ergonomic conditions typically involve the bones, muscles, joints, tendons, and nerves. Some of the chronic or cumulative trauma injuries are caused by tools being used today-even though many new ergonomically designed hand/power tools are being developed.
Lost time injuries from sprains, strains, carpal tunnel syndrome, and tendonitis (numbering more than 76,500 a year) result in almost a half million lost work days and 4 million lost hours, according to Scott Schneider, Ergonomics Program Director, The Center to Protect Workers Rights (CPWR), Washington, D.C. These injuries cost $56 million in lost wages and at least $400 million in insurance claims each year. The CPWR-which is the research arm of the Building and Construction Trades Department, AFL/CIO labor organization-has a Construction Ergonomics Checklist (that can be downloaded from www.CPWR.com). The form is designed to be filled out jointly by general contractors and union reps every two weeks. Because construction-industry contractors work in a highly competitive marketplace, they are especially concerned with the cost of workers' compensation EMR (experience modification rate-an insurance-industry guideline for setting premiums) and lost work time caused by musculosketetal disorders.
Some firms are actively involved in improving work processes, seeing this improvement as benefiting overall company profitability. The present skilled-worker shortage also makes retaining workers in construction a primary issue. Some electrical contractors are taking proactive step when it comes to ergonomics and safety.
Wes-Con Electric Inc., an electrical construction, maintenance and 24-hour emergency service firm in Trabuco Canyon, Calif., offers an ergonomics tutorial on their Web site at www.webworldinc.com/wes-com/. Located on the Tail Gate Safety Topic page, the tutorial gives some common sense solutions to basic job-site ergonomic problems.
Continental Electrical Construction Co., Skokie, Ill., uses its new 100-seat Tech Center for regular foremen meetings in which the latest ergonomics/safety issues are discussed as a formal safety program that focuses on reducing any type of personal injury. Each supervisor must complete an Accident Investigation Reporting form when a mishap occurs. The report, which includes a "Guide for Corrective Action" section that must be filled out, is then filed with the director of field operations. This information is later shared with all employees as part of the accident prevention program.
Ergonomic Technologies Corp. (ETC), Oyster Bay, N.Y., is one of the largest ergonomics consulting companies in the United States. The company assesses and redesigns products, tools, and workplaces. ETC's clients include Chrysler, toolmaker Ingersoll-Rand, paper-manufacturer Westvaco, Long Island Lighting Co. (LILCO), Rochester Gas and Electric, and Florida Power & Light.
"Ten years ago, I had to spell the word ergonomics to people," said Cindy Roth, ETC president and senior partner. "Once confined to academia, ergonomics has come to be seen by many companies as a valuable tool for increasing productivity as well as for reducing on-the-job injuries." If you can allow employees to be more comfortable, you can get tremendous productivity as well as quality from them, Roth said.
For LILCO, the consultant redesigned a plunger bar, a tool used for probing gas leaks that normally put stress on the wrist and shoulder. They alleviated this stress by redesigning the tool with shock absorbers. The firm has also worked on redefining medium voltage cable splicing methods, and it has done evaluation and training procedures for utility linemen to minimize their stress when working on overhead and underground electric utility lines.
The ETC staff (all Certified Professional Ergonomists) preaches five ergonomic risk factors: force, repetition, posture (e.g., how much bending of the wrist or other part of the body is necessary to use a tool), environmental (e.g., noise, heat/temperature, vibration), and personal risk (e.g., size, vitamin deficiency, certain syndromes, pregnant women).
By using an "ergo measure," ETC can study body posture and muscle exertion to better design a product. The firm also sells software designed to help companies manage their own ergonomics program. For example, if a worker has left shoulder pain, management can look at other jobs in a worker's department that has a different mode of activity. Giving that worker an alternate job within the organization means that person can be brought back to work sooner.
Ergonomic assembly line
At Lockheed-Martin's C-130J Hercules transport assembly line in Marietta, Ga., manufacturing techniques hadn't changed for 40 years, during which time more than 2000 C-130 aircraft were produced. The current plant renovation program is designed to turn the manufacturing of one of the company's most popular aircraft into a state-of-the-art, world-class operation.
At the heart of the "lean enterprise initiative" program is the installation of several sophisticated new manufacturing tools designed, built, and installed by the Hyde Group Ltd., Manchester, England. The Atlanta office of McClier Corp., architects, engineers and construction managers, is providing architectural and engineering services and facility requirements.
"The basic manufacturing tools of years ago were designed before ergonomics was a science," said Keith Mawson, McClier vice president of engineering. "Initially, manufacturing involved separate assembly of discrete subsections, which were then moved by crane to a final assembly area. So the new manufacturing advancement program addresses a number of ergonomic and quality issues."
Because portions of the assembly line literally move an airplane through the plant during production, the new floor slab sections accommodate trenches for compressed air, fire control systems and data communication circuits- and a new electric power distribution system. These electric power feeders and branch circuits address the issue of adequate lighting.
The new lighting is supplied by industrial-type 4-ft T12 two-lamp fluorescent fixtures with acrylic plastic lenses mounted on the project tooling (jigs) and work platforms around the aircraft. In addition, wheeled stations with these fluorescent fixtures are rolled inside a fuselage, allowing task lighting to be directed close to interior surfaces where intricate tubes, wires and components are installed. Other ergonomically helpful components include bench seating and "mini-platforms" that raise the floor level sufficiently to make overhead work on the fuselage easier.
An intricate data communications network using both Category-7 twisted-pair copper cable and runs of 18-pair multimode fiber-optic cable forms the backbone of the Manufacturing Assembly Tracking System (MATS), an on-line paperless assembly shop floor control system that, when completed, will have 50 terminals serving 300-plus users. Task status will be maintained "accurate to the minute," and the system will eliminate almost all paper usage and related nonproductive efforts, such as looking for engineering drawings.
"We can determine whether a given procedure puts too much strain on an assembler's elbow or shoulder," said James A. "Micky" Blackwell, president and COO of Lockheed Martin's aeronautic sector. "Then we can adjust the procedure so it's easier and less stressful. That makes for happier workers, better safety, and improved productivity." | <urn:uuid:907a2ed0-561a-4135-ba1d-87ba45731515> | {
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Patients seeking treatment for atrial fibrillation, an irregular heart beat, may benefit from a new technology now available at UC San Diego Medical Center. Gregory Feld, MD, professor of medicine at UC San Diego’s School of Medicine and director of the cardiac electrophysiology program, is utilizing the steady arm of a robotic system to help “short circuit” the abnormal electrical activity in the heart that causes atrial fibrillation.
Gregory Feld, MD, is a nationally recognized expert in the treatment of arrhythmias.
More than 2.2 million Americans suffer from the “quivering” sensation of atrial fibrillation, a common condition in which the upper chambers or “atria” of the heart beat in a rapid, irregular manner, out of sync with the lower chambers. It is most often treated through an ablation process, performed under general anesthesia, which introduces a thin tube, or catheter, through a blood vessel in the leg and up into to the heart. Electrodes on the catheter then record the heart’s electrical signals to locate the abnormality.
“The robotic system aids in the precision of the ablation treatment for atrial fibrillation to within one to two millimeters of accuracy,” said Feld, a nationally recognized expert in the treatment of heart arrhythmias. “Combined with software that creates a three-dimensional map of the heart, this new technology offers greater stability, reduces exposure to x-rays, and shortens the overall procedure time – good news for patients and doctors.”
The system, made by the Hansen Medical, is operated by a three-dimensional joystick, much like a computer game. “The range of motion is greater than with manual technology, allowing me to navigate hard-to-reach cardiac anatomy,” said Feld who has performed these delicate procedures for more than 20 years.
Once the catheter is positioned using the robotic system, Feld transmits radiowaves through the tip of the catheter. The radio waves cauterize select areas of heart tissue, causing the irregular heart beat to stop and return to normal rhythm. Up to 85% percent of arrhythmias can be cured with this procedure, although some patients require more than one procedure to achieve such high cure rates. The system does not use a magnetic field so there are no restrictions with patients who have implanted medical devices.
“Patients with atrial fibrillation may experience heart rates in excess of 200 beats per minute,” said Feld. He added that the likelihood of developing atrial fibrillation greatly increases with age. “Up to five percent of people over age 65 may be diagnosed with atrial fibrillation. By the time you’re 80, there is a ten percent chance you will experience this condition.”
Atrial fibrillation may cause symptoms such as heart palpitations, dizziness, sweating, chest pain, shortness of breath and, rarely, heart failure. In some cases, blood may pool in the heart and form a clot. If dislodged, the clot can travel to the brain causing a stroke.
Feld is a Fellow of the American College of Cardiology, Member of the American Heart Association, Fellow of the Heart Rhythm Society, and is currently Associate Editor of the Journal of the American College of Cardiology.
For patients seeking more information about the electrophysiology program at UC San Diego Medical Center, please call 800-926-UCSD.
# # #
Media Contact: Jackie Carr, 619-543-6163, [email protected] | <urn:uuid:eb9008b3-22ed-4a6f-a188-668ff31bda8a> | {
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Secrets of a Bronze Age Throne Room
Friday, January 03, 2014
CINCINNATI, OHIO—At the famed Palace of Nestor at the Bronze Age site of Pylos in southern Greece, University of Cincinnati archaeologist Emily Catherine Egan has found that ancient artists discovered a new way to impress visitors seeking an audience with the king. The painted plaster floor of the palace's throne room, dating to between 1300 and 1200 B.C., differs from other palatial floors of the era in that it combines depictions of both textiles and stone masonry. According to Egan, the combination of these two materials on the floor not only contradicted reality, but reinforced the king's aura of power. "It depicted something that could not exist in the real world, a floor made of both carpet and stone," said Egan. "As such, the painting would have communicated the immense, and potentially supernatural power of the reigning monarch, who seemingly had the ability to manipulate and transform his physical environment."
Ancient Southwestern footprints, Salem’s witch executions, fermented Mesolithic fish dish, Siberian mammoth hunt, and a seven-foot-tall Aussie bird
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Lord of the Flies study guide contains a biography of William Golding, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis.
In Lord of the Flies, one of the effects of the boys' descent into savagery is their increasing inability to recognize each other's humanity. Throughout the novel, Golding uses imagery to imply that the boys are no longer able to distinguish between themselves and the pigs they are hunting and killing for food and sport. In Chapter Four, after the first successful pig hunt, the hunters re-enact the hunt in a ritual dance, using as a stand-in for the doomed pig. This episode is only a dramatization, but as the boys' collective impulse towards complete savagery grows stronger, the parallels between human and animal intensify. In Chapter Seven, as several of the boys are hunting the beast, they repeat the ritual with Robert as a stand-in for the pig; this time, however, they get consumed by a kind of "frenzy" and come close to actually killing him. In the same scene, Jack jokes that if they do not kill a pig next time, they can kill a littlun in its place. The repeated substitution of boy for pig in the childrens' ritual games, and in their conversation, calls attention to the consequences of their self-gratifying behavior: concerned only with their own base desires, the boys have become unable to see each other as anything more than objects subject to their individual wills. The more pigs the boys kill, the easier it becomes for them to harm and kill each other. Mistreating the pigs facilitates this process of dehumanization.
Character analysis essay on piggy from lord of the flies - N
At the end of Lord of the Flies, Ralph weeps "for the end of innocence," a lament that retroactively makes explicit one of the novel's major concerns, namely, the loss of innocence. When the boys are first deserted on the island, they behave like children, alternating between enjoying their freedom and expressing profound homesickness and fear. By the end of the novel, however, they mirror the warlike behavior of the adults of the Home Counties: they attack, torture, and even murder one another without hesitation or regret. The loss of the boys' innocence on the island runs parallel to, and informs their descent into savagery, and it recalls the Bible's narrative of the Fall of Man from paradise.
Home - Notts Youth Football League
Throughout Goldings time in the military he accomplished many things, but he also witnessed plenty of horrors that almost definitely influenced him in the writing of Lord of the Flies.
Free English School Essays - The Essay Organization
In Lord of the Flies, William Golding looks at how D-day and the U-Boat Peril triggered a sense of fear, which prompted the leaders of both sides to take drastic measures, and he implements these concepts into his book....
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The ambiguous and deeply ironic conclusion of Lord of the Flies, however, calls into question society's role in shaping human evil. The naval officer, who repeats Jack's rhetoric of nationalism and militarism, is engaged in a bloody war that is responsible for the boys' aircraft crash on the island and that is mirrored by the civil war among the survivors. In this sense, much of the evil on the island is a result not of the boys' distance from society, but of their internalization of the norms and ideals of that society-norms and ideals that justify and even thrive on war. Are the boys corrupted by the internal pressures of an essentially violent human nature, or have they been corrupted by the environment of war they were raised in? Lord of the Flies offers no clear solution to this question, provoking readers to contemplate the complex relationships among society, morality, and human nature. | <urn:uuid:25ca2f1b-84a8-456a-acd9-1e9b6d5f715c> | {
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Regarded by botanists as the world's tallest herbs, bananas (Musa spp.) may be colloquially referred to as trees, but lack bark and cambium. The large leaves and edible fruits evoke a sense of the tropics, but many varieties of bananas survive in warm temperate regions with winter temperatures that drop below freezing. Frost kills fruits, foliage and stems, but as long as the fleshy rhizome roots in the soil do not freeze, the banana plant will rejuvenate in spring. Uncut banana plant tissues shield the roots from harmful cold.
Banana Plant Basics
Banana plants only elongate and produce leaves from their growing tips at the ends of stalks. Cutting off or damaging the tip, including by winter cold, effectively ends the further growth of that stalk. Unhealthy yellowing or brown dead leaves may be pruned away to tidy the look of the banana. In regions where winter frosts don't occur, a banana plant remains evergreen but slows or temporarily halts growth. Subfreezing temperatures in winter initially kill all the leaves, and progressively kills the stalk or trunk tissues as temperatures sink further below freezing.
Pruning in Winter
The decision to cut down banana plants in winter depends on your aesthetic and the extent of winter cold expected in your region. If plants remain green, withhold harsh pruning until spring when warmer temperatures lead to faster regrowth. If only a frost occurs, the foliage burns, so only trim off rotting or unsightly leaves as needed. In regions where temperatures drop into the 10 to 25 degrees Fahrenheit range, all above-ground banana plant parts die, but the roots survive. Keep the dead trunk tissues intact to help buffer and insulate the roots and dormant buds from further exposure to cold the rest of winter.
In U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 7 through 9, where varying subfreezing temperatures kill back banana plants, do not fully cut back plants during the winter months. If the site of dead banana leaves, or slender barren stalks is too ugly, cut back cold-killed banana plant stalk to a height around 36 inches. The more stalk that remains, the more tissue that takes the brunt of drying winds and cold the rest of winter. The remaining above-ground tissues insulate the rhizomes, thereby shielding further plant harm. A 12- to 24-inch mulch around and over the plant base also gives protection from severe, harmful cold.
Ideal Pruning Time
Wherever banana plants grow and remain as perennials, withhold cutting back banana plants until spring. As air and soil temperatures warm, growth buds from the rhizome roots emerge and grow, as do the growing tips on healthy stalk tips in the banana plant cluster. Cut back unsightly or dead stalks after the threat of frost passes. In USDA zone 9, conduct the pruning maintenance in early to mid March. In zone 8, prune by mid April and in zone 7 by late April. The added sunlight exposure after pruning coaxes the banana plant to send up new shoots that much more quickly. | <urn:uuid:4fbc6803-3941-4c12-a38c-27da1ec88c2b> | {
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From four carbons on up, there are different ways that the atoms in these compounds can
be arranged. These are the isomers that were mentioned earlier.
Let's focus on the nature of these structural isomers before looking at how they are
named. Just knowing the number of carbon atoms in a particular compound does not
necessarily tell you what the structure is.
|The carbon atoms in a compound can sometimes form a single continuous
chain of carbon atoms, and sometimes they form a branched chain. That can also be
represented using these skeletal structures.
|C - C - C - C
|C - C - C
|If we add the ten hydrogens needed to fill out the bonding,
we get the molecular formula C4H10 that goes with the name butane.
However, each of these compounds has some properties that are different from the other.
These compounds have different properties because they have different structures. That is
why they are called structural isomers.
Isomers, you should remember, are different compounds with the same
molecular formula. Because these are different compounds, they have to have
Isomers should not be confused with the rotational shapes of molecules. The rotation of
single bonds is very important in the providing alkane molecules with a wide variety of
|Here we have space-filling models of n-hexane. By rotating the
bonds you can see that it can have a variety of shapes.
|The same can be seen using these ball and stick models.
shapes do not constitute different compounds. To get a different compound the bonding
pattern of the atoms would have to change.
One way to create different names for different compounds is to use prefixes.
|In order to distinguish between these two different kinds of butane, the
one which is strung out as a straight chain of carbons can be called normal-butane.
Normal- can be abbreviated by using an n-. This compound
can be called normal-butane or n-butane. The other one
which has a branched chain can be called isobutane.
|C - C - C - C
|C - C - C
The use of prefixes to identify isomers has serious limitations. Let me show you why.
|Let's go back to this list and add the number of isomers possible for each
of these. We just looked at the two structural isomers of butane. There
are three structural isomers for pentane. There are five
possible structural isomers for hexane. There are nine structural isomers
for heptane. As you increase the number of carbons which are being used in a compound, you
continue to increase the number of structural isomers that can exist.
I think you can see that the idea of introducing a new prefix to go in front of the
name of the alkane to identify each different isomer could get to be quite a chore.
Consequently, this method was dropped except for simple cases (such as the butanes and
pentanes), and another way of naming these isomers was developed.
The IUPAC approach is described in the next section.
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Clackamas Community College
©2001, 2003 Clackamas Community College, Hal Bender | <urn:uuid:616844d8-a842-47bf-8397-ab2a61171f4c> | {
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James Whale 1896-1957
English filmmaker and stage director.
Whale is best known as the director of several classic horror films released by Universal in the 1930s. These films, including Frankenstein and The Invisible Man, have been widely praised for their inventive adaptation of classic literary works to the relatively new artistic medium of film. Frankenstein and its sequel Bride of Frankenstein are considered quintessential horror films of the early sound era, breaking ground both technically and thematically.
Whale was born in Dudley, England, to working-class parents. He had taken art classes in his youth and was working as a cartoonist when he joined the British army at the outbreak of World War I. Captured by the Germans, Whale became involved with amateur theatrical productions put on by his fellow prisoners in the POW camp. After the war he joined a number of British repertory companies, serving backstage as a scenery designer and stage manager and onstage as an actor. It was his staging of the play Journey's End by R. C. Sheriff, a hit first in London, then New York, which led to Whale's Hollywood career. Adapting Journey's End to film in 1930, Whale scored a success with his well-received directorial debut and was offered other projects by the studio, most notably Frankenstein. Whale resisted making a sequel to Frankenstein until 1935, when he was assured of complete control over all aspects of the film's production. The resulting Bride of Frankenstein left both audiences and studio executives unimpressed. While he continued to make more films after Bride, including successes like Showboat, Whale never directed another horror feature. With the exception of the long-shelved Hello Out There, made in 1949, Whale walked away from the movie business in 1941 to concentrate on painting and set design. After a decade of directing feature films, he had been able to retire comfortably, having made strong investments in the real estate market. Mystery surrounded Whale's death in 1957, when he was found drowned in his swimming pool. Rumors circulated suggesting that Whale, who was a homosexual, was murdered by one of his companions. However, biographers have pointed out that Whale had been recovering from a minor stroke at the time of his death and may have simply fallen.
Casting a virtually unknown actor named Boris Karloff as the monster, Whale approached the story of Frankenstein with an artist's eye for the visual. Through the use of low camera angles, dramatic lighting, and macabre sets, he achieved an effectively creepy atmosphere. The commercial success of Frankenstein soon established Whale as Universal's top horror director during the early 1930s, despite the filmmaker's reluctance to be pigeon-holed within a single genre. Among his other films from this period are The Old Dark House and The Invisible Man, the latter of which amazed audiences with its innovative special effects. In Bride of Frankenstein, which is generally considered superior to the original film, the director indulged his subversive sense of humor by introducing eccentric characters and bizarre subplots.
Critics who first viewed Whale's horror films during the 1930s were divided over the director's talent. Some viewed the acting method he summoned from his performers as too stagy and not fluid enough for sound film. Since his death, Whale's stature as a filmmaker has grown considerably. Film scholars have praised his ability to balance literary themes with cinematic and theatrical techniques. His version of Frankenstein's monster, portrayed with equal measures of gruesomeness and pathos by Boris Karloff, has become an instantly recognizable icon in American popular culture. | <urn:uuid:234bc681-3678-4f8f-899d-6f872a8df46d> | {
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The New York Times is reporting that the Pentagon will announce that the aircraft carrier USS Ronald Reagan and crew passed through a cloud of radiation that came from the explosions at the Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan.
Crew members that were on the deck of the aircraft carrier at the time they passed through the radioactive cloud were estimated to have received an entire month’s worth of radiation exposure in the span of one hour. The exposure levels of other crew members not on deck is not known, but it is suspected that they were exposed to elevated levels of radiation as well. While crew members were exposed to elevated radiation levels, they have not experienced any negative effects, according to reports.
The aircraft carrier USS Ronald Reagan is the command ship of USS Ronald Reagan Carrier Strike Group (Carrier Strike Group 7), which has a complement of other ships travelling with it: the cruiser USS Chancellorsville (CG-62), the destroyer USS Preble (DDG-88), and combat support ship USNS Bridge (T-AOE-10). It is not clear as to whether these ships also passed through the same radiation cloud, or if they crew members of these ships experienced radiation exposure as well.
Also, Pentagon officials stated that US helicopters flying rescue missions 60 miles north of the Fukushima nuclear plant got covered with radioactive particles on the outside of the craft, which had to removed by washing it off.
Prevailing winds in the area are blowing eastward across the Pacific Ocean, and it is possible that radiation could reach Wake Island or Midway Island by week’s end, the halfway point between Japan and Hawaii. While it is unclear if this radiation will reach the United States, it is still a possibility, especially if the Fukushima nuclear reactor experiences a full nuclear meltdown.
More information is available at the New York Times article. | <urn:uuid:1d2c521e-f6f3-4a51-b819-2cf4471378e6> | {
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The word mortar comes from the Latin mortarium which was a basin in which the Romans mixed lime with sand and water. The mixture itself became known as mortar.
Today we do not use so much lime in our mortar mixes as cement has been introduced. Cement causes a chemical reaction with moisture which allows the mortar mix to go harder more quickly which suits the speed at which we put up building and walls today. The downside of this is that the quicker something dries out, the more brittle it becomes. Cement is also impervious to water to a degree. This is a good thing as it should stop damp penetrating the walls of your house, or the surfaces of your paths etc. However, as cement dries out so quickly it sometimes cracks the mortar it is in and this allows water ingress. When water gets into a crack it soon spreads round a wall or floor but because the rest of the cement is not cracked, it cannot get out again through natural evaporation.
Lime however, allows surface to breathe as it dries out very slowly and remains very flexible.
In the following pages we will show you how to lay bricks, how to point and repoing brickwork and blockwork and how o match the colour of your mortar by varying the quantity of sand used, with the cement and sometimes with a cement dye which is easily added. We also show you the correct amounts of each material to use when mixing mortar for each job you are likely to do. There is a different mix required when you are pointing a chimney stack to the one used when you are building foundation walls. | <urn:uuid:97c8ddb7-b563-4218-a147-cd51125d984e> | {
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Relationships are the context in which the work gets done. This statement is true not only in human service settings, but in almost every human endeavor concerned with production, achievement, or service. When people feel safe – physically, emotionally, and psychologically in the context of these relationships, they are freed up to commit themselves to other people in teamwork, and then to the task.
One question we often ask in our training is this: What would it feel like to you if you knew, without a shadow of a doubt, that your co-workers, your supervisors, the people you supervised, the people who are paid to work with you – what would it feel like to know that in all these relationships you would always, ALWAYS, be treated with dignity and respect? What would that feel like? Most people say that it would be heavenly, or perfect, or awesome.
Our commitment is to always treat people with dignity and respect. These words are in the mission statement and/or policies and procedures of most human service organizations. “The manner by which we treat people in our personal and occupational lives reflects or denies the truth of our commitment to human dignity and respect for individual worth.” quote from Dr. Haim Ginott (1956) What we do in our day to day relationships is more important than what we say we will do!
The Canadian Policy Research Network (CPRN, 2002) found that there were four key elements needed to build healthy workplace relationships. The first, is influence through a history of interactions where all people were treated with dignity and respect at all times. This creates environments where workplace violence is eliminated, through the building of healthy relationships where dignity and respect are experienced on a daily basis, and people feel psychologically and emotionally safe.
“Relationship is the single most important therapeutic modality for ameliorating threats of violence, emotional crises, and the need for restraint. Too much emphasis is placed on becoming skilful in the use of restraint. Much more emphasis should be placed on becoming skilful in the development of caring, respectful, empathic relationships during time of stress and conflict. Almost all “emergency” situations in which restraint is used can be better resolved by a non-coercive, caring intervention from a person willing and able to spend time with the upset or angry individual with the aim of peaceful conflict resolution (emphasis added).” Dr. Peter Breggin, Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care Organizations, April 25, 1999
We appreciate his statement, as it reinforces a belief we have held for over 30 years. We are continually upgrading our programs so we can better teach people how to become skilled in relating to people during times of stress in ways that treat them with dignity and respect so we can better support them as people, not just focusing on their behavior. When we treat people with dignity and respect, we put into practice the definition of Positive Behavior Support from Northern Arizona University, which emphasizes that “involves a commitment to continually search for new ways to minimize coercion”.
“Remember, one of the most important goals you can strive for in your job, home, or community is to develop a relationship with people, meet their needs, and treat them with dignity and respect, as well as helping them keep their own dignity and respect for themselves.” David H. Mandt, Sr., 1975
Moving from a value of dignity and respect that may only be visible on paper, to a culture where this value is visible and tangible in behavior throughout your company is what we want to help you to accomplish. One of the keys to this movement is teamwork, which is nothing more than “relationships in action” as defined by The Mandt System®. When a culture of dignity and respect has been built, the results can be seen in the below statement:
First I want to say “thanks” for your guidance and expertise during our Mandt training last week. Combining new trainers with recertified trainers was such a nice touch.
I wanted to follow up on something that was mentioned during this training: I have been a Mandt trainer for more than ten years now and I have always thought that a reduction in the need for restraints is one of the most important things to focus on at our mental health agency. I know that this is an important goal for Mandt, as well, as it is something that we discuss at every Mandt training. About the time I became a Mandt trainer my agency opened a new “Children’s” building staffed by new, young employees. Unfortunately, restraints were not uncommon and training in this area was badly needed. A few weeks ago, because of State budget constraints, we had to close that building but I wanted to tell you that we were able to reduce the number of restraints by, at least, 95% in our childrens’ programs. This reduction in restraints had nothing to do with the children coming to that building and everything to do with the teamwork and training that the staff enjoyed while that program operated. Many of those staff members have now transitioned over to our Adult programs in other buildings and they bring with them a sense of “team” that, I’m sure, will contribute greatly to their new environments.
Bob, I am convinced that the Mandt system played a major role in how the staff thought, felt and behaved. I want to thank you and the rest of your Mandt team for sharing so much wisdom over the past years and I wish you all the very best. If all providers could just study and practice Chapters one, two and three from your manual we might, one day, see a restraint-free country! Can you imagine what might happen if everyone studied, and used, the entire manual?
Jerald J. Hogan Manager, Community Integration Services Northeast Occupational Exchange www.noemaine.org | <urn:uuid:643e9014-0016-49a1-8ea2-e78096f7306f> | {
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- On March 7, 2019
- In Uncategorized
White chador covering in Varzaneh
So far, there has been a lot of talk about the reason why white chadors have been covered by Varzaneh women which scholars mistakenly think that using White Chador has roots in the hot weather of the region whit out considering historical and social reasons. But the analysis seemed a bit irrelevant. So I decided to investigate the historical roots with a social overview. Historical texts and writings by foreign tourists are taken into account. The white Chador has a vast expansion in Iran and even outside of Iran. (In Iran, the use of white Chadors in Kerman, Rhine, Yazd and Isfahan and outside of Iran was prevalent as well such as Algeria who named white Chador as Hayek as a covering. The number of using White Chador is becoming smaller and smaller, and in Iran, we only see white Chador in Varzaneh in Isfahan. The use of white Chadors has also been customary throughout the history of the Qajar period it seems to me that we cannot see the white Chador in the whole of Iran now because if there was a Chador, it had been the same white Chador. The reason that this phenomenon has only survived in Varzaneh can have natural and social reasons. In the Below, we will see how white Chadors were used in many parts of Iran And ultimately limited to Varzane.Because Varzaneh has undergone a change due to the geographic and social conditions. Varzaneh is located at the border point of Isfahan and Yazd province and it is the last place where Zayandehrood River has reached deadlock there. And whatever comes as the blessings, it has brought to the people, we can see economics that is based on agriculture and animal raising and it is completely self-sufficient and the need for the young migration has not been needed. The lack of communication with the urban communities and the internalization of the society and the weak role of the social role of women have played a very important role. And if someone who affected by the urban communities wanted to wear a black Chador could not do that because she didn’t want to be shown off so she had to use a white Chador. In those times there were no women’s colleges and girls’ schools and the only community of women where they were attending was mosques. In this regard, even now, in other parts of Iran, there is a white Chador or white floral Chador. Therefore, that’s why the use of white Chador was prevalent. With the beginning of the Islamic Republic and the use of black Chador as the top hijab, girls’ schools are formed and women’s social status promoted which calls for a significant proportion of students to use Black chador. Here we see that the Black chador is special to the well-educated women. And it means that the tendency of most female housewives of Varzaneh turned to chador, and here is the beginning of a black and white Chador. Of course, in this case, the lack of making the culture of using White Chador leads to the lack of the use of White Chador. We hope that we will never see such a day.
Chador dates back to the Achaemenid era. A Chador for the first time was portrayed in an artwork in the northwestern Anatolia and now it is in the Istanbul Museum, it introduces a Chador-like cover. Of course, this Chador cover is seen in the form of a beautifully embroidered fabric, hanging from behind the Achaemenid women’s crown. Georgi Zidan writes: If the purpose of the veil is to cover the body and the body, this was common in the pre-Islamic era and even before the advent of Christ’s birth. And the Christianity did not make any difference in the form of the veil, and it was common in Europe until the late Middle Ages. And its effects remain in Europe itself. In the Moein Dictionary, the word Chador is written in this way: “it is a covering that women use on their heads, covering all their organs.” But the Chador as a veil dates back to the Safavid times. Olerianus writes: “Women fully covered their heads and they put on a cloth that falls on their shoulders. And they cover the front, neck and throat and their breasts (legs), and when they wanted to go out they use white Chador and they cover the entire body from head to toe. They hide their faces that nothing could be seen but the pupil.
There are separate four-piece of Chador for Iranian women who used two of them at home and the other two were used out of the house. The first was a scarf-like that is often used to cover up the back. The second one is a three-corner hinged cloak, and the middle of the two skirts binds it under the chin somehow. The third covering is the Chador that covers the entire body from head to toe. The fourth coat is like a napkin that covers the face and closes on the stomach. There were networks to see. “But as narrated in historical narratives, The Chador at that time was in various colors, including purple and blue and only in the months of Muharram and Safar, Iranian women used black Chadors to participate in the mourning of Imam Hussein (AS). Ravandi writes: “Until about 1880 AD (1298 AD), women’s Chadors were colorful and very beautiful. At that time, tourists came to Istanbul and took a photo from Muslim women who stood in cemeteries. This issue and the publication of a novel by Piere Looti named Azaleh Khanum, the story of the connection of a peasant with a wife of a Muslim Afandi, caused dissatisfaction with Sultan Abdul Hameed Khan and said that women should wear black t-shirt from now on, This tradition spread to other people including Tabriz And later in the Atatürk era. And then he got to Tehran. “But at the same time, black Chador was not popular. Iran is made up of different tribes and each has its own cover. They never accepted Chador as cover. The study about the coverage of Iranian ethnicities shows that Chador was more popular in the tribes and cities that were close to the sovereign. Kurds, Lars, Turkmen, Shomali… and none of them had Chador as cover in their garments. Even in the south of the country and in Khuzestan, which was Chador, there was no Chador in the cities of the center.
Dr. Derakhshandeh Sadeghi in a study titled Hijab and Women noted that “the women of the working classes in the Muslim countries that had the basis of agricultural economics did not wear Chadors in fields and pastures. At the time of King Safi, Ularias wrote: Women do not show their faces when they leave the house. They also throw a white Chador covering the entire body up to the ankle. And just in front of the face, there is a small gap. And perhaps the beautiful faces may dressed up with delicate dresses and ugly faces may dressed up with glamorous dresses and all were hidden under these Chadors. And man cannot figure out what looks like under a Chador. Sykes writes about the Rhine in the Qajar period: (The next day we went to the Rhine with many gardens and Rhine is located on a flat plain.Women in this area like Kermanian women wear white Chador and in Yazd white Chador is dedicated to Jewish women). During his Timurist journey, Claviche writes in his travel book: “Town women are usually covered, and it’s just that they have a white Chador, and the black mask makes them like the moon under the cloud.” Potty Katef during Shah Abbas Safavi (Book with Travelers by Mahmoud Hakimi, page 86) Women outside their homes are clothed with a thin fabric (white cotton fabric, but more delicate) that their faces was covered. They are wearing socks. But some women wear velvet leg stockings In the era of Shah Abbas Safavi, Peetro Delawala writes in his article “Sha’a’eddin Shafa” (page 121), “Women when they go out they Cover their bodies and faces as women do in Syria, women cover themselves with a white cloth and ride on horseback.’ | <urn:uuid:464435ce-9c5b-4e8d-8dfd-0801a5ea36ef> | {
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Sugars combine with proteins to help our cells communicate
BY rebecca palmer
Most people associate sugar with either quick, delicious energy or harmful weight gain, but one Bountiful mom is spreading the word that many important sugars, also known as glycans, are major players in cellular communication in our bodies.
Tina Peterson started her career in California as a computer programmer, but after studying at Brigham Young University in Provo, she became more interested in near eastern studies and studied topics including child development and geriatric therapy. When she became a mom, her interest in nutrition led her to learn about the relatively new field of glycobiology.
According to the National Institutes of Health, glycans are a class of fundamental macromolecules that comprise living systems, similar to nucleic acids, proteins and lipids. However, relatively little attention has been paid to glycoscience and glycomics, so the National Research Council of the Academy of Sciences created a committee to learn more. That committee found that a better understanding of glycoscience could help in early detection of cancer, help protect against infectious diseases, improve understanding of the immune system and much more.
“Glycans are directly involved in the pathophysiology of every major disease,” reads a 2012 paper about the committee.
Peterson and her colleagues were thrilled to report that the National Institutes of Health committee recommended that glycoscience be integrated into high school and college curriculums within five years and included in standardized testing in 10.
She also has a monetary interest in the subject. Peterson is part of Mannatech, a Texas-based multi-level marketing business that sells nutritional supplements that purportedly provide eight vital glycans to the body.
Glycans come into play when cells combine them with protein to create glycoproteins, which form a hair-like antennae structure around cells. The cells use these structures, along with information from DNA, to communicate things such as fuel needs, immune response and much, much more.
The science has already been used for anti-doping testing in athletes to distinguish naturally occurring glycan molecules from commercially produced ones.
Peterson has taught many classes about glycobiology and believes that our modern diets prevent us from getting all the sugars we need for optimum cell communication.
“It is so profoundly pertinent to human health that if people don’t know about it, they’re bound to suffer the consequences,” Peterson said.
A booth she sponsored at the recent Health & Wellness Fair showed illustrations of glycoprotein structures surrounding cells alongside images of fresh fruit and vegetables. Signs said that it would take several times as much fruit today to get the same nutrients as food from fifty years ago. That is because produce is often harvested long before it ripens, so even if fruits have time to create glycans, they disappear by the time the food is on your table, Peterson said.
While the scientific underpinning of these “glyconutrients” is widely accepted by academics and doctors, Nobel Prize Laureates have asked that the their research not be referred to unfairly in nutrition marketing programs.
Furthermore, researchers from the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and Sanford Children’s Health Research Center published a scathing report about Mannatech and other neutraceutical companies in June of 2008, saying that “except for rare patients with certain types of congenital disorders of glycosylation, the inference that humans can benefit clinically from ingesting these monosaccharides is unsupported by controlled clinical trials.”
Multiple scientific studies performed later using grant money from Mannatech found positive benefits from use of its primary product, Advanced Ambrotose. Many of these have been catalogued in reputable databases of scholarly work.
Regardless of whether we get all the glycans we need from our modern diets, Peterson said she doesn’t want anyone to get the idea that fresh fruits and vegetables aren’t important.
“We still need to be eating them,” she said, pointing to a bowl of fresh spinach. | <urn:uuid:e3a3f2a4-46f3-4a13-8cce-e80d127ff17c> | {
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Songfacts®: You can leave comments about the song at the bottom of the page.
The words to "Hark! The Herald Angels Sing" were written by Charles Wesley, the brother of the founder of Methodism John Wesley. He was inspired by the sounds of London church bells while walking to church on Christmas Day. The poem first appeared in Hymns and Sacred Poems in 1739 with the opening line of "Hark, how the welkin (heaven) rings." Wesley's evangelist colleague, George Whitefield, altered it to the familiar opening line over the protests of the author in 1753. Then in 1760 the Reverend Martin Madan substituted lines 7 and 8, to what we know today. The tune was originally composed by Felix Mendelssohn in 1840 for the second chorus "Gott ist Licht" ("God is Light"), of the cantata Festgesang ("Festival Song"). Festgesang was written by the German composer to commemorate Johann Gutenberg and the invention of printing. Mendelssohn died in 1847 and in 1855 Dr. William Cummings, who was an enthusiast of the German composer, put the words and music together in spite of the fact that Mendelssohn had made it clear that his music was not be used for sacred purposes. Additionally, Wesley had envisaged his words being sung to the same tune as his Easter hymn, "Christ the Lord is Risen Today." However it is Mendelssohn's tune that is generally used today.
Charles Wesley was a prolific hymn writer, penning over 6000 hymns, more than any other male writer. (Fanny Crosby wrote 8000). Wesley had the ability of expressing sublime truth in simple ways, his motivation in writing his hymns being to teach the poor and illiterate good doctrine. His brother, John Wesley, said that Charles' hymnal was the best theological book in existence. It is said Methodism was born in song and Charles was the chief songwriter. Among the hymns Charles Wesley wrote were, "O For A Thousand Tongues", "Love Divine All Loves Excelling" and "Jesus, Lover of my Soul."
Sebu Simonian of Capital Cities
The "Safe and Sound" duo started out writing jingles. Sebu takes us through some tracks on their debut album and explains the upside to working on music for commercials.
Kerry Livgren of Kansas
In this talk from the '80s, the Kansas frontman talks turning to God and writing "Dust In The Wind."
Neal Smith - "I'm Eighteen"
With the band in danger of being dropped from their label, Alice Cooper drummer Neal Smith co-wrote the song that started their trek from horror show curiosity to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. | <urn:uuid:028ffece-9ff9-40ef-b491-a196779e0f13> | {
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Where did you go?
We went to the Biodome in Montreal.
What is that?
The Biodome is a unique nature museum that recreates four different ecosystems - tropical rainforest, Laurentian maple forest, Gulf of St. Lawrence and sub-polar - under one roof.
What do you mean by recreate?
When you enter each distinct ecosystem, it looks and feels as if you are actually there, right down to the temperature, the foliage and the animals that live in the region.
Animals! Is it a museum or a zoo?
It's both - and more. Since you see the thousands of animals that live in the Biodome in their natural habitats, you could call it a zoo, but it is also an aquarium and a botanical garden.
This is all inside one building?
Amazing, isn't it? The Biodome is the only place in the world that brings four ecosystems, each with widely different climates, together under one roof. It is also the only place of its kind to reproduce the cycle of the seasons indoors.
Tell me about these ecosystems.
As you walk through the door into the tropical rainforest, you are instantly transported to another world. It's about 26 degrees in here with 70 per cent humidity. Lush foliage surrounds you. An alligator sits very still in the stream below. Monkeys and hundreds of birds play in the tall trees and all kinds of little creatures are scurrying by below. A yellow anaconda is curled up behind glass, a stingray swims by in an aquarium and bats are in flight.
Did you say flying bats?
Fortunately, the dark and creepy bat cave is behind glass. The day/ night cycle inside the habitat is reversed, so the bats are active during the day when visitors can see them.
What do you see in the Laurentian maple forest?
This ecosystem will be familiar because it's just like your backyard or your cottage. Temperature and lighting are adjusted for each season, so the leaves of the birch and maple trees change colours in the fall, plants go dormant in the winter and bud again in the spring.
What animals live in the Laurentian forest?
Robins, orioles, yellowthroats fly around overhead. A beaver dam sits on a stream while its occupants lounge on the shore along with porcupines and otters. Ducks, trout, bass and whitefish swim by in an enormous aquarium. Two lynx, perfectly camouflaged against a hill of boulders, go for a stroll to the delight of onlookers.
What is the Gulf of St. Lawrence ecosystem like?
This area offers a view of life both on land and under the water. A giant underwater observatory provides a glimpse of hundreds of fish that live in the cold salt water, including cod, striped bass, halibut and salmon. Above the water, ducks leisurely float by and seabirds nest along the craggy shoreline.
Are there penguins in the subpolar ecosystem?
You bet! The 60 penguins that live in the recreated sub-Antarctic region are undoubtedly the superstars of the Biodome. Fascinated crowds of children and adults cram in front of the glass enclosure to watch them waddle around with wings outstretched, flop into the frigid water or hop up the snow-covered rocky paths. Microphones mounted inside their living space allow observers to hear their quack-like conversations.
Do all penguins look the same?
The penguins vary in size and distinguishing features. King penguins are the largest and stateliest. Marconi penguins have a tuft of bright yellow feathers protruding from behind their eyes. The long yellow and black feathers sticking out from the top of the Rockhopper penguins' heads make them look like mad scientists.
Where is the Biodome?
The Biodome is in the east end of Montreal inside the velodrome (cycling stadium) built for the 1976 Summer Olympics. The address is 4777 avenue Pierre-De Coubertin.
How do I get there?
Drive Highway 40 through Montreal and take Exit 76, Boulevard Viau. Follow Rue Viau to the Biodome. The closet Metro station is Viau.
Is there parking?
Outdoor parking is $10 a day. Underground parking is $13.
When is it open?
Regular hours are 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. (Summer hours are 9 a.m. to 6 p.m.) The museum is closed Mondays from September to February.
How much does it cost?
Admission is $16.50 for adults; $12.50 for seniors and students older than 18; $8.25 for children 5 to 17, and $2.50 for children 2 to 4.
Anything else I should know?
Also located on the grounds of the former Olympic Park is the Insectarium and Botanical Garden. Special admission packages are available for a combined visit.
Where can I get more information?
See biodome.qc.ca or call 1-514-868-3000.
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Electromagnetic radiation, the larger family of wave-like phenomena to which visible light belongs (also known as radiant energy), is the primary vehicle transporting energy through the vast reaches of the universe. This interactive tutorial explores the classical representation of an electromagnetic wave as a sine function, and enables the visitor to vary amplitude and wavelength to demonstrate how this function appears in three dimensions.
The tutorial initializes with a sine function simulating electromagnetic wave propagation traversing from left to right across the window. The oscillating electric field vectors of the virtual electromagnetic wave are represented by blue lines, while the magnetic field vectors are depicted in red. In order to operate the tutorial, use the mouse cursor to drag the wave back and forth in the window to observe how it appears from different angles. The Filled slider can be employed to vary the density of vector lines appearing within the sine function, and the Amplitude slider increases or decreases vector amplitude. Placing a checkmark in the Show Wave Color check box changes to the wave simulate the color matching the current Wavelength slider value. This slider can be utilized to alter the wavelength of the virtual wave between a range of 300 nanometers (ultraviolet) to 800 nanometers (infrared). As the Wavelength slider is translated, the color corresponding to the current wavelength is acquired by the virtual electromagnetic wave (provided the Show Wave Color check box is active), and the name (red, yellow, green, etc.) also appears above the slider bar.
An electromagnetic wave travels or propagates in a direction that is oriented at right angles to the vibrations of both the electric (E) and magnetic (B) oscillating field vectors, transporting energy from the radiation source to an undetermined final destination. The two oscillating energy fields are mutually perpendicular (illustrated in Figure 1) and vibrate in phase following the mathematical form of a sine wave. Electric and magnetic field vectors are not only perpendicular to each other, but are also perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation. By convention, and to simplify illustrations, the vectors representing the electric and magnetic oscillating fields of electromagnetic waves are often omitted, although they are understood to still exist.
Whether taking the form of a signal transmitted to a radio from the broadcast station, heat radiating from a fireplace, the dentist's X-rays producing images of teeth, or the visible and ultraviolet light emanating from the sun, the various categories of electromagnetic radiation all share identical and fundamental wave-like properties. Every category of electromagnetic radiation, including visible light, oscillates in a periodic fashion with peaks and valleys (or troughs), and displays a characteristic amplitude, wavelength, and frequency that together define the direction, energy, and intensity of the radiation.
The classical schematic diagram of an electromagnetic wave presented in Figure 1 illustrates the sinusoidal nature of oscillating electric and magnetic component vectors as they propagate through space. As a matter of convenience, most illustrations depicting electromagnetic radiation purposely omit the magnetic component, instead representing only the electric field vector as a sine wave in a two-dimensional graphical plot having defined x and y coordinates. By convention, the y component of the sine wave indicates the amplitude of the electric (or magnetic field), while the x component represents time, the distance traveled, or the phase relationship with another sine wave.
A standard measure of all electromagnetic radiation is the magnitude of the wavelength (in a vacuum), which is usually stated in units of nanometers (one-thousandth of a micrometer) for the visible light portion of the spectrum. The wavelength is defined as the distance between two successive peaks (or valleys) of the waveform (see Figure 1). The corresponding frequency of the radiated wave, which is the number of sinusoidal cycles (oscillations or complete wavelengths) that pass a given point per second, is proportional to the reciprocal of the wavelength. Thus, longer wavelengths correspond to lower frequency radiation and shorter wavelengths correspond to higher frequency radiation. Frequency is usually expressed in quantities of hertz (Hz) or cycles per second (cps). | <urn:uuid:a7d55739-3c7a-4436-90cd-288cf8dafb03> | {
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I follow statistics on global food trade closely, but was still shocked by some of the findings in the Environmental Working Group’s (EWG’s) assessment of whether, and to what degree, U.S. agriculture “feeds the world” as is so often claimed. A few key findings from this report:
- 86% of all US exports in 2015 went to affluent countries like China, Canada, Japan and the EU where most people aren’t going hungry;
- The world’s undernourished countries mostly feed themselves, the 19 nations with the highest hunger rates import only 25% of their food supply, and less than 1% US ag exports make it to these most needy places in the world;
- The majority of what we send to other countries is animal feed, which makes up 31% of total US agriculture exports, and most of this is going to wealthy countries;
I recall a few years ago when the FAO issued a press release saying that, for the first time in history, the number of obese and overweight people on Earth exceeds the number of malnourished, food insecure people.
In recent years, U.S. exports of animal feeds, animal products, and processed foods have accelerated the trend toward unhealthy diets on a global basis. One could argue that the net impact of U.S. ag exports is actually approaching a negative, given what is exported and how it is changing dietary patterns.
We need to find a way to export more fruits and veggies, edible beans, nuts, and grass-fed dairy products, and less corn, soybeans, and distillers dried grain. Now that would be progress, and a contribution to global food security worth bragging about. In encourage you to check out the new report and the compelling infographic they have posted at the link below.
Source: Anne Weir Schechinger and Craig Cox, “Feeding the World: Think U.S. Agriculture Will End World Hunger? Think Again.,” October 2016, EWG. | <urn:uuid:3d45a3ac-3ee2-4092-80ff-c7d0d33c8c94> | {
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International Primary Curriculum (IPC)
The International Primary Curriculum is at the heart of everything we do at WIPS. The IPC is a thematic-based curriculum organised into units of work.
The IPC learning goals cover subjects that one would expect to find in any academic curriculum: Science, Geography, History, ICT & Computing, Music, Art, Physical Education, Society/Community and Design Technology. Each unit covers a particular topic area, for example, Year 3 students learn through the Active Planet unit. Learners spend several days, or even weeks, studying the scientific aspects of earthquakes and volcanoes, which may be followed by several days learning through the perspective of Geography or History. The subjects are studied in blocks rather than the ‘one-hour-a-week’ method. It may be the case that a particular unit does not cover all curriculum areas, but as a whole, curriculum coverage is balanced throughout the units and mileposts.
The IPC takes a truly global perspective and international learning goals are aimed at providing each child with an international mindset to help them understand and celebrate each other’s differences and similarities. An international element to each unit of work is incorporated within the curriculum. These learning goals, alongside the personal learning goals and core values, promote international-mindedness within the classroom and beyond.
The IPC follows a distinct process of learning which provides a structured approach ensuring learners engage in a stimulating brain-friendly learning experience.
The entry point provides the hook, an engaging experience to get the learners involved.
The knowledge harvest allows learners to reflect on what they already know and what they would like to find out.
When explaining the theme learners get the ‘big picture’ and know what they will be doing in each subject area.
During subject research and record activities the students have the opportunity to build on their knowledge, skills and understanding.
The exit point is an opportunity for students to reflect and celebrate their learning, and to share it with the community.
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Guide Prepared by Michael J. Cummings...©
Wordsworth's "The World Is Too Much With Us" is a lyric poem in the form
of a sonnet. In English, there are two types of sonnets, the Petrarchan
and the Shakespearean, both with fourteen
lines. Wordsworth's poem is a Petrarchan sonnet, developed by the Italian
poet Petrarch (1304-1374), a Roman Catholic priest.
Petrarchan sonnet consists of an eight-line stanza (octave) and a six-line
stanza (sestet). The first stanza presents a theme or problem, and the
second stanza develops the theme or suggests a solution to the problem.
The rhyme scheme of a Petrarchan sonnet is as follows:
stanza (octave): abba, abba
stanza (sestet): cde, cde or another combination such as cdc, cdc.
In the case of Wordsworth's poem, the combination is cd, cd. cd.
Wordsworth is believed to have composed the poem in 1802, when the Industrial
Revolution was in full flower. No doubt the materialism the revolution
engendered was one of the reasons Wordsworth wrote the poem. He published
it in 1807 as part of a collection, Poems in Two Volumes.
is so bent on making and spending money in smoky factories and fast-paced
business enterprises that it ignores the pristine glory of nature, which
is a reflection of the divine. This is a universal theme that remains relevant
in today's world.
tone is angry, modulated with sarcasm and seeming vengefulness. First,
the poet scolds society for devoting all its energies to material enterprises
and pleasures. While pampering their bodies, he says, people are starving
their souls. He next announces sarcastically that he would rather be a
pagan; at least then he could appreciate nature through different eyes
and even see Proteus rising from the seaperhaps to wreak vengeance on
presents the poem in first-person plural in the first eight lines and part
of the ninth, using we, ours, and us. At the end of
the ninth line, he switches to first-person singular, using I. Use
of first-person plural enables Wordsworth to chastise the world without
seeming preachy or sanctimonious, for he is including himself in his reprimand.
wrote most of the lines in the poem in iambic pentameter, in which a line
has five pairs of syllables. Each pair consists of an unstressed syllable
followed by a stressed syllable. Lines 5 and 6 demonstrate this pattern.
veers from this pattern in lines 2 and 3, in which he stresses the first
syllable of each line.
of the Poem
are so preoccupied with our worldly affairsincluding making money and
spending itthat we weaken our ability to perceive what really matters.
We have given our souls away in order to reap a material blessing (sordid
boon). In our quest for material gain, we do not notice the beauty
of the sea or the fury of the winds. Nothing in nature moves us. Well,
I would rather be a pagan brought up in an outdated religion. Then I would
be inclined to stand in a meadow and appreciate nature around me. I could
spot Proteus rising from the sea or listen to Triton blowing his conch
The World Is Too
Much With Us
By William Wordsworth
Text, Summary, and Notes
world is too much with us; late
and spending, we lay waste our powers;
we see in nature that is ours;
have given our hearts away, a sordid boon!2
Sea that bares her bosom to the moon,
winds that will be howling at all hours,
are up-gathered now like sleeping flowers,
this, for everything, we are out of tune;
moves us not.Great God! I'd rather be
pagan suckled in a creed outworn;3
might I, standing on this pleasant lea,
glimpses that would make me less forlorn;
sight of Proteus4
rising from the sea;
hear old Triton5
blow his wreathéd horn.
and soon: Our fixation on materialism has been a problem in the past
and will continue to be a problem in the future.
boon: shameful gain; tarnished blessing. This phrase is an oxymoron,
a form of paradox that juxtaposes contradictory words.
. . . outworn: Brought up in an outdated religion.
In Greek mythology, a sea god who could change shape at will and who possessed
complete knowledge of the past, present, and future.
In Greek mythology, a sea god who had the body of a man and the tail of
a fish. He used a conchthe spiral shell of a molluskas a trumpet.
are examples of figures of speech in the poem.
1: The world
is too much with
2: we lay waste
Line 4: We
given our hearts away
Line 5: bares
Line 6: The
Line 4: We have
given our hearts away
Comparison of hearts
to attention or concern or to enthusiasm or life
Line 10: suckled in a creed
Comparison of creed
to a mother nursing her child
Line 4: sordid boon.
number 2 under Notes.)Personification
Line 5: The Sea
that bares her bosom to the moon
Comparison of the sea
to a woman and of the moon to a person who sees the woman
Lines 6-7: The winds
that will be howling at all hours,
Questions and Writing Topics
are up-gathered now like sleeping flowers
of the winds to flowers
1. Write an essay arguing
that Wordsworth's theme remains highly relevant today. Be generous with
examples of people "getting and spending" while ignoringor even abusingnature.
2. What is a pagan? Read
a short biography of Wordsworth, then decide whether he was serious when
he wrote that he would rather be a pagan.
3. Protean is an
English word derived from the name of the Greek god Proteus (line 13).
In an authoritative dictionary, look up protean if you do.not
know the meaning. Then write a paragraph about a person who has a protean
4. What is the meaning of
in the last line of the poem. Hint: Read the definition of Triton
under Notes, above, then look up the word wreathed
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Trees or shrubs with usually whorled branches. Leaves generally whorled. Inflorescence paniculate or corymbose terminal cymes. Flower salverform. Calyx short, 5 lobed; glands lacking inside. Corolla 5-lobed with cylindric tube, hairy only at the mouth. Stamens 5, included, inserted in the corolla tube, with lanceolate anthers. Disc of various shapes, annular, truncate or lobed. rarely absent. Ovules many in each carpel, multiseriate; style filiform; stigma short or 2 toothed. Follicles 2, cylindrical; seeds many, oblong or linear, usually hairy. | <urn:uuid:cef85bd3-70d2-46eb-b1d7-11756a96e055> | {
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|Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute||Home|
This unit has students compare different approaches to a specific historical period using primary sources on each of the three iconic images selected. The three images are: Dorothea Lange's Migrant Mother, Picasso's Guernica, and William Powell Frith's Derby Day. Students will discuss these works and then determine whether and how they reveal, criticize or report the events that they depict. Artists and historians interpret historical events. I would like my students to understand that this interpretation is a construction.
Students should be able to question the accuracy of artwork and determine how the image is biased and, what message the artist is trying to convey. This unit can be used for a photography course, art history course, U.S. history course or even an English course studying literature of the Great Depression or by Dickens. These images do not have to be used consecutively, nor do they have to build on each other. They can be used individually at different points in the curriculum, if it is set up chronologically.
(Recommended for Art and Art History, grades 9-12) | <urn:uuid:8a77fc2a-76d2-49b1-8c26-3b4571f53930> | {
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Please help me with the following questions:
1. What are the most important concepts you have learned this week?
2. What would you recommend to your management/leadership based on these concepts?
3. How will these concepts impact you personally and professionally?
4. What is the value added from these concepts, or what differences can these concepts make to your organization?
5. Describe important references used this week. List the references in proper APA style.
The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association describes how to prepare printed manuscript and how to cite the work of others.Plagiarism Tutorial provided information and examples on how to correctly cite the work of other to avoid plagiarism.
The other references provided information concerning information literacy.
American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the
American Psychological Association (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: Author.
Bruce, C. (2002, July). Information Literacy as a Catalyst for Educational Change: A
background paper. Retrieved December 15, 2005 from httw://www.nelis.gov/libinter/
Michigan 8th Grade Technology Literacy. (2005), March). Retrieved July 22, 2006 from
Parallels: Marco Polo and "No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (2002, December).
Retrieved July, 18, 2006 from www.marcopolo.wednet.edu/Resources/NCLB
Presidential committee on information literacy: Final report. (1989), January 10).
Retrieved December 15, 2005 from http:www.ala.org/ala/acrl/acr1pubs/
The No Child Left Behind Act Special Report (n.d.) Retrieved July 18, 2006 from
University of Phoenix (2006). Plagiarism Tutorial [Computer Software].
Zabel, D. (2004), January). A reaction to "information literacy and higher education."
Journal of Academic Librarianship, 30(1), 17-21.
By responding to the questions, this solution looks at concepts as they relate to leadership/management, personal and professional development, and the value to the organization. | <urn:uuid:eb329d45-0488-43a4-9a21-5e07456b7275> | {
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by Jason J. Brown - Tuesday, February 14, 2017
Clearly, technology makes lots of things possible. For firearms, advances in electronics and optics have helped shooters move beyond standard iron sight systems into magnifying riflescopes, and further into electronic sighting systems.
Among the most popular options on the market today are “red dot” sights; usually small, electronic sight systems that generate a dot-shaped reticle – often in red – that serves as the designator for where your rounds should land.
However, “red dot” is used as a blanket term to describe a plethora of sight systems that, generally speaking, produce a similar effect – projecting that (often times) red reticle on your target through the field of view. The truth is these different types of sights work differently, using distinct operating systems to achieve the goal of getting the shooter dialed in. Many sights on the market today fit into one of three types: reflex, prismatic and holographic sights.
Reflex, short for reflector, sights use a light-emitting diode, or LED, to project an aiming point – the dot – onto a lens that the shooter looks through. This lens acts like a mirror, which causes the image when looking through the sight to appear slightly darker. Generally, there are two kinds of reflex sights; the first being a tube-shaped sight that resembles a short riflescope, featuring a contained beam, and the other being the small – sometimes tiny – sights with an exposed beam.
Some high-end reflex sights, including some Trijicon and Meprolight models, use tritium for electronic projection. Tritium, a radioactive form of hydrogen, can be mixed with phosphor compounds to emit visible, fluorescent light. Other types use fiber optic system to collect ambient light to “power” the reticle. Important to note that regardless of the way the light is generated, these sights do not use lasers to actually project on to the target.
Reflex technology has been employed in fighter aircraft heads-up displays (HUDs), aircraft and tank gun sights, and even on commercial applications, including surveying equipment, camera viewfinders and optical telescope pointing devices.
Unlike using iron sights, in which the shooter must align their eye, the rear sight, front sight and target perfectly, reflex sights allow users to look through the sight from different positions not directly in line with the sight tube without affecting the point of aim. These types of sights also make it easier for shooters to focus through the sight without compromising peripheral vision, especially helpful for close-quarters tactics and drills.
Same model of Leupold prism sight with reticle illuminated (left) and with illumination turned off (right). (Photo courtesy/YouTube composite)
Prismatic sights are more akin to riflescopes, but feature fewer lenses. Rather than projecting a dot reticle using a LED and a reflective lens, prismatic sights use a prism that flips the image, which otherwise would appear upside-down.
In most prismatic sights, the reticle is etched onto the glass, which can also be illuminated. As a result, prism sights can use more sophisticated reticles, including bullet drop indicators and ranging information. Prismatic sights can offer magnification, providing a larger sight picture than a reflex sight.
One of the downsides to using prismatic sights is the shorter, narrower eye relief compared to a reflex sight. Some firearms have mounting systems that use extra long eye relief, typically considered five inches or longer, which may make using a prism sight difficult if not impossible. Additionally, prismatic scopes with magnification also have parallax issues at longer distances much like magnified riflescopes, though the amount of parallax is negligible to most shooters and can be mitigated with good cheek weld and consistent shooting position.
Optics manufacturer EOTech offers holographic sights, also known as holographic diffraction sights. These sights use a laser-transmitted hologram of a reticle recorded in three-dimensional space onto a holographic film, and are non-magnified. Simply put, holographic sights record the light reflected off on object scene, decode the recording and reconstruct the light field in the sight viewing area.
Using a rectangular window as opposed to the common tube-style sight used in most reflex sights, holographic sights offer excellent field of view while maintaining the user’s ability to move their head around without changing the point of aim. The reticles can be two or three-dimensional, appearing in the distance at the target plane when viewed through the window.Ultimately, finding which option is best for you will be determined by your needs and budget, as options run the gamut from inexpensive red dot reflex sights to high-end, expensive holographic systems. Despite the touted reliability of each of these sight systems, users should consider using a back-up iron sight system in the event the sight’s battery dies or fails, or the system sustains damage during use. | <urn:uuid:f6029e33-f9e2-4800-a714-7e08c361c229> | {
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Guidelines for Writers
Nature of Articles
As with other Bible dictionaries, most articles will be of two major types:
1. Descriptive overviews of biblical books that include the following:
- An introductory paragraph that sets forth the importance and relevance of the book, its significance for Anabaptists in particular, and some indication to what extent the book has been engaged by Anabaptists.
- An overview of critical issues: (a) date, setting and authorship, (b) form and rhetoric.
- A summary of the book’s content, perhaps incorporated with the following.
- Sequentially through the book, a discussion of texts that are particularly significant for Anabaptists. The length of this section will be negotiated between the writer and editors, but typically several hundred words.
- A concluding paragraph that summarizes important points and comments on the role of the book in the Christian canon.
- A list of recommended essays in the BCBC volume (if published).
- Select bibliography.
2. Thematic articles that include the following:
- An introductory paragraph that establishes the importance and relevance of the topic and its possible significance for Anabaptists. (Although we will likely begin the project with articles that have an obvious relevance for Anabaptist thought, we do not expect to limit the project to those.)
- A standard critical treatment of the topic that notes both intrabiblical historical developments and post-biblical developments. (Because this is to be a Bible dictionary, the emphasis should lie more on the intrabiblical developments.)
- Depending on the topic, the article might address (the changing?) distinctive approaches to the topic Anabaptists have taken over the years.
- Select bibliography.
Dictionary articles are intended to relate closely to the published Believers Church Bible Commentary. The various commentary introductions and essays in the BCBC series may serve as a launch pad for the ADB. Authors should consult the BCBC when writing articles; the online ADB will be sprinkled with links to other resources on the web, as well as links to the official BCBC web site maintained by MennoMedia. Writings from the Apocrypha may be included as the project develops, since the Apocrypha figures prominently in early Anabaptist writings.
Anabaptist distinctives should be expressed (1) unapologetically and (2) in a way that reflects respectful dialogue within the theological diversity of the Christian church. Authors should not shrink from articulating a theological vision within the theological space provided by ecumenical dialogue. The ADB should be primarily descriptive, but not exclusively so. Articles should not be narrowly parochial (e.g., U.S.-centric) in perspective.
Article Length and Intended Audience
Because the publishing medium for the ADB is the Internet, we do not face all of the economic constraints of print publishers. However, long articles can also be daunting, off-putting for the average reader. In most cases, we encourage writers to keep articles shorter than those that appear in the Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary (AYBD). In most cases, 3000 to 5000 words should be about right. Writers should employ subheads liberally to help guide the presentation. More specific instructions regarding length may be assigned. The intended audience is broad: educated Christian believers of all traditions in settings across the world. The target reading ability is first-year college or its equivalent. Technical terms should be explained or avoided.
Approach to the Bible
The following characteristic emphases of 16th-century Anabaptist approaches to the Bible is representative of the work of such scholars as John Howard Yoder and Stuart Murray Williams:
- The Two-Fold Word: The Holy Spirit provides an inner word that brings the outer word to life in one’s lived response.
- The Rule of Paul: Claims to special revelation must be tested by the larger body of believers; the Bible is best read and interpreted in the congregation.
- The Rule of Christ: The promise of the Spirit’s blessing is for the purpose of practical discernment for discipleship, not for the apprehension of timeless truth.
- Christocentrism: All revelation—biblical or otherwise—must be understood in light of Christ and in light of following Christ.
- The Priority of the New Testament: Since the new covenant is superior to the now-obsolete old covenant, the New Testament is more authoritative than the Old Testament. The editors of ADB reject this simplistic approach and believe that continuities as well as discontinuities among the texts of Scripture must be explored and respected even as we affirm the fullness of God’s revelation in Christ.
- The Epistemology of Obedience: Obedience is not only the goal of reading the Bible; it is also its prerequisite.
- The Bible as Self-Interpreting: “The Word is plain and needs no interpretation” (Menno Simons), sometimes referred to as the perspicuity of Scripture. This item also has serious flaws because it fails to appreciate the lenses by which readers and the reading community engage the text. In writing for the ADB, authors of articles are asked to eschew modernistic objectivism.
- Biblicism: The 16th century Anabaptists shared with both Catholics and Protestants an approach to the Bible sometimes called “biblicism”: strict adherence to the letter of the Bible. In their own day, this doctrine was not controversial; it was simply accepted. The editors of ADB hold that this item is rightly abandoned by most contemporary Christians out of appreciation for the diversity of perspectives within the Bible and for the social and historical locatedness of the biblical texts.
- Scripture Alone: In contrast to the mother Church, but in keeping with other Protestants, the Anabaptists also held to the principle of sola scriptura: the Bible alone is authoritative for discerning God’s will; tradition and ecclesiastic authorities are subject to the authority of the Bible. The editors of ADB believe this item does not adequately appreciate the inevitable and even positive role that tradition plays in the church and in communities of interpretation.
While the heirs of the Anabaptist tradition have not subscribed to all of these elements, they may still serve as a guide for orienting the ADB project, with the above noted caveats.
We use the Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary, 11th edition, as our standard for spelling. We use the University of Chicago’s Manual of Style, 16th edition, as our authority for style issues. Greek and Hebrew should generally be avoided. When necessary, they should be transliterated (see pp. 17–18 of the BCBC Writers Handbook).
Resources for Authors
In addition to published volumes of the BCBC, the ADB editors encourage authors to be familiar with the following resources concerning Anabaptist approaches to Scripture:
- “Biblical Interpretation in the Life of the Church: A Summary Statement,” adopted by Mennonite General Assembly, June 18-24, 1977, Estes Park, Colorado.
- Climenhaga, Arthur M., “Towards a Brethren in Christ Hermeneutic(s),” Brethren in Christ History and Life 1/1 (June 1978): 18-25.
- Clines, D. J. A., “Biblical Hermeneutics in Theory and Practice,” Christian Brethren Review 31/32 (1982): 65-76.
- The Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online (GAMEO).
- Harder, Lydia Marlene. Obedience, Suspicion and the Gospel of Mark: A Mennonite-Feminist Exploration of Biblical Authority. Studies in Women and Religion, vol. 5. Waterloo, Ont.: Wilfred Laurier University Press, 1998.
- Kraus, C. Norman. Using Scripture in a Global Age: Framing Biblical Issues. Institute of Mennonite Studies Occasional Papers. Telford, Pa.: Cascadia Publishing House, 2006.
- Murray, Stuart. Biblical Interpretation in the Anabaptist Tradition. Kitchener, Ont.: Pandora Press, 2000.
- Snyder, C. Arnold, Gilbert Fast, Galen Peters. Biblical Concordance of the Swiss Brethren, 1540. Kitchener, Ont.: Pandora Press, 2001.
- Swartley, Willard M., ed. Essays on Biblical Interpretation: Anabaptist-Mennonite Perspectives. Text-Reader Series, no. 1. Elkhart, Ind.: Institute of Mennonite Studies, 1984. Out of print.
Invitations to Write
Authors are encouraged to contact one of the editors about the possibility of writing and the availability of specific writing assignments. The editors request a description of the writer including, but not limited to, educational and professional qualifications and experience. In addition, the editors welcome expressions of the writer’s interest in canonical literature and thematic studies. The editors will begin assigning articles for the ADB as soon as possible.
The ADB project does not have sufficient funds to reimburse authors. The author’s full name (not just initials) will appear with the article(s) he or she writes. Attribution may be adjusted if and when later forms of the article differ substantially from a person’s original contribution.
- Dr. Douglas B. Miller is Professor of Biblical and Religious Studies at Tabor College in Hillsboro, Kansas. Email: [email protected]. Phone: 620 947-2439.
- Dr. Loren L. Johns is Professor of New Testament at Anabaptist Mennonite Biblical Seminary in Elkhart, Indiana. Email: [email protected]. Phone: 574 296-6228. | <urn:uuid:6bde09c0-f20e-429e-88e6-c0dc59abe928> | {
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This site has good information about the Aanisnaabeg (Algonkian)
and Ogwehoweh (Iroquoian) languages. Scroll down past the menus and staff listing for the article.
This page will automatically ask you to download a special font player in
order to view this language properly. They have a clever dictionary setup!
Alaska Native Language Center
This language center was established in 1972 by state legislation
as a center for documentation and cultivation of the state's 20 Native languages.
American Indian Language Software Programs
Their vision is "to use computer programming skills to help preserve and teach American Indian language to anyone interested and the young in particular. Once the language is lost; the culture is lost is what we bly believe." "If you are fluent in an American Indian language (or know someone that is) and you would like to be instrumental in preserving and or teaching your native language for the benefit of the young, lets get together to develop a language teaching software program for your native language."
Cahto Alphabet Chart
This chart has *.wav files to demonstrate each alphabet sound.
Site is currently being reorganized and reformatted. [Six Nations Polytechnic had developed audio language lessons.
On this page you could listen to the most commonly used phrases
on your media player.]
Download this Cherokee font and then type Cherokee language email and
documents. This is one of several fonts available on the Net.
Cherokee Script Projects
At this site we have access to the Cherokee syllabary in Sequoyah's own
handwriting, a new aid to learning the script system, and an online dictionary. Your Name in Cherokee
Cherokee (Tsalagi, Tsa-la-gi, Aniyunwiya)
This page is dedicated to the Tsalagi language, also with information and links about Cherokee culture, history, and genealogy. A very long page with lots of information (no graphics).
Cheyenne Language Web
Cheyenne is spoken in southeastern Montana on the Northern Cheyenne reservation
and in central Oklahoma. This site is extensive, with sounds, dictionary, etc.
This is one of many pidgins and "contact languages" which developed with
trade. Some words of this jargon are still used as slang in Seattle.
See also the Tenas Wawa
link. [A long note from the creator/webmaster: (Let me take a moment to put in a word for the "Tenas Wawa" site: I've noticed it receives fewer visitors than my own "Jargon Pages," which have apparently become popular with teachers. I'd like to recommend "Duane's side" of the site, in particular his "Chinook Jargon Notes" and "Talk Boxes," for educational use; they are well-researched and more authoritative than my own recollections, and also feature his clever drawings, which students will find appealing. While I separated the "two halves" of the site when moving them from Geocities a year ago--the "Tenas Wawa" pages exclusively appear with a brown background, and have their own domain name--the two sites remain closely interlinked.)]
Click on the "language tapes" link on this page to purchase tapes. There is no
"Back" or "Home" link provided on their tape page.
The Comanche Language and Cultural Preservation Committee
is succeeding at preserving the "NUMU TEKWAPUHA" and
restoring it as a living language.
This site contains a wealth of information on the Quechua language in general.
Dakota Language Lessons
Learn the Dakota language, starting with sounds, using this interesting method.
Diné College: Navajo
Center for Diné Studies and Navajo Language Program
- Tsaile AZ. All the information here is offered in pdf format.
Elementary English to Anishinaabemowin Translator
An online translator: "This program will allow you to enter a REALLY simple English sentence and get the corresponding sentence in Anishinaabemowin." (Ojibwe/Chippewa)
Endangered Language Fund
Here is an incomplete list of endangered Native languages, and information on
where they may be studied, where recordings may be obtained, etc.
This is an excellent online dictionary. Many words, syllabary, and guide to pronunciation. This one is webmaster's personal favorite.
The Ethnologue lists the number of speakers of various Native languages
as of the 1990 census.
First Ojibwe Language and Culture
A site with excellent links to translation, forums, references and resorces.
This link is to the Hawaiian Language Center at the University of Hawai'i at Hilo.
This University site is not always available, but keep trying, it
really is there!
Links to language word and phrase lists for the Hotcāk peoples (Winnebago).
Hupa Language Page
This page on the Hupa language and resources is by Danny Ammon,
an instructor of the language at D-Q University in 1996.
Inuktitut - The Language
of the Inuit People
Download free Nunacom font for Inuktitut syllabics. This font is FREE to all users. See The Inuktitut Language on the Tununiq Travel and Adventure website for some History; also words and phrases.
Jimm G. Good Tracks compiled the history and bibliography of this language
which is no longer in use.
Language & Social Songs
There is a brief introduction to the Languages and Social Songs of the
Iroquois Confederacy here, and lots of RealAudio files to download.
At this site by the Six Nations at the Grand River Reserve in Ontario you
can hear sound samples and read words in all six languages, plus, browse
Font and Statistic sections.
Koontz' Omaha-Ponca Page
Here is a well written article, with examples, on the Omaha-Ponca language.
Kanienkehaka Language Homepage
"Dedicated to preserving...... Haudenosaunee/ Kanienkehaka language and
culture for the next seven generations unborn." [Iroquois-Mohawk]
Karuk Language Resources
The HVHS Karuk Language Web Site designed by the 1999 Karuk Language Class at Hoopa Valley High School contains picture and audio files of the Karuk words that the class recorded. Happy Camp High School has 6 pages of words and phrases. (Northern California)
Klallam Classified Word List
This site has a well designed, thorough, word list for the Klallam language.
The "Sioux Heritage Lakhota-English Dictionary" online (over 4,000 entries) and
the audio program called "Intro to Lakhota," 17 chapters of text featuring
professional recordings of native Lakhota speakers."
Maps of Languages of the USA
These maps may be used in reports, presentations, displays, and other uses as long as they are not altered.
The "Talking Syllabary," sound files, and a language chart
are available on this site.
"Sorry, Michif Language Lesson are offline while we reorganize them." - Metis Resource Centre
The Michif language of Canada was developed from French-Cree inter-marriage. The Manitoba Metis Federation is in partnership with the Department of Canadian Heritage - Aboriginal Languages initiative and the Metis National Council in a planned three year language project.
Mi'kmaq (Mi'kmawi'simk, Mi'kmaw, Micmac, Mikmaq)
Spoken by 8000+ Indigenous First Nations People in the Canadian Maritimes, particularly Nova Scotia, also spoken in a few US communities.
Nahuatl, How can I learn?
The above question refers to the indigenous Aztec language of Mexico (Nahuatl).
Native American Language Center
Indigenous and minority peoples' views of language, from the University of
California/Davis, are given on this page.
Language Resource Centre
A site of valuable resources, including information on Navajo code talkers
of World War II, and Navajo font to download for both Mac and Windows.
This is a non-profit organization based on the Six Nations at Grand
River. They are dedicated to the perpetuation of the languages,
considered crucial to cultural survival.
Saving and revitalizing this language is working. Scroll down the page for an
online dictionary of over 1200 words, with 400 sound files to help you learn.
To raise awareness about the importance of the Potawatomi Language. Things to do, places to visit.
Quechua Lessons Index
The is an excellent page for beginning lessons in Quecha,
a language of the Andes.
Reversing Language Shift:
"Can Kwak'wala Be Revived?," a paper on an effort to revive a
British Columbian language, with a URL for the entire thesis.
Saanich Word List
Browse through almost 1900 classified words of Saanich.
Schoenhof's Foreign Books
On the right hand side (top) where it says "Language Learning" choose Native
American from the drop down menu and click on GO for a list of Native Language
books. I found 293 titles!
The Society for the Study of the Indigenous
Languages of the Americas.
Dictionary of the Spoken Taino Language
"We the Taino people of today, very proudly still speak our language in our Taino communities." Chief Guanikeyu
This site has a large amount of useful information on stabilizing and
revitalizing Indigenous languages.
Wawa - The Chinook Jargon Voice
An interesting site devoted to preserving and teaching this jargon language,
thereby promoting appreciation for Northwest native culture and the pioneer era.
Tsalagi (Cherokee) Language
This is a fairly extensive Dictionary; also the Cherokee syllabary, and link to pronunciation guide.
and the Native Americans
This author states, "I have found evidence that the Altaic
words 'ata', 'apa' and 'ana' .......... are used in (many) of the languages
spoken" by Native American peoples. This page often takes a while to appear -
think it is the server.
Various Indian Peoples Publishing
This page presents the "Speakers of the Earth®" language series,
with materials on Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Lakota, Mohawk,
Lenape, and others.
Vernacular Language Program
Their aim is to disseminate the oral literature of the every day languages and
dialects of Ecuador. This site is written in both Spanish and English.
Yukon Native Languages
Here is a very good site featuring the seven Athapaskan family languages
and Tlingit, which is distantly related. All eight are spoken in the Yukon.
This link goes to the Hotcāk listing above, the proper name for these People. | <urn:uuid:e81e3e9e-ba46-45cf-91da-75487a3bf650> | {
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Colony Research Group
Genealogy ~ DNA ~ Archaeology
Moseley Map of 1733
turned out, Valentine and William owned property together on Hatteras
Island, as evidenced in this 1734 deed that also mentions John Boyd (Boyd
again?) as the purchaser of their 570 acres of Hatteras property:
Well, they purchased this 570 acres on
Hatteras Island near where Dr, David S, Phelps excavated the
“workshop” where natives and Europeans worked side by side since the
late 1600s. Here, Valentine built a house and first entered the Currituck
County records as an afterthought. As
a merchant, he probably was interested in the products produced there.
That house would later fall into the hands of Job Carr, who
investigated the Thomas Robb Jr.-Elks Indian dispute of 1756 that
initiated the unusual 1759 “William Elks and the Rest of the Hatteras
Indians” land patent that literally began the hunt that I have been on
for the past two years! Wallis’
house was then sold to Hezekiah Farrow and has since been lost beneath the
sands (what I wouldn’t give to dig that house up!).
But at least we know about where to find it now.
And at least we now know about how it got there and, because of the
search, we have learned a great deal about the connections that Pasquotank
Quakers had to Hatteras and through the thinly veiled records of North
Carolina. We are teasing the
facts from these sources and I have no doubt that, one day, we will know
certainty is that
the early commerce of Hatteras Island merchants and mariners, its many
maritime uses for porpoise oil and, ironically, trees (don’t see many
now, do you?), affected its development and especially that of its native
inhabitants. John Gray
Blount’s enterprises from 1785-1820 did more to shape
Hatteras Island today than any other influence.
He had a hand in building the famed Cape Hatteras Lighthouse.
Yet, the Blounts, Wallises, Davises, and other Quaker families have
had a long-time interest in the island and its resources, even since the
late 1600s. Did you know that
Valentine Wallis’ mother (the “Ann Grey” from earlier) is reputed to
be Ann Blount? Wow!
There’s more to come…
by the way, Valentine’s wife was Ann Elliot.
I told you it keeps growing!
Col. Thomas Boyd, the Hatteras Indians, and more Quakers!
County deed records (Book A: 40) tell of an “authentick Bill of Sale”
by a member of the governor’s council, Thomas Boyd and his wife,
Winifred, written on January 20, 1713, for acreage with plantation house
“escheated” or lapsed from Thomas Jones and lying between the lands of
John Ferme/Hume and Anthony Markham for the price of one “Negro boy”
valued at £30. Boyd issued
this bill of sale to Ashby Evans through his attorney, “Eliz. Evans.”
Blank spaces left for the amount of acreage to be filled in were
left unmarked, yet the deed was registered as it was.
That’s because Thomas Boyd, by the time of registration for the
deed, was presumed dead. Anglican
minister Giles Rainsford wrote to John Chamberlaine from “Chowan in
North Carolina” July 25th 1712:
presume you are no stranger to the Indian War which has some time since
begun and continues in the barbarous Massacres of so Many English
Inhabitants Most families of Pamlico hourly feeling the effects of their
Cruelty nor truly can the Govr promise himself one hours safety being
continually alarmed by the Tuskarora Spies in his own Quarters Col1 Boyde
was the other day sent out with a party against the Indians but was
unfortunately shot through the head and few of his men came home but what
shared in his fate and fell sacrifices to the same common misfortune— (NCCR,
reputedly been killed by the enemy Indians (most of them Tuscarora), while
many of his men were captured. Some
of those men were probably Hatteras Indians.
At least, that’s what Rainsford reported.
Rainsford’s report was premature for Thomas Boyd was alive and
well to meet the Hatteras upon their escape and return.
report has been made to this board that ye Hatteress Indyans have lately
made their Escape from ye Enemy Indyans and are now at Coll Boyds house…
is ordered By this Board that the afsd Coll Boyd Doe supply the Said
Indyans wth Corne for their Subsistance untill they can returne to their
owne habitations againe and lay his Accot thereof before ye next Assbly fforasmuch
as there is like to be a great Want of Corne in this Governmt for ye
Supply of our fforces agt ye Indyan Enemy… (NCCR, 2: 129-30)
colonial records confirm Boyd’s “resurrection” and continued
presence at council meetings. Reports
to officials in London from a wilderness province like early North
Carolina were often plagued with mistakes or misreports.
Obviously a skirmish occurred that resulted in the Hatteras’
capture. Somehow, Boyd made it safely home and the Hatteras Indians
found him there. After
collecting their corn, the Hatteras could make their way back to their
home of Hatteras Island, some 80 miles by water.
Settlers in Pasquotank
County had long been familiar with the Hatteras Indians.
While no direct references are extant, men of names like Scarboro,
Quidley, Whidby, Davis, and about a dozen others who once lived in
Pasquotank became permanent residents of Hatteras Island.
Others, like Valentine Wallis and his brother William stayed on
Hatteras long enough to make a little money before they headed for
Carteret County, not far away.
Hatteras Island had been
used by the earliest North Carolinians, as well as mariners from much of
maritime America, since first arriving in the future state.
Many mariners crash-landed upon Hatteras and early Virginians
probably knew about the Indians who lived there.
They may even have spoken with them.
No records remain of such an encounter before Capt. Thomas
Bilton’s accidental visit in 1707, when he spoke to “Virginians,” not
Indians, on shore. Still, we
learned of their European-Indian cooperative business enterprise in 1997-8
when Dr. David S. Phelps, along with student archaeologists from East
Carolina University, excavated a “workshop” upon the Buxton end of the
island. Phelps dated his find
to a range of 1650-1720. This
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Christopher Columbus was tall and shapely, according to the Encyclopaedia Britannica. Although no reference is made to his daily diet, it seems likely that he didn't eat sweets. Not often, anyway. Sometimes, of course, mama may have sent him to the neighborhood pasticceria for chewy macaroons or pandolce, a rich cake studded with raisins and candied fruit peel, but that was only on special occasions - Christmas, Easter or a saint's day.
The admiral was, after all, an Italian: a Genoese, born smack dab in the middle of the 15th century. Even 'way back then, his countrymen were not the biggest and best of dessert eaters. They still aren't. They'd rather have pasta than pastry, anytime, and afterwards? Fruit and cheese.
But . . . never let it be said that Italians are lousy dessert makers. Who do you think taught the French, for Pietro's sake?
In "Cooks, Gluttons & Gourmets; A History of Cookery" (Doubleday & Co., Inc.), author Betty Wason says that when Catherine de' Medici arrived in France for her marriage to Henry II, the Florentine chefs who accompanied her sparked a culinary revolution.
Wason writes, "It was the pastries and ices and other confections introduced by Catherine that particularly delighted and amazed the French courts. 'Iced cream' was a sensation. The winy custard zabaglione (which the French would Gallicize to sabayon) was greeted with equal acclaim. Little cakes layered with custard and elaborately garnished established a new trend in sweetmeats."
The French caught on fast and, inspired by the Italian influence, went on to culinary greatness. But, as anyone who has succumbed to the dolci or sweets of Italy knows, their teachers' genius lives on.
Granted, few people go to a fine Italian restaurant for dessert, and those who do know it takes a long time to get through the preliminaries of bottles of wine. But, when espresso is poured, and dessert at last arrives, ah, what bliss . . .
Choosing just one of the desserts, however, is agony.
Among the best known and most elegant of possibilities are zabaglione; zuppa inglese; saviardi (ladyfingers); amaretti or macaroons, cream-filled cassata and torta di ricotta, the classic Italian cheese cake. Others in this class include marengo cavour, meringue layers spread with coffee-flavore d whipped cream; monte bianco, a mountain of riced chestnut puree covered with snowy whipped cream; torte, mousse or anything made with giandua, Italy's hazelnut-flavored chocolate, and tiramisu, the current star on the Italian pastry cart. Some food reporters are calling it "the dessert of 1985."
Be that as it may, tiramisu - Italian for "pick me up" or "lift me up" - is a concoction of coffee-dipped Italian lady fingers, biscotti or genoise cake; a filling made from eggs and mascarpone, a double-cream cheese, and a topping of cocoa powder and/or chopped or shaved chocolate. Rum, brandy, Marsala and orange liqueur are added at the chef's discretion.
Similar to English trifle and zuppa inglese, tiramisu varies from restaurant to restaurant; the legend behind it comes in just one version. As the Los Angeles Times tells it: "A brothel in a small town in northern Italy was being plagued by the attempts of local police to curtail the activities of the ladies of the night. As a result, the women were forced to seek work in surrounding areas, which fatigued them greatly. To encourage the ladies to travel, the brothel chef prepared a dessert, designed as an energy-boost, for them. Hence the double-entendre 'pick me up.' "
Although Italian gelato, sorbetto and granita (ice cream, sherbet and ice) have been famous for centuries, no dedicated dessert lover can overlook their frozen relatives, tartufo and tortoni, or a number of tempting fruit dishes: pesche ripieni, for instance, peaches stuffed with crushed macaroons and baked in white wine or pere al vino rosso, pears poached in red wine. (Fresh pears filled with a mixture of blue-veined Gorgonzola cheese, brandy and chopped walnuts aren't bad, either.)
And then there are the regional specialties.
Examples are panforte di Siena, a cross between fruitcake and candy; Sicilian fig-filled cucidate, sfingi (deep-fried ricotta cheese puffs) and cannoli, crisp, fried tubes of pastry filled with smooth, creamy ricotta, and, from Naples, crullerlike zeppoli, sometimes filled with custard, and spumoni, an ice cream bombe of three or more flavors - a far cry from what Americans know as Neapolitan ice cream: vanilla, chocolate and strawberry. Florentines created the fragile, chocolate-dipped cookies of the same name and amor polenta, a slightly crunchy poundcake containing corn meal. Milan claims high- crowned panettone, a rich, sweet bread called the "king of cakes," and calcionetti, a fritter stuffed with chocolate and chestnuts, hails from the Abruzzi. | <urn:uuid:da74b255-c8d9-4e7c-9e4d-31cd11ca9a76> | {
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all of them
alienate, antagonize: Alienate which means "estrange," should never be used for antagonize, meaning "contend against" or "bring into opposition." Thus, you alienate your friend because you antagonize his views.
all. See under any, whole, and compare universally.
allege: Do not spell this word alledge. It has no connection whatever with ledge, a shelf. Allege is derived from the Latin adlegio, clear, and came to England with the Normans in the Norman French form aligier, Old French, esligier, from the Latin, ex, out, and litigo, to carry strife. It means, to assert.
alleviate, relieve: Distinguished from relieve, as alleviate, by lightening (Latin ad, to, + levis, light), mitigates or makes less burdensome, and relieve, by removing (Latin re, again, + levis, lifting up), supplies what is wanting.
Alleviation affects internal sensations, affording comparative ease, whereas relief operates upon external conditions, removing pain. You alleviate suffering and relieve distress or poverty.
all of them: This phrase furnishes an excellent example of the common carelessness of speech. Of signifies from or from out; and whereas one can | <urn:uuid:ccf32f74-50b8-4256-b931-ce12f36c2dde> | {
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Peoples' access across England to total joint replacement of the hip or knee is uneven and affected unfairly by age, sex, deprivation, geography and ethnicity, according to a new study published on bmj.com today.
The results show that women, elderly people, and those in deprived areas continue to be worse off.
Total joint replacement of the hip or knee is a common procedure, which is cost effective and boosts public health. There were 82,419 knee operations in 2008-09 in England and 77,608 hip operations.
Fairness in access to healthcare is a founding principle of the health service and local primary care trusts (PCTs) are required to conduct Health Equity Audits.
Researchers from the UK and Canada set out to explore the geographical and socio-demographic factors linked to variation in equity of access to these operations.
They used data from the Somerset and Avon Survey of Health (a small-area population based survey), the English Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) database and the English Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSA) - a nationally representative population based survey of 11,329 people aged 50 and over living in private households in England.
The Somerset survey and ELSA data gathered between March 2002 and March 2003, allowed the researchers to work out predicted rates of need of total knee or hip replacement amongst the population.
They then used the HES data to calculate actual provision of these operations for patients aged 50 or over during 2002.
They combined the different sources of routine data into a single model and found there was clear evidence of under-provision of hip and knee replacement relative to need.
Results showed that people aged 60-84 were more than twice as likely to have received an operation than people aged 50-59, despite all people in both groups having an equal need. People aged 85 and over, however, were less likely to have had the operations.
Men received 31% more knee replacements relative to need than women and 8% more for hip replacements.
People living in deprived areas were found to receive around 70% less provision relative to need compared with the most affluent areas for both knee and hip replacements.
Those living in urban areas got greater provision of knee replacement relative to need than people living in more isolated places, but the effect was different for hip replacement with people in villages or isolated areas getting the most provision relative to need.
These results are illustrated in two maps in the full paper (see link below).
The ethnic mix of an area made no difference for hip replacements, but people living in non-white areas were more likely to receive a knee replacement than people residing in mostly white areas.
The authors conclude: "Policy makers should examine factors at the patient or primary care level to understand the determinants of inequitable provision."
Although this study provides a major methodological advance, the implications of its findings for current policy are limited because the data are from 2002, say Professors Ann Bowling and Martin McKee, in an accompanying editorial.
Investment in the NHS has increased since then. Hence the considerable under-provision recorded here is likely to have been alleviated to some extent, they write, although they cannot be sure of this.
They believe that further analyses using both NHS and private sector data are needed to know whether the health needs of the population are being met and ask why any inequalities exist and how they can be tackled.
Now that the Department of Health in England has signified its intent to move to general practice commissioning, they ask who, if anyone, will have the skills or interest to take on this important role? | <urn:uuid:41996d3c-5e16-4d49-9b32-5340496f0031> | {
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a drop in the ocean
Meaning: If an amount is a drop in the ocean, it's a very small portion of the amount that's needed.
- Our government's sending a thousand tons of food, but that's just a drop in the ocean compared to what's needed.
- I know twenty dollars is just a drop in the ocean, but if everyone gave that much it'd make a big difference.
Variety: This idiom is typically used in British English but may be used in other varieties of English too.
If something is described as being a drop in the ocean, it is | <urn:uuid:27d06836-7cac-4e44-ab2b-bb8464793563> | {
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Officials with the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation (DCR) and the Department of Agricultural Resources (DAR) today announced that the Emerald ash borer (EAB) has been detected in Massachusetts. The destructive beetle was detected in the western Massachusetts town of Dalton on August 31, 2012, and was confirmed by federal officials on September 6. Massachusetts is the 18th state in the country to detect EAB.
DCR and DAR officials are working together, in collaboration with the United States Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) and the USDA’s United States Forest Service to take a number of swift proactive steps aimed at preventing the spread of the invasive beetle, including:
- Defining a quarantine area that would only allow the movement of certain wood products under certain conditions.
- A de-limiting survey to help identify the extent of the infestation.
- Working with stakeholders to ensure they know how to properly treat or dispose of infested trees and materials.
- A survey with federal agencies to determine how long the area in which EAB has been present in our state, information which will help determine strategies in how to best address the threat.
- DCR will also maintain a ban that has been in place against bringing any firewood into state parks and forests.
“The Emerald ash borer brings a very serious threat to our ash trees, and we are not taking its presence lightly,” said DCR Commissioner Ed Lambert. “We are taking swift action to address the infestation, and are working to mitigate any impact an infestation could bring.”
“Together with DCR, we are moving forward to develop and implement the best strategies to contain this invasive pest,” said DAR Commissioner Greg Watson.
Regulated items that would fall under quarantine include the following:
The Emerald ash borer, in any living stage of development;
- Firewood of all hardwood species;
- Nursery stock of the genus (Ash);
- Green lumber of the genus (Ash);
- Other material living, dead, cut, or fallen, including logs, stumps, roots, branches, and composted and uncomposted chips of the genus (Ash);
- Any other article, product, or means of conveyance that an inspector determines presents a risk of spreading Emerald ash borer and notifies the person in possession of the article, product, or means of conveyance that it is subject to the restrictions of the regulations.
The EAB is a small, flying beetle, native to Asia. It was first discovered in North America in 2002, in the Detroit, Michigan area. Unlike other invasive beetles, the EAB can kill a tree fast, within just a few years, because it bores directly under the bark, where the tree’s conductive system is. Since its discovery in North America, it has killed millions of ash trees and has caused billions of dollars in economic loss across the nation.
Ash is a main component of the Northern Hardwood forest in Massachusetts and is a common species in the Berkshires. Ash is also a common street tree in eastern Massachusetts.
Residents are urged to take the time to learn the signs of EAB tree damage and be sure to report any sightings.
- Look for tiny, D-shaped exit holes in the bark of ash trees, die-back in the upper third of the tree canopy, and sprouting of branches just below this dead area.
- The Emerald ash borer is a tiny, emerald-green metallic beetle, so small that seven of them could fit on the head of a penny.
To report possible EAB tree damage or insect sightings, use our online reporting form or call the toll free EAB hotline at 1-866-322-4512. | <urn:uuid:aafb42a6-a8d4-4af2-b36e-37bc0ff9ce31> | {
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Protective suits used by infectious disease researchers. Photo: Craig Abraham
The CSIRO will cut the number of infectious disease researchers at its Australian Animal Health Laboratory in Geelong, the country’s only facility capable of working with live samples of some of the most deadly diseases, including Ebola and MERS.
As the world's health authorities grapple to contain the largest outbreak of Ebola, infectious disease experts warned cuts to research would leave the country vulnerable to new and emerging diseases.
The CSIRO Staff Association said up to eight researchers would lose their jobs at the facility, which studies Ebola.
Director of CSIRO's Biosecurity Flagship Kurt Zuelke said the changes would affect scientists studying food-borne pathogens and infectious viral enteritis in poultry. He said researchers looking into Hendra virus and Avian flu were safe from the restructure.
The CSIRO also said Ebola researchers would not be directly affected by the cuts and that the organisation’s response to emerging infectious diseases would be protected.
Director of Queensland University’s Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre Mark Walker said CSIRO's AAHL was a world-leading research facility and the only laboratory in the country operating at level four, the highest biosafety level possible.
"Funding cuts will leave the nation exposed to new and emerging infectious disease agents," Professor Walker said.
"The country requires this type of expertise, as we don’t know which new virus will be a major health threat. It could be Ebola, or is could be something completely different," he said.
Nobel Laureate Peter Doherty expressed concern at the impact the staff cuts would have on research, which was dependent on continuity.
Professor Doherty, jointly-awarded the 1996 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine, said the laboratory should be prized for its rare capacity to work with large animals, using live samples of some of the world’s most dangerous viruses.
‘‘They are an absolutely unique facility in south-east Asia,’’ he said. ‘‘You can work on large animal models, be it a cow, a sheep, a goat or even a llama and you can do that under level four security conditions.’’
The former Australian of the Year noted that if Prime Minister Tony Abbott wanted to make his name as the infrastructure prime minister then, scientifically speaking, that included staffing federally funded outfits such as CSIRO.
Professor Doherty said given science was a global discipline, Australia’s ‘‘scientifically illiterate government’’ risked losing talent to other countries, such as Singapore, which were investing in research. If or when conditions in the sector improved, they may not be willing or able to return to Australia.
CSIRO staff association's secretary Sam Popovski described the cuts as "particularly illogical and short-sighted.”
The Abbott government cut CSIRO's funding by $111 million over four years in the May federal budget, at the cost of 500 jobs.
Confirmation of the job cuts at CSIRO's Geelong laboratory come amid wider concern for the direction and value placed on science in Australia.
The country's chief scientist, Ian Chubb, this week lamented Australia’s lack of science and research policy during a speech in Sydney, in which he outlined a draft national science strategy which he said had been circulated among politicians.
He reiterated his warning that if Australia’s approach to science remained without purpose or coordination, then the country was at risk of being left behind. | <urn:uuid:12d29c2d-f679-46d3-9a36-edc0571496ab> | {
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- noting a machine or mechanism the working parts of which act or are arranged in a straight line.
- noting a mechanism for causing one part to move along a straight line.
- Accounting. denoting uniform allocation, as in calculating the total depreciation over the life of a depreciable asset, dividing that into equal parts, and depreciating each segment at regular intervals.
Origin of straight-line
First recorded in 1835–45
Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2018
Examples from the Web for straight-line
Only once it is measured does it appear to have taken the straight-line path.The 6 Smartest Ideas From Stephen Hawking's New Book
September 10, 2010
Lenses of this kind are called rectilinear, or straight-line producing.How it Works
They are the straight-line engine, the V-type, and the radial.The Romance of Aircraft
Lawrence Yard Smith
He then gave a neat geometric proof, suggested by Mannheim, for his straight-line "compound compass."
Watt combined his straight-line linkage with a pantograph, one link becoming a member of the pantograph.
Throughout the 19th century the term "parallel motion" was used indiscriminately to refer to any straight-line linkage.
- (of a machine) having components that are arranged in a row or that move in a straight line when in operation
- of or relating to a method of depreciation whereby equal charges are made against gross profit for each year of an asset's expected life
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 | <urn:uuid:569930cf-faed-4fb4-b38c-1db2c7da2d0f> | {
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The Andrews Building
The Science and Humanities Wings are actually one giant structure, originally called The Andrews Building when UTSC first opened in 1965. It was named after its architect, John Andrews, who is best known for being the architect behind the CN Tower.
Anyway, Andrews constructed the building in the Brutalist style, a style in vogue in the 1960s and 1970s and inspired by Japanese Metabolism, Russian Constructivism, and the New Brutalism of post-WWII England.
It was designed to blend seamlessly into the landscape, and so the forest area around UTSC was left to grow, and the Andrews Building was built against the edge of the ravine, almost seeming to extend the lip of the valley.
At the time it amazed the architecture world for being the largest concrete building ever made. The interior of the Andrews Building was designed to be like a city, with the long corridors meant to resemble streets. Plenty of natural light was let in to reinforce this effect. I'll admit that the corridors do indeed look like city streets, albeit the stark dystopian kind.
The Science and Humanities wings were fashioned so that students never had to go outside between classes (we're in Canada, after all). Originally the residences were to be build at the ends of both wings, so that students could roll right out of bed and into class, but that plan was scrapped for monetary reasons. All the city streets converge on the central hub, the Meeting Place! It was built for students and faculty to mix and mingle, presumably so that science and arts students would learn to get along. That last part didn't work out.
The Academic Resource Centre was the next major academic building to be built, in 2003. It was designed by Brian MacKay-Lyons in the Modernist style. The exterior was plated with copper, which as it aged turned brown and, nowadays, is just beginning to turn green. According to Canadian Architect magazine, "The understatedness and richness achieved through the patina of the copper cladding complements the strength of the massie Inca-like concrete structures initially laid out by Andrews."
In the interior of the ARC, Mackay-Lyons took influence from Andrews in the use of elevated walkways, overlooks, and plenty of natural light. The plan of the building is organized on a grid, with 25-foot-wide "boats" being "docked" on the grid. Between the "boats" are two-storey hallways and suspended walkways. The lecture theatre, AC223, is meant to be a giant "ark" docked on concrete.
Mackay-Lyons used repetitive materials, like concrete columns, concrete block walls, suspended and exposed circulation system, and cherry plywood millwork "as a means of demarkating spaces, from points of arrival to back-of-house activities," says Canadian Architect. Of course, the major landmark of the ARC is the University of Toronto Scarborough Library, which was relocated from the Bladen Wing.
The Social Sciences Wing (originally the Management Wing) was designed by architectural firm Kuwabara Payne McKenna Blumberg. Like Andrews's Brutalist work, it's made chiefly of concrete, but Douglas fir was used on some walls to give it a lighter touch. The "city street" aesthetic from Andrews was again borrowed, and the architects lined faculty offices along the outside walls of corridors in the building, separated from the noise of the social areas but still open to each other. The architects also took cues from Andrews in the generous use of natural light, with one wall being entirely window, and minimal artificial light. The 60-seat lecture rooms with desks in a horseshoe around the professor were modelled on rooms at Harvard Business School.
AA and Student Centre
The Arts and Administration building is made largely out of brick and limestone. It was also inspired by Andrews, but its use of wood and polished concrete makes it warmer and more elegant.
The Student Centre was opened in 2004 and funded by students themselves. It's clad in titanium, and its butterfly roof establishes a clear main entrance to the campus. It was designed from the ground up to be energy-efficient (and LEED-certified!), with a green roof, bamboo floors in lounges, and its use of recycled steel.
Finally, the Instructional Centre is the newest building on campus, and the most indicative of modern architectural styles. Painted in white and grey on the inside and clad in green opaque glass, photo-voltaic solar panels, a green roof, and no shortage of windows, the building is meant to have an airy feel. A glass bridge connects the two sides: one for students, and the other for faculty offices. Cementing its modern approach, the IC is built to Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Silver sustainability standards and features a two-storey-tall piece of modern art on the wall in its skylight atrium.
And that, folks, is all. I hope I've given you a new appreciation for the intelligent design of our campus. All photographs were taken by yours truly. | <urn:uuid:8e15465d-de0d-43ba-a892-066585586f6c> | {
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WASHINGTON (October 31, 2003) – Lisa Dry, communications director of the Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO), issued the following statement in response to a risk assessment provided today by the Food and Drug Administration regarding food products of biotechnology.
"BIO supports the FDA scientific risk assessment which concludes that eating foods from animals which have been cloned for better health are safe for human consumption. This is consistent with last year's National Academy of Sciences report on animal-based biotechnology.
"Using the tools of biotechnology to produce more desirable and healthier farm animals is not a new practice. For decades livestock producers have used genetic twins to improve the health and efficiency of animals to provide beneficially healthy and nutritious meat and milk.
"Cloning can help livestock producers deliver what consumers want: nutritious, wholesome food products provided to them in a repeatable and reliable manner, and at an affordable price.
"We look forward to an expeditious decision from FDA that allows livestock producers and biotechnology companies to begin marketing their products."
The Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO) represents more than 1,000 biotechnology companies, academic institutions, state biotechnology centers and related organizations in all 50 U.S. states and 33 other nations. BIO members are involved in the research and development of health-care, agricultural, industrial and environmental biotechnology products. For more information on BIO, visit our website at www.bio.org
Note to editors: http://www.bio.org/animals/cloned/ A collection of scientific material on cloned animals
Definitions & Key Facts
Animals which have been successfully cloned: Sheep, cattle, goats, pigs, mice, rabbits, horses, rats.
Clone. A term that is applied to genes, cells or entire organisms that are derived from – and are genetically identical to – a single common ancestor gene, cell or organism respectively. Cloning of genes and cells to create many copies in the laboratory is a common procedure essential for biomedical research. Note that several processes commonly described as cell "cloning" give rise to cells that are almost but not completely genetically identical to the ancestor cell. Cloning of organisms of embryonic cells occurs naturally in nature (e.g., identical twins).
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). The transfer of a nucleus from a fully differentiated cell into an egg that has had its nucleus removed. This technique was used to clone Dolly the sheep in 1996.
Difference between cloned and transgenic animals.
Cloning is asexual production – producing offspring that are genetically identical to the single parent organism, whereas transgenic technology introduces genetic material from one organism into another.
Earliest form of animal cloning began in 1978 with the splitting of an already formed embryo. SCNT overcomes limits of earlier techniques and allows breeders to copy an adult animal whose traits are well known. It is conceivable to produce thousands of clones from a single animal.
First successful adult or SCNT clone was Dolly, the sheep. Although researchers had been working on cloning for more than 20 years this brought it to the forefront of public attention. | <urn:uuid:dde85e19-f465-49c9-833c-242c08cb17a2> | {
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UPDATE: The ban was passed into law by the Parliament of Catalonia on the 28 July 2010, coming into full effect in 2012. The final vote was 68 for the ban, 55 against, with nine abstaining. On 28 October, the conservative nationalist, People’s Party lodged an appeal with the Spanish Constitutional Court on the grounds that the regional parliament has exceeded its powers in banning a practice of national cultural significance. For more detail, see our posts here and here.
Bullfighting afficianados have been treated to some spectacularly gory action in 2010. In Spain, in a widely-publicised incident in May, bullfighter Julio Aparicio’s jaw and lower throat were pierced by a bull’s horn which emerged from his mouth. Only one month earlier, Spain’s most charismatic and popular bullfighter, José Tomás, suffered a severe goring in Mexico which required a transfusion of eight litres of blood. The human body normally contains five litres.
But despite the inherent risks, only fifty-two toreadors have died in the ring since 1700.
Even more recently (13 June 2010) tragedy was echoed as farce when Mexican ‘novillero’ (novice), Christian Hernandez, turned tail and fled the arena [the video at this link really is worth watching] when, after failing to kill his first bull in the allotted time, he dived over the barrier headfirst to escape the second. This is not without precedent. In 1847, José de los Santos fled in fear of a bull in the Valencia ring, leapt over the fence and impaled himself on his own sword. Hernandez’s reward for what many would consider an entirely sensible decision was to be arrested and taken to the local police station for ‘breach of contract’. In a common law country it seems bizarre that someone should be arrested and treated as a suspected criminal for a civil matter but in Mexico it is not irregular. He was released after the payment of a fine and has since announced his retirement from bullfighting.
These recent reversals of the usual odds, along with an increasingly vocal and organised protest movement, have intensified a national debate in Spain that has split the country along regional lines between those arguing for the abolition of this ritualised slaughter of bulls and those declaring the bullfight a protected cultural treasure, offering government grants and tax cuts to its promoters. This is an issue charged with political significance as the Catalan region is home to many separatist movements, with bullfighting viewed as emblematic of Spanish colonial culture by both sides.
On 18 December 2009, the parliament of Catalonia approved by 67 votes to 59, the preparation of a law to ban bullfighting in the region, initiated in response to a petition signed by 180,000 people calling for it to be banished from the region.
The passage of that law is now being debated and the final vote to pass it into law will be cast within the next two months.
In Barcelona, the committee set up by Catalonia’s parliament in response to the public petition, has heard such testimony as that of bullfighting advocate and professor at the Sorbonne, Francis Wolff, who sets a new bar for circular argument:
They have been conserved as a breed precisely because of their bravery … The only use they have is exactly the one for which they have been bred.
Indeed, fighting breeds are the result of centuries of genetic selection by ranchers. To produce the best calves, the breeder tests all their cattle for three traits: encaste (breeding), nobleza (nobility) and bravura (fierceness). According to one breeder:
For the females, this is done by taunting the cow with a red cape, which they charge at. Males however aren’t tested with a cape because when they see the cape in the plaza it must be for the first time. Males instead have to charge against a big horse protected with a thick cover and themselves get jabbed in the back to provoke anger, which causes some blood loss.
When the Catalonian parliament passed their resolution, the eastern regions of Valencia and Murcia, immediately declared the bullfight part of their protected cultural patrimony, a sacred part of the regional identity. Madrid’s head of the regional government, Esperanza Aguirre, has announced that bullfighting is to be put on the schedule of items of “special cultural value”, protected by law:
It is an art-form that deserves to be protected and that has been part of Mediterranean and Spanish culture since time immemorial.
This issue also has a high legislative profile within Catalonia where, at the same time the ban is debated, the parliament is also passing measures to protect the correbous, a regional tradition in which burning torches are attached to bulls’ horns and they are sent to run through the streets.
The associated practices are extremely cruel. Former bullfighters tell of bulls being intentionally debilitated with tranquillisers and laxatives, beatings to the kidneys, petroleum jelly rubbed into their eyes to blur vision, heavy weights hung around their neck for weeks before the fight, and confinement in darkness for hours before being released into the bright arena. Ninety percent of bulls killed in fights have their horns ‘shaved’ before the fight. Horn shaving involves sawing inches off the horns so that the bull cannot properly judge where they will strike.
The killing is highly ritualised.
First, the toreador‘s assistants wave large purple capes at the bull to see how it reacts and moves in the bullring. The colour of the cloth actually makes no difference as bulls are colour blind; they go for the cloth because it is a large moving target.
Next, two picadores (lancers on horseback) enter the arena with the objective of piercing the neck of the bull to weaken its neck muscles. The horses ridden by the picadores are used as fodder and tend to be old plough horses. They are often drugged and blindfolded, have wet newspaper stuffed in their ears to impair their hearing, and there have been documented cases of their vocal cords being cut so that their cries do not distract the crowd.
With this done, three banderilleros take turns stabbing banderillas (small spears with barbed metal tips) into the bull’s neck.
Now the bull is significantly weakened from loss of blood as well as its pre-fight trauma and the toreador then attempts to deliver the coup de grâce by drawing a sword and driving it between the neck vertebrae and into the heart. This requires great accuracy and the toreador will usually make several painful attempts, puncturing the lungs with the sword emerging through the ribcage, before successfully piercing the heart.
This rarely kills the bull outright but he will bleed to death in front of a cheering crowd within the next few minutes. If he is slower in dying, the full team of bullfighters will move in and stab him until he stops moving.
If the kill is ‘clean’, (that is, less agonisingly prolonged than is usual) the matador is rewarded by popular acclaim. A judge will then decide the reward which is comprised of grisly tokens taken from the bull; one ear is good, two ears is better. The ultimate accolade, rarely given, is an award of two ears and the tail. These trophies are cut off the bull as he lies on the sand, often paralysed but not yet dead.
Bullfighting is a celebrity culture which places matadors on the same social scale as pop singers and movie stars.
This has culminated in such spectacles as a record-seeking exploit to see a 16 year-old, ‘child-prodigy‘ of the ‘art,’ Jairo Miguel Sánchez, be the youngest-ever person to slaughter 6 bulls in an afternoon. Jairo’s life has been spent in pursuit of this goal.
According to the Guardian he has:
[B]een fighting professionally since he was 12 and … first sank a sword into a living animal when he was eight. Jairo Miguel has been one of the most controversial figures in bullfighting since, at the age of 10, he fought and killed a young bull. He was also gored twice: the first time, when he was 14, he was left with two cracked ribs. A second goring saw a bull’s horn brush his aorta, puncture a lung and penetrate to within an inch of his heart.
Spain refuses to license bullfighters before they are 16 and Jairo’s early exploits attracted some significant fines. So Jairo’s former-bullfighter father, Antonio Sánchez, took his 11-year-old son to Latin America to pursue a career as a professional.
Interestingly, the crowd cheers for the matador in Spain but in Latin America there is perhaps a stronger identification with the colonised rather than the coloniser and it is the bull that has the support of the audience. All the same, special exceptions to animal welfare laws continue to be made for bullfighting. There are comprehensive circus bans in Bolivia coming into effect next year (more on this in another post) but bullfighting is still permitted as it is hugely popular in the wealthier eastern regions and would require the expenditure of significantly more political capital. In Venezuela, a movement has recently emerged to challenge the tradition and there was an unprecedentedly large protest in Merida this February against the bull fights that are part of the annual “Sun Festival.”
Bullfighting resulting in the death of the animal is practiced in only ten countries in the world: Spain (except in the Canary Islands where it has been banned since 1991), France, Panama, Portugal, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Venezuela, Guatemala, and Mexico (where there is no age limit for toreadors). A ‘bloodless’ form is legal in the state of California, USA.
Cultural traditions are, as a general rule, worth protecting. But a reconciliation with the rights of animals to be free from cruel treatment is urgently required when this preservation allows such anachronisms as the public ritual torture of a sentient being to be passed off as sport and allows conduct that would be completely impermissible under the animal welfare law of the very same country. Although, Spanish animal law varies widely between regions. In Andalucia, there is no law whatsoever prohibiting cruelty to domestic animals but agricultural animals are protected from cruelty throughout Spain by European Union law. It is even more anomalous that Spain should lead the world with federal legislation guaranteeing ‘Great Apes’ (chimpanzees, orang-utans, gorillas and bonobos) a right to life, freedom, and protection from experimentation and torture. But then, there was no known animal experimentation involving great apes being conducted when the law was passed and it certainly did not have a highly-lucrative industry built around it as is the case with bullfighting. | <urn:uuid:3ce31d2a-7749-447a-b711-4f76ab2026f5> | {
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September 5, 1940
1940 was a nervously busy year in wartime Greater
Vancouver. Local shipyards were building corvettes and minesweepers
for action in the Atlantic, and converting passenger ships for wartime
use. (One converted cruise ship, the Prince Robert, promptly
went into service in 1940, seizing a German freighter off the coast
of Mexico and bringing her to Esquimalt as a prize of war.) The
Commonwealth Air Training Plan was training its first pilots. Peat
moss was being extracted from Delta's Burns Bog for the manufacture
of magnesium fire bombs, and plans were afoot for the Boeing Aircraft
factory in Richmond to produce parts for the B 29 Superfortress.
The St. Roch had sailed from Vancouver in
June, heading through the Canadian Arctic, her departure unreported
because of wartime security. Equally unreported: the departure for
Europe of the second contingent of the Canadian Active Service Force.
There was a brand-new British prime minister, Winston
Churchill, and a brand-new crisis: the retreat May 28/29 from Dunkirk.
A boost in morale was called for: on September 5,
1940—exactly 65 years ago today—an order in council decreed that
all BC school children must salute the flag and sing God Save
the King at least once a week.
September 6, 1921
We can thank a former Victoria mayor and an American
railroad man for the International Peace Arch that straddles the
Canada-US border at the Douglas crossing. Alfred Todd had been mayor
of Victoria from 1917 to 1920, and in that latter year he and his
wife Ada went on a motoring trip down to Mexico. Roads were terrible,
and Todd determined to work for better ones. Enter Sam Hill, a Seattle
philanthropist who had also decided that what America needed was
paved roads. He joined forces with Todd, who was now president of
the Pacific Highway Association, to promote construction of a paved
highway from Vancouver to Tijuana, Mexico. It was Todd who suggested
that at the point where that highway crossed the Canada/US border
a monument to peace should be erected, a celebration of the century
of peace between the two countries.
Enthusiasm for the Arch was immediate. One example:
More than 3,000 sacks of concrete used in its construction were
donated by R.P. Butchart of Victoria's Butchart's Gardens.
The Arch was dedicated before a vast crowd September
6, 1921exactly 83 years ago today. BC's premier John Oliver
attended, coming from Victoria in a boat and anchoring at Blaine
with nearly 400 other people. Victoria's 72nd Seaforth Highlanders
band played the US national anthem and the Bellingham Elks band
played God Save the King.
One inscription on the Arch reads May These
Gates Never Be Closed. It hasn't happened yet.
September 12, 1902
On September 15, 1902 a contract was let for the
excavation for the Anew Woodward Departmental Stores Co., Limited,
building on the corner of Hastings and Abbott streets.” Charles
Woodward hadn't wasted any time. He'd incorporated Woodward's Department
Stores just three days earlier, on September 12—exactly 103 years
ago today—and borrowed $79,000 to pay for the building. (He had
had an earlier, much more modest store on Westminster Avenue—Main
The lot itself (big enough to hold a building 66
feet wide on Hastings and 132 feet long on Abbott) hadn't cost Woodward
much: it was a swamp eight feet below the sidewalk elevation. The
city drained it for him. The new store opened November 4, 1903.
Twenty years later Woodward put a lofty tower atop
his store. It was 75 feet high, patterned after the Eiffel Tower,
and topped with a big revolving searchlight that could be seen as
far away as Vancouver Island. At the base of the tower a huge letter
W sat. When the Second World War started the federal government
ordered the light removed, so in 1944 Woodward put the W—16 feet
high and weighing three tons—on top of the tower.
It's been up there ever since.
September 13, 1947
On Saturday, September 13, 194757 years ago
todaythe Sun reported that the City of Vancouver had
conducted a survey and discovered that more than 18,500 automobiles
were driven in downtown Vancouver every day, And there would
be more than that if there was sufficient parking space.
The survey determined that 6,000 of those drivers
used their cars for transportation to work in the downtown. Another
12,500 persons drive down for shopping, business calls and sales
Today? Jason Lam of the City's Traffic Engineering
Department has figures that showfor 2003, latest availablethat
an average of 273,410 vehicles enter downtown every day, nearly
15 times the 1947 total.
But that 1947 survey covered more than traffic.
It also revealed that the average shopper would be willing to pay
10 cents an hour for parking, 15 cents for two hours And 35
cents for all-day accommodation.
We had parking meters back then, and the rate was
five cents for an hour. (And the average wage was about $175 a month.)
September 19, 1995
The very first event in General Motors Place was
a concert by Bryan Adams on September 19, 1995—exactly 10 years
ago today. He was already a superstar: his breakthrough album, Cuts
Like a Knife, had come out 12 years earlier, and he'd had four
hits from it. He brought out Reckless in late 1984, and that
spawned five hits and went platinum. Then came 1991's Waking
Up the Neighbors with the mega-monster tune (Everything I
Do) I Do It For You.
No wonder 20,000 people showed up to pack the place.
The Vancouver Sun's Katherine Monk reviewed the show (.
. . more than two non-stop hours of solid gold hits), and
wrote that "Vancouver's hometown rocker proved he can play,
and play and play—and then play some more." She beefed about
the $5 pizzas, though.
Adams gave a nice plug to the Vancouver Canucks—who would play their
first game in the new facility on the 23rd—by introducing Pavel
Bure and Gino Odjick to the crowd. Four days later the Canucks had
that pre-season meeting with Anaheim's Mighty Ducks, and won it
The big building was also home, briefly, to the
Vancouver Grizzlies. Remember them? First game: November 3, 1995.
Last game: April 18, 2001.
September 20, 1954
A lot of well-known local newspaper people worked
for the News-Herald in its 24 years of life: Pierre Berton
(its first city editor, at age 21), Barry Broadfoot, Himie Koshevoy
and Clancy Loranger, to name a few.
Most of the early staff were people who'd worked
for the Star and lost their jobs when its publisher killed
that paper in early 1932 after the printers refused to take a pay
cut. (The Great Depression was in full flower at the time.) There
were no jobs at the Sun or the Province, so they decided
to start their own paper.
Editor Pat Kelly: Everybody kept telling
us what we were already pretty sure ofthat it would require
about half-a-million dollars to carry out our plan. In the winter
of 1932 they might just as well have made it a billion. But
some of the editorial staff canvassed local business people and
astonished themselves by securing signed pledges totalling $5,000.
That was $495,000 short of the ideal, but they started anyway.
From its first four-page issue April 24, 1933 the
paper struggled. Reporters sat on orange crates and two or three
would share one typewriter. The second-hand press quit, and the
first issue had to be cranked out manually. The staff used their
pocket combs to fold the sheets. They rented a tiny building at
426 Homer Street, and knocked a hole in its wall to get to the typographical
shop next door.
The News-Herald had two big competitors,
both evening papers: The Province, with a circulation at
the time of more than 90,000 and the Sun, circulation somewhere
around 65,000. The newcomer started with a circulation of 10,000
and took 14 years to get up to 40,000+.
On September 20, 195450 years ago todaythe
paper shortened its name to the Herald and moved into a new,
larger building on Georgia Street. Then newspaper magnate Roy Thomson
bought the paper and, in less than three years, citing expenses,
shut her down.
Last issue: June 15, 1957.
September 26, 1971
It had taken 57 years, but on September 26, 1971—exactly
34 years ago today—the last stone was laid in the Stanley Park Seawall.
The wall was conceived to prevent erosion of the park's foreshore,
but would accomplish something else just as important: the most
magnificent nine-kilometre walk in Canada.
Midway between Prospect Point and Siwash Rock a
small group of dignitaries—watched by about 150 spectators—gathered
with trowels and dollops of cement to tap the wall's last block
into place. The group included H.H. Stevens, 92, who as Conservative
MP for Vancouver riding at the time had been one of the seawall's
original promoters. (In 1920 Stevens would arrange for 2,300 unemployed
men to work on the wall.)
One person who, regrettably, wasn't present at the
ceremony—he had died in 1963—was a man who had spent more than 30
years working on the wall. His name was Jimmy Cunningham, a master
stonemason, and so dedicated to the work that he once left his sickbed
and went down to the wall in his pyjamas to see how his crew was
doing. His ashes are tucked away within the wall in an unmarked
Jimmy and his crew gave us something wonderful.
September 27, 1979
It's possible that Foncie photographed more people
than anybody else in the world. In 1934 20-year-old Foncie Pulice
(he pronounced it police) set up a camera on the sidewalk
on Granville Street in downtown Vancouver and began taking pictures
of passersby. He wasn't the only one doing this at the time. Sidewalk
photographers were taking candid shots of individuals, couples and
family and other groups walking by in most major Canadian cities.
They'd hand them a numbered ticket with an invitation to drop by
their shop later to buy a copy of the picture. What made Pulice
unique in the trade is the length of time he kept at it: 45 years.
For the last 33 years of his career he used the same camera: His
Electric-Photo cameranow preserved at the Vancouver Museumwas
as familiar a local landmark as the Marine Building. And he took
a lot of photos. At one time, he once said, AI was taking
4,000 to 5,000 pictures every day.
All across Canada and in other countries there
are thousands and thousands of Foncie's Fotos, showing thousands
and thousands of people striding along the street, captured in motion
in unposed moments that may be closer to the spirit of the people
shown than any carefully composed studio portrait.
The late Foncie Pulice was the last of the street
photographers. He took his first street photo in 1934. He took his
last on September 27, 1979, exactly 25 years ago today.
More SunSpots » | <urn:uuid:013fa7cc-06c5-4c31-990c-20abf1235f16> | {
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Role of Parental Myopia in the Progression of Myopia and Its Interaction with Treatment in COMET Children -- Kurtz et al. 48 (2): 562 -- Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
PURPOSE. The present study investigated parental myopia and the effects of wearing progressive-addition (PALs) or single-vision lenses on the progression of myopia in children.
RESULTS. In all children in the PAL group, progression was –2.00 D overall, significantly less than the progression of children wearing single vision lenses. Among children with zero or one myopic parent, progression did not differ significantly between the lens groups.
CONCLUSIONS. Among children with two myopic parents, myopia progression was slower in the group wearing PALs than in those wearing single vision lenses, by a statistically significant but clinically minor amount. Conclusions must be regarded as suggestive.
COMMENTARY: PALs do not appear to help prevent myopic progression in children except in a clinically insignificant manner in children where both parents are myopic. | <urn:uuid:84b9f004-23d0-48a0-9fb9-fd347ed25ac7> | {
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Definition of cup lichen in English:
A greenish-grey lichen with small cup-like structures arising from its spreading lobes, found typically on heathland and moorland.
- Genus Cladonia, order Cladoniales: many species
- Early colonisers are matchstick lichens, followed by cup lichens and finally bearded lichens which reach their maximum development and cover after 10 years.
- Mosses and pixi cup lichens cohabit the top of an old spruce stump.
- The lichen flora of the bog is well developed with as many as 10 different species of Cladonia which include bearded lichen, antler horn lichen, cup lichen and matchstick lichen.
Definition of cup lichen in:
- US English dictionary
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed. | <urn:uuid:67f6dcfb-73de-41c2-ae64-c6029ece7283> | {
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Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is a relatively new technology for the transmission of voice through the Internet. VoIP is often used to refer to the actual transmission of voice (rather than the protocol implementing it). VoIP is also known as IP Telephony, Internet telephony, Broadband telephony, Broadband Phone and Voice over Broadband. There are several companies making VoIP handsets and accessories, including: Belkin, D-Link, Kinamax, Linksys, Logitech, Zonet. Voice over IP protocols carry telephony signals as digital audio, typically reduced in data rate using speech data compression techniques, encapsulated in a data packet stream over IP. There are two types of PSTN to VoIP services: Direct Inward Dialing (DID) and access numbers. DID will connect the caller directly to the VoIP user while access numbers require the caller to input the extension number of the VoIP user.
Other forms of communications accessories can be just as vital. The invention of conference calls, and the speaker phone have revolutionized business communications. Today's speaker phones, manufactured by Polycom provide incredible sensitivity and sound clarity, while delivery true duplex. Another necessary office communication tools is the headset. Headsets made by Plantronics offer the clearest sounds and affordable prices. | <urn:uuid:440a10cb-c068-4fc1-bd62-02119e7af501> | {
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"url": "http://www.tigerdirect.com/applications/category/category_tlc.asp?CatId=1625"
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Dan Ingalls Ted Kaehler John Maloney Scott Wallace Alan Kay
at Apple Computer while doing this work, now at
Walt Disney Imagineering 1401 Flower Street P.O. Box 25020 Glendale, CA 91221 [email protected]
Squeak is an open, highly-portable Smalltalk implementation whose virtual machine is written entirely in Smalltalk, making it easy to debug, analyze, and change. To achieve practical performance, a translator produces an equivalent C program whose performance is comparable to commercial Smalltalks.
Other noteworthy aspects of Squeak include: a compact object format that typically requires only a single word of overhead per object; a simple yet efficient incremental garbage collector for 32-bit direct pointers; efficient bulk-mutation of objects; extensions of BitBlt to handle color of any depth and anti-aliased image rotation and scaling; and real-time sound and music synthesis written entirely in Smalltalk.
Squeak is a modern implementation of Smalltalk-80 that is available for free via the Internet, at http://www.research.apple.com/research/proj/learning_concepts/squeak/ and other sites.
It includes platform-independent support for color, sound, and image processing. Originally developed on the Macintosh, members of its user community have since ported it to numerous platforms including Windows 95 and NT, Windows CE, all common flavors of UNIX, and the Acorn.
Squeak stands alone as a practical Smalltalk in which a researcher, professor, or motivated student can examine source code for every part of the system, including graphics primitives and the virtual machine itself, and make changes immediately and without needing to see or deal with any language other than Smalltalk. It also runs bit-identical images across its wide portability base. Three strands weave through this paper:
In December of 1995, the authors found themselves wanting a development environment in which to build educational software that could be usedand even programmedby non-technical people, and by children. We wanted our software to be effective in mass-access media such as PDAs and the Internet, where download times and power considerations make compactness essential, and where hardware is diverse, and operating systems may change or be completely absent. Therefore our ideal system would be a small, portable kernel of simple and uniform design that could be adapted rapidly to new delivery vehicles. We considered using Java but, despite its promise, Java was not yet mature: its libraries were in a state of flux, few commercial implementations were available, and those that were available lacked the hooks required to create the kind of dynamic change that we envisioned.
While Smalltalk met the technical desiderata, none of the available implementations gave us the kind of control we wanted over graphics, sound, and the Smalltalk engine itself, nor the freedom to port and distribute the resulting work, including its host environment, freely over the Internet. Moreover, we felt that we were not alone, that many others in the research community shared our desire for an open, portable, malleable, and yet practical object-oriented programming environment. It became clear that the best way to get what we all wanted was to build a new Smalltalk with these goals and to share it with this wider community.
We did not have to start from scratch, as we had access to the existing Apple Smalltalk-80 implementation, which was a gold mine of useful software. This system consisted of an image, or object memory, containing the Smalltalk-80 class library, and a separate interpreter, or VM (virtual machine), for running on the Macintosh. However, the Apple image format was limited by its use of indirect pointers and an object table. Worse yet, the original interpreter consisted of 120 pages of sparsely commented 68020 assembly code that had passed through the hands of seven authors. Portable it was not.
We determined that implementation in C would be key to portability but none of us wanted to write in C. However, two of us had once adapted the Smalltalk formatter (pretty-printer) to convert a body of code to BCPL. Based on that experience, we determined to write and debug the virtual machine in Smalltalk. Then, in parallel, we would write (also in Smalltalk) a translator from Smalltalk to C, and thus let Smalltalk build its own production interpreter. Out of this decision grew the following plan for building a new Smalltalk system in the shortest possible time:
Produce a new image:
It was easy to stay motivated, because the virtual machine, running inside Apple Smalltalk, was actually simulating the byte codes of the transformed image just five weeks into the project. A week later, we could type "3 + 4" on the screen, compile it, and print the result, and the week after that the entire user interface was working, albeit in slow motion. We were writing the C translator in parallel on a commercial Smalltalk, and by the eighth week, the first translated interpreter displayed a window on the screen. Ten weeks into the project, we "crossed the bridge" and were able to use Squeak to evolve itself, no longer needing to port images forward from Apple Smalltalk. About six weeks later, Squeak's performance had improved to the point that it could simulate its own interpreter and run the C translator, and Squeak became entirely self-supporting.
We attribute the speed with which this initial work was accomplished to the Squeak philosophy: do everything in Smalltalk so that each improvement makes everything smaller, faster, and better. It has been a pleasant revelation to work on such low-level system facilities as real-time garbage collection and FM music synthesis from within the comfort and convenience of the Smalltalk-80 language and environment.
Once we had a stable, usable interpreter, the focus shifted from creation to evolution. Performance improved steadily and support for color, image transforms, sound synthesis, and networking were added. These improvements were made incrementally, as the need arose, and in parallel with other projects that relied on the stability of the virtual machine. Yet despite the apparent risk of frequent changes to the VM, Squeak has proven as dependable as most commercial Smalltalks we have used. We attribute this success partly to our passion for design simplicity but mostly to the strategy of implementing the virtual machine in Smalltalk.
The remainder of the paper discusses various aspects of the Squeak implementation, its memory footprint and performance, the evolution of its user community, and plans for its future.
We knew that the published Blue Book interpreter description would suffice to get us started. Moreover, we were spared from the tedium of transcription by Mario Wolczko, who had already keyed in the code for use as an on-line reference source for a Smalltalk implementation project at the University of Manchester.
The interpreter is structured as a single class that gets translated to C along with the Object Memory and BitBlt classes. In addition, a subclass (Interpreter Simulator) runs all the same code from within a Smalltalk environment by supporting basic mouse, file, and display operations. This subclass was the basis for debugging the Squeak system into existence. All of this code is included in the Squeak release and it can run its own image, albeit at a snail's pace (every memory access, even in BitBlt, runs a Smalltalk method). Having an interpreter that runs within Smalltalk is invaluable for studying the virtual machine. Any operation can be stopped and inspected, or it can be instrumented to gather timing profiles, exact method counts, and other statistics.
Although we have constantly amended the interpreter to achieve increasing performance, we have stayed pretty close to the Blue Book message interface between the Interpreter and the Object Memory. It is a testament to the original design of that interface that completely changing the Object Memory implementation had almost no impact on the Interpreter.
The design of an object memory that is general and yet compact is not simple. We all agreed immediately on a number of parameters, though. For efficiency and scalability to large projects, we wanted a 32-bit address space with direct pointers (i.e., a system in which an object reference is just the address of that object in memory). The design had to support all object formats of our existing Smalltalk. It must be amenable to incremental garbage collection and compaction. Finally, it must be able to support the "become" operation (exchange identity of two objects) to the degree required in normal Smalltalk system operation. While anyone would agree that objects should be stored compactly, every object in Smalltalk requires the following "overhead" information:
A simple approach would be to allocate three full 32-bit words as the header to every object. However, in a system of 40k objects, this cavalier expenditure of 500k bytes of memory could make the difference between an undeployable prototype and a practical application. Therefore, we designed a variable-length header format which seldom requires more than a single 32-bit word of header information per object. The format is given in Tables 1 and 2.
|-8||size in words (30 bits), header type (2 bits)||1%|
|-4||full class pointer (30 bits), header type (2 bits)||18%|
|0|| base header, as follows...|
storage management (3 bits)
object hash (12 bits)
compact class index (5 bits)
object format field (4 bits, see below)
size in words (6 bits)
header type (2 bits)
|1||fixed pointer fields|
|2||indexable pointer fields|
|3||both fixed and indexable pointer fields|
|6||indexable word fields (no pointers)|
|8-11|| indexable byte fields (no pointers):|
low 2 bits are low 2 bits of size in bytes
|12-15|| compiled methods: low 2 bits
are low 2 bits of size in bytes.|
The number of literals is specified in method header, followed by the indexable bytes that store byte codes.
Our design is based on the fact that most objects in a typical Smalltalk image are small instances of a relatively small number of classes. The 5-bit compact class index field, if non-zero, is an index into a table of up to 31 classes that are designated as having compact instances; the programmer can change which classes these are. The 6-bit size field, if non-zero, specifies the size of the object in words, accommodating sizes up to 256 bytes (i.e., 64 words, with the additional 2 bits needed to resolve the length of byte-indexable objects encoded in the format field). With only 12 classes designated as compact in the 1.18 Squeak release, around 81% of the objects have only this single word of overhead. Most of the rest need one additional word to store a full class pointer. Only a few remaining objects (1%) are large enough to require a third header word to encode their size, and this extra word of overhead is a tiny fraction of their size.
Apple Smalltalk had achieved good garbage collection behavior with a simple two-generation approach similar to [Unga84]. At startup, and after any full garbage collection (a mark and sweep of the entire image), all surviving objects were considered to be old, and all objects created subsequently (until the next full collection) to be new. All pointer stores were checked and a table maintained of "root" objectsold objects that might contain pointers to new objects. In this way, an incremental mark phase could be achieved by marking all new objects reachable from these roots and sweeping the new object area; unmarked new objects were garbage. Compaction was simple in that system, owing to its use of an object table. Full garbage collection was triggered either by an overflow of the roots table, or by failure of an incremental collection to reclaim a significant amount of space. That system was known to run acceptably with less than 500k of free space and to perform incremental reclamations in under 250 milliseconds on hardware of the 80's (16MHz 68020).
For Squeak, we determined to apply the same approach to our new system of 32-bit direct pointers. We were faced immediately with a number of challenges. First, we had to write an in-place mark phase capable of dealing with our variable-length headers, including those that did not have an actual class pointer in them. Then there was the need to produce a structure for remapping object pointers during compaction, since we did not have the convenient indirection of an object table. Finally there was the challenge of rectifying all the object pointers in memory within an acceptable time.
The remapping of object pointers was accomplished by building a number of relocation blocks down from the unused end of memory. A thousand such blocks are reserved outside the object heap, ensuring that at least one thousand objects can be moved even when there is very little free space. However, if the object heap ends with a free block, that space is also used for relocation blocks. If there is not enough room for the number of relocation blocks needed to do compaction in a single pass (almost never), then the compaction may be done in multiple passes. Each pass generates free space at the end of the object heap which can then be used to create additional relocation blocks for the next pass.
One more issue remained to be dealt with, and that was support of
the become operation without an object table. (The Smalltalk
become primitive atomically exchanges the identity of two
objects; to Smalltalk code, each object appears to turn into, or
"become," the other.) With an object table, the
primitive simply exchanges the contents of two object table
entries. Without an object table, it requires a full scan of
memory to replace every pointer to one object with a pointer to
the other. Since full memory scans are relatively costly, we made
two changes. First, we eliminated most uses of
become in the
Squeak image by changing certain collection classes to store
their elements in separate Array objects instead of indexed
become operations are essential when adding an
instance variable to a class with extant instances, as each
instance must mutate into a larger object to accommodate the new
variable. So, our second change was to restructure the primitive
to one that exchanges the identity of many objects at once. This
allows all the instances of a class to be mutated in a single
pass through memory. The code for this operation uses the same
technique and, in fact, the very same code, as that used to
rectify pointers after compaction.
We originally sought to minimize compaction frequency, owing to the overhead associated with rectifying direct addresses. Our strategy was to do a fast mark and sweep, returning objects to a number of free lists, depending on size. Only when memory became overly fragmented would we do a consolidating compaction.
As we studied and optimized the Squeak garbage collector, however, we were able radically to simplify this approach. Since an incremental reclamation only compacts the new object space, it is only necessary to rectify the surviving new objects and any old objects that point to them. The latter are exactly those objects marked as root objects. Since there are typically just a few root objects and not many survivors (most objects die young), we discovered that compaction after an incremental reclamation could be done quickly. In fact, due to the overhead of managing free lists, it turned out to be more efficient to compact after every incremental reclamation and eliminate free lists altogether. This was especially gratifying since issues of fragmentation and coalescing had been a burden in design, analysis, and coding strategy.
Two policy refinements reduced the incremental garbage collection pauses to the point where Squeak became usable for real-time applications such as music and animation. First, a counter is incremented each time an object is allocated. When this counter reaches some threshold, an incremental collection is done even if there is plenty of free space left. This reduces the number of new objects that must be scanned in the sweep phase, and also limits the number of surviving objects. By doing a little work often, each incremental collection completes quickly, typically in 5-8 milliseconds. This is within the timing tolerance of even a fairly demanding musician or animator.
The second refinement is to tenure all surviving objects when the number of survivors exceeds a certain threshold, a simplified version of Ungar and Jackson's feedback-mediated tenuring policy [UnJa88]. Tenuring is done as follows. After the incremental garbage collection and compaction, the boundary between the old and new object spaces is moved up to encompass all surviving new objects, as if a full garbage collection had just been done. This "clears the decks" so that future incremental compactions have fewer objects to process. Although in theory this approach could hasten the onset of the next full garbage collection, such full collections are rare in practice. In any case, Squeak's relatively lean image makes full garbage collections less daunting than they might be in a larger system; a full collection typically takes only 250 milliseconds in Squeak. We have been using this storage manager in support of real-time graphics and music for over a year now with extremely satisfactory results. In our experience, 10 milliseconds is an important threshold for latency in interactive systems, because most of the other critical functions such as mouse polling, sound buffer output and display refresh take place at a commensurate rate.
For BitBlt as well, we began with the Blue Book source code. However, the Blue Book code was written as a simulation in Smalltalk, not as virtual machine code to run on top of the Object Memory. We transformed the code into the latter form, made a few optimizations, and this sufficed to get the first Squeak running. The special cases we optimized are:
Once Squeak became operational, we immediately wanted to give it command over color. We chose to support a wide range of color depths, namely: 1-, 2-, 4-, and 8-bit table-based color, as well as 16- and 32-bit direct RGB color (with 5 and 8 bits per color component respectively).
It was relatively simple to extend the internal logic of BitBlt to handle multiple pixel sizes as long as source and destination bit maps are of the same depth. To handle operations between images of different depth, we provided a default conversion, and added an optional color map parameter to BitBlt to provide more control when appropriate. The default behavior is simply to extend smaller source pixels to a larger destination size by padding with zeros, and to truncate larger source pixels to a smaller destination pixel size. This approach works very well among the table-based colors because the color set for each depth includes the next smaller depth's color set as a subset. In the case of RGB colors, BitBlt performs the zero-fill or truncation independently on each color component.
The real challenge, however, involves operations between RGB and table-based color depths. In such cases, or when wanting more control over the color conversion, the client can supply BitBlt with a color map. This map is sized so that there is one entry for each of the source colors, and each entry contains a pixel in the format expected by the destination. It is obvious how to work with this for source pixel sizes of 8 bits or less (map sizes of 256 or less). But it would seem to require a map of 65536 entries for 16 bits or 4294967296 entries for 32-bit color! However, for these cases, Squeak's BitBlt accepts color maps of 512, 4096, or 32768 entries, corresponding to 3, 4, and 5 bits per color component, and BitBlt truncates the source pixel's color components to the appropriate number of bits before looking up the pixel in the color map.
We have alluded to the Squeak philosophy of writing everything in Smalltalk. While the Blue Book contains a Smalltalk description of the virtual machine that was actually executed at least once to verify its accuracy, this description was meant to be used only as an explanatory model, not as the source code of a working implementation. In contrast, we needed source code that could be translated into C to produce a reliable and efficient virtual machine.
Our bootstrapping strategy also depended on being able to debug the Smalltalk code for the Squeak virtual machine by running it under an existing Smalltalk implementation, and this approach was highly successful. Being able to use the powerful tools of the Smalltalk environment saved us weeks of tedious debugging with a C debugger. However, useful as it is for debugging, the Squeak virtual machine running on top of Smalltalk is orders of magnitude too slow for useful work: running in Squeak itself, the Smalltalk version of the Squeak virtual machine is roughly 450 times slower than the C version. Even running in the fastest available commercial Smalltalk, the Squeak virtual machine running in Smalltalk would still be sluggish.
key to both practical performance and portability is to translate
the Smalltalk description of the virtual machine into C. To be
able to do this translation without having to emulate all of
Smalltalk in the C runtime system, the virtual machine was
written in a subset of Smalltalk that maps directly onto C
constructs. This subset excludes blocks (except to describe a few
control structures), message sending, and even objects! Methods
of the interpreter classes are mapped to C functions and instance
variables are mapped to global variables. For byte code and
primitive dispatches, the special message
mapped to a C switch statement. (When running in Smalltalk, this
construct works by
perform:-ing the message selector at the
specified index in a case array; since a method invocation is
much less efficient than a branch operation, this dispatch is one
of the main reasons that the interpreter runs so much faster when
translated to C).
The translator first translates Smalltalk into parse trees, then uses a simple table-lookup scheme to generate C code from these parse trees. There are only 42 transformation rules, as shown in Table 3. Four of these are for integer operations that more closely match those of the underlying hardware, such as unsigned shifts, and the last three are macros for operations so heavily used that they should always be inlined. All translated code accesses memory through six C macros that read and write individual bytes, 4-byte words, and 8-byte floats. In the early stages of development, every such reference was checked against the bounds of object memory.
& | and: or: not + - * // \\ min: max: bitAnd: bitOr: bitXor: bitShift: < <= = > >= ~= == isNil notNil whileTrue: whileFalse: to:do: to:by:do: ifTrue: ifFalse: ifTrue:ifFalse: ifFalse:ifTrue: at: at:put: << >> bitInvert32 preIncrement integerValueOf: integerObjectOf: isIntegerObject:
Our first translator yielded a two orders of magnitude speedup relative to the Smalltalk simulation, producing a system that was immediately usable. However, one further refinement to the translator yielded a significant additional speedup: inlining. Inlining allows the source code of the virtual machine to be factored into many small, precisely defined methodsthus increasing code-sharing and simplifying debuggingwithout paying the penalty in extra procedure calls. Inlining is also used to move the byte code service routines into the interpreter byte code dispatch loop, which both reduces byte code dispatch overhead and allows the most critical VM state to be kept in fast, register-based local variables. All told, inlining increases VM performance by a factor of 3.4 while increasing the overall code size of the virtual machine by only 13%.
Several of us were involved in early experiments with computer music editing and synthesis [Saun77], and it was a disappointment to us that the original Smalltalk-80 release failed to incorporate this vital aspect of any lively computing environment. We determined to right this wrong in the Squeak release.
Early on, we implemented access to the Macintosh sound driver. As the performance of the Squeak system improved, we were delighted to find that we could actually synthesize and mix several voices of music in real time using simple wave table and FM algorithms written entirely in Smalltalk.
Nonetheless, these algorithms are compute-intensive, and we used this application as an opportunity to experiment with using C translation to improve the performance of isolated, time-critical methods. Sound synthesis is an ideal application for this, since nearly all the work is done by small loops with simple arithmetic and array manipulation. The sound generation methods were written so that they could be run directly in Smalltalk or, without changing a line of code, translated into C and linked into the virtual machine as an optional primitive. Since the sound generation code had already been running for weeks in Smalltalk, the translated primitives worked perfectly the first time they ran. Furthermore, we observed nearly a 40-fold increase in performance: from 3 voices sampled at 8 KHz, we jumped to over 20 voices sampled at 44 KHz.
As we began doing more with general rotation and scaling of images, we found ourselves dissatisfied with the slow speed of non-integer scaling and image rotations by angles other than multiples of 90 degrees. To address this problem in a simple manner, we added a "warp drive" to BitBlt. WarpBlt takes as input a quadrilateral specifying the traversal of the source image corresponding to BitBlt's normal rectangular destination. If the quadrilateral is larger than the destination rectangle, sampling occurs and the image is reduced. If the quadrilateral is smaller than the destination, then interpolation occurs and the image is expanded. If the quadrilateral is a rotated rectangle, then the image is correspondingly rotated. If the source quadrilateral is not rectangular, then the transformation will be correspondingly distorted.
Once we started playing with arbitrarily rotated and scaled images, we began to wish that the results of this crude warp were not so jagged. This led to support for over sampling and smoothing in the warp drive, which does a reasonable job of anti-aliasing in many cases. The approach is to average a number of pixels around a given source coordinate. Averaging colors is not a simple matter with the table-based colors of 8 bits or less. The approach we used is to map from the source color space to RGB colors, average the samples in RGB space, and map the final result back to the nearest indexed color via the normal depth-reducing color map.
As with the sound synthesis work, WarpBlt is completely described in Smalltalk, then translated into C to deliver performance appropriate to interactive graphics.
Table 4 gives the approximate size of the main components of Squeak in lines of code, based on version 1.18 of December, 1996. Our measurement includes all comments, but excludes all blank lines. We present these statistics not as rigorous measurement, but more as an order-of-magnitude gauge. For instance, the entire virtual machine is approximately 100 pages. Of that, 6547 lines are in Smalltalk (translator not included) versus 1681 lines of OS interface in C that may need to be altered for porting.
|BitBlt with Warp||1313|
The size of the 1.18 Squeak release image, with all development support, including browsers, inspectors, performance analyzers, color graphics, and music support is 968K bytes on the Macintosh. The code for the virtual machine, simulator, and Smalltalk-to-C translator, which are only needed by those engaged in virtual machine development, adds 290K to this figure. The interpreter, when running, requires 300K on a Power PC Macintosh, and the entire Smalltalk environment runs satisfactorily with as little as 200K of free space available. In monochrome, the system runs comfortably in 1.8 MB. We distribute a 650K image with the complete development environment that runs in less than 1MB on the Cassiopeia hand held computer.
Thanks to today's fast processors, Squeak's performance was satisfactory from the moment the translator produced its first C translation of the virtual machine. Since this debut, Squeak's performance has improved steadily, and the current version, 1.18, executes about four million byte codes or 173 thousand message sends per second on a 110 MHz Power PC Mac 8100. Table 5 shows the improvement in Squeak's performance over its first year. Two simple benchmarks from the release were used to track the approximate byte code execution rate ("10 benchmark") and the cost of full method activation and return ("26 benchFib"). Note that the latter benchmark measures the worst case; not all message sends require a full activation.
The rapid early leaps in performance were due partly to removal of scaffoldingsuch as assertion checks and range checks on memory referencesand partly to improving the runtime model of the translator. For example, object references were originally represented as offsets relative to the base of the object memory rather than as true direct pointers. After May, however, the easy changes had all been made and improvements came in smaller increments, sometimes only a few percent at a time. The most significant of these optimizations include:
Table 6 compares Squeak's current performance over a small suite of benchmarks with that of several commercial Smalltalk implementations that cover a cross-section of implementation technologies, including a bytecode interpreter similar to the original Smalltalk-80 virtual machine (Apple Smalltalk), an aggressively optimized interpreter (ST/V Mac 1.1), and two implementations using dynamic translation to native code (ParcPlace Smalltalk 2.3 and 2.5). In order to draw meaningful comparisons between Squeak and these 68K-based virtual machines, all timings except those in the last column were taken on a Duo 230 (33Mhz 68030). Since Squeak runs significantly better on modern processors with instruction caches and a generous supply of registers, the final column of the table, SqueakPPC, shows Squeak's performance relative to C on a Power PC-based Macintosh.
So far in the design of Squeak, we have emphasized simplicity, portability, and small memory footprint over high performance. Much better performance is possible. The PP2.3 and PP2.5 columns of Table 6 are examples of Deutsch-Schiffman-style dynamic translation (or "JIT") virtual machines [Deut84]. Dynamic translation avoids the overhead of byte code dispatch by translating methods into native instructions kept in a size-bounded cache. The Self project [ChUn91] [Hölz94] broke new ground in high performance by investing more compilation time in heavily used methods, using inlining to eliminate expensive calls and enable further optimizations. This work, which was later extended to Smalltalk and Java [Anim96], shows that one can obtain performance approaching half the speed of optimized C without compromising the semantics of a clean language. Unfortunately both of these approaches have resulted in virtual machine implementations that are, by Squeak standards, unapproachable and difficult to port.
We believe that Squeak can enjoy the same performance as commercial Smalltalk implementations without compromising malleability and portability. In our experience the byte code basis of the Smalltalk-80 standard [Inga78] is hard to beat for compactness and simplicity, and for the programming tools that have grown around it. Therefore dynamic translation is a natural avenue to high performance. The Squeak philosophy implies that both the dynamic translator and its target code sequences should be written and debugged in Smalltalk, then automatically translated into C to build the production virtual machine. By representing translated methods as ordinary Smalltalk objects, experiments with Self-style inlining and other optimizations could be done at the Smalltalk level. This approach is currently being explored as a way to improve Squeak's performance without adversely affecting its portability.
As exciting as the day the interpreter first ran, was the day we released Squeak to the Internet community. In the back of our minds, we all felt that we were finally doing, in September of 1996, what we had failed to do in 1980. However, the code we released ran only on the Macintosh and, although we had worked hard to make it portable, we did not know if we had succeeded.
Three weeks later, we received a message announcing Ian Piumarta's first UNIX port of Squeak. He had ported it to seven additional UNIX platforms two weeks later. At the same time, Andreas Raab announced ports of Squeak for Windows 95 and Windows NT. Neither of these people had even contacted us before starting their porting efforts! A mere five weeks after it was released, Squeak was available on all the major computing platforms except Windows 3.1, and had an active and rapidly growing mailing list. Since that time, Squeak ports have been done for Linux, the Acorn RISC, and Windows CE, and several other ports are underway.
The Squeak release, including the source code for the virtual machine, C translator and everything else described in this paper, as well as all the ports mentioned above, is available through the following sites: <http://www.research.apple.com/research/proj/learning_concepts/squeak/> <ftp://ftp.create.ucsb.edu> <ftp://alix.inria.fr> <ftp://ftp.cs.uni-magdeburg.de/pub/ Smalltalk/free/squeak>
The Squeak license agreement explicitly grants the right to use Squeak in commercial applications royalty-free. The only requirement in return is that any ports of Squeak or changes to the base class library must be made available for free on the Internet. New applications and facilities built on Squeak do not need to be shared. We believe that this licensing agreement encourages the continued development and sharing of Squeak by its user community.
For the Smalltalk devotee, nothing is more natural than the desire to attack all programming problems with Smalltalk. Thus, there has long been a tradition of using Smalltalk to describe and debug a low-level system before its final implementation. As mentioned earlier, the Blue Book used Smalltalk as a high-level description of a Smalltalk virtual machine, and this description was actually checked for accuracy by running it. In LOOM [Kaeh86], the kernel of a virtual object memory was written and executed in a separate, simplified Smalltalk virtual machine whenever an "object fault" occurred. For better performance, this kernel was later translated into BCPL semi-automatically, then fixed up by hand. This experience planted the seed for the approach taken in Squeak two decades later.
A number of recent systems translate complete Smalltalk programs into lower-level languages to gain speed, portability, or application packaging advantages. Smalltalk/X [Gitt95] and SPiCE [YaDo95] generate C code from programs using the full range of Smalltalk semantics, including blocks. Babel [MWH94] translates Smalltalk applications into CLOS, and includes a facility for automatically winnowing out unused classes and methods.
Producer [Cox87] translated Smalltalk programs into Objective C, but required the programmer to supply type declarations and rules for mapping dynamically allocated objects such as Points into Objective C record structures. Producer only supported a subset of Smalltalk semantics because it depended on the Objective C runtime and thus did not support blocks as first-class objects. Squeak's Smalltalk-to-C translator restricts the programmer to an even more limited subset of Smalltalk, but that subset closely mirrors the underlying processor architecture, allowing the translated code to run nearly as efficiently as if it were written in C directly. The difference arises from a difference in goals: The goal of Squeak's translation is merely to support the construction of its own virtual machine, a much simpler task than translating full-blown Smalltalk programs into C. Squeak's translator is more in the spirit of QUICKTALK [Ball86], a system that used Smalltalk to define new primitive methods for the virtual machine. Another Smalltalk-to-primitive compiler, Hurricane [Atki86], used a combination of user-supplied declarations and simple type inference to eliminate class checks and to inline integer arithmetic. Unlike Squeak's translator, Hurricane allowed the programmer to also use polymorphic arithmetic in the Smalltalk code to be translated. Neither QUICKTALK nor Hurricane attempted to produce an entire virtual machine via translation.
Type information can help a translator produce more efficient code by eliminating run-time type tests and enabling inlining. Typed Smalltalk [JGZ88] added optional type declarations to Smalltalk and used that type information to generate faster code. The quality of its code was comparable to that of QUICKTALK but, to the best of the authors' knowledge, the project's ultimate goal of producing a complete, stand-alone Smalltalk virtual machine was never realized. A different approach is to use type information gathered during program execution to guide on-the-fly optimization, as done in the Self [ChUn91] [Hölz94] and Animorphic [Anim96] virtual machines. Note that using types for optimization is independent of whether the programming language has type declarations. The Self and Animorphic virtual machines use type information to optimize declaration-free languages whereas Strongtalk [BrGr93], which augments Smalltalk with an optional type system to support the specification and verification of interfaces, ran on a virtual machine that knew nothing about those types. The subset of Smalltalk used for the Squeak virtual machine maps so directly to the fundamental data types of the hardware that the translator would not benefit from additional type information. However, we have contemplated building a separate primitive compiler that supports polymorphic arithmetic, in which case the declaration-driven optimization techniques of Hurricane and Typed Smalltalk would be beneficial.
Work on Squeak continues. We are overhauling Squeak's graphics model to supplant the MVC model with a new one along the lines of Morphic [Malo95] and Fabrik [Inga88]. We also plan to complete Squeak's sound and music facilities by adding sound input and MIDI input and output.
We are collaborating with Ian Piumarta to produce a dynamic translation engine for Squeak, inspired by Eliot Miranda's BrouHaHa Smalltalk [Mira87] and his later work with portable threaded code. A top priority is to build the entire engine in Smalltalk to keep it entirely portable.
Just as we wanted Squeak to be endowed with music and sound capability, we also wanted it to be easily interconnected with the rest of the computing world. To this end, we are adding network stream and datagram support to the system. While not yet complete, the current facilities already support TCP/IP clients and servers on Macintosh and Windows 95/NT, with UNIX support to follow soon.
As far as we know, Squeak is the first practical Smalltalk system written in itself that is complete and self-supporting. Squeak runs the Smalltalk code describing its own virtual machine fast enough for debugging purposes: although it requires some patience, one can actually interact with menus and windows in this mode. This is no mean feat, considering that every memory reference in the inner loop of BitBlt is running in Smalltalk.
To achieve useful levels of performance, the Smalltalk code of the virtual machine is translated into C, yielding a speedup of approximately 450. Part of this performance gain, a factor of 3.4, can be attributed to the inlining of function calls in the translation process. The translator can also be used to generate primitive methods for computationally intensive inner loops that manipulate fundamental data types of the machine such as bytes, integers, floats, and arrays of these types.
The Squeak virtual machine, since its source code is publicly available, serves as an updated reference implementation for Smalltalk-80. This is especially valuable now that the classic Blue and Green Books [Gold83] [Kras83] are out of print. A number of design choices made in the Blue Book that were appropriate for the slower speed and limited address space of the computer systems of the early 1980's have been revisited, especially those relating to object memory and storage reclamation. Squeak also updates the multimedia components of this reference system by adding color support and image transformation capabilities to BitBlt and by including sound output. While Squeak is not the first Smalltalk to use modern storage management or to support multimedia, it makes a valuable contribution by delivering these capabilities in a small one-language package that is freely available, and that runs identically on all platforms.
While we considered using Java for our project, we still feel that Smalltalk offers a better environment for research and development. At a time when the world is moving toward native host widgets, we still feel that there is power and inspiration in having all of the code for every aspect of computation and display be immediately accessible, changeable, and identical across platforms. Finally, when most development environments fill 100 megabytes of disk space or more, Squeak is a portable, malleable, full-service computing environment, including browsing, split-second recompilation, and source debugging tools, all in a 1-megabyte footprint. Though many of its strengths are rooted in the past, Squeak is suited to the intimate computing potential of PDAs and the Internet, and our work is, now more than ever, inspired by the future.
The authors wish to acknowledge the support of Apple Computer throughout this project, especially Jim Spohrer, Don Norman, and Elizabeth Greer. We especially appreciate their wisdom in seeing that Squeak would be worth more if it were made freely available. We also wish to thank the entire Squeak community for their encouragement and support, especially those who have submitted code or donated their time and energy to maintaining Squeak ports and the Squeak mailing list and web sites.
[Anim96] Animorphic Systems, Exhibit at OOPSLA '96. Animorphic Systems was a small company that included several members of the Self team and produced extremely high performance virtual machines for Smalltalk and Java. The company has since been purchased by Sun Microsystems. [Atki86] Atkinson, R., "Hurricane: An Optimizing Compiler for Smalltalk," Proc. of the ACM OOPSLA '86 conf., September 1986, pp. 151-158. [BrGr93] Bracha, G. and Griswold, D., "Strongtalk: Typechecking Smalltalk in a Production Environment," Proc. of the ACM OOPSLA '93 conf., September 1993. [Ball86] Ballard, M., Maier, D., and Wirffs-Brock, A., "QUICKTALK: A Smalltalk-80 Dialect for Defining Primitive Methods," Proc. of the ACM OOPSLA '86 conf., September 1986, pp. 140-150. [ChUn91] Chambers, C. and Ungar, D., "Making Pure Object-Oriented Languages Practical," Proc. of the ACM OOPSLA '91 conf., November 1991, pp. 1-15. [Cox87] Cox, B. and Schmucker, K., "Producer: A Tool for Translating Smalltalk-80 to Objective-C," Proc. of the ACM OOPSLA '87 conf., October 1987, pp. 423-429. [Deut84] Deutsch, L., and Schiffman, A., "Efficient Implementation of the Smalltalk-80 System," Proc. 11th ACM Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages, January 1984, pp. 297-302. [Gitt95] Gittinger, Claus, Smalltalk/X, ,http://www.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/stx/stx.html 1995. [Gold83] Goldberg, A. and Robson, D., Smalltalk-80: The Language and Its Implementation, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA,1983. [Hölz94] Hölzle, U., Adaptive optimization for Self: Reconciling High Performance with Exploratory Programming, Ph.D. Thesis, Computer Science Department, Stanford University, 1994. [Inga78] Ingalls, D., "The Smalltalk-76 Programming System, Design and Implementation" Proc. 5th ACM Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages, Tucson, January 1978. [Inga88] Ingalls, D., Wallace, S., Chow, Y., Ludolph, F., and Doyle, K., "Fabrik: A Visual Programming Environment," Proc. of the ACM OOPSLA '88 conf., September 1988, pp. 176-190. [JGZ88] Johnson, R., Graver, J., and Zurawski, L.,"TS: An Optimizing Compiler for Smalltalk," Proc. of the ACM OOPSLA '88 conf., September 1988, pp. 18-26. [Kaeh86] Kaehler, Ted, "Virtual Memory on a Narrow Machine for an Object-Oriented Language," Proc. of the ACM OOPSLA '86 conf., September 1986, pp. 87-106. [Kras83] Krasner, G., ed., Smalltalk-80, Bits of History, Words of Advice, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA,1983. [Malo95] Maloney, J. and Smith, R., "Directness and Liveness in the Morphic User Interface Construction Environment," UIST '95, November 1995. [Mira87] Miranda, E., "BrouHaHaA Portable Smalltalk Interpreter," Proc. of the ACM OOPSLA '87 conf., October 1987, pp. 354-365. [MWH94] Moore, I., Wolczko, M., and Hopkins, T., "BabelA Translator from Smalltalk into CLOS," TOOLS USA 1994, Prentice Hall, 1994. [Saun77] Saunders, S., "Improved FM Audio Synthesis Methods for Real-time Digital Music Generation," in Computer Music Journal 1:1, February 1977. Reprinted in Computer Music, Roads, C. and Strawn, J., eds., MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1985. [Unga84] Ungar, D.,"Generation Scavenging: A Non-Disruptive High Performance Storage Reclamation Algorithm," Proc. ACM Symposium on Practical Software Development Environments, April 1984, pp. 157-167. Also published as ACM SIGPLAN Notices 19(5), May 1984 and ACM Software Engineering Notes 9(3), May 1984. [UnJa88] Ungar, D. and Jackson, F.,"Tenuring Policies for Generation-Based Storage Reclamation," Proc. of the ACM OOPSLA '88 conf., September 1988, pp. 18-26. [YaDo95] Yasumatsu, K. and Doi, N., "SPiCE: A System for Translating Smalltalk Programs Into a C Environment," IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 21(11), 1995, pp. 902-912. | <urn:uuid:03087260-b7cd-4f3e-8f10-b453fb330466> | {
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Eastport Peninsula Conclusion:
The most important cultural event in the human history of any area is its founding by a group of settlers from the outside. The pioneers establish both the biological foundations (the gene pool) and the social and cultural character on which the area subsequently grows and develops. The founding families possess the human values including the organization of space to guide relations among themselves and with the wider world. The norms, beliefs, customs and sets of values derived from forbears provide the members of a group with a sense of identity and the guidelines in trying to gain a livelihood and live a decent life. These norms, beliefs and customs represent the elements of heritage drawn from history. To preserve culture and heritage it is necessary to encourage communities to perpetuate a host of historical activities and traditions, rituals and ceremonies which are embedded in language (including dialect, folklore, storytelling, literature and music), institutions (family, community and religious activities), and the cultural landscape (historic buildings and architecture, settlement patterns, land uses and spaces). These elements are the central features of culture that need preservation and reproduction. Cultural heritage is said to be as important to a group in maintaining its identity as memory is to an individual.
Until recently the Eastport Peninsula has been occupied almost exclusively by a homogeneous cultural group whose ancestors came into the area between the 1780s and 1860s. The settlers were a common stock of migrants with a cultural ancestry derived almost entirely from the English counties of Dorsetshire, Hampshire and Somerset. The pioneers came mainly from among the servants and employees transported to Newfoundland in the cod fishery by merchants and ship owners of Poole. Those choosing to continue in the Newfoundland fishery as a way of life, settled around the shores of convenient harbours near fishing grounds and created communities of fishing families. In doing so it was necessary for them to make numerous cultural adjustments and adaptations. Places such as Salvage and Barrow Harbour were fundamentally different natural environments and work places from the agricultural villages, market towns and manufacturing places of their English homeland.
Photo by Gordon Handcock, ©1981. Reproduced by permission of Gordon Handcock.
Making a living in Bonavista Bay in the cod fishery required a completely new set of routines, skills, knowledge and outlooks from those needed back home in and around the Blackmore Vale, the Somerset borderlands or the Hampshire New Forest regions where the typical forms of employment might include being a labourer in agriculture, a dairyman, a shepherd, a mason, a butcher, a quarryman or a carter. In other words survival in the Newfoundland milieu demanded the acquisition of a completely new set of skills and abilities. Early settlers developed new strategies to sustain themselves, and their descendants subsequently improved on these or adopted others to exploit natural resources and to cope with the much more rigorous climatic and natural environmental conditions of Newfoundland.
Early settlements such as Salvage, Barrow Harbour and Flat Island initially were settled as inshore cod fishing stations but soon developed other economic functions related to the seal fishery, the distant Labrador cod fishery, fall and winter wood cutting activities and other pursuits such as boat building and subsistence farming. From the outset these communities consisted of extended family units, or kin groups, living in close proximity to each other. The extended families functioned as socio-economic units both in making a living and in support of all individuals within the kin group. Most kin groups were paternal which is why most settlements can be strongly associated with specific surnames, and conversely family names with specific outport communities. The attachment and bonding of families with specific places helps explain why it is more common to ask a resident "where do you belong?" rather than "where do you come from?" or "where were you born?" On the Eastport Peninsula by predominance and association one readily identifies Sandy Cove with the surnames Matchim and King, Happy Adventure with Turners, Powells and Elliotts, Burnside with Oldfords and Ralphs, and St. Chads with Hunters, Martins and Trokes. From the surname perspective Napier evokes Sandy Cove, Bull and Crisby are most closely linked with Eastport, and Heffern and Sturge belong to Salvage. Some surnames have spread into several communities and are more closely linked to the peninsula as a whole rather than with specific places. These families would include the surnames Brown, Burden, Babstock, Dyke, Hapgood, Han(d)cock, Lane, Moss and Squire. Historically these peninsular family names were affiliated at one time or another with Salvage. In more recent times surname patterns and community associations have become more complex as the Peninsula becomes increasingly integrated. While many of the older, more historic surnames have weakened through out migration and lowering numbers of births, many new family names have been introduced into the area recently through in-migration, mostly because of retirees and elderly selecting the Peninsula as a place of retirement.
Photo by Gordon Handcock, ©2000. Reproduced by permission of Gordon Handcock.
While early settlers found it necessary to forge new ways of making a living and to adopt new strategies of survival, they nonetheless retained and perpetuated many of their former cultural traits and social customs particularly those related to belief systems, language, folklore and habitual behaviour. The vernacular dialects of Dorsetshire and adjacent counties from the 18th century have been well preserved on the Peninsula particularly among the more elderly. These include such traits such as the habitual dropping of the letter "h", before a vowel or adding one on as in "Appy Hadventure", and the use of non-standard grammar, phrases, vocabulary and pronunciation.
On the spiritual side families on the Eastport Peninsula tend to retain rituals and traditions related to the tenets of English Protestantism. The churches and schools formally represented the main public institutions around which community life was focused. Clergymen and teachers once played very key roles in setting and upholding social and moral standards though the most fundamental unit in establishing behavioural and cultural norms was the family. Most families on the Eastport Peninsula have a cultural legacy associated with the teachings of the Anglican (Church of England) Church or with the United Church (formerly Methodism)- which by ancestry links them also with the two major Christian denominations of Wessex.
Photo by Gordon Handcock, ©1990. Reproduced by permission of Gordon Handcock.
The Wessex settlers of the Eastport Peninsula brought with them and practiced to a large degree values associated with English puritanism which emphasized such notions as the strict observance of the Sabbath (Sunday), obedience to parental, civil and religious authority, thriftiness, and frugality. Hard work was regarded by most as an important virtue, and idleness and wastefulness were generally detested. Methodism demanded a stricter moral code than Anglicanism and forbade the use of alcohol, dancing and card playing. Wessex secular and folk traditions, however, added new dimensions to the belief and behavioral systems. As in their former English homeland, the people who settled in central Bonavista Bay were much given to superstitious beliefs and inclined to be somewhat fatalistic about life. At the same time they were, and are, inclined to be extremely good humoured and sharp witted even in circumstances of difficulty.
Numerous colleagues, relatives, friends, former students and informants have shared in developing this paper. Their input has been an important part of it. In particular I thank my colleague and friend Dr. Chesley Sanger for helpful advice and encouragement. The paper draws liberally from an earlier work by Dr. Alan Macpherson on the peopling of central Bonavista Bay. Archaeologist Laurie Maclean generously shared information on the early Aboriginal occupance of Bonavista Bay. The late Harold Squire's early history of Eastport was a useful reference and Fred Pafford's computer compilation of Salvage parish records was extremely helpful also. The transcripts of interviews with elderly persons conducted by high school students of Kevin Major in the 1970s and printed in the magazine STAGEHEAD constitute an extremely valuable source reference on settlement origins and aspects of traditional life. Dr. Arthur S. Dyke's study of the Eastport glacial-fluvial delta is an important document on the peninsula's physical geography, also one with significant human relevance. Another important source of information was provided by term papers completed by undergraduate students for courses at Memorial University. Among these were Scott Hapgood on Burnside; Audrey Matchim, Clar Matchim and Denise Edwards (three separate papers) on Sandy Cove; Norma Powell on Happy Adventure; Winston Dyke on the Dyke Family and Eastport; Mildred Powell (nee Dyke) on the Dyke Family and Clay Cove; Cheryl Handcock on the Moss Family and Eastport and Sharon Handcock on Salvage.
Over the years many individuals have shared with me their memories and personal knowledge on different aspects of local history. Notably among these were my parents Norman and Isabelle Handcock, my wife's (Margaret's) parents - Leander and Edith Hunter, Silas and Violet Dyke, A. Prince Dyke, Ches Crisby, J. M. (Mac) Moss, Harold Squire, Harold and Belle Handcock, Wilfred and Marion Handcock, Maxwell (Mac) Bradley, Fred Bradley, Peirce Bradley, Cleeves and Fred Oldford, Augustus Oldford, Dorothy Rose (nee Oldford), Donald Powell, Mildred Powell, Allister Powell, Phoebe Turner, Willis and May Turner, Neville Squire, Alexander and Lizzie Mary Dunn, Eldon Moss, Gerald Hunter, Norman Bull, John W. Bull, Colin Bull, Reg Bull, Llewellyn Crisby, Roy Dyke, Jacob and Gertie Dyke, Bert C. Bull, Annie Lane, Roy Babstock (all three), Ephriam Brown, Gerald Brown, Sidney Lane, Ray Troke, Richard (Dick) King, Clayton King, Gordon and Fred Brown, Heber and Selby Moss, Charles Moss, Muriel Crisby, Jim Crisby, Claude Turner, Bill Bradley, Pat Bradley, Greg Bradley, Kenneth and Irene Bradley, Agnes Squire, Bill Lane, Gilbert Heffern, Stewart and June Sturge, Alph and Josie Handcock, Gilbert and Sarah Turner, Greg Handcock, Ralph and Owen Turner, Lewis and Beatrice Handcock, Katie and Martha Babstock, Anne Piercey, Gertie Handcock, Albert G. Hall, Nigel Rusted, George and Sylvester Hiscock, Harold and Minnie Troke, Donald and Dorothy Handcock, Thomas Hunter, Robert Martin, Thomas C. Turner, Harvey Turner, Nelson Matchim, Edgar Napier, Calvin Ralph, Ivan Ralph, Samson Squire, Christine Squire, Rex Vivian, Ray Penny, Moses Morgan, Newton Morgan, Bert Ralph, the Mosses (Lew, Jim, Jack, Frank and Ralph), William (Bill) Samson, Henry Squire, Elizabeth (Liz) Matchim, Andrew Brown and Marcus Moss. To those I have forgotten to mention by name I offer my sincere apologies but I give my sincere thanks to all. | <urn:uuid:744ee0a3-7b74-4d9c-9829-ebf26d715ca9> | {
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Neuroendocrinology: An Integrated Approach
This book provides a much-needed introduction to neuroendocrinology from a zoological and evolutionary perspective. It covers the evolution, development and description of the neuroendocrine system throughout the animal kingdom.
Specific topics covered include:
- The Evolution of early neuroendocrine systems in primitive animals
- Structural characterisation, molecular biology and biochemistry of neuroendocrine agents
- A profiles section on unusual aspects of neuroendocrine physiology written by leaders in the field
- A unique section on the actions of environmental chemicals effect neuroendocrine systems in various species
1. History of Neuroendocrinology and Neurohormones Introduction.
Early history of physiology.
Renaissance and the growth of western science.
The 19th-century physiology and medicine.
Neurosecretion and the hypothalamus–pituitary regulation.
2. Origin of Life and the First Signalling Molecules.
Theories of the evolution of the first cells.
The first cells.
The first true signalling hormones.
3. Rise of Metazoans and the Elaboration of Signalling Systems.
Colonialism and multicellularity.
The elaboration of hormone pathways
Nervous systems and rudimentary neuroendocrine systems.
Increase in genetic complexity and the rise of triploblastic organisms.
4. Elaboration of Neuroendocrine Systems.
Elaboration of nervous system and development of organismal complexity.
Nervous and neuroendocrine systems in phylogenetically younger invertebrates.
Nervous and neuroendocrine systems in the deuterostomes.
Peripheral and autonomic nervous systems.
Cerebrospinal fluid and the choroid plexus.
Neurohaemal and circumventricular organs: Neurovascular interfaces.
Hypothalamus–pituitary gland complex.
5. Neurohormones and Receptors: Structure, Function and Co-evolution.
Orthology and paralogy.
Structural description of non-peptide ligands.
Peptide and polypeptide signalling molecules.
Structure and classes of receptors.
6. Osmoregulation, Metabolism and Energy Production.
Role of prolactin.
Feeding and appetite regulation.
Neural circuitry associated with feeding.
7. Growth and Development.
Growth and the growth hormone, prolactin, somatolactin superfamily.
Metamorphosis and development.
Mechanisms of ageing.
8. Biological Rythms.
Origin of biological clocks.
Clock circuitry in vertebrates.
The role of melatonin.
9. Stress, Arousal and Homeostatic Challenge.
Physiology and behaviour associated with stress Components of the stress-response system.s
Corticotropin-releasing factor superfamily of peptides.
Proopiomelanocortin and adrenocorticotrophic hormone.
Integration of HPA/I components with other systems.
Complementary neuroendocrine circuits associated with stress.
Selection of sexual reproduction.
Regulation of reproduction.
Gonadotrophins and their regulation.
Neuroendocrine regulation of the HPG axis.
Pregnancy, parturition and lactation.
Reproduction and stress.
11. Behaviour, Learning and Memory.
Basic behavioural circuits.
Motivation: Reward and fear.
Stress and the modulation of learning and behaviour.
Hormonal facilitation of behaviour.
Galanin modulation of neurological circuits.
An integrated approach to behavioural modulation.
Neurodegeneration and trauma.
12. Pheromones and Chemo-attractants.
Evolution of pheromones.
Classification of pheromones.
Pheromones in invertebrates.
Pheromones in vertebrates.
Physiological actions of vertebrate pheromones.
Pheromones in mammals.
13. Xenobiotics and Hormone Mimics.
Types of xenobiotics.
Vertebrate toxins and defences.
Toxins and xenobiotics in invertebrates.
Toxins and hormone mimics in plants.
Hormone mimics from anthropogenic sources.
- Emphasis on the evolution of neuroendocrine systems in the animal kingdom
- Similarities and differences in neuroendocrine physiology between vertebrates and invertebrates
An integrated genes-to-environment approach
A profiles section on unusual aspects of neuroendocrine physiology written by leaders in the field
A unique section on the actions of environmental chemicals effect neuroendocrine systems in various species
"…provides important context for the development of neuroendocrinology." (Doody's Health Services)
"A clearly written introduction to neuroendocrinology from a zoological and evolutionary perspective." (Pediatric Endocrinology Reviews (PER), May 2006)
Buy Both and Save 25%!
Neuroendocrinology: An Integrated Approach (US $244.95)
-and- Translational Neuroscience: A Guide to a Successful Program (US $90.95)
Total List Price: US $335.90
Discounted Price: US $251.92 (Save: US $83.98) | <urn:uuid:f90f5521-678a-4810-8519-b75d10df2c02> | {
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This Hubble Space Telescope image of the spiral galaxy NGC 4710 shows a faint, ethereal "X"-shaped bulge at the galaxy's center.
Credit: NASA & ESA
A new image of the bulge at the center of a distant spiral galaxy, taken by the Hubble Space Telescope, is giving astronomers insight into how these galactic paunches form.
The image of NGC 4710 is part of a survey that astronomers have conducted to learn more about the formation of bulges, which are a substantial component of most spiral galaxies.
When targeting spiral galaxy bulges, astronomers often seek edge-on galaxies, as their bulges are more easily distinguishable from the disc. The detailed edge-on view of NGC 4710, taken with Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys, shows the galaxy?s bulge in its brightly colored center.
The luminous, elongated white plane that runs through the bulge is the galaxy disc. The disc and bulge are surrounded by eerie-looking dust lanes.
When staring directly at the center of the galaxy, one can detect a faint, ethereal ?X?-shaped structure. Such a feature, which astronomers call a ?boxy? or ?peanut-shaped? bulge, is due to the vertical motions of the stars in the galaxy?s bar and is only evident when the galaxy is seen edge-on.
This curiously shaped puff is often observed in spiral galaxies with small bulges and open arms, but is less common in spirals with arms tightly wrapped around a more prominent bulge, such as NGC 4710.
NGC 4710 is a member of the giant Virgo Cluster of galaxies and lies in the northern constellation of Coma Berenices (the Hair of Queen Berenice). William Herschel discovered the galaxy in the 1780s and noted it simply as a ?faint nebula."
It lies about 60 million light-years from the Earth and is an example of a lenticular or S0-type galaxy ? a type that seems to have some characteristics of both spiral and elliptical galaxies.
Astronomers are scrutinizing these systems to determine how many globular clusters they host. Globular clusters are thought to represent an indication of the processes that can build bulges.
Two quite different processes are believed to be at play regarding the formation of bulges in spiral galaxies: either they formed rather rapidly in the early universe, before the spiral disc and arms formed; or they built up from material accumulating from the disc during a slow and long evolution.
In the case of NGC 4710, researchers have spotted very few globular clusters associated with the bulge, indicating that its assembly mainly involved relatively slow processes.
- Video - Stunning New Images from Hubble
- Video - Spiral Galaxy Evolution
- Images: Amazing Galaxies | <urn:uuid:73dbf84e-1ed4-4bc4-acd3-1787fcba623f> | {
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Why We Can’t Wait Themes
Politics and the Black Church Although the United States enshrined the separation between religion and politics in its foundational documents, religion has always been a powerful force in society. King, a Baptist minister with an advanced degree in theology, uses his faith as the foundation for his politics. King’s “Letter from Birmingham Jail,” which was directed at both a local audience of ministers and a national audience, explains in explicit detail that his politics are in the tradition of the early Christians.
For example, he describes the protestors who sat in at lunch counters as “disinherited children of God” who “were in reality standing up for what is best in the American dream and for the most sacred values in our Judeo-Christian heritage”(111). King articulates this connection between religion and politics in his discussions of what he calls “the social gospel”: “Negro ministers, with a growing awareness that the true witness of a Christian life is the projection of a social gospel, had accepted leadership in the fight for racial justice” by the 1950s (28).
His position as spokesperson and organizer reflected a larger trend in the African-American community, namely the role of the black church as a space for political organization in the absence of public, legally-sanctioned political participation for African- Americans. As portrayed in this volume, black churches are places where both the spirit and the body are nourished, activists are trained, and martyrs for political causes are created.
In “New Day in Birmingham,” for example, King writes that the SCLC and ACMHR held “sixty-five nightly meetings conducted at various churches in the Negro community” (63). Birmingham churches served as starting points for protests, spaces where workshops on nonviolence were conducted, and sites for rallies to raise funds to support the movement financially. An important part of these meetings was the singing of “freedom songs,” which in their diction, imagery, and phrasing bear the marks of another form of African- American folk culture, the Negro spiritual.
This blending of spiritual and political longings is emblematic of the influence of the black church on politics, so much so that the most famous of these songs, “We Shall Overcome,” serves as a motif throughout the book, appearing at moments of danger and challenge such as the riots King recounts in the chapter, “Black and White Together” (128). As living symbols of the connection between faith and politics in the African- American community, the black church at times became a site of violence and martyrdom.
The Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, site of many of the meetings described in the book, is now also famous as the place where four African- American girls were killed when Ku Klux Klan members bombed the church during Sunday school. While the girls were there to worship, King describes their deaths as “political assassinations” that were the result of the sickness of racial hatred in America (180). By harnessing the power of black spirituality, King and his peers were able to create changes in American politics that reverberate to this day.
Race, Racism, and American History An important element of King’s argument for the urgency of change is his perspective on American history. In “Letter from Birmingham Jail,” King attacks “the myth concerning time in relation to the struggle for freedom” (98), most specifically “the strangely irrational notion that there is something in the very flow of time that will inevitably cure all ill”(99). The idea that America is on an inevitable march to progress is still one that is widely held by many; in this book, King reflects on the many ways that America has failed to progress, most particularly in terms of the history of race and racism in America.
In order to make this argument, King creates revised narratives of American history through the lens of race. King’s focus on history is apparent throughout the book. The first line of the introduction—”It is the beginning of the year of our Lord 1963” (xi)—uses the diction of the chronicle of events but presents instead the contemporary scandal of deprivation in the lives of black youth. Their deprivation isn’t just physical, however. It is also a psychological one that emerges from the “pale history books” (xiii) that distort and conceal the contributions African-Americans have made to American history.
The distortion of the past also has the effect of distortion of the present, a point King makes by shifting to a discussion of current events immediately after this passage, including the celebration of the hundredth anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation as the achievement of true liberty for African- Americans. King’s description of the mythical boy and the girl is just the first of several imagined and factual accounts of the impact of inequality on African- Americans.
King also offers a revised narrative of more contemporary history by recasting the Civil Rights Movement as “America’s third revolution” (2). King uses the language of revolution to make the case that African-Americans’ activism is deeply American. For example, he uses a comparison between the Birmingham protests and the Battle of Bunker Hill, a symbolic victory (but a military defeat) for American colonists during the American Revolution, to argue that the setbacks after Birmingham paled in comparison to the symbolic importance of a victory for nonviolence (139).
Opponents of the Civil Rights Movement and uncertain people on the sidelines were likely to have seen King and his fellow activists as rabble rousers who posed a threat to law and order in society or, in the context of the Cold War with the Soviet Union, agitators whose primarily goal was to destabilize the country. Putting the activists’ work in the context of the American Revolution is King’s effort to legitimize the Civil Rights Movements and counter these assertions of disloyalty.
King’s most powerful recasting of American history comes in the chapter, “The Summer of Our Discontent. ” While there are many moments when King uses soaring, hopeful rhetoric to describe his belief in American ideals of liberty and equality for all, the America King describes in this chapter is one that suffers from a profound racism that goes all the way back to its founding. The problem in America, according to King, is that “[f]or too long the depth of racism in American life has been underestimated”(146).
America is such a racist country because it “was born in genocide” of Native Americans and insists on rewriting this genocide as “a noble crusade” (146-147). In this and other chapters, King reveals and denounces these racist roots to help his audience understand that African-Americans have been extremely patient. King’s rewriting of American history as both a hopeful one, grounded in liberty, and one that has denied that liberty to African-Americans allows him to explain why African-Americans can no longer wait on change.
“The Sword That Heals”: Nonviolent Direct Action Nonviolent direct action is a form of activism that seeks to create conditions that directly pressure the power structure to change or to make clear for a larger audience that the power structure is engaged in oppression that should not be allowed to stand. In Why We Can’t Wait, King advocates for nonviolent direct action as the method that is most likely to bring African-Americans success in their fight for civil rights. King’s belief in nonviolent direct action is a response to competing models for forcing change and his study of resistance in American history.
It is important to understand that at this moment, nonviolent direct action was just one of several possible responses to the continued oppression of African- Americans. Other groups advocated for violence or armed resistance during the 1960s, while some figures argued for a more gradual approach to change because of their fear of civil disorder. For example, Malcolm X, then a member of the Nation of Islam, argued for black separation from whites and armed resistance when attacked.
King’s support for nonviolent direct action comes out of a belief that these other approaches were ineffective or even counterproductive. King believed that nonviolence could provide the opportunity for an intervention in negative white American perceptions of African-Americans. In American popular culture, African-Americans were still frequently represented as undisciplined, uneducated, uncouth, sometimes violent people who at best could be slowly integrated into larger American society.
Belief in African-American inferiority was a foundational part of segregationist and racist arguments for completely and permanently excluding African-Americans from civil society. As King makes clear in his descriptions of the rigorous training protestors had to go through and the ten-point pledge they had to sign, these activists were forced to demonstrate iron control, dignity, and courage in the face of attacks from Bull Connor’s dogs, violent opponents, distractions from would-be supporters who engaged in violence, and beatings.
The images and news accounts of their actions served as evidence that African-Americans were people like everyone else or, even better, ordinary people who could show extraordinary courage for the sake of their liberty. Beyond the psychological benefits of nonviolence, King argues that American history has shown that since people of color are outgunned and outnumbered by the power structure, violence will inevitably end in defeat. King’s major support for this argument is the history of armed resistance by Native Americans.
Despite their efforts to resist the encroachment of whites, Native Americans were ultimately, in King’s account, defeated and confined to reservations. The violence between settlers and Native Americans served as racists’ rationale for this permanent subordinate status, a fate King believes can be avoided by African-Americans if they choose nonviolence. While King’s embrace of nonviolence reflects his belief in Christianity, it grows out of pragmatic concerns, such as its ability to improve representations of African-
American identity and his belief that violence has not historically been effective in securing change. African-American Identity and Representation Why We Can’t Wait is primarily an effort to garner national support for the Civil Rights Movement. An important part of that effort is to educate Americans about the character of African-Americans. While King acknowledges throughout his book the importance of confronting segregation legally, he also engages in efforts to change the negative perception of African-Americans into a more positive one.
His audience for these efforts is not only whites: King believed that African-Americans who had internalized negative stereotypes also needed to see models of black identity that were worthy of respect. During the 1960s, the prevailing representation of African-Americans was a negative one. African-Americans were seen as inferior people who were content with their lot and incapable of becoming full citizens because of inherent flaws in their culture and biology. This supposed inferiority was also thought to explain their low economic status.
Segregationist laws and social customs were explicitly designed to enforce African-Americans’ low status. The more intimate relationships whites had with African-Americans were economic ones, in which African- Americans were dependent on white employers and were thus less likely to candidly state their feelings about the oppression they suffered. In Why We Can’t Wait, King uses several approaches to counter dehumanizing stereotypes of African-Americans. King first of all uses a sociological approach to explain the low social and economic status of African-Americans.
In the introduction to the book and in the chapter,“Bull Connor’s Birmingham,” King highlights the economic, social, and psychological pressures that produce the deprivation typically associated with African-Americans. These narratives focus on representative children. In“Bull Connor’s Birmingham,” King explicitly asks the reader to “place [him or herself] in the positionof a Negro baby born and brought up to physical maturity in Birmingham” (45). These passages represent a society that almost uniformly makes it impossible for African-Americans to fulfill any of the elements of the American Dream.
The sympathetic portrayal of African-Americans in these passages pushes readers to feel empathy for African-Americans, to understand that their position in society is the result of intentionally discriminatory institutions rather than inherent inferiority, and to identify with African-Americans as human beings. Another method King uses to intervene in the representation of African-Americans is his inclusion of examples of black excellence. King mentions historical figures who contributed to early American history and contemporary figures like Ralph Bunche,the first African-American man to win a Nobel Prize for Peace.
King is careful to show that these African-Americans succeeded against all odds; in the case of more contemporary figures like Bunche, he also explains that these successful figures were exceptions and successful within the narrow confines of tokenism (70). The most powerful example of black excellence is King himself. King’s writing shows his erudition. He cites precedents and sources that range from the Bible all the way to philosophers like Martin Buber. King’s writing is elegant, persuasive, logical, and creative. He is a master of rhetoric.
Despite his humility, the name checks in the book include influential figures like India’s Prime Minister Nehru, three presidents, and the highly-respected journalists of Meet the Press. His ability to mingle with such important people testifies to the exemplary nature of his life. The engagement of these powerful figures with King has the effect of showing the reader the importance of the movement for civil rights and the African-Americans who support it. As is apparent in King’s dismissal of tokenism as real change, King’s major focus is not on famous African-Americans who managed to be the first or the only ones to succeed.
The star of his efforts to change the representation of African-Americans is the mass of ordinary African-Americans. King’s celebration of ordinary people is most prominent when he describes them in crowds, facing down violence in their marches in Birmingham and carrying themselves with dignity during the March on Washington. The marchers who stood before Bull Connor’s water hoses were “unafraid and unmoving” (120). King describes the typical African-American who protests as having found his or her “fighting spirit” and “power,” “[v]oluntarily facing death in many places” (134).
While the bravery of these protestors is an example to whites, King’s hope is that the biggest change will come in the psychology of every African-American. “The full dimensions of victory can be found only by comprehending the change within the minds of millions of Negroes,” according to King, once they finally rejected internalized notions of inferiority and see each African-American as “the equal of any man” (135). King underscores this transformation by highlighting the ways in which African-Americanparticipation in protests puts them firmly in the camp of the early American colonists who led the American Revolution.
In the final analysis, King’s goal is to help his readers, black and white, to understand that African-Americans have the same capacity for greatness and mediocrity as any other people in the U. S. By providing context to explain African- Americans’ low social status and examples of black heroism and excellence, King transforms black representation. The Interrelatedness of All Humanity A central premise of King’s nonviolence is that all human beings are related to each other by virtue of their location on the Earth and their shared status as humans in a system King believes was created by God.
Although his belief in the interrelatedness of all humanity is based on Christianity, King uses the concept throughout the book to legitimize his work in Alabama, to make the case for the Civil Rights Movement as a national movement, and to show that its tactics are appropriate tools for global concerns. King was a native of Atlanta, Georgia, where he helped to found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and was a minister in Montgomery, Alabama, when he came to prominence during the Civil Rights Movement. Over the course of the late 1950s and up until his death in 1968, he never confined his activism to his home community.
Instead, King took as his example the early Christians he cites in “Letter from Birmingham Jail,” who took their message beyond where they were from. King’s comments in this particular essay underscore a notion of American and African-American identity that is national instead of regional, especially when he proclaims, “I cannot sit idly by in Atlanta and not be concerned about what happens in Birmingham. Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere” (86). In the latter chapters of the book, King uses this principle as the basis for expanding the scope of his activism.
His belief in the need for the freedom movement to become more focused on national issues explains his support for the March on Washington. In “The Days to Come,” he uses the idea of the interrelatedness of all communities to argue for economic reparations for poor whites, whose proximity to slavery made them vulnerable to devaluation of their labor. King’s belief in this connection ultimately extends to international connections as well. He mentions several times that the protests in Birmingham and other parts of the South must be understood in the wider context of decolonization in African countries.
His closing comment in the book is that nonviolence, honed in the context of a struggle for racial equality, provides a roadmap for opposing nuclear proliferation, a political issue that seemingly has no explicit ties to the Civil Rights Movement. By reimagining each human being as a citizen of a country and as a citizen of the world, King carves out an ethical basis for activism that pushes against the argument that injustice is just a local concern that can only be resolved by the communities in which injustice occurs.
With Your Essay? Get Help From Professional Writer | <urn:uuid:6c59f6d2-9647-4548-90ee-fb44eb502e1a> | {
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- The definition of a clip is something that fastens or holds together, or the act of cutting.
- An example of a clip is a hair bow.
- An example of a clip is a trimming of hair.
- Clip means to cut or cut off, or to fasten.
- An example of clip is to trim the hedges.
- An example of clip is to pull the hair back with a bow.
A person clipping a coupon from a paper.
transitive verbclipped, clipping
- to cut or cut off with shears or scissors
- to cut (an item) out of (a newspaper, magazine, etc.)
- to cut short
- to shorten by omitting syllables, letters, etc.
- to cut the hair of
- to cut off the edge of (coins)
- Informal to hit or punch with a quick, sharp blow
- ☆ Slang to cheat or swindle, esp. by overcharging
Origin of clipMiddle English clippen ; from Old Norse klippa
- to clip something
- to move rapidly
- an act or instance of clipping
- a thing clipped; specif., the amount of wool clipped from sheep at one time or in one season
- a rapid pace
- Film, TV a sequence of film, videotape, etc., as a short selection taken from a longer feature or a brief piece inserted in a newscast
- Informal a quick, sharp blow
- clipped form
at a clipor at one clip
transitive verbclipped, clipping
- to fasten with a clip or clips
- Now Chiefly Dial. to hug; embrace closely
- ☆ Football to block (an opponent who is not carrying the ball) from behind: an illegal act
Origin of clipMiddle English clippen ; from Old English clyppan, to embrace ; from Indo-European an unverified form gleb- ; from base an unverified form gel-: see climb
- any of various devices that clip or fasten things together, grip or hold something, etc.
- cartridge clip
- Obsolete an embrace
- ☆ Football an act of clipping
verbclipped clipped, clip·ping, clips
- To cut, cut off, or cut out with or as if with shears: clip coupons; clipped three seconds off the record.
- To make shorter by cutting; trim: clip a hedge.
- To cut off the edge of: clip a coin.
- To cut short; curtail.
- a. To shorten (a word or words) by leaving out letters or syllables.b. To enunciate with clarity and precision: clip one's words.
- Informal To hit with a sharp blow: clipped me under the eye.
- Football To block (an opponent) illegally from the rear.
- Sports To hit or kick (the ball) in a certain direction.
- Slang To cheat, swindle, or rob.
- To cut something.
- Informal To move rapidly.
- The act of clipping.
- Something clipped off, especially:a. The wool shorn at one shearing, as of sheep.b. A season's shearing.
- A short extract from a movie or television program.
- Informal A quick sharp blow: a clip on the ear.
- Football An illegal block from the rear.
- Informal A pace or rate: go at a fast clip.
- A single occasion; a time: could write nine pages at a clip.
- clips A pair of shears or clippers.
Origin of clipMiddle English clippen, from Old Norse klippa.
- Any of various devices for gripping or holding things together; a clasp or fastener.
- A piece of jewelry that fastens with a clasp or clip; a brooch.
- A cartridge clip.
transitive verbclipped clipped, clip·ping, clips
- To fasten with or as if with a clip; hold tightly.
- Archaic To embrace or encompass.
Origin of clipMiddle English, hook, from clippen, to clasp, embrace, from Old English clyppan.
(third-person singular simple present clips, present participle clipping, simple past and past participle clipped)
- Something which clips or grasps; a device for attaching one object to another.
- Use this clip to attach the check to your tax form.
- (slang) An unspecified but normally understood as rapid speed or pace.
- She reads at a pretty good clip.
- A frame containing a number of bullets which is intended to be inserted into a firearm to allow for rapid reloading.
- A projecting flange on the upper edge of a horseshoe, turned up so as to embrace the lower part of the hoof; a toe clip or beak.
(third-person singular simple present clips, present participle clipping, simple past and past participle clipt or clipped)
- To cut, especially with scissors or shears as opposed to a knife etc.
- She clipped my hair with her scissors.
- Please clip that coupon out of the newspaper.
- To curtail; to cut short.
- (dialectal, informal) To strike with the hand.
- I'll clip ye round the lugs!
- (American football) An illegal tackle: Throwing the body across the back of an opponent's leg or hitting him from the back below the waist while moving up from behind unless the opponent is a runner or the action is in close line play.
- (signal processing) to cut off a signal level at a certain maximum value
- (computer graphics) To discard (an occluded part of a model or scene) rather than waste resources on rendering it.
(countable and uncountable, plural clips)
- Something which has been clipped; a small portion of a larger whole, especially an excerpt of a larger work.
- They played a clip of last night's debate.
- An act of clipping, such as a haircut.
- I went into the salon to get a clip.
- The product of a single shearing of sheep; a season's crop of wool.
- (uncountable, informal) A speed or pace.
- He was walking at a pretty good clip and I was out of breath trying to keep up.
- (uncountable, Geordie) The condition of something, its state.
- Deeky the clip of that aad wife ower thor!
- (informal) A blow with the hand.
- Give him a clip round the ear!
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This Japanese tin toy consists of a horse and rider, with a gyroscope below. Below the gyroscope there is a tiny metal wheel with a slot in it, which allows the horse and rider to balance on the track.
The gryroscope is fired up in time honoured fashion - by pulling on a length of string. The horse and rider can then be placed on the circular track, and they proceed to whizz around the track at great speed, at least until the gyroscope starts to run down. Then the horse and rider start to sway, as if through exhaustion, until finally they fall off the track.
Not immediately apparent until you inspect the mechanism closely is why the horse and rider go round the track - normally a gyroscope stays in one place.
The reason is as follows. The gyroscope can slide up and down a little bit within its mounting, and the bottom of the spindle makes contact with the little metal wheel that sits on the track. The wheel has a groove in the middle, and one side of the wheel is slightly bigger than the other. This does not affect the way it sits in the groove, but it means that the gyroscope spindle is only making contact with one side of the wheel. As the spindle turns, some of its energy is used to turn the wheel at the bottom, via a slipping contact. | <urn:uuid:6bdd99de-cb55-40f7-87d5-8c2c0645677f> | {
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On a hot summer day place on earth banks and pans upside down, To trees or fence lay a few caps or large pots. This improvised drums, and instead of drum sticks, use a stream of water from a garden hose. Let the hose to the child. Let him direct a stream on the "drums"to get the drum sounds and rhythms. Try to change the pressure of the water, hold the hose closer to the "drums" and push it further. Does that change the sound? | <urn:uuid:13ecd75b-cc3d-4b08-b62f-ffd403f8502d> | {
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A word processor, or word processing program, does exactly what the name implies. It processes words. It also processes paragraphs, pages, and entire papers. Some examples of word processing programs include Microsoft Word, WordPerfect (Windows only), AppleWorks (Mac only), and OpenOffice.org.
The first word processors were basically computerized typewriters, which did little more than place characters on a screen, which could then be printed by a printer. Modern word processing programs, however, include features to customize the style of the text, change the page formatting, and may be able to add headers, footers, and page numbers to each page. Some may also include a "Word Count" option, which counts the words and characters within a document.
While all these features can be useful and fun to play with, the most significant improvement over the typewriter is the word processor's ability to make changes to a document after it has been written. By using the mouse, you can click anywhere within the text of a document and add or remove content. Since reprinting a paper is much easier than retyping it, word processing programs have make revising text documents a much more efficient process.
The term "text editor" can also be used to refer to a word processing program. However, it is more commonly used to describe basic word processing programs with limited features. | <urn:uuid:79e00972-288a-4aef-bd73-02cf427e6770> | {
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Neosho National Fish Hatchery
Neosho, located in the Ozark Mountain region of southwest Missouri, was chosen for the hatchery site because of access to spring water and the railroad. Land for the fish hatchery was purchased from Lemuel B. and Mary A. Hearrell for $2,472. The first source of water for the hatchery, Hearrell Spring, was purchased from the Hearrell's for $1 and provided 300 gallons per minute water flow. By 1890, the fish hatchery was a productive fish station raising seven species of warm and cold water fish. In 1907, McMahon Spring was added to increase the hatchery water supply to 1,000 gallons per minute.
A rehabilitation program was undertaken at the fish hatchery in 1961. A new, modern, tile and brick hatchery building replaced the 1890 hatching house. All trout rearing facilities were removed and replaced with 12 concrete raceways. The title was obtained for 244 acres (0.987 km2) of land on the Fort Crowder Military Reservation near Neosho upon which Elm and Bartholic Springs are located. This provided an additional 500 gallons per minute to the hatchery's water supply.
Role of Fish Hatcheries in Conservation
The US Fish and Wildlife Service operates fish hatcheries throughout the United States. These hatcheries are a significant part of fisheries conservation and restoration efforts by producing and releasing rare, endangered and other fish back into America’s lakes and rivers. Some of these hatcheries also help mitigate the loss of fishing from the large federal dams built in the last century.
Over 130 species of cold, cool, and warm water fish have been produced at the Neosho NFH since it was established. The current focus is on paddlefish and lake sturgeon restoration, pallid sturgeon recovery, production of rainbow trout for mitigation, and native mussel propagation.
The staff at the Neosho Fish Hatchery also protect the endangered Ozark cavefish in one of the springs that supplies the hatchery with water. In 1989, staff discovered Ozark cavefish using the spring. In 2002 efforts were taken to protect the area surrounding.
The hatchery water supply is from four gravity flow underground springs, located up to four miles (6 km) from the hatchery. The 1,500 gallons per minute of 54 to 64 degree, high quality water allows hatchery staff to produce up to 90,000 pounds of fish annually and to rear several species of imperiled fish and other aquatic species.
- Recovery efforts for endangered pallid sturgeon
- Protection for endangered Ozark cavefish
- Recovery efforts for threatened or endangered native mussels
- Restoration efforts for candidate species, lake sturgeon
- Restoration efforts for candidate species, paddlefish
- Mandated mitigation of rainbow trout for Lake Taneycomo, Missouri
- Outreach and educational opportunities for public through guided hatchery tours and offsight presentations | <urn:uuid:b4f7edda-060e-4924-b802-de18ba1b73ab> | {
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Several of us got together to read the book Guided Math by Laney Sammons.
All summer we will be blogging once per week about each chapter of the book and reflecting on how we can implement some of these strategies into our own math instruction. There will also be a giveaway each week! Plus, you are likely to find freebies (like at the end of this post!) and new products along the way! Fun stuff!
So let's get started with chapter one! The first chapter included a rational and an overview of the framework of a math workshop style of instruction. Sammons starts by talking about how math instruction was when we were in school--- teacher talks, students listen and then do a worksheet. That is exactly how I remember math! Sammons contends that this type of math instruction does NOT work and the fact that so many people cannot calculate a 10% tip in their head is proof. I got a good laugh out of this because it is so true!!! We learned algorithms but didn't have number sense! Sammons suggests that, just as we did with literacy, we need to switch from a purely whole group model to one which includes the following components:
1. A Classroom Environment of Numeracy
2. Morning Warm-Ups and Calendar Activities
3. Whole-Class Instructions
4. Guided Math Instruction with Small Groups
5. Math Workshop
6. Individual Conferences
7. An On-Going System of Assessments
I am intrigued and look forward to a chapter on each of these components!
This was a
You can read more about it HERE.
But this year EVERYTHING changed! No team teaching. No curriculum. No assessments. Complete Common Core implementation. Standards Based report cards. So I am the first to admit that math was a bit messy in my classroom!!!
None the less, I feel like I am ending on a high note! I think I figured out a schedule that works for me! At the beginning of the year, we were asked to have three math small groups and to meet with them every day for 20 minutes. That was a
I think that the activities that students complete during the workshop time are meaningful rather than just busy work. I incorporate math journaling, spiral review, fact practice and technology. And the best part...no weekly prep for me! That means I can focus more on planning the small group and whole group instruction.
Now that I have the small group and independent centers working for me, my biggest struggle is the assessment component. As I mentioned, we are not really using much in the way of curriculum as we wait for the curriculum to catch up to the new standards.
During the year I purchased math assessments on TpT that covered every math standard. The problem? Every question required the exact same skill to solve. I couldn't really tell where my students' understanding broke down.
For example, I gave a time and elapsed time assessment. A few kids scored a zero!!! But every clock showed a time to the minute and every elapsed time problem was to the minute since that is the third grade standard. So can they tell time to the hour? Can they tell time to the half hour? To the five minute? Can they do elapsed time to the hour? I had NO idea! So I had no idea how to group students and where to begin my instruction.
I fear that my groups were not fluid enough and were not always focused on the exact area that the student was struggling with.
My solution? This summer, I am making assessments and task card sets that are scaffolded! They will start with simple problems and gradually become more complex. I think these will help me to quickly tell where my students are in their understanding!
TIME FOR A FREEBIE!!!
Would you like to try my first one for FREE? It's for assessing time and elapsed time. Just click HERE to download. Then leave a comment about what you think or about your strengths and weaknesses as a math teacher.
Be sure to hop around and see what other bloggers are saying about the first chapter. And don't forget to sign up for this week's giveaway! I donated my Telling Time Task Cards which are scaffolded very similar to my free assessment!
a Rafflecopter giveaway | <urn:uuid:d2e9a3f5-bc25-4ee7-851a-59b8f4e754d0> | {
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A Dutch food writer tries to discover the origins of pom, the national dish of Suriname. Is it Creole, based on the foodways of Africans enslaved to work the sugar plantations of Surinam? Or is it Jewish, brought to Suriname by Dutch Jews?
So began Karin Vaneker’s immersion in the world of edible aroids. Aroids are a large and cosmopolitan plant family, more commonly known as the arum family, and they include some of the most familiar houseplants. Many of them have starchy roots or tubers, and although these often contain harmful substances, people have learned how to process them as famine foods. A few species, however, are widely cultivated. The best-known of these is probably taro, Colocasia esculenta, which originated in southeast Asia and spread through the Pacific and beyond. That, however, proved not to be the elusive pomtajer that Karin and the Surinamese inhabitants of Amsterdam were looking for, which turned out to be a species of Xanthosoma.
My conversation with Karin ranged far and wide, and to tell the truth I never did ask whether pom was Jewish or Creole. Most sources say it is indeed Jewish.
- The whole question of Jews in Suriname sent me scurrying to the search engines, to discover that starting in the 17th century there was indeed an attempt to establish an autonomous Jewish territory there, on the Jewish savanna. This I gotta read more about. And having found that, I rushed to Claudia Roden’s The Book of Jewish Food, only to be massively disappointed that neither pom nor Suriname feature in the index.
- The big photo is of purple-stemmed Colocasia, which I took at Longwood Gardens.
- As promised, a recipe for pom. You’ll have to find your own pomtajer.
- Karin has written on Cooking Pom and other edible aroids. | <urn:uuid:909e3d1b-7918-4a19-861e-c335677f4297> | {
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