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In this lesson, students build a web while exploring the correlation between different careers in the workforce
6, 7, 8
Title – Career Exploration Web
By – Rebecca Young
Primary Subject – Social Studies
Grade Level – 6-8
Content: Students will understand the correlation and importance of the many careers in the workforce.
- Note cards, career worksheet, and pencils for each student.
- Ball of twine/yarn for the class.
- 1. Ask students about their dream jobs.
- 2. Discuss career planning and the different career clusters.
- 3. Have students write down their desired job on the note card.
- 4. Students tell each other about the career and why they are interested.
- 5. Students stand in a circle and create a story linking each of the careers. The string is passed from person to person making a web of careers.
- 6. Have students draw conclusions about what the web could symbolize.
- Have each student interpret (orally or written) what the web symbolizes to him or her in the world of work.
E-Mail Rebecca Young ! | <urn:uuid:f29128c2-77e3-45ad-9821-4f130b4bce00> | {
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Astronomers from Australia have discovered the nearest potentially habitable planet located outside the Solar system.
Discovered planet is located at the distance of only 14 light years from Earth and about four times more massive than her. It is one of three planets orbiting a red dwarf called Wolf 1061.
“This is a very interesting finding, because all three planets have a relatively small mass to be rocky objects with a solid surface. Planet Wolf 1061c and does amazing as it is located in the “habitable zone” where liquid water and even different forms of life,” says the study’s lead author Duncan Wright from the University of New South Wales.
For their work, the team used the HARPS spectrograph mounted on the 3.6 meter telescope of the European southern Observatory (ESO) in La Silla, Chile.
Need to mention that Wolf 1061 is not the closest star around which planets were discovered. However, it is around 1061 Wolf discovered a rocky planet, and one of them is located in the “habitable zone”. Continue reading
Vitmaras called intergalactic ship (“Big sky Chariot”), able to endure “in her womb” to 144 spacecraft Wightman type.
The Wightman is a spacecraft (“Small Heavenly Chariot”), fit for travel directly between the Lands of different solar (stellar) systems and landing on them.
Remember that our ancestors called the Great Vitmara “Heavenly Chariot.” Such spaceships were intended for very long flights, for travel from one Galaxy to another. These space ships could carry, as mentioned earlier, at least 144 Wightman. The Zionism was used as a research spacecraft and to move between neighboring star systems that have been deleted on a relatively “small” distance, and also shopping.
There were two types of space ships — INTERGALACTIC — CLASS BIG VITMARA and GALACTIC CLASS — ZIONISM. Class of galactic space ships (Wightman) was used for travel within one Galaxy between the nearest star systems. Class of intergalactic space ships (Vaitmar) — to move between near and far Galaxies and inside the Galaxies at large distances. Continue reading
Kate Green (Kate Greene)
This is the sixteenth report on a project on modeling of human presence on Mars called HI-SEAS.
On Tuesday, the crew of mission HI-SEAS for the first time in four months go outside without protective training suits. On our cheeks sparkle with the wind, the fresh air will fill our lungs, and if the weather is good, sunlight will Shine on our faces. We return back to planet Earth.
But before returning there was one interesting thing. Paradoxically, we in the conversations deviated from the earth and even from Mars. We talked about the fact that you will need for the construction, management and life on a spaceship, which will travel to the nearby stars, and which some generation will change the other, because the flights of this kind will last hundreds of years.
These conversations inspired us primarily the commander of our crew Vermeulen Angelo (Angelo Vermeulen). Angelo from Belgium, he is an artist, biologist and researcher space systems. He firmly believes that the legendary the starship enterprise from “Star trek” was basically wrong. Continue reading | <urn:uuid:18401edd-13bf-4882-81e8-b3aadc863f6b> | {
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In the US, about four million babies are born each year. Compared to women of generations past, women today are waiting longer to have babies, receiving more prenatal care, and having more cesarean deliveries .
In 1970, women, on average, had their first baby when they were 21.4 years old. This average age has increased to 25.4 years old.
While most births still occur in women in their 20s, women have been waiting longer to start their families. From 1970 to 2006, the number of women having their first baby at age 35 or older has increased nearly eight times.
Not only are women putting off having their first baby, but births to teenage girls are also at lower levels. Approximately 37% more teenage girls had babies in the 1970s than in 2000.
How old you will be when you have your first child may be related to where you live. The age at which women have their firstborn varies by state. For example, the average woman’s age at first childbirth ranged from a high of 27.7 years in Massachusetts to a low of 22.6 years in Mississippi.
Compared with their predecessors, women today are more likely to receive prenatal care, which is associated with healthier babies and fewer pregnancy-related complications. In 2008, about 71% of women received prenatal care in their first trimester.
Total Fertility Rate Down, More Boys Than Girls
In 2011, the number of children a woman will give birth to over her lifetime was 1.9 children. The rate declined for nearly all race and Hispanic origin groups.
In 2010, for every 1,000 girls that are born, 1048 boys were born.
The number of women having cesarean sections (C-sections) increased between 1996 and 2009. However, the rate has been declining ever since. Cesarean sections now account for about 33% of deliveries.
Data from 2011 found that the number of babies born preterm (before 37 weeks of gestation) has decreased to 11.72% of all births. There was also a small decrease in the percentage of low birth weight babies (accounting for 8.1%).
- Reviewer: Brian Randall, MD
- Review Date: 09/2012 -
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The historical ones that is. The New York Times gives a short history of Sir Francis Younghusband’s expedition to open trade with Tibet, and the storming of Gyantse in 1904. The history comes from the usual source, but what is interesting in the article is how how the Chinese communist government uses this history to “re-educate” and integrate Tibet into Greater China:
These days, Gyantse resembles other towns in central Tibet. Its dusty roads are lined with shops and restaurants run by ethnic Han migrants, whom many Tibetans see as the most recent wave of invaders. But Chinese officials prefer to direct the world’s attention away from that and to the brutal events at Gyantse in 1904, which conveniently fit into their master narrative for Tibetan and Chinese history. The Chinese government insists Tibet is an “inalienable” part of China, and it has appropriated the 1904 invasion as another chapter in the long history of imperialist efforts to dismantle China — what the Communist education system calls the “100 years of humiliation.” In that Communist narrative of Gyantse, the Tibetans are a stand-in for the Chinese who were victimized by foreign powers during the Qing dynasty.
The “you should be grateful we invaded you to protect you from those invaders” line is typical form for the Chinese government, so none of this will be new to our readers. But if you are unfamiliar with the historical Younghusband and Curzon, I recommend reading the NYT article. | <urn:uuid:3548870b-8345-40e2-8083-7bbd6b5d8bc3> | {
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In the last couple of weeks I was introduced to a book that I found fascinating, called The Brain in Love: 12 Lessons to Enhance Your Love Life by Daniel G. Amen M.D. I picked it up while at a local bookstore, featured in part because of Valentine’s Day. I opened the book, turning directly to the oxytocin sections (since I had recently written a series of articles about oxytocin) to see if I could learn anything else.
Over the next hour I spent perusing the book, I learned so much about several other hormones and neurotransmitters that chemically impact our emotions and the way we interact in relationships.
Hormones are chemical messengers that send signals from one organ to another. Neurotransmitters are also a chemical messengers, specifically programmed to send information from nerve cells to other nerve muscles or organ cells. Some substances can act as a hormone in one area of the body and a neurotransmitter in another part of the body.
Today I want to talk about serotonin, which acts as a neurotransmitter and a hormone. Serotonin has been shown to affect mood and sleep, memory and learning, sexual desire and function, social behavior, temperature regulation and digestive function. Serotonin has to be produced in our bodies because we cannot get it directly from our food. Our bodies get the materials necessary to create it from proteins in our diet and then manufacture it from there.
The main building block for serotonin is an amino acid called L-tryptophan which is found in high amounts in dairy foods, nuts, chicken, turkey. Ninety percent of serotonin that is produced in our body is found in our digestive system and blood platelets; the other 10 percent is found in the brain.
Serotonin has an impact on several different body systems, however, most articles I found relating to serotonin talk about its relation to depression and the brain. Even though there is a strong belief that low levels or deficiency of serotonin in the brain play a role in depression, there is no way to accurately measure the serotonin levels in the brain. | <urn:uuid:793b347c-3774-4444-964c-d2c9ca2db51d> | {
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Study of anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum) resistance and its inheritance in Ugandan dry bean germplasm.
The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important crop grown widely in Uganda. It is also an important source of income for smallholder farmers particularly women. Despite its importance, production in the cool highland regions is constrained by anthracnose disease which causes losses in both the quantity and the quality of beans produced. The principal aim of this research was to elucidate on the status of dry bean anthracnose and the genetics governing its resistance. A participatory rural appraisal study was conducted to explore farmers' knowledge, experience, problems and cultivar preferences in association with managing dry bean anthracnose disease. This study revealed that anthracnose is an important constraint to production which is not controlled in any way. Although farmers have varying cultivar preferences, they use mostly home saved seed and only 1% could access improved seed. The study suggested the need for practical approaches in the provision of quality anthracnose resistant seed in consideration of farmers' preferences and the dynamics of their rural livelihoods. A study was conducted to determine the variability of the anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum) pathogen in some of the major bean growing regions of Uganda. Use was made of a set of 12 internationally accepted anthracnose differential cultivars to identify the physiological races present. The results obtained indicated the presence of eight races with one race (767) being dominant and most aggressive. Differential cultivars AB 136 and G2333 were resistant to all the eight races, and can be utilised as potential sources of resistant genes. A germplasm collection of mostly Ugandan accessions was screened for anthracnose resistance. Using the area under disease progression curve as the tool for assessing disease severity, eleven accessions were identified that posses good levels of anthracnose resistance. The yield loss attributed to the anthracnose disease was determined on three susceptible Ugandan market-class dry bean cultivars and two resistant cultivars. The results showed that the yield of susceptible cultivars was reduced by about 40% and an almost equivalent yield was lost due to poor quality seed. In comparison, the yield lost by the resistant cultivars was not significant. The study suggested the use of resistant cultivars as the best solution in combating anthracnose resistance. Three susceptible Ugandan market class dry bean cultivars and six resistant cultivars were used for the study of the inheritance of resistance to the anthracnose pathotype 767 in a complete 9x9 diallel design. The results clearly indicated that the resistance was predominately conditioned by additive gene action. It was also established that epistatic gene action was important. More than one pair of genes displaying partial dominance were responsible for determining resistance and the maternal effect did not have an influence on resistance. Additionally, the result showed that some of susceptible cultivars combined very well with the resistant cultivars and that anthracnose resistance heritability estimates in both the narrow and broad sense were high. These results suggested that the use of simple pedigree breeding procedures such as backcross selection could be useful in improving anthracnose resistance levels in the Ugandan market class varieties.
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A contextual interpretation of Archbishop Janani Luwum's model of non-violence resistance and church-state relations in contemporary Uganda. Wilson, Kisekka. (2008)This thesis is aimed at making a contextual interpretation of Luwum’s model of non-violent resistance and church-state relations in contemporary Uganda. The thesis reconstructs Archbishop Luwum’s life and explores the roots ... | <urn:uuid:cf093c11-da4f-4ba2-aeae-82aa77bb77fd> | {
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Adopting a healthy diet, exercising regularly and, maintaining normal body weight can prevent type 2 diabetes, the most common type of the disease that can develop at any age, said experts while speaking at a public health awareness programme held at the Aga Khan University to commemorate World Diabetes Day, November 14, 2011.
Defining the disease and its effect on the body Dr Najmul Islam, Professor and Consultant Endocrinologist, AKUH said, “Diabetes is a chronic disease that affects how the body utilises blood glucose.”
The two most common types of diabetes are type 1 and type 2. “In type 1 diabetes, the body’s own immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas; insulin is a hormone that regulates blood sugar,” said Dr Islam. It is unclear why this type of diabetes occurs though a person’s family history and environmental factors may play a role. Its symptoms include excessive urination, thirst, constant hunger, weight loss, blurred vision and fatigue.
Type 2 diabetes is when the body cannot effectively use insulin or the pancreas cannot produce sufficient insulin to cover this inability. Approximately 90 per cent of people with diabetes around the world suffer from type 2 and the risk factors, besides being overweight and physically inactive, include race – Asians, Hispanics, American Indians and blacks are at higher risk – and age. Its symptoms may be similar to those of type 1, but are often less marked; this means that the disease may be diagnosed several years after its onset.
Gestational diabetes is first recognised during pregnancy, and its symptoms are similar to type 2.
“The number of people suffering from diabetes in Pakistan is increasing at an alarming rate and it is imperative that we adopt preventive measures if we are to stop the rapid spread of this disease,” warned Dr Islam.
Ms Sumaira Naseem, Clinical Nutritionist, AKUH, agreed and spoke at length about the importance of a balanced diet as perhaps the most effective preventive tool available. “We are beginning to see unhealthy lifestyles develop in Pakistan, as we are consuming more fatty foods and becoming less mobile,” she said. “The whole family needs to eat a more balanced diet not only to prevent future cases of diabetes but to help diabetics feel less isolated.”
Stressing the need for diabetics to be vigilant about their feet, Ms Farzana Rafiq, Diabetes Education Nurse said that foot problems are common and can become serious. This makes it essential for diabetics to get their feet checked by their health care provider at least once a year and learn whether they have nerve damage. Patients with known nerve or blood vessel damage should check and care for their feet every single day. This can be done by examining the feet thoroughly and washing them in lukewarm water using a mild soap. Ms Rafiq stressed that it was vitally important for diabetics to dry their feet thoroughly as wet areas are more prone to infection.
Diabetes is manageable – we just have to learn to manage it.
Hassaan Akhter, Media Executive, Department of Public Affairs, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, on +92 021 3486 2927 or [email protected] | <urn:uuid:86b2e153-4817-44b7-8f98-f0f753a205b4> | {
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"Grit is passion and perseverance for very long-term goals. Grit is having stamina. Grit is sticking with your future, day in, day out, not just for the week, not just for the month, but for years, and working really hard to make that future a reality. Grit is living life like it's a marathon, not a sprint." Leaving a high-flying job in consulting, Angela Lee Duckworth took a job teaching math to seventh graders in a New York public school. She quickly realized that IQ wasn’t the only thing separating the successful students from those who struggled. Here, she explains her theory of “grit” as a predictor of success. | <urn:uuid:02f4c2f5-ac62-4de4-865b-2fa39d431bb0> | {
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The standard simplified narrative of evolutionary adaptation goes something like this. A population of organisms is exposed to a challenge of some kind. Perhaps a new predator has appeared on the scene, or the temperature of the environment has ticked up a degree or two, or the warm little pond is slowly accumulating a toxic chemical. Some of the organisms in the population harbor (or acquire) mutations – so-called beneficial mutations – and these individuals are more successful in the face of the challenge. The population evolves, then, as these beneficial mutations become more common until they are the new status quo. The change is brought about by selection, and the process is called adaptation.
These beneficial mutations, as one might suppose, are quite rare. Most mutations are either harmful to some degree or have little or no effect. Since the good stuff is so hard to come by, it follows that huge populations will be better able to adapt, and will do it faster, because they contain more of the good stuff.
It's a straightforward conclusion, and it's the basis of some recent challenges to evolutionary theory coming from the Intelligent Design movement. But it's mostly wrong. Here's the problem with the simple story.
In a very large population, many beneficial mutations will be present at the same time, in different individuals. When the challenge is presented, these beneficial mutants will compete against each other, and typically one will win. This means that most beneficial mutations – specifically those with small effects – will be erased from the population as it adapts. So, seemingly paradoxically, a very large population doesn't benefit from its bounty of beneficial mutations when it is subjected to an evolutionary challenge. It's as though adaptation has a built-in speed limit in large populations, and the effect has been clearly demonstrated experimentally. It's called clonal interference.
As geneticists examined this phenomenon, it became clear that any attempt to measure beneficial mutation rates would have been influenced, perhaps dramatically, by clonal interference. Such experiments were often done in bacteria, in the huge populations that can be so easily generated in the lab. Analyses in bacteria, published 6 or 7 years ago, had estimated the beneficial mutation rate to be about 10-8 per organism per generation. (That's 1 per 100 million genomes per generation.) Since the overall mutation rate is estimated to be about 10-3 per organism (a few per thousand genomes per generation), it was concluded that beneficial mutations are fantastically rare compared to harmful or irrelevant mutations.
Creationists have long emphasized the rarity of beneficial mutations, for obvious reasons. For their part, geneticists knew that clonal interference was obscuring the true rate, but no one knew just what that rate might be. That changed in the summer of 2007, when a group in Portugal (Lília Perfeito and colleagues) published the results of a study [abstract/full-text DOI] designed to directly address the effect of clonal interference on estimates of the beneficial mutation rate. Their cool bacterial system (based on good old E. coli) enabled them to genetically analyze the results of an evolutionary experiment, using techniques similar to those made famous by Richard Lenski and his colleagues at Michigan State University.
In short, Perfeito et al. took populations of bacteria and allowed them to adapt to a new environment for 1000 generations. Then they looked for evidence of a "selective sweep" in which one particular genetic variant (i.e., mutant) has taken over the population (their system was set up to facilitate the identification of these adaptive phenomena). The same system had been used before to estimate the beneficial mutation rate, and had arrived at the minuscule number I mentioned before.
The Portuguese group introduced one simple novelty: they studied adaptation in the typical large populations, but also in moderately-sized populations, and then compared the results. The difference was profound: the beneficial mutation rate in the smaller populations was 1000-fold greater than that in the very large populations. This means that clonal interference in the large populations led to the loss of 99.9% of the beneficial mutations that arose during experimental evolution. And that means that the actual beneficial mutation rate, at least in bacteria, is 1000 times greater than the typically-cited estimates.
Perfeito et al. further exploited their system to measure the fitness of all of the mutant clones that they recovered. They found that evolution in very large populations generally resulted in beneficial mutations with larger beneficial effects. This makes sense: the slightly-beneficial clones were eliminated by competition, so at the end of the process of adaptation, we're mostly left with the more-beneficial mutations.
Now some comments.
1. It might seem at first that the large populations are still better off during adaptation, since they do generate beneficial mutations, and selectively retain the more-beneficial ones. But the claim is not that large populations don't adapt; the point is that the vast majority of possible adaptive trajectories are lost due to competition, such that only the trajectories that begin with a relatively large first step are explored. That's a significant limitation, and quite the opposite of the simplistic models of design proponents like Michael Behe and Hugh Ross. Genetic models have shown that the only way for an asexual population to get around the barrier is to do what Michael Behe claims is almost impossible: to generate multiple mutations in the same organism. And recent experimental results show that this does indeed occur.
2. Since the early days of evolutionary genetics, the genetic benefits of sex have been postulated to include the bringing together of beneficial mutations to create more-fit genetic combinations expeditiously. In 2002, an experimental study validated this conjecture, showing that sexual reproduction circumvents the "speed limit" imposed by clonal interference in large populations, and in 2005 another experimental analysis showed that sex speeds up adaptation in yeast but confers no other obvious advantage. Perfeito et al. identified this connection as a major implication of their own work:
...if there is a chance for recombination, clonal interference will be much lower and organisms will adapt faster. [...] Given our results, we anticipate that clonal interference is important in maintaining sexual reproduction in eukaryotes.(One of the hallmarks of sexual reproduction, besides fun, is recombination – the active shuffling of genetic material that generates offspring with wholly unique mixtures of genes from mom and dad.) In other words, one of the most important benefits of sexual reproduction – and especially of genetic recombination – is negation of the evolutionary drag of clonal interference.
3. All of the examples I've mentioned here are bacterial or viral. If clonal interference arises merely as a result of large population sizes, then it should be an issue for other populations too. And it is: in last month's issue of Nature Genetics, Kao and Sherlock present a tour de force of experimental evolution in a eukaryote, demonstrating the importance of clonal interference and multiple mutations in yeast cells growing asexually. In their study, they identified each beneficial mutation by sequencing the affected gene. Wow.
Why does all of this matter? Well, because it's cool, that's why. And it does mean that our biological enemies have a lot more adaptive resources than we used to think. Here are the closing comments of Perfeito and colleagues:
...our estimate of Ua implies that 1 in 150 newly arising mutations is beneficial and that 1 in 10 fitness-affecting mutations increases the fitness of the individual carrying it. Hence, an enterobacterium has an enormous potential for adaptation and [this] may help explain how antibiotic resistance and virulence evolve so quickly.But also: keep clonal interference in mind when you encounter any simple story about evolution and genetics. Evolution isn't impossibly difficult to comprehend, but getting it straight requires just a little more effort (and a whole lot more integrity) than has been demonstrated in recent work by those who just can't believe that it could be true.
Article(s) discussed in this post:
L. Perfeito, L. Fernandes, C. Mota, I. Gordo (2007). Adaptive Mutations in Bacteria: High Rate and Small Effects. Science, 317 (5839), 813-815 DOI: 10.1126/science.1142284
K.C. Kao and G. Sherlock (2008). Molecular characterization of clonal interference during adaptive evolution in asexual populations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nature Genetics, 40(12), 1499-1504. DOI: 10.1038/ng.280 | <urn:uuid:c00e3fd1-55e0-4c0e-8858-042fca8f32f7> | {
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The latest news about biotechnologies, biomechanics
synthetic biology, genomics, biomediacl engineering...
Posted: Nov 08, 2012
Researchers develop light-based 'remote control' for proteins inside cells
(Nanowerk News) Scientists at Stanford University have developed an intracellular remote control: a simple way to activate and track proteins, the busiest of cellular machines, using beams of light.
The new method, described in a paper published Nov. 9 in Science, will let researchers shine light on a specific cell region to quickly activate a protein in that area, producing an unusually fine-grained view of the location and timing of protein activity. In addition, the method may eventually enable physicians to direct the movement and activity of stem cells used to treat injury or illness in light-accessible body parts, such as the eye or skin. Stanford has filed a patent application for the work.
The method involves splicing two pieces of a specific fluorescent protein to other proteins of interest. The resulting hybrids — called fluorescent, light-inducible proteins, or FLIPs — have two interesting features: Not only are they turned on by light, but they also glow less brightly when activated, a change that provides an easy way to sense protein activity.
“It’s sort of like having a garage door opener that also tells you if the garage door is open or closed,” said Michael Lin, MD, PhD, an assistant professor of pediatrics and of bioengineering and the senior author of the paper. “I’m always driving out of my house, closing the garage door, and then wondering after I drive away if it’s shut, so I have to drive back and check.” If garage doors were like FLIPs, Lin would be spared his return trip, since these proteins not only turn on at the flip of a light switch, but also tell an observer that they’re working. “One molecule can tell you where it is and what it's doing,” said Lin.
The trick to the new method is that it uses pieces of a Velcro-like fluorescent protein called Dropna. In the dark, Dropna units adhere to each other and fluoresce. Under cyan-colored light, the units detach and begin to dim. Lin’s team spliced a Dropna unit to each end of the proteins they wanted to study to make the FLIPs. In the dark, the Dropna units stuck together and physically blocked the active sites of the proteins under study. When cyan-colored light was shone on the proteins, the Dropna units fell apart, exposing the protein’s active site so it could work. Under cyan light, the Dropna units also glowed less brightly, signaling that the FLIP was switched on.
It’s easiest to build FLIPs from proteins that fold with both their head and tail ends near the active site, though the research team is now figuring out how to attach Dropna units to other parts of a protein, not just an end. With that modification, Lin anticipates that FLIPs could be created from most proteins that scientists want to investigate.
“For science geeks, this is very interesting in that it converges two exciting fields: biological sensing, which has been dominated by fluorescent proteins, and optogenetics, the use of light to investigate biology,” Lin said.
In the past, scientists who specialized in biological sensing have tagged bits of the cellular machinery with fluorescent proteins to see where certain processes occurred in the cell. Separately, optogenetics experts — using methods that originated at Stanford — have figured out how to switch on specific neuron circuits with light. Lin’s method combines advantageous features of both techniques, and is the first instance of optogenetics-type techniques being applied to individual proteins.
Outside the research lab, the method could be used to give directions to stem cells injected for therapeutic purposes. For instance, if the stem cells were engineered to contain FLIPs that control cell motility, a beam of light could then direct implanted stem cells to a particular location. Similarly, FLIPs and appropriately timed light beams could be used to control what a stem cell does when it reaches its destination.
“If you think about how we might want to use stem cells to regenerate tissues, we may need control over where cells go, when they proliferate and when they die,” Lin said. At present, this application seems most likely for tissues at the body’s surface, such as the eye and skin, because physicians would need to be able to deliver light to the treatment site.
Lin’s collaborators at Stanford were graduate students Xin Zhou and Amy Lam, and research assistant Hokyung Chung. Lin is a member of the Child Health Research Institute at Stanford and a Rita Allen Foundation Scholar.
The research was funded by the Stanford School of Engineering, a Stanford graduate fellowship, a Siebel Foundation scholarship, the Lucile Packard Children’s Health Initiative, a Burroughs Welcome Career Award for Medical Scientists and the National Institutes of Health.
The work was also supported by Stanford’s Department of Bioengineering, which is jointly operated by the School of Engineering and the School of Medicine.
Source: Stanford University
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Check out these other trending stories on Nanowerk: | <urn:uuid:e77e48a2-1246-4b7c-a60a-5f584fe6de55> | {
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~~December 21, 2015~~
SHORTEST DAY, LONGEST NIGHT
The winter solstice will fall in the early morning hours of Dec. 21-22, marking the first day of winter and the shortest day of the year in the Northern Hemisphere.
The astronomical event also means it’ll be the longest day of the year for those who live south of the equator.
The solstice starts at 4:48 a.m. UTC on Dec. 22 (which is 11:48 p.m. ET on Dec. 21), the moment when the Northern Hemisphere is pointed at its farthest distance from the sun.
“As it appears in … full read.full credit”
What You Need to Know About Winter Solstice 2015
What is it?
The 23.5 degree tilt in Earth’s axis of rotation creates a rise and fall appearance of the sun over the course of a year. During the winter solstice, the Northern Hemisphere is pointed at its furthest distance from the sun, bringing less light and colder temperatures. The winter solstice occurs at a specific time, not just day. This year, at 12:11 p.m. EST on Saturday, Dec. 21, the sun shone directly over the Tropic of Capricorn, the farthest south the sun reaches. In the Southern Hemisphere, it was the longest day of the year.
So then what happens?
After the solstice occurs, days grow longer for north of the equator, as the sun appears farther above the horizon. This movement culminates in the longest day of the year on June 21.
Is it related to Christmas?
Sort of. There’s no date in the Bible specifically pointing to Dec. 25 as the birth of Jesus Christ, so some experts believe the Christian church selected the date several centuries later, tying it to the Roman holiday Dies Natalis Solis Invictus, or the Birthday of the Unconquerable Sun. The winter solstice serves a turning point in many cultures, which is why it was tied to the Mayan apocalypse scare that marked the end of the calendar and to some believers, the end of the world.
Just how short is the day?
North America will only see nine hours and 32 minutes of daylight during the solstice, and 14 hours and 28 minutes of nighttime. But the winter solstice doesn’t always happen at the same time. Next year northern dwellers can brace for the solstice at 11:03 p.m. In 2015 it will occur on Dec. 22.
What are other important dates for the sun?
The summer solstice occurs on June 21, the longest day of the year in the north. On March 21 and Sept. 21, Earth’s equator passes the center of the sun, which are known as “equinoxes.” These two dates mark the point at which hours of day and night are nearly equal.
“As it appears in … full read/full credit”
5 Things to Know About the Winter Solstice
#AtTheEndOfTheDay #WinterSolstice #December #ShortestDay #LongestNight #FirstDayWinter #ShortestDay #NorthernHemisphere #AxialTilt #ReasonForSeason #TropicOfCapricorn #AstronomicalEvent #RebirthYourLight #BraceYourself #WinterIsComing #BeautifulDay #LightHopeReturns #SolsticeBells #JethroTull
#WeAlllAreOne #ItIsWhatItIs #DrRex #HortyRex #hrexachwordpress
~Uploaded on Dec 22, 2007~
A visual celebration of winter and the solstice.
The music is Solstice Bells by Jethro Tull.
Link to this beautiful video thanks to Sir Jeremy Farmer
~The Witch’s Sabbat~
The Winter Solstice
~Uploaded on Nov 22, 2009~
Music: Silent Night (Gaelic) by Enya
We ALL are ONE!! | <urn:uuid:eba644cd-31fa-43b5-a047-467b5beb7fdc> | {
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On July 1, Dr. Ronald (Ronni) Cohn stepped into his new role as Paediatrician-in-Chief at The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids). As Cohn, Senior Scientist in Genetics & Genome Biology, prepares to lead SickKids into a genetics-fuelled future, he reflects on how the field has evolved, and looks ahead at the potential of individualized medicine in addressing currently untreatable paediatric conditions.
What made you decide to devote your career to the field of paediatric genetic medicine?
It’s interesting because I always thought I would be a surgeon – I wanted to be a trauma surgeon. I worked in the emergency room as a medical student. One of the first things I realized in the emergency room was that I was always particularly engaged when we had children come in. I started to figure out that this is the population of patients I wanted to take care of one day.
Then our very close friends had a child born with a genetic disease – diagnosed as a mitochondrial disease. I decided I wanted to write my thesis about this. And I did, but I didn’t end up becoming a mitochondrial expert. I did a clinical study and then decided I wanted to do basic science. So then I went on to do muscular dystrophy work. So that’s how I ended up in the neuromuscular/neurogenetics world, through a very personal experience.
What were the major clinical and scientific challenges in the field when you began your career, and what are the challenges today?
When I started medical school it was just about the time people started to clone genes. There was the identification of the cystic fibrosis gene and the Duchenne muscular dystrophy gene – we were just trying to do positional cloning for genes back then. With that, we could start to think about the underlying pathogenesis. We are still doing a lot of this, trying to understand why a certain gene mutation develops into a certain disease.
Once the dystrophin gene was identified as the cause for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, all of a sudden we started to develop a concept of what this disease is.
Since then, some major things happened:
First of all, as we gain a better understanding of the number of genes in a human genome, hundreds and hundreds of studies into different models of disease have been conducted and we are starting to understand more, find more and more genes, and learn how to better organize and share the genomic data to enable enhanced scientific and clinical discoveries.
But really the major change during my career has been the coding of the human genome, which is now leading to genome sequencing. We’re already utilizing genome sequencing frequently in the clinic. This has almost become a routine genetic diagnostic test – it’s not quite there yet but we’re going to get there soon.
And the next big thing that happened just three years ago was the characterization of this gene editing technology, CRISPR, which now gets us to a point where we can actually start to conceptualize how to fix a genetic disease. This is very exciting and challenging as a scientist and clinician.
When we started to identify genes for diseases – which is still an ongoing effort – it was just a handful of those that were known. There’s been rapid development in identifying genetic disorders and this will help us to ultimately achieve better patient outcomes.
Still, with the identification of these disorders, there’s not much impact when it comes to how you can manage or treat a patient. And now with this gene editing technology just at the cusp, I can actually start developing that concept of how could I actually fix this, which I couldn’t even be thinking about three years ago. It is amazing.
What achievement are you most proud of so far in your career?
That’s a hard question. If somebody asked me my proudest moment in research – I could answer that. That was when we were able to fix the muscle cells of a boy with DMD in the lab and the dystrophin came back. If you asked me what was the best moment I’ve ever had in research, then that was it.
But if you look at my entire career, at the end of the day, I’ve received a lot of feedback from parents who are just grateful for whatever we try to do to help them get through a difficult time.
And honestly, we all want to have a breakthrough research discovery, and maybe I foresee a bit of a eureka moment to fix a genetic disease in a child. But at the end of the day, there’s nothing more gratifying than knowing you just helped somebody get through a really, really tough situation.
What drew you to SickKids?
It really was the opportunity to lead a division in genetics which I thought had almost unprecedented opportunities, given the patient population we serve here and being an environment that can really move things forward.
When I interviewed here I made it very clear one of the goals was to make genetics not just visible within the hospital, but integrated into the hospital. And I imagined there was a terrific opportunity here. I think we have made significant progress.
One major contributor is the culture and dedication of the people who work here, from the physicians to the person who changes the lightbulbs. I feel like it’s close to unprecedented. That’s what makes this hospital such a great hospital – it’s because of the people who work here. Everyone in this institution rallies for our patients and is extremely proud to be part of that team contribution. And that’s what’s so special about SickKids.
Dr. Denis Daneman is leaving some big shoes to fill. How has he paved the way for you to bring SickKids’ Department of Paediatrics to the next level?
I’m not going to even attempt to fill his shoes, but what I’m going to attempt to do is to build on the legacy he is leaving behind. I think he is probably the best mentor I’ve ever had in my life, and I think that most of the people here would agree with me and say the same thing. He has this unbelievable mixture of intellect, sensitivity, humility – I’ve never met anybody like him. He’s a visionary guy. He sees what’s important in all different areas of paediatrics and he has made contributions and decisions that have put things into place that achieved great outcomes. I don’t have to come in and fix – I can come in and build, which is probably the biggest gift he is leaving behind, not just for me, but for the entire department.
How does being a clinician inform your science?
My clinic informs the questions I ask in science. When I see a patient, I bring it back to my lab for discussion. Everything in my laboratory is related to a patient’s disease. When students come to me and ask me about what I do, I tell them if you want to work with me, you need to know that I’m not doing the basics of basic science – I’m always asking a question that is at least somewhat related to a patient I see in the clinic.
How does being a scientist inform your role as a physician?
Wearing the lens of a scientist makes me a more critical thinker about my patients. I feel like it helps me sometimes understand why certain things are happening in patients because I have a bit of a different view in thinking about clinical issues. I’m not sure it’s better – it’s just a different approach to patients that is clearly informed through the science.
What’s on the horizon?
Where the power is going to be over the next 10 years is to finally integrate all the kinds of information we can gather from one patient. We’ve already started to do this: in sequencing the genome, you’re collecting an enormous amount of physiology data, environmental data and social determinants of health. By taking the individual and putting all the data we can get together, we’ll be able to understand the individual and treat the individual in a way that is really beneficial, and not just a “best guess” type of management and treatment but rather individualized patient care.
The transformational change is to combine all of this. And that’s what we’re going to have to do. Putting all these pieces together is what’s going to really deliver on what I like to call individualized care. This approach to clinical care will change the future of paediatric medicine; improving outcomes for kids with very rare diseases just as much as for kids with very common diseases.
SickKids is well-positioned to advance the field of genetics because…
… it combines successful cutting-edge research with an unprecedented patient population that allows us to actually translate and bring the research discoveries into clinic. | <urn:uuid:76f4f1d9-e1ff-4568-96e3-87574bf60855> | {
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As many rounds as possible in 10 minutes:
10 Overhead Squats
3 Rope Climbs or Holds
Musical Medicine BallsAll kids, even all adults, learn differently. Some of us learn by hearing things. Some of us learn by seeing things. Some of us learn best by using hands on methods. We incorporate a variety of teaching and learning methods at CFLA Kids so we can reach all kids. This way, everybody learn to look at things in different perspectives, also. One example recently, was drawing our balanced meals! In order to better picture what a balanced meal looks like, we sat down with our crayons and drew out how much space the protein, carbohydrates and fats would each take up. Plus, we got to design a tasty meal! | <urn:uuid:10661bce-3435-4730-9937-f80e386c0d29> | {
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IntroductionDonne, John (dŭn, dŏn) [key], 1572–1631, English poet and divine. He is considered the greatest of the metaphysical poets.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: English Literature, 1500 to 1799: Biographies
24 X 7
Explore , Solve | <urn:uuid:5abaa965-0b4f-4638-aa6a-ad66af662add> | {
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Understanding the Legislative Process
Very few bills become law. As an example, lawmakers in the 111th Congress introduced more than 10,600 bills, yet only about 300 were actually enacted into law. The process by which a bill becomes a law can be fraught with filibusters, funding challenges and a variety of other legislative hurdles. Here’s a brief summary of the legislative process and how you can play an active role in it:
Ideas for new laws originate from many sources, but only a member of Congress can introduce legislation. Constituents, either as individuals or through organizations such as FRA, may ask or “petition” legislators to introduce a bill. FRA sends an annual legislative agenda to Capitol Hill and frequently meets with lawmakers and their staff to propose legislation that will benefit our members.
Once legislation is introduced, it is referred to the committee or committees with jurisdiction over the subject of the bill. A committee will usually pass the legislation on to a subcommittee, which is smaller and has a more narrow focus than the full committee.
The subcommittee can amend, or “mark-up,” the legislation to make it more specific or address specific concerns. When the mark-up is complete, the final version of the bill is voted on by the subcommittee. If the bill fails to get a majority vote in subcommittee, it dies. If the measure is approved by the subcommittee, it is sent back to the full committee, or “reported out.” The full committee may further amend the measure or vote on it as it was approved by the subcommittee.
During this process, committees and subcommittees conduct hearings to facilitate a full and open discussion about a pending bill. Witnesses with expertise on the subject at hand are invited to testify about the merits and shortcomings of particular bill, either in person or in writing. FRA is regularly invited to share its views during hearings and in written statements presented to the committee or subcommittee holding the hearings. This discussion often results in improvements to a bill or in the eventual defeat of the measure if it’s determined to be an unwise proposal.
If approved at the committee level, the bill is reported out to the House or Senate and is placed on the House or Senate calendar for debate by the full chamber. The House Rules Committee sets the parameters of the debate in that chamber, determining what, if any, floor amendments shall be considered and what length of time will be set aside for floor debate. The Senate has fewer restrictions on floor debate, but any senator can filibuster a bill indefinitely. A filibuster (endless debate on the bill) can be stopped by a cloture vote that requires 60 votes. When debate concludes, the bill is voted on by the full chamber.
Often similar bills move through the House and Senate at the same time. For example, the House and Senate usually have their own versions of the annual the defense authorization legislation. After each chamber approves its respective version of the bill, a conference committee is appointed to reconcile the differences between the two bills.
Both chambers must approve identical legislation before it can be sent to the White House for final approval, so it is the conference committee’s job to find common ground and draft a compromise measure, or “conference report,” that is presented to the House and Senate for a final vote. If approved in both chambers, the bill is sent to the President, where he may do one of the following:
- Sign the bill into law;
- Veto the bill and send it back to Congress with suggested changes;
- Take no action while Congress is in session, in which case the bill will become law in 10 days; or
- Take no action and let the bill die after Congress has adjourned for the session (pocket veto).
If the President vetoes a bill, Congress may override his decision with a two-thirds vote in both chambers (67 votes in the Senate and 290 votes in the House).
It’s important for shipmates to remember there is no law protecting their military or veterans benefits. What Congress gives, Congress can take away. FRA was established in 1924 to protect military pay and benefits, and our mission hasn’t changed. Today’s FRA gives current and former Sea Service enlisted members a voice on Capitol Hill and, now more than ever, shipmates’ voices need to be heard. Through our combined efforts, FRA and its members have spoken out to halt health care fee increases, increase pay, significantly improve health care and other benefits, and enhance a variety of quality-of-life programs
The legislative process is complex and heavily influenced by grassroots pressure from advocacy groups like FRA and individuals communicating with their respective members of Congress. There is strength in numbers and this combined approach is more likely to persuade members of Congress to see, and act on, our point of view.
FRA encourages all members to be as informed as possible about legislative initiatives that impact them. In addition to the “On & Off the Hill” section of FRA Today, the Association offers several ways shipmates can stay up to date on new bills being introduced and their progress toward enactment.
NewsBytes: NewsBytes is FRA’s weekly e-mail update that provides a snapshot of what’s happening on Capitol Hill. It’s distributed each Friday afternoon to subscribers, or shipmates can listen to a recorded version by calling 1-800-FRA-1924, ext. 112. To subscribe, please e-mail [email protected] with “Subscribe” in the subject line and your name and address in the body. If you are a member of FRA, please include your member number as well.
FRA’s Action Center: It’s easy to share your views with your elected officials using FRA’s Action Center at www.fra.org. The website offers pre-written e-mail messages (or users can draft their own) that address specific legislative issues that can be sent to members of Congress or local media outlets with the click of a button. The Action Center also allows users to see which bills their legislators are supporting.
Making Waves: When you use the Action Center to weigh in on a particular issue, FRA works hard to keep you posted on the progress of that initiative. When legislative proposals threaten existing benefits, FRA sends Making Waves to those shipmates via e-mail, inviting them to reiterate their concerns to their elected officials.
It’s vitally important for FRA shipmates to be informed about legislative proposals that affect them and share their opinions on these proposals with their elected officials. Communicating concerns to your representative and senators is at the heart of FRA’s grassroots lobbying efforts and has a direct influence on the Association’s ability to effectively represent shipmates and their families on Capitol Hill. | <urn:uuid:57fa1898-8992-4c3e-a33d-4c46fb5767bd> | {
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The bone lab contains osteological collections for the teaching of human and other vertebrate anatomy in archaeology and zooarchaeology. These collections are a vital resource for students to become familiar with different parts of the skeleton, the differences in bones between species, and the impact of pathology and taphonomic processes on osteological material. The primary human skeletal teaching assemblage consists of 68 skeletons from a medieval monastic cemetery in Southwest England dating to the 12th – 13th centuries. The Palaeohub also holds a research collection of 278 medieval monastic and lay individuals from the Midlands and 57 skeletons and 60 cremation burials dating to the Roman period from a rural cemetery in the southern Midlands.
This lab has been custom built for teaching and analysis of all forms of material culture. We have a strong research tradition of working with a range of artefacts, including ceramics, antler technologies, flint and other stone tools, as well as many other artefact types. Our Material Culture lab includes large benches for laying out/studying artefacts, a sink for cleaning artefacts and high tech audio visuals. Students who carry out experimental research outdoors at the nearby YEAR Centre are able to study/process their experimental work inside. We are fast-developing an extensive collection of replica artefacts that can be used for teaching and research purposes and are housed in the adjacent stores.
Containing low and high power microscopes, including a long distance high power metallurgical microscope for analysing wear traces on large arefacts (e.g. grindstones and pots) as well as a large reference collection of experimentally used replica tools, this laboratory is used for microwear teaching and research.
The computer laboratory contains 15 high-specification computers for research and the teaching of geometric morphometrics and virtual anatomy, and for other computer intensive research.
This lab contains state-of-the-art equipment for 3D image capture and analysis including high-specification cameras, a structured light surface scanner, and a 3D landmark digitiser.
This lab is used for the preparation and physical experimental testing of bone, artefacts and teeth. The room contains a 3D printer, universal materials testing machine, vacuum oven, surface electromyograph machine (EMG), bite force transducers and a variety of mechanical tools. A new state-of-the-art TableTop SEM-EDS will soon also be housed here.
Animal dissecting room, contains dissecting microscope, chemicals for muscle dissection, fume hoods and all relevant dissecting equipment.
Our stores contain extensive reference collections for teaching and research which have been built up over many years, and which includes human and animal bone, and a diverse range of artefacts. For access to these collections, please contact the PalaeoHub Technician and Collections Manager, Becky Knight | <urn:uuid:78d12dbf-f3d2-4006-84df-05c119d2c398> | {
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Opens a Transact-SQL server cursor and populates the cursor by executing the Transact-SQL statement specified on the DECLARE CURSOR or SET cursor_variable statement.
Specifies that cursor_name refers to a global cursor.
Is the name of a declared cursor. If both a global and a local cursor exist with cursor_name as their name, cursor_name refers to the global cursor if GLOBAL is specified; otherwise, cursor_name refers to the local cursor.
Is the name of a cursor variable that references a cursor.
If the cursor is declared with the INSENSITIVE or STATIC option, OPEN creates a temporary table to hold the result set. OPEN fails when the size of any row in the result set exceeds the maximum row size for SQL Server tables. If the cursor is declared with the KEYSET option, OPEN creates a temporary table to hold the keyset. The temporary tables are stored in tempdb.
After a cursor has been opened, use the @@CURSOR_ROWS function to receive the number of qualifying rows in the last opened cursor.
|SQL Server 2005 does not support generating keyset-driven or static Transact-SQL cursors asynchronously. Transact-SQL cursor operations such as OPEN or FETCH are batched, so there is no need for the asynchronous generation of Transact-SQL cursors. SQL Server 2005 continues to support asynchronous keyset-driven or static application programming interface (API) server cursors where low latency OPEN is a concern, due to client round trips for each cursor operation.|
The following example opens a cursor and fetches all the rows.
DECLARE Employee_Cursor CURSOR FOR SELECT LastName, FirstName FROM AdventureWorks.HumanResources.vEmployee WHERE LastName like 'B%'; OPEN Employee_Cursor; FETCH NEXT FROM Employee_Cursor; WHILE @@FETCH_STATUS = 0 BEGIN FETCH NEXT FROM Employee_Cursor END; CLOSE Employee_Cursor; DEALLOCATE Employee_Cursor; | <urn:uuid:1199f0d5-a946-494f-b311-4aa8a46d8791> | {
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073a-Approaching a basic model: where is the commutative property?
a + b = b + a
Many algebras have the commutative property. though not all of them (binary combinations do not, 10 01 != 01 10 different hexadecimal numbers)
but where is this commutative property? in what form the does the commutative property exist? Is the commutative property a "feature" of numbers? if it is, what other features do numbers have?
these kinds of questions point us to the fact that the commutative property is not a feature of the materials (numbers). But is a representation of a process we apply to the materials. We have this process we call the commutative property. We apply this process to numbers, or symbols. Sometimes the application seems appropriate, and sometimes it is not appropriate.
In an automata(material) system, what is the form of the commutative property? It exists as an executable code or computation that converts one number set into another number set. In short, the process which performs the commutative property is a rule about sets of numbers, that applies to that set .
But where in this automata system does the rule of the commutative property exists? The rule, doesn't exist in the material that is the automata system. even if there is a code process which performs the rule, this is just an automatic action. the rule itself, is not in the automata system at all. It is a mental conception we have a function or process that happens to the material of the system (the numeric values). But this mental conception is not in the automata or the calculations or functions or processes at all.
For the commutative property to become a feature of the automata system, it must be represented in the automata system. the automata system must be expanded to have values upon which processes act and representations of those processes. There must be a relationship between a value (a commutative process that can be performed on that value) and that representation of that commutative process (some material or structure). once the commutative process is stored as a representation in the automata system, then we can show where the commutative property is.
until that point, the automata does not have a commutative property, it performs an action that we refer to as the commutative property. the property, that representation, is in us, while a function of that property is in the automata. it is only by making a linkage from data, from values, to the commutative property, and then to the function that property represents that the automata itself can perform the function, AS the commutative property. otherwise, otherwise, the automata is acting without any meaning... the meaning is found outside the automata in us, where we have a representation of the commutative property.
Now it stands to reason that this automata system must represent more than just the commutative property, it must represent all it's functions. otherwise, with only one function represented, the automata is making only a binary distinction of processes. is commutative property or is not(all other functions). the system must have a richer representation to have a richer understanding and response and action in the world.
consider an automata that performs processes that are commutative. can we introspect that automata for that property or do we see a process and then say that process is commutative?
when a person uses a commutative process, and we introspect the person, the person reports that they are using a commutative process. an automata or computer program does not report on it's processes because they are unrepresented... only functional, automatic. the person introspects themselves whereas the automata is analyzed from outside, by a programmer. the automata cannot introspect itself.
unless an automata makes representations of it's own processes and has processes to express and analyze those representations and processes, an automata cannot introspect. and perhaps by the time one does, we would not think of it as an automata, but as sort of body of automata.
moreover, for an automata to introspect, it's computational contents must be introspectable. by what? we see both the shades of stigmergy (introspection signals) and of duality. what is the other thing, the other automata that is introspecting? by definition an automata cannot introspect. a body of automata could introspect it's parts | <urn:uuid:36b3b096-ed0d-4636-8278-7e3f27ed2e6d> | {
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by Staff Writers
Los Angeles (AFP) Feb 17, 2014
US investigators were taking samples Sunday at a New Mexico underground nuclear waste site where airborne radiation was detected, though authorities stressed they had found no contamination.
Officials monitoring the possible radiation leak said there was no danger to people or the environment at the Department of Energy's Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, the nation's first repository to seal away radioactive waste, mostly plutonium, used for defense research and the production of nuclear weapons.
The waste is dumped 2,150 feet (655 meters) underground in disposal rooms excavated in an ancient, stable salt formation.
No employees were underground when the continuous air monitor at WIPP near Carlsbad, New Mexico detected underground radiation at 11:30 pm Friday (0630 GMT Saturday), an agency statement said.
It said no staffer was found to be contaminated by the radiation.
Employees on the surface were told to shelter in place as a precautionary measure and were cleared to leave the site starting at 5:00 pm Saturday (0001 GMT Sunday).
"We are continuing to monitor and we are emphasizing that there is no danger to human health and the environment," WIPP spokeswoman Deb Gill told AFP.
The agency stressed that "no contamination has been found on any equipment, personnel or facilities."
As soon as the airborne radiation was detected underground at the site WIPP's ventilation system automatically switched to filtration mode in order to prevent air exchange with the surface.
Investigators have not yet identified the source of the radiation, but WIPP said the site's system of air monitors and protective filtration system "continue to function as designed."
The site was shut down and not performing active operations at the time, according to Gill.
Earlier this month, an underground blaze prompted the evacuation of a different part of the site, after a truck hauling salt caught fire. Several workers suffered smoke inhalation.
But officials said the blaze was nowhere near radioactive material.
Material dumped at the site includes plutonium-contaminated waste from the Los Alamos National Laboratory, about 300 miles (500 kilometers) away, also in New Mexico.
Bringing Order To A World Of Disasters
A world of storm and tempest
When the Earth Quakes
|The content herein, unless otherwise known to be public domain, are Copyright 1995-2014 - Space Media Network. All websites are published in Australia and are solely subject to Australian law and governed by Fair Use principals for news reporting and research purposes. AFP, UPI and IANS news wire stories are copyright Agence France-Presse, United Press International and Indo-Asia News Service. ESA news reports are copyright European Space Agency. All NASA sourced material is public domain. Additional copyrights may apply in whole or part to other bona fide parties. Advertising does not imply endorsement, agreement or approval of any opinions, statements or information provided by Space Media Network on any Web page published or hosted by Space Media Network. Privacy Statement All images and articles appearing on Space Media Network have been edited or digitally altered in some way. Any requests to remove copyright material will be acted upon in a timely and appropriate manner. Any attempt to extort money from Space Media Network will be ignored and reported to Australian Law Enforcement Agencies as a potential case of financial fraud involving the use of a telephonic carriage device or postal service.| | <urn:uuid:c03547f5-cb3a-4a63-abb5-3192e415900f> | {
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Thomas De Quincey
I feel that there is no such thing as ultimate forgetting; traces once impressed upon the memory are indestructible.
When attempting to improve your capacity for recall, it is helpful to first understand why it is that people forget things in the first place.
Now there are a variety of theories that have been put forward over the years, all of which claim to explain exactly why it is that memory loss, or to be more precise ‘failure to access memories’ does occur. These explanations range from the physiological to the psychological. In this page I have attempted to outline as best I can, some of the most widely accepted of these theories.
Damage to the brain, whether from accidental injury or from disease, can result in two basic forms of memory loss (or amnesia). These are:
Retrograde amnesia is the loss of memories stored in an individual’s brain before the damage took place.
This condition is generally speaking, not a long lasting one. And in most of the reported cases results in only the loss of about ten minutes worth of memories. Normally those memories formed immediately preceding the trauma.
In some cases however, when severe damage to the brain has occurred, an individual may lose a large percentage of their memories - permanently. Such massive memory loss is however very rare indeed.
This form of amnesia results in the opposite symptoms to those of retrograde amnesia. A person suffering from anterograde amnesia losses their ability to form new memories. Although their ability to recall information that was stored prior to the trauma, usually remains unaffected.
This form of amnesia seems to result from damage to the hypocampus, part of the limbic system of the brain - See how your memory operates.
One of the earliest of the theories regarding memory loss, was put forward by the psychologist Sigmund Freud in 1901.
Basically what he theorized, was that forgetting results from the repression of certain memories, due to the fact that they were so traumatic to the individual, that he/she dared not face them.
A good example of memory repression, would be that of someone who as a child had suffered some form of sexual abuse. This experience could have been so traumatic to the child, that they completely repressed all memory of the event. As a result, when the child reached adulthood, they may have lost all memory of the incident. This form of memory repression is known as ‘Motivated forgetting.’
Now whilst motivated forgetting cannot be used to explain all forms of memory loss, it would seem that it is responsible for the loss (or repression) of some particularly violent, or emotional memories. Especially those from childhood.
One other way that the phenomenon of ‘forgetting’ sometimes seems to occur, is when one memory blocks another. This is known as ‘Interference.’ This interference can manifest itself in one of two distinct forms. These are:
Proactive interference occurs when one piece of information, which has already been committed to memory, interferes with the formation of a new memory.
A good example of this would be if someone learned the German for one particular word and then subsequently attempted to learn the Spanish for that same word.
Now if the learning of the Spanish word interfered with that individual’s already existing memory of the German word (thus making it difficult to recall), then that would be termed ‘Proactive interference.’
Using the above example, Retroactive interference would occur if the memory of the German word interfered with the individual’s ability to learn the Spanish word.
Interference of one memory by another is one possible explanation of why we find it so difficult to recall a great deal of the memories that are stored away in our brains, and it is prudent when studying a text, to be aware of this phenomenon.
By the way, the techniques outlined in this site do take into account the phenomenon of interference.
One more form of memory loss, a form that is mainly experienced by long-term alcoholics, is known as Korsakoff’s syndrome.
This condition is caused by a long-term thiamine deficiency. A deficiency that occurs as a result of excessive drinking and under-eating over a number of years. This results in severe damage to the hypocampus, and people with this syndrome have great difficulty forming new memories.
Korsakoff’s syndrome is the most common form of anterograde amnesia.
To conclude this section of the site I would just like to mention the fact that permanent loss of memory is a rare thing indeed, and most people live out their entire life, with an incredible storehouse of memories locked away somewhere in the 1, 300g lump of tissue, that is the human brain. Also, regardless of what most people seem to believe, human memory does not deteriorate significantly with age. Age merely slows down the speed of recall. In a well-exercised mind, this may not be by very much at all.
Or for a KINDLE download | <urn:uuid:74b3fa8a-9760-4957-bc75-8d9f5150118d> | {
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Feliz Dia de los Muertos — the Day of the Dead. Mexico’s answer to Halloween, this is the time the Aztec believed the dead visit their living families. The living welcome them back with skull art, from brightly painted faces to elaborately decorated skulls made from sugar (not bones — that wouldn’t be vegetarian at all).
Traditional Day of the Dead foods include tamales, a simple sweet yeast bread called pan de muerto (bread for the dead) and candied pumpkin. In fact pumpkin, a Mexican staple, is on the menu all season long. It’s naturally sweet and offers abundant amounts of fiber and beta-carotene.
The dead can’t get the benefits of beta-carotene, but we fleshy living creatures can. We take in its antioxidant properties, by eating orange, red and rosy-hued fruits and vegetables like carrots, pumpkin, plums, corn and that green exception that’s good for whatever ails us, kale. Even paprika, pepper, chili and sage, the rich, warming spices typical of Mexican cuisine, contain beta-carotene.
Our bodies convert beta-carotene into vitamin A, which supports the immune system and benefits the eyes, bones and skin. Vitamin A is where pricy retinol products come from. Pumpkin’s cheaper, and a far more delicious choice, especially combined with other native Mexican favorites like poblano peppers, with their gentle heat, and Mexico’s ancient staple, corn.
Corn symbolizes abundance, always a good thing, and while it may not rival kale when it comes to nutritional benefits, together with pumpkin gives you a double dose of fiber and beta-carotene. Choose organic when possible to avoid corn that’s genetically modified (most corn in America is GMO).
Day of the Dead festivities start Thursday at midnight and go to Nov. 2, All Souls Day. Whether you’re living or dead, you’re invited to the party. On Saturday, Fort Lauderdale’s Museum of Art NSU hosts its 13th annual Day of the Dead. Wear skull makeup, paint a sugar skull, have a blast. And don’t forget the pumpkin. | <urn:uuid:7221ce20-3c37-48a0-b779-71b8254d060b> | {
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1 Crazing of windows, in which hundreds of cracks appear in the glass, indicates rapid heating and means an accelerant was used to start the fire.
REALITY: Crazing is caused by the rapid cooling of window glass, as when water from a fire hose strikes a hot window.
2 Burn marks on the floor indicate that a fire was purposely set, because heat rises and fire only burns upward. It must have been set by pouring a liquid on the ground and lighting it.
REALITY: When a fire reaches flashover—the point at which an entire room ignites—extreme radiant heat will produce burn marks or even burn holes in the floor..
3 Melted metals, such as doorway thresholds, indicate that a liquid fire starter must have been used in order to reach temperatures that exceed their melting points.
REALITY: Wood fires, especially those that reach flashover, frequently exceed the melting point of metals..
4 Burn marks under doorway thresholds or under furniture indicate that a liquid accelerant must have been used to start the fire, since the liquid must have been poured and then seeped.
REALITY: Post-flashover fires commonly cause burning under thresholds and furniture..
5 Spalling, or surface chipping of concrete, indicates that a liquid accelerant must have been poured on the concrete surface and lit.
REALITY: Many factors can cause this effect, including differential expansion between the heated surface and the interior. Accelerant poured on the concrete actually protects it by providing a cool, evaporative surface..
6 Alligatoring, the appearance of blisters on the surface of burned wood, points to a fire’s origin. Small, flat blisters result from a slow burn; large, shiny blisters indicate rapid heating and hence the use of an accelerant.
REALITY: There is no scientific evidence for any such correlation. Both types of blisters can appear on the same burned wall..
7 Sharply angled V-pattern burn marks on a wall denote a fast-burning fire that must have been started with a liquid accelerant.
REALITY: Patterns can result from a number of factors, including ventilation, air currents, location of fuel, and the materials burning objects are made of. | <urn:uuid:f85d70a6-66e2-4958-960f-eaab5f5ba4c2> | {
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Marcus Valerius Maximianus
Marcus Valerius Maximianus was one of the heroes of the Marcomannic wars. He was among the successful generals who campaigned against the northern barbarians. He is also an interesting historical person for the people of Slovakia, because his life is linked with the territory and history of this modern country and one of its most important early epigraphic monument. A detailed reconstruction of the life and especially career of Maximianus was allowed by the discovery of an honorary inscription with the list of offices, which this man occupied. It was found during excavations of the Byzantine fortress in Zana in Algeria (ancient Diana Veteranorum). In the walls of the fortress the base of the honorary statue of Marcus Valerius Maximianus was used, which was erected by the city council of Diana Veteranorum to Maximianus (at that time the propraetor of the African province) at the beginning of 180s and into which the inscription with his career was carved. The inscription contains also the information that Maximianus was the legate of the Legion II Adiutrix and commander of the unit, which wintered in Leugaricio/Laugaricio. This important information could be connected with another inscription situated on a rock in modern Trenčín (Slovakia), which was created by a vexillation of the Legion II Adiutrix, which stayed there for some time, and on which the name Laugaricio is mentioned as well. Thanks to this it was possible to identify Maximianus as the one who looked after the making of the inscription in Trenčín (you can find Latin text and English translation of both inscriptions below).
Marcus Valerius Maximianus was born in Poetovio in Pannonia (modern Ptuj, Slovenia). We do not know when exactly this happened, but with regard to his career it is possible to estimate that he was born earliest short before the year 130 and around the year 140 at the latest. He belonged to an old equestrian family and his father was a censor and priest in Poetovio. Also Maximianus exercised his first office in his home town - he was a pontifex. He started his military career as the prefect of the I. cohort of Thracians (cohors I Thracum). Then as a tribune he commanded the I. cohort of Hamians (cohors I Hamiorum civium Romanorum milliaria), which had its garrison in Syria, and later he was in charge over the coastline people in Pontus Polemoniacus, where his task was probably managing the supply of the Roman army during its campaign against Parthia, which was led by the emperor Lucius Verus (161-166). He was decorated for his command in this post. After the end of the Parthian war in 166 Maximianus did not continue his military career. It seems that he returned to his home town Poetovio for a few years.
Next we hear about Maximianus in 169 or 170, when he was commissioned by the emperor Marcus Aurelius with a special tasks of ensuring the supply of the Roman army operating against barbarians in Pannonia by ferrying the supplies down the Danube river on boats and of carrying on reconnaissance operations in this area. For this mission he had at his disposal vexillations of the fleets from Misenum, Ravenna and Britain and also Moorish and African cavalry troops. Later he took command of the I. ala of Aravacans (ala I Aravacorum), which probably operated from Pannonian Arrabona (modern Györ, Hungary). During the fighting Marcus Valerius Maximianus distinguished himself really exceptionally. With his own hands he killed in battle Valao, the Germanic chieftain of the Naristae tribe. For this great achievement he was personally lauded by Marcus Aurelius himself and as a reward he received a horse, weapons and military decorations from the emperor. In 173 at the latest Maximianus was assigned command of the I. ala of lance-bearers (ala I Ulpia contariorum civium Romanorum milliaria), which also resided in Arrabona and was an important part in the defence of the province Pannonia. Serving as prefect of this ala he received additional decorations for his service in the war against Germans and Sarmatians.
War on the Danube was interrupted in 175, chiefly because of the revolt of Avidius Cassius, which sprang up in the east of the empire. To face this new threat Marcus Aurelius ordered many troops to quickly march to the east. Maximianus participated in this expeditious campaign leading picked cavalry units recruited from the warriors of defeated Germanic tribes of Marcomanni, Naristae and Quadi. However, there was no battle at last. The uprising lasted only for some three months. Then Avidius Cassius was murdered and the danger vanished.
After the situation calmed down Maximianus returned in 176 back to the Danubian frontier as procurator of Lower Moesia. Apart from civil duties connected with this office he assumed also military command and the task to eliminate the threat of Brisean bandits on the border with Macedonia and Thracia. It is possible that he also strived to recruit the captured Briseans into the Roman army. Two more procuratorships followed quickly one after the other - in Upper Moesia and in Dacia Porolissensis. It is obvious that especially in the last two named posts Maximianus fought actively against the Sarmatians.
For his distinguished service and of course also as a result of recommendation by his powerful friends - surely especially Publius Helvius Pertinax (at that time a successful and by Marcus Aurelius much valued general and later to be Roman emperor), with whom he had become acquainted already during the Parthian campaign and under whom he then served for a long time on the Danubian front - Maximianus was probably in 178 or 179 as the first native from Pannonia admitted into the senatorial order. This was quite an exceptional affair, which was made possible by the difficult circumstances of the crisis during Marcomannic wars, and by the fact that Marcus Aurelius inclined to judging people by their accomplishments rather than by their origin and social status.
The promotion to senatorial order ensured access to higher military and administrative posts for Maximianus and so we can soon see him as the legate of the Legion I Adiutrix, garrisoning Brigetio in Upper Pannonia at that time and soon later as the legate of the Legion II Adiutrix, which was stationed in Aquincum in Lower Pannonia. At the turn of 179/180 he personally led a detached unit of his II. legion, which spent winter at a place called Laugaricio or Leugaricio in the vicinity of modern Trenčín, Slovakia - ie. deep in the lands of the Germanic tribe of Quadi, some 120km from the Roman limes. This event is attested first by the Zana inscription, and second by an inscription found on a rock in Trenčín, which commemorates the winter sojourn of 855 men of the Legion II Adiutrix there. Originally the man responsible for carving of the inscription could not be established, because only the letters "IAN S" could be discerned. But the discovery of the monument from Zana enabled the identification of Marcus Valerius Maximianus as the man from the Trenčín inscription. Unfortunately archaeologists have not been able to locate the camp of this vexillation yet. Both inscriptions (as well as the objects from Mušov) provide interesting additional details to the testimonial of the Greek historian Cassius Dio, who wrote, that in the final phases of the Marcomannic wars many Roman troops wintered in the territories of Marcomanni and Quadi. On these inscriptions and also for example on the recently discovered Roman temporary camp in Olomouc-Neředín we can see, that legionaries advanced deep into the barbarian lands.
In the following years Maximianus commanded legions V Macedonica in Potaissa in Dacia Porolissensis (modern Turda, Romania), I Italica in Novae in Lower Moesia (near Svishtov, Bulgaria) and XIII Gemina in Apulum in Dacia (modern Alba Iulia, Romania). He was already for the third time decorated for taking part in the second campaign against Germans, this time by the emperor Commodus (ie. after the death of Marcus Aurelius). Then he was transferred to Numidia, where he assumed command of the Legion III Augusta and also governorship of the province. The peak of Maximianus' career was the consulship, which he held as the suffect consul absent from Rome sometime between 183 and 185. We also know that he worshipped the eastern god Mithra, to whom he dedicated altars in Apulum and in Lambaesis (modern Lambèse, Algeria).
Inscription from ZanaAE 1956, 124
Diana Veteranorum, Numidia (today Zana, Algeria), picture
M(arco) Valerio Maximiano M(arci) Valeri Maximiani quinq(uennalis) s[ac(erdotalis)] / f(ilio) pont(ifici) col(oniae) Poetovionens(ium) equo p(ublico) praef(ecto) coh(ortis) I Thrac(um) trib(uno) coh(ortis) I (H)am(iorum) / civium R(omanorum) praep(osito) orae gentium Ponti Polemoniani don(is) don(ato) bel/lo Phart(ico)(!) allecto ab Imp(eratore) M(arco) Antonino Aug(usto) et misso in procinctu / Germanic(ae) exped(itionis) ad deducend(a) per Danuvium quae in annonam Panno(niae) / utriusq(ue) exercit(uum) denavigarent praepos(ito) vexillation(um) clas(sium) praetor(iarum) / Misenatis item Ravennatis item clas(sis) Brittanic(ae) item equit(um) Afror(um) et Mauror(um) / elector(um) ad curam explorationis Pannoniae praef(ecto) al(ae) I Aravacor(um) in procinc/tu Germanico ab Imp(eratore) Antonino Aug(usto) coram laudato et equo et phaleris / et armis donato quod manu sua ducem Naristarum Valaonem / interemisset et in eade(m) ala quartae militiae honor(em) adepto praef(ecto) al(ae) / contar(iorum) don(is) don(ato) bello Ger(manico) Sar(matico) praep(osito) equitib(us) gent(ium) Marcomannor(um) Narist(arum) / Quador(um) ad vindictam Orientalis motus pergentium honor(e) centenariae dig/nitatis aucto salario adeptus procurationem Moesiae inferioris / eodem in tempore praeposito vexillationibus et at(!) detrahen/dam Briseorum latronum manum in confinio Macedon(iae) et Thrac(iae) / ab imp(eratore) misso proc(uratori) Moesiae super(ioris) proc(uratori) prov(inciae) Daciae Porolis/sensis a sacratissimis impp(eratoribus) in amplissimum ordinem inter prae/torios allecto et mox leg(ato) leg(ionis) I adiut(ricis) item leg(ato) leg(ionis) II adiu(tricis) praep(osito) vexil(lationum) / Leugaricione hiemantium item leg(ato) leg(ionis) / V Mac(edonicae) item leg(ato) leg(ionis) I Italic(ae) item leg(ato) leg(ionis) / XIII gem(inae) item leg(ato) Aug(usti) pr(o) pr(aetore) [[[leg(ionis) III Aug(ustae)]]] don(is) don(ato) a nobilissimo / [[[principe M(arco) Aurelio Commodo Aug(usto)]]] expeditione secunda Ger(manica) / splendidissimus ordo Dian[ensium veteran(orum)] aere conlato
To Marcus Valerius Maximianus, son of Marcus Valerius Maximianus who was local censor and priest, priest of the colony of Poetovio, with the public horse, prefect of the first cohort of Thracians, tribune of the first cohort of Hamians, Roman citizens, placed in charge of the coastline of the peoples of Pontus Polemonianus, decorated in the Parthian war, chosen by Emperor Marcus Antoninus Augustus and sent on active service in the German expedition with the task of bringing food by boat down the river Danube to supply the armies in both provinces of Pannonia, placed in charge of the detachments of the praetorian fleets of Misenum and also of Ravenna and also of the British fleet, and also of the African and Moorish cavalry chosen for scouting duties in Pannonia, prefect of the first ala of Aravacans, while on active service in Germany praised in public by emperor Antoninus Augustus because he had killed with his own hand Valao, chief of the Naristi, and was granted his horse, decorations, and weapons; in the same ala he achieved the honour of his fourth military post, prefect of the ala of lance-bearers, decorated in the war against the Germans and Sarmatians, placed in charge with the honour of centenarian rank of the cavalry of the peoples of the Marcomanni, Naristi, and Quadi journeying to punish the insurrection in the east (i.e. the revolt of Avidius Cassius, AD 175), with an increased salary appointed to the procuratorship of Lower Moesia and at the same time placed in charge of detachments and sent by the Emperor to drive out a band of Brisean brigands on the borders of Macedonia and Thrace, procurator of Upper Moesia, procurator of the province of Dacia Porolissensis, chosen by our most revered emperors for admission to the senatorial order among men of praetorian rank, and soon after legate of Legion I Adiutrix, also legate of Legion II Adiutrix, placed in charge of the detachments in winter quarters at Laugaricio, also legate of Legion V Macedonica, also legate of Legion I Italica, also legate of Legion XIII Gemina, also legate of the Emperor with propraetorian power of [Legion III Augusta], decorated by the most noble Emperor Marcus Aurelius Commodus Augustus on the second German expedition; the most distinguished council of the people of Diana Veteranorum (set this up) with the money contributed.
(Translation taken from Campbell, B.: The Roman Army: A Sourcebook, London/New York, 1994, p. 64–65.)
Inscription from TrenčínCIL III, 13439
Laugaricio (today Trenčín, Slovakia), picture
EXERCITVS QVI LAV
GARICIONE SEDIT MIL(ites)
L(egionis) II DCCCLV
[(Marcus Valerius) MAXIMI]AN(u)S LEG(atus) LEG(ionis) II AD(iutricis) CVR(avit) F(aciendum)
To the victory of emperors,
the army that stayed in Laugaricio,
855 soldiers of the II. legion,
Marcus Valerius Maximianus, legate of the Legion II Adiutrix ordered the execution (of this inscription)
The history of the inscription from Trenčín is quite interesting. It was known already in the 16th century and may be even earlier. However, as the access to the inscription was difficult (because of a river which flew right at the bottom of the rock and because of willows and later poplars in front of it) it was almost totally forgotten. Only in 1852 a storm uprooted a poplar, which was concealing the rock, and the inscription was discovered again. First attempt to decipher the inscription was made by Ludvík Stárek, a canon and dean in Trenčín, but he was not very successful. In spite of that his report and proposed reading of the inscription made it to Theodor Mommsen, the editor of the great collection of Latin inscriptions of the Roman empire known as the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL). Nevertheless due to incompetent reading of the inscription by Ludvík Stárek Mommsen placed the inscription from Trenčín among forgeries in CIL. Fortunately the inscription was later seen by a renown Hungarian archaeologist Joseph Hampel, who thought that it could after all be authentic. He created plaster cast of the inscription and sent it to Theodor Mommsen, the greatest Latin epigraphy expert of that time. Theodor Mommsen together with another scholar Otto Hirschfeld now examined the inscription directly. When seeing the actual inscription personally Theodor Mommsen realised that his previous judgement of the inscription as forgery was incorrect and it really is authentic. In 1902 the inscription from Trenčín was finally added to the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum in a new Mommsen's reading, this time as authentic. During further examination of the information from the inscription it has been proposed (based on the similarity of the two names), that Laugaricio can perhaps be identified as the trade settlement called Leukaristos, which is mentioned in the work Geografia written by the Greek geographer Claudius Ptolemaius. Although we cannot exclude this hypothesis completely, it seems that Leukaristos was located rather more to the north, in the area of modern Poland.
Alföldy, G.: P. Helvius Pertinax und M. Valerius Maximianus, Situla 14/15, 1974, p. 199–215.Campbell, B.: The Roman Army: A Sourcebook, London/New York, 1994.
Dobiáš, J.: Dva příspěvky k topografii válek markomanských a kvádských, ČČH 27, 1921, p. 135–156.
Dobiáš, J.: Nový nápis ze Zany (Diana veteranorum) a římský nápis na skále trenčínské (CIL III 13439 = Dessau, ILS 9122), LF 5(80), 1957, p. 179–196.Dobiáš, J.: Nový pramen k dějinám markomanských válek na našem území, AR 9, 1957, p. 523–534.
Hošek, R.: M. Valerius Maximianus im unteren Donauraum in den Jahren 176–178 U. Z., SPFFBU 8, 1959, p. 83–92.
Lunzer, D. von: Valerius 236, RE VIII A 1, 1955, col. 86–90.
Nešporová, T. – Rajtár, J.: Laugaricio: Trenčín a okolie v rímskej dobe, Pamiatky a múzeá 3, 2000, p. 30–33.
Pflaum, H.-G.: Sur les guerres du Danube à l'époque de Marc Aurèle, d' après une inscription récemment découverte de Diana Veteranorum en Numidie, Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 100/1, 1956, p. 19–23.
Prikryl, L. V.: Leukaristos (Laugaricio) v diele Klaudia Ptolemaia, in: Laugaricio, Trenčín, 1980, p. 27–35.
Szászová, H.: Trenčiansky rímsky nápis vo vedeckej a populárno-vedeckej literatúre, in: Laugaricio, Trenčín, 1980, p. 13–25.
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The National Reconnaissance Office gifted NASA with two telescopes in June. Both have 2.4-meter mirrors, like the Hubble Space Telescope (pictured here), but have fields of view some 100 times larger than Hubble. // photo illustration by NASA
In June of this year, news broke that NASA had received two space telescopes from the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO). Both instruments hold mirrors 2.4 meters across, the same size as the Hubble Space Telescope. However, both have shorter focal lengths than Hubble, which means they can observe a much wider field of view. In fact, these scopes could observe a field about 1.8° wide (some 100 times larger than what Hubble sees). Neither of the NRO-donated scopes has additional instruments (such as cameras) yet, so both are essentially “shells.”
Now, NASA is requesting ideas for how to use these two telescopes, and they want to hear from you! The agency specifies that the concept should investigate at least one of five main science goals: space technology, human exploration and operations, heliophysics, planetary science, or astrophysics. NASA, however, is not interested in a possible infrared wide-field survey, as astronomers have already specified that one of these telescopes might be put to good use with the proposed WFIRST project (the Wide-Field InfraRed Survey Telescope).
If you have an awesome research topic that one of these 2.4-meter scopes could investigate, NASA asks that you submit it by January 7, 2013. The summary must be written in English, be no more than four pages, and use at least 12-point type. The agency also states that this summary must incorporate a “four-quadrant summary chart” and a concept description including all text, tables, and illustrations. You don’t need to worry, though, about determining a budget or a schedule — NASA just wants some good ideas.
The agency will then pick the most promising concepts (top priority goes to those that have the highest value to science, human spaceflight, and space technology, in addition to being innovative) and invite their authors to make formal presentations at a workshop February 5 and 6 to further discuss these ideas.
So, if you have a proposal for what type of research NASA should do with these 2.4-meter wide-field space telescopes, consider submitting it. For more information, visit the agency’s Applications of Large Space Optics Web page. (Oh, and if you also are curious what a “four-quadrant summary chart” is, NASA has a description on its “Submit an Abstract” page). Good luck, and let us know your ideas! | <urn:uuid:7763d38e-07fa-4c25-bcc3-33c09963c7c6> | {
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Video Games in Psychotherapy
After reading the article, Video Games in Psychotherapy by T. Atilla Ceranoglu, I agree that video games can help in psychotherapy because I believe that playing videos can take their minds off of the tragic things going on in their life, such as children who went through abuse, neglected, control problems etc… This will help them release some stress and to have a little fun. I think those kids who have problems controlling themselves this will help them relax a little and not be hyper. Children like games already so by this being psychotherapy is a good way for the kids to be themselves. This can also help a child connect with their therapist by doping something the child likes and will be distracted. Therefore the therapist can talk to the child and maybe get their feelings out while they are focused on something else. A child can express themselves through the game they choose. As the article stay, “video games offer several opportunities in psychotherapy owing to their unique content versatility play modes.” This can help the therapist figure out what feeling the child has through the playing of the child, as the article states, “A competitive game may offer the opportunity to display aggressive urges, omnipotent wishes, or the desire to destroy and re-create the therapist.” I think by the therapist allowing the child to play video games may help the child to be comfortable with them, and do something they like to do and won’t look at therapy as a place that is going to be pressured them to talk. As the article says, “Children may find it easier to relate to a therapist who is ready and willing to play in their usual way.” As I read in the Neo Academic by Landers it states that, “games (generally) have been used in therapy for some time. One citation put the use of board games in psychotherapy as early as 1957. This implies to me a more receptive scientific community associated with general therapy than is associated with...
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The skinny on ADHD drugs
While parents often worry about the side effects of ADHD medication, the reality is that the impact of untreated ADHD is often much worse than any of the medication side effects.
The skinny on ADHD drugs
I see a 9-year- old girl in my practice who is inattentive and hyperactive at school and at home. A thorough evaluation revealed that she has attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In our last visit I provided her mother with specific parenting advice that has not resolved the behavior issues. I then suggest that we start her child on an ADHD medication, such as Ritalin. The mother hesitates and says, “I don’t really want those medications. I heard that they have really bad side effects.”
In my last blog entry, I talked about how physicians are often too quick to “label” a child with ADHD. However, for those who really do have ADHD, appropriate treatment can dramatically improve the quality of life of a child and his or her family. While parents often worry about the side effects of ADHD medication, the reality is that the impact of untreated ADHD is often much worse than any of the medication side effects. For example, untreated ADHD can result in poor school grades, difficulty making friends, family stress, conflicts with siblings, low quality of life, poor self-esteem and an increased number of accidental injuries (due to carelessness and hyperactivity). During adolescence, children who were never treated for their ADHD symptoms are also more likely to abuse drugs … yikes!
When considering ADHD medications, here are a few of the common questions that come up:
Should ADHD medications be prescribed by a psychiatrist or can your general pediatrician do this?
Unfortunately, there is a huge shortage of child psychiatrists (especially for children on Medicaid) and frankly speaking, there aren’t enough child psychiatrists to treat all of the children with ADHD. Most children with ADHD can be managed by a primary care pediatrician. However, complicated patients (with multiple psychiatric issues or complicated home lives) are better off being managed by child psychiatrists.
Will my child become addicted to these medications?
This is very unlikely, but possible. Some of these medications (stimulants) have the potential to be abused. In some cases, teenagers may give or even sell their medications to friends. One way to avoid this problem is to use non-stimulant medications that have a lower abuse potential.
Do I have to give them to him all the time? Can he take the weekends off?
Many children with ADHD struggle most during school weeks because of the intense focus that is required to succeed. When school is not in session, many pediatricians will agree that “medication holidays” are appropriate. But each case is different and parents need to talk to their child’s doctor before stopping medication.
I know a child who took those medications and it turned him into a zombie!
I have seen this many times! If the medication dosage is too high, the child can become numb to the world and temporarily lose their typical playfulness. They won’t laugh or sing … instead they just sit there quietly. This is NOT what ADHD medications are intended to do. Fortunately, this will last for only a few hours and your child should be completely back to normal by the next day. Speak with your doctor about lowering the dose.
What are the most common side effects?
- Appetite suppression: One way to counteract this is to make sure that your child has a hardy breakfast before taking the medication. Throughout the day make sure that he/she eats high calorie meals and snacks such as peanut butter and full fat dairy products.
- Sleep interruption: Your child may not fall asleep as quickly as you’d like. Try giving the medications as early in the day as possible (so that the medication will wear off sooner). Some medications help ADHD symptoms and have the convenient side effect of causing drowsiness.
- Tics: These are movements (like blinking) or sounds (like throat clearing) that sometimes accompany ADHD. They are involuntary and can increase with stimulant medications.
- Mild belly pain
After starting any ADHD medication your child should be monitored regularly until all side effects have been identified and addressed.
I heard that ADHD medications can cause heart problems. Is that true?
Because stimulant medications may cause slight increases in heart rate and blood pressure, this has been a concern. In fact, stimulant medications carry a warning label about the potential risk of sudden cardiac death. However, a study of 240,000 children recently found that the risk of sudden cardiac death was the same whether or not children took ADHD medications. To be on the safe side, most pediatricians will ask about a family history of heart conditions. They may also recommend an EKG before starting medication.
I know what you’re thinking … Wow, those are a lot of side effects! Is it really worth it? Yes! Remember, untreated ADHD can be harmful to your child. Most of these medication side effects are temporary, predictable and easy to manage.
Do you know anyone who has been on ADHD medications? What was their experience like? Did they have any side effects?
Mario Cruz is is an assistant professor of pediatrics at Drexel University College of Medicine and an academic pediatrician at St. Christopher's Hospital for Children. | <urn:uuid:f1ba83d2-ae39-4aa8-9543-1a312198b034> | {
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Books associated with particular places often take on nationalistic significance. This happened again when the 7th-century St Cuthbert's Gospel was put up for sale by the Jesuits this year.
It is touted as the world's "oldest intact book" because the original binding of the Gospel of John manuscript has survived. The British Library intends to digitize the book so that it is available to people "everywhere" online. But its campaign to raise the money emphasizes the urgency of keeping the Gospel "for the nation" because it is "a precious part of our heritage":
The campaign was successful: the Library has now acquired "one of the world’s most important books" for 9 million pounds.
Iconic books are texts revered as objects of power rather than just as words of instruction, information, or insight. In religious and secular rituals around the globe, people carry, show, wave, touch and kiss books and other texts, as well as read them. This blog chronicles such events and activities. (For more about iconic books, see the links to the Iconic Books Project at left.) | <urn:uuid:10570e68-88f6-4ade-adaf-aff2c26e2cb8> | {
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March 14, 2007
EAST LANSING, Mich. ‒ Despite advances in experimental nuclear physics, the most detailed probing of atomic nuclei still requires heavy doses of advanced nuclear theory. The problem is that using theory to make meaningful predictions requires massive datasets that tax even high-powered supercomputers.
In a March 16 Physical Review Letters article, researchers from Michigan State and Central Michigan universities report dramatic success in stripping away much of this stubborn complexity. The advance, which slashes computational time from days or weeks to minutes or hours, may help address one of the most important questions in nuclear physics today: what is the structure of heavy atomic nuclei?
At the heart of this question is the devilish difficulty in modeling any system with multiple particles that interact via the nuclear force. One way to tackle this so-called many-body problem is to first construct mathematical functions that describe each particle, and then start multiplying these functions together to get some idea as to the underlying physics of the system.
It's a brute force approach that works well enough to describe light nuclei but is a computational nightmare when it comes to heavier elements, which have greater numbers of protons and neutrons.
Describing each particle, which can exist in any number of quantum states, is complicated enough. But when modeling a system composed of several dozen or more of these particles, each of which potentially interacts with every other particle, the computational complexity quickly becomes astronomical in magnitude.
For example, applying this approach to Nickel-56, the isotope with 28 protons and 28 neutrons that is the subject of the research, effectively means solving an equation with 1 billion variables. The result is "a huge computational effort, which has become feasible only recently," the authors note.
Chemistry researchers face a similar problem in studying molecules with many dozens of interacting electrons. Yet all electron interactions are not created equal, and for decades scientists have relied on this fact to build streamlined models that stem the tide of quantum data that needs to be computed.
The key is correlation, the idea that some pairs of electrons are strongly linked and related. Correlations are what make it possible to rely on a modicum of data to make predictions about a complex system like a molecule, an atomic nucleus or even the nightly crowd at a restaurant.
To decide how to make the best use of a limited supply of tables, restaurant owners don't need to think of every potential customer as likely to interact with every other customer and move freely from table to table. Rather, most maitre d's can anticipate seeing customers who show up in pairs or small groups and tend to stick together during any given evening. Observing similar behavior in electrons, quantum chemists have worked for decades to build and refine the coupled cluster theory, which today has emerged as the preeminent approach to explaining complex molecular systems.
Correlations also loom large in current theory of atomic nuclei. For several years, scientists have known that focusing on the behavior of pairs of nucleons ‒ the generic term for protons and neutrons ‒ goes a long way to painting an accurate picture of the entire atomic nucleus. But until now, no one had used coupled-cluster theory with heavy atomic nuclei.
The researchers first relied on the MSU High Performance Computing Center and the CMU Center for High Performance Scientific Computing for the weeks-long task of solving the billion-variable equation describing Nickel-56, in effect generating a yardstick by which to measure their more abbreviated model. Next they compared their energy and wave function data to those generated by the computationally expensive alternative.
Coupled-cluster theory produced near identical results and the time spent crunching the numbers ‒ on a standard laptop ‒ was often measured in minutes or even seconds.
"Sometimes it took longer to input the information than to run the calculation," said Piotr Piecuch, one of the authors and a professor in the MSU Department of Chemistry and the MSU Department of Physics and Astronomy and at National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory.
Other MSU authors include Alex Brown, NSCL professor; Marta Wloch, a research assistant professor in Chemistry in Piecuch's group; and Jeff Gour and Maricris Lodriguito, doctoral students in Chemistry in Piecuch's group. The lead author is Mihai Horoi, associate professor in the Department of Physics at Central Michigan University. Horoi and Brown did the daunting supercomputing work of solving the billion-term equation and analyzing the results, while Gour, Wloch, Lodriguito and Piecuch performed the coupled-cluster calculations.
Their research bodes well for next-generation nuclear science. Because of existing and planned accelerators around the world, the next few decades promise to yield a panoply of heavy isotopes for study. Theoretical models will need to keep pace with this expected avalanche of experimental data. To-date, many such models have treated the nucleus as a relatively undifferentiated liquid, gas or other set of mathematical averages ‒ all of which tends to gloss over subtle nuclear nuance.
In contrast, coupled cluster theory may be the only manageable and scalable model that takes a particle-by-particle approach.
"We're really starting to see the nucleus from a microscopic perspective," said Piecuch. "This gives us a way to start with particles, in this case nucleons, build an equation and then solve it ‒ and to do so in a way that is computationally efficient.
Several of the authors are active in the MSU Mesoscopic Theory Center, a focal point for collaborations between nuclear and condensed matter physicists, chemists, mathematicians and scientists from other disciplines. Created in fall 2006, the center seeks to understand the emergence of complexity from interactions of elementary constituents. The work of Piecuch and his colleagues suggests that generic solutions to these mesoscopic problems may be at hand.
"What's most exciting may be broad applicability of the model," Piecuch said. "Coupled cluster theory grew up in chemistry but seems to work equally well in nuclear physics, where the physical dimensions and forces are hugely different."
The research is supported in part by the National Science Foundation and the Department of Energy.
Michigan State University's NSCL is a world-leading laboratory for rare isotope research and nuclear science education. | <urn:uuid:b79b9e8a-886b-4b53-bd82-5be14e0c84b3> | {
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Let the stars and bars fly high next to your Christmas decorations this December. A local committee of patriotic people from businesses, non-profit organizations and private citizens is driving a grassroots movement to celebrate one of the pillars of our protected freedoms, the Bill of Rights.
The group, aptly named the Committee for the Celebration and Recognition of Bill of Rights Day in Payson Committee, calls for all red-blooded Americans to remember and honor the first 10 amendments to the Constitution, which comprise the Bill of Rights. The celebration, Saturday, Dec. 11, commemorates the document's official ratification date, Dec. 15, 1791
Fearing a return to monarchical tyranny, opponents of a centralized government at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 insisted on a compromise: in exchange for losing their state sovereignty, they wanted a guarantee -- in writing -- to limit the new federal government's power while protecting individual freedoms. This compromise became the Bill of Rights.
The Bill of Rights ensures fundamental civil and human rights: the freedoms of speech, press, assembly and religion; the right to bear arms; protections against unreasonable searches and coerced confessions; and rights to counsel and a jury trial.
Religion: The government can neither impose a state religion nor punish citizens for exercising their religion of choice.
Speech, the press and assembly: Citizens may express opinions, write and publish what they wish, gather peacefully with others and formally ask the government to correct injustices.
Bearing arms: Individuals -- the people -- have the right to own and use weapons without interference from the government.
Unreasonable searches: Citizens cannot be arrested or detained arbitrarily. No agency of government may inspect or seize property or possessions without first obtaining a warrant, which must be specific in nature.
Trials: No person outside the military may be tried for a serious crime without first being indicted by a grand jury of citizens. Once found not guilty, a person may not be tried again for the same crime. Citizens can't be forced to act as witness or provide evidence against themselves in a criminal case. Citizens can't be sent to prison or have assets seized without due process. The government can't take property without paying market value for it. Trials cannot be unreasonably postponed or held in secret. Citizens cannot be held without charges and those charges cannot be held in secret.
In the pages of today's Roundup you will find the Bill of Rights, the U.S. Constitution, and more information about Payson's Bill of Rights Day celebration Saturday, Dec. 11. | <urn:uuid:2b5d4be2-bdc8-4f10-af06-cd835fc64b46> | {
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Methamphetamine is a highly addictive stimulant that influences and affects the central nervous system in the body. Methamphetamine can be made in high tech labs or can be produced in homes using over the counter ingredients. This combined with its very addictive nature is what has created widespread abuse across the United States. The other aspect of this drug that makes it so widespread is that it can be found as a prescription drug given to people diagnosed with ADHD, under the brand name Desoxyn, or as a street drug such as crystal meth.
Effects of usage
Methamphetamine comes in many different forms and can be used in a variety of ways. They can be smoked, injected, snorted or orally ingested.
Methamphetamine is generally used in a binge and crash sort of mechanism. This is because the euphoric feelings that a methamphetamine produces will disappear even before the drug content in the blood lowers significantly, therefore users will try to maintain a high by taking more of the drug. Many times a user will go for days binging with the drug, not sleeping or eating, just to maintain a high.
Smoking crystal meth has become more and more prevalent in the recent years, due to the fact that the drug has a very fast uptake when it is taken in this wise.
However these drugs are taken, they generally have similar effects on the user. Immediately after injecting or smoking crystal meth, the user will experience an intense rush that lasts for only a few minutes. This rush is generally described as being very pleasurable and euphoric. After this initial rush, the person will experience a high that can last up to 16 hours, at which point the person will use again in order to achieve a similar high.
The physical effects that crystal meth can have on the body are striking, with many users permanently damaged after using for a significant period of time. The reasons for this lie in the destructive chemicals that this drug is made out of. Crystal meth for instance, is a combination of various amphetamines and chemicals such as battery acid, antifreeze, lantern fluid and drain cleaner.
This drug when taken over time creates various physical defects in the body including constriction of blood vessels, tissue damage that can be seen externally, sores take longer to heal, skin appears lackluster, tooth decay, skin picking brought on by hallucinations of having bugs crawling under the skin, etc.
All of these side effects create very obvious signs of someone abusing crystal meth and add years onto someone’s appearance.
Treating methamphetamine addiction
The nature of the drug makes it one of the most addictive drugs that exist. Many users will experience intense highs that require the use of more drugs in order to get back to that high. As with most drugs, after awhile the person develops a tolerance for the drugs and needs them just to be happy in life. It is at this point that the cycle of addiction has kicked in and the person is using more drugs in order to satisfy their cravings.
Unfortunately the problems don’t end there, with the drugs being continually used to solve the problems of not being happy, the person becomes more and more dependent to the point where this becomes their only focus in life.
The only way out of this dwindling spiral of existence is through an effective drug rehabilitation program. However, most users of a drug like meth will not be able to see this for themselves and will need the help of those around them to get into a proper rehab.
The right rehab for someone in this condition is a long-term, residential program that will address all aspects of addiction, both physical and mental aspects. This way when they go back to their previous life, the physical and mental triggers that are present don’t affect them and they are able to get on with a productive and happy life without the use of meth.
The Narconon program covers each aspect of addiction and works to get to the root of the problem that started the person on the path to drug abuse in the first place. | <urn:uuid:28411c65-78cb-4350-b849-6e21a510e536> | {
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"And they were in the uniform livery" describes what character in Canterbury tales?
1 Answer | Add Yours
"And they were in the uniform livery" describes the five guildsmen which are mentioned in the Prologue of The Canterbury Tales. The five guildsmen mentioned by the narrator include: a haberdasher (hat maker), carpenter, arras-maker (curtain maker), dyer, and weaver. The narrator praises their smart form of dress, complimenting their livery and gear as being "new and well-adorned" (5).
"The Five Guildsmen" section of the prologue provides interesting details about these skilled craftsmen. The narrator clearly respects them for their dress, occupation, ability, and wisdom, claiming they were "fitted to have been an alderman" or local official (12). Chaucer's descriptions portray them as well-established in their craft and high-ranking in their guild.
Join to answer this question
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Mass Media Ethics
November 19, 2001
Women in the Media: An Accurate Portrayal?
Women today are bombarded from every side with advertising. Magazines, television, the Internet, billboards, etc. all feature advertisements, many of which use a woman to promote a product. Some of these ads target a female audience, such as diet foods and exercise equipment. Others may rely on a woman’s sex appeal to intrigue men to purchase anything from liquor to paint. The disturbing trend in advertising, in whatever medium, is the portrayal of women as increasingly thin. This raises the issue of how women are affected by such advertising: how their body image can be called into question by viewing ads and whether advertising is responsible for the number of women who diet or suffer from an eating disorder. After exploring this issue, it is necessary to seek the perspectives of various ethicists such as Kant, Rawls, and Mill to try to determine a proper use of the female image in advertising.
In advertising and the media as a whole, women are portrayed as thin. In a study of 33 television shows, 69.1 percent of the female characters were rated as thin and only 17.5 percent of the males were thus rated (Myers & Biocca, 1992, p. 110). The thinness of the ideal woman has increased during the last century. In a content analysis of photographs in Ladies’ Home Journal and Vogue between 1901 and 1981, the bust-to-waist ratios of the women portrayed decreased through the years (Silverstein et al., 1980, cited in Myers & Biocca, 1992, p. 110). “Present day women who look at the major mass media are exposed to a standard of bodily attractiveness that is slimmer than that presented for men and that is less curvaceous than that presented for women since the 1930’s” (Silverstein et al., 1980, cited in Myers & Biocca, 1992, p. 110). This increasing emphasis on being thin has led to the advertisement of more products to help women achieve this ideal image. In a study of four women’s and four men’s magazines, there were 63 diet food ads in the women’s magazines, but only one such ad in the men’s magazines (Silverstein et al., 1980, cited in Myers & Biocca, 1992, p. 110). In the same study, the number of articles about figure-enhancing products totaled 96 in the women’s magazines and 10 in the men’s magazines (Silverstein et al., 1980, cited in Myers & Biocca, 1992, p. 110).
Although advertising, magazine photographs, and television programs portray women as thin, the women shown are not always depicted in a way that shows how to maintain a slim appearance. A study done by Kaufman in 1980, (cited in Myers & Biocca, 1992, pp. 110-111), showed that 95 percent of characters in television programs and advertising were in situations involving food and many of them were consuming it without attention to whether the meal was balanced, whether they felt hungry, etc. “Television presents viewers with two sets of conflicting messages,” Kaufman wrote (p. 45, cited in Myers & Biocca, p. 111). “One suggests that we eat in ways almost guaranteed to make us fat; the other suggests that we strive to remain slim” (Kaufman p. 45, cited in Myers & Biocca, 1992, p. 111).
The other main component in women’s portrayal in the media is the use of sex appeal. Sex is a popular topic of discussion in society today, and this is reflected in the media. “Newspaper articles, television programs, contemporary plays, advertisements – all urge adults, and impressionable children, to overcome inhibitions, overlook propriety and go for it” (Odone, 1998, p. 17). The media’s focus on sex comes across in its use of women in ads. “Advertisers have always tried to use sex to sell products, even when the product being advertised had nothing to do with sex,” according to Ann Purdy, author of “Beauty and the advertising beast.” “Car, alcohol, soft drink and jean ads often market women’s bodies as well as the actual products being advertised” (Purdy, 1991, p. 13). As the women portrayed as sexy are also thin, women are socialized to strive to be thin in order to be seen as sexy, too. According to Jean Kilbourne, creator of several award-winning films examining women’s portrayal in advertising, “the real tragedy of the stereotypes presented by the advertising world is that many women internalize [them] and learn their ‘limitations’, thus establishing a self-fulfilling prophecy. If one accepts these mythical and degrading images, to some extent one actualizes them” (Purdy, 1991, p. 13).
As Kilbourne noted, women do seem to identify with the thin, sexy female models seen in the media. In a recent study (not directly named) discussed in Working Woman, twice as many women as men polled thought eroticism was appropriate in fashion and fragrance ads (Kanner, 1999, p. 21). The study found that “women associate sensual ads with romance and sometimes identify with the model” (Kanner, 1999, p. 21).
Philip Myers and Frank Biocca of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill conducted a study to see how advertising affects women’s self-perceived body images and moods. A woman’s body image is unstable and responsive to social cues, and is therefore elastic, Myers and Biocca wrote (p. 116). They found that a woman’s body image is constructed in a triangular fashion: By examining her objective body shape (the actual measurements) and the socially represented ideal body (“absorbed from cultural representations of ideals of physical beauty” p. 116), the woman develops an internalized body ideal that is somewhere in between her actual shape and the social ideal (Myers & Biocca, 1992, p. 117). “This personal body image represents a goal for the individual. Advertising most often represents some ideal future self to the viewer in the process of selling a product that will aid the individual in attaining this ideal future self” (p. 117).
Myers and Biocca found that watching as little as 30 minutes of television programming and advertising can change a woman’s perception of her body shape (p. 108). Immediately after viewing an ad showing a thin, ideal woman, the women in the study felt better about their body image; they felt thinner (p. 126). “During this stage…the young women “bond” with the models and fantasize themselves as thin, beautiful versions of themselves” (p. 129). However, as Myers and Biocca noted on p. 127, the goal of advertising is not to reconcile women with their present body image, but rather to foster new worries and desires that can be solved by the purchase of a product. Thus, after the short-lived identification with the model and consequential uplifting perception of their body image, “many women are faced by the cold reality of the mirror, a reality that conflicts with the social ideal” (p. 129).
Clearly, then, the media are capable of influencing women’s perceptions of themselves. Considering that children and adult television viewers are exposed to approximately 5,260 attractiveness messages per year (about 14 messages each day), and 1,850 of these directly deal with beauty, the pressure to conform to the social ideal can cause problems for many women (Downs & Harrison, 1985, p. 17).
It is the negative consequences of the conflict many women perceive between their objective body image and the socially ideal woman that causes ethical concern for advertisers and society at large. Women who are unhappy with the body image they have constructed in their minds, whether a direct result of seeing the ideal woman portrayed in the media, may take drastic steps to improve their objective body shape. A Nielsen survey in 1978 found that there was somebody dieting in 45 percent of U.S. households. Of all the women aged 24 to 54, 56 percent were dieting and the majority followed a diet for cosmetic rather than health reasons (Myers & Biocca, 1992, p. 112).
A preoccupation with dieting to be thin can lead to dangerous, life-threatening eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia. “Pressures on women to be thin and to achieve…may partially explain why anorexia nervosa has increased so dramatically. [Anorexics] respond to these pressures by equating weight control with self-control and this in turn is equated with beauty and ‘success’” (Garfinkel & Garner, 1982, p. 10). Anorexics starve themselves and bulimics binge and purge their food in an attempt to get thinner, no matter how thin they are by objective standards. In the anorexic or bulimic person’s mind, body size is overestimated. A study by Touyz et al. (1985) found that anorexics overestimate their body size by 5.51 percent and bulimics overestimate by 11.31 percent (cited in Myers & Biocca, 1992, p. 114). This is not a trend only in people with eating disorders: Two out of five women overestimate at least one of their four body parts (cheeks, waist, hips, or thighs) by at least 50 percent (p. 115).
This overestimation and consequential dieting to try to be thinner has psychological consequences for women, such as low self-esteem. “Young women with small breasts, for example, are quite likely to perceive themselves as deficient in personal value. Women with heavy legs are programmed almost automatically for a lifelong inferiority complex, as are generally larger, heavier women” (Key, 1976, pp. 36-37). This may explain why women are so eager, then, to achieve thinness and feel better about themselves: They will then fit in with the socially ideal woman seen in magazines, television, and other media.
As society’s emphasis on being thin (and therefore sexy) is reflected in the media, particularly advertising, it is necessary for an ethical media practitioner to examine how their work contributes to/encourages this female ideal. No matter the medium, each media practitioner faces a particular dilemma in trying to portray the female image. As noted in Media ethics: Cases and moral reasoning, “advertisers choose to use thin models because they assume that they will be regarded by their target audience as attractive either directly (e.g., choose our diet plan and look like this) or indirectly (e.g., these are the kinds of good-looking people who use our product/service)” (Christians et al., 2001, p. 180). For advertisers, there is little incentive to use an average-looking woman in advertisements, particularly in fitness or diet ads. This is because viewers will be more enticed to buy a product if they see a great-looking person who is thin and toned from using a product, not someone who is still flabby and overweight after using it. “There is no compelling reason, short of a sense of “social responsibility,” for advertisers to change their behavior by using “healthier” models, somewhat closer to the weight of the average woman” (p. 180).
Some would argue that it is the responsibility of the media (magazines, television, etc.) advertisers use to advertise their product to refuse to place ads that portray women in an ultra-thin manner that may encourage eating disorders or low self-esteem. Christians et al. argue that media accept such ads because they provide revenue to keep the company running and also appeal to the media’s readers/viewers. As mentioned earlier, women (and society at large) are preoccupied with thinness and being sexy, an obsession at least partly due to the media’s likewise obsession. If media refuse to run ads or articles starring ultra-thin women, they face two consequences. First, if a magazine, for example, uses photos of more average-looking models to accompany articles, the advertisers may accuse the company of creating a “non-supportive climate” for their advertisements (Christians et al., 2001, p. 180). Second, if they try another route and refuse outright to run ads with too-thin women, they will suffer financially if other magazines still run such ads (p. 181).
If one decides the media (advertisers and the media they advertise in) are too entangled to do much to enact change, then perhaps responsibility lies with the individual. The female reader/viewer always has the choice not to purchase products that use socially ideal women models in their advertising, or to boycott magazines that feature advertising or articles with ultra-thin women. While this may help the woman’s conscience and perhaps her self-esteem by not being exposed to such media, it will probably do little to change the media climate unless individuals band together in mass protest to economically damage the media’s well being (Christians et al., 2001, p. 181).
Thus the vicious cycle of the media promoting thinness as the key to sexiness and success, resulting in a societal emphasis on appearance (or the other way around), and the obsession of women with dieting, etc. to achieve this socially ideal image goes on. To find possible ways to break this cycle, it is necessary for media practitioners to look to several ethical perspectives for guidance, namely those of Kant, Mill, Aristotle, Rawls, and Judeo-Christianity.
Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher and ethicist of the 1700s, set forth what is termed the Categorical Imperative: “Act on that maxim which you will to become a universal law” (Christians et al., 2001, p. 15). Kant believed that moral law is universal and unconditionally binding (p. 15). So, put loosely, what is right for one is right for all. Kant said that what is right should be done out of duty/obligation. In terms of the portrayal of women in the media, if one believes in the journalistic value that the media have a duty to accurately portray society, then they should do so in all forms of media, including advertising. To Kant, it wouldn’t matter much if being accurate meant being less financially successful (as in the case of magazines that might lose revenue if they refuse ads other magazines are willing to run). He would say that accuracy would be important and should be followed no matter what. Practically, this might mean refusing ads with ultra-thin women, or, as an advertiser, to not use ultra-thin women in the majority of ads because they do not reflect the majority of women in the society.
From the Judeo-Christian perspective, people should be loved unconditionally and should be seen as ends in themselves, not as means to a profit. According to this view, as Christians et al. explain, “we ought to love our neighbors with the same zeal and consistency with which we love ourselves” (2001, p. 20). Thus, if the kind of advertising advertisers are making and magazines and television are promoting causes harm to the majority of women in society, the media should try to remedy the situation to avoid harm and show love for the viewers and readers who rely on them. One could also look at the Biblical view that “humans are made in the image of God,” (p. 19) and therefore each one is special and worthy of love, even if their outer appearance is not thin. Advertisers, editors, etc. could cherish diversity of appearance rather than promoting one single ideal of ultra-thinness as the sole vehicle for sexiness. They could portray women of all shapes and sizes and help society learn to emphasize healthiness over thinness.
John Rawls would probably follow a similar approach. Rawls’ theory of the Veil of Ignorance promotes the idea that all parties involved in a situation should “step back from real circumstances into an “original position” behind a barrier where roles and social differentiations are eliminated” (Christians et al., 2001, p. 18). If one imagines this situation, all media practitioners and the general public, including women, would be placed behind a curtain/veil where they were all equal and had the same level of power. Consequently, perhaps they would see that if each of them were to be placed in an advertisement or article, they would want to be portrayed accurately and without harsh criticism for their appearance. This could lead to advertisers and media decision-makers changing their policy to recognize diversity and depict women in a way that would protect the weakest members of society, especially women prone to low self-esteem and eating disorders. If all advertisers and other practitioners agreed to follow this policy, then no one would be financially punished for not using ultra-thin women in the media.
John Stuart Mill’s Principle of Utility, “Seek the greatest happiness for the greatest number,” (Christians et al., 2001, p. 16) would perhaps advocate a different approach. On the one hand, if one takes the view that the majority of women struggle with a negative body image and consequently diet and exercise to try to fit society’s female ideal, then Mill would be in cohorts with Rawls, Kant, and Judeo-Christian ethicists in trying to minimize harm so that people would not suffer. If it would benefit society the most to change its ideal view of women to something reflecting the real women in society, then Mill would want advertisers and editors to stop publishing works that showed an ideal that would make women miserable because so few of them could ever achieve it.
On the other hand, if one takes the view that only a minority of women actually suffer to the extent that they become ill from an eating disorder and the majority find happiness in pursuing an elusive ideal of thinness, Mill might think the present portrayal of women in the media is fine. He would argue that advertisers and other media practitioners gain the greatest happiness when they get the greatest profit, and if using an ideal image of women that the public seems to strive for is the means to that profit, Mill would see nothing wrong with that.
Finally, one can look to Aristotle for a middle ground approach. Aristotle, a Greek philosopher, professed what has been termed the Golden Mean: “Moral virtue is a middle state determined by practical wisdom” (Christians et al., 2001, p. 12). In journalism, the Aristotelian approach can be seen in the journalistic values of fairness, balance, and equal time. When applied to the situation of women in the media, balance becomes very important. Like Rawls, Kant, and Judeo-Christianity, Aristotle would agree that all kinds of people should be represented in the media, not just the thinnest, because that would not be a balanced portrayal of society. On the other hand, Aristotle would recognize that to be balanced on another level, the need to portray women in society accurately should be taken with consideration for the media practitioner’s need to make a living. One way to do this is for the media industry to pursue its self-interests and follow the cues of the market to appeal to the emphasis society places on thinness. In this case the industry could use ultra-thin models in ads and articles if it decided that was what its readers/viewers wanted to see. But to be balanced, perhaps there would also be a disclaimer on each ad warning of the possibly negative effects of trying to look like the person in the ad, such as “Excessive dieting and unhealthy eating habits are detrimental to your health, both mental and physical” (Christians et al., 2001, p. 181).
In my opinion, of the ethical perspectives explored above, Aristotle’s approach is the most realistic. I think the view professed by Rawls, Kant and others that would mandate that advertisers and other practitioners change their ideal to reflect society’s diversity is rather naïve and unrealistic because it would be extremely difficult to enforce such a law: How would one calculate total fairness? Require a survey of each company’s ads to see if they met a quota of models of each race and body type? I also think that Mill’s view of not doing anything because it brings advertisers profit and makes readers happy to see an unrealistic ideal portrayed in the media is wrong. Whether the fault of media, society places too much emphasis on external appearance, and not every woman’s body type will allow her to be as slender as supermodel Kate Moss, who weighed only 100 pounds at 5’7” (Christians et al., 2001, p. 179). I believe that, if the findings in my research are correct and the media plays a part in influencing societal ideals, then the media could work to change its dictates of what is ideal. Socially responsible media practitioners who want to be ethical could have more stories about being healthy instead of just thin. They could encourage women to accept themselves and each other as they are (following the Judeo-Christian ethic of loving one another). While the fact that not every media company would follow such a policy might hurt an organization that did in a financial sense, I believe that it would be possible to still stay in business. It would be worth any financial disadvantage to have the peace of mind that you were not contributing to eating disorders in the patrons of your company’s work.
I believe that for the most part, practicing ethics this way would have to be mostly voluntary, because as I pointed out earlier, mandating a law requiring accuracy and fairness would be difficult to implement. Still, the disclaimer idea is not without its merits, since the technique has been used before in tobacco advertising.
One company that has tried to be more ethically responsible is Proctor & Gamble. In 2000, its marketing department formed a “sex task force” to examine the company’s policy toward sexually explicit magazine articles and cover lines (Kerwin & Neff, 2000, p. 1). One P & G spokeswoman (who remained anonymous in the article) said, “We review the content of magazines as we review the content of television shows we advertise in. It’s nothing new…It’s a very gray area, and of course there are going to be different points of view” (pp. 1, 60). She said the company wants to establish a positive environment for advertising its brands (p. 1). Also, last year P & G joined other advertisers (i.e. Johnson & Johnson) in sponsoring the Family Programming Awards to reward television programs that were “family friendly” (p. 60). Proctor & Gamble, then, is concerned about the fact that many media emphasize sex and is trying to find ways to be a successful company without following that trend.
Thus, women in our society today struggle with body image and the social ideal of thinness as the means to achieving sexual appeal and success. For many, this has led to a lifelong quest to attain this ideal via dieting, exercise, etc. Some have become ill from eating disorders as a result. The media industry is confronted with the fact that it has the power to influence society’s goals and ideals. To handle this power responsibly, the media must decide if it is handling the portrayal of women in a fair and accurate manner (which I believe it is not at present) and take steps to find ways to do so and still remain a financially viable enterprise. Several ethicists, Aristotle perhaps advocating the most practical course of action, provide guidance in this media quest. Perhaps the media will someday find a way to balance its readers’ desire to achieve societal ideals with their need to be portrayed in a loving, accurate manner.
Christians, C.G., Fackler, M., Rotzoll, K.B., & Brittain McKee, K. (2001). Media ethics:
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Downs, A.C., & Harrison, S.K. (1985). Embarrassing age spots or just plain ugly?
Physical attractiveness stereotyping as an instrument of sexism on American television
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Garfinkel, P.E., & Garner, D.M. (1982). Anorexia nervosa: A multidimensional
perspective. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Gordon, A.D., & Kittross, J.M. (Eds.). (1999). Controversies in media ethics. New York:
Addison-Wesley Longman Educational Publishers, Inc.
Kanner, B. (1999, July/August). Sex sells: But not to whom you might think. Working
Woman, p. 21.
Kerwin, A.M., & Neff, J. (2000, April 10). Too sexy? P&G ‘task force’ stirs magazine
debate. Advertising Age, pp. 1, 60.
Key, W.B. (1976). Media sexploitation. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Myers, P.N., & Biocca, F.A. (1992, Summer). The elastic body image: The effect of
television advertising and programming on body image distortions in young women.
Journal of Communication, 42 (3), 108-130.
Odone, C. (1998, December 18-25). On television, on billboards, in poetry, at dinner
parties and even on the Tube – sex is everywhere. New Statesman, 127 (4416), p. 17.
Purdy, A. (1991, December 31). Beauty and the advertising beast. The OptiMSt, 17 (4), | <urn:uuid:9976c9b2-abe8-4b2a-9594-86545e839211> | {
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piece of paper and a pencil
A timer or a clock with a second hand and someone to tell
you when two minutes are up
On the next
web page, there are pictures of 20 different things. Just as you
did in the previous memory game, you are going to click the GO
button, look at the pictures for two minutes, then return to this
page and write down as many of the things as you can remember.
while you are looking at the pictures, make up a story that has
all those things in it. If you were looking at the pictures in
the last game (Memory Solitaire),
you might make up a story about a cat named Charlie (which begins
with C) who was riding a bicycle and chasing a dog. Just
then, the cat stopped for coffee and....
You get the
idea. If the story is silly, that's just fine. Try to imagine
the story as you tell it to yourself, picturing the cat on the
bicycle and the dog running away.
OK, now try
it yourself with the pictures on the next page.
write down as many of the things as you can remember on your piece
How did you
do this time? Click the Check button to see.
When you tell
yourself a story and imagine what's happening, you are doing a
couple of things.
are connecting the different pictures so that when you remember
one, you remember the others too. If you remember "cat,"
you have a good chance of remembering "bicycle" and
"dog" and "C" for Charlie. It's hard to remember
all the items in a list where nothing is connected to anything
else. It's easier to remember when one item is attached to a whole
lot of others.
are making a mental picture that includes all these different
things. Making a mental picture helps you remember something later.
You may discover
that making up a story didn't help you remember all the objects
-- but it helped you remember some of the objects for a lot longer.
When you made a mental picture of the objects, you used your long-term
memory, and that picture stuck with you. | <urn:uuid:1449b46f-f72c-4bd3-9318-f4991eb33636> | {
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Bonded abrasives: natural or synthetic grains molded into numerous shapes of grinding wheels.
Coated abrasives: brasives manufactured by coating a flexible backing with natural or synthetic abrasive grains which is cut into a variety of shapes.
Industrial superabrasives: abrasives manufactured using the world's hardest materials: diamond or cubic boron nitride. They are used to shape materials that are too hard or too fragile for conventional abrasives.
Refractories: industrial ceramics manufactured from raw materials : alumina, zirconia, silicon carbide, etc. : designed to withstand extreme conditions of mechanical stress, temperature and chemical aggression.
Silicon carbide: synthetic material made from petroleum coke, sand and energy with an outstanding hardness, only superseded by diamond, cubic boron nitride and boron carbide.
Scintillators: crystals which emit light when irradiated by high:energy photons, neutrons or X:rays, are used in a variety of applications as radiation detectors.
Light emitting diodes: a solid:state semiconductor device that converts electrical energy directly into light. The composition of the semiconducting materials in the device determines the wavelength and therefore the color of the light generate
Crucibles: materials which are used for pulling silicon, which is the first step in the manufacture of wafers used for semiconductors.
Fluorescence: crystal excitation with ultraviolet light (instead of a radioactive source).
Grains & Powders
Ceramic proppants: beads used to boost the yield from oil and gas wells.
Thermal spray: a coating technique which melts and sprays material - ceramics, metals or plastics - onto a backing. This process results in excellent resistance to wear, heat and corrosion.
Molding: action which consists of introducing a cold material into heated a mold.
Specialty coated fabrics: fabrics which use different materials as woven fiberglass, coated or laminated with thermoplastic, foams or specialty films and with are designed for extreme environments. They offer remarkable physical properties.
Wall coverings: glass fibre decorative fabric made of special yarns in warp and weft, which guarantee the required plastic effect of many patterns.
Fibre glass: glass which has been extruded into extremely fine filaments. Glass filaments are treated with special binders and processed similar to textile fibers.
Acid-etched glass: Satin-like, translucent glass manufactured by acid-etching one surface of the glass.
Acoustic PVB (Polyvinyl Butyral): A special plastic interlayer incorporated into laminated glass in order to significantly reduce noise as well as providing safe breakage characteristics to the glass.
Argon gas: Inert gas used to fill the cavity within a low-emissivity (low-E) double-glazed unit to further improve its thermal performance.
Emissivity: Emissivity is a surface characteristic of a material. It is the relative ability of a surface to absorb and emit energy in the form of radiation. Low-emissivity (Low-E) coatings reduce the normally relatively high surface emissivity of the glass. The coatings are mainly transparent over the visible wavelengths but reflect long wave infra-red radiation towards the interior of the building.
Enhanced thermal insulation: Conventional double glazing provides thermal insulation. Double glazing comprising a low-emissivity glass provides enhanced thermal insulation.
Float glass: Process for producing flat glass in which molten glass is floated on a bed of molten tin. The glass is then cut by machines on the cold end of the line.
Float glass: High quality, transparent flat glass manufactured by means of the float tank procedure that is floating molten glass on a "tin-bath" at extremely high temperature.
Laminated glass / laminate / laminating: Two or more sheets of annealed or heat treated glass are separated by one or more plastic interlayers (normally PVB) and subjected to heat and pressure, in order to ensure perfect adhesion between constituent elements.
Patterned glass: Translucent patterned glass, manufactured by rolling heat-softened glass between embossed cylinders.
Self-cleaning glass: Property of glass with a photocatalytic and hydrophilic coating. The coating harnesses the dual-action of UV light and rain (or water) to break down organic dirt and reduce the adherence of mineral material. The glass stays cleaner for longer and is easier to clean.
Silvering or silvered glass: A process used in the manufacture of mirrors, whereby a silver coating is applied to one surface of the glass.
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Antisocial Cat Behaviour
Cats can sometimes exhibit antisocial behaviour or habits. Whilst the cause of this may be deep-set behavioural problems, it might be something much more simple that your cat might be trying to tell you. Let's have a look at some examples.
A male tom cat wishing to exert his authority and territory may decide to start 'spraying'. It's not a problem if it's just in the garden, but if he starts to do this in the house, it can become very difficult. The smell is absolutely awful!
It's not just males that do it - females may do to, whether they are neutered or not. This can often happen when cats live in overcrowded houses. It might be a sign that your cat feels he or she needs a little more room.
It's easy to tell if a cat is spraying. They will raise their tail into an upright position and start shaking or twitching it. If you are particularly worried about an ongoing spraying habit, ask your vet for any recommendations.
Peeing and Pooping
This is different to spraying, so it should not be confused as the same thing. If you experience this in your household, it's normally one of a few things.
Your cat may decide to wee or poo around the house if there isn't a regularly cleaned litter tray. It's also possible that a young cat that feels insecure will do this too. Older cats may also do this if they are suffering from liver or kidney problems. Always speak to your vet if you need further advice.
Biting, fighting and aggression
If a cat is aggressive with other cats in the home, it's normally because there's a feeling of over-crowding. Whilst it's a pleasure to keep multiple cats, you should also think about the space they require to be happy.
If a cat in the home is aggressive towards a member of the family, quite often it's for a reason - perhaps one of the children has been handling the cat badly or constantly teasing it. If a cat is consistently aggressive (and potentially dangerous) towards a member of the family, you should seek professional advice.
Some cats will 'nip' you with a small bite with their teeth. They aren't painful, but can be quite surprising. Some people call them 'love bites' - it's just a way of the cat showing you affection! This should not be confused with proper aggression.
Cats have a natural need to scratch with their claws. In the wild this will normally be done on a tree. If you don't provide that tree (a scratching post), there's a very good chance that it will be your furniture instead!
Some cats can be clumsy, others not at all. Whilst this cannot be cured, just be aware that it's not likely to be bad behaviour if a cat knocks a vase from your mantlepiece!
Just think 'cat'
Cats are obviously very different animal to us. They have habits and behaviour that is natural to them, but may seem antisocial to us. Most antisocial cat habits and behaviour can be stopped or at least improved. Just use your common sense!
For any serious antisocial behaviour in your cat, and it's becoming a prolonged problem, you could always consult with an animal behaviourist for further advice.
TIP! Feliway diffusers can help calm cats down. | <urn:uuid:ab9167b7-a1e4-4998-b3ed-49215c6e27b6> | {
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Around 800 CE, a culture began to rise in North America that became known as the Mississippians. These were a network of mound-building Native American tribes, which while varied regionally, shared many common themes and customs. The Mississippians ranged from as far north as Wisconsin and as far south as the Mississippi River delta and eastward to the Atlantic coast. In fact, the great river takes its name from these people. What do we know of this vast culture?
The Mississippians were responsible for some of the most complex societies that ever existed in North America. Most of their lives were spent outside, and houses were used mainly for sleeping and storage. The small homes were made by setting poles in individual holes or in a continuous trench, then saplings and cane were woven around them. Any holes were insulated with sub-baked clay. Like the homes in Skara Brae, the center of the home was a hearth space with low benches for sleeping and storage along the outer walls. They were primarily farmers, and they had a varied diet of corn, beans, squash, sunflowers, goosefoot, sumpweed and other plants. Their farms were tended with simple tools such as stone axes and digging sticks. There was some hunting of small game and fishing from the numerous water sources including the great river which bears their name. Archaeologists have found their diet, which was heavily made up of starchy plants, caused tooth decay. Agriculture influenced most aspects of the Mississippians’ lives as the stable food supply brought them together into small villages which turned into larger cities. A trade network sprung up between these towns as the Mississippians moved farther north and west and people traded stone hoes, marine shell beads and other products for food.
The Mississippians lived in a series of cities with satellite villages, which functioned as suburbs. The largest city was Cahokia, on the banks of the Mississippi River near the site of present day St. Louis on the Illinois side. At its peak, Cahokia covered about 6 square miles and contained as many as 120 human-made earthen mounds. The largest mound was Monks Mound, at the north end of the plaza. This mound rises more than 100 feet, and is nearly 800 feet wide and 1,000 feet long at its base. A large building was constructed at the top of the mound. This was probably the home of the great leader of Cahokia. At about 1100 CE, Cahokia was the largest urban center north of the great Mesoamerican cities in Mexico and Central America. Because of its location near the confluence of the Mississippi and Illinois Rivers, Cahokia was a center for trade from the Great Lakes on down to the Gulf Coast. Luxury goods such as copper, whelk shells and Mill Creek chert passed through its walls. Estimates of the population of Cahokia at its peak are between 6,000 and 40,000, which even more people living in the suburbs.
Mounds were a central part of many Mississippian settlements. The mounds built were of different sizes, and some were as high as 100 feet. Most of them were four sided and looked like a pyramid with its top cut off. They had steep sides with steps built of wooden logs on one side. It is thought these served as platforms for buildings or stages for religious and social activities. Some of them were burial mounds, but not all. The more mounds a town had, the more important it was as chiefs built
their homes on top of the mounds. Most smaller towns consisted of a plaza for town gatherings surrounded by houses. Some villages had defensive walls or ditches, but not all of them. Other important Mississippian cities were Angel Mounds in southern Indiana, Kincaid Site near Paducah, Kentucky and Moundville near Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Moundville is thought to be of equal stature to Cahokia in its day.
Cahokia began to decline in the 13th century and by 1300 CE was completely abandoned. No one is exactly sure why the city was abandoned. Archaeologists theorize anything from invasion to flooding to famine. The other Mississippian tribes’ influence ended when the European settlers moved into their lands. European diseases devastated whole tribes and the trade in native slaves caused chiefdoms to collapse. Many of these remnant populations banded together to form native groups such as the Creeks, Cherokees and Seminoles.
Sources available on request | <urn:uuid:a3c5b720-8b3c-4e7e-a37e-988336f93560> | {
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This is part of a series of posts by students in OCAD’s Cities for People summer workshop (click the link to read a bit about what the class is about). This post was researched and written by Katie Felton, Nicol Bernstein + Kate Schuyler. Click here to see a larger version of their psychogeographic map of the area. The purple circle represents the abattoir smell radius. Illustration by Nicol Bernstein. All photos by Kate Schuyler.
The Year was 1793…
It is difficult to imagine that at one time what is now the Niagara Street area, sandwiched between modern Fort York and Wellington neighbourhoods, was the sort-of shoulder-bone of Old York during the 19th century. Niagara Street itself was laid down over 160 years-old, as a flowing curve that lined the banks of the now buried Garrison Creek. The Niagara Neighbourhood was considered a part of the Fort York military reserve, at a time when the Western-most reaches of York began at modern-day Peter Street and the Toronto Islands were still connected to our shoreline by a peninsula. The Fort at York was placed strategically at the base of the peninsula as an access point from the Toronto Bay. The settlement began just South of where Front Street is today and at the lower-end of Bathurst.
However, the city’s shorelines were later extended South by 900 metres using landfill methods, which brought drastic changes to public use of the Niagara area and became the heavily industrialized area we now know as the Lakeshore. With the dilapidation of the Old Fort and plans for a New Fort elsewhere, land lots in the area were sold to officers and the highest bidders, signifying the beginning of its now primarily residential land use.
From its days of the military and trade routes, the Niagara hood has carried through as an enclave of rich history and development plans. Today, as a somewhat-secluded area from the bustle of major streets such as Queen and King, Niagara is home to many working-class families. It is tight-knit community with few local resources and even fewer, local businesses and gathering places. Most of the local communication occurs on various citizen-run blogs such as Niagara Neighbourhood Now (NNN), which is concentrated on posting development plans and informing on heritage rights.
From our observations, we discovered several unique landmarks of the Niagara hood. As large and elaborate power lines balance precariously over small 1960’s shuttered homes on Tecumseth, a large red brick, somewhat theatrical, hydro-electric building stands opposite to several restored low-rise brick buildings turned into galleries and design studios for young entrepreneurs, spilling over from Queen Street.
A single elementary school on Niagara remains the only of its kind and provides a patch of astro-turf for children to play on. Across from the school is the UFO Restaurant, a gem in the neighbourhood, selling everything from household solvents and corner-store candy to deep fried food and ice-cream cones. The best part about UFO is it is a rarely seen local small business within the community.
Moving South of King and Westward to Walnut Ave, there is the small, uninviting Niagara Street Community Center, positioned beside a run-down public pool and tennis courts in Stanley Park. Just to the south, conveniently located adjacent to the park and community center, is the most protected and arguably the most controversial landmark of the neighbourhood, the 100-year old civic abattoir structure, home to The Toronto Abattoir and Quality Meat Packers Ltd. Neighbours have long had a controversial relationship with the slaughterhouse and several articles have been published on the little-known landmark in light of the areas condo developments in the recent-years. The smell is quite strong on a sunny afternoon (as we discovered) and possibly hinders public use of the pool and park. Many older residents have compared it to a farm-smell on a good day that you get used to over the years, while many new condo buyers, who neglected to research their new neighbourhood, have found themselves downwind of the smell of dried blood and the sound of pigs squealing and are now locked into very public debate about the future of the institution.
The Old Neighbourhood Slaughterhouse
Interesting to note, however, that in a 2008 National Post article, then city councillor Joe Pantalone, stated that the abattoir had been there for over 100 years, predating the city’s official plan, and is perfectly legal. It provides many jobs and is not particularly unpopular amongst long-time residents of the community. As well, the abattoir provides inner-city butchers with a reliable and local place to source their meats from, which reduces transportation expenses. The land itself is privately owned by the business, according to Pantalone, and the only way to see its closure would be to buy out the owners for the estimated value of 100-million dollars for the land and compensation for lost revenues, including over 400 jobs that would be lost. It would be a great loss to the history and the spirit of the community. Archaic stigmas about slaughterhouses aside, the building can be seen as a stamp of Niagara’s character; in support of a good, old-fashioned, hard-work ethic and lacking in that hyper-sensitivity and censorship that the city-dwellers tend towards when it comes to such issues as how food ends up packaged on a grocery shelf. Perhaps there should be a call to a shift in thinking about these types of places from a horrific, walled-prison where cute animals go to die, to a necessary element of urban survival for the future?
Finding a medium between heritage and development
Recent developments in the Niagara area have become a bone of contention between residents, young entrepreneurs and contractors. A major issue is the money being invested into luxury condo developments and how that is changing the neighbourhood.
But there are several forces at work in the community to preserve and maintain the architectural history and character of the neighbourhood. There are also a few grand-scale developments occurring in the public realm. Stanley Park is undergoing revitalization, slated to begin in 2010, which includes an addition to the community center, new tennis courts, an off leash dog area, arboriculture, and several new landscaped entry points to the park and community center. Several community workshops were held to gather direct input from residents, who even sketched rough plans and ideas, in hopes that community will enjoy the park more if they had a hand in designing it.
As well, there are plans for a pedestrian & cyclist bridge that will connect Fort York Garrision Common area to the Niagara neighbourhood. The renderings are quite majestic but the concept is exclusively transitory. Higher volumes of cyclists and pedestrians will call for more destinations. Which brings us to our design problem: how do we make the Niagara-hood a destination, rather than a transition space between neighbourhoods? How do we prevent the heart of this neighbourhood for being lost in the shuffle of urban developments? A call to “save Niagara” is heavily encouraged on their blogs. Clearly, we need to turn up the volume on the voices of this neighbourhood. | <urn:uuid:b244a0f8-41f1-43a0-8a18-3cf897e38275> | {
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10/24/2011 // Riverdale, NJ, USA // Camfil Farr // Lynne Laake
(Air Filters News) – Particle pollution may not be a household term, but it is a surprisingly common phenomena — and surprisingly dangerous. Particulate matter, an airborne mixture of solid and liquid droplets, can be created by a host of activities, from burning fossil fuels at power plants to running a car engine to cooking in the home. The particles are dangerous because they can be inhaled into the lungs and penetrate deep into the body’s respiratory system, leading to a host of harmful, even deadly, conditions, including cardiovascular disease, diminished lung capacity, asthma, lung cancer, and strokes.
To put it simply, particle pollution is a very serious — and very real — risk. Indeed, a study by the state of California found that 9,200 residents die each year from breathing harmful particles.
The problem can be particularly severe indoors. Not only can outdoor particles seep inside, but the pollution is increased by many indoor activities, including the use of fireplaces, candles, and wood-burning stoves. While the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency regulates outdoor levels of fine particle pollution — the smallest particles, often just one-tenth the diameter of a human hair — it does not regulate indoor pollution.
Individuals can help reduce the risks of particle pollution by modifying their activities and behavior — not smoking indoors, for example. But a more effective attack on indoor particles can be accomplished through the use of air filtration solutions.
Not all air filters are equal, however. Some do a good initial job of filtering dangerous particles from the air, but degrade quickly, losing their effectiveness and requiring constant replacement and maintenance. Others, fortunately, feature innovative designs that provide high-quality indoor air — and provide it for the long run.
Clean air solutions from Camfil Farr, for example, use fine fiber media in their air filters to do a better job of filtering harmful particles while maintaining efficiency throughout their service life. Indeed, hospitals and healthcare facilities that have switched to sustainable Camfil Farr air filters have been able not only to reduce airborne infections — a particular worry within a hospital environment — but also their energy costs, with many healthcare facilities reporting annual savings of up to 40 percent. That’s a win for health — and for the budget.
Indoor particle pollution is a serious threat, but thanks to the advances in air filtration made by Camfil Farr, it doesn’t have to be a widespread one.
The world leader in air filtration systems, Camfil Farr provides clean air solutions for hospitals and the healthcare industry, hotels, office buildings, educational institutions, pharmaceutical manufacturers, and biotech companies. We provide the tools to achieve sustainability, maintain high air quality, and reduce airborne infections — all while lowering total cost of ownership. Camfil Farr customers go green without ever sacrificing performance. For more information on our air filters and other products, visit us online at www.green-air-filters.com, or call us toll-free at 888.599.6620.
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Five Chinook names that stand the test of time
Chinook jargon was a commonly-used pidgin trade language throughout B.C. and the Pacific Northwest in the 19th century, with a limited vocabulary and simple grammar that made it easy to learn. It borrowed from English, French, and a variety of First Nations languages, and some of its words remain in common use (skookum and potlatch, for example) while others appear on local maps.
Sitkum, Lebahdo, and Taghum
The three best known Chinook place names in West Kootenay all trace back to the same man: John C. Bell, Nelson’s mayor in 1925, and with A.G. Lambert, half of a partnership in several local sawmills. The evidence that Bell named these places is circumstantial: he had ties to each one, and none had been so named before he arrived.
Bell pre-empted land at Sitkum Creek on April 29, 1895. Sitkum means middle or half, which may reflect its position approximately halfway along the North Shore. (There’s another Sitkum Creek, as well as a Sitkum Lake, in the Monashees west of Upper Arrow Lake.)
In 1905, Lambert and Bell erected a mill in the Slocan Valley at a spot south of Winlaw known as Watson Siding. The following year, the name on the CPR timetable was changed to Lebahdo — the Chinook word for shingle, which was probably one of the mill’s chief products. The name survives on a misspelled street sign.
(It’s also interesting to note the similarity of Lebahdo to the Doukhobor suname Lebedow, which means swan. Although it has the same pronunciation, Lebahdo predated the Doukhobor migration to B.C.)
Two years later, Lambert and Bell moved their mill to Sproule Creek, a location that became known as Taghum — the Chinook word for six. Six what, however, is a bit of a mystery. Some sources suggest six miles from Nelson — but it’s actually less than five. Another says it meant six miles to the Nelson wharf, and yet another six miles to the Kootenay River falls.
(It seemed appropriate that the Taghum Trading Co., an antique store that operated there in recent years, took its name from a trading language.)
However, there’s nothing in Bell’s background to explain his knowledge of or fondness for Chinook jargon, nor did he take credit for the names.
One other place name that failed to stick was Wah-Wah Creek, today known as Kinney Creek, which flows into Pass Creek. Wawa is the Chinook word for speech.
The Tillicum Inn at Balfour was part of a resort Ken and Bobbi Chandler built in 1947. Tillicum is a Chinook word with all-round positive meanings: friends, relations, tribe, nation, common people. The resort’s coffee shop resembled a longhouse and featured totem poles on either side. It also had a gift shop, dining room, and three cabins.
According to Kootenay Outlet Reflections, the Chandlers operated the Tillicum until 1959, and then it went through several owners over the next decade before George LaPointe took over in 1970. He amalgamated it with the neighbouring Rainbow Resort.
There’s also a Tillicum Mountain northeast of Burton and a Tillicum Creek which flows into the Pend d’Oreille River near Remac.
When Nelson’s lakefront shopping mall was built in 1980, the name was chosen in a contest. Gladys White submitted the winning entry, a suggestion from her son-in-law Max Carne. Chahko Mika is Chinook for “you come,” or rather “come you.” In addition to being an unusual sounding name, it pays tribute to one of the city’s biggest celebrations.
In July 1914, Nelson was at its peak, and Chahko Mika was the equivalent of its World’s Fair: a parade, races, regatta, midway, and queens pageant, all packed into a week-long carnival. The name was also chosen by contest: Rex Cockle of Kaslo was credited with coming up with it.
Although reportedly a financial flop, the event was fondly remembered not only for its size, but due to its timing: within a few weeks of its conclusion, locals were leaving to fight in World War I. The fair was a final happy memory before the horrors of the next four years.
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|Phoenix, at one hour old.|
This baby goat, "Phoenix" was born on June 10, 2011 but was barely breathing. She was so weak she could not stand or suck. When a newborn kid is too weak to suck on it's own, it is very important that you step in and act quickly. Baby goats need to have their mom's rich milk (colostrum) during the first 12-24 hours of life. Colostrum is necessary so their little bodies can set up the defense mechanisms to fight diseases and to kick start their delicate digestive system. Often, the doe will refuse to clean or care for a newborn that is not healthy. Finding a warm place and cleaning the baby before it's first feeding is a good idea and fun!
Collecting the colostrum is the next step. Phoenix's mom is new at delivering babies and has very small teats. I used the Henry Milker to collect colostrum.
Feeding the colostrum to Phoenix was easy with a 50cc syringe. We fed small amounts on a one hour rotation. We'll provide updates on Phoenix and her progress.
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The Mississippi territorial legislature created
Clarke County on 1812 Dec. 10. It was named for Gen. John Clarke of Georgia.
A county seat was not established until 1820, when it was located at Clarksville.
In 1831 the seat of government was moved to Grove Hill (previously known as
Magoffin's Store, Smithville and Macon). Clarke County is located in the southwestern
portion of the state at the juncture of the Alabama and Tombigbee rivers. It
encompasses 1,230 square miles. The county is a center of the state's timber
industry. Notable towns include Thomasville, Grove Hill and Jackson. | <urn:uuid:0faebf80-2d8b-4e25-a9ac-3fa788c164e4> | {
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Doctors use the word tinea to describe a group of contagious skin infections caused by a few different types of fungi. They can affect many areas of the skin and depending on their location and fungal type, the infection has different names.
Tinea capitis is a skin infection or ringworm of the scalp caused by a fungus called dermatophytes (capitis comes from the Latin word for head). It mostly affects children.
Tinea corporis is ringworm of the body (corporis means body in Latin). In wrestlers this is often called tinea gladiatorum.
Tinea pedis or athlete’s foot is an infection that occurs on the feet, particularly between the toes (pedis is the Latin word for foot).
Tinea cruris or jock itch tends to create a rash in the moist, warm areas of the groin (cruris means leg in Latin). It most often occurs in boys when they wear athletic gear.
Tinea versicolor or pityriasis versicolor is a common skin infection caused by a slow-growing fungus (Pityrosporum orbiculare) that is a type of yeast. It is a mild infection that can occur on many parts of the body.
Although the name ringworm is attached to some of these conditions, worms are not involved in any of them. The infections are caused by fungi.
Signs and Symptoms
In many cases of ringworm and other tinea infections, circular, ring-shaped sores are formed, which is why the term ringworm is used. On the body, these lesions or patches may be slightly red and often have a scaly border. They may grow to about 1 inch in diameter. While some children have just one patch, others may have several of them. They tend to be itchy and uncomfortable.
In ringworm of the scalp, itching may develop on the head, along with round and raised lesions. Hair loss can occur in patches. Some cases of scalp ringworm do not produce obvious rings and can be confused with dandruff or cradle cap. In a few cases, the child will have a reaction to the fungus and develop a large boggy area called a kerion. This looks like a pus-filled sore (abscess), but it is really an allergic reaction to the fungus. The infected area will heal once the fungus is treated. Steroids are often given to speed healing. Sometimes, bacteria can infect the area later. If this occurs, your pediatrician may advise the use of antibacterials.
When fungi cause athlete’s foot, the skin can become itchy and red with cracking and flaking between the toes. This is most common in adolescents.
Tinea infections are spread by skin-to-skin contact, most often when a child touches another person who is already infected. The fungi thrive in warm, damp environments and at times can be spread in moist surfaces, such as the floors of locker rooms or public showers. When a child sweats during physical activity, the moisture on the skin can increase the chances of a fungal infection.
The incubation period for these infections is not known.
When To Call Your Pediatrician
Contact your pediatrician if your child has symptoms of a tinea infection.
How Is The Diagnosis Made?
Most tinea infections can be diagnosed by your pediatrician on visual examination of the affected area. The diagnosis can be confirmed by taking skin scrapings at the site of the infection—for example, by gently scraping a damp area of the scalp with a blunt scalpel or toothbrush—and testing the collected cells in the laboratory. Also, when one type of fungal infection is looked at in a dark room using a special blue light called a Wood’s lamp, it will have a fluorescent appearance. Not all of the fungi are fluorescent, so this test can’t be used to rule out the possibility of a fungal skin or scalp infection.
Antifungal medications applied directly on the head are ineffective for treating ringworm of the scalp. Instead, your pediatrician may recommend giving your child antifungal medications by mouth, most often a medicine called griseofulvin, that should be taken for an average of 4 to 6 weeks. A variety of other medicines can be used. Washing your child’s hair with selenium sulfide shampoo can decrease shedding that could spread the infection to others.
Over-the-counter antifungal or drying powders and creams are effective for other types of tinea infections, including athlete’s foot and tinea corporis. Your pediatrician may prescribe a cream for treating the rash associated with jock itch. Topical medications including clotrimazole and ketoconazole are used to treat ringworm of the body as well as tinea versicolor.
What Is The Prognosis?
Ringworm infections usually respond well to treatment within a few weeks, although they can sometimes come back.
Good hygiene is important for preventing many tinea infections. For example, to avoid ringworm of the scalp, make sure your child shampoos often, and encourage him to avoid sharing hairbrushes, combs, hats, hair ribbons, and hair clips with other children. He should keep his skin and feet clean and dry, especially between the toes. Have your child wear sandals in locker rooms or at public showers or swimming pools. Give your youngster clean socks and underwear every day. | <urn:uuid:16d78a94-4d44-4c33-abd7-6172c0ad93a1> | {
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Cabin waste costs the industry $500m per year, according to IATA
According to an estimation by the International Air Transport Association (IATA), 5.2 million tonnes of waste was generated by airline passengers in 2016 alone, a massive waste footprint that is expected to get even bigger, as the figure sets is set to double over the next 15 years. And although the aviation industry is under immense pressure regarding its greenhouse gas emissions, the challenge is to sustainably deal with aviation waste as well. Given that this is costing the industry $500 million per year, waste reduction and recycling initiatives seem to be both an environmental and a financial necessity.
Up to now, once a plane has landed, huge volumes of disposable items are thrown away, says Matt Rance, chief executive of MNH Sustainable Cabin Services, a company that advises airlines on waste reduction. “It’s almost like taking a tube, tipping it upside down, emptying it out and then saying ‘right, fill it up with new stuff again’.”
Luckily, there are various recycling initiatives around the world which could be very effective if they become widespread.
A group of Spanish companies including Iberia Airlines and Ferrovial Services aim to recover 80% of cabin waste in Madrid’s Barajas airport by mid-2020 and about 2,500 cabin crew members will be trained in the basics of waste separation, says Juan Hermira, Iberia’s lead for the project. The initiative, which aims to produce guidelines for use in other airports, is also exploring low-packaging meals and reusable cutlery, as well as data-led solutions: for example frequent flyer information could be used to anticipate business class passengers’ meal preferences, meaning fewer meals would need to be prepared to satisfy demand, says Hermira.
United Airlines now uses compostable paper cups and last year began donating unused amenity kits to homeless people and women’s shelters – expecting to divert more than 27 tonnes per year from landfills.
Virgin has set up a system for recycling all parts of its headsets, including ear sponges, which are used as flooring for equestrian centres.
Australian Qantas Airlines is combining its charity donation envelope with its headset package, cutting one polythene bag per passenger per flight.
Emirates runs an on-board recycling program of aluminum cans, plastic and glass bottles, and clean paper products such as newspapers, magazines and cardboard cartons. At the beginning of this year, the company introduced sustainable blankets made from 100% recycled plastic bottles, which are available in Economy Class on all long-haul flights. Each blanket is made from 28 recycled plastic bottles, and by the end of 2019, they would have rescued 88 million plastic bottles from landfills– equivalent to the weight of 44 A380 aircrafts, according to the company’s website.
Since last year, an on-site waste-to-energy plant operates in Gatwick airport, which currently covers its own energy needs, but will eventually help to heat the north terminal. They also aim to achieve 70% waste recycling by 2020, having already reached 48% in 2016.
Source: The Guardian | <urn:uuid:3197b657-426f-4a89-b5db-d46fb824258b> | {
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In any case, there stood in this grove a venerable oak, its ancient trunk towering aloft. Votive offerings and garlands hung from its branches. Small pictures, with words of gratitude, were also hung by supplicants, honoring the nymph dwelling within this tree.
On festival days, children danced around the tree, singing, hand-in-hand. Birds and animals lived among its leaves. Its vast trunk measured fifteen cubits.
Erisichthon did not see any reason to spare this tree, or any of the grove this tree grew in. His daughter, Mestra, counciled him against building at this particular site. In spite of her council, he seemed even more determined to destroy the whole grove and the ancient oak. He ordered his slaves to cut that tree down first. These foreign slaves shrank from the task, for even they recognized this tree as sacred. Erisichthon snatched the axe from one, exclaiming: "I care not whether it be a tree beloved of a Goddess or not; were it the Goddess herself, it should come down if it stood in my way."
So saying, he swung the axe. As the first blow fell, a man, whose name is not recorded, but possibly a priest who cared for the grove, ran up and tried to grab the axe from the violator. Erisichthon said to him with scorn, "Receive the reward of your piety." He swung the axe on the man. To the horror of Erisichthon's slaves, as well as any bystander, he gashed the man's body with many wounds and cut off his head.
Then from out of the mist of the oak came a voice, "I, who am beloved of a powerful Goddess, am one of the Querquenulanae Virae, and dying by your hands, forewarn you that punishment awaits you for these deeds."
In a rage, Erisichthon continued chopping the tree while all others drew away in fear at his nefarious actions. His crime took the rest of the day. At last, through repeated blows and drawn by ropes, the tree fell with a crash.
Weary and worn out by his wicked labor, Erisichthon headed home to his dwelling. He was too tired to eat and went straight to sleep, but his slumber was not peaceful.
When he awoke, his hunger was ravaging. He ordered food brought before him. He ate rapidly and ordered more. He ate and complained of hunger even as he ate. What might have filled all the bellies in Rome was not enough for him. The more he ate, the more he craved. The more he craved, the more he ate. He reclined at his table all that day and the next, ever eating and never full. His hunger was like fire, which consumes every bit of fuel fed into it, but remains voracious for more.
This curse was clearly the punishment of the Goddess, to be struck with eternal famine.
His properties and holdings rapidly dimished. He sold horses, tapestries, slaves, heirlooms, etc. Having neglected all the Gods, he had recourse to nor protection from none. He sold his estates and home by the sea, and finally sold his only child, Mestra.
Mestra had often made offerings and prayers--without her father's knowledge--to the sea God. Upon learning what her father had done, she tearfully invoked Neptune by the water's edge. The God rescued her from her plight by changing her form, so she escaped the one who purchased her. Some say Neptune changed her into a white horse, others say a sea bird.
Erisichthon procured food with the last money from the sale of his daughter, but it was not enough--of course--to fill the bottomless pit of his stomach. At last hunger compelled him to devour his own limbs. He ate himself to feed himself, until death relieved him from divine vengence.
Myth's notes: (revised Spring 2006)
The Querquenulanae Virae was the Roman name for the prophetic nymphs indwelling in green oak trees. The name, Magna Dea, means "Great Goddess," and was a Latin title for Ceres and Demeter.
This story was originally a Greek moral anecdote, though the Romans retold it with their own additions. For that matter, I have retold it with my own additions as well. Robert Graves, in his Greek Myths (1955, 1960), wrote, "among the Greeks, as among the Latins and the early Irish, the felling of a sacred growth carried the death penalty." (p. 93) The Greek name, Erysichthon, meant "earth-tearer," seems to have referred to his intention to "rape" and pillage this grove for his own comforts without thought of the rules of men or Gods. It's a sobering lesson, even for today.
In his article, Beyond Gaia, the rebirth of eco-paganism, published in PanGaia, #43, January-March, 2006, p 26, John Michael Greer wrote:
Consider Demeter, the ancient Greek goddess of agriculture. She had sacred groves all over Greece in Pagan times, given over to native vegetation and wild animals; hunting, logging, and livestock were forbidden there. The sacred space, or temenos, surrounding her temples fell under the same restrictions. These temples and groves were not placed randomly on the landscape. Most of Demeter's temples rested on sloping grounds overlooking grain fields, close to running water; most groves stood toward the edges of farmed teritories on hills and mountains.
Why should a goddess of grain be concerned about a grove of trees? Any organic farmer knows the answer: Greece's dry and rocky soil suffers from erosion if not handled carefully, and patches of woodland in vulnerable areas form a crucial defense against soil loss.
Greek legends tell of Erysichthon, who cut down a sacred grove, fell under Demeter's curse of hunger, and ended up devouring his own body. The people who told this story weren't repeating fables. They were passing on crucial ecological knowledge which the people of the Greek peninsula had learned the hard way centuries earlier.
Sacred groves also bordered rivers. Any conservationist will tell you that trees are vital along waterways. Tree roots anchor the soil, preventing runoff; leafy tree branches provide shade for the water, lowering its temperature so that aquatic life may more easily survive in it. The presence of trees improves the quality of water significantly. In Italy, Dea Dia had her sacred grove on the Tiber River. Diana, the goddess of wilderness, had several sacred groves. One notably was at Nemi and surrounded a sacred lake. It was from the spring which fed this lake that the Vestal Virgins gathered pure water for their rites. The presence of the trees in Diana's grove no doubt kept the stream potable and the lake healthy.
This ancient story reminded me of the circa 1990's news story in the Baltimore Sun about somewhere in Baltimore County. A man build a splendid home overlooking the river, one of the tributaries of the Chesapeake Bay. This river wound through Baltimore County or Maryland State property. His magnificent view of the river was obstructed by several large trees, which were located on the government-owned property between him and the river. This man first contacted the appropriate offices to request permission to cut down the trees. Permission was denied. The trees served as a buffer for the river, inhibiting erosion and filtering the rain water which washed into the river and then down into the Bay.
None of these reasons were as important to the man as his magnificent view. Thus, he cut down the trees he wanted removed and dwelt in bliss until his actions were discovered. The government promptly sued him and won the cost of replacing the trees, as well as punitive damages. Considering the story of Erisichthon, the modern violator got off easy. | <urn:uuid:b0a52f90-b0e0-4c15-844f-2df9b809acf9> | {
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MrSeb writes "Engineers at UCLA, led by Bahram Jalali and Dino Di Carlo, have developed a camera that can take 36.7 million frames per second, with a shutter speed of 27 picoseconds. By far the fastest and most sensitive camera in the world — it is some 100 times faster than existing optical microscopes, and it has a false-positive rate of just one in a million — it is hoped, among other applications, that the device will massively improve our ability to diagnose early-stage and pre-metastatic cancer. This camera can photograph single cells as they flow through a microfluidic system at four meters per second (9 mph — about 100,000 particles per second), with comparable image quality to a still CCD camera (with a max shooting speed of around 60 fps). Existing optical microscopes use CMOS sensors, but they're not fast enough to image more than 1,000 particles per second. With training, the brains of the operation — an FPGA image processor — can automatically analyze 100,000 particles per second and detect rare particles (such as cancer cells) 75% of the time." | <urn:uuid:095b4c5e-a7b9-44b1-8d45-5155dec4575e> | {
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What is breast pain?
Breast pains are severe, sharp, stabbing, shooting or throbbing pains of the breast either felt on the outside of the breast (superficial) or deeper within the breast tissue. Pain may be a result of breast inflammation and can be accompanied by breast swelling, warmth/heat and/or redness of the skin.
Breast pain (medical term ~ mastalgia) is an indication of pathology of the breast itself or underlying organs within the thoracic cavity (thorax or chest). Less commonly, breast pain may indicate pathology at other areas with referred pain to the breast.
Breast Pain or Sore, Tender Breasts
It is important to differentiate between sore or tender breasts and pain. Tender breasts are a common occurrence in normal physiological phases in a woman’s life, like prior to menstruation and pregnancy. Breast pain is usually an indication of pathology that needs to be investigated.
Questions to ask yourself when differentiating breast pain from soreness or tenderness.
- Is the pain aggravated with touch or pressure to the point that it is excruciating and unbearable? Pain is usually excruciating and unbearable even with light pressure.
- Is the pain affecting your mood, ability to concentrate and focus on work? Pain impairs mental functioning and impacts on your emotional state.
- Is the pain affecting your sleep patterns or normal body movements? Pain disturbs your normal sleep pattern, either falling asleep or maintaining sleep and impairs normal body movements which may aggravate the sensation of pain.
- Do you need to use pain killers constantly to ease the level of discomfort and function properly? Persistent pain usually requires anti-inflammatory drugs or analgesics to reduce the sensation and allow for normal sleep and mental or physical functioning.
Breast pain or other breast symptoms are indicative of underlying pathology that needs to be identified, investigated and treated.
Localized Causes of Breast Pain
Unilateral (one side) or bilateral (both sides) breast pain, either intermittent or persistent, due to causes directly related to pathology within the breast.
- Mastitis (breast infection)
- Breast Abscess
- Breast Cancer
- Fat necrosis
- Trauma or Injury
- Breast augmentation or surgery (post-operatively)
- Fibrocystic breast disease
- Excessive intake of certain hormone altering/regulating drugs like oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy and fertility drugs.
Non-Localized Causes of Breast Pain
Unilateral or bilateral breast pain, either intermittent or persistent, due to causes or pathology of other areas of the body (lungs, heart, muscles or bones of the chest, spinal column, jaw or dental causes). Breast pain in these cases may be a result of referred pain or perceived as pain of the breast itself.
- Lung infections
- Inflammatory lung disease
- Lung cancer
- Myocardial infarction (heart attack)
- Psychosomatic or ‘chest pains’ due to anxiety.
- Cirrhosis of the liver
- Abdominal pathology causing abdominal pain
- Heartburn / Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
- Cervical spondylosis
- Rib or sternal injury or fracture
- Muscle pain – pectoral muscles and intercostal muscles
Diagnosis of Breast Pain
If you are experiencing persistent breast pain, which is severe and aggravating with time, it is advisable to seek immediate medical attention. A comprehensive case history followed by physical examination would be the first approach to diagnosing the cause of breast pain. It is important to inform your doctor of any aggravating or ameliorating factors – contributing factors that may increase, reduce or relieve pain temporarily. Based on your doctor’s assessment of your case history and physical examination, further diagnostic investigation (tests and procedures) may be required to confirm a diagnosis.
Diagnostic Procedures for Breast Pain
- Mammography to identify masses within the breast or a chest x-ray to identify lung pathology and fractured ribs.
- Culture and cytology of any nipple discharge or from the breast lesions to identify microorganisms causing infection.
- Fine needle aspiration for the removal and investigation of fluid within a cyst.
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Treatment of breast pain will be directed at the causative factor(s) once diagnosed. | <urn:uuid:6c297e90-9dcb-4014-9972-33d8c9c2a0a9> | {
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A report by a nonprofit road safety association released on August 26 revealed that a large number of teens consider the use of portable electronics behind wheels a threat to their safety.
In its report, Distracted & Dangerous: Helping States Keep Teens Focused on the Road, the Governors Highway Safety Association discovered that 87.4% of teens aged 16 to 18 say mobile texting or emailing while driving is dangerous. However, the report also revealed that as young, inexperienced drivers gain more driving skills, their attitudes towards using gadgets behind the wheel begin to change.
The state of Georgia forbids texting while driving in all its forms: instant messaging, emailing, and text messaging. If you believe the car accident you had been involved in was caused by a texting driver, a lawyer at Ausband & Dumont might be able to help you seek financial compensation you need. Call us at (404) 812-0051 to learn more about taking legal action. | <urn:uuid:f5dadab9-7b5d-4974-8919-a4fb0bca17af> | {
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The Runner's Diet
Eating is one of the sublime pleasures of life, right up there with running. If you run well and eat well, you're a happy person indeed; but what does "eating well" mean for runners?
Posted Saturday, 23 March, 2002
Remember how your mom and your second-grade teacher both seemed to latch onto that sime tired phrase, "You are what you eat"? Back then (and maybe even now, too), that would have made you a giant Hostess cupcake. Here at Cool Running, we've made it our mission to make you into a giant carbohydrate, the single most important fuel for the runner.
Despite the legendary junk food binges of marathon great Bill Rodgers, a good diet really does make you perform better; if you follow the basics outlined here, you may find yourself running faster, longer and more efficiently.
Above all, though, enjoy your food. Notwithstanding all the recommendations you'll find in this section, remember that dining is one of the sublime pleasures of life, right up there with running. Use the information you find here as a set of general guidelines, but don't get so caught up in the specifics that you no longer taste your food.
The basic diet
There's really no such thing as a specialized runner's diet. The type of diet that is good for runners is the same healthy diet as that generally recommended for everyone. Trouble is, most Americans seem to fail miserably at staying within that target diet. Though runners generally maintain a better diet than the average Joe, we all need to be aware of the general proportions of our diets.
A healthy diet is one that is high in carbohydrates, low in fat, and sufficient but not excessive in protein. That translates to about 60 percent of your calories coming from carbohydrates, 25 percent from fat, and 15 percent from protein. As in all things, of course, every individual is different and may respond better to slightly different proportions. There is a significant minority of people, for example, who are insulin resistant to some degree. For them, a diet of 60 percent carbohydrates will create big swings in insulin levels and too much fat storage. In that case, a diet of 50 percent carbs, 25 percent fat and 25 percent protein may make more sense.
That said, beware the faddish 40/30/30 diet or the Atkins diet. While many have lost weight following these diets, they are very poor for runners who would find themselves sluggish from the diminished energy stores of such a low-carbohydrate diet. Cool Running strongly recommends that runners follow a high-energy, high-carbohydrate diet. For most, the 60/25/15 diet is a good rule of thumb.
This of course means that carbohydrates should form the cornerstone of your diet. Since carbos are the most important energy source for long-distance running, it's probably no surprise that so many runners eat hefty portions of pasta, rice, bread and potatoes. Some even find that as they exercise more their tastes change to prefer these foods.
More carbos mean more glycogen
Carbohydrates are stored in the muscles as glycogen, the primary fuel you need to keep you moving. When this efficient source of energy wears out, so do you. You hit the wall and can go no further (often after about 90 minutes or two hours of running).
Carbohydrates come in two flavors: simple and complex. The complex carbos are the ones you're after. These are absorbed slowly into your system and give you a steady energy supply. These are the carbohydrates found in cereal, pasta, vegetables and bread (as a dietary bonus, these foods are also generally high in fiber). These should make up the majority of your diet.
Simple carbos, on the other hand, are basically sugars -- tasty and good for a short-term energy boost since they are quickly absorbed into the bloodstream. Unfortunately, the "sugar high" wears off quickly and usually leaves behind a sugar low, complete with reduced performance and energy. Even so, these sugars do have a place in your diet when they come from natural sources like fruit or juice. The worst offenders, though, are the refined sugars -- those typically found in candy, soda, doughnuts, etc. This is literally junk food; plenty of calories and fat, but no essential vitamins or minerals.
A little bit of dessert in moderation is fine, of course, but don't overdo it. If you find that you have a nagging sweet tooth, your body may be trying to tell you that you need more calories. Rather than indulging in a candy bar, you might do better to eat a bit more at meals or add a healthy snack in the afternoon (fruit, cereal or a sports bar).
Trim the fat
If most people need more carbohydrates, it's also true that most should cut back on fat. Not that fat is all bad. It's a necessary part of the diet, offering up both energy and flavor. Still, most of us eat too much of it. Fat should account for only 20 or 25 percent of caloric intake (the average American hovers around 35 percent). While everyone deserves a treat once in a while, try to avoid fatty foods like whole milk, red meat, ice cream, mayonnaise, egg yolks, chocolate, butter and cheese.
Some fats, however, can actually do you some good (though all are chock full of calories). These are the unsaturated fats, particularly monounsturated fats like those in olive oil, peanut oil and avocado oil. Unsaturated fats can actually reduce blood cholesterol. While margarine is made of unsaturated fats, it is also hydrogenated which negates the cholesterol-reducing benefits. Healthwise, there's not much difference between margarine and butter; neither is particularly healthy, and both should be used sparingly (when push comes to shove, tub margarine may be your best bet for reducing cholesterol).
When it comes to fat, the real bad guys are the saturated fats. These come primarily from animal sources such as red meat and milk, but also from coconut, palm and vegetable oils. They are closely linked with heart disease, obesity, diabetes and some cancers. Try to keep saturated fat down below 10 percent of your total calories, or around a third of your total fat intake.
Protein: Beware too much of a good thing
Your protein intake should be a bit lower, at 10 to 15 percent of total calories. This may seem odd, since many of us grew up on the myth that high-protein diets were the essential building blocks for any athlete. In fact, your body stores excessive protein as fat. If you really overdo it, by taking too many protein supplements for example, you could even damage your liver or kidneys. All of which is simply to say beware too much of a good thing. And proteins are, after all, a good thing. They help bone and tissue to grow and repair, and they're the stuff that blood, skin, hair, nails and organs are made of. Proteins are literally body builders, and it's important to get a sufficient amount.
In fact, since you burn some protein as fuel when you exercise, runners need a bit more protein than non-runners. Endurance athletes, for example, average one and a half to two times the RDA for protein. A good rule of thumb is to eat about half a gram of protein daily per pound of body weight. Good sources of protein are fish, lean meat, poultry, beans, nuts, whole grains, egg whites, low-fat milk, low-fat cheese and some vegetables.
Vegetarians, in particular, should be careful to get enough protein. While study after study has demonstrated that a vegetarian diet promotes health, it must be carefully planned to compensate for the nutrients you would otherwise get from animal sources. For some athletes, fatigue and poor performance have been a result of switching too carelessly to a vegetarian diet. In addition to stocking up on proteins (with cereals, whole grains, legumes, and nuts for example), vegetarians should also seek alternative sources for iron and zinc.
The big picture
In the end, a good diet is a lot like a good training program. Over the long haul, a sound nutritional routine will deliver strong results and increased performance, in the same way that a balanced workout program gradually improves your conditioning. Since both are much more important over the long run than in the short, your diet, like your training program, should be viewed in the big picture. It's difficult to derail yourself nutritionally over the short term. A few days of epicurial indulgence will not ruin your racing form any more than taking a few days off from your training routine. Don't be anxious about the day-to-day. Always keep the big picture in mind. | <urn:uuid:558b8081-5360-4971-90ae-90ea66bb54a3> | {
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New Study May Help Wolf Management in the West
A new study published today in the online Journal of Animal Ecology may help in the management of western wolf populations. Dr. Dan MacNulty, a professor in the College of Natural Resources at Utah State University, along with colleagues, tracked female wolves in Yellowstone National Park and monitored their success in raising healthy offspring. The study concluded that the weight of a mother wolf and the size of her pack are the best predictors of a female's ability to overcome environmental stressors like disease and raise pups successfully.
MacNulty explains how this research could be applied to the management of wolves:
"Managers could use information on pack size, weight of harvested females, or disease prevalence as indicators of future population growth, and then they could set their harvest limits accordingly. For example, if pack sizes are small, female wolves are underweight, and diseases out brakes occur, managers could reduce the harvest. But, if pack sizes are relatively large and female wolves are of healthy weights, then managers can have some level of confidence that they are meeting their population objectives." | <urn:uuid:6ccc28b5-7d51-4692-808a-40567d8eaf84> | {
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Feminism in Tasmania, along with its counterpart movements in other states, was largely a product of the twentieth century and can be dated from the late stages of the nineteenth century, fuelled largely by the demand for female suffrage. The Woman's Christian Temperance Union in Tasmania took up this cause in earnest by 1893. In 1896 members Jessie Rooke and Georgiana Kermode travelled the state organising a series of public meetings that were addressed by members of parliament and other prominent citizens. Their resolution, 'That the franchise be extended to the women of Tasmania as an act of common Justice', was opposed by few who attended. A further tour undertaken by Rooke in 1898 gathered thousands of signatures in favour of female suffrage. To educate women in the use of the vote once the federal vote was granted in 1902, Rooke inaugurated the Women's Suffrage Association in 1903, just before a bill for female suffrage was passed by the Tasmanian parliament. In 1920 the Women's Non-Party Political League was established, with reformer Edith Waterworth at its fore: one of the post-suffrage organisations that Marilyn Lake described as being 'more consciously concerned to realise the promise of equal citizenship'.
Tasmanian feminists were active in the powerful so-called 'second wave' of feminism. The Hobart Women's Action Group, founded in 1972, which had a counterpart in Launceston, was influential in the early Women's Liberation movement through its hard-hitting newsletter Liberaction. The Group had an uneasy relationship with the more reformist feminists of the Women's Electoral Lobby (1972), into which much of the energy of the women's movement was channelled. As in other states, women's liberation action was taken in the form of the establishment of refuges for women like the Hobart Women's Shelter (1974) and the Annie Kenney Young Women's Refuge. International Women's Year 1975 saw an important development in women's history when Tasmanian feminist and academic Kay Daniels was appointed by Elizabeth Reid, the newly appointed federal Women's Adviser, to direct a National Research Programme for feminist research which produced an annotated guide to historical records about women in Australia. The women's movement contributed to a policy change in government that saw the appointment of Kim Boyer as the first state government Women's Adviser in 1976.
Further reading: A Oldfield, Woman suffrage in Australia, Melbourne, 1992; V Pearce, '“A few viragos on a stump”', THRAPP 32/4, 1985; E Grahame & J Prichard, Australian feminist organisations 1970–1985, Sydney, 1996; B Caine (ed), Australian feminism, Melbourne, 1998; M Lake, Getting equal, Sydney, 1999. | <urn:uuid:070f8ec8-18d3-4c00-9d66-4e7e9c653747> | {
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These online DNA analysis tools were developed by Jie Zheng, Dept. of Biology as part of a bioinformatics course (BCHM/CISC-875) at Queen's University, 2004.
DNA Base Composition Analysis Tool
This analysis program can analysis a DNA sequence in three different ways. It computes the percentage of one or two selectable nucleotide(s), the normal skew of two selectable nucleotides, and the cumulative skew of two selectable nucleotides for a given sequence. The result can be displayed in both graphic and value data format.
If you want to run this tool, please go to DNA base composition analysis tool now.
If you want to know more detail about this tool, you can check the help file first.
Create a Matrix File
This program can take sequence alignment as input and create a matrix file, which can be used in binding site analysis.
If you want to run this program, please go to Create Matrix File. | <urn:uuid:ac5f9c5d-8146-4fac-9133-49c68f011cf4> | {
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Before you start you need to know the port or service you want to open and allow access from the Internet to your local network and the IP address of the device (computer, server, NAS ...) for which you are performing opening ports.
- From a computer connected to the router by cable or Wi-Fi open your browser (Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Opera or Chrome) and access the router configuration by typing into your browser address http://192.168.1.1
- If you have not changed the default username and password enter "admin" and password "admin".
- Once inside the configuration click "ADVANCED" from the top menu, then in the menu on the left hand side, click on "Port Forwarding"
- In Configuration Port Forwarding Rules you can create rules that allow you to make the opening of the ports.
- If an application or service is known (eMule, FTP, HTTP, POP3 ...), select the service in “Application Name” and click the "<<" and the standard ports will be filled in automatically.
Conversely, if it is not a known application or service then you will need to manually specify the TCP / UDP ports to open in the External Port column and the same port in Internal Port (may indicate different ports and internal external ports but is not recommended for novice users).
-In "IP Address you specify the IP address of the computer to which you want the port opening.
Once you have entered data, click "Apply" and the rule will be added in the menu Active Port Forwarding Rules, please note that this rule can be modified from the Edit or Remove option. | <urn:uuid:4e18e85e-c808-4a24-b0b2-e0cc53d359b4> | {
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Laptop running out of battery power? Just type more.
That's the idea envisioned by Australian researchers, who have developed a way to harness the energy from typing to power electronics.
Using piezoelectrics, which converts pressure into an electric current, and a thin film technology found in microchips, researchers at RMIT University in Melbourne believe laptops could become self-powered.
Further research will be required before it’s practical for low-cost laptop integration, but Dr Mandu Bhaskaran, co-author of the research, believes the development is a step in the right direction.
“With the drive for alternative energy solutions, we need to find more efficient ways to power microchips,” said Bhaskaran.
If successful, the technology could be transferred to other devices, and be integrated into running shoes to charge mobiles or as a power source for pacemakers. | <urn:uuid:04d9d7aa-aea9-4fff-ac88-b4080e72c3d1> | {
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With a whiff of sulphur hanging in the air, mingling with the tortured screams of non-believers, the lines have been drawn on the final battlefield for the fight between good and evil – Armageddon!
The end of the world is currently firmly in the public consciousness, thanks to the link between the date December 21st, 2012 and the end of the Mesoamerican/Mayan long count calendar. A somewhat recent concern, many believe the ending of this calendar marks some sort of apocalyptic event. This view is not shared by scholars studying Mesoamerican culture, who argue that the Mayans expected the cycle to start again, much like the ending of a year in our standard calendar just means we need to buy a replacement for the fridge.
The end of the world has long been a subject of fascination throughout human history, with some going so far as to ascribe a location to the event. A place that has been the particular focus of much Western prophesying and speculation about the end of the world – dating back to the Book of Revelation – is over 10,000km away on the other side of the earth from Central America. Tel Meggido – the Hebrew name for the place commonly referred to as Armageddon and the location of the final battle according to the Bible – is of great cultural and archaeological significance.
Dating back to 7000 BCE, Tel Meggido has been the site of thirty different cities! A “tel” (or “tell” in English) is a settlement mound – a site where multiple settlements have built upon those existing previously through history; they are often places of great archaeological importance. Occupying a position of strategic importance for numerous kingdoms, especially Assyria and Egypt, during the Canaanite and Israelite periods, Tel Meggido has already been pivotal in a number of great conflicts and trade routes through the ages.
In approximately the 15th Century BCE, the “Battle of Meggido” took place between Egyptian forces, led by Pharoah Thutmose III, and Canaanite states. This battle was important for a number of reasons; victory at this battle marked the start of the Egyptian Empires’ largest period of expansion, for example, and it was arguably the first reliably recorded battle in history. More recently, in 1918 during the First World War, Tel Meggido was the site of a battle between the Allied Egyptian Expeditionary Force and the Ottoman Yildirim Army Group, with the Allies gaining significant ground. Tel Meggido has also been the site of great cities at various times through the ages; for more information, see the Wikipedia entry on Tel Meggido.
Due to this fascinating and significant history, UNESCO decreed Tel Meggido a World Heritage Site in 2005. The Bank of Israel has chosen Tel Meggido as the subject of its fourth coin in the ‘UNESCO World Heritage Sites’ series and it has been struck by The Holy Land Mint.
The legal tender coin is issued in both silver and gold, with the silver available in 1 and 2 New Shekel denominations, and the gold available in a 10 New Shekel variety. Extraordinarily exclusive given the global significance of the theme, only 1,800 of the silver 1 New Shekel have been made, with mintages for the silver 2 New Shekel and the gold 10 New Shekel a mere 2,800 and a miniscule 555 respectively. The obverse of the coin features an 8th century BCE seal found during an archaeological dig. The reverse features a jug, and the surprisingly advanced aqueduct system discovered at this most remarkable location.
Whether or not you believe the world will end in a month’s time or not, Tel Meggido remains a site of immense archaeological and cultural significance. It is a fitting world heritage location and subject for tribute in coin form. If you are interested in acquiring these special coins commemorating such a remarkable location, visit Downies.com. You might want to get your orders in by December 21st, just in case…
Israel 2012 10NIS Armageddon 1/2oz Gold Proof
Israel 2012 2NIS Armageddon 28.8g Silver Proof | <urn:uuid:5b7706f5-d50a-4b71-a09b-08410292a40c> | {
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The grainy photos of prominent and not-so-prominent Athenian blacks in Michael Thurmond's updated book, ''An Untold Story,'' will likely make many African Americans nostalgic for a bygone era.
Rich with details and brimming with the manifold elements of lives past, the bicentennial edition, which is a reprinting of the first edition in 1978, was obviously a labor of love for the Athens native, as it features updated text and added photographs.
Thurmond, currently the state labor commissioner, grew up the youngest of nine children before graduating from Paine College in 1975 and the University of South Carolina School of Law in 1978.
And just like the black lives profiled in the book, he represents a tradition of overcoming, of sacrifice and of achievement.
It's likely that not even the Union soldiers who emancipated the slaves of Athens in May of 1865, setting off a ''rally day for the Niggers,'' as one freed slave so poignantly put it, could have envisioned the race accomplishing so much from so little.
But right from the start, blacks' liberation was not without incident.
As jubilant blacks celebrated their new-found independence on July 4th of that same year, many made their way to the University of Georgia to watch the commencement ceremonies.
The derision from fellow whites is evident in historian E.M. Coulter's writing that ''instead of grinning and bowing ... a swarm of noisy negroes ... flocked into the chapel,'' before being driven off by the sheriff.
Yet the hardy, resilient blacks of Athens, just like so many of their kin across the country, were not to be denied.
An important part of Thurmond's book, a point often lost in the annals of history, is the often painful role Christianity played in the lives of African Americans.
Since, as the book points out, many slave masters used religion to douse black aspirations, many slaves, realizing this, sought to create their own religious institutions.
Book signing with Michael Thurmond
When: 5-7 p.m. Tuesday, Oct. 23
Where: Athens-Clarke Heritage Foundation, Firehall No. 2, 489 Prince Ave.
Call: (706) 353-1801
'A Story Untold: Black Men and Women in Athens History,' by Michael L. Thurmond (Green Berry Press, 228 pp., $18)
Pierce's Chapel African Methodist Episcopal was an outgrowth of this response, and became the first black church in Athens, opening its doors in 1866. The church, which changed its name to First A.M.E., has stood on Hull Street since 1916.
The section of the book titled ''Who Are We'' is especially touching, however. A collection of black and white photographs, one to a page, the section elicits a lump-in-the-throat response as you look at the black experience, from cotton fields to schoolrooms.
One particular photo, that of an elderly black lady, her head in a scarf, small-rimmed spectacles covering her eyes, holding a basket in her lap and leaning forward in her wooden rocking-chair, makes you wonder ... is the smell of tea-cakes and extra strong coffee wafting through the open door of her wood-frame house?
It's a bromide by now, but even decades ago, blacks fresh off their master's plantation preached education as the salve for the wounds of racial suffering. The belief was then as now, that a people who can read can learn and can set up their own institutions can become self-sufficient.
Countless black men and women of Athens have, for decades, worked incorrigibly toward this goal.
Names like Lucius Henry Holsey, an illiterate slave who made his way to Athens in 1857 and went on to establish Paine Institute (now Paine College), come to mind. Without question, Samuel F. Harris, the pioneering educator who ''laid the foundation for the public school system of Clarke County,'' belongs in this pantheon as well.
And so, too, do pioneering black medical practitioners such as Blanche Thomas, Charles S. Haynes, William H. Harris, Donarell R. Green and countless others.
African Americans in Athens do well to remember the bosoms from which they were nursed.
In the foreword to the book, Thurmond writes in simple yet visceral prose the motivation for assembling the work.
''My principal hope is that young people who read this material will become more knowledgeable about their past. Subsequently, they may better understand their present, which will ultimately enhance their acquisition of a more glorious future.''
Readers of ''An Untold Story'' can have but one response: mission accomplished.
This article published in the Athens Banner-Herald on Thursday, October 18, 2001. | <urn:uuid:96f0bae0-a735-4cf0-a8b1-669ace703217> | {
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The author of this page will appreciate comments, corrections and imagery related to the subject. Please contact Anatoly Zak.
Mini-Research Module, MIM1, Rassvet
The Mini-Research Module 1, MIM-1, Rassvet (Dawn) became the fifth permanent element of the International Space Station built in Russia. The spacecraft was essentially a stopgap measure to fill the nadir (Earth-facing) docking port on the Zarya FGB control module of the outpost. Without some kind of extension, an originally planned addition of NASA's Node-3 module to a "next-door" nadir port on the Unity/Node 1 module of the American segment would block a safe access of the Soyuz spacecraft to the Russian segment. In turn, the Soyuz access was needed to accommodate two life boat spacecraft supporting a full six-member crew of the station.
Above: The MIM-1 module configured for a ride to orbit in the cargo bay of the Space Shuttle Atlantis during the STS-132 mission in May 2010. The module itself is shown in gray, while green denotes payloads temporarily stored on its exterior. Panels of the radiator for the MLM module, as well as its airlock and a work place for space walkers are visible.
Within the ISS partnership, US "owed" Russian Space Agency a Shuttle flight for the launch of the US-owned Zarya FGB control module in 1998. In the following years, Russians developers continued studying various options to use the mission, including launching the Science and Power Platform or the Enterprise module. These plans however, had to speed up dramatically after the 2004 decision by the White House to abandon the Shuttle in 2010. Giving a short notice and scarce resources, Russians decided to fashion a low-cost and simple Docking and Cargo Module, SGM. It would be built out of a dynamic test prototype of the pressurized compartment originally developed for the Science and Power Platform, NEP. The latter had no chance of making it to the station due to lack of funds.
With the Shuttle retirement looming, Russian developers had to catch one of the last Shuttle missions -- Utilization and Logistics Flight 4, ULF-4, -- to get the module to the station. A preliminary design of the module was ready by the beginning of 2006. The vehicle was later renamed into a Mini-Research Module-1, MRM1, (or MIM1 in Russian abbreviation.) According to a Russian proposal, SGM/MIM1's exterior would also serve as a carrier for several items, which would be otherwise attached to a special cargo platform with its own mass of more than a ton. These items included an airlock and a radiator for the Russian MLM module, an elbow joint of the European robotic arm, ERA, and a portable work post, PWP, used on the exterior of the station during spacewalks. In addition, around 1,392 kilograms of NASA-ordered supplies would be carried inside the module to be later used in the interior of the station. These included food, clothing, health-care equipment, computers and accessories, office supplies and a cold stage equipment for National Lab Pathfinder experiment.
As of beginning of 2008, the MIM1 module would have a mass of 7,900 kilograms and provide 18 cubic meters of pressurized volume for the crew, along with two "work stations" for scientific payloads to be developed by the Russian Academy of Sciences. Around five cubic meters would be available for permanent cargo stowage.
As most other Russian modules, MIM-1 would feature a passive docking port on its outer edge and transit propellant lines, which would give the Progress cargo ship a capability to refuel the Zvezda service module. The MIM1 module was guaranteed to function for at least 12 years.
As MIM1 was well in the development process, NASA made a decision to change a future location of its Node 3 module from the nadir port of the Node 1/Unity module to its side docking port. As a result, an "emergency" role of the MIM1 module to provide clearance between Node 3 and the arriving Soyuz spacecraft had disappeared. However MIM1 still promised to give room for future scientific payloads of the Russian segment and, therefore, its development proceeded as scheduled.
Scientific capabilities of MIM1
As of 2009, from five to eight standard work spaces were planned to be installed in the pressurized compartment of MIM1, according to various sources. They could eventually a accommodate up to 100 kilograms of scientific equipment, including a glove box to keep experiments separated from the in-cabin environment; low-temperature and high-temperature incubators for biotechnology research and a vibration-proof platform for material science experiments in vibration-free weightless conditions. One location would be designed for up to four movable racks with scientific instruments. Each work space would feature mechanical, electric and data interfaces.
According to Russian officials, the scientific experiments planned for MIM1 would include Conjugation, which studies the exchange of genetic material in microgravity to develop strains producing new target proteins to fight disease. Another experiment, Kristallizator, would allow large protein crystals to grow in orbit to better determine their 3D structure. The results could be used in biology, medicine and pharmacology. However, from all official statements and publications made around the time of the MIM1 launch in May 2010, it was unclear when these or other scientific experiments onboard the new module would commence.
By August 2009, RKK Energia completed testing of a full-scale prototype of the module in the acoustic chamber imitating conditions of launch. Vibration testing was planned next. In the meantime, the flight version of the MIM1 module was undergoing final assembly in preparation for testing in a vacuum chamber. These tests were completed by Aug. 28, 2009. The module was then transferred to the Control and Testing Station, KIS, for integrated testing.
On Oct. 6 and 7, 2009, a radiator and an airlock for the MLM module were attached to the MIM1 at RKK Energia's KIS facility.
During the night of Dec. 14-15, 2009, a container holding MIM1 module was transported from Korolev to Ramenskoe airfield for loading into the Antonov-124 transport aircraft. The aircraft landed at Shuttle runway at Kennedy Space Center in Florida on Dec. 17, 2009. The MIM1 was then transported to the Astrotech's SPPF facility at Cape Canaveral. Around 100 Russian specialists were working at Cape Canaveral in final processing of MIM1 for launch.
On April 3, 2010, MIM1 was transported to the Space Shuttle Processing Facility, SSPF, for integration with the orbiter. There it was formally transferred to NASA.
On April 5, 2010, the module with all its payloads was loaded into a special container for the delivery to the launch pad and the installation into the cargo bay of the Space Shuttle.
On April 16, MIM1, along with all other payloads of the STS-132 mission was rolled out to the launch pad. On April 22, Shuttle Atlantis itself also arrived to the launch pad and three days later its payloads were installed into the cargo bay.
In one of its last missions before retirement, NASA’s Space Shuttle carried a Russian module to the International Space Station. Known as MIM-1 Rassvet (“Dawn” in Russian), a five-ton vehicle resembling diver’s oxygen tank, lifted off from Kennedy Space Center’s Pad 39A at Cape Canaveral, Florida, inside a cargo bay of the Shuttle Atlantis on May 14, 2010, at 2:20 p.m. local time. Space Shuttle arrived at the ISS on May 16, 2010. The installation of the MIM1 module was scheduled for May 18, 2010. The Shuttle's robotic arm was scheduled to pick the module at 12:55, lift it out of the cargo bay and transfer it to the station's remote manipulator at 14:55. At 15:50, the module was expected to be attached to Zarya.
A MIM1 Rassvet module was successfully added to the Russian segment of the outpost on May 18, 2010, at 8:20 a.m. EDT. Shuttle Commander Ken Ham and Pilot Tony Antonelli maneuvered the shuttle robotic arm to unberth the module from Atlantis’ payload bay and positioned it for handoff to the station robotic arm. Mission Specialists Garrett Reisman and Piers Sellers were at the station arm controls to maneuver MIM1 to its new position on the Russian segment. Expedition 23 Commander Oleg Kotov monitored the activities from the Russian segment as the MIM1 engaged into its automated docking sequence for the final attachment to the station. Astronauts connected the module to the nadir (Earth-facing) docking port of the Zarya FGB control module, as the space station orbited about 220 miles above Argentina.
Opening of hatches into the MIM1 module was scheduled for May 19, 2010. Initially, the crew was expected to open hatches only briefly to take air samples inside the vehicle and then reenter the module some 24 hours later. In the following days, the crew would have to unload cargo brought inside the MIM1 module, in order to go free passage to its nadir (down-facing) docking port, which was scheduled to receive the upcoming Soyuz TMA-19 spacecraft on June 22, after its initial docking to the aft port of the Zvezda service module. Unloading of Rassvet's cargo was expected to commence while Shuttle Atlantis, which delivered the module, was still at the station to provide some extra help by astronauts from the STS-132 mission, NASA officials said.
Leak checks on MIM-1 were completed without apparent problems and hatches to the module were opened on May 20. Initial unloading of its cargo had also started on the same day. However some metal shavings were soon discovered floating in the atmosphere of the module, prompting an advise from the ground to close hatches. The crew reopened the hatch next day, after some period of ventilation and fewer debris were found. Still, unloading activities had to be postponed, until additional ventilation could be conducted. According to NASA officials, the crew did remove restrains holding the cargo inside the MIM1 module during the launch and made it all the way to the opposite end of the craft in process of re-arranging cargo inside to facilitate ventilation.
MIM-1 module specifications:
*including European robotic arm for Columbus, airlock for the MLM module and a portable workplace.
MIM1 module chronology:
2006: RKK Energia completes a preliminary design of the SGM (MIM1) module.
2009 August: RKK Energia completed testing of a full-scale prototype of the module in the acoustic chamber imitating conditions of launch.
2009 Aug. 28: Vacuum chamber testing of the flight version of the MIM1 module is completed.
2009 Oct. 6-7: A radiator and an airlock for the MLM module were attached to the MIM1 at RKK Energia's KIS facility.
2009 Dec. 14-15: A container holding MIM1 module was transported from Korolev to Ramenskoe airfield for loading into the Antonov-124 transport aircraft.
2009 Dec. 17: MIM1 arrives to the Shuttle runway at Kennedy Space Center in Florida onboard An-124 transport aircraft.
2010 April 3: MIM1 is transported to the Space Shuttle Processing Facility, SSPF, for integration with the orbiter.
2010 April 5: MIM1 with all its payloads is loaded into a special container for the delivery to the launch pad and the installation into the cargo bay of the Space Shuttle.
2010 April 16: A payload container with MIM1 and other cargo of the STS-132 mission was rolled out to the launch pad.
2010 April 22: Shuttle Atlantis rolls out to the launch pad 39A at Kennedy Space Center.
2010 April 25: The MIM1 module and other payloads of the STS-132 mission are installed into the Shuttle cargo bay.
2010 May 14: Space Shuttle Atlantis launches from Kennedy Space Center with MIM1 onboard as one of its payloads.
2010 May 16: Atlantis docks to the ISS.
2010 May 18: MIM-1 Rassvet is attached to the nadir port of the Zarya FGB control module on the ISS.
Next chapter: FGB-2/MLM module
Written by Anatoly Zak; last update: July 10, 2016
All rights reserved
A rendering circa 2007 shows the location of the MIM1 module, then identified as SGM (a Russian abbreviation for Docking and Cargo Module). Note the proximity of the PMA-3 module on the US side of the station, as it was planned to be positioned at that time. Click to enlarge. Credit: NASA
The 2010 graphic shows the location of the MIM1 (MRM1) module with a NASA logistics module, then expected to be its closest "neighbor" on the station (left). Click to enlarge. Credit: NASA
A prototype of the pressurized module built in the 1990s for the Scientific and Power Platform, NEP, and later recycled for the MIM1 module. Credit: RKK Energia
Pre-launch processing of the MIM1 module in Florida. Credit: NASA
MIM1 module shortly before the delivery to the launch pad. Credit: RKK Energia
A glovebox and related scientific hardware designed for MIM1. Click to enlarge. Credit: NASA
The Space Shuttle Atlantis approaches the International Space Station with MIM1 module onboard on May 16, 2010. Click to enlarge. Credit: NASA
Shuttle's robotic arms transfers the MIM1 module to the space station's remotely controlled manipulator on May 18, 2010. Click to enlarge. Credit: NASA TV
Credit: NASA TV
Click to enlarge Credit: NASA
The MIM1 Rassvet module is being transferred toward its permanent position on the International Space Station, on May 18, 2010. Click to enlarge Credit: NASA
Early images of the MIM1 module in its permanent location on the International Space Station. Click to enlarge. Credit: NASA TV
Russian cosmonaut Alexander Skvortsov, Expedition 23 flight engineer, appears behind cargo containers in the cramped compartment of the MIM1 module on May 22, 2010. Click to enlarge. Credit: NASA
TV camera and the location on the MIM-1 module where it was installed during a spacewalk on Jan. 21, 2011. Credit: NASA
An interior view of the docking port in the Rassvet module during the departure of Soyuz TMA-07M spacecraft in April 2013. Credit: NASA
View of the nadir (Earth-facing) docking port on the MIM1 Rassvet module. Click to enlarge. Credit: NASA | <urn:uuid:f6513615-554d-4a99-820f-b8878a647421> | {
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Pauline Thomas, 76, was stressed to the point of tears. The retired floral designer had just gotten a new pacemaker; her husband was fighting cancer; she needed a knee operation; and she was struggling to live on Social Security in Palo Alto, Calif., where the cost of living has skyrocketed.
“People would look at me and say, ‘How’s your husband doing?’ and I’d become a big crybaby.”
But instead of prescribing medication to alleviate her anxiety, her doctor directed her to a program that is seeking to improve people’s health by connecting them with community. LinkAges, a pilot program launched three years ago by the Palo Alto Medical Foundation, is an intergenerational network of people helping each other. It works as a time-bank system: if you spend an hour helping someone, you get an hour of help.
Seniors are often on the receiving end of care. But the new program’s reciprocity, which discourages a sense of obligation or helplessness, further encourages seniors to take advantage. And those who do may reap the rewards of better health.
That’s because social isolation and loneliness have increasingly been recognized as detrimental to health, leading to higher incidences of depression, dementia, and loss of daily living skills.
The idea of linkAges arose after a medical ethnographer spent a year at PAMF talking to seniors and family caregivers. The program took shape “at a key time when studies were coming out linking loneliness as a very key indicator of potential outcomes,” said Vandana Pant, its senior director of strategic initiatives. “How can a health system take a different approach and look at the prevention end of care rather than the traditional investments” associated with treatment?
The types of services range widely, from helping with household tasks and driving to playing board games or doing Tai chi to teaching someone how to make a corsage. Forty-two per cent of members are people 60 and over, and 19 per cent are family caregivers. Many are on fixed incomes. More than 1,000 people in 10 nearby cities have joined the program, and more than 3,800 hours have been exchanged.
Pant said her 86-year-old mother, an immigrant from India who lives with her, loves being able to both give and receive through the program.
“Her biggest issue in this country is a lack of vibrant community,” Pant said. “She loves to play Scrabble, and somebody comes over and plays Scrabble with her for an hour (and) this Scrabble thing becomes an excuse to make connections and have other conversations outside the family.”
At first her mother was worried about feeling obligated, she said. But then she found a way to contribute – by knitting a scarf for a family with a two-year-old son and presenting it to them.
“The fascinating thing for me was to see how much that lightened my mother’s spirit – the 15 days or so of preparation and the 10 days of the afterglow,” Pant said.
Formal results for the three-year pilot will be published in November, but members are reporting a sense of increased community connection, and Pant said she is talking with health systems in other states that are interested in replicating the program.
For Thomas, the benefits are clear. She has used the service to get rides and to connect with others who like to walk. And she has offered to build floral centerpieces and teach the art of corsage-making.
“It’s so nice to talk about what’s happening with you, knowing that someone’s there if you need something,” she said. “It releases a world of stress knowing that someone else cares.” | <urn:uuid:fbf68779-c03d-4ab7-9a43-ed9afd416c7c> | {
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It may sound a little gross, but a new study suggests that infants exposed to rodent and pet dander, roach allergens, and a variety of household bacteria in their first year of life appear less likely to develop allergies and asthma.
The study was conducted by scientists from the Johns Hopkins Children’s Center and other institutions, and was published June 6 in the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. It showed that early exposure to bacteria and some specific allergens could have an effect on shaping immune responses in young children.
This may help prevent allergies and asthma later in life.
Previous studies have shown kids who grow up on farms are less likely to develop allergies and asthma, while an increased asthma risk had been found in those who lived in inner-city areas. However, while the new study confirms children living in cities have higher allergy and asthma rates than their rural peers, children who encounter certain allergens before the age of one seemingly benefit from the exposure.
It was also shown the protective effects of allergen and bacterial exposure did not occur after the age of one.
“Our study shows that the timing of initial exposure may be critical,” study author Robert Wood, MD, chief of the division of allergy and immunology at the Johns Hopkins Children’s Center said in a statement.
“What this tells us is that not only are many of our immune responses shaped in the first year of life, but also that certain bacteria and allergens play an important role in stimulating and training the immune system to behave a certain way.”
By growing up in homes with mouse and cat dander, as well as cockroach droppings in their first year of life, the infants who were studied had lower rates of wheezing by the time they were three compared to the children not exposed to those allergens after birth. The researchers found the children exposed to all three allergens also had lower risk than those exposed to one or two of the allergens.
It was also found that children exposed to all three allergens were less likely to develop environmental allergies by the time they were three.
The study is by no means endorsing people to live in dirty homes, or encouraging you to attract mice and cockroaches for better health. However, if your baby plays in the dirt, interacts with a pet, or gets a little dirty, it may be better for them in the long run. | <urn:uuid:9f61a318-b388-4f1f-a6bd-7c676acc511e> | {
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War causes more death and disability than many major diseases combined yet receives little attention as a public health problem. Because of war’s profound impact on health, the Eighth Annual Western Regional International Health Conference being held at the University of Washington April 23-25 is on “War & Global Health: Transforming Our Profession, Changing Our World.”
The student-led conference is being hosted by the University of Washington’s Department of Global Health in conjunction with Physicians for Social Responsibility, a Nobel Peace Prize winning organization that works to protect human life from the greatest threats to health and survival.
The conference will feature journalist Chris Hedges, author of War is a Force that Gives Us Meaning, as keynote speaker. In 2002, he shared the Pulitzer Prize for Explanatory Journalism for his work on terrorism while at The New York Times, and he is quoted in the Academy-Award winning film “The Hurt Locker.”
The purpose of this conference is to shift the perspective on global health to include war and armed conflict as one of the most significant—and preventable—threats to health around the world and provide tools for practitioners to act accordingly.
“War can and should be approached as a public health problem,” said Rebecca Bartlein, MPHc, the lead student organizer of the conference.
Just as tobacco use moved from accepted practice to public health problem, war and conflict are beginning to be viewed not as inevitable, but as health problems that require intervention, said Amy Hagopian, PhD, UW assistant professor of Global Health.
“War leaves no area of health care or public health practice untouched,” said Hagopian. “Maternal and child health, reproductive health, mental health, environmental health and nutrition are all degraded by war.”
Conference organizers say the destruction of health infrastructure, loss of health workers and contamination of the environment directly affect the health of populations, while the diversion of resources to building weapons and waging war depletes funds that could otherwise be spent on improving health.
UW assistant professor of Psychiatry Dr. Evan Kanter, immediate past president of Physicians for Social Responsibility and a psychiatrist at the Veteran’s Hospital, said the toll of war, both physical and psychological, is greater than ever.
“Health professionals have a critical role in preventing war and mitigating the devastating health consequences of armed conflict,” he said.
The conference is sponsored by the University of Washington, Physicians for Human Rights, Washington Global Health Alliance, Global Health Council, Center for Global Studies and Health Alliance International.
Co-sponsors include: San Diego State University, Graduate School of Public Health; Simon Fraser University; Stanford University, Office of Global Health; University of California, Los Angeles; University of Washington Bothell; University of Washington Tacoma; School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University; Western Washington University; University of California, Berkeley Center for Global Public Health; University of Alaska Anchorage; Seattle University, Schools of Nursing and Law; Seattle Central Community College; Global Health Center and Global Health Alliance, Oregon Health & Science University; University of British Columbia, Liu Institute for Global Issues.
For more information, go to www.wrihc.org. | <urn:uuid:5f9fa352-192e-4802-96a5-eacdbf4deff0> | {
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After a dearth of women in the last sidra, the beginning of the book of Exodus simply teems with them. Many are unnamed and described only in their relationship to men : We meet the daughter of the tribe of Levi who marries a man of Levi at the beginning of Chapter 2. In the dangerous world of a Pharaoh determined to suppress the Israelite population by killing every male child not only has a baby but hides him for three months, before making a vessel of bulrushes and placing the child in it to be caught in the reeds at the river’s edge.
We meet the sister of this child who watches to see what will happen. She observes the daughter of Pharaoh who comes with her maids to bathe in the river. Seeing the little vessel she sends one maid to fetch it and on finding the baby expresses compassion for him. The sister comes from her hiding place and suggests to the Pharaoh’s daughter that she can find a wet-nurse. On gaining approval for this suggestion the sister calls the child’s mother who agrees to nurse the child in exchange for money from the Pharaoh’s daughter.
The baby is the centre of the story here, but there are three women who contrive to save his life, two of whom we will later learn are Yocheved his mother and Miriam his sister. The daughter of Pharaoh remains anonymous.
Once the baby is grown, he is brought back to the daughter of Pharaoh who names him Moses, because, bible reports, “ I drew him out of the water”. While we may know that the blood relatives of the baby are present, at this moment there is a formal adoption of the child into the Egyptian fold.
The next thing we know is that Moses, having killed an Egyptian taskmaster for hurting an Israelite man, is fleeing for his life from the anger of Pharaoh, and now we meet seven more unidentified women – the seven daughters of Reuel, priest of Midian.
One of these women will shortly be named as she is given to Moses for a wife – Zipporah. And Zipporah gives birth to a boy, Gershom, named for Moses’ alienation: ‘I have been a stranger in a strange land.‘ It seems that Moses does not circumcise his son or bring him into the brit/covenant of Abraham, either because this is unknown to him or because his alienation extends to his relationship with the Israelites. When, after his meeting with God in the wilderness, he returns to Egypt to confront Pharaoh and demand the release of the Hebrews, his life is once again in danger, it is Zipporah who saves him. In an obscure passage “God met him and sought to kill him. Then Zipporah took a flint and cut off the foreskin of her son and cast it as his feet, and she said ‘surely you are a bridegroom of blood to me”. So God let him alone, and she said “A bridegroom of blood in regard to circumcision”
Two more figures make up the set of women in this passage who surround and support Moses – the midwives Shifra and Puah.
Shifra and Puah are midwives in Egypt. They are therefore at the cutting-edge of the Royal decree to ensure that all the Hebrew baby boys are murdered at birth. The survival of the Israelite people is dependent on their actions. Shifra and Puah disobey the Royal decree, because , the text tells us, they feared/revered God. When called to account by Pharaoh this is not what they tell him, instead they say the Hebrew women are like animals (חָיוֹת) and before the midwives can get to them they have already delivered their babies. The narrator then tells us that “God dealt well with the midwives; and the people multiplied, and waxed very mighty. And it came to pass, because the midwives feared God, that God made households בָּתִּים for them” – a reference to both material goods and to children.
The story (and the chapter) ends with Pharoah’s decree repeated, but this time he broadens his audience from the midwives to the whole people: “And Pharaoh charged all his people, saying: ‘Every son that is born you shall cast into the river, and every daughter you shall save alive” (1:22). While he does not challenge the midwives’ version of the story he extends the diktat to all of the people.
So who are these women who pivot our history so decisively and so bravely?
While the Masoretic tradition assumes that they are themselves Hebrew women, this is by no means clear. Their names are understood as more likely to be Semitic than Egyptian. Shifra (from the root שפר) means something along the lines of beauty/clarity but the root also gives us the noun “shofar” the horn that is blown to call to attention. The name Puah is likely also to mean to shine/beauty but neither of these names is easy to translate or to mine meaning from – or even identity – from.
The Talmud tells us “Rav and Shmuel [interpreted the verse העבריות למילדות ] One said: a woman and her daughter, and one said: a woman and her mother in-law. He who said a woman and a daughter: they were Yocheved and Miriam. He who said a women and her mother in law: they were Yocheved and Elisheva.” (BT Sotah 11b)
From this interpretation emerged all the midrashim and commentary (and Masoretic vocalisation) that Shifra and Puah were both Hebrew women and of the family of Moses.
But the interpretation conflicts both with what the text tells us and with the emotional ‘sense’ of the piece. Would Pharaoh really ask Hebrew women to murder the baby boys of their fellow women? Surely this is a task he would entrust to women from another ethnic identity? And when the midwives explain to Pharaoh why they are not fulfilling his order, they talk about the Hebrew women as being unlike Egyptian women, saying they are ‘as animals’. There is no sense that either they or Pharaoh are doing anything other than seeing the Hebrew women as ‘other’ than, and less than them – the Egyptians.
And what about the information that God dealt well with the midwives and rewarded them [with households]? From everything else we know about Miriam and Yocheved, they were not rewarded materially, nor did they become the heads of households. The correlation simply does not ring true.
So why does the tradition speak of Shifra and Puah as being not only not Egyptian women who revered God, but also tries to identify them with the Hebrew women who protected Moses’ life?
From a modern perspective we need to ask why the tradition chooses to narrow down how the text is read so that named and autonomous Egyptian women become Hebrew women whose introduction to us is only in relation to the men. And also we need to question the erasure of the real identity of Shifra and Puah as Egyptian women who revere God and who choose to serve God and rebel against the Pharaoh from their own belief systems and through their own agency.
The text of the Hebrew bible – at least the consonants of the Hebrew bible, was agreed upon by the second century CE. But the vowels of that text – which could dramatically alter meaning – were not agreed upon at that time. It took the work of the ba’alei ha’mesorah, groups of scholarly scribes working from about the 7th to the 10th century CE to finally standardise the grammar of the text – its vowels, the breaks (verses and paragraphs), the accenting/cantillation marks.
This is important because the identity of the women as either Hebrew or Egyptian relies on the vocalisation of the letters of the two words למילדות. העבריות Depending on the vowels we can either read the words as “to the Hebrew midwives” or as “to the midwives of the Hebrew women” (grammatical point – whether there is a patach under the lamed and a dagesh in the mem or a chirik under the lamed and no dagesh)
There are other texts which operate on the vocalisation of the text as “midwives of the Hebrew women” – ie that understand Shifra and Puah to be Egyptian. The Septuagint, for example, the translation of the Hebrew bible into Greek which was completed in the 3rd Century understands the text this way. Josephus in his “Antiquities” (1st Century) describes the women as Egyptian midwives who served the Hebrew women. Some other biblical commentators also understand the text to mean that the women were Egyptian (eg Abarbanel, Judah heHasid). Most interestingly there are fragments of texts which specifically name Shifra and Puah as Egyptian “righteous women who converted to Judaism” (Yalkut Shimoni does so (@13th Century), and there is a fragment from the Cairo genizah (@10th Century) which also lists Shifra and Puah as righteous gentile women who helped the Israelite people and who revered God.
Since the Masoretes vocalised the text to make the midwives Hebrew women, and Rashi follows the tradition from BT Sotah we find ourselves corralled to seeing them not as brave Egyptian women who followed their consciences and put their faith in God, but as Hebrew women doing exactly what we would expect them to do, and indeed see them as the sister and mother of Moses whose function was entirely about protecting him as an infant.
Shifra and Puah, two brave women who stood up against the powers in their country, who saw human beings where the Pharaoh saw a population of migrants threatening his country, who revered God and acted both morally and with compassion, remind us that we are not alone as Jews. Through them and through others like them we see that God is not just ‘ours’, but is a universal God with whom we Jews have a particular relationship (as other have a particular, and different relationship). Shifra and Puah, whose names describe beauty, are also women who radiate morality and who call us to arms, to fight for what is right.
So why was the agency of two righteous gentile women erased in this way? Because they were foreign? Because they were women? Because they were necessary to Moses’ survival and pivotal in the narrative arc? Because they took risks and made their own decisions against the power of the Pharaoh?
Is the erasure of their identities and their active choices that changed our history forever down to conspiracy or to accident? I leave the reader to decide. | <urn:uuid:5ef6c199-b259-4a60-a98c-5b80a799204d> | {
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Brain and Nerves
A child who has seizures, delayed development (such as sitting, speaking, walking), weakness, unusual headaches or abnormal movements should see a doctor who specializes in the care of children’s brain or nervous system disorders.
A pediatric neurologist has been specially trained to understand a child’s developing nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, muscles, and nerves, and to treat diseases that affect the nervous system.
Clinical advances and new research have brought pediatric neurology into a new era. At University of Iowa Children’s Hospital we work with patients and their families to educate them about their disorder and provide them with ongoing care and support.
Our services include evaluation and treatment of a range of disorders, including:
- Developmental delays
- Sleep disorders
- Muscle and nerve diseases leading to weakness
- Genetic disorders of the brain and nervous system
Iowa Comprehensive Epilepsy Program (ICEP) offers specialized care for infants and children who have epilepsy, and related conditions. The Pediatric Outpatient Clinic focuses on the comprehensive diagnosis, education, and management of seizures, spells, and epilepsy.
Pediatric neuromuscular services are also available in several communities throughout Iowa. | <urn:uuid:572c31d8-4954-44c5-91f4-072b91bd4c62> | {
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Production coordinators ensure that the production department meets its quality assurance and scheduling goals by planning, scheduling, executing, and directing production activities. Businesses look to production coordinators to develop cost-effective measures and to develop exceptional business practices. They may oversees one area of manufacturing or an entire manufacturing facility.
To be a good production coordinator, a person must be flexible enough to adapt to changes in scheduling, able to think on the fly, and able to handle high-stress decision-making scenarios. The production coordinator has a hand in all parts of production, and so they must have excellent working knowledge of their organization and industry. They may also need to conduct research and complete paperwork as required by their team or supervisors.
Typically, a production coordinator has a minimum of a bachelor’s degree in business management or a related field. Alternatively, there are programs that offer certifications that employers may accept or ask of candidates. Employers may also prefer candidates with prior experience as a production coordinator or in a related role in production. Additionally, production coordinator candidates may also need to be familiar with field- or organization-specific software.
Production Coordinator, Manufacturing Tasks
- Develop and distribute production schedules and work orders to departments.
- Review documents such as production schedules, work orders, and staffing tables to determine personnel and materials requirements, and material priorities. | <urn:uuid:b01edc47-1e1a-4552-82bf-0b17c83caa7f> | {
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Acoustic trauma: How wind farms make you sick
It's an ill wind ...
People living near wind farms – and near can be quite a long way away – find the reality far different to Renewable UK's pastoral idyll.
Dr Michael M Nissenbaum, a radiologist at Northern Maine Medical Center, has new work imminent on the study. He says "significant risk of adverse health effects is likely to occur in a significant subset of people out to at least 2,000 meters away from an industrial wind turbine installation. These health concerns include: sleep disturbance and psychological stress."
He continues: "Our current knowledge indicates that there are substantial health risks from the existing exposure, and we do not know how to reduce those risks other than by keeping turbines several kilometers away from homes."
Consultant Mike Stigwood, who has testified before public enquiries, points out that since ETSU-R-97 was published, the World Health Organization has twice lowered its recommended limits for night-time noise.
Currently there's no solution other than to site the wind turbines further away. But how far?
The Planning Policy Statement on Renewable Energy (PPS22) is often cited here, obliging local planning authorities to "ensure that renewable energy developments have been located and designed in such a way to minimise increases in ambient noise levels." It doesn't specify a distance, though.
Hanning notes that: "Proposals that site wind turbines within 1.5km of habitation will not keep wind turbine noise to an acceptable level and are therefore in contravention of PPS22."
Even at 2km, there are noticeable health consequences.
But there are signs the mood has shifted from one of acquiescence to Big Eco-business – with local authorities judging that they're accountable to the communities they're supposed to serve. In June, Highland Council temporarily shut down a 23-turbine installation in Sutherland after persistent complaints by residents. The operator, SSE, had failed to test noise levels at properties 2km away and failed to produce a noise mitigation plan. The stop notice has since been lifted. More are planned nearby. ® | <urn:uuid:780e9c85-a40b-49fb-bb15-63af83565d51> | {
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Vitamins ‘effective in treating ADHD symptoms’
Vitamins and minerals could be useful for treating ADHD, research suggests.
Adults with ADHD given supplements for eight weeks had a "modest" improvement in concentration span, hyperactivity, and other symptoms, a small-scale study found.
A wide range of nutrients, including vitamin D, iron and calcium, may improve brain functioning, said psychologists in New Zealand.
Another study found medication reduced road accidents in men with ADHD.
As many as one in 20 adults has ADHD (attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder), marked by symptoms such as lack of attention, concentration difficulties and impulsiveness.
ADHD can be treated with medications, such as central nervous system stimulants, which affect the brain and improve symptoms.
End Quote Prof Henrik Larsson Karolinska Institute
The risk of transport accidents in adult men with ADHD decreases markedly if their condition is treated with medication”
According to the research, published in The British Journal of Psychiatry, taking a broad range of vitamins and minerals may also help reduce ADHD symptoms.
In the study, 80 adults with ADHD were given either supplements containing vitamin D, vitamin B12, folate, magnesium, ferritin, iron, calcium, zinc and copper, or a dummy pill.
After eight weeks of treatment those on supplements reported greater improvements in both their inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity compared with those taking the placebo.
Psychologists from the University of Canterbury, in Christchurch, say the effects of vitamins and minerals (micronutrients) are more modest than medication but may be useful for some people, particularly those seeking alternative treatments.
"Our study provides preliminary evidence of the effectiveness for micronutrients in the treatment of ADHD symptoms in adults," said Prof Julia Rucklidge, who led the study.
"This could open up treatment options for people with ADHD who may not tolerate medications, or do not respond to first-line treatments."
Philip Asherson, professor in molecular psychiatry at the Institute of Psychiatry in London, said the suggestion that vitamins and minerals improved brain metabolism was intriguing but needed further investigation.
"It's a good study, which is very interesting, but really needs replicating," he told the BBC. "The mechanisms behind it remain unclear."Road accidents
Meanwhile, a separate study on ADHD in Sweden suggests medication could save lives on the road.
Research indicated almost half of transport accidents involving men with ADHD could be avoided if they were taking medication for their condition.
Scientists from the Karolinska Institute studied 17,000 individuals with ADHD over a period of four years using data from health registers.
They found individuals with ADHD had a higher risk of being involved in serious transport accidents, such as car or motorcycle crashes, compared with those without ADHD.
Transport accidents were lower among men with ADHD who were on medication than among men with ADHD who did not take medication.
Calculations showed 41% of transport accidents involving men with ADHD could have been avoided if they had received medication and carried on taking it during the course of the study.
A similar effect was not found in women.
"Even though many people with ADHD are doing well, our results indicate that the disorder may have very serious consequences," said Henrik Larsson, associate professor at the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics.
"Our study also demonstrates in several different ways that the risk of transport accidents in adult men with ADHD decreases markedly if their condition is treated with medication."
The research is published in the journal JAMA Psychiatry. | <urn:uuid:6f9ea423-3350-43d3-b4b7-869f26ea139f> | {
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Balıkların İngilizce Tanıtımı Kısa
Yunus Balıkları – Dolphins
Bottlenose dolphins have two flippers and a tail. They are different than other dolphins because they have a pointy snout that makes them look like they are smiling. Dolphins have a blowhole at the top of their heads that they use to breathe. They have upper and lower jaws that have 20-26 pairs of small teeth. Dolphins have a dorsal fin which keeps them steady
while they are swimming and two tail flukes for moving up and down.
Male dolphins are called bulls and weigh between 300 and 500 pounds. Females, called cows are a little smaller. Newborns , called calves weigh about 25 pounds.
Bottlenose Dolphins have different colors on them. Their upper half is black, blue, or gray. Their sides are lighter and their bottom is light gray or pinkish white. Their colors are different so the dolphin can fool his predators. When they are seen, they don’t look like fish.
Balık : Fish.
A fish is any gill-bearing aquatic vertebrate (or craniate) animal that lacks limbs with digits. Included in this definition are the living hagfish, lampreys, and cartilaginous and bony fish, as well as various extinct related groups. Because the term is defined negatively, and excludes the tetrapods (i.e., the amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals) which descend from within the same ancestry, it is paraphyletic. The traditional term pisces (also ichthyes) is considered a typological, but not a phylogenetic classification.
Most fish are “cold-blooded”, or ectothermic, allowing their body temperatures to vary as ambient temperatures change. Fish are abundant in most bodies of water. They can be found in nearly all aquatic environments, from high mountain streams (e.g., char and gudgeon) to the abyssal and even hadal depths of the deepest oceans (e.g., gulpers and anglerfish). At 32,000 species, fish exhibit greater species diversity than any other class of vertebrates.
Fish, especially as food, are an important resource worldwide. Commercial and subsistence fishers hunt fish in wild fisheries (see fishing) or farm them in ponds or in cages in the ocean (see aquaculture). They are also caught by recreational fishers, kept as pets, raised by fishkeepers, and exhibited in public aquaria. Fish have had a role in culture through the ages, serving as deities, religious symbols, and as the subjects of art, books and movies. | <urn:uuid:6aee6357-8579-4b6e-a0c9-163fa362e00f> | {
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Baskets may be classified as round or oval.
A. The Round Basket.
Draw the sharpened end of the pliable reed between the thumb and finger into the smallest possible coil. Lay the end of the raffia to the point and along the sharpened end of the reed and hold it in place with the left hand. By a sharp turn in the thread begin winding over the reed and raffia to the point. Then shape into the coil by sewing through the center, thus forming the "button" as in the illustration.
Baskets Begun In Three Different Weaves.
1 - Round basket in the Navajo weave.
2 - Oval basket in the Lazy Squaw weave. 3 - Round basket in the Mariposa weave.
B. The Oval Basket.
The end of the reed is not sharpened, and must be very soft and pliable, or it cannot be bent together at the desired length, two, three, four, five or more inches from the end, without breaking. It will do no special harm if it splits, however, as it is to be covered with the raffia. Lay the end of the raffia to the end of the reed, along the reed and around the bend, and by a sharp turn in the thread wind four or five times over the raffia, covering the bend in the reed. The two reeds may then be caught together by the stitch selected for the basket, or the "Navajo" or "figure eight stitch'" may be used and the other stitch introduced on the second round.
As the reed naturally coils somewhat, take care to splice it so that the coil in the two pieces remains the same; otherwise it would draw apart. Sharpen the top side of one reed and the underside of the other to a long flat point and slip one past the other until the two together form the uniform size of the reed. It is sometimes advisable for a novice to wind the spliced reeds with fine thread, but experience will teach one to do the splicing with the sewing of the basket.
When a new thread is needed lay the end of the old thread along the reed and place the new thread over it, and by a sharp turn in the thread, wind once or twice over both, and continue the stitch as before. When the ends are firmly fastened clip them off.
Coiled basketry admits of the greatest variety in shape and size, from the simple table mat to the exquisitely beautiful jar and vase forms, while the stitches lend themselves to an endless variety of design ranging from the simplest to the most intricate patterns.
It is well to have in mind the shape and design before beginning the basket, as haphazard work is not apt to be satisfactory. Baskets can be easily shaped to any desired form, as this depends entirely upon the position of each succeeding reed upon the one below it.
All reeds in the coiled basket are wound twice with the raffia. It is important to keep this in mind when putting in designs. The colored raffia is introduced in the same manner that the thread is spliced, by laying it along the reed and sewing over it. When working out designs in color do not cut the thread when changing from one to another, but lay the thread not in use along the reed and sew over it, bringing it out when ready to use it again.
Group Of Baskets Showing Variety In Size, Shape And Design.
As an aid in dividing the space tor a design a piece or paper may be cut and folded into the desired number of sections, and these marked on the basket. These spaces are then filled in without regard to the exact number of stitches required to cover the reeds.
Beginners should make a study of Indian baskets and their designs.
Basket Showing The Navajo Weave.
Cut the end of the reed to a flat point two inches in length, and gradually taper the stitching off so that it shows where it ends as little as possible. The last two rows of the basket might be stitched with colored raffia unless it detracts from the design.
The stitching proceeds along a continuous coil, so that each stitch is passed beneath the stitches of the coil beneath.
For convenience in analyzing these stitches the two reeds may be designated as the loose reed and the fastened reed.
Hold the commenced coil in the left hand which will cause the work to proceed from the right toward the left.
(a) Pass the thread between the two reeds toward you, (b) over the loose reed from you, (c) between the two reeds toward you, (d) down between the stitches of the fastened reed from you, and beginning again at (a) pass the thread between the two reeds toward you completing the figure eight. Draw the two reeds firmly together.
Basket Showing The Lazy-Squaw Weave.
This is the stitch used by the Indians in making the baskets which they ornamented with feathers, wampum, shells and beads.
This stitch is made up of two parts, a long and a short stitch.
Hold the commenced coil in the left hand and work from right to left. (a) Wrap the thread toward you over and around the loose reed once, (b) then over the loose reed again, (c) and down from you between the stitches of the fastened reed and back to (a). This completes the long-and-short stitch.
Basket Showing The Mariposa Weave.
The story of the origin of the name "Lazy-Squaw" stitch is interesting. If the squaw was inclined to slight her work she would wrap the loose reed several times before taking the long and more difficult stitch which bound the two reeds together. She would then receive from her companions the ignominious title of "lazy-squaw."
As a modification of this stitch the wrapping of the loose reed is omitted, and the long stitch only is used. This passes each time between the stitches of the coil beneath.
In analyzing this stitch we find that it is made up of three parts. It is the same as the Lazy Squaw Stitch with the addition of the knotted effect obtained by passing the thread around the long stitch.
Hold the commenced coil in the left hand and work from right to left, (a) Wrap the thread toward you over and around the loose reed once, (b) then over the loose reed again, (c) and down from you between the stitches of the fastened reed, thus binding the two reeds together, (d) bring the needle up between the two reeds at the left side of the long stitch, (e) cross over this stitch, going down between the two reeds at the right of the long stitch. Bring the thread over the loose reed and begin wrapping again as at (a).
Baskets that are to be lined are very pretty made of this stitch. It is also very effective combined with other stitches, or as the finishing coil of a basket.
The Samoan Stitch is a modification of the Mariposa Stitch, the only difference being in the space between the reeds and the passing of the thread around the long stitch two, three or more times, which gives the lace effect. The reeds must be held firmly, however, and the thread passed around the long stitch times enough to make the basket firm.
Sewing Kits for Sewing Classes
Superintendents of Schools
Are you giving to the girls the training in the Home Arts that modern education demands? Investigate the McGlauflin Sewing Kits arranged in five numbers for a five-years' course with materials and directions in each Kit. | <urn:uuid:154f5e50-ebc9-4fec-9a1b-ecfe20c867c6> | {
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IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) is required for communication between hosts and routers to determine where the router have to send the Multicast traffic.
Imagine a network with a router connecting to 4 different subnets with 4 physical interfaces, but with only one Host in one subnet actually requesting the traffic. How does the router know where to send out the multicast traffic? If you automatically send out the traffic through every interface, it’s a waste of bandwidth. So here we need IGMP.
So the router needs to know about:
– Where are the hosts located which require the multicast traffic for a group?
– How do I learn about hosts requiring the traffic?
– How do I learn about hosts no longer requiring the traffic?
There are currently three versions of IGMP available: IGMPv1 (RFC1112), IGMPv2 (RFC2236), IGMPv3 (RFC3376). In this article i’ll focus myself on IGMPv2
Messages supported by IGMPv2
The membership query is used for two function: First to discover if there are any hosts required in receiving any multicast group, second to determine if there are any remaining hosts for a specific multicast group.
Version 1 Membership Report
Version 2 Membership Report
The membership reports is used by the hosts: As a solicited host membership report as an answer to a membership query and as a unsolicited host membership report when first joining the group. (without waiting for the next membership query)
The Leave Group message is, you guessed it, used by the host to tell the router that he’s no longer interested in receiving the traffic.
As I wrote yesterday, the class D range (126.96.36.199 – 188.8.131.52) is reserved for Multicast use.
Those addresses are again split up in several ranges:
184.108.40.206 – 220.127.116.11 (18.104.22.168/24) – Permanent group for local segment: They are not routed
22.214.171.124 – 126.96.36.199 (188.8.131.52/24) – Permanent group for the whole network: They are forwarded in the entire network
184.108.40.206 – 220.127.116.11 (18.104.22.168/8) – Source-Specific Multicast (SSM) applications
22.214.171.124 – 126.96.36.199 (188.8.131.52/8) – GLOP addressing
184.108.40.206 – 220.127.116.11 (18.104.22.168/8) – Private domain multicast
Everythinge else – Transient group
There are two ranges of permanent IP multicast addresses: the first is used for packets that are not forwarded by routers, the second when the packets should be forwarded by routers.
An example: The multicast addresses used by OSPF or EIGRP are in the first range, where only routers located on the same segment can communicate to each other and exchange routes.
Source-Specific Multicast (SSM)
Source-Specific multicast allows you to limit the source address to a specific address. This improves security as no other hosts are able to send traffic to the multicast group.
GLOP addressing allocates each registered AS number 256 global multicast IP addresses. As the 2nd and 3rd octet of the IP address, the 16bit ASN is used.
For example if you are using AS 3303:
3303 convered to binary: 00001100 11100111
00001100 is used as the 2nd octet, decimal: 12
11100111 is used as the 3rd octet, decimal: 231
So, the resulting range would be: 22.214.171.124 – 126.96.36.199
Private Multicast Domain
The private multicast domain addresses can be used within the own network, somewhat like the private unicast addresses defined in RFC1918.
Transient multicast addresses are globally unique multicast addresses. They get dynamically allocated and released when no longer in use. Any IP addresses in the range 188.8.131.52 to 184.108.40.206 that is not assigned to a specific group/range, is considered as a transient multicast address.
Everyone already heard about multicast, but what is it? why do we need it?
So let’s first look at the most basic definition of IP multicast:
“Sending a message from a single source to selected multiple destinations across a Layer 3 network in one data stream.”
Can’t we do this with unicast?
Unicast allows you to send messages from one source to one destination. Which mean that if you want to send the same content to multiple destinations, it will require X amount of bandwidth, with X being the number of destination hosts.
So if you transfer a data stream using a bandwidth of 2 Mbps to 1 destination host, ithe source needs to transfer 2 Mbps. If you send the same data stream to 3 destinations, it will require 6 Mbps (3x 2Mbps) of bandwidth, etc.
As you can see this concept causes a large amount of unnecessary traffic.
How about broadcast?
Broadcast on the other hand allows you to send data from one source to all destination hosts. So if you want to send the same content to multiple destinations, it will only require once the bandwidth at the source.
But, and here is the big disadvantage, the data will be transferred the every single host, even to those that are not interested in receiving the traffic! This will increase the processing load on the network devices and wastes bandwidth.
Ok, tell me more about that multicast thing…
Multicast uses a separate range of IP Addresses, often referred to as class D. It includes all IP Addresses starting with “1110” in binary. For those who don’t want to start calculating: it’s the range between 220.127.116.11 and 18.104.22.168.
Multicast also requires the use of a Layer 2 Address, which can be calculated from the corresponding Layer 3 address.
All multicast MAC addresses use an OUI of 01-00-5E, have the 25th bit set to 0, and the last 23 bits copied from the last 23 bits of the IP address. As it would require 28 bits to uniquely distinguish between IP addresses, there are 32 (5^2) Layer 3 multicast addresses that match a single Layer 2 multicast address.
Configuring NTP Servers
ntp server HOST
If you are looking for NTP servers, please consult the NTP Pool Project
clock timezone NAMEOFTIMEZONE X Y
Where “NAMEOFTIMEZONE” defines the name of the (winter) timezone, and “A” definies the offset to GMT in hours, and “B” in minutes.
You can define the summer time using one of these commands
clock summer-time NAMEOFSUMMERTIMEZONE recurring [first/last/1-4] WEEKDAY MONTH HH:MM [first/last/1-4] WEEKDAY MONTH HH:MM
clock summer-time NAMEOFSUMMERTIMEZONE date DAY MONTH YEAR HH:MM date DAY MONTH YEAH HH:MM
The first command sets the start and beginning in recurring mode. It will automatically sets the summertime every year based on the logic you define.
Using the second command you can manually set the start and end date of summertime for every year.
For example when you live in Switzerland:
clock timezone CET 1 0
clock summer-time CEST recurring last Sun Mar 2:00 last Sun Oct 3:00
To display the current time on a Cisco IOS device, use the “show clock [detail]” command. In the detailed view, you’ll find additional information to the timezone and the time source.
18:12:17.145 CET Sun Nov 13 2011
RT20#sh clock detail
18:12:22.129 CET Sun Nov 13 2011
Time source is NTP
Summer time starts 02:00:00 CET Sun Mar 25 2012
Summer time ends 03:00:00 CEST Sun Oct 28 2012 | <urn:uuid:72faee6c-09b1-4442-992e-f60a94a3b2d8> | {
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|On this page…|
To represent a solid using the Revolution or General Extrusion shapes, you must provide the cross-section coordinates for that solid. For example, to represent a beam with a trapezoidal cross-section, you must provide the coordinates for that trapezoid. You must enter these coordinates according to a set of rules that ensure SimMechanics™ properly represents the cross-section shape.
The Solid block accepts the cross-section coordinates as an M×2 matrix. This matrix contains M rows, each with the coordinates of a cross-section point. Enter the coordinates sequentially: SimMechanics connects adjacent coordinate pairs with a straight line to represent the complete cross-section shape.
The figure shows the cross-section of a trapezoidal beam. SimMechanics connects adjacent points with straight lines, so you need to provide only four points. The figure labels these points A, B, C, and D. Specify the coordinates for these points in the order [A; B; C; and D]. Using the point coordinates in the figure, the MATLAB® matrix for the trapezoid cross-section is:
trapezoid = [X_A, Y_A; X_B, Y_B; X_C, Y_C; X_D, Y_D]
SimMechanics automatically connects the first and last points of a coordinate matrix. This ensures that every cross-section path is closed. For example, in the trapezoid cross-section, SimMechanics automatically connects point D to point A. The result is a closed trapezoid path that SimMechanics can extrude.
You can enter the MATLAB matrix directly in the Cross-Section parameter of the Solid block. The figure shows an example. You can replace the X and Y coordinates with the numerical values directly, or you can define their values elsewhere, e.g., a subsystem mask or the model workspace.
Any boundary path separates the dense and hollow regions of a cross-section. The dense region is to the left of the path, and the hollow region is to its right. The figure illustrates how a cross-section path divides dense and hollow regions.
Always enter the cross-section coordinates so that the dense region is to the left of the arrow connecting one coordinate pair to the next. For example, to represent the trapezoidal cross-section in the figure, enter the coordinates in the order [A B C D]. This matrix specifies that the dense region is to the left of the arrows connecting A to B, B to C, C to D, and D to A.
A cross-section need not be dense. You can specify a hollow cross-section. One example is the cross-section of a box beam. This cross-section has a rectangular shape with a dense area at the periphery, and a hole at the center. The figure shows that cross-section.
As with dense cross-sections, you specify a hollow cross-section as a single path. To do this, you must cut the cross-section across its dense region. By cutting the cross-section, you can merge the inner and outer paths into a single path. The figure shows the cut box beam cross-section.
The cut connects the first and last cross-section coordinate pairs. As with dense cross-sections, you must specify the coordinate pairs so that the dense region is to the left of the path. A counterclockwise order satisfies this requirement for the outer portion of the path. A clockwise order satisfies this requirement for the inner portion of the path. Always specify all coordinates as a single path—not as two paths. You do this by connecting the inner and outer portions of the path through the cut.
The figure shows the order that you specify the cross-section coordinates in. The cut joins the last outer path point to the first inner path point. You specify the outer path in a counterclockwise order: [A, B, C, D, E]. You specify the inner path in a clockwise order: [F, G, H, I, j]. The entire coordinate matrix is [A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J]. SimMechanics automatically closes the path by connecting the last point that you specify (J) to the first point (A).
To connect the outer path to the inner path through the cut, you must repeat the first point of each path. For the outer path, you repeat point A (labeled E). For the inner path, you repeat point F (labeled J). Omitting these points distorts the cross-section that you specify. The figure shows the cross-section that results if you omit point E. As before, SimMechanics automatically closes the path by connecting the last point that you specify (J) to the first point (A).
The coordinate matrix must define a path that does not self-intersect. If the path intersects itself at any point, SimMechanics issues an error and the model does not simulate. Path intersection is a common error source in hollow cross-sections. The figure shows a self-intersecting path. | <urn:uuid:4b491189-943a-42cd-9e4c-dd95f38dd948> | {
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At a warehouse next to the bustling Williamsburg Bridge, a new city is growing. It’s not a typical metropolis—there are no businesses, no laws, not even the steady beat of human activity—but it is alive, a thriving system. Huy Bui’s Plant—in City, a project run out of his Brooklyn studio, has all the qualities of a futuristic science experiment. Or, as Bui, a Parsons The New School for Design alumnus (MArch ’07) would prefer to describe it, it’s the answer to the question, “How can I keep my plants alive when I go on vacation?”
At least, that’s what started the practice of building modular, stackable systems of wood and various plants—tiny ecosystems developed and nurtured by ingenious technological artistry. “They talk to each other,” says Bui, as mist forms around a rootless plant suspended in industrial wire and planks of wood. The project has since evolved into a microcosm of a changing society. “Historically, architecture has ignored or existed outside the realm of technology. Given our future needs, it’s about time we integrated the two.”
Bui is talking about the rise of migration-related urbanization in coming years, a trend that will necessitate the development of “smart cities.” Already this past June, a United Nations report announced that more than half of the world’s population was living in cities—and the number is increasing. The challenge now is for architects like Bui to make these growing urban areas more hospitable and efficient. “We will have to adapt,” says Bui, “and start working together to build these living, breathing metropolises.”
Bui often peppers his explanations with references to and metaphors of the body, organisms, and society; it’s a habit that fits well with his Plant—in City project. “Plants are deeply entrenched in the history of human civilization,” he says. “We have used them for shelter, for food, as medicine, and as a form of beauty. So, of course, we all like plants.” As populations continue to expand and more people move into urban areas, the goal would be to seamlessly integrate plants and buildings. “Make the buildings breathe,” he muses.
Bui’s green consciousness developed by degrees. After four formative years as an undergraduate at George Mason University, Bui received a bachelor’s degree in business finance and real estate. At that point, he felt ready for some real-world experience, which came in the form of a job at the banking giant Wells Fargo. It wasn’t his dream gig, the undercover designer soon realized. “I just found myself with no creative outlet, literally pushing paperwork,” he says. “I wanted to go out and find my place in the world.”
That search took Bui from his home in the Washington, DC, area to a pre-architecture program at Parsons in 2003. He stayed on for a master’s degree, participating in projects involving sustainable and socially engaged design. He spent three months working with the Design Workshop, Parsons’ design/build program, to construct an information center in DeLisle, Mississippi, in the wake of Hurricane Katrina.
“The career of an architect is a long one,” Bui says. The many projects he has managed since graduation include co-founding and designing the space for An Choi, a Vietnamese eatery in Manhattan’s Lower East Side, designing furniture, and renovating interiors, as well as developing Plant—in City.
Along with fellow artists and designers, Bui also founded and works with Home Made, an online showroom that presents a collection of artwork, lighting fixtures, housewares, and hand-crafted objects. Bui’s schedule leaves little time for vacationing, but rest assured, his plants will be well nourished should the opportunity arise. | <urn:uuid:9c6b33e2-6d5b-49b9-b743-c4572477c31c> | {
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Release Date 02 June 2010
The National Insulation Association (NIA) represents over 90% of the insulation industry in the UK and has put together ten facts that will help inform homeowners about Cavity Wall Insulation (CWI).
1. The NIA highlights that around a third of a home's heat can be lost through un-insulated cavity walls. A hassle-free way to save energy and prevent money disappearing into thin air is to stop this heat escaping with Cavity Wall Insulation (CWI).
2. CWI pays for itself in around 2 years and will typically save around £115 a year on householder’s fuel bills year on year!
3. CWI can reduce a home’s carbon footprint saving around 610kg of CO2 a year. If every UK household suitable for CWI installed it, a saving of 4 million tonnes of CO2 every year could be made.
4. An independent 25 year guarantee will be provided by the Cavity Insulation Guarantee Agency (CIGA) when CWI is installed.
5. Homeowners can also be safe in the knowledge that an NIA installer will have signed up to a strict Code of Professional Practice.
6. CWI can be installed in half a day and isn’t disruptive or damaging to a house. It is installed by drilling a series of small holes no bigger than a ten pence piece in the mortar between the bricks of a house, before blowing insulation through the holes until the gap or ‘cavity’ between the external and internal wall is completely filled. The hole will then be filled.
7. The cost of having CWI has never been lower, as there are a range of grants and subsidies available and in some cases it could even be free!
8. Tax allowances of up to £1,500 are available until 2015 for Landlords through the Landlords Energy Saving Allowance. This allowance can be used on each of the properties a landlord owns, enabling landlords to claim the costs for cavity wall insulation and other insulation solutions.
9. The best way to find out if a house is suitable for CWI is to contact an NIA installer member for a free survey and quotation. Homeowners can find the nearest installer by using the postcode locater search on the NIA’s home page.
10. If a home was built in the last ten years, it is likely that the cavity is already insulated. However, homeowners should visit the NIA’s website www.nationalinsulationassociation.org.uk for other insulation solutions that could make their properties even more energy efficient.
14 February 2014
NIA to introduce new technical support service for specifiers of Solid Wall Insulation
30 January 2014
Northern Ireland could save £144 million on energy bills - Act now and insulate advise NIA
28 November 2013
NIA calls on Prime Minister and Chancellor to strengthen ECO in Autumn Statement not roll it back!
10 October 2013
NIA repeats its call for urgent reforms to Green Deal and ECO to kick start home insulation and help hard pressed families this winter
23 September 2013
NIA calls for urgent intervention as latest DECC statistics for Green Deal and ECO show that insulation activity levels continue to be well below expectations and requirements
05 September 2013
NIA's advice is to Insulate now as 1 in 3 people in the UK are concerned about their heating bills
22 August 2013
NIA and CITB introduce new Internal Wall Insulation Specialist Up-Skilling Training Programme
22 August 2013
NIA extremely concerned with latest Green Deal/ECO statistics and calls for urgent intervention
15 August 2013
NIA responds to suggestions by Ed Davey that there is a shortage of Solid Wall Insulation Installers
15 April 2013
First NIA and DECC Green Deal Solid Wall Insulation Briefing Event for Local Authorities receives positive feedback
22 February 2013
NIA advises householders to insulate homes as energy regulator predicts higher energy bills
11 January 2013
Top Ten insulation facts to help save money and keep your home warm and cosy as the cold weather bites
11 January 2013
National Insulation Association announces plans to establish a new external stakeholder forum for Solid Wall Insulation
07 December 2012
Insulation industry delegates converge at NIA's Annual Conference in Stratford upon Avon
07 August 2012
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10 Facts about Edward de Vere
You will get the information about an English peer and courtier during the Elizabethan period on Facts about Edward de Vere. He was born on April 12th, 1550 and died on June 24th, 1604. He was the 17th Earl of Oxford. His contemporaries recognized him as a court playwright and a lyric poet. However, he could not retain an influential role in the government or court due to his volatile and reckless nature. Let us check other facts about de Vere by reading the below post:
Facts about Edward de Vere 1: the authorship of Shakespeare’s works
The authorship of Shakespeare’s works is still in debate until this present day. Do you know that de Vere was included in the list as one of the alternative candidates?
Facts about Edward de Vere 2: parents
His mother was Margery Golding. His father was the 16th Earl of Oxford. His name was John de Vere.
Facts about Edward de Vere 3: a ward
De Vere was appointed as a ward for Queen Elizabeth after his father passed away in 1562. He had to live in the household of Sir William Cecil who earned the status as the main advisor of the Queen.
Facts about Edward de Vere 4: marriage
Anne was the daughter of William Cecil whom de Vere married. The couple was blessed with five kids. Since he did not want to acknowledge the first child as his child, he was estranged from her. Get facts about Edmund Randolph here.
Facts about Edward de Vere 5: travel
De Vere spent his life traveling in France and Italy. One of the first persons who composed love poetry at the court of Elizabeth was de Vere.
Facts about Edward de Vere 6: the works
The works of de Vere were seen on medics, musics, religions and literature. He was also known as a good playwright. However, not all of his plays were survived.
Facts about Edward de Vere 7: Anne Vavasour
Anne Vavasour was one of the maids of honour of the Queen impregnated by de Vere. This shameless act made the Queen lost his favor on him. Look at facts about Edvard Munch here.
Facts about Edward de Vere 8: reconciliation
In 1583, de Vere and the Queen reconciled. He was granted a £1,000 annuity in 1586 to recover his financial issue.
Facts about Edward de Vere 9: Henry de Vere
Henry de Vere was an heir of De Vere along with her second wife, Elizabeth Trentham.
Facts about Edward de Vere 10: death
In 1604, de Vere passed away. Almost all of his inherited estates were lost at the time of his death.
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Scientists report on the development of engineered silkworms that express a synthetic spider silk protein and stably produce chimeric silk fibers that are stronger than parental silkworm silk fibers and as tough as spider dragline silk. The team, from the University of Wyoming, Laramie, Zhejiang University in China, and the University of Notre Dame in Illinois’s Eck Institute for Global Health, suggest their approach could provide the foundation for an effective biotechnological approach for producing spider silk fibers on a large scale for a range of biomedical applications.
The University of Wyoming’s Donald L. Jarvis, Ph.D., and colleagues, report their work in PNAS, in a paper titled “Silkworms transformed with chimeric silkworm/spider silk genes spin composite silk fibers with improved mechanical properties.”
Farmed silkworms are the current source of silk used in sutures, and silk also has major potential as a biomaterial for applications in wound dressings, artificial ligaments, tendons, tissue scaffolds, and microcapsules, the authors write. However, while spider silk is much stronger than silkworm silk and has properties that make it ideal for a range of uses, spider territorialism and cannibalism means they can’t be farmed.
To try and get around this problem recombinant spider silk proteins have been produced in hosts such as bacteria, yeast, baculovirus/insect systems, mammalian cells, and transgenic plants and animals. However, the team continues, these approaches are expensive to scale up, result in low yields, and aren’t equipped naturally to spin silk fibers.
An alternative approach would be to use silkworms as hosts for spider silk production. Theoretically they represent the perfect host for spider silk because transgenic silkworms can be produced using piggyBac vectors. Recombinant protein production can be targeted to the silk gland using tissue-specific promoters, and the silk gland naturally produces silk fibers.
In their attempt to generate transgenic silkworms that produced spider-silk proteins in their silk, the team designed a piggyBac vector with specific features. The vector encoded the synthetic spider silk protein A2S814, which exhibits both elastic and strength motifs, along with the silkmoth Bombyx mori fibroin heavy chain (fhc) protein, to target spider silk protein production specifically to the silkworm’s posterior silk gland, and an fhc enhancer to increase expression levels. The synthetic spider silk sequence was flanked by the N- and C-terminal domains of the B. mori fhc protein. Two versions of the overall construct were generated, one of which included an enhanced GFP (EGFP) tag.
Following initial ex vivo tests to confirm that the chimeric fusion protein was expressed in posterior silk glands, the piggyBac vector was mixed with a plasmid encoding the piggyBac transposase and injected into eggs isolated from a strain of the B. mori silk moth that has a melaninization deficiency to facilitate detection of the EGFP-tagged chimeric silkworm/spider silk protein in transformed larvae.
Resulting transgenic silkworm larva were designated spider 6, or spider 6-GFP, dependent on whether they carried the EGFP tag or not. Visual and fluorescence microscopic examination showed that the spider 6-GFP transformants exhibited EGFP fluorescence in cocoons and silk glands, and a proportion of the silk fibers appeared to contain integrated EGFP signals.
Further analayses of silk extracted from the cocoons confirmed that at least some of the chimeric silkworm/spidersilk proteins expressed by the transgenic larvae were stably incorporated into the composite silk fibers. Importantly, the team states, although the mechanical properties of the composite silks was variable, fibers containing either EGFP-tagged or untagged chimeric silkworm/spider silk proteins were generally much tougher than parental silkworm fibers and as tough as native dragline spider silk fibers tested under the same conditions.
The composite fibers were also on average stronger than the parental fibers (though not as strong as native dragline spider silk) and more extensible than parental silkworm and native dragline spider silk. “Thus, these results demonstrate that the incorporation of chimeric silkworm/spider silk proteins can significantly improve the mechanical properties of composite silk fibers produced using the transgenic silkworm platform.” | <urn:uuid:55171d54-d55c-4310-b21c-e527170c23d6> | {
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Forest School Session Plans – 1 Of 6
About This Primary Resource
Some of the objectives of this session:
- explain the difference between Inside/Outside
- look at manmade and natural objects.
- sort objects into 2 categories – manmade and natural
- play the game ‘Sticky Elbows’
- help the children to recognise and name Woodland objects - sit and listen to a story
It may be useful to use the following risk assessment template alongside this plan. | <urn:uuid:6b2e2540-0500-4950-9b89-bd754161eb98> | {
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No pest infestation is fun, but one of the worst to encounter is that of termites as the damage and loss they cause to homeowners can be immense. Termites are much more than a nuisance that a general bug infestation creates because they are able to cause structural damage to your house.
According to estimates, the subterranean termites cause more than 2 billion dollars of damage in a year to households and other buildings, a figure that is significantly higher than that of losses from domestic fires and heavy storms.
What Makes Termites so Dangerous?
Most of the termite species feed on dead plant material. These materials include leaf litter and wood and therefore they are harmful to wooden structures of buildings and crops. Like ants, termites are social insects and live in colonies, which means that they infest any place in large numbers. In Australia, around 300 species of termites exist of which 30 are potentially dangerous to building structures.
There are three main subtypes of termites that can infest your house:
This type of termites lives underground. They usually build their nests in dark and moist environments. Tree roots, sides and bases of building walls, and timber floors are places that termites find suitable for their habitat. If walls and floorings of any building are made of wood, keeping a check on termites becomes crucial as they will weaken the foundations and make them shallow as they feed on it. Jeopardising the whole structural integrity of the building is unsafe and highly dangerous. Their tendency to make underground nests makes them the most harmful type of termites.
After subterranean termites, these cause the most damage to houses and buildings in Sydney. They prefer to live in moist conditions and usually make their nests above the ground.
Unlike subterranean and dampwood termites, drywood termites avoid damp conditions and grounds. They live in small colonies and feed on dry wood items. If your house is infested by dampwood termites, then wooden furniture items, wooden ceilings and frames can be their place of habitation.
Many Sydney Suburbs are at Great Risk of Termite Damage
With spring season right around the corner, households in many of the suburban areas become vulnerable to the wrath of termite infestation. North shore, Eastern Suburbs, Hills District, Northern beaches, St George, Sutherland and Western Suburbs in metropolitan Sydney get plagued with termites every year during this time of year.
Castle Hill, Blacktown, Baulkham Hills, Winston Hills, Wahroonga, Dural, Balgowlah Manly, Epping, Frenchs Forest, Carlingford, Leichhardt, Marrickville are also considered the most vulnerable suburban sites for termite infestation.
Inspections: The First Line of Defence against Termite Infestation
Renowned architect and director of Archicentre (the advice service of the Australian Institute of Architects), Robert Caulfield, termed termites as one of the leading cause of structural damage in Australia. He emphasised that people should have their house inspected for termite infestation because early detection can save a lot of money in the name of repairing and remodelling cost. In his own words, “With the average treatment and repair cost estimated to be in the order of $10,000, it’s vital to limit the damage.”
As Caulfield signifies the importance of early detection of termite infestation, it is imperative to get professional help to have your property inspected before it’s too late. Professional termite control teams not only do visual external inspections, they also use high-end equipment to detect the infestation and its extent. Using fibre optic cameras and thermal imaging are some of non-invasive techniques they use to look inside the walls for termite infestation. Even if your house isn’t made of timber structures, termites are notorious for causing damage to even brick houses in Sydney.
If you are living in any of the discussed suburban areas, then timely inspections and termite treatments can reduce the cost you will incur should you fall victim to termite infestation. | <urn:uuid:0eb6ff82-ad9d-4e9d-809e-20fd2473bf5b> | {
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5.6: Choose a Trig Ratio; Word Problems Created by: CK-12 CK-12 Foundation and Leadership Public Schools, College Access Reader: Geometry Trigonometry Read Resources Details Note: CK12 does not offer text to support these Lessons. M&R created customized (and excellent!) real world application of trig problems. Their lesson plans are full of quality sample problems. Image Attributions Share this: Description No description available here... Authors: CK12 Editor Tags: cosine ratios similar right triangles (4 more) sine special right triangles tangent trigonometry Concept Nodes: MAT.GEO.130 (Angles) MAT.GEO.812 (Area and Perimeter of Triangles) Grades: 8 , 9 , 10 Date Created: Feb 23, 2012 Last Modified: May 12, 2014 You can only attach files to None which belong to you If you would like to associate files with this None, please make a copy first. | <urn:uuid:2d14f7cf-0af3-4ad3-8afb-d82f60c26f24> | {
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MIT Summer Research Program Seeks Diverse Candidates
The Summer Research Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) started in 1986 to address the underrepresentation of minority students, including Native Americans, in engineering and science fields in the United States.
According to, Dr. Sophia Inzunza, a Dr. Martin Luther King Postdoctoral Fellow at MIT, the program rarely receives applications from interested Native American students, and as a Native from the Coos, Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw tribes, Inzunza would like to see this change.
The program is meant for sophomores, juniors and non-graduating seniors who could benefit from spending a summer on the MIT campus, working in a research laboratory with experienced scientists and engineers.
"Students who participate in this program will be better prepared and motivated to pursue advanced degrees, thereby helping to sustain a rich talent pool in critical areas of research and innovation," says the program website.
Applications—available here—are accepted from mid-November through February 3. | <urn:uuid:3d8b5339-02f5-48b0-9821-6f974445e84a> | {
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May is Stroke Awareness Month and according to the American Stroke Association, 80 percent of strokes may be preventable. Neighbors Emergency Center believes it’s essential you are fully informed on what a stroke is, steps to prevent a stroke and how to act F-A-S-T if you think someone is having a stroke.
What is a Stroke?
Simple…an attack on the brain. Blood vessels, carrying nutrients and oxygen to the brain, are either blocked by a blood clot or the blood clot has burst. This result is a lack of oxygen to the brain causing brain cells to be damaged or die.
Types of Strokes
Hemorrhagic Stroke is a weakened blood vessel leak known as a brain aneurysm. The result of this type of stroke is that blood leaks into and around the brain causing swelling and pressure damaging cells and brain tissue. There are two types of Hemorrhagic Strokes: 1) Intracerebral hemorrhage which is caused by a genetic condition, arteriovenous malformation, characterized by abnormal connections between arteries and veins in the brain or spine. 2) Subarachnoid hemorrhage involves bleeding in the subarachnoid space, an area between the brain and tissue covering the brain. This type of stroke is typically caused by a burst aneurysm, bleeding disorder, head injury or blood thinners.
Ischemic Strokes are the most common, accounting for 87% of all strokes. These types of strokes occur when blood vessels in the brain are blocked by a blood clot resulting in the lack of blood reaching the brain. Individuals with high blood pressure are at greater risk of experiencing an Ischemic stroke. Ischemic strokes are classified as either an embolic stroke or a thrombotic stroke. An embolic stroke occurs when a blood clot or a fragment of plaque, forms in the body, most likely in the heart, and travels to the brain causing a blockage in a small blood vessel. Thrombotic strokes occur when a blood clot forms inside an artery supplying blood to the brain. This type of Ischemic stroke occurs in people with high cholesterol and atherosclerosis.
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) takes place when blood flow to part of the brain stops for a short period of time producing stroke-like symptoms typically lasting less than 24 hours. Generally, these attacks do not cause permanent brain damage but should be taken seriously as they are a warning sign. TIAs are normally caused by blood flow to a narrow artery in the brain, when a blood clot from another part of the body travels to the brain or narrowing of small blood vessels in the brain caused by fatty buildup of plaque.
Effects of a Stroke
The effects of a stroke depend on where specifically the stroke occurs in the brain, as well as how much damage the brain endures. While some people recover completely from strokes, about 2 out of 3 stroke survivors have some type of disability. For example, people who have a smaller stroke may only have minor problems, such as temporary leg or arm weakness, while people who have suffered larger strokes may be permanently paralyzed on one side of their body, or completely lose their ability to speak.
Medical Risk Factors
High Blood Pressure is the number one cause of strokes as it causes your heart to pump harder, which weakens your blood vessels and damages major organs, like the brain. People with high blood pressure have almost double the chance of having a stroke. The optimal blood pressure level is 120/80.
Atrial Fibrillation, or AFIB, is an irregular heartbeat which can occur at any age but is more common in people over 65. Individuals with high blood pressure, diabetes and heart disease are susceptible to AFIB as well. Because AFIB allows blood to pool in the heart, it can form clots, which eventually can travel to the brain and cause a stroke. Treatment for AFIB can be done through medications or electrical stimulation.
High Cholesterol, excessive fatty substance found in the blood, leads to blockage of the arteries which impacts the flow of blood to the brain. It is recommended that your cholesterol be below 200 and can be controlled with healthy eating habits, physical activity or medication.
Diabetics are four times more likely to have a stroke. This is due to the risk factors often associated with diabetes such as high blood pressure, AFIB and high cholesterol. Diabetics must control their eating habits, monitor their medications and insulin shots and exercise.
Our lifestyle habits put us at risk of stroke as well. Exercise and eating a healthy diet full of vegetables, fruits and grains along while avoiding excess fats, sugars and sodium are key to maintaining a healthy weight. These things are important because excess weight makes people more likely to have high blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes, which can all increase your risk of stroke.
Smokers and tobacco users have double the risk of experiencing a stroke. When you smoke you increase clot formation and plaque build-up in the arteries and thicken the blood. Alcohol intake should also be limited as it has been linked to strokes in several studies. Drinking too much can increase your blood pressure, and ultimately the risk of stroke.
Using the acronym F-A-S-T is an easy way to determine the symptoms of a stroke. If you believe you, or someone is having a stroke, call 9-1-1 immediately. The faster someone receives treatment and gets to the hospital, the more likely they can have a better recovery.
F– Face- Ask the person to smile. Is one side of their face drooping?
A– Arms- Ask the person to raise both arms. Is this difficult for them? Does one arm drift downward?
S– Speech- Ask the person to repeat a simple phrase. Is this difficult for them? Does their speech seem slurred?
T– Time- If these signs happen call 9-1-1!
Show your support for Stroke Awareness Month by sharing this article. If you do find yourself in need of emergency services, remember we have several Neighbors Emergency Center locations throughout Texas. Our board-certified physicians and state-of-the-art technology make it easy for us to care for your family’s medical emergencies. | <urn:uuid:3ca0b759-af91-4f8d-8fea-bbc7b28b9392> | {
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• As you get older, you’ll probably want to manage your own health, care and treatment but just because you’re becoming an adult doesn’t mean that you’re meant to ‘know it all’.
• Remember, it’s your choice as to when, where and how you tell people about your HIV status.
• You might benefit from joining a local support group of other young people living with HIV to share your feelings and experiences.
• Living with HIV shouldn’t stop you from having fulfilling relationships and a healthy sex life when you’re ready.
Your teenage years are a time of great change – your body develops during puberty, and it’s often very emotional. It can be an intense and exciting time, but also it can feel difficult to cope with everything.
You may be finishing school and taking exams, and you’re probably thinking about your future. This is also a time when many people have their first relationships.
Taking more responsibility for your own health
Whether you were born with HIV and diagnosed at a young age, or diagnosed more recently, perhaps in your early teens, it’s likely that one of your parents or a guardian has helped you to take your treatment at the same time each day.
As you get older, you’ll probably want to manage your own health, care and treatment. And eventually, your healthcare will be transferred to an adult clinic, and this can feel like a big change.
Just because you’re becoming an adult doesn’t mean that you’re meant to ‘know it all’. You’ll still need support from family and friends, and you can ask your healthcare professional about any aspect of your health at any time.
There may be questions you want to talk about with them without anyone else being present, such as having sex.
Think about what you can do to remind yourself to take your treatment, and to manage your appointments. Setting an alarm is good – you could also keep your drugs in a pill box with the days of the week on it.
Telling your friends
Making a decision about whether or not to tell your friends (also called disclosing or sharing your diagnosis) about being HIV positive is different for everyone. Some people are open about it – perhaps you’ve grown up with it and everyone knows, and it’s not a big issue for you. For others, fear of rejection, bullying or gossip makes telling people really difficult.
Remember, it’s your choice, and you don’t have to tell people if you don’t want to. You may decide that it’s just not the right time, and that’s fine.
You may find it helpful to get to know other people in the same situation. There are support groups and activities for young people living with HIV, and these can provide good opportunities to find out about how other people are coping.
If you want to tell someone, or a group of friends, then it’s good to think about how you tell them. Think about how they might react, and the kind of questions they’ll have. Think about when and where, so you won’t be interrupted or rushed… and think about how you’ll feel afterwards.
You may worry that you can never have a relationship, or sex, or that you won’t be loved. None of these things are true - people living with HIV fall in love, have sex, have fulfilling relationships, marry, have children (without passing on HIV) - all the things that people who don’t have HIV do.
When you first meet someone, it can be really exciting and it can be intense, as you get to know each other. Starting a relationship with someone who doesn’t have HIV (also called a mixed-status relationship) raises questions. When should you tell them that you have HIV? How will they react? How can you have sex without passing it on? How do you explain what it means to be undetectable and about PrEP?
Deciding how and when to tell a partner involves a lot of the same thinking as telling a friend, and more. For example, they may want to know details that you’re not ready to talk about such as who your previous sexual partners have been and what you did with them.
Remember that it’s your choice how much to tell them and when. You may want to avoid having a conversation, but bear in mind that the longer you put it off, the more upset they may be that you didn’t tell them sooner.
It's not that bad and there are times when you forget you have HIV. Eventually, even when you remember you're positive, it's no longer an issue.
- A few words from someone who has been living with HIV for nearly 20 years
If you’re going to have sex, using external (or male) condoms or internal (or female) condoms correctly is a very effective way of preventing HIV, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unplanned pregnancy.
Many clinics provide free condoms and other contraception, as well as confidential information and advice. There are other ways of preventing unplanned pregnancy, including the contraceptive pill, implant and injection (for women).
If you’re taking HIV treatment and it’s keeping the level of HIV in your body (viral load) very low, the risk of passing it on is much lower. If you’re undetectable you’re untransmittable.
It’s important to tell your healthcare professional if you’re taking HIV treatment and contraceptive drugs together, as some antiretrovirals interact with them and make the contraception less effective.
Sharing responsibility for safer sex
Talk to your partner before you have sex so that you can share the responsibility for having safer sex. If your partner knows about HIV, it can make it easier to talk about using condoms.
Having HIV shouldn’t stop you from having great sex – you have just as much right to a fulfilling and healthy sex life a person who doesn’t have HIV – but don’t feel that you have to have sex just because your partner wants to. It’s up to you to decide when you’re ready for sex – it’s your choice and no one else’s.
©iStock.com/FG Trade. Photos are used for illustrative purposes. They do not imply any health status or behaviour on the part of the people in the photo. | <urn:uuid:e236b43a-70db-432e-b61b-6d197f3b42d4> | {
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Note to Editors: Photos of Hubbard Glacier are available at: http://www.usgs.gov/features/glaciers.html
The immediate threat of overflow of water from Russell Lake caused by the advance of Hubbard Glacier, North America’s largest tidewater glacier, is over, according to reports from Dennis Trabant, a glaciologist with the U.S. Geological Survey. The trapped water in the 70-square-mile lake broke free to the ocean on Aug. 14 in a spectacular roiling and chaotic 36 hours, making the torrential channel into the sea an extremely fast-moving and dangerous river full of large chunks of ice and debris, and resulting in both U.S. Coast Guard and National Weather Service advisories.
The rushing river created by the discharge was about 300 feet wide and 600 to 700 feet long, said Trabant.
At about 3 a.m., Aug. 14, real-time USGS water gage data revealed that the water level in the Lake had peaked at about 61 feet above sea level and had begun to drop for the first time since the gage’s installation on June 23. By noon on the same day, Trabant and a team from the Alaska Division of Emergency Services flew over the glacier and estimated a discharge from the lake of about 300,000 cubic feet of water per second. In a second flight just 6 hours later, Trabant estimated that the flow had possibly nearly tripled.
The one-hour peak discharge of 1.9 million cubic feet of water per second reached on Aug. 14 is the second largest glacial lake outburst worldwide in historical times, exceeded only by the 1986 outburst from Russell Lake, which was about 3.7 million cubic feet per second, said USGS glaciologist Rod March. In comparison, the August 14 peak discharge was about 30 times greater than the peak historic flow on the Mississippi River at Baton Rouge, La.
"It looks like the lake will empty completely," said Jaqueline Lott, District Ranger for the Wrangell-St. Elias National Park. "The threat to Yakutat has been averted for the moment."
For the last two and a half months, the glacier and its terminal moraine have blocked the entrance to Russell Fiord near Yakutat, Alaska, turning the fiord into a lake, and dramatically altering the local hydrology, as well as posing a threat to nearby communities, national lands, fisheries and other marine life.
Throughout the blockage that started in June, said Trabant, a delicate balancing act was played out between the slow advance and growth of the moraine dam from glacier movement and its erosion by water flow through the dam. Early in the blockage, small amounts of water leaked from Russell Lake through the moraine dam into Disenchantment Bay. Despite this small leak, the dam held and lake level rose at an average rate of more than 0.8 feet per day because of the large amount of runoff and glacial melt in the basin.
By late July, the dam had completely sealed off the lake, raising concern among nearby communities; local, state and federal officials; and state and national land managers, but August 10 photographs taken by the USGS showed that the dam was again leaking. On August 11 and 12 heavy rains fell in the area – nearly 4 inches alone on Aug. 12 — which may have tipped the balance in favor of the dam’s erosion, said Trabant, though other factors such as possible slow down of the glacier’s movement or reduced growth of the moraine may also have played a role.
According to March, real-time USGS data show that the outflow continued to increase through the afternoon and evening due to rapid erosion of the lake outlet channel. Water discharge peaked at about midnight on Aug. 14 with a one-hour average rate of 1.9 million cubic feet per second at a lake level of 36 feet, which meant a water-level drop of nearly 3 feet per hour. By 10 a.m. on Aug. 15, the lake level had dropped below the USGS water gage sensor level of 16 feet above sea level, with the discharge still at about 500,000 cubic feet per second.
USGS glaciologists expected that the lake level would return to its more normal sea level by early afternoon on Aug. 15, ending the event about 36 hours after it started, and returning the lake to its former status as a fiord. The recent episode carved out a new 400-foot-wide entrance into Russell Fiord. The entire moraine dam is now gone.
In the future, said Trabant, Hubbard Glacier will continue the advance it began more than100 years ago, eventually causing another closure of Russell Fiord.
"We’re working closely with the USGS and the National Park Service to continue monitoring the glacier’s movement," Tricia O’Connor, District Ranger with the Tongass National Forest’s Yakutat Ranger District noted. "This is a unique natural phenomenon, with some potentiallyserious effects on the local community and National Forest System lands," she added. "We want to be able to predict these effects as far in advance as possible."
Hubbard Glacier has done this before: in May 1986, the glacier blocked the entrance to Russell Fiord. After that closure, freshwater flowing into the fiord raised the level of the lake 84 feet before the ice dam failed about five months later in October 1986. Since 1986, Hubbard Glacier has continued to advance into Disenchantment Bay and Russell Fiord at an average rate of about 105 feet per year, but large tidal currents have kept a channel open between the glacier and hills to the south. The rate of the glacier’s advance across the narrow channel connecting Russell Fiord to the sea has averaged only about 20 feet per year since 1986.
In this summer’s Hubbard Glacier episode, just as in the 1986 one, said March, the advancing Hubbard Glacier formed a small push moraine near the closure that had stopped the calving in that area. When calving is stopped, Hubbard advances at about the speed of ice flow near the terminus. Ice near the terminus is flowing about 11 meters per day, although ice speed may decrease behind a push moraine, according to hydrologist Bob Krimmel of the USGS in Tacoma, Wash.
For more information on the Hubbard Glacier, visit: | <urn:uuid:ad66b307-52f8-4db7-8759-f27ee62fff3f> | {
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By Anne Lynam Goddard,
President and CEO of ChildFund International
In a country ravaged by conflict over many years, Afghanistan’s citizens will hold a historic election today to help determine their future. More than 40 candidates are vying to become president. Putting politics aside, the future of the children of Afghanistan is at stake – war turns everyone’s lives upside down, but none more so than children. At ChildFund International we strive to create environments in Afghanistan where children can learn, play and grow. We want them to have as safe, stable and normal a childhood as possible and to grow up in communities where they can become leaders of positive, enduring change that will help bring peace and security to their country.
Children in Afghanistan currently face many issues that impact their future. Infant, children under 5 and maternal mortality rates are among the world’s highest. Twenty-five percent of children die before they turn 5. Stunted growth affects more than half of all children. Much of the country’s population lacks access to safe drinking water, which leads to diseases that threaten public health. Afghanistan also has a disproportionally high percent of people under the age of 20 – the average age of Afghan residents is 17.7, compared to 36.7 in the U.S. The life expectancy in Afghanistan is 44.6 years, compared to 78.1 here at home.
We are working in this country to fight these problems and to help ensure children have a brighter future. We have trained parents, community leaders and government staff to recognize and manage child protection issues; supported community-based literacy classes for children; trained teachers; provided children with recreational areas in which to play; and developed health services that include training health workers to diagnose and treat illnesses. All told, we have assisted more than half a million Afghan children and family members.
While many news reports focus on military developments, corruption and what will happen with this election, we must not forget about the children there. Childhood is a one-time opportunity. Now is time for Afghan children to get back on their feet and move in a positive direction. It is the children who will determine Afghanistan’s future – a future in which we all share a stake. | <urn:uuid:3601dcfc-443f-404b-a9d4-eb803aaf8604> | {
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The EU Refugee and Migrant Crisis: A Shared Responsibility
We cannot allow the Mediterranean to become a vast cemetery! The boats landing daily on the shores of Europe are filled with men and women who need acceptance and assistance. (Pope Francis)1
During 2015, over one million migrants and asylum seekers risked crossing the Mediterranean Sea in unsafe boats in an attempt to enter the territory of the European Union. For many, though, this hazardous journey led not to the possibility of a new life in a place of safety and opportunity but tragically to their death: over 3,700 men, women and children, including in some cases several members of the same family, died by drowning while attempting to cross into Europe.
Asylum and immigration systems categorise people seeking entry from other states as ‘asylum seekers’, ‘refugees’, ‘forced migrants’, ‘economic migrants’. Yet it is important to remember that first and foremost these are people – people who share the same human condition that we do, who share the same hopes and dreams of a better life for themselves and their families. Behind the numbers and statistics are people with names and faces.
The response to the ongoing migrant and refugee crisis in Europe raises questions about the value systems which underpin European societies and the principles which the European Union espouses. Defining an appropriate and effective response is complicated by competing political narratives, the nature of forced migration and the scale of human need. European leaders face significant political difficulties in framing a coherent policy to address the immediate humanitarian needs arising out of the crisis as well as the structural causes underlying it.
The spontaneous gathering of German citizens at train stations to applaud arriving refugees, and the Uplift campaign where thousands of people in Ireland pledged an offer of accommodation for refugees,2 are examples of positive action being taken by communities on the ground in response to the crisis. On the other hand, the assaults in Cologne on the eve of 1 January 2016 highlight unacceptable behaviours and challenging attitudes among some sections of the recently-arrived refugee and migrant population – behaviours and attitudes to which host communities have to respond appropriately. In the long term, there exists the challenge of integration: how to ensure that all people living in EU Member States, long-term residents and those recently-arrived, can live together in dignity and mutual respect and participate fully in the life of the community, irrespective of their colour, creed or culture.
Statistics on Forced Displacement
The term ‘forcibly displaced’ refers to people who have been forced to move from their habitual place of residence because of conflict, generalised violence, persecution or other human rights violations. It includes people who have been displaced from their home but continue to live within the borders of their own state, and those who have crossed into another state where they have applied for asylum or have been accepted as a refugee or granted some other form of protection.
There has been a marked upward trend in the number of forcibly displaced persons in recent years. Data from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), presented in Table 1 (overleaf), show that the total number of people worldwide officially recorded as displaced grew from 42.5 million in 2011 to 59.5 million in 2014. The number ‘newly displaced’ in 2014 was more than three times greater than in 2011. Table 1 also shows the increases in specific categories of displaced persons: refugees, including people in a ‘refugee-like situation’; asylum seekers; and internally displaced people. (Also included in the UNHCR totals for displacement – but not shown in Table 1 – are figures for a number of other specific categories of displaced persons: ‘stateless persons’; ‘returned refugees’; ‘returned internally displaced persons’; ‘others of concern’.) Statistics for the overall number of displaced persons in 2015 have not yet been published but a mid-year report by the UNHCR stated: ‘As the number of refugees, asylum seekers and internally displaced persons (IDPs) continued to grow in 2015, it is likely that this figure has far surpassed 60 million.’3
The number of first-time applicants for asylum in EU Member States has been rising since 2008 but, as Table 2 below shows, the increase since 2013 has been very significant. During 2015, there was an unprecedented rise in applications, with over 1.2 million people claiming asylum in the EU ‒ over three times the number in 2013 and more than double the number in 2014.4 In the first two months of 2016, there were a further 168,175 first-time asylum applications.5
Transit Routes into the EU
A distinguishing feature of the current European refugee crisis is the number of people prepared to risk their lives to reach Europe by attempting the Mediterranean Sea crossing. Despite the hazardous nature of this journey, which often involves passage on grossly overcrowded vessels, including rubber dinghies and boats with unreliable engines, the number attempting to cross the Mediterranean has grown exponentially since 2010 (see UNHCR data, presented in Table 3 below). The number of refugees and migrants making this journey more than quadrupled between 2014 and 2015 – rising from just under 220,000 to over one million. A further 170,000 people arrived in Europe by sea during the first three months of 2016.6
For asylum seekers and migrants, there are two main ways of entering Europe: via a Central Mediterranean route and via an East Mediterranean/Western Balkan route. Access to these routes often necessitates relying on smugglers, traffickers and other criminal networks.
The Central Mediterranean route encompasses the flow of people departing from North African countries – with Libya acting as a focal point – and arriving in Italy and Malta (see Map 1 above). The main groups traversing this route in 2015 were Eritrean, Nigerian and sub-Saharan nationals.
The East Mediterranean/Western Balkan passage involves first of all a sea crossing from Turkey onto one of the Greek islands – a distance of just a few kilometres. Since the beginning of 2015, this crossing, which is utilised primarily by Syrian, Afghan and Iraqi nationals, has become the principal route into Europe. Its increased significance as an entry point is indicated in the fact that that the numbers entering Greece in 2015 totalled 856,700, as compared to 43,500 in 2014.7 In other words, 85 per cent of refugees and migrants arriving in Europe in 2015 came via the East Mediterranean. In the first three months of 2016, an additional 152,152 people arrived in Greece.8
The East Mediterranean/Western Balkan route in fact entails entering, then leaving, and subsequently coming back into European Union territory. The initial entry, onto one of the islands of Greece and from there onto the mainland, is followed by a land route (the Western Balkan stage) from Greece through one of the former Yugoslav republics with the purpose of re-entering the EU. Originally, re-entry was via Hungary. However, following the huge increase in the number of people using this route in 2015, Hungary and then neighbouring states re-introduced border control measures. This culminated in a decision by the authorities in Macedonia in March 2016 to effectively close the country’s border with Greece.
The conflict in Syria has triggered one of the world’s worst humanitarian crises since World War II and is the principal driver of the current increase in global refugee numbers. There are estimated to be 13.5 million people in need of humanitarian assistance within Syria itself and, to date, the conflict has resulted in the internal displacement of approximately 6.5 million people and the registration of 4.6 million people from Syria as refugees in neighbouring countries (mainly Lebanon, Jordan and Turkey).9 It has been estimated that in excess of 250,000 men, women and children have lost their lives since the outbreak of violence in 2011.10
Despite mobilisation of over €5 billion in European aid for the region, and the efforts of numerous NGOs, including the Jesuit Refugee Service,11 the ongoing violence, destruction and threats to life continue to force thousands of people to flee Syria and cross into other states in search of safety and refuge.
The arrival of huge numbers of refugees from Syria into neighbouring states, such as Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan and Iraq, has placed an unbearable strain on the resources of those countries and has stretched to the limit their capacity to manage inflows and offer refuge. These countries can no longer cope with the sheer numbers of people arriving and conditions in their refugee camps have been rapidly deteriorating. The situation in Lebanon is particularly acute: it is now host to 1.1 million refugees from Syria, roughly 25 per cent of the country’s original population. Refugees feel compelled to move on. In the words of one person aiming to make the journey to Europe: ‘It would be better to die with dignity crossing the sea than stay here [in Lebanon] and die slowly’.12
Poverty and Instability in Africa
The roots of the present crisis also include the political, social and economic ‘push factors’ driving people from Sub-Saharan Africa and other regions of the continent towards the North African departure points for Europe.
The major land routes that facilitate the migration flows towards North Africa are:13
• From Central and West Africa, mainly through Senegal, Mali, and Niger;
• From East African countries, in particular Somalia, Eritrea and Ethiopia, through Sudan and Chad.
From the early 1990s, thousands of people each year attempted to cross into Europe from North Africa, via the Central Mediterranean Sea route. Since the end of 2010, however, the political and economic upheavals occurring in Tunisia, Egypt and Libya have had the effect of greatly increasing flows to Europe.
In Libya, the political vacuum which followed the overthrow of General Muammar Gaddafi in 2011 resulted in the descent of the country into political instability, violence and lawlessness. A security void created by weak state institutions, in particular the military and police, has been exploited by militia who have assumed control of large swathes of Libyan territory, including sections of the coastline. In these circumstances, and given its strategic geographical position, Libya has become the focal point for sea crossings into Europe from North Africa, with smuggling and human trafficking operations growing exponentially.
In July 2014, a report by JRS Europe and Jesuit Migrant Service Spain drew attention to the particular situation in the area of Morocco adjoining Ceuta and Melilla, two Spanish-owned enclaves on the North African Mediterranean coast. Gaining access to either enclave means, in effect, entering EU territory and so hundreds of migrants have congregated close to their borders in the hope of being able to make the crossing. The reality is that few succeed and the vast majority suffer greatly in the harsh and even dangerous living conditions they are forced to endure.14
The net result of the multiple ‘push factors’ operating in many African nations is that hundreds of thousands of migrants and refugees have congregated in North African states with a common goal of gaining access to Europe and to a better life for themselves and their families. In 2014, Frontex, the European border agency, recorded 170,664 detections of illegal border crossings from a North African departure point and via the Central Mediterranean route; in 2015, a further 153,946 detections were recorded.15 As long as the structural economic and political failings that drive forced migration across the African continent remain, the strong flow of people towards Europe along this route will continue.
The EU has been reactive and divided in its response to the migrants and asylum seekers who have been arriving at its borders and transiting Member States in ever-greater numbers in the past few years. The crisis has revealed a sharp divergence of views among Member States, and especially between Western and former Eastern bloc states, in relation to how the EU should respond. The terrorist attacks in Paris (November 2015) and Brussels (March 2016) have added a security dimension to EU policy considerations and have resulted in heightened concerns among politicians and the public about who might be travelling in refugee and migrant flows.
European Agenda on Migration
During 2015, the EU agreed the ‘European Agenda on Migration’ as the primary mechanism for responding to the unfolding crisis. This initiative, originally announced in May16 and enhanced in September 2015,17 attempted to establish a framework for a comprehensive approach to migration management.Some of the concrete actions agreed were:
• In terms of relocation within the EU, 160,000 people in clear need of international protection were to be relocated over two years from the Member States most affected (Italy and Greece) to other EU Member States;
• In terms of resettlement from countries outside the EU, 22,000 recognised refugees from countries neighbouring Syria were to be resettled across EU Member States over two years;
• EU funding was to be mobilised in support of the Member States most affected by the arrival of large numbers of migrants;
• The EU was to triple its presence at sea;
• There were to be significant increases in aid for Syria and Africa.
However, this package of measures by the EU has so far been ineffective due to political differences and lack of sufficient commitment.
Political Division: The EU response has been largely characterised by division in approach and values. At the policy level, unilateral actions by Member States have deepened divisions. Germany initially adopted an open borders approach by effectively suspending the operation of aspects of ‘the Dublin system’ – the mechanism for determining which EU Member State should be responsible for examining an application for asylum lodged within the EU – in order to facilitate access by Syrian refugees. In contrast, the authorities in Hungary and several other Member States have been steadily closing their country’s borders by erecting fences to control the influx of refugees and migrants.
The depth of political division in the EU was starkly highlighted in September 2015 when decision by qualified majority was needed in order to force through mandatory relocation quotas, in the face of strong opposition from several Eastern European Member States. The values debate has centred on the cultural and religious traditions of arriving refugees and migrants. Some Member States have warned that the influx is a threat to the values, including those rooted in Christianity, which underpin European culture and politics. In sharp contrast, Pope Francis has argued that differences of race, national origin and religion can be a gift and a source of richness – something to welcome, not fear.
Insufficient Scale: The combined commitments under the EU relocation and resettlement schemes have the capacity to reach fewer than 100,000 persons annually over a twenty-four month period. This is not even a tenth of the refugees and migrants who crossed into Europe by sea during 2015. It is abundantly clear that, against the scale of human need represented by the current crisis, the agreed common response of the EU is severely inadequate and so responsibility will continue to be inequitably shared across Member States.
Lack of Implementation: In order to qualify for protection and relocation under EU programmes, individuals are required to first apply for asylum in either Italy or Greece. This, however, has not been happening. On the one hand, there are serious inadequacies in the reception infrastructure, services and registration procedures in pressure points. This is particularly so in the case of Greece, a country of just under 11 million people, which for several years has been experiencing enormous economic problems but which, because of its geographical location, has become the entry point for the great majority of refugees and migrants now arriving in Europe. On the other, there is the reality on the ground that many refugees seek to reach their preferred country of destination directly rather than risk a ‘relocation lottery’ which may result in their being moved to a location other than the one preferred.
The fact is that, as of 15 March 2016, out of a proposed target of 160,000, just 937 people had been relocated. Only eighteen Member States had pledged to relocate people from Greece and nineteen Member States had pledged relocations from Italy. The total number of places formally pledged was just 3,723.18
The EU–Turkey Agreement
On 18 March 2016, the European Council announced details of the EU–Turkey agreement, an escalation in Europe’s response to the crisis and one which includes the overarching aim of ending ‘irregular migration from Turkey to the EU’.19
The negotiation of this agreement was not an isolated event but rather the culmination of consistently closer cooperation on the migration issue between the EU and Turkey over the preceding months.
The three main components of the deal are:
• Return of all irregular migrants crossing from Turkey onto the Greek islands.
• Resettlement of Syrians on a one-for-one basis, i.e., for every Syrian returned to Turkey from one of the Greek islands, another Syrian from Turkey is to be resettled in the EU. In this process, priority will be given to Syrians ‘who have not previously entered or tried to enter the EU irregularly’.
• Prevention of the opening up of any new sea or land routes for illegal migration from Turkey into the EU.
At the time of writing, the full scope, impact and consequences of this agreement cannot be adequately evaluated. However, there are significant legal, procedural and operational challenges facing the deal. In addition, serious questions remain about its compliance with EU law and, critically, the potential of the one-for-one procedure to act as an inherent barrier to accessing fair asylum procedures in the EU.
Returns to Turkey have already commenced.20 Another immediate consequence of the agreement has been the scaling back or suspension of services for refugees and migrants on Greek islands by a number of organisations, including UNHCR and NGOs such as Oxfam and Médecins Sans Frontières. They have taken this action on the basis of their concern that the system now in operation means that facilities on these islands have been effectively transformed into detention centres.
Additional Policy Challenges
In the context of the failings in the EU response, two central planks of EU policy have been increasingly challenged.
Firstly, the Schengen Agreement, which underpins the free movement of people across EU internal borders, is under threat as a result of Member States reintroducing border controls.
Secondly, the Dublin system (i.e., the mechanism for determining which Member State is responsible for processing an asylum application) has proven unfit for purpose in ensuring an equitable distribution of responsibility across Member States.
In a Communication in April 2016 on proposed EU asylum policy reform, the European Commission identified two options for amending the Dublin system.21 The first suggests preserving the existing apparatus and supplementing that system with a corrective fairness mechanism (similar to the EU relocation scheme) which could be triggered at times of mass inflows. The alternative proposal is to replace the existing structures by creating a new system, where allocation of responsibility would be determined on the basis of a distribution key (according to a Member State’s size, wealth, etc.).
Ultimately, fundamental reform of the Dublin System is unavoidable, if there is to be a more equitable sharing of responsibility for the reception of those seeking protection, for the determination of protection applications, and for the integration of those who remain in Europe. The options outlined by the European Commission make reference to expressions of solidarity, to taking into account the economic strength and capacity of Member States, and to the need for emergency mechanisms at times of crisis. However, if any new structures are to operate efficiently they must not only secure the agreement of Member States but also, and critically, foster the trust and cooperation of asylum applicants and address the coercive dimensions associated with the Dublin system. A study for the European Parliament, published in 2015, highlighted that avoiding excessive coercion of asylum seekers and refugees is key to ensuring workable asylum systems and effective mechanisms for allocating responsibility between states.22
Finally, there is need to acknowledge that the lack of safe and legal ways of entering Europe (such as enhanced resettlement, family reunification, humanitarian visas and ‘refugee friendly’ student and labour market schemes) is a major factor influencing the huge increase in the number of asylum seekers attempting perilous Mediterranean Sea crossings.
There are also cohorts of people seeking to enter Europe who do not qualify for international protection but are nevertheless deserving of refuge, including those forcibly displaced by dire poverty, environmental degradation or other life-threatening circumstances. Thus, in addition to increasing safe and legal routes to enable people seek protection in the EU, there is need for an increase in legal avenues for migration
The Irish Response
In response to the crisis, the Irish Government, in September 2015, agreed to establish the ‘Irish Refugee Protection Programme’ and made a commitment to accept 2,900 people under EU relocation and resettlement programmes.23 This was in addition to a commitment made in July 2015 to accept 600 people as part of an EU relocation programme, as well as a promise to admit 520 people under an EU resettlement programme. In all, therefore, the Irish Government has made commitments to accept around 4,020 persons under the EU relocation and resettlement programmes and has stated that it expects these numbers to be augmented by family reunifications.24
The key ambitions of this nascent programme are: the creation of a network of Emergency Reception and Orientation Centres; assessments and decisions on refugee status to be made within weeks; special attention to be given to the plight of unaccompanied children; the provision of additional budgetary resources; and the establishment of a cross-departmental taskforce to coordinate and implement the programme.
In a context where the focus is, understandably, on the crisis emanating from the arrival of large numbers of people into Europe, it is important that the needs of asylum seekers already in the application process in this country, especially those residing long-term in Direct Provision, are not forgotten. The number of new asylum applications in Ireland in 2015 was twice that in the previous year, having increased from 1,448 in 2014 to 3,276 in 2015.25 Irish relocation and resettlement initiatives under EU programmes represent commitments which are additional to dealing with these applications.
Ensuring consistent, equal and fair determination processes and procedures which operate regardless of how protection applicants arrive in Ireland is critical.
While the proactive response indicated in the Irish Government’s statement in September 2015 was broadly welcomed, key questions remain, including:
Scale of Response: Can and should Ireland do more? A joint briefing paper, Protection, Resettlement and Integration, issued by a number of Irish NGOs, including JRS Ireland, contends that the country has the capacity to respond much more generously to the scale of human need presented by the arrival in Europe of hundreds of thousands of refugees and migrants. The paper advocates that the Government should: ‘Keep the number of relocated and resettled people under review with a view to increasing the number to approximately 0.5% of the population (22,000)’.26
Accommodation: How will the proposed Emergency Reception and Orientation Centres for the accommodation of those relocated or resettled under EU programmes differ from the existing Direct Provision centres? Will the opening of these centres lead to a two-tier accommodation system for people seeking protection in Ireland?
Prioritisation: Will applications for protection made under the European relocation scheme be given priority in the determination process? If so, what will be the impact on the length of time taken to process the claims of existing applicants, many of whom have already spent years in the system? Is there a danger that there will emerge a two-tier case processing system for persons seeking protection in Ireland?
Resources: The Final Report of the Government-appointed Working Group on the Protection Process, issued in June 2015, identified the elimination of backlogs and the provision of additional resources for case processing as key requirements for the reform of the Irish protection system.27 Will sufficient additional resources now be provided not only to implement the recommendations of the Working Group but to fulfil the new commitments arising out of the EU relocation and resettlement programmes being operated under the ‘Irish Refugee Protection Programme’?
Integration Planning: What steps will be taken to ensure that there are adequate resources to meet the education, English-language acquisition, welfare and employment needs of people granted protection status under EU programmes and of people given status under the existing protection application system, and thus exiting Direct Provision?
The key to Ireland responding appropriately and generously to the crisis is to have a fair and transparent asylum process that is operating efficiently and producing final determinations in a timely manner. The introduction of a ‘single procedure’ for determining protection applications, under the International Protection Act 2015, is a welcome first step.28 However, its effectiveness in eliminating excessive delays in the asylum system will be undermined if the Government fails to fully implement the key recommendations of the Working Group on the Protection Process.
At the time of writing, it is unclear to what extent the EU–Turkey agreement will impact on the approach adopted by Ireland in response to the crisis. However, regardless of the potential ramifications of that deal and any operational difficulties that may exist, there is nothing to prevent this country from significantly enhancing its own resettlement programme or unilaterally exploring and scaling up other safe and legal ways to facilitate greater access to protection in the State. Fundamentally, Ireland could and should be doing more in response to the vast scale of human need arising from the current crisis.
Response by Individuals
In many EU Member States, including Ireland, there has been considerable public goodwill and support for refugees crossing the Mediterranean Sea into Europe, especially those fleeing Syria. Individuals and communities have pledged accommodation, time and skills to assist refugees being resettled or relocated. Following the call from Pope Francis for religious communities to play a role in responding to the refugee crisis, there has been dialogue among faith-based stakeholders and church groups as to how to welcome and assist refugees in a coordinated and effective way.
It remains the case, however, that due to the dynamic nature of the crisis, and its enormity and complexity, individuals may be unsure as to what are the most effective ways they can respond to the urgent humanitarian needs of refugees and migrants arriving in Europe. Concrete actions which individuals might take include:
• Donate: Support Jesuit Refugee Service International appeals (for example, its ‘Urgent Appeal for Syrians’ or ‘Give a Warm Welcome to Refugees in Europe’ or ‘Mercy in Motion’ appeals). These appeals are for funds to provide food, blankets, first aid, other basic necessities, and educational services for refugees.29
• Volunteer: Contact JRS Ireland, the Irish Red Cross or local parish and community groups to pledge services or time in order to welcome victims of forced displacement living in Ireland.
• Advocate: Urge politicians from across the political spectrum to not only work for improvements in the State’s protection process, including the Direct Provision system, but show support for Ireland making a greater contribution to the EU response to migrants and refugees arriving in Europe.
The unprecedented scale of the refugee and migrant crisis casts a shadow over the European Union that is unlikely to fade in the foreseeable future. Stark divisions among EU Member States, the ad hoc implementation of border control measures, and the inadequacy of policy responses adopted to date threaten the very foundations of the European project. But it must not be forgotten that failures in the response also threaten the lives of thousands of refugees and migrants.
Peter Sutherland, the UN Secretary-General’s Special Representative for Migration and Development, has contended that the EU, with a population of just under 510 million people, should have been able to welcome the arrival of a million refugees ‘had the political leadership of the member states wanted to do so and had the effort been properly organised’. Instead, he said, ‘ruinously selfish behaviour by some members has brought the EU to its knees’.30
In the immediate future, the EU must find solutions which save lives by diverting people from perilous sea crossings and ensure a fair and equitable sharing across Member States of responsibility for receiving and processing applications for protection. In addition, it must contribute to efforts to address the root causes of the crisis.
Other fundamental questions arise:
• How will the arrival of large numbers of refugees and other migrants be managed to ensure the founding values of Europe are strengthened and not undermined?
• What steps must be taken to foster integration and avoid the marginalisation of refugee and migrant cohorts and the risk of radicalisation?
• How do we, as European citizens, embrace difference and welcome the stranger?
In conclusion, it is worth reflecting on the words of the President of the Conference of European Jesuit Provincials, John Dardis SJ:
While asylum and migration are certainly complex issues, the simple fact is that, in the end, people are dying. At this defining moment, we can and we must reach out.
... There has been debate in recent years about the Christian roots of our continent. This is a time to show that this is not a debate only about language and terminology. Let us together try to help our continent and our societies move forward, to show that we are Christian not just in name but in fact, to show our love ‘not just in words but in deeds’.31
1. Address of Pope Francis to the European Parliament, Strasbourg, France, Tuesday, 25 November 2014. (http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/speeches/2014/november/documents/papa-francesco_20141125_strasburgo-parlamento-europeo.html)
2. ‘Over 6,000 people pledge to home refugees as humanitarian crisis worsens’, the journal.ie, 4 September 2015. (http://www.thejournal.ie/pledge-a-bed-uplift-campaign-2310752-Sep2015/)
3. UNHCR, Mid-Year Trends June 2015, Geneva: UNHCR, p. 3. (http://www.unhcr.org/56701b969.html)
4. (i) Eurostat, ‘Asylum and First Time Asylum Applicants by Citizenship, Age and Sex, Annual Aggregated Data’. (http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/submitViewTableAction.do); (ii) Eurostat, ‘Asylum in the EU Member States: Record number of over 1.2 million first time asylum seekers registered in 2015’, Eurostat News Release, 44/2016 – 4 March 2016.
5. Eurostat, ‘Asylum and First-Time Asylum Applicants – Monthly Data’. (http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/submitViewTableAction.do)
6. UNHCR, Refugees/Migrants Emergency Response – Mediterranean, Information Sharing Portal hosted by UNHCR, data as of 1 April 2016. (http://data.unhcr.org/mediterranean/regional.php
7. UNHCR, Greece Refugee Emergency Response, Update #8, 29 November–31 December 2015. Refugees/Migrants Emergency Response – Mediterranean, Information Sharing Portal hosted by UNHCR. (http://data.unhcr.org/mediterranean/country.php?id=105)
8. UNHCR, Refugees/Migrants Emergency Response – Mediterranean, Information Sharing Portal hosted by UNHCR, data as of 1 April 2016. (http://data.unhcr.org/mediterranean/regional.php
9. European Commission, Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection (ECHO), ECHO Factsheet: Syria Crisis – March 2016. Brussels: Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection, 2016. (http://ec.europa.eu/echo/files/aid/countries/factsheets/syria_en.pdf)
10. United Nations Security Council estimate, August 2015. See: UN Security Council, ‘Alarmed by Continuing Syria Crisis, Security Council Affirms Its Support for Special Envoy’s Approach in Moving Political Solution Forward’, 7504th Meeting, 17 August 2015. (http://www.un.org/press/en/2015/sc12008.doc.htm)
11. In response to immediate humanitarian needs, the Jesuit Refugee Service is present in Syria, distributing emergency relief and providing educational activities to promote reconciliation and peaceful co-existence. In Damascus, Homs, and Aleppo, staff and volunteers have assisted an estimated 300,000 people through the provision of food support, hygiene kits, basic healthcare, shelter management and rent support.
12. Anecdotal evidence from development workers in the region.
13. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Smuggling of Migrants Into, Through and From North Africa: A Thematic Review and Annotated Bibliography of Recent Publications,Vienna: UNODC, 2010, p. 13.
14. Jesuit Migrant Service Spain and Jesuit Refugee Service Europe, Lives at the Southern Borders – Forced Migrants and Refugees in Morocco and Denied Access to Spanish Territory, Brussels: JRS Europe, 2014. (https://www.jrs.net/assets/Publications/File/lives_at_the_southern_borders.pdf)
15. See: Frontex, FRAN Quarterly, Quarters 1, 2, 3 and 4, 2015, Warsaw: Frontex. (http://frontex.europa.eu
16. European Commission, A European Agenda on Migration, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Brussels, 13.5.2015 COM(2015) 240 final. (http://ec.europa.eu/lietuva/documents/power_pointai/communication_on_the_european_agenda_on_migration_en.pdf)
17. European Commission, ‘Managing the Refugee Crisis: Immediate operational, budgetary and legal measures under the European Agenda on Migration’, Press Release, Brussels, 23 September 2015. (http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-15-5700_en.htm)
18. European Commission, First Report on Relocation and Resettlement, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council and the Council, Brussels, 16.3.2016 COM(2016) 165 final.
19. European Council, ‘EU-Turkey Statement’, 18 March 2016. (http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2016/03/18-eu-turkey-statement/).
20. Damian Mac Con Uladh, ‘Migrants deported to Turkey from Greece under EU deal’, The Irish Times, 4 April 2016. (http://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/migrants-deported-to-turkey-from-greece-under-eu-deal-1.2597583)
21. European Commission,Towards a Reform of The Common European Asylum System and Enhanced Legal Avenues to Europe, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council, Brussels, 6.4.2016 COM(2016) 197 final.
22. Elspeth Guild, Cathryn Costello, Madeline Garlick, Violeta Moreno-Lax and Sergio Carrera, Enhancing the Common European Asylum System and Alternatives to Dublin: Study for the LIBE Committee, Brussels: European Parliament, 2015. (http://www.europarl.europa.eu/supporting-analysis)
23. Department of Justice and Equality, ‘Government approves ‘Irish Refugee Protection Programme’’, Press Release, 10 September 2015. (http://www.justice.ie/en/JELR/Pages/PR15000463)
25. Office of the Refugee Applications Commissioner, Monthly Statistical Report, January 2016. (http://www.orac.ie)
26. Protection, Resettlement and Integration: Ireland’s Response to the Refugee and Migration ‘Crisis’, Briefing Paper by NGOs, Dublin, December 2015. (http://www.jrs.ie/hearing-voices/policy)
27. Working Group to Report to Government on Improvements to the Protection Process, including Direct Provision and Supports to Asylum Seekers, Final Report, Dublin: Department of Justice and Equality, 2015. (http://www.justice.ie/en/JELR/Pages/Report-to-Government-on-Improvements-to-the-Protection-Process-including-Direct-Provision-and-Supports-to-Asylum-Seekers)
28. The introduction of a ‘single procedure’ for processing applications for protection was the most far-reaching provision of the International Protection Bill 2015, which was signed into law on 30 December 2015. A ‘single procedure’ means that an application for protection is simultaneously assessed on whether it meets the requirements for refugee status, some other form of protection, or leave to remain. By contrast, a sequential determination process, in operation in Ireland up to the coming into force of the new legislation, first assesses eligibility for refugee status; if that is not granted, then the person’s eligibility for some subsidiary form of protection is assessed.
29. Donations to the work of the Jesuit Refugee Service can be made online. (https://en.jrs.net/donate)
30. Remarks by Peter Sutherland, ‘Migration – The Global Challenge of Our Times’, Michael Littleton Memorial Lecture, 17 December 2015, broadcast RTE Radio 1, Saturday, 26 December 2015; reported in: Ruadhán Mac Cormaic, ‘Selfishness on refugees has brought EU ‘to its knees’’, The Irish Times, 26 December 2015. (http://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/selfishness-on-refugees-has-brought-eu-to-its-knees-1.2477702)
31. John Dardis SJ, President, Conference of European Jesuit Provincials, ‘The Refugee Crisis in Europe – Call for our Response’, Letter to Major Superiors of Europe about the current refugee crisis in Europe, 7 September 2015. (http://www.jesuits-europe.info/news/2015/nf_15_09_06.htm)
David Moriarty is Policy and Advocacy Officer, Jesuit Refugee Service Ireland. | <urn:uuid:e5e00395-446b-4d5a-8aef-6ac6bee9d483> | {
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Willpower is in your mind, not in a sugar cube, say Stanford scholars
The research challenges the popular view that willpower is a limited resource that depends on a consistent supply of glucose.
That afternoon candy bar may not be the best way to power through the rest of the day's tasks.
A new study by Stanford psychologists argues that you don't need sugar for a performance boost. A change in mindset will do.
Through a series of experiments, the Stanford team examined participants' beliefs about willpower – defined as the ability to resist temptation and stay focused on a demanding task – and tested whether, and when, they experienced a lull in it.
"The dominant theory about willpower is that it's easily depleted and depends on a consistent supply of glucose from the outside," said Carol Dweck, professor of psychology and one of the study's authors.
But researchers found that people who believed willpower was abundant didn't need sugar to persevere through two difficult tasks.
"When you have a limited theory of willpower, you're constantly on alert, constantly monitoring yourself. 'Am I tired? Am I hungry? Do I need a break? How am I feeling?' " Dweck said. "And at the first sign that something is flagging, you think, I need a rest or a boost."
She said people who have the more-abundant theory aren't looking for those cues all of the time.
"We're not saying people don't need fuel for strenuous work, they just don't need it constantly," Dweck said. "People have many more resources at hand than they might think."
The findings were published last week in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The research team included Greg Walton, an assistant professor of psychology at Stanford, and Veronika Job and Katharina Bernecker of the University of Zurich.
The team believes there are important implications in society, where people struggle with diabetes and obesity, if people overuse sugar to tap into their willpower.
"It's really important for them to know that in order to keep on working on a task – be it a diet or job assignment or school work – they don't have to ply themselves with sugar as some earlier studies have suggested," Dweck said.
The researchers found that people could be taught to think differently about willpower and that affected whether sugar helped their performance.
"We put them in different mindsets, either believing willpower is limited or believing it's more self-generating," Dweck said.
The result, again, was that people who were led to believe willpower was abundant did not show depletion and the sugar didn't help them. However, the people who believed willpower was limited did do better on a difficult task after a sugary drink.
Dweck said they don't yet know why certain people believe one theory over the other.
"We want to design interventions to teach people how to harness their considerable willpower," she said.
Carol Dweck, Psychology: [email protected]
Brooke Donald, Stanford News Service: (650) 725-0224, [email protected] | <urn:uuid:4ff057a4-c707-4c0c-a929-c169adc4832a> | {
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Zwickau (tsvĭkˈou) [key], city (1994 pop. 107,988), Saxony, E central Germany, on the Mulde River. It is an industrial city and until the late 1970s was the center of a coal mining region. Manufactures include machinery, textiles, and automobile parts. Zwickau was chartered in the early 13th cent., and it was a free imperial city from 1290 to 1323, when it passed to the margraves of Meissen. The city was (1520–23) the center of the Anabaptist movement of Thomas Münzer. It was repeatedly plundered during the Thirty Years War (1618–48). Noteworthy buildings include a basilica (12th–15th cent.), the Church of St. Catherine (14th cent.), and the city hall (15th cent.). Robert Schumann was born (1810) in Zwickau, and the city has a Schumann museum.
More on Zwickau from Fact Monster:
See more Encyclopedia articles on: German Political Geography | <urn:uuid:4b53ddfc-8087-4a3c-9191-0de0a736257a> | {
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Information about SET-BC Services for
Families of Children with Disabilities
Families of Children with Disabilities
What is assistive technology (AT)?
Assistive technologies are tools (devices, software or hardware) that can help students with special needs to achieve their educational goals. These tools may be as simple as a wireless mouse or as complex as a refreshable Braille display.
How do BC schools provide AT for students with special needs?
BC school districts provide a wide range of educational programs and supports for students with special needs. Most students who require AT as part of their individual educational plans receive this support within their own districts. Districts may request additional AT services for some students through Special Education Technology – British Columbia (SET-BC).
What is SET-BC?
SET-BC is a Ministry of Education program that works in partnership with all BC school districts, including Group 1 and 2 independent schools. SET-BC lends assistive technologies to districts for students’ use and provides consultation, training, resources, and support for the educational use of these technologies.
Which students are eligible to receive services from SET-BC?
SET-BC helps districts to provide AT services for students whose access to the curriculum is restricted primarily due to the following disabilities:
- physical disabilities
- autism spectrum disorders
- moderate to profound intellectual disabilities
- dependent handicaps
- visual impairments
Each year, SETBC provides new technology solutions for approximately 800 students across the province. While services are equitably distributed to districts, their requests for SET-BC support are limited by available funding. Districts have screening processes to determine which students will be put forward to SET-BC, and which students will be supported within-district.
Who do I ask about SET-BC services for my child?
You can contact your child’s school team to discuss his or her educational program and need for assistive technology. You can also contact the SET-BC District Partner for your district, who coordinates SET-BC services and helps identify students who require AT services.
What happens when my child is selected for SET-BC service?
SET-BC asks school teams to complete Request for Service forms for students who are selected for service. The teams, including students and parents, meet with SET-BC consultants to develop Collaborative Action Plans, which identify strategies and technologies that best meet students’ educational goals. Following these meetings, SET-BC consultants arrange for the provision of technology, as well as any training or classroom resources that are needed.
What if my child has a technology assessment by a health / community agency?
These assessments or reports on students’ strengths and needs can be helpful when identifying technology solutions. They should be discussed during the Collaborative Action Plan meeting to ensure that the recommendations support students’ educational goals.
What types of technology does SET-BC provide?
SET-BC provides desktop and laptop computers, with specialized software for reading, writing and communication. SET-BC also provides speech generating devices, Braille and low-vision devices and alternate access peripherals. School districts supply appropriate educational, productivity and virus protection software, and also arrange access to printers, school networks and the Internet as required.
How will my child learn to use technology?
School teams can take part in a wide range of SET-BC workshops and presentations. Team members learn technology skills and strategies and acquire resources that will help them support student use of technology in the classroom. Students learn to use their AT as part of their ongoing educational program, with instruction and support from school team members.
SET-BC also provides online access to training and resources at www.setbc.org. Our website contains useful audio presentations, software demonstrations, student videos, and tutorials, as well as collections of adapted curriculum resources.
Can SET-BC technology be used at home?
SET-BC loans technology to BC school districts for individual students, therefore district policies on appropriate technology use apply to SET-BC loans. District and school administrators make decisions about the use of technology at home or in the community. If students take their technology home, parents are asked to sign loan forms acknowledging responsibility for the equipment.
Who provides technical support for SET-BC technologies?
School teams, students and families who need technical support or repair for equipment on loan from SET-BC can contact the SET-BC Support Desk. Phone 1-866-738-3375 or 604-269-2222 in the Vancouver area, or send email to [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:db2fdb0e-2fba-4cb5-9a1d-0d700f319bc6> | {
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Aggregate supply and demand for sustainable communities : a practical approach to problem-solving [executive summary]
Harrison, A.M.; Morigi, A.N.; Thomas, I.A.; Down, K.E.; Linley, K.A.; Steadman, E.J.; Williams, N.; Lawley, R.. 2007 Aggregate supply and demand for sustainable communities : a practical approach to problem-solving [executive summary]. Nottingham, UK, British Geological Survey, 20pp. (OR/07/005) (Unpublished)Before downloading, please read NORA policies.
Adequate supply of aggregate resources is vital for developing and sustaining our modern society. However, these resources are finite and can only be extracted from where they occur. The Milton Keynes and South Midlands (MKSM) Growth Zone was first identified by the Regional Planning Guidance for the South East (RPG9, 2001). The Sustainable Communities Plan, published by the former ODPM in 2003, to help address the acute housing shortage in England a sustainable pattern of development, identified potential for up to 370 000 new homes within the Growth Zone by 2031. The Milton Keynes & South Midlands Sub- Regional Strategy (2005) provides a detailed analysis of areas with potential for development within the Growth Zone and considers factors including employment, transport links and utilities. This report presents an analysis of aggregate resource availability in and around the growth zone. It also considers past and present aggregate supply and demand, environmental factors, and transport and planning issues. It aims to establish mechanisms for supplying the resources required to develop sustainable communities in designated growth zones. The Project Area encompasses the MKSM Growth Zone and surrounding areas with potential sand and gravel resource. This executive summary provides a digest of a much more detailed technical report – ‘Aggregate supply and demand for sustainable communities: a practical approach to problem solving’ (Harrison et al., 2007). It is intended for use principally by those involved in planning and economic development.
|Item Type:||Publication - Report (UNSPECIFIED)|
|Programmes:||BGS Programmes > Geology and Landscape Southern|
|Funders/Sponsors:||NERC, Minerals Industry Research Organisation (MIRO)|
|Additional Information. Not used in RCUK Gateway to Research.:||This item has been internally reviewed but not externally peer-reviewed|
|Additional Keywords:||Aggregates, Resource assessment, Midlands|
|NORA Subject Terms:||Earth Sciences|
|Date made live:||26 Jun 2009 12:46|
Actions (login required) | <urn:uuid:4da65c77-a2c2-4f03-98fd-022499e8da1b> | {
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Imagine having to write everything down on paper before you go to sleep otherwise you’d forget it, even your name…and then you have to read it as soon as you wake up otherwise your mind is empty
This is how we started to talk about memory and the file storage of a computer. I asked our group of 6 year olds to pretend that unless they had something written down they wouldn’t remember it. This, of course, was a source of much amusement to them. By the way, it still amazes me, that they’re only 6 years old. They don’t perceive things by varying levels of difficulty, just varying levels of interest/fun.
This approach serves as a really fun way to talk about computers, have them role play and learn some high level concepts around the way computers ‘bootstrap’.
The pixel heart picture above is from the Craft Computer Kit (download link below) and it’s a black and white numbered grid. Each number corresponds to a colour e.g. 1 = Red and the children spend around 15 minutes colouring them in.
They love this as a) they love colouring in and b) they’ve no idea what the picture is until about a 2/3 of the way through. They think it’s magic – which is a great jumping off point to explain, it’s not magic, but the way Computers work which is ultimately more exciting.
Weeks 2 and 3 merged and overlapped due to the role play, Q&A and the craft items which some of children were slower at. So my advice at this point on using the Craft Computer approach is to allocate more time than you think or be happy to have one week overlap with the next. | <urn:uuid:f5662c3c-95cf-4449-aec7-62587501e770> | {
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A new study published in the official journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics shows a very disturbing trend, that the incidence of flat head syndrome, or positional plagiocephaly, was estimated at 46.6% of the 440 healthy full term infants who were studied. The infants in the study were 7 to 12 weeks old, and lived in Alberta, Canada.
Another interesting fact is that the majority of affected infants in the study, or 63.2%, were affected on the right side. This is the side my son was affected on. The vast majority, or 78.3%, were considered to have a mild form.
Other studies have shown that flat head syndrome is more common in premature infants and multiple births, which suggests that the percentage could be even higher in other groups.
It is sad to think that the incidence of flat head syndrome could be increasing. It’s difficult to say for sure because of the lack of existing comprehensive studies in the past. Even though most of the cases are considered mild, even a “mild” misshaping of a baby’s head can be upsetting for parents and for the child if it does not correct itself with age.
We still need more studies which really show how much improvement will naturally occur in infants with plagiocephaly and brachycephaly as they get older. Until that time, we just need to continue to spread the word and help educate parents, caregivers, and doctors about strategies to help minimize or alleviate these conditions. | <urn:uuid:0c9800d6-a719-4bb8-beb4-b786da08fe99> | {
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Baisley Pond Park
Baisley Pond Park
Baisley Pond was created in the 18th century when local farmers dammed three streams in order to power their grain mill. The 30-acre pond and the park are named for David Baisley, a local farmer who owned this land in the early 19th century and operated the mill that was located on the pond.
The City of Brooklyn used its local wells and cisterns for water until 1859. Due to the drastic need for clean water in Manhattan, and sensing that it too would need alternate water sources, the Brooklyn Water Works acquired Baisley Pond for its water supply in 1852. In 1898, the City of Brooklyn voted to become a part of New York City during the consolidation of the five boroughs. This decision was made at least in part to alleviate water supply problems.
While dredging Baisley Pond shortly after its acquisition, Brooklyn city workers made a startling discovery. Buried in the sediment, the remains of an American Mastodon (Mammut americanum), including five molars and a bone fragment, were found. The Mastodon likely lived in the area almost 10,000 years ago, just after the last Ice Age. Today, a sculpture of a Mastodon in Sutphin Playground commemorates the discovery and makes for a unique playmate.
In 1914, the City transferred the northern half of the property to Parks and the site opened to the public in 1919. At the time, Queens was still a predominantly rural area, and the park remained a rustic preserve. In the 1920s, the area was urbanized as developers built hundreds of single-family homes in the neighborhood. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, Commissioner Robert Moses (1888-1981) and the Works Progress Administration constructed recreational facilities in the park, including a boat landing, several playgrounds, tennis and handball courts, baseball diamonds, and a football field.
Development of the area continued and intensified after World War II, with the construction of the Cedar Manor Co-Op, Baisley Park Houses, and Baisley Garden. When Idlewild Airport (later John F. Kennedy International Airport) opened just south of Baisley Park, commercial activity in the area increased tremendously.
The South Extension of the park lay in a state of disarray for decades. Not entirely under the jurisdiction of Parks until the 1960s, it remained a wasteland of old pumping stations and debris. In 1984, Commissioner Stern, with the help of the local community, was finally able to transform this area and unify the park. The newly reconstructed section now includes tennis and handball courts, a running track, an athletic field, cricket mounds, basketball courts, and a playground.
Although the park is used mostly for recreational sports, it remains a vital natural habitat for many species of plant and animal life. Besides its fabled gigantic lily pads, the pond contains red-eared sliders, snapping turtles, musk turtles, and bullfrogs. Eight different varieties of dragonflies and a spectacular array of avian life thrives here as well. In the winter, Canadian geese, mallards, shovelers, coots, grebes, and gulls make their homes here. In the summer, blackbirds, cormorants, herons, egrets, doves, mockingbirds, robins, starlings, warblers, cardinals, and sparrows forage and breed in the area.
Directions to Baisley Pond Park
Baisley Pond Park Weather
- Parks Cuts Ribbon On Baisley Pond Park Cricket Field
- Bowlers and Batsman take the field at Baisley Pond Park
- Hallelujah: Sounds Of Gospel Ring Through Southern Queens
- Barbecuing Areas
- Baseball Fields
- Basketball Courts
- Bicycling and Greenways
- Cricket Fields
- Dog-friendly Areas
- Fitness Equipment
- Football Fields
- Handball Courts
- Running Tracks
- Soccer Fields
- Spray Showers
- Tennis Courts
- Wi-Fi Hot Spots
Know when to go:
View upcoming athletic area usage in
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Thank-you to Win for sharing this idea!
I wrapped a shoe box with Christmas paper with the lid wrapped separately so it could be removed. I asked the kids (4's and 5's) what it looked like. Obviously they said "a Christmas present." I then asked what Christmas was about and they said "Jesus' birthday." I then went on to talk about how Easter was the rest of the story.
Each week I added something new to the box and before getting into the lesson I would let the kids tell me one at a time an item in the box which I would then pull out and we would talk about it. Finally when we were down to the new item I would pull it out and we would discuss it.
This was a great way to review the previous lessons and last week I even had parents asking me "what's in the box" before class and I told her to ask her daughter after class. The items I used for Easter were:
- a small stuffed lamb -- John 1:29 the Lamb of God that takes away sin
- a (empty) plastic egg -- the empty tomb
- a visual that we made for Resurrection Sunday
- a wooden cross
- donkey puppet (from DLTK's web site) -- for Palm Sunday
- Resurrection Eggs (bought at the local Christian book store)
- a lamb puppet that we used to explain an acrostic of EASTER
- a small stuffed lion -- Jesus will return as a Lion
As we get ready to start this next series I will certainly try a similar way to review as it was very effective (although it got hard to stuff everything in the box). Adaptable to any multi-part series. | <urn:uuid:122fd0a0-4fe8-4f62-b198-be43420387ce> | {
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“Moving into Meaning” Focuses on Reading Skills
February 25 Foundation program helps parents of children ages 7 and up
One of the most common complaints teachers and librarians hear is “my child hates to read!” With full schedules of after-school activities and distractions of video games and computers, too many children these days forego the pleasure of sitting quietly and enjoying a book.
What’s a parent to do? Three experts will offer advice at “Moving into Meaning: Helping Young Readers Develop a Reading Toolbox,” a special program to be held on Wednesday, February 25.
Joan Knox and Leslie Overbye, reading specialists at Fay School in Southborough, plus Jill Cordon, a Fay speech and language pathologist, will provide strategies and suggest hands-on activities for parents to use at home.
The Fay experts will explore how young readers move to the stage of reading for meaning. They will discuss how to teach children to understand the sequence of events in stories (beginning, middle and end) to help children increase reading comprehension.
The three will also explore ways to make read-aloud sessions more enjoyable for children and parents, as well as tips on how to encourage independent reading.
A question and answer period is included. Those attending can discuss their particular concerns with the experts and get individual responses.
The program is sponsored by the Goodnow Library Foundation. It is part of its 2014-2015 Programs for Parents series.
“Moving into Meaning” starts at 7:30 pm in the first floor meeting room. A reception with the speakers will follow. The program is free and open to the public.
The Goodnow Library is located at 21 Concord Rd., Sudbury. | <urn:uuid:cf3bcd35-2d03-40eb-a2ef-4a8edf8329c3> | {
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May 4, 1999
If a needle is used to draw blood from an infected person and this same needle is used to draw blood from you, can you be infected by this needle. (Assuming this needle has been sitting in the air for few minutes). Isn't this is how drug users get infected each other by sharing the same needle? How long can the HIV virus live in the air?
Response from Dr. Holodniy
The main difference between sharing needles for drug use and sharing needles to draw blood, is that with drug use, you are injecting back into the next persons vein and thus expelling any contents that was contained within the needle into person number two. With blood drawing, the vacuum from the blood tube draws the blood into the tube through the needle and away from person number two. In the fluid is still liquid, HIV can survive for some number of hours. If the liquid is dry, the virus is dead. MH
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Experts appearing on this page are independent and are solely responsible for editing and fact-checking their material. Neither TheBody.com nor any advertiser is the publisher or speaker of posted visitors' questions or the experts' material. | <urn:uuid:9f02eac6-686a-4f02-8ad3-c05d49a3283b> | {
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By this point, we’ve all heard of dark matter and dark energy: the elusive materials that, between them, make up the vast majority of our universe. It’s the subject of research all over the physics world, with even traditional physics experiments providing insight into the “dark world” via sheer exclusion of possibilities.
Dark matter and energy gotten some implied attention via recent developments at the Large Hadron Collider, and a host of upcoming space telescopes will help us look into the deep, deep past for some insight into the creation of this light-dark dichotomy at (presumably) the instant of the Big Bang. Still, with the dark world being by its nature hard to imagine having too many practical impacts, non-NASA government support has been a bit thin. Now, though, the US Department of Energy is funding one Stanford professor’s dark-world research effort to the tune of $750,000.
Dr. Peter W. Graham wants to do a range of experiments aimed at narrowing the possibility space for the so-called “dark photon.” If discovered, this would be a new kind of light field and provide a possible bridge between our observable universe and the much larger dark one. Particles like axions, which have been theorized for some time now, will also be under investigation. So-called “dark light” could be observable in several unique ways, and researchers hope it will provide a foothold they can exploit to see further into the dark world.
Remember that when it comes to dark matter, scientists don’t even know in which dimensions they should be looking, along which lines of force. Dark matter is thought to interact with the regular kind via gravity only, which right away makes detailed study much more difficult; all of our traditional experimental techniques have to do with taking in light or sound, or bouncing either off of something and getting a signal back.
As such, these experiments will use a wide variety of techniques to do as much exclusion as possible — when you have absolutely no idea what you’re looking for, the correct approach is to invalidate as many answers as you can, then do focused research on the much narrower spectrum of possibilities that remains. Using techniques from nuclear magnetic resonance to brand-new concepts like energy transfer between microwave cavities, they hope to reveal the true nature of the majority of the universe. | <urn:uuid:acb93de8-d9db-4b29-9939-f6fed8341d44> | {
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September 14, 2012
Safe Food Foundation Director, Scott Kinnear, University of Canterbury Professor, Jack Heinemann, and Flinders University Professor, Judy Carman, discuss the potential threats of CSIRO’s GM Wheat.
Professor Jack Heinemann, a molecular biologist at the University of Canterbury, says, “The technology is too new, therefore it’s important that we have a battery of studies that are conducted on the wheat to convince people, myself, scientists, regulators that the wheat can be eaten by people.”
He goes on, “What we found is that the molecules created in this wheat, intended to silence wheat genes, can match human genes and through ingestion these molecules can enter human beings and potentially silence our genes.”
Watch the documentary Genetic Roulette: The Gamble of Our Lives to learn how you and your family may be on the wrong side of the genetically-modified food bet and how the health of all living things and all future generations were put at risk by an untested infant technology.
You can watch the Genetic Roulette trailer here: | <urn:uuid:f80a9d00-e207-427c-8486-1f34ed36fc94> | {
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"Allergies may be more serious than they seem,” said Trinity Peterson, a 9th grade student at Harrisburg High School who suffers through the following allergies; nut, egg, and dairy. According to the Food Allergy Research and Education website, two out of every thirteen kidshave a food allergy; that’s forty percent of children with a food allergy. Now, the problem that needs to be addressed is that many students don't know the procedure and the seriousness of some allergies. Anaphylactic shock, for example, occurs when an individual ingests an allergen and experiences a severe allergic reaction. Harrisburg High School nurse, Michelle Cotter, explained the procedures when dealing with anaphylactic shock: “First, I determine what the allergen ingested was or what the person may have come into contact with. If it happens with a student, I look up if there is a plan of care to reference for emergency treatment from their doctor.” Speaking from experience, Trinity shared advice to her surrounding peers, “Stay calm, avoid staring and crowding, and call the school nurse.” She felt that this would appropriately direct other students nearby; similarly, this would help her stay relaxed. Nurse Cotter shared some symptoms she sees when a student is going into anaphylactic shock. She explainedd, “Symptoms we may see when a student is having an allergic reaction may include hives, itching, tongue or throat feeling ‘tingly,’ vomiting, anxiety, and difficulty breathing if the reaction is severe.” Because allergies are becoming more common in schools today, it is important for students and staff to understand their procedures and seriousness; therefore, awareness will make a difference in spreading the word about allergies.
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Listening to the term artificial intelligence, you may connect it to the recent incident at Facebook headquarters where two AI’s started communicating with each other in their own languages. This might scare you a little, but AI is always a boom to the software world.
Huge tech companies like Google, Amazon, Facebook, and Microsoft are investing in the R&D of AI. If you are a small businessman, you may consider this a complicated and expensive deal. But any businessman should consider AI, as it is a faster and transformative technology.
What is artificial intelligence?
Artificial intelligence is machine intelligence. Just like the human mind or any other creature, a machine has its own intelligence which is developed by humans. In computer science, AI is also known as intelligent agents. Any task that has an enhanced and problem effect is called the AI effect.
What does AI encompass?
Artificial intelligence has become a blanket term for many technologies. However, this is not really the proper use of the term. AI means software that mimics independent thoughts and is still mainly found in research labs only. Now I will tell you a few related technologies.
Machine intelligence is a software not limited to computer instructions its programmer wrote. It requires less programming than other software. Machine learning software changes the way software behaves based on data and results.
the Smart robot is a combination of machine intelligence and other technologies. For example, Flippy the robot makes hamburgers. Smart robot Baxter, made by Rethink Robotics of Boston is a humanoid robot who can work with the employees on the floor. He works on tasks like precision packing. Did you know that Amazon has 45000 robots working at its fulfilment centers?
According to Nick Bostrom, a philosopher and technologist, “Machine intelligence is the last invention that humanity will ever need to make.” You can watch his entire TED talks about smart robots.
VA’s is a revolutionised technology which provides more sophisticated service and sales functions. For customers VA’s complete the transactions for consumers automatically and replace forms & menus. The future of virtual assistants is very bright. IBM’s Watson will make a bank account for you. Capital One is using VA’s to allow customers to transfer money or pay bills.
Even Taco Bell has an AI both called TacoBot that helps customers place pickup orders for select menu items.
This software can recognize human speech. You are aware of the frustrating call centre IVR’s. This technology is improving with the help of machine learning Speech recognition can become more accurate and successful.
Natural Language Generation
Natural Language Generation (NLG) can write human-readable text after some data analysis. This will revolutionise business intelligence. Environment Canada used NLG to write weather reports in French and English languages. Forbes uses NSG to summerise and explains company reports.
The terms Business decision management and Enterprise decision management are used to describe automated decision making. This technology is partially or totally automating decision making.
How can your business take advantage of AI?
Now that all businesses are making use of the latest technology and with the use of artificial intelligence, companies are able to achieve a lot more efficiency and increase their profits.
So here’s how can your business make use various forms of artificial intelligence and improve the entire business process:
Start getting acquainted with these technologies
You can do this from your comfortable home. Use Amazon echo dot and talk to Alexa. Alexa will make you familiar with the AI technology. You can also use Google home. These are great examples of voice to text data technologies.
Start analysing your business on the whiteboard and think of some new automation. This will give you a competitive edge in your business. Express your point in business terms with some achievable goals and implement these goals.
Start small and reinvest your savings in more potential applications- If your website is dealing with a lot of customers and inquiries add a chatbox for products that utilise voice recognition.
Don’t feel sorry for job destruction
Your competitors reduce costs by automation and optimizing the process. They do this by using technology like data analytics, machine learning and decision management. These technology updates attract a lot of competition. When Amazon went the e-commerce way, they drew competitors like Google & Microsoft.
KPI’s make your business work and optimise around them one by one. A successful AI strategy starts with a foundation of excellent data. Stay away from averages because they hide opportunity. Put your time in detailed analysis and find the slices that deliver the most value. Make technology part of your strategy.
Your access to AI will be from vendor products
Track companies who are investing in technologies you could use. Invest in such techniques that you could be useful for your business.
Make leaps ahead
Reinvent your business and don’t fear failure You could outplace everyone in your industry with revolutionized technology. The impact on your business should be a significant shift in technology, quality, cost and services. You need to outrun your competitor.
Artificial Intelligence is a technological gift to humankind only if it is used sensibly. Optimized utilisation of the AI is highly essential. You need to program it as per your requirement or find a technology that is programmed that way. | <urn:uuid:ef8d58ce-e7b3-4cac-ace7-0c2577d8f73e> | {
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Fast fashion has a lot of sins on its hands, not the least of which is its profoundly negative impact on the environment. One way in which H&M (the world's second largest clothing retailer after Zara-owner Inditex) is trying to deal with that is by teaming with a German textile collection and recycling group to reuse, recycle, or resell old clothes.
According to an article in Co.Exist, H&M has, since 2013, been operating a massive sorting and recycling facility in a town called Wolfen, two hours outside of Berlin. The plant takes in 14 metric tons per day of unwanted clothes gathered from H&M's recycling bins throughout Europe, then sorts them based on 350 different criteria to determine whether they can be resold, partly reused, or fully recycled.
The goal, according to Cecilia Brännsten, H&M's sustainable business expert, is to "create a closed loop for textiles where clothes that are no longer wanted can be turned into new ones, and we don't see old textiles as waste, but rather a resource."
It's an ambitious target considering the fact that, while the facility has collected around 34,000 tons of waste over the last three years, equivalent to the weight of 178 million T-shirts, H&M as a company currently produces somewhere between 550 and 600 million garments annually. And though in 2015 H&M reportedly produced 1.3 million garments with closed loop material, it has an extremely long way to go before reaching anything close to sustainability.
Part of the problem as that, as of now, fibers like blended cotton-poly can't be recycled into wearable new material. And natural fibers like cotton are shortened when they are re-spun, meaning that it takes multiple garments to create one new one. Because of this, when you buy clothes that are marked "recycled," it's true for only 20 percent of the garment. The rest of it is made from virgin (i.e., new) fiber.
Recycling clothes also doesn't fully address the environmental impact of clothing production, which is extremely land- and water-intensive, and uses up a lot of electricity. Because of this, the apparel industry is responsible for 10 percent of all carbon emissions globally.
And, as the Co.Exist article points out, increased recycling doesn't address H&M's sketchy track record when it comes to human rights issues. According to a report last spring from The Clean Clothes Campaign, factories in Bangladesh that work with H&M are still not considered safe, with 70 percent of its suppliers still lacking in life-saving features like fire exits. And while H&M does fare well compared to competitors when it comes to protecting against forced labor, there are also reports of vendors in Cambodia and India coercing pregnant employees to get abortions, or else they'll be fired.
All in all, while it's nice to see some environmental improvement, it's hard not to see H&M's currently recycling program as a band-aid on the gaping wound that is fast fashion. A few T-shirts with 20 percent recycled material hardly scratches the surface of the negative impact that our insatiable need for cheap new clothing has caused.
That said, we really are hoping for the continued success of the program. It's far from a nostrum, but still—progress is better than no progress. | <urn:uuid:9f8435ff-d5f5-43c0-b833-cef5d087873d> | {
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|Falange Española de las J.O.N.S.|
|Leader||Diego Márquez Horrillo|
|Founded||29 October 1933|
|Headquarters||16 Calle Fernando Garrido 1º 28015 - Madrid, Spain|
Falange Española de las J.O.N.S. (better known as Falange or Phalange; full name Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista) is the name assigned to several political movements and parties dating from the 1930s, most particularly the original fascist movement in Spain. The word Falange means phalanx formation in Spanish. This warlike symbol was chosen due to the militaristic nature of the party.
In Spain, the Falange was a political organization founded by José Antonio Primo de Rivera in 1933, during the Second Spanish Republic. Primo de Rivera was a Madrid lawyer, son of General Miguel Primo de Rivera, who governed Spain as Prime Minister with dictatorial power under King Alfonso XIII in the 1920s. General Primo de Rivera believed in state planning and government intervention in the economy. His son and the Falangists he led expressed regret for the demise of the elder Primo de Rivera's regime, and proposed to revive his policies and a program of national-syndicalist social organization.
Falangism was originally similar to Italian fascism in certain respects. It shared its contempt for Bolshevism and other forms of socialism and a distaste for democracy. However, the Falange's National Syndicalism was a political theory very different from the fascist idea of corporatism, inspired by Integralism and the Action Française (for a French parallel, see Cercle Proudhon). It was first formulated in Spain by Ramiro Ledesma Ramos in a manifesto published in his periodical La Conquista del Estado on 14 March 1931. National Syndicalism attempted to bridge the gap between nationalism and the anarcho-syndicalist of the dominant trade union, the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT), by revising Syndicalism altogether. While the Falange embraced the Catholic emphasis of Integralism it also borrowed elements from fascism.
Unlike other members of the Spanish right, the Falange was republican, avant-gardist and modernist (see Early History below), in a manner similar to the original spirit of Italian Fascism. Its uniform and aesthetic was similar to contemporary European fascist and national socialist movements. After the party was coopted by Franco and consolidated with the Carlists, it ceased to have a National Syndicalist character (which, like fascism, sought a revolutionary transformation of society whereas Franco was conservative), although it retained many of the external trappings of fascism.
During the Spanish Civil War the doctrine of the Falange was used by General Franco, who virtually took possession of its ideology, while José Antonio Primo de Rivera was sentenced to death by the Spanish Republican Government. During the war, and after its founder's death, the Falange was combined by decree (Unification Decree) with the Carlist party, under the sole command of Generalísimo Franco, forming the core of the sole official political organization in Spain, the Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista, or "Spanish Traditionalist Phalanx of the Assemblies of National-Syndicalist Offensive" (FET y de las JONS). This organization, also known as the National Movement (Movimiento Nacional) after 1945, continued until Franco's death in 1975. Since 1975, Falangists have diversified into several different political movements which have continued into the 21st Century.
Members of the party were called Falangists (Spanish: Falangistas).
The year after its founding, the Falange united with the Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista of Onésimo Redondo, Ramiro Ledesma, and others, becoming Falange Española de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista.
During the Second Spanish Republic, the Falange professed Christian values and confronted wealthy land-owners and communists. Its members were opposed by leftist revolutionaries.
The Falange was not an archetypal party of the right. Ronald Hilton has argued that Spanish leftists spoke of Jose Antonio with respect. The party attracted a considerable number of prominent intellectuals, including Pedro Mourlane Michelena, Rafael Sánchez Mazas, Ernesto Giménez Caballero, Eugenio Montes, José María Alfaro, Agustín de Foxa, Luys Santa Marina, Samuel Ros, Jacinto Miquelarena and Dionisio Ridruejo. The party was republican, modernist, claimed to champion the lower classes and opposed both oligarchy and communism. For these reasons the Falange was shunned by other right-leaning parties in the 1936 election.
After the electoral victory of the Popular Front, and still in a democracy the party suffered official persecution and Primo de Rivera was arrested on (6 July 1936). The Falange joined the conspiracy to overthrow the Republic: On 17 July, the African army led by Franco rebelled. The next day nationalist forces in mainland Spain, including Primo de Rivera's party, followed suit.
During the Spanish Civil War, the Falangists fought on the Nationalist side against the Left-led Republic, being the fastest growing party on their side (from a few thousands to some hundred thousand members before the Unification). This sudden rise can be well explained; Franco used its ideological pillar.
The command of the party rested upon Manuel Hedilla, as many of the first generation leaders were dead or incarcerated by the Republicans. Among them was Primo de Rivera, who was a Government prisoner. As a result, he was referred to among the leadership as el Ausente, (the Absent One). On 20 November 1936 (a date since known as 20-N in Spain), Primo de Rivera was sentenced to death by the Spanish legal Government in a Republican prison, giving him martyr status among the Falangists. This conviction and sentence was possible because he had lost his Parliamentary immunity, after his party did not have enough votes during the last elections.
After Franco seized power on 19 April 1937, he united under his command the Falange with the Carlist Comunión Tradicionalista, forming Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS (FET y de las JONS), whose official ideology were the falangist's 27 puntos. Despite this, the party was in fact a wide ranging nationalist coalition, closely controlled by Franco. Parts of the original Falangist (including Hedilla) and many Carlists did not join the unified party. Franco had sought to control the Falalnge after a clash between Hedilla and his main critics within the group, the legitimistas of Agustín Aznar and Sancho Dávila y Fernández de Celis, that threatened to derail the nationalist war effort.
None of the vanquished parties in the war suffered such a toll of deaths among their leaders as did the Falange. Sixty per cent of the pre-war Falange membership lost their lives in the war.
Most of the property of all other parties and trade unions were assigned to the party. In 1938, all trade unions were unified under falangist command.
After the war, the party was charged with developing an ideology for Franco's regime. This job became a cursus honorum for ambitious politicians—new converts, who were called camisas nuevas ("new shirts") in opposition to the more overtly populist and ideological "old shirts" from before the war.
The Falange also developed youth organizations (Flechas, Pelayos; compare to Hitlerjugend and Italian Balilla and Arditi) and a student's union (the Sindicato Unificado de Estudiantes (SEU)) -mandatory till the 1950s. The SEU ("Sindicato Español Universitario") was still mandatory during the 1960s. Furthermore, the women's section (Sección Femenina), which was originally founded in 1934 by José Antonio's sister, Pilar Primo de Rivera, for the purpose of supporting the Falange, was given the role of instructing young women on how to be "good patriots, good Christians and good wives" after the war.
After Franco's death (20 November 1975, also known as "20-N") the Spanish Crown was restored to the House of Borbón in the person of King Juan Carlos, and a move towards democratization begun under Adolfo Suárez, a former chief of the Movimiento. The new situation splintered the Falange. In the first elections in 1977, three different groups fought in court for the right to the Falangist name. Today, decades after the fall of the Francoist regime, Spain still has a minor Falangist element, represented by a number of tiny political parties. Chief among these are the Falange Española de las JONS (which takes its name from the historical party), Falange Auténtica, Falange Española Independiente (which later merged with the FE de las JONS), and FE - La Falange. Vastly reduced in size and power today, these Falangist-inspired parties are rarely seen publicly except on ballot papers, in State-funded TV election advertisements, and during demonstrations on historic dates, like 20 November (death of Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera and General Francisco Franco). These three parties received 27,166 votes between them in the 2004 legislative election.
In 2009, police arrested 5 members of a Falangist splinter group calling itself Falange y Tradición. They alleged that this group which was unknown to mainstream Falangist groups, had been involved in a raft of violent attacks in the Navarre region. These attacks were primarily targeted at Basque separatist terrorist group ETA and at ETA sympathisers.
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What do you think is the single most important day in the history of the modern world?
12 Answers | Add Yours
That depends on one's worldview. As a student of history, I would have to pick August 6, 1945, the day the United States dropped the first atom bomb on Hiroshima, Japan. Suddenly, for the first time in world history, mankind now had the ability to totally destroy himself. This weapon, and the more powerful weapons which have followed it, now make another world war unthinkable--or a least horrifically unimaginable. And, until recently it seemed with the balance of power between the United States and the USSR, mankind just might prevent such a disaster. However, with the breakup of the Soviet Union and the rise of terrorism in the world, the nuclear scenario now once again seems possible if we do not find a way to rid ourselves of the nuclear threat.
On the other hand, I also consider June 7, 1967 to be a very important day, religiously. That was the day that Israel retook the city of Jerusalem. On a purely personal level, I consider that day to be the day that restarted the clock towards the second coming of Christ. In a way, both days, to me, seem to dovetail. Mankind enabled himself to destroy his kind on August 6, 1945 and God will come again to prevent that destruction.
The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand on June 28, 1914. So much started with that date: modern warfare, socialism, communism, existentialism.
When we look back many thousands of years, what we find is that people built things to be remembered by. We remember (and can still see) the Egyptian Pyramids and the much younger Roman Coliseum. These structures obviously had much importance to those that built them, and we still marvel at them now. What structures will we leave? If we imagine our distant descendants looking back at us and determining what was important to us, what will they see? The structure that commemorates that important event, that most important day of days, hasn't been built yet; but it will be, and if we're lucky we'll see it in a few more years. But even if we don't see it in our lifetimes, a generation or two from now will be traveling back and forth to it. The first permanent settlement on the Moon, when it is finally in ruins many years after its built, will be the new version of what we consider to be our ancient ruins. But to specify a day to remember a few thousand years from now, when our descendants look back, the single most important day, in whatever calendar they're using, will translate to July 20, 1969.
I agree with Ms-mcgregor about both August 6, 1945 and July 7, 1967, but I would also have to say the September 11, 2001 will go down in history as the day we realized that the main conflict of modern history was not to be about economic systems (communism, captialism etc..) but about religious and cultural ideology as Western judeo-christian based democracy came into conflict with Eastern Muslim based totalitarianism.
I think July 4th, 1776 marked one of the most significant days in modern world history. Even though freedom and liberty in 1776 did not apply to all peoples yet, it offered the idea that people had the right to self government. It was the first time in world history that the needs of the many were as worthy as the needs of the one. The fruition of this idea has yet to be attained, perhaps it is unattainable however I believe it to mark a turning point in the human experience. Since 1776 many nations around the world have moved closer to this ideology, that people have the right to be free.
There are many to choose from - too many really. But I guess I'd say April 9, 1865, the end of the Civil War in the United States and more importantly, the end of slavery. This was a radical departure from our entire history as a nation up to that point, and important progress for humanity.
Was it that warm August day on which Dr King shared his beautiful dream with the rest of the World? August 28, 1963 is the first candidate.
The second is the Moon landing on July 20, 1969.
The third is the nuclear bombing of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945.
Or was it October 12, 1492? July 4, 1776?
February 21, 1848 is the alternative. The whole 1848 year is among the most important in history.
Among the most important dates in American history are also September 11, 2001 and November 4, 2008. No one of us will ever forget those two days.
Wasn't June 6, 1944 one of the most important days in WWII?
And I have to agree when it comes to June 28, 1914, but we shall not forget June 28, 1919, too - Versailles Agreement created the modern Europe as we know it today.
Think about it.
Wow. These are some really insightful ideas and inspiring moments in world and specifically American history. I tend to think, like others, that the most important day in history is connected to a sacrifice, like so many of the days mentioned above. As a Christian, I believe the most important sacrifice which has ever occurred happened on the day Jesus died on the cross for the sins of the world. All the sacrifices of mankind are noteworthy, of course, and I appreciate this trip through some of those world-changing moments.
ok... so, this may be a little late; but is worth a read.
im pretty sure that the most important day in all of history (as we know it) is sometime in 1439. when gutenberg perfected the printing press; making mass communication possible.
unfortunately, there are too many people who believe everything they read, hear and see. most of which has been manipulated and disfigured by the controlling and well paid hands who control the media today.
and while all other posts have included both amazing accomplishments and horrific tragedies; none would ever have been publicly announced without the beginning and evolution of mass communication.
Fools. The most important day in history, without a doubt, is September 26th, 1983. On this day, a Soviet lieutenant colonel, Stanislav Petrov was on duty when a satellite warning system malfunctioned and warned Petrov of a missile attack. However Petrov (correctly) disregarded the notification as a false alarm. If he had responded to warning as protocol directed him to, he would have notified his Soviet superiors, which would have most likely prompted a nuclear attack on the United States and the rest of the western world. This would have then prompted all out nuclear war and would have likely led the world into a period of nuclear holocaust. All of the days that have been beforehand specified as the most important are, without a doubt, exceedingly important and changed the course of world events, but if Stanislav Petrov had not done what he did, there would be no more world.
Just found this question and string of posts. The first post was 100% on target: it does depend on one's worldview. Frankly, I believe the single most important event in history is the bodily resurrection of the Lord Jesus Christ from the grave. Short answer but a longer explanation. It presupposes there is a Creator God Who not only directly created man in His Image, but that man rebelled and thrust the entire creation and his posterity into sin. It presupposes not only the Fall of man but the Promise of a Redeemer (Genesis 3:15), the Law which convicts men of sin and shows us we are totally incapable of meeting the requirements of a Holy God; a righteous God Who demands justice balanced His love and grace which would provide the perfect Representative to take the penalty, the virgin birth of Jesus, His sinless life, His vicarious/substitutionary death, and God's acceptance and (as well) His approval of both the active and passive obedience of His Son (note that the Jews understood that His claim to be the (sic) Son of God was Jesus' identifying Himself as equal with God (the Father).
"That if thou shalt confess with thy mouth the Lord Jesus, and believe in thine heart that God hath raised Him from the dead, thou shalt be saved." (Roman 10.9)
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1. Lilies (Easter lily and other Lily plants)
Lilies are HIGHLY toxic to cats. All parts of these pretty flowers are toxic to cats and can lead to kidney failure resulting in death. There are many other plants and flowers that are toxic to our furry family members so if you are not sure if your plants and flowers are safe, keep them away from your pets. Visit www.aspca.org/Pet-care/poison-control/Plants.aspx for a searchable plant database.
2. Easter Grass
Cats (and some dogs) love to play with this pretty “grass” but it can be very dangerous if eaten. It can easily become stuck in the intestines requiring emergency surgery to remove it. If you have pets, don’t use Easter Grass in your Easter baskets.
Chocolate is very dangerous for our puppy pals. There are two ingredients (caffeine and theobromine) that are toxic and these ingredients are present in varying amounts in different types of chocolate. Dark chocolate and baking chocolate are the most dangerous.
This artificial sweetener is used in many sugar free candies and baked goods. It is VERY dangerous for dogs and can be fatal if eaten in even small amounts.
5. Lawn and Garden Herbicides and Pesticides
Spring is a common time to treat our yards to help control weeds and insects but keeping our yards pretty may harm our pets. Dogs and cats can become ill from exposure to some of these products. If possible, try to avoid using herbicides and pesticides or use non-toxic alternatives.
6. Snail and Slug Bait (Metaldehyde)
Many people use this to help remove snails and slugs from their yards but it is very toxic to dogs even in small doses. The “bait” is made into pellets (which dogs often readily eat) liquids and powders (which dogs often lick off their paws). Toxic symptoms occur quickly resulting in seizures, high body temperature and even death.
7. Flea and Tick Treatments
Fleas and ticks are a major concern in our area but some of the treatments can also be concerning. It is very important to use APPROPRIATE flea and tick preventatives on your pets to keep them safe. Be sure you are using a product we recommend at Pellissippi Veterinary Hospital at the correct dose and NEVER use dogs products on cats (they can be deadly).
8. Household Cleaners
Be sure when you are starting your “spring cleaning” your pets are safely put away or you are using cleaners that are labeled as being safely used around pets. Remember cats and dogs will lick cleaners off their feet and that can be very dangerous.
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Intro: Color Mixing LED Bracelet
This project can be a good introduction to soft circuits and how to build a basic circuit. It uses conductive thread, CNC cut conductive fabric and resistive plastic, or Velostat. An RGB LED is sewn in to the bird design as it's eye and changes color when it is on and the three homemade pressure sensors are pressed.
After building this project you will hopefully have a better understanding of what a RGB LED and a basic circuit is. As well as picking up some essential techniques for building soft circuits.
Step 1: How It Works
The bracelet circuit uses a basic circuit which consists of a LED, power source and a resistor. Let's go through and talk about how each of these components work and how they translate into a soft circuit bracelet.
This project swaps hard metal parts for soft metallized fabric and thread. Typically copper wires or screen printed metal traces on a circuit board connect all the components together. Metal is conductive, so it allows electricity to flow from the battery to the LED, causing it to light up. Instead of wire, this project uses conductive fabric. Connections on a circuit board between the wire and the components are made by soldering with metal alloys. Instead of using solder, we will be making these connections by sewing with conductive thread.
Before we talk about the resistor in the circuit, let's go over what it does and why it's needed. A battery provides a specified amount of voltage and current. The LED takes a certain amount of current and voltage to operate. If it gets too little, it won't light, if it gets too much, it will blow up (a minor explosion, finding an LED's limit can be quite a fun experiment). The resistor limits (resists) the electrical current to a safe level that won't blow the LED out.
The resistor in the above circuit diagram has a value of 220 Ohms, a standard value that works when powering a LED. LEDs usually operate with around 2.2 volts, depending on their color and manufacturer. This bracelet has a resistor too, it actually has three, one on each color channel of the LED. Instead of being a piece of hardware, we will use thin, sewable plastic called Velostat. It is impregnated with carbon black which makes the plastic electrically conductive. It has a pretty high resistance when left alone, much higher than wire. When the electrical current runs through the plastic and pressure is applied, the amount of electricity let through changes, which is why the brightness of the LED changes.
Want to know more about how current, voltage and resistance relate to one another? I recommend reading more about it over at Sparkfun, they have a great intro to current, voltage, resistance and Ohm's Law.
Step 2: Intro to RGB LEDs
If you don't already, it's helpful to know how an RGB LED works before making the bracelet.
RGB stands for Red, Green and Blue, there are three LEDs of each of these colors inside one RGB LED. There are two kinds of RGB LEDs to be aware of, common cathode (ground) and common anode (power). An LED is a diode, meaning electricity flows through it one way, it will not light up if hooked up incorrectly. When a LED is common ground it means that all 3 channels share the fourth lead that should be connected to ground ( - side of battery). If common power, same thing except the shared lead is connected to power (+ side of the battery). Once you know if you have common ground or power, you will also know which way to sew your battery on. To figure out what kind you have, you can do a quick test.
Look for the longest lead, this will be the lead that hooks up to either ground or power. Separate one of the other leads out and touch one to power and the other to ground, if doesn’t light up, switch. Keep touching the other two leads to the battery to identify which pin is what color. The diagrams shown here don't represent all RGB LEDs, so it's good to identify the leads for yourself.
Common ground is more often found, however I am using a common power LED.
The color produced by mixing light is called additive color. When the brightness level of one channel is mixed with another you get a different color. For example, if the green channel gets zero power, but equal amount is going to the red and blue, you get purple, brighten the red a bit more and you get fuschia. Yellow is made by giving the red channel power and the green channel less. When all channel are on at the same brightness, white is produced.
Step 3: Design Pattern- Optional
This step is optional. I have attached the bird design for you to use so you can get to building. Alternatively, you can put a pencil to paper and create a different design to work with. Skip to the next step if you would like to use the bird.
There is a bottom design and a top design of the bracelet. Let’s start with the top.
While designing the top, there are 2 things to make sure of:
1) The final design is made up of 4 separate shapes. Each of these shapes will be connected electrically to different leads of the RGB LED. You do not want them to touch at any time, that will create a short!
Each shape will be connected to the red, green and blue channel of the LED, the fourth being power (or ground depending on the kind of LED).
2) The three shapes that will connect to the red, green and blue channels of the LED need to extend towards one edge of the rectangle. Put some space between them and straighten them out. This gives you more surface to press on once the bracelet is put together.
Once satisfied with the design, scan it and open it in Illustrator or another CAD program that has draw and trace tools for illustration. Trace the image with the Pen tool in Illustrator so you can clean up and manipulate the path of the design as much as you like.
To help scale the design , measure your wrist with a soft measuring tape, take the length and draw a rectangle that is wrist measurement x 2.5”. Use this rectangle to fit the design in. Keep the outer edges of your wrist measurement marked, these two lines are where you cut along for the clasp. Before doing that however, add 1.25" on both ends for the clasp. Mark a slot about 1.5" on the end where the resistive plastic will be sewn. For the part that goes through the slot, cut in .625" from the edges towards the middle.
It helps to print out the bracelet pattern and your design on paper and try it on to make sure it looks as you want it to. This is also perfect for drawing in the battery holder, stitch lines and anything else that is part of your layout.
Step 4: Cut Bracelet
Download the attached .zip, it contains all the cut files as jpegs and illustrator (.ai) files so you can alter the size and shape if you like.
Steam out the felt to get rid of wrinkles and creases. Lay the pattern down on the felt. Cut around the edges and mark the slot and tab with pins or something that can be removed from the felt later on.
Step 5: Cut Conductive Fabric
The conductive traces will actually be cut from two materials, paper and conductive fabric. You are welcome to omit the paper step, but it's helpful for placement when ironing on.
Cut Paper Design
Take some paper and smooth it on the Silhouette’s cutting mat. Load it in the machine and connect your computer to it via USB.
If you designed your own pattern, save it as an image file in your CAD software before importing it.
Import the previously downloaded jpegs in to Silhouette Studio. Use the trace tool to select and trace the outline of each image. After the tracing is complete, switch to the cut settings and do some tests with some presets. Card stock should work well. When ready, cut the entire top and bottom pattern out. Check it with your bracelet pattern one last time, making sure the battery holder with hit both the top and bottom and the three channels of the top pattern are close enough to the edge, .25” or less. If it all looks good, move on to conductive fabric!
Cut Conductive Fabric
Cut a piece of fabric big enough for the designs. I have included the illustrator file, so you can can group them together to save space if you like.
Smooth the fabric over the cutting mat, load and cut the final designs using the below settings.
Blade : 2
Speed : 8
Thickness : 14
Piece to cut:
- Bird pattern (top four traces)
- Bottom trace
For more details on this method and how to use the Silhouette Cameo, check out my CNC Conductive Fabric Circuit Instructable.
Step 6: Cut Resistive Plastic
Otherwise known as Velostat.
Follow the previous steps to cut using the silhouette or these can be easily cut by hand.
Step 7: Iron on Traces
Take the paper cut outs and place them on the bracelet, tape them down on to the felt and try it on. Check to see if the bottom design overlaps and touches the top design over the three separate channels. One tab of the holder will be sewn to a top trace, the other is sewn to the bottom.
If all looks good, start replacing the paper pieces with fabric, with the iron set to Medium heat.
Step 8: Prep LED
Take the RGB LED, singe out the common ground or power pin and bend it to a 90 degree angle. Take the other three pins and do the same. Use rounded needle nose pliers and curl up the ends of the pins towards the LED.
Place the LED on top of the design and arrange the pins so they touch their respective shapes, but remember, not each other!
Step 9: Sew LED
Thread a needle with about 18” of conductive thread and make a knot at the end. Thread the needle through the bottom of the felt, piercing through the conductive fabric on the top. If the needle is not already through the curled looped leg you created, thread it through. Make several tight, small stitches going around the loop and through the conductive fabric and felt. Make at least 6 stitches. It’s important to make a good and secure connection between the LED lead and the conductive fabric trace. Finish and knot on the bottom. Do this for the rest of the leads.
When done sewing, turn the bracelet around and clip off any tails of thread, it’s easy for them to touch and create a short. Then take a multimeter and test the connections, to see that they are made securely by putting it on the continuity setting and putting one probe on the a LED lead and the other on the trace it’s sewn to. If it beeps and there aren’t any breaks, you have a solid connection.
Next, test that the connections are NOT touching each other. Thread is hairy and one little stray strand that can’t be seen can create a short. Touch one probe to one connection and the other to a second, if you get a beep, that means there is a short happening. Taking a piece of tape and use the sticky side to take of stray strands, or scrape between two connections to move away any strands that are hard to see. Continue to test all the connections.
Use fabric glue to secure the knots on the back once you have confirmed they are not touching. Cover the knots well, coating every fiber and a little outside of each knot with glue.
Step 10: Sew Battery Clip
Take the battery clip and identify which tab is the positive side and which is the negative. Match the tab with the trace and lay it on top. Thread the needled through and make as many passes as you can until the needle can’t pass through the hole any longer. Knot off on the bottom and dab some glue on it.
Turn to the bottom and do the same to the second tab.
Step 11: Sew Resistive Fabric
At no time do you want the conductive fabric from the bottom trace to touch the conductive fabric on the top traces. Keeping this in mind, lay the Velostat over the conductive traces, covering the ends of the bird's tail feathers. The electricity must run through the plastic to the second piece of conductive fabric. This is how the current is resisted through the pressure of touch and how different colors are made due to the changing brightness of each channel. If one piece of bread of the sandwich touches the other (the two conductive fabric pieces), the electricity will skip the meat (plastic). This is because electricity takes the path of least resistance.
Keeping this in mind, lay the Velostat over the conductive traces, covering the ends of the bird's tail feathers. Tape in place and put the bracelet together to test once more that the bottom and top traces don’t touch each other, except through contact with the plastic.
Thread a needle with non-conductive thread and start sewing them down. Use a basic running stitch and go around the edge once, then a second time, filling in the spaces between the stitches to produce a solid stitch line. You can also use a backstitch.
Step 12: Add Battery
When building electrical circuits, the moment of truth is always when power is applied. It’s either going to work or not. I always count on it to not work, which is funny, but true. It’s helpful to always be ready with a list of things to troubleshoot.
So, now is the time for your circuit’s moment of truth. Pop the coin cell in the holder and put the bracelet together. Press the bottom trace pads on top of the resistive channel pads. The LED should light up and change color depending on what color channels are being pressed the hardest.
If it is not working as expected, here are some things to troubleshoot:
If the LED is not lighting up:
- Check connections again with multimeter
- Check for shorts with the multimeter
- See if the LED’s power and ground legs are connected to the power and ground sides of the battery
If the LED is on but the color can not be changed:
- The bottom and top traces are touching and bypassing the resistive plastic. Reposition or recut the plastic.
If only the red channel is lighting up:
- Each color channel takes different amounts of voltage. The red typically takes around 2V and the blue and the green typically take around 3V. Each battery is a little over it’s voltage, so the 3V battery we use will power the blue and green channels for some time just fine. But, when it gets too low, below 3V, it will only have enough juice to power the red and not the other two. Swap or recharge the battery and the blue and green channels will glow once more!
Step 13: Wear
This bracelet is pretty on it's own, but really shines when you stop to show it off by interacting with it. Enjoy your new skills in sewing circuits and feel free to ask me questions on techniques, materials or design in the comment section. | <urn:uuid:7a0540aa-7696-496e-87f7-c443e22e22d8> | {
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