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I am not sure that I am understanding your question, as the problem I entered is as it is listed in my book, however my instructor explained it as this:
For df=25, determine the value of A that corresponds to each of the following probabilities:
a) P(t ≥A) =0.025
b) P(t ≤ A) =0.10
c) P (-A ≤ t ≤ A) =0.99
a) A = 2.060
b) P(t ≤ A) =0.10 implies P(t >= A) = 0.90
Thus, A = -1.316
c) Since t-distribution is symmetric, P (-A ≤ t ≤ A) =0.99 implies that we need to find A such that P(t >= A) = (1-0.99)/2=0.005
Thus, A = 2.787
Perhaps you're expected to use a table of critical values like the one found here: 184.108.40.206.2. Upper Critical Values of the Student's-t Distribution
In which case it is clear that the answers are:
b) and c) Your instructor has already outlined how to do it. The numbers your instructor used are got from tables like in the one in the above hyperlink.
If you cooperated by answering the questions I asked it would have been easier to help you.
By the way, the reason I asked what distribution A followed is that many distributions are characterised by degree of freedom. Without knowing which one in particular it was impossible to help you without having to make a guess which one .... Why guess, I thought, when I can simply ask for clarification ....... The fact that you could not tell me suggests you have deeper problems than the one you posted - you're advised to get as much help as possible from your instructor.
Furthermore, even when the distribution is known, their are several ways of answering the question. Numerical integration of the pdf, black-box technology, tables of critical values etc. Again, why guess, I thought, when I can simply ask for clarification ....... | <urn:uuid:bdb2bd91-23f8-4203-af5c-c427e380ca13> | {
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|In the event of a burn, you must act fast to
try and minimise the damage to the patient. The following steps should be
followed but remember if you are unsure seek help, and dial 999 if
- Stop the Burning Process. The faster the better--within 30 seconds,if
possible. Burns can continue to injure tissue for a surprisingly longtime.
No first aid will be effective until the burning process has stopped.
- Smother the "flames" with lots of cool water. Cool the burn under
running water for a minimum of 10 minutes Do not try to remove tar or
melted plastic. Do not use ice.
- In the case of severe burns, no attempt should be made to remove
clothing that is attached to a burn, as this will cause further problems.
These can include: further damage to the skin, prolonged healing and an
increased risk of permanent scars.
- The priority afterwards is to prevent infection and recommended
actions for burns include covering with a bag or cling film until medical
assistance can be obtained. Or wrap a minor burn with a thin layer of
gauze, or apply clean dry clothing. Covering wounds reduces pain and
evaporative losses, but do not use an occlusive dressing.
- Re-dress the wound every day by removing old dressings, re-washing,
and putting on clean dry covering. If the wound has been oozing, you may
have to soak off old dressings with clean tepid water.)
- If it hurts a lot, the safest form of pain relief is Paracetamol.
- For more information read the advice on the
John's Amubulance website | <urn:uuid:57985a3e-3bb3-4c41-a689-a3f83f53255f> | {
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Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
Frequency response is the measure of any system's response to frequency, but is usually used in connection with electronic amplifiers and similar systems, particularly in relation to audio signals. Because the human ear is generally not sensitive to phase, the frequency response is typically characterized by the magnitude of the system's response, measured in dB, versus frequency. The frequency response of a system is typically measured by applying an impulse to the system and measuring its response (see impulse response), sweeping a pure tone through the bandwidth of interest, or by applying a maximum length sequence.
Once a frequency response has been measured (e.g., as an impulse response), providing the system is linear time invariant, its characteristic can be approximated with arbitrary accuracy by a digital filter. Similarly, if a system is demonstrated to have a poor frequency response, a digital filter can be applied to the signals prior to their reproduction to compensate for the problem.
Frequency responses are often used to indicate the accuracy of amplifiers and speakers for reproducing audio. As an example, a high fidelity amplifier may be said to have a frequency response of 20Hz - 20,000Hz ±1dB, which tells you that the system amplifies equally all frequencies within that range and within the limits quoted. Such a measure does not include any other indicators of quality (e.g., non-linear distortions of the signal, signal-to-noise ratio, etc...). Frequency response therefore does not guarantee a given quality of audio reproduction, but only indicates that a piece of equipment meets the basic requirements needed for it.
The contents of this article is licensed from www.wikipedia.org under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details | <urn:uuid:5be33dd9-8d72-447b-9917-95699895403d> | {
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[adapted from Wikipedia] An ovoo is a type of shamanistic cairn found in Mongolia, usually made from rocks or from wood. Ovoos are often found at the top of mountains and in high places, like mountain passes. They serve mainly as religious sites, used in worship of the mountains and the sky as well as in Buddhist ceremonies, but often are also landmarks.
When I traveled, we often stopped at the ovoo and walked around it 3 times clockwise for good luck. Usually we would add a rock or candy or a little money to the ovoo as an offering. | <urn:uuid:cf39531c-a7c6-4b5d-a3a9-98925bebb9bd> | {
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This is a nice little review of the state of the art in germline mutation rate estimation in humans. This was previously estimated using paleontological calibrations (especially the human/chimp split), but a slower mutation rate emerged on the basis of whole genome data from humans. There may be problems with the latter (because of false positive/negative mutations using whole genome sequencing), but the problem is an important one due to the use of the mutation rate to estimate time depth of common ancestry. In any case, the table on the left summarizes the results of several studies on the topic.
Trends in Genetics, 17 May 2013
Properties and rates of germline mutations in humans
Catarina D. Campbell, Evan E. EichlerSee Affiliations
All genetic variation arises via new mutations; therefore, determining the rate and biases for different classes of mutation is essential for understanding the genetics of human disease and evolution. Decades of mutation rate analyses have focused on a relatively small number of loci because of technical limitations. However, advances in sequencing technology have allowed for empirical assessments of genome-wide rates of mutation. Recent studies have shown that 76% of new mutations originate in the paternal lineage and provide unequivocal evidence for an increase in mutation with paternal age. Although most analyses have focused on single nucleotide variants (SNVs), studies have begun to provide insight into the mutation rate for other classes of variation, including copy number variants (CNVs), microsatellites, and mobile element insertions (MEIs). Here, we review the genome-wide analyses for the mutation rate of several types of variants and suggest areas for future research. | <urn:uuid:1500cdbf-66cf-4bca-9f68-64ddf6e323e4> | {
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What is that constant ringing sound harassing your ears and hearing? Where does the ringing come from and what causes ears to ring? To know the cause is to know the cure. You will need some tests to determine the cause before you can think about a remedy. The wrong diagnosis or treatment could only make things worse.
Ringing ears is commonly referred to as tinnitus and there are many causes – which can make it difficult to diagnose. Let’s take a little look at some of the more common causes of tinnitus.
Allergies and Sinus Problems
If you have allergies and problems with your sinuses then tinnitus may be present too. The sad fact is though, that most medications given for your allergy/sinus problem, will be creating more of an issue with tinnitus. The reason is that the medications given may contain some chemicals which will force a blockage in the middle of the ear. With this pressure on the ear, sounds such as ringing, buzzing and whistling can begin – it can be a great nuisance to the sufferer.
Stress and Tinnitus
Stress is another common factor that brings on ringing in the ears. If you already suffered from mild tinnitus, perhaps only from time to time – then the onset of stress can make it far worse and more regular. It almost feels like a no win situation – the more the ears ring, the more under the weather you feel. Stress can bring on a lot of minor and major ills. Even if it begins with ringing ears, be sure to try and beat stress before the body refuses to function properly and other parts fall victim to illnesses.
Exposure to Loud Noise
Our ears are incredibly sensitive. You only have to think about the little flexible bones in there to realize that it doesn’t require much pressure from the outside to become damaged. Then there are the tiny hairs in the cochlea – they can be scathed from loud noises over a period of time. These hairs are no ordinary hairs either. They help to channel sounds to the brain in the form of electrical impulses. When they receive sound overload at a booming level, they get confused and send out the sound waves at random – so you hear noise when it is no longer there. A classic example is when you go to a live concert and stand near the speakers – when you leave, you will still have the ringing in your ears.
This disease is present in the inner ear and tinnitus is just one of the symptoms. Many sufferers of Menieres disease know that what usually follows after ringing ears is dizziness, nausea and a loss of balance.
Although these are some of the more common causes of tinnitus, you should still see a doctor as there is also the possibility that an underlying, more serious problem is the cause.Ear Ringing Cures | <urn:uuid:dd675e1c-3d9e-4f21-bbde-953b44bb7155> | {
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New Yorkers tend to fetishize buildings not made for living as places to live — firehouses, churches, hospitals, even a former lunatic asylum, but carriage houses, structures originally meant to house horse and carriage, are one of the most coveted, prized for their distinguished front entrances, interesting histories and often unique floor plans. In January, Sotheby’s International Realty listed a stunner, a 25-foot-wide Upper East Side, Beaux Arts carriage house at 165 East 73rd Street for $14.5 million. The 5,058-square-foot structure, built for Henry Harper Benedict, president of the Remington Typewriter Co., was designed by architect George L. Amoroux and has a notable limestone base.
Like many carriage houses on and off the market, the one at E. 73rd has drool-worthy interiors. Currently, the ground floor houses a five-car garage and a small apartment; the flowing second floor has five bedrooms, a large living room and a formal dining room. Although there are touches of history throughout, like the original hand-carved hitching post on the wall of the first-floor apartment, the design is modern; since carriages homes weren’t initially built out as fancy residences, owners often redesign the interior from scratch.
How did carriage homes, originally built to house horses, become such a popular place to live? The history behind the carriage house is just as unique as the residences are today. Here is a comprehensive look at the role of carriage homes in New York City, and five of the best uses of the buildings that still stand — definitely spaces no longer fit to house a horse.
Carriage houses were a necessity in the late 18th and early 19th century when traveling by horse-drawn car and carriage across cobblestone streets was a way of life. Back then, the city was lined with cobblestone streets. To get anywhere, New Yorkers traveled by horse-drawn car. The richest New Yorkers built private carriage homes to accompany their elegant mansions and townhouses, located primarily on the Upper East Side. Others built more modest carriage homes in the backyards of brownstone buildings. And in some parts of New York, entire blocks called “mews” were set aside to build rows of these buildings.
In the mid-1800s, steam locomotives began replacing horse-drawn cars. Electrified transportation — what we now know as the subway system — arrived soon after with the first elevated line opening in 1885 and the first underground subway opening in 1904. Cars became prevalent around 1910. Presented with faster, easier ways to move throughout the city, New Yorkers largely abandoned the horse as a main method of transportation. But what to do with all those carriage houses? In many cases, the buildings were demolished. But many others remained, and in the late 19th century, they became a housing option for the rush of immigrants arriving to New York City. They served as middle class housing — one historian quoted in The New York Times hypothesized that some New Yorkers built “back houses,” as they were then known, simply to get the lucrative immigrant rents. But developers soon realized that even more lucrative was to build hulking tenement apartments, causing the demolition of even more carriage houses and single-family homes.
It isn’t until the early 1900s that carriage homes became viable housing destinations. In particular, artists started moving into the surviving carriage homes of Greenwich Village, as the neighborhood itself became more bohemian. The trend culminated when Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney, of the esteemed, wealthy Vanderbilt family, moved into a carriage house on Washington Mews in 1940. It was a shock to her family, more accustomed to extravagant Upper East Side mansions, but it marked a turning point in the life of a New York City carriage house. Here are five around New York City that are worth a closer look.
60 Washington Mews
Washington Mews, one of the few surviving “mews” in New York still lined with carriage homes, was built in the early 1800s. As noted, 60 Washington Mews become the home of artist Gertrude Whitney Vanderbilt in 1940, and she lived there until her death in 1942. It was here she sculpted and supported other artists who lived in the Village. Whitney established the Whitney Museum in 1930 around the corner from the mews, on West Eighth Street. In 1953, another artist, the documentary filmmaker Jean Bach, purchased the home. She lived most of her life in the carriage house, entertaining such greats as Miles Davis and Duke Ellington, and passed away in 2013. See photos of the home.
117 East 83rd St.
The New York Times featured this Upper East Side carriage house in 2012, when it was on the market for $14.9 million. The building was the longtime home of the fashion photographer Lillian Bassman, who used the carriage house as a backdrop for many of her shoots. Bassman even brought a horse back onto the ground floor of the building (now used as a garage) for a fashion shoot, another time she photographed a zebra here. The home remained in the family for more than 50 years, until Bassman died in 2012. It sold that year at its ask of $14.9 million.
149 East 38th St.
This gorgeous Dutch Revival carriage home in Murray Hill was originally known as the George S. Bowdoin Carriage House — Bowdoin was a wealthy banker who kept his horses on the first floor, while his coachmen lived upstairs. The building was gutted in 1984 and underwent a Miami-esque renovation, complete with skylights and a spiral staircase. (You may recognize the interior from Woody Allen’s film Whatever Works.) The space has housed an international art gallery and was listed in December of 2012 for $8.25 million.
22 Jane St.
This New York carriage house in the West Village has a haunted history. The original owner, the billiards champion Calvin Demarest, used this as a stable and a horseman’s carriage until he succumbed to mental illness, attacked his wife, and was sent away to a sanitarium. By 1910 the structure was repurposed as a garage and later became a plumbing supply shop. More recently, the artist Jim Dine picked up the home in 1997 for $775,000, undertaking a modernist makeover that included an entertainment center and a roof deck. It hit the market in 2013 for $9.1 million and sold at ask.
407 Vanderbilt Ave.
This Clinton Hill carriage house isn’t historic in the least, although you’d never guess it. The owners purchased a vacant lot surrounded by historic carriage homes and decided to build their own. Construction wrapped on the single-family home in just 2006, and it was the House of the Day in The Wall Street Journal in 2013 when it was on the market for $4.875 million. The interior is thoroughly modernized with a few historic-looking touches. The exterior blends in remarkably well with its neighbors — the owners view the design as a testament to the surviving carriage homes on the block that serviced the mansions on nearby Clinton Avenue. | <urn:uuid:df1db1f1-f073-4cc6-8f2f-0f33ff7cd817> | {
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History of the Bill of Rights
Author: Washington State Courts
Students play a “Jeopardy” like game to learn about the history of the Bill of Rights. Students should have some basic knowledge of the content of the Bill of Rights and the historical setting in which it was written. Handouts help students with detailed information. Questions and answers for the game are provided.
- Students will list rights contained in the Bill of Rights and know there are other rights in the U.S. Constitution and subsequent amendments.
- Students will explain why the U.S. Constitution of 1787 did not contain a Bill of Rights.
- Students will identify the players in the process to obtain a Bill of Rights.
- Students will apply the 10 amendments in the Bill of Rights to their lives today. | <urn:uuid:3f3bf139-b931-4760-90eb-418cd6bef9e8> | {
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Bay Pines VA Healthcare System
Bay Pines Researcher makes Alzheimer's related discovery
Alzheimer's is a tragic disease affecting millions of people and new effective and safe therapies are needed. According to the Alzheimer's Association *, it is the 6th leading cause of death in the United States and the 5th for those aged 65 and older. Bay Pines researchers studied the effects of cotinine in mice genetically altered for Alzheimer's like diseases. Cotinine is a compound derived from tobacco, but without the negative cardiovascular and addictive side effects. The researchers found that cotinine reduced brain plaques associated with dementia and prevented memory loss in the mice. Their findings have been published (online in advance of print) by the Journal of Alzheimer Disease *.
"We found a compound that protects neurons, prevents the progression of Alzheimer’s disease pathology, enhances memory and has been shown to be safe," said Valentina Echeverria, PhD, a scientist at Bay Pines VA Healthcare System and an assistant professor of Molecular Medicine at USF Health. "It looks like cotinine acts on several aspects of Alzheimer’s pathology in the mouse model. That, combined with the drug’s good safety profile in humans, makes it a very attractive potential therapy for Alzheimer’s disease."
While the current drugs for Alzheimer's may help delay the onset of symptoms, none halt or reverse the processes of Alzheimer's disease. In addition, existing drugs may have undesirable side effects.
Some epidemiological studies showed that people who smoke tend to have lower incidences of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. Studies have widely attributed this apparently beneficial effect to nicotine, which has been reported to improve memory and reduce Alzheimer's-like plaques in mice. However, nicotine's harmful cardiovascular effects and addictive properties make the compound a less than ideal drug for neurodegenerative diseases.
The research team decided to look at the effects of cotinine, the major byproduct of nicotine metabolism, in Alzheimer's disease mice. Cotinine is nontoxic and longer lasting than nicotine. Furthermore, its safety has already been demonstrated in human trials evaluating cotinine's potential to relieve tobacco withdrawal symptoms.
The researchers administered cotinine daily for mice genetically altered to develop memory problems mimicking Alzheimer's disease as they aged. At the end of the five-month study, the Alzheimer's mice treated with cotinine performed better on tasks measuring their working memory and thinking skills than untreated Alzheimer's control mice. Long-term cotinine treatment appeared to provide the Alzheimer's mice complete protection from spatial memory impairment; their performance in this area of testing was identical to that of normal mice without dementia.
The brains of Alzheimer's mice treated with cotinine showed a 26-percent reduction in deposits of amyloid plaques, which are a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease. Cotinine also inhibited the accumulation of the amyloid peptide oligomers – a predecessor of senile plaques – in the brains of these mice. Furthermore, the researchers discovered that cotinine stimulated the signaling factor Akt, which promotes the survival of neurons and enhances attention and memory.
Senile plaques likely had not yet formed or were just beginning to accumulate in the brains of the young adult mice when long-term cotinine treatment was started. The researchers suggest that "cotinine may be useful in preventing cognitive deterioration when administered to individuals not yet exhibiting Alzheimer’s disease cognitive impairment or those with mild cognitive impairment at early stages of the disease."
The researchers are seeking additional support for a pilot clinical trial to investigate cotinine's effectiveness in preventing progression to Alzheimer's dementia in patients with mild cognitive impairment, Echeverria said.
The VA-USF team is also studying the potential of the tobacco-derived compound to relieve fear-induced anxiety and help blunt traumatic memories in mouse models of post-traumatic stress disorder.
Study co-authors included researchers from the University of Miami, the University of Manchester (UK), Boston College, and Saitama Medical Center and Saitama Medical University (Japan). The study was supported in part by awards from the Florida Department of Health’s James and Esther King Biomedical Research Program, the Alzheimer’s Association and the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.
Publication citation: "Cotinine Reduces Amyloid-β Aggregation and Improves Memory in Alzheimer’s Disease Mice," Valentina Echeverria, Ross Zeitlin, Sarah Burgess, Sagar Patel, Arghya Barman, Garima Thakur, Magorzota Mamcarz, Li Wang, David B. Sattelle, Daniel A. Kirschner, Takashi Mori, Roger M. LeBlanc, Rajeev Prabhakar and Gary W. Arendash, Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 24 (4) 2011. DOI: 10.3233/JAD-2011-102136, IOS Press.
VA Research and Development program: For more than 65 years, the Veterans Affairs (VA) Research and Development program has been improving veterans' lives through innovation and discovery. The VA Research program, unique in that it is the only research program focused wholly on conducting groundbreaking research to meet the full spectrum of veterans' medical needs, benefits from being part of the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) - an integrated, national health care system with a state-of-the-art electronic health record. Through dynamic combination, the VA Research program is able to promote the quick translation of research findings into advancements in health care for veterans and all Americans.
* Links will take you outside of the Department of Veterans Affairs website. VA does not endorse and is not responsible for the content of the linked websites. The link will open in a new window. | <urn:uuid:5228fe99-0670-4122-8c6f-dad596073d91> | {
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What does fatigue mean? Fatigue during pregnancy is the condition of always tired and sleepy or exhausted resulting from increase thinking, lacking sleep, or physical work, or extended periods of anxiety or stress. Constant or annoying tasks can cause fatigue. Fatigue can be described as either chronic or acute. So, fatigue means by some factor working in a mixture, such as unhealthy lifestyle choices serious, medical conditions, stress and workplace problems. Some women feel sudden fatigue as well.
Extreme fatigue symptoms are the constant, severe case of fatigue that is not relieved by rest. The symptoms of chronic fatigue condition are like the flu, the last longer than six months and obstruct with a particular behavior. The real cause of this syndrome is still indefinite.
Acute fatigue consequences from short-term sleep loss or the short duration of heavy physical or mental work. The special effects of severe fatigue are of short period and typically can be reversed by sleep and recreation.
Sometimes, many women feel extreme fatigue during pregnancy.
While it is known one name, there are two standard types of fatigue in MS – primary fatigue and secondary fatigue. If you understand fatigue, it could be due to one of these factors, or fusion.
The possible reasons for fatigue are common. The majority of diseases recognized to man usually discomfort or fatigue as soon as possible associated symptoms. This is confusing to the information that fatigue during pregnancy can occur in a normal healthy woman as a typical answer to a mental and physical activity. But, normal fatigue can become abnormal if it becomes extreme, chronic, or prolonged fatigue; usually, it occurs when anyone experiences increased physical, chronic, or mental activity.
For example, unusually hard mental, or physical effort for any day can result in usual fatigue that may be final on a day or sometimes extra, depending on the effort stage, while daily curiously mental or physical effort can lead to protracted fatigue (typically longer than 24 to 48 hours). This last condition may expand into abnormal fatigue.
The exhaustion causes can be classified below some extensive disease lifestyle or entities problems that have fatigue as a related sign.
Fatigue is often a sign and not a sickness in itself. The key is for the physician, with the patient's assist, to find out the real reason for fatigue. The patient's information is critical because correct answers to the doctor's questions may lead to the physician toward an analysis or, at least, may tell what medical tests may help supply a sense.
Fatigue is a sign that naturally has the different underlying cause. Fatigue may be described by society in particular ways, and may contain little combination of the following (together physical and mental):
Fatigue is a symptom of a fundamental disease and is described in several ways from sense frail to being continuously tired or missing energy. There may be other connected symptoms depending upon the real cause.
Symptoms of physical and rational tiredness contain feeling continually weary and damaged out. Feeling exhausted mentally and physically can get their toll at all levels of life. We become a fewer expert at our jobs, our relations experience, and skill levels fall to all-time lows.
If unobserved, exhaustion can lead to serious problems such as excessive stress, depression, tiredness, as well as reduce protected structure performance. All these make us more sensitive to infection and illness, creating a great sequence.
Exhaustion also referred to excessive fatigue. Severe lack of energy that affects a person's ability makes physical or mental tasks. Although the probable causes of fatigue are stress and lack of sleep. Physical and mental fatigue can seriously affect a person's ability to function at work and in other areas and can have a fatal result on health when caused by lacking of sleep. Accepting the reality of physical and mental exhaustion can help direct to useful methods of treating and preventing the situation.
Are you so tired? You can scarcely stay your head off your small table at work. Being tired all the time is common through pregnancy. Especially during late and early pregnancy, when your hormones are working eventually to create all the changes your body wants. You might also have difficulty resting because you want to get up to pee throughout the night, or have heartburn or leg cramps that are maintenance up (if so, you should think about those troubles so that you can get some more rest).
There are several reasons why you think exhausted all the time now, including:
Chronic morning illness is exhausting and creates it durable for you to eat, which is how you find revitalized.
Fatigue is essentially regular during the first trimester and tends to come back in late pregnancy. Some women feel tired during pregnancy, and some scarcely give the impression to slow down at all.
Many women feel always tired in early pregnancy, even before they're gaining any additional weight. Night owls can find themselves stressed to wait awake long enough to observe their desired.
Nobody knows what causes early pregnancy fatigue, but it's likely that hormonal changes in exacting, a dramatic increase in progesterone is at least partly to guilt. It is also tough to get a good night's sleep if you are painful or getting up to use the bathroom frequently.
It is entirely usual to feel tired when you are pregnant. When you are pregnant, huge changes get situated in almost every structure in your body, which can make you feel exhausted. Even if you are usually a night owl, you may locate staying up for a movie, or even a 30-minute run.
All through pregnancy, but particularly in the first trimester fatigue (from the first week till the thirteenth week of pregnancy), your body works hard. You are making the placenta, which is your baby's life-support method. Your hormone metabolism and levels are quickly changing, while your blood pressure and blood sugar levels are likely to lower. This all contribute to your brains of constant fatigue.
It is common to feel tired, through pregnancy, particularly in the first 12 weeks.
Hormonal changes now can make you feel exhausted, emotional and nauseous. The simple answer is to try to relax as soon as possible. Make a chance to take a seat with your feet up during the day, and accept any offers of help from relatives. Being tired and run-down can make you feel low down. Try to look after your bodily health – make sure you eat a healthy diet and get plenty of sleep and relax.
Soon in pregnancy, you can experience tiredness because of the additional weight. It can be hard to get a good night's sleep. You might discover it painful lying down, just make sure you get enough of relaxing.
Feeling tired won't harm your baby, but it can make life sense hard, particularly in the early days before you have told the public about your pregnancy.
So, the first obsession to recognize about "exhausted" is what the patient means by the appearance. Does the patient says they feel fatigued or sleepy – they are not the similar? Fatigue describes a lack of motivation and energy, not feeling tired (while both can happen together). If the answer is fatigue, the next step is to decide if the fatigue is physical, mental, or both. Now we are starting to thin down some signs to the reason for the fatigue, but we still have a general way to go together.
Are you looking for the ways of what to do when you’re tired? Don't worry, ways are given below.
1. Exercise daily – you should plan for at least 25 — and preferably 50 — minutes of work out most days of the week. Exercising may be the final thing you want to do when you’re feeling tired or sleepy, but the exercise, in fact, boosts your power. “Workout is your source of early life. It produces those feel good hormones and gives you the power you are looking for.” Some people discover it helps to exercise earlier in the day than close to bedtime.
2. Drink plenty of water – dehydration saps power and impairs physical routine. “Our study shows that dehydration creates it harder for athletes to a simple weight lifting exercises. It’s sensible to think that dehydration causes fatigue still for people who are directly doing chores.” Dehydration has also been uncovered to decrease alertness and attentiveness. How to know if you are having exactly needed water? “Urine has to be straw or properly lighten yellow colored. If it is really darker than that, you should take water.”
3. Get essential help from herbal solutions – two herbal solutions that can assist decrease menopause symptoms that can reason anxiety and fatigue are valerian and black cohosh. Talk to your doctor sooner than taking supplements as or herbs as teas they can get in the way with some medications.
4. Don’t overeat – big meals can exhaust your energy. As a replacement for of eating three big meals per day, attempt eating six mini-meals to increase your kilojoules eating more consistently. This will effect in extra insulin levels and constant blood sugar. You’ll also get it easier to lose overload body overweight if you eat this method.
5. Be careful with caffeine – anyone feeling exhausted must cut out caffeine. The best method to do this is to stop regularly having all caffeine drinks (that includes tea, cola drinks, and coffee) more than a three-week period. Try to wait off caffeine totally for a month to see if you feel fewer exhausted without it.
If you feel fatigue is lasting throughout the whole pregnancy, you should talk to your private doctor. You might experience some more symptoms like breathlessness, weakness and fainting spells, you should be careful about them. Also, you might feel sad or apathetic, but you don’t need to get worried about those problems. Just take help from your private doctor and get your expected benefit. | <urn:uuid:8576221c-f207-41d1-bcdd-7828448fd0cf> | {
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By Jim Beasley
Since 1993, DHEC has provided environmental education programs centered on its award-winning “Action for a cleaner tomorrow” environmental curriculum.
Called “Action” for short, the curriculum is revised every year and is correlated to the state’s science standards. More than 11,000 teachers have been trained to use “Action” since the 2009-2010 school year. It’s a great way to set kids on the road to learning about waste reduction, recycling, composting and other environmentally friendly activities.
Three-hour “Action” training workshops are available at no cost to teachers across the state through DHEC’s Office of Solid Waste Reduction and Recycling.
To learn more about “Action” and related programs including fifth-and-seventh grade classroom presentations, click here or call 1-800-768-7348. | <urn:uuid:a5df2b0a-9535-47db-ac5f-5f96be636772> | {
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Monticello-Brown Summit Elementary School Greensboro, NC
Monticello-Brown Summit Elementary School is one of 71 elementary schools in Guildford County Public Schools, the third largest school district in North Carolina. They recently adopted an English language arts curriculum designed to help build children’s knowledge of the world: American Reading Company’s ARC Core. This is their story.
Spoiler alert: You might think that a brand-new curriclculum (with a lot going on inside of it), in its first year of adoption, with a newly minted principal is a formula for disaster – but that’s not what’s going to happen here!
The ARC curriculum is garnering attention from school districts around the country because it looks and feels a lot like the “balanced literacy” with which so many are familiar. This was certainly a factor in its selection by Guilford County.
In fact, ARC Core is quite different. To begin with, while kids work with “leveled books” based on skills they have and have not yet mastered (identified through ARC’s Independent Reading Level Assessment or IRLA), one gets the impression of very intentional movement through levels rather than languishing in one, as all too often happens in traditional leveled programs. There is much celebration when students move to a new level, and surprisingly little competition about at which level students are.
Each level has a set of “power goals” – and every student we talked could tell us what his/her power goal was (e.g. see Jaylen below whose goal is identifying the antagonist and protagonist in narrative text). Students “conference” one-on-one, or in nimble, flexible groups, with their teacher and are assessed for comprehension, vocabulary, and foundational skills before they move on. If they can’t move, they know precisely why.
Another difference here is that all of the books are published trade literature, as opposed to leveled readers which are written specifically to be used in leveled programs. Since the publisher is one of the largest children’s book distributors in the US, districts can customize the units, selecting topics they know will appeal to their students or that match state social studies and science standards. Not only the core text is customizable, but so are all the leveled “bins” that correspond to it, giving students a wide variety of texts from which to choose when working on their power goals.
But there is more. ARC is organized around topic-based units, each of which includes a “research lab” that features a grade-level core text – rich in vocabulary and content – that all students read and around which whole class discussion takes place. Students chose a research topic related to the content of the core text and read additional books at a variety of complexity levels to complete a culminating research assignment. From everything we heard from students, the end-of-unit project is a real highlight of ARC Core.
Finally, in addition to IRLA © and the Research Labs, ARC includes 30 minutes of independent reading time where students can choose texts at any level.
The result of all this is that kids are reading – A LOT! In fact, it is the volume of reading – and engagement with books – that really is the story of Monticello-Brown Summit Elementary.
What to do the kids think about it all? 4th & 5th Grade Students: Brock, Bailey, Julio, Camrun, Jaylen, Hunter, Savannah, Riccardo, and Osbaldo:
- ARC gives us the opportunity to read more books.
- At my old school, I didn’t have enough time to read my books.
- Last year I got books that were too hard and I couldn’t read them.
- ARC focuses on one thing, one topic at a time – where you can really get an idea of what it means, what happens, instead of half of this and half of that.
- I like it when we read it (a book) together because you can get others’ opinions. I like being in book arguments.
- I never get bored. English and social studies are my favorite subjects.
- ARC is more informational. Last year we just searched for things and wrote it down.
ARC Core has a lot of moving parts. What do the teachers say about it implementing it? From Mss. Ashley Martin, Latina Dixon, Alex Faulkner, Melissa Wilson, and Shannon Vaka (Curriculum Facilitator):
- The rigor in this curriculum is huge. In the beginning, it’s hard. I kept asking myself, “How am I ever going to get them to think this deeply about the text.”
- I would put it somewhere between 1-3 (on a 5-point difficulty scale with 5 being the hardest).
- I used a program before where all students read grade level texts but what’s different here is that they’re (the students) able to make it come alive with books on the same topic.
- What’s different here is that when we finish with our independent text, they talk with their classmates and its broadening their horizons, they’re sharing with each other, they’re discussing it, and adding to their reading lists.
- I really appreciate that it took the best of other programs and brought it all together.
- I thought I was going to miss small groups – but this way you get to know the individual readers so much better…you’re working on a very tiny, short-term, specific goal. When they’re ready, you move them.
- The greatest difference I see is with our struggling readers.
Perhaps part of the reason Monticello-Brown’s teachers aren’t more overwhelmed by implementing the new ARC curriculum is because principal Christopher Scott – yes, a first year principal in SY 2016-17 when ARC Core was rolled out and now chief cheerleader in the district – has invested so significantly in professional development. He saw the curriculum being used in summer school, signed Monticello-Brown up as an early adopter, and hasn’t looked back. Scott has also put at least 25% of his Title I dollars into supporting PD, making it possible for the school to benefit from the on-site assistance of an ARC coach for 14 days this school year.
Third-grade teacher Alex Faulkner was just three weeks into using the curriculum (following maternity leave) when we visited and sat in on her coaching session. Alex confessed that she was still struggling to figure out in what order to do things – should she work with the skills first or dive into the content? The ARC coach suggested she could, in fact, intentionally connect them. The book Ms. Faulkner’s students were reading was an informational text about bugs and the coach used as an example of a question she might have asked, “Which detail would be most helpful to a bug researcher?” “Oh, I get it; I could blend them together.”
This “aha moment” strikes us as what it’s all about. Privileging content, while not abandoning language arts skills development, is a sea change for many teachers. We saw it on full display at Monticello- Brown Summit. The important point is this: While the curriculum is maturing, teachers are learning, and full implementation across the school and district is taking shape, children are reading and writing – more than they ever have, and about more interesting and important topics than previously in their school careers. It will make a mountain of difference in these children’s lives. | <urn:uuid:c2931fd9-5f67-44e1-a0c0-04d7a6393cc5> | {
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Take children back in time, before dinosaurs or jellyfish, and connect them to the first tiny things that twitched in the ocean. Written in the first person, the Universe continues its tale of how things began, the challenges it faced, and how time after time, when it was almost extinguished, it managed to survive and emerge stronger and more capable.
“One eukaryote group ate sunlight. The other ate soil. They found each other and became the very first plants and fungi.” Combining story-telling skills with science, this exciting book is an excellent resource for your classroom. It covers the Earth's story from the beginning of life to the extinction of the dinosaurs.
Introduce it after children have heard the second Great Lesson. Includes a detailed timeline, information on the five kingdoms of life, a glossary, and list of resources. 48 pages. Ages 6 - 12. | <urn:uuid:10761e23-5302-49fb-9cd0-f9ae848e2fd6> | {
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Click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term: Jarina Images
Lexicographical Neighbors of Jarina
Literary usage of Jarina
Below you will find example usage of this term as found in modern and/or classical literature:
1. Notes on English Divines by Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1853)
"... with irrefutable force against the doctrine and practice of the Romish Church, as it in fact exists, and no less against the Familists and istius jarina ..."
2. The Lower Amazon: A Narrative of Explorations in the Little Known Regions of by Algot Lange (1914)
"It is not quite as good as the "vegetable ivory" from the jarina palm, but it would form a good raw product for button manufacture as it is readily carved ..."
3. Comparative Zoology: Structural and Systematic, for Use in Schools and Colleges by James Orton, Edward Asahel Birge (1883)
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Mason professor Garry Sparks’ study of religion at the intersection of history, culture, and language is unraveling the secrets of an ancient document, the Theologia Indorum.
His team’s work on the text, translating it from the Mayan language of K’iche’ to English and Spanish, will shed light on how the first Spanish missionaries shared their faith in the New World in the 1500s. The project is funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities.
The Spanish explorers who spread through the West Indies and the mainland of the Americas were accompanied by Franciscan and Dominican missionaries equipped with sermons, catechisms, and songbooks. They translated their lessons to the languages of the people they encountered.
But the Theologia Indorum, written in the 1550s by Dominican friar Domingo de Vico, goes beyond a simple translated catechism. It was initially composed in K’iche’, an indigenous language still spoken by more than a million Guatemalans, then translated only into other related Mayan languages, said Sparks, who teaches in the Department of Religious Studies in the College of Humanities and Social Sciences.
Vico’s text “incorporated aspects and elements of Mayan religious beliefs and practices in his effort to translate concepts of Christianity to the Maya,” Sparks says. The name translates to “either the ‘Theology of the Indians’ or ‘Theology for the Indians.’ I’ve argued that both are correct, as Domingo de Vico seems to have written his Christian theology specifically for the Highland Maya but also as a result of drawing from and affirming features in Maya culture and religious worldview.”
The most significant finding of the Theologia Indorum is how it relates to contemporaneous writings by the Maya, Sparks says. “We’re fortunate because K’iche’ elites learned the writing system developed by and taught to them by Catholic missionaries and soon began to write their own books for their own purposes within only a decade or so," he says. “So, not only is the first Christian theology written in the Americas written in K’iche’ Maya but so are some of the first post-contact indigenous texts.”
Reading those texts and comparing their content to ancient images and hieroglyphic texts that predate Mayan contact with the Spanish, researchers can discern the impact of that encounter. Reading the Theologia Indorum in the context of Mayan writings indicates not only how Christianity was transmitted to the native population, but how they received it.
“It’s the first time we can actually look at the contemporaneous paper trail and recreate an interreligious dialogue between missionaries and indigenous people,” he says.
Sparks and a team of researchers received a National Endowment of the Humanities grant to prepare a critical edition and English translation of the first volume of the Theologia Indorum.
The project’s initial goal was to transcribe the first volume. Working remotely, with yearly weeklong, face-to-face meetings every March, the team has been able to make a complete transcription of both Volumes I and II. Their next step will be to produce an English and Spanish translation, both in terms of a literal translation of the document, “and then a much more fluid, idiomatic English translation that will be much more accessible,” Sparks says.
With help from Mason’s Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media and the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia, the team will develop a website that will make the Theologia Indorum digitally available. The site will include full-color, high-resolution scanned images of its K’iche’ manuscript of Volume I along with the scholarly transcription and translation.
“For the first time since the 16th century, someone can read Volumes I and II and get the entire architecture of the argument,” says Sparks. “The whole idea is to really just get it out there so a whole host of other scholars across the disciplines can begin playing with it.”
May 30, 2018 | <urn:uuid:72d8f904-738d-4639-81c2-e7e4bbba943a> | {
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Good sleep rests your brain, your mind, so you can function effectively the following day. It is clear when you have a poor night of sleep, how our productivity is affected the next day.
A good night sleep is a prelude to good performance the next day amongst other things of course.
Millions of us do however have difficulty getting a good night sleep to live a healthy life. The problem with sleep difficulty is that the more you try to fight it the worse it gets and do you know why?
Anxiety can also be called angst or worry. It is a state of constant fear and concern. Anxiety is an emotional state brought on by stress that creates feelings of worry, uneasiness and dread. Anxiety is experienced differently by everyone but it is a very commonly used by our brains as a coping mechanism to help us deal with extraordinary stresses in our lives.
Anxiety VS. Anxiety Disorder:
Many people confuse Anxiety with an Anxiety Disorder. While anxiety is typical and bearable, an anxiety
disorder is the more extreme. Once someone develops an Anxiety Disorder then can no longer function properly in society and they should seek professional help.
The more you wrestle with your inability to fall asleep, the more anxious you become about the problem. The more anxious you become, the less you are likely to fall asleep. Fact!
Sometimes you need a sleep aid to help you a couple of nights to regain your confidence whilst avoiding dependence at the same time because that too could become another problem altogether.
Many people are concerned that taking sleep aids will cause them to be addicted, will cause them to sleep too deeply, or will give them side effects of grogginess the following day.
Many sleep aids do those things because they use intense drugs that make sure your body responds poorly to its reactions to stress or other sleep deprivation causes.
What’s the solution?
You need sleep aids that actually talk to your body and your mind in their own language, using ingredients that normally are produced by the body when you relax and sleep.
You should always talk to your doctor about insomnia and using any sleep aids though, especially because insomnia can be the result of an underlying problem that may need a much deeper solution.
You should also limit your consumption of caffeinated products, like coffee, sodas, and chocolate to help you to fall asleep more easily. However, sometimes we just need a little help to get to sleep and a safe product like Alteril can provide that kind of help. See alteril review on that page. | <urn:uuid:29834751-744d-47c7-bf00-2c77152f78c4> | {
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(c) Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association, Deerfield MA. All rights reserved. Contact us for information about using this image.
Some work projects taken over by the New Deal began before the Roosevelt Administration came into office and even before the Great Depression. In this case, a sidewalk construction project in Deerfield has its roots in the nineteenth century. The article describes how a group of local volunteers created and maintained the sidewalk as a social event. The August "Sidewalk Dinner Day" was not at all unusual in its time, By the 1930s, however, public employment financed by taxes was replacing such "volunteerism". The FERA in the headline refers to the Federal Emergency Relief Administration. The FERA, which gave federal grants to states, was the main unemployment relief program of the early New Deal. It was replaced in 1935 by the more famous WPA. | <urn:uuid:ce2d3036-4e6c-466e-9e8c-2eb846da155d> | {
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Gamma and E-Beam sterilization are both radiation based sterilization techniques. While the former is performed by exposing the product to continuous Gamma rays, E-Beam sterilization utilizes Electron beams. Both methods are equally effective, but E-Beam is more powerful and hence the exposure time of the device is lesser. Reusable devices sterilized by these methods must undergo a "Quarterly Dose Audit" to ensure that they meet the established standards and sterilization levels. The frequency of these audits will become lesser as the years progress.
Neither method results in any radioactivity. In fact sterilization through irradiation is considered a "clean and efficient process" as it does not leave any residue on the device and no quarantine period is required once desired sterilization levels have been reached. Furthermore the rays can penetrate dense materials (especially so for Gamma) and closed package products with minimal rise in temperature and effect on the product material (unlike Steam and EtO/gas). E-Beam radiation displays certain limitations when penetrating dense materials (or) products with varying densities.
This International Standard specifies requirements for validation, process control and routine monitoring in the radiation sterilization of health care products. It applies to continuous and batch type gamma irradiators using the radionuclides 60 Co and 137 Cs, and to irradiators using a beam from electron or x-ray generator.
The ISO standard also provides information and guidance on equipment, irradiation compatible materials, Dose setting methods and dosimetric aspects for Gamma, E-Beam and X-Ray sterilization. For example the standard explains that all plastics can be classified as materials whose molecules either i) predominantly degrade with irradiation or ii) predominantly crosslink with irradiation. The latter types tend to have higher radiation stability. | <urn:uuid:bc9eae8f-7954-435d-b606-9eab88143b7d> | {
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More on Geothermal Energy
Geothermal heating and cooling uses the temperature just below the Earth's surface- which hovers between 42 and 55 degrees F - to control air temperature. It is a free, renewable and low-impact resource that offers a sustainable alternative to burning fossil fuels and other pollutants.
The Oswald Visitor Center, completed in 2005, is currently one of the largest public buildings in Minnesota using geothermal technology. A ground-source pump transfers heat into the Visitor Center in colder months via an environmentally-friendly, food-grade antifreeze solution that flows through 250 wells, each 200 feet deep, underneath the Arboretum's main parking lot. The wells are interconnected to form a closed-loop system, ensuring that ground-water pollution does not occur. In the summertime, heat from the Visitor Center is transferred to the ground in a reverse process using the same pump system.
Using geothermal energy as a means of climate control is as cost-effective as it is sustainable. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, geothermal exchange systems save between 30 and 70 percent in heating costs and 20 to 50 percent in cooling costs compared to conventional systems. For more information about geothermal heating and cooling, visit the official EPA website. | <urn:uuid:777f2c27-3cf0-4368-a4d9-c7de0f5af70e> | {
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While you may not know it, there are a couple of products you use everyday in your house that has the ability to cause or give you cancer. Here are a few of the products and how you can protect yourself and your family.
Your Cleaning Products
Formaldehyde is a known carcinogen found at home in food, cosmetics, a variety of cleaning products (such as dishwashing liquids, fabric softeners, and carpet cleaners), paint, foam insulation, and on permanent press fabrics. You can also be exposed to formaldehyde by breathing smoke from gas cookers and open fireplaces.
To reduce your risk of this, choose your cleaning products carefully and read all labels to ensure that you aren’t using one with formaldehyde. Also, be sure to ventilate your cooking areas.
The dry-cleaning chemical perchloroethylene (tetrachloroethylene or “perc”) is a cancer causing substance that can build up wherever you store your dry-cleaned clothes. It’s also found in spot removers, shoe polish, and wood cleaners.
The way to protect yourself is to wear gloves when polishing your shoes and cleaning wood. If you dry-clean your clothing, try to find a dry-cleaner who doesn’t use perc.
Your Vinyl Flooring and Your Miniblinds
Phthalates are suspected of causing cancer and may also have a negative effect on human reproduction or development. They can be found in vinyl flooring, shower curtains, synthetic leather, miniblinds, wallpaper, and anything made with PVC vinyl. They’re also found in food packaged in plastic.
To protect yourself, look for products that are labeled as phthalate-free. Get rid of plastic toys made before 2008 and switch to glass and stainless containers and bottles.
Your Chicken and Rice Dinner
Everyone knows arsenic is poisonous, but in smaller doses, it can also cause cancer. However, you can also find it in foods you probably eat regularly—including chicken, rice, and certain fruit juices, as well as in degreasing products, dyes, furniture wax, glues, lubricants, nylon, and paints.
Serve only organic chicken, and wash your rice well before cooking. Check the labels on your household products; people following a gluten-free diet may be at particular risk of arsenic exposure.
Asbestos has been out of favour when it comes to insulation for years but there is a chance you will still find it in older homes. As the insulation eventually deteriorates, asbestos fibers become airborne.
Since asbestos fibers stick to clothing and shoes, workers exposed to asbestos on the job have a higher chance of bringing it into their homes. | <urn:uuid:b59c84d9-95a5-4611-97b0-d32f5a4a03f6> | {
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See the Advocacy page for more
From its beginning in 1970, IPJ’s advocacy priorities focused on alternatives to war and violence and on racial and economic justice. With the development of the Families Against Violence Advocacy Network (FAVAN), IPJ’s advocacy priorities expanded to include gun violence, violence in the media, violence in schools, domestic violence, and hate violence. See “Five Steps to Break the Cycle of Violence” for specific suggestions. Since September 11, 2001, IPJ’s advocacy efforts have focused extensively on alternatives to war and violence in the face of terrorism, as well as on specific legislative actions to counteract the cutting of social programs to pay for US military expansion. How to respond concretely to Dr. King’s “giant triplets of racism, materialism, and militarism” was the advocacy focus of IPJ’s “Circles of Peace, Circles of Justice Newsletter in 2003-2004.
Educating for Peace and Justice
Since 1972, IPJ has been developing curricula and doing teacher in-service programs on peace and justice issues for public and parochial schools and religious education programs, K-12. The EDUCATING FOR PEACE AND JUSTICE teachers manuals for K-12 carried the IPJ message to teachers and students through eight editions over 30 years. Since 1996, much of IPJ’s curricula development, student presentations, and teacher workshops have focused on the Kids, Classroom/School, Youth and Campus Pledge of Nonviolence, including Alternatives to Violence Kits for Public Schools, K-5, Christian Education and Schools, K-8, and Christian High Schools and Youth Groups.
Numerically we estimate that more than -
Faith Communities & Peacemaking
Since 1975, we have led workshops, conducted retreats, and written extensively for Christian churches, Jewish congregations, Catholic religious communities, and individuals of faith on how to integrate peace, justice and environmental concerns into our faith journeys. Among the books are A CALL TO PEACE.
Numerically we estimate that more than –
· Sixteen national Christian denominations in the US and Canada have used IPJ resources and PPJN leaders in their family life, religious education, multicultural, women’s, peacemaking, racial and economic justice, and youth programming, touching millions of others.
Families Against Violence (FAVAN)
In 1996, the Institute for Peace and Justice’s Parenting for Peace and Justice Network (PPJN) convened a gathering of US and Canadian leaders to explore how to respond to the escalating violence in families, communities, and our world. From this gathering emerged the Families Against Violence Advocacy Network (FAVAN) and the Pledge of Nonviolence as the primary tool for educating and organizing families and communities to challenge violence at all levels and to live more nonviolently. FAVAN is a loose network of organizations, families and individuals committed to violence prevention and the promotion of alternatives to violence in our families, schools, faith communities, youth groups, colleges, workplaces and prisons.
“Francis the Clown” Programs
As “Francis the Clown,” Jim McGinnis does presentations on the Pledge of Nonviolence in public and parochial elementary schools and religious education programs. In the spring of 2003, he did 24 school assemblies in St. Louis, Kansas City and Detroit, offering students and faculty creative ways of promoting peace in the midst of war, including the Pledge of Nonviolence and donations to “All Our Children,” a new ecumenical initiative to provide medicines for Iraqi children. For high school, college, and young adult audiences, he does a one-hour Dramatization of the Life of Francis of Assisi as a way of teaching nonviolence, solidarity with the poor, care for the earth, and simplicity of life.
Grandparents Acting for Peace
In 2003, under the leadership of Louise Bates Evans of the IPJ Program Committee, we began brainstorming how we might use the experience we gained through the Parenting for Peace and Justice Program to involve grandparents more fully into promoting peace, justice, and care for the earth. A “Grandparent’s Packet” is being developed to include several books to read to grandchildren, especially around the components of the Pledge of Nonviolence, and suggestions on story-telling and relating to nature. Discussions have begun with the Gandhi Institute for Nonviolence to have Jim McGinnis write a book for grandparents, parents, and daycare providers on how to incorporate Gandhi’s principles into working with children.
Homeless Shelter Program
Since 1994, IPJ has been providing workshops on non-violent parenting skills in several St. Louis homeless shelters. We have also collaborated with SALAMU, an African dance and drum ensemble, to introduce these families to African dancing, drumming and storytelling, as well as the connection of traditional African values to the problems of everyday life. We are also introducing the Circles of Hope, Circles of Peace program to homeless shelters, helping their families deal with issues of poverty and violence. Funding for continuing these activities, however, remains a serious issue.
Parenting for Peace and Justice (PPJN)
See the PPJN web pages for more info
See also Resources for Families
In 1981, IPJ created the Parenting for Peace and Justice Network (PPJN) as an interfaith, interracial, transnational association of families of all descriptions who seek "Shalom" - well-being, wholeness, peace, justice - in our own living situations and in the broader community. We recognize that the well-being of our families is tied to the well-being of our global family and the earth itself. Over the years, PPJN organized local chapters and nurtured local coordinators throughout the US and Canada and in over 20 other countries; promoted family support groups, workshops, and family programs in faith communities and neighborhoods; encouraged family advocacy on a wide range of peace, justice, and environmental issues; and created resources for families and family leaders on these issues.
We recently completed a 3-year program in the St. Louis Public Schools through the Safe Schools, Healthy Students Initiative. Our work expanded to 40 schools, and to kindergarten and early primary teachers. There has been a great deal of excitement generated as we work with the children on specific ways to "use your brain" to become better peacemakers. The Pre-School Peace Tote Bag, our exciting new resource for early childhood teachers and parents, is now available.
Racial Justice Program
From its beginning in 1970, IPJ has made racial (and economic) justice and diversity a priority concern that has been progressively realized in the content of IPJ publications and workshops, in the make-up of IPJ staff, Board, committees, and consultants; in locations of our offices and programs; and in the groups with whom we collaborate and on whose Boards we serve. Currently, the work of the Racial Justice Program has centered around four areas:
“Solving Our Situations” (SOS) and Mentor Programs
In collaboration with the St. Louis Public Schools, the Center for Women in Transition, and the Marianist Community, and with the assistance of ex-offender “SOS” trainers, Gary Ingram, Joe Jackson, Tanya Rogers, Robin Penny, Olivetta Sumpter, and Vernon Henderson, the “SOS” problem-solving process continues to be part of the curriculum at St. Mary’s and Vianney High Schools, for women ex-offenders and their teenage children. Vernon Henderson also brought the essence of SOS to middle school youth. In collaboration with Project Re-Connect, ARCHS, and Project COPE, IPJ and our ex-offender facilitators developed mentor training programs for men and conducted group mentoring sessions.
Teens Acting for Peace (TAP)
This unique youth violence prevention training program continues to provide leadership opportunities for youth across the US. In southeast Pennsylvania, youth working with the United Church of Christ conducted “peace camps” during the year as well as the summer. High school youth in Cincinnati were trained to teach the Pledge of Nonviolence in area elementary schools, and 8th grade youth in St. Louis were also trained to teach the Pledge to the other grades in their schools.
Violent Offender Program
Since 1998, Jim McGinnis has worked as a volunteer-in-corrections with the Violent Offender Program (VOP) at the Missouri Eastern Correctional Center. This unique intensive self-help program created by several inmates and run by inmate facilitators challenges other offenders to identify their criminal patterns of thinking and behavior, take full responsibility for their actions, and create a program for changing these patterns. The men who survive the intense 36 sessions (about 30%) move into relapse prevention and work on restorative justice, making amends to their family members, victims, and the community. AMAZING GRACE: The Story of the VOP is the title of the book the men wrote with Jim about this “amazing grace” in their lives. This program has been adapted for use in other correctional centers, with ex-offenders, and with at-risk youth, entitled “SOS – Solving Our Situations: Tools for Positive Change.”
Young Artists for Justice & Peace (YAJP)
Young Artists for Justice & Peace blossomed in 2008-09, as IPJ collaborated with Gitana Productions and others to inspire St. Louis area youth to create their own artistic performances of Dr. King’s message. As part of their commitment to live Dr. King’s message, many of these youth have assisted youth from the Juvenile Court system to create a “Stay in School” message to be performed, as well as a series of PSAs. A documentary film of the whole project is being prepared by Daring or Nothing Productions, and a curriculum on teaching Dr. King’s message is being developed to extend this project nationwide. The initial St. Louis performance will become an hour-long production to inaugurate IPJ’s 40th anniversary in January 2010. | <urn:uuid:c212b875-9d8c-482f-b2b3-3f032de94b55> | {
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Food Insecurity a Big Problem for Many Seniors
(NEW YORK) -- The golden years aren’t so golden for many seniors, based on data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), which says over eight percent of the nation’s seniors are “food insecure.”
In essence, that means millions over the age of 60 in the U.S. can’t afford adequate food.
Craig Gundersen, a University of Illinois soybean industry endowed professor, reports that, “Seniors who are food insecure reported higher incidence of diabetes, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, heart attack, gum disease, and a host of other health problems” than those with more money or finances.
Given their malnutrition, seniors who are food insecure are also more prone to depression.
Another important finding is that seniors who share a home with grandchildren are three times as likely as other seniors to suffer from food insecurity. Gundersen surmises it’s because the older adults will forgo their own nutritional needs for the sake of the children.
One way of reducing food insecurity among seniors, according to the researcher, is by getting eligible seniors to use food stamps through the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP).
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Problem : In Triangle ABC, a = 4 , b = 3 , and B = 122 o . Is a triangle determined? If so, how many?No. No such triangle exists.
Problem : If the side opposite the given angle is longer than the other given side, how many triangles are determined?One.
Problem : Solve Triangle ABC given that a = 12 , b = 7 , and B = 36 o .sin(A) = 1.07 . No solution. Sine never exceeds one.
Problem : Solve Triangle ABC given that a = 7 , b = 6 , and B = 45 o .sin(A) = .82 . A 55.6 o or 124.4 o . This is an example of case three discussed in the text. The first possible triangle, an acute triangle, has parts a = 7 , b = 6 , c 8.3 , A 55.6 o , B = 45 o , C 79.4 o . The second possible triangle, and obtuse triangle, has parts a = 7 , b = 6 , c 1.6 , A 124.4 o , B = 45 o , and C 10.6 o .
Problem : Two sides of a triangle and an angle opposite one of them is given. There is no solution to the triangle. What must be true of the side opposite the given angle and the other given side?The side opposite the given angle is shorter than or equal in length to the other given side. If it were longer, a solution would exist.
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Over a third of the world’s population who are HIV positive live in southern Africa. The nine countries with the highest HIV/AIDS rate in the world are in the region. ACTSA calls for support of the region’s efforts to tackle the pandemic.
Since the first case was identified 30 years ago, 30 million people have died as a result of AIDS. But, as this short film shows incredible advances in science made this year mean that for the first time we can speak credibly about bringing an end to AIDS.
We need your help to make sure our leaders grasp this chance. Ask David Cameron to declare his commitment to bringing an end to AIDS.
Take action on AIDS
In the last 30 years AIDS has destroyed the lives of millions of people in southern Africa, but this year groundbreaking research in South Africa proved that we could end AIDS in a generation, simply by increasing access to treatment.
Rather than increasing treatment, world leaders have failed to give what they promised to the Global Fund to fight AIDS, forcing it to cancel new programmes until 2014. Many lives will be lost as people wait for new funding for treatment.
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Beacon Lesson Plan Library
Is that a Fact? Reading the Newspaper
DescriptionStudents will be given a newspaper article. They will predict the content based on the title, read and chart fact and opinion statements, and conclude by summarizing the article.
ObjectivesThe student uses prior knowledge integrated with text features to generate questions and make predictions about content of text.
The student uses a variety of strategies to monitor reading in fourth-grade or higher texts (for example, rereading, self-correcting, summarizing, checking other sources, class and group discussions, questioning whether text makes sense, searching for cues, identifying miscues).
The student identifies examples of fact, fiction, or opinion in text.
-Is That A Fact Worksheet (Download attached file.)
Preparations1. Gather newspapers and scan for appropriate articles. You can choose one article and make copies, one for each student, or you can cut out a different article for each student. You may even want to allow the students to choose their own article. If you make copies of an article, make sure you check with the newspaper for copyright permission. (Choosing the same article will cause your assessment to be less time consuming.)
2. Download, print, and make copies of “ Is That A Fact” worksheet, one for each student.
1. Introduce the lesson by asking the students, “Boys and girls, should you believe everything you hear? Should you believe everything you read?” Allow for student
2. Ask the students questions that will lead them to the words -fact- and -opinion.- Clarify for the students the difference between a fact and an opinion. Write an example of each on the board. Have the students point out which sentence is a fact and which sentence is an opinion.
3. Point out key words that are sometimes found in opinion statements. (For example, sometimes opinion statements will have words such as -always,- -never,- 'best,- -most,- -think,- -feel,- -maybe,- … or an opinion will give information that can not be proven. Predictions can also be pointed out as being opinions, like “The Braves will win the World Series this year.” Also, include that any statement that has to do with a person’s thought can not be proven, so it would be considered an opinion. Give numerous examples of opinions and have the students respond to the reasons why the statements are opinions. You can use examples from the newspaper to relate to what the students will be doing later on.
4. Discuss the definition of a fact and give numerous examples. Remind the students that a fact is a statement that can always be proven and it is always considered to be true. (You can use one of the student’s textbooks or the newspaper to illustrate this.)
5. After this discussion, hand out the students' newspapers and the “Is That A Fact?” worksheet. Point out to the boys and girls that many people don’t have time to read the entire newspaper so they scan the title of the articles, predict what each article might be about, and then choose the articles that they are interested in reading. Review with them what predicting means and how it is useful when reading.
6. Have the students read only the title of their article, and then have them predict what they think it will be about. Have them record this prediction on their worksheet.
7. Next, tell the students that you would like for them to read their article carefully. Then they are to go back through the article and pick out sentences that are facts and sentences that are opinions. They are to record these onto the chart on the worksheet. Remind them to analyze the sentences carefully before recording these onto their chart. They should number their facts and opinions as they enter them onto the chart. You may want to set specific guidelines as to how many of each they must record.
8. After about 30 minutes, have the students share some of the facts and opinions they have found in their articles. Allow students to confirm or reject each others examples and give reasons for their opinions. Allow students to repair any mistakes that they might have on their charts.
9. Finally, remind the students that a summary restates the main events of a passage, and ask them to write a summary of the article that they read. This summary can be written on their worksheet. (You can have the students share their summaries afterwards.)
Assessments-Teacher observation and class discussion
-Teacher Assessment of “Is That A Fact” worksheet
ExtensionsYou can extend this lesson by having the students take the opinions from their chart and rewrite them so that they are facts. Then they can rewrite the facts changing them into opinions.
Modifications can be made by choosing articles that your students will be successful in reading. Pairing up students, or peer tutoring, is another possibility.
A follow-up activity can be done in which the students write and word-process their own articles. These can be put together to make a class newspaper.
Attached Files-“Is That A Fact?” worksheet File Extension: pdf
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As a family and cosmetic dentist in Portland, Dr. Melissa Beadnell has seen firsthand the many mysteries related to patients’ oral health. From jaw pain related to TMJ to the white fungus caused by thrush to the swelling that results from a blocked saliva duct, the mouth can hold many medical mysteries.
One of the biggest unknowns of oral health relates to the condition referred to as Burning Mouth Syndrome, the symptoms of which are fairly summed up by the name itself. However, the cause of BMS remains a mystery, as does why the condition stops whenever a person falls asleep.
The Mystery Of Burning Mouth Syndrome
To gain an understanding of what someone suffering from BMS experiences, imagine what it feels like to take a sip of scalding hot coffee or to bite into a steaming slice of pizza. Now imagine that pain and discomfort lasting for years. That’s what patients suffering from BMS deal with on a daily basis. For some, the condition causes an additional bizarre twist. Not only do they experience a constant burning sensation, they also report tasting something metallic. The truly unlucky patients even report feeling a “crawling sensation” like something is moving around in the mouth. Tragically, no cure exists and no remedy can help alleviate the pain caused by this disorder.
Well, nothing but sleep, that is. Remarkably, patients suffering from BMS report being pain free after waking up each day. This period of the day provides a brief relief from the constant discomfort, but it lasts only for a short while. As the day grows longer, so too does the pain, discomfort and crawling sensation. By the evening, the discomfort of BMS reaches a crescendo that leaves patients looking to sleep for relief should they ever become relaxed enough to dose off.
Who’s At Risk Of Burning Mouth Syndrome?
Currently researchers have yet to identify a cause for BMS. However, data shows that menopausal women are the most likely to develop the condition, but BMS can affect nearly everyone.
Treatment for the condition utilizes medications typically used to treat depression and anxiety, but not because of any depression the condition may cause but because low dosages of these types of medication help to reduce nerve function. BMS occurs when the nerves in the mouth turn against the body, making the brain think that something painful is happening which triggers a pain response. Fortunately, most patients who develop BMS recover in only a couple of weeks. But for those who develop a long-term case of BMS, the average time before remission is six to seven years.
Burning Mouth Syndrome is fairly rare – effecting only 2 percent of the population – but if you experience oral discomfort for no apparent reason, schedule an appointment with your family and cosmetic dentist in Portland, Dr. Melissa Beadnell, for a checkup. | <urn:uuid:7b0a96b3-5ab9-4223-90a2-2aba8c38b162> | {
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The first reported use of SAR robots was to explore the wreckage beneath the collapsed twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York after the September 2001 terrorist attacks. Drones and robots have been used to survey damage after disasters such as the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident in Japan in 2011 and the earthquakes in Haiti (2010) and Nepal (2015). Up to now, more than 50 deployments of disaster robots have been documented throughout the world, according to the Texas-based Center for Robot‑Assisted Search & Rescue (CRASAR).
Robin Murphy, head of CRASAR and author of the book Disaster Robotics, says “the impact of earthquakes, hurricanes, flooding […] is increasing, so the need for robots for all phases of a disaster, from prevention to response and recovery, will increase as well”.
Eyes in the sky
Drones, also known as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), can be used to detect and enter damaged buildings, assisting rescue robots and responders on the ground by speeding up the search for survivors through prioritizing which areas to search first. The more quickly SAR teams respond, the higher the survival rate is likely to be. Rescue drones create real-time maps by taking aerial surveys and send back photos, videos and sensor data to support damage assessments.
Drones used for SAR and disaster relief are most commonly powered by rechargeable batteries and are operated autonomously through onboard computers or by remote control. Their equipment typically comprises radar and laser scanners, multiple sensors and video and optical cameras as well as infrared cameras that are used to identify heat signatures of human bodies and other objects. This helps rescuers to locate survivors at night and in large, open environments and to identify hot spots from fires. Listening devices can pick up hard-to-hear audio, while Wi-Fi antennas and other attachments detect signals given off by mobile phones and plot a map that outlines the locations of victims.
New technologies in use or development for rescue drones and robots include ways of increasing survivor detection. Sensors scan areas for heartbeats and breathing, multisensor probes respond to odours or sounds and chemical sensors signal the presence of gases.
Standards put safety first
Much of the technology used in drones comes from commodity electronics developed for consumer essentials like mobile phones. Drones also require global positioning satellite (GPS) units, wireless transmitters, signal processors and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). The flight controller also collects data from barometric pressure and airspeed sensors.
IEC International Standards produced by a range of IEC Technical Committees (TCs) and Subcommittees (SCs) cover the components of drones such as batteries, MEMS and other sensors, with an emphasis on safety and interoperability.
IEC TC 47: Semiconductor devices, and its SC 47F: Micro electromechanical systems, are responsible for compiling a wide range of International Standards for the semiconductor devices used in sensors and the MEMS essential to the safe operation of drone flights. These include accelerometers, altimeters, magnetometers (compasses), gyroscopes and pressure sensors. IEC TC 56: Dependability, covers the reliability of electronic components and equipment.
IEC TC 2: Rotating machinery, prepares International Standards covering specifications for rotating electrical machines, while IEC TC 91: Electronics assembly technology, is responsible for standards on electronic assembly technologies including components.
IEC SC 21A: Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes, compiles International Standards for batteries used in mobile applications, as well as for large-capacity lithium cells and batteries.
Ideal for isolated and remote hard-to-access areas
Using drones is useful not only when natural disasters make access by air, land, sea or road difficult, but also in isolated regions that lack accessible infrastructure. Recently, drones have started delivering medical supplies in areas where finding emergency healthcare is extremely difficult. In 2014, Médecins Sans Frontières piloted the use of drones to deliver vaccines and medicine in Papua New Guinea. In 2016, the US robotics company Zipline launched a drone delivery service, in partnership with the government of Rwanda, to supply blood and medical supplies throughout the mountainous East African country. Zipline says its battery-powered drones can fly 120 km on a single charge to deliver medicine speedily, without the need for refrigeration or insulation.
A project by a company in the Netherlands to help refugees who get into difficulty in the Mediterranean Sea offers another example of drones being used for humanitarian purposes. Its search and rescue (SAR) drone is intended to fly over long distances, detect boats and drop life jackets, life buoys, food and medicine if necessary.
Currently only about a quarter of the world’s countries regulate the use of drones. Their deployment in disaster relief operations poses challenges involving regulatory issues, particularly when decisions are made on an ad hoc basis by local and national authorities. Humanitarian relief agencies also warn of the risks of relief drones being mistaken for military aircraft.
Two arms good, four arms better
Japan and the US lead the world in the development of rescue and disaster relief robots. Teams from both countries collaborated in recovery efforts after an earthquake and tsunami hit Japan in March 2011, causing a meltdown at the Fukushima nuclear power plant. While a Japanese team operated an eight-meter long snake-like robot fitted with a camera, the US contribution included two remote-controlled robots. The first was a lightweight 22 kg model previously used for bomb disposal and other military tasks before being reconfigured for disaster relief operations. The larger US model, capable of lifting up to 90 kg, was adapted from a device originally used for firefighting and clearing rubble.
In 2017, Japanese researchers unveiled a prototype drone-robot combination for use in disaster relief work. It consisted of a vision-guided robot equipped with sensitive measuring systems, including force sensors, and a drone tethered to the robot. Four fish‑eye cameras mounted on the drone capture video of overhead views, allowing the robot’s operator to assess damage in the surrounding area.
Another Japanese rescue robot unveiled in 2017 is a multi-limbed robot that is 1,7 m tall, with four arms capable of independent operation and four caterpillar treads for mobility. Called The Octopus, it is capable of lifting 200 kg with each arm, crossing uneven terrain and lifting itself over obstacles with two arms while the other two clear debris.
In the US, researchers are exploring ways in which a small and light collapsible, origami‑inspired robot, first produced by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), could be adapted for use as a rescue robot. The device, known as PUFFER (Pop‑Up Flat Folding Explorer Robot) is designed to pack nearly flat for transport, and then re‑expand on site to explore tight nooks and crannies which are inaccessible to larger robots.
Over and underwater too
Given that 80% of the world’s population lives near water, maritime robotic vehicles can also play an important role in disaster relief by inspecting critical underwater infrastructure, mapping damage and identifying sources of pollution to harbours and fishing areas. Maritime robots helped to reopen ports and shipping channels in both Japan and Haiti after major earthquakes in 2011 and 2010 respectively.
In the Mediterranean, a battery‑powered robotic device first developed for use by lifeguards to rescue swimmers has been adapted to help rescue refugees crossing the Aegean Sea from Turkey. This maritime robot has a maximum cruising speed of 35 km/h and can function as a flotation device for 4 people.
Easy to find components and technology
Rescue robots use components and technology found in most other robots used for commercial purposes. Actuators and other electric motors, accelerometers, gyroscopes and dozens of sensors and cameras providing 360⁰ views enable these robots to maintain balance while moving over uneven ground covered with rubble or debris, and to get a sense of the environment around them.
A robot operating in a hazardous environment needs independent power and sensors for specific environments. It may be cut off from its human operator when communication signals are patchy. When remote operation guided by sensor data becomes impossible, a rescue robot needs the ability to make decisions on its own, using machine learning or other artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms.
Several IEC TCs and SCs cooperate on the development of International Standards for the broad range of electrotechnical systems, equipment and applications used in rescue robots. In addition to IEC TC 47: Semiconductor devices and IEC SC 47F: Microelectromechanical systems, mentioned above, other IEC TCs involved in standardization work for specific areas affecting rescue and disaster relief robots include IEC TC 44: Safety of machinery – Electrotechnical aspects; IEC TC 2: Rotating machinery; IEC TC 17: Switchgear and controlgear; and IEC TC 22: Power electronic systems and equipment.
Where humans fear to tread
The number of disasters recorded globally has doubled since the 1980s, with damage and losses estimated at an average of USD 100 billion a year since the start of the new millennium, according to the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), a UK think tank. This trend is likely to lead to increased demand for unmanned robotic devices that can assist disaster relief operations on land, in the air and at sea.
Robots of all kinds play a growing role in supporting SAR teams. Increasing autonomy will create more capable ground robots, while a combination of rapid technological advances and regulation should see the market for disaster relief drones soar over the next five years.
MarketsandMarkets, a research company, estimated in October 2016 that the total global market for drones, comprising commercial and military sales, would grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of nearly 20% between 2016 and 2022 to exceed USD 21 billion. Drones designed for humanitarian and disaster relief operations will account for 10% of the future drone market, according to the US‑based Association of Unmanned Vehicle Systems International (AUVSI). | <urn:uuid:4c6218dc-8bfa-4af9-a988-541c7df2d9d9> | {
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Seeing Clearly Without an Optometrist
If you're reading these words through eyeglasses, consider what it took you to get them: you had to pay to visit an optometrist, go through an examination, choose a frame, and pay again to get your final prescription (more if you also ordered prescription sunglasses or contacts and we won't even talk about Lasik!). Now imagine the fate of those with poor eyesight in developing countries; they can't begin to afford what we take for granted.
But one man is working to change that. Josh Silver, a retired physics professor from Oxford University, has invented a solution so simple it can bring a clearer world to everyone, even the world's poorest people. Silver's glasses feature plastic lenses filled with clear liquid in sacs. The sacs connect to syringes housed in the arms of the glasses. Injecting more fluid from the syringes makes the lenses fatter and stronger, while removing fluid with the syringes weakens the effect.
Once the wearer is happy with the adjustment, they turn a screw and remove the syringes. Voila! Perfect eyesight with no optometrist or insurance involved. So far, 30,000 pairs of Silver glasses have been distributed in 15 countries. Silver dreams of getting his glasses onto the faces of one billion people by 2020. Already, it's having an impact. Major Kevin White, a US humanitarian worker who began distributing the Silver glasses, said that People put them on and smile. They all say, 'Look, I can read those tiny letters.' Here's to Silver and a clearer new year for everyone around the world.
more about this
Getting Power to Enslave Roaches and Rats
Scientists have been able to use microchips implanted into rat and cockroach brains for some time to control these creatures' movements. But the control often doesn't last very long, because of the size of the batteries required to power the setup. Tiny batteries have tiny lifespans, often lasting only a few minutes. But Keisuke Morishima from the Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology in Japan thinks he may have that problem licked.
Morishima's idea involves using the creature's own movement to create the electricity required to keep the microchip in operation. As a proof of concept, he attached a tiny piezoelectric fiber to the back of a Madagascar hissing cockroach. The roach generated electricity via the fiber simply by walking. In fact, the roach generated more than 10 millivolts not a lot, mind you, but Morishima calculates that 100 of these fibers could generate enough electricity to power an insect-brain-controlling microchip.
Kevin Warwick, a UK-based cybernetics expert, thinks 100 fibers might be too heavy a load for a single cockroach. But that particular method of power generation may have merit when applied to rats. Not only can they carry more, but their larger bodies should generate more power. Oh, and if you're wondering why scientists are even trying to control rats and cockroaches with microchips, the reasons include discovering disaster victims, spying, and taking advantage of their advanced sense of smell to detect chemicals and/or explosives.
more about this
Now That's a Small Computer
Moore's Law faces a hard limit of sorts: just how small can you make a transistor? As tiny as they might get, we will never get down to the atomic level. Or will we? Christian Joachim is set to challenge that. He works at the French National Scientific Research Center's Center for Material Elaboration and Structural Studies in Toulouse, France. He heads up their Nanoscience and Picotechnology Group.
Though work on atom-scale computing started in the 1990s, it's only now beginning to bear some fruit. And that's not surprising, really; Joachim has observed that his field is in the same position as transistors were back before 1947, when no one knew where they would go. Plus, nanotechnology does things backwards if you consider the usual way chip design works; manufacturers, even nanotechnologists, work from the top down trying to make things smaller; Joachim's team has been trying to work from the atom up. The question we have asked ourselves is how many atoms does it take to build a computer? Joachim explains.
Joachim and his team have succeeded in constructing a simple logic gate out
of 30 atoms that does the work of 14 transistors. They are also
working on what would be necessary to carry out computing processes
inside a single molecule. For fun, and also to help their research,
Joachim's team has also built wheels, gears, motors, and nano-vehicles,
each made up of a single molecule. Could very tiny, moving nanocomputers
be on the horizon?
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Excess Vitamin C May Worsen Osteoarthritis
Researchers Say Dietary Intake Should Not Be Above the RDA Recommendation
June 3, 2004 -- It may be possible to get too much of a good thing when it comes to vitamin C and your health.
Although heralded as a powerful antioxidant that fights everything from the common cold to cancer, a new study shows that over a long period of time high doses of vitamin C is associated with worsening of one of the most common forms of arthritis -- osteoarthritis of the knee.
The study showed long-term use of vitamin C supplements worsened the severity of osteoarthritis of the knee in guinea pigs. In these animals, osteoarthritis of the knees is similar to the cartilage damaging disease in humans, the authors write.
Previous short-term studies in humans and guinea pigs have shown that vitamin C might protect against osteoarthritis of the knees. In contrast, this new study shows prolonged use of vitamin C supplements may aggravate osteoarthritis.
Osteoarthritis causes the progressive breakdown of joint cartilage -- a cushioning tissue layer that helps bone move against each other without causing friction and destruction of bone.
Researchers say the study highlights the potential drawbacks of long-term use of high-dose vitamin C supplements on joint health.
"Our findings suggest that dietary intake should not be supplemented above the currently recommended dietary allowance: 90 milligrams per day for men and 75 milligrams per day for women," writes researcher Virginia B. Kraus, MD, PhD, of Duke University Medical Center, and colleagues.
The study appears in the June issue of Arthritis & Rheumatism.
Vitamin C May Raise Arthritis Risks
In the study, researchers compared the effects of eight months of exposure to low, medium, or high doses of vitamin C in guinea pigs. Humans and guinea pigs are among the few animals that are unable to synthesize vitamin C for themselves.
The low dose of vitamin C was less than 3 milligrams. The medium dose (30 milligrams) was the human equivalent of getting 200 milligrams of vitamin C from eating five servings of fruits and vegetables a day. And the high dose was five times higher than the medium dose and was the amount shown in a previous study to slow the progression of osteoarthritis that is surgically induced. | <urn:uuid:3eabc04e-1c51-4c13-9cc0-b319566f8256> | {
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There are several minerals that are combined in various forms to make up a good multimineral dietary supplement. These are needed to support the biochemical processes in the body. Many of these play a role as electrolytes and in cellular function.
Important Mineral Supplements
Calcium - necessary for proper heart, muscle, and digestive system function. Also helps to build bone and neutralize acidity.
- is a required mineral for processing Adenosine-5'-triphosphate, or ATP,
which is necessary for cellular energy. Magnesium also helps to build
bones and increase alkalinity.
Phosphorus - another important component of bones and needed for increased energy.
Potassium - an important electrolyte. Also necessary in proper ATP function.
Important Trace Minerals
There are also many minerals that are required only in trace amounts.
Cobalt is a needed trace mineral for the biosynthesis of vitamin B12.
Copper is a required constituent of many enzymes.
Iron is required for numerous proteins and enzymes, particularly hemoglobin.
Manganese is a cofactor in the function of many antioxidant enzymes.
Molybdenum is required for xanthine oxidase and related oxidases.
Selenium is required for proper antioxidant function in the body.
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When I first opened Kristof and WuDunn’s book Half the Sky I knew that it would be like no other book I have ever read before. I knew it would be hard to read, because it wasn’t fiction, each terrible story was real and it both scared me and gave me a heavy heart. I knew this was the case after the first page in which I was immediately faced with the terrible story of Srey Rath, a young Cambodian girl who was forced into numerous brothels as a sex slave. This text addresses some of the most horrific stories around the world in regards to the mistreatment and inequality of women, specifically in Asia, Africa, India and the Middle East. The first half of the text emphasizes in detail the stories of women and young girls who: were forced into sex trafficking, who endured rape by family, police and strangers and then were forced to marry those who claimed them; women who are denied medical attention, specifically when pregnant and then are cast out by society to die, when they become too much of a burden. The second half of the text explains why these women endure these punishments. In the parts of the world in which women’s value are seen as less than that of animals, are the parts in which there is little to no education given, especially to women. These young girls and women who are subjected to these tortures, accept them because they are uneducated, which makes them feel weak and helpless and that they have no worth other than to be an abiding house wife and slave. Asa stated in chapter 9, “That is why these people are afraid of educating women-they are afraid that then the women will ask questions, will speak up… That’s why I believe in education. It is such a powerful tool to overcome poverty and rebuild the country” (p.164).
One story that resonated and affected me the most was that of a young Ethiopian girl named Woinshet. In Ethiopia if a man is attracted or intrigued by a girl and knows that he cannot pay the dowery, he will kidnap and rape the girl, which would make her unfit to marry any other man, forcing her to marry her rapist. Woinshet was one of these unfortunate girls who was taken by a stranger and raped, in hopes that she would marry him out of obligation and tradition. Yet Woinshet and her father refused to follow tradition and have her live a life of misery with her napper and rapist. Resulting in her having a long battle in court to get justice. She later became a lawyer; in which she would then defend young women who suffered the same experience. This story resonated with me, because unlike a lot of the other stories, Woinshet, when taken and abused, she did not succumb, she fought and she continued to fight even when society had turned against her and sided with the tradition of injustice and abuse.
The primary solution the text emphasizes, for women’s inequality and suffering around the world, is education. Westerners assume that by giving money and intruding upon a nation telling them what to do and what not to do is help, yet they don’t realize that their ignorance to the culture and the actual problem, outweighs their aid. Derek Bok once stated that “If you think education is expensive, try ignorance” (pg.167). Instead of blindly giving money to an organization, I will use my Marketing education and experience to not only spread awareness about the terrors of the world, specifically in regards to women and young girls, but I will also spread knowledge about each situation, each culture and the importance of education and how education will be the true salvation of men and women.
Kristof, Nicholas D., and Sheryl WuDunn. Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into
Opportunity for Women Worldwide. New York: | <urn:uuid:e5f58791-f6b5-4390-99e7-db4f10be50b1> | {
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Cowden Disease which is also known by the name of Cowden Syndrome or Multiple Hamartoma Syndrome is a congenital dysfunction of the autosomal dominant type which is developed due to mutation of the PTEN gene. Some of the other diseases which have PTEN gene mutation are Bannayan-Riley-Ruvulcaba Syndrome and Proteus Syndrome. Cowden Disease results in hamartomatous neoplasms of skin and mucosa, GI tract, bones, central nervous system, and the GU tract. Majority of cases of Cowden Disease involves the skin and in some cases the thyroid is also involved.
What Is The Cause Of Cowden Disease?
As stated, Cowden Disease develops as a result of the mutation of gene PTEN which is a tumor supressor gene. This gene produces protein called phosphatase and functions by regulating cell growth. It is an autosomal dominant type disorder which means that the child has to inherit only one copy of the defective gene from one parent to get this disease. Due to mutation of the PTEN gene, there is a malfunction of the regulation of cells resulting in overproduction of cells and thus formation of a growth and other associated symptoms.
What Are The Symptoms Of Cowden Disease?
Some of the symptoms of Cowden Disease are presence of cutaneous facial papules. These papules may be flesh-colored and elongated. These papules may have a diameter of about 6 mm. There may be multiple such papules present usually in the periorificial region. In some cases there may also be oral lesions present as well.
How Is Cowden Disease Diagnosed?
Since a large number of people with Cowden Disease are predisposed to hamartoma and various malignancies, hence it is imperative to monitor such patients very closely with frequent laboratory evaluations to look for any abnormalities. For diagnosing Cowden Disease, the following tests may be done.
CBC Count: If an individual is severely anemic then it may be indicative of a malignant disorder hence periodic complete blood count is checked to look for any signs of anemia in people suspected of having Cowden Disease.
Thyroid Function Tests: Cowden Disease also causes thyroid disorder and hence periodic thyroid test is required for people suspected of Cowden Disease.
Urinalysis: Urinalysis is also done to check for proteinuria and hematuria suggestive of a kidney dysfunction
Blood Chemistry: A detailed chemistry is also checked of the patient suspected of having Cowden Disease including liver function tests and calcium levels to look for any abnormality in the liver.
Skin Biopsy: A skin biopsy of the lesions is absolutely vital for the diagnosis of Cowden Disease.
What Is The Treatment For Cowden Disease?
The best way to keep Cowden Disease in check is by carrying out a detailed history and physical examination along with the above mentioned tests at least on an annual basis to keep the disease in check. For females, self-breast examination should be done on a six monthly basis starting as early as 18 or 19 years of age. Apart from this, the following may be done to keep Cowden Disease under control:
- Annual mammography along with breast MRI when reaching 35 years of age in females
- If Cowden Disease is severe then prophylactic mastectomy can be done
- The patient suffering from Cowden Disease needs to conduct periodic dermatologic examination
- At the age of 35, a female with Cowden disease needs to conduct an endometrial biopsy
- There are certain systemic treatments available for treatment of the oral lesions that are present with Cowden Disease however these lesions tend to reoccur when the treatment is stopped. | <urn:uuid:d4364a1c-c429-4048-8c53-c2157dfb9e3c> | {
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NORO (le Porc-épic, the Porcupine), chieftain of the Fox (Outagami) Indians; delegate to the 1701 peace conference at Montreal; fl. 1700–1701.
In response to Governor Callière’s invitation, the Fox Indians of the western prairies sent a delegation to the conference of Indian tribes held in Montreal in the summer of 1701. The purpose of the conference was to discuss the terms of a peace treaty between the Indian allies of New France and the Iroquois. The Fox delegation was under the ceremonial leadership of Miskouensa, who had his face painted red and who saluted the governor by flourishing “an old rusty wig” in the courtly manner for want of a hat. For all practical purposes, Noro was the effective negotiator of his people. Le Roy de La Potherie’s Histoire is the single source which speaks of Noro by name.
Noro presented two requests on behalf of his tribe. He first sought redress from the Chippewas, another ally of the French, for the murder of one of his people. Ouabangué, chief of the Chippewas, replied that the murder was to revenge the death of a Chippewa, said to have been killed by the Foxes. Noro hotly denied the guilt of his tribesmen and said that, at that time, he had been at war with the Sioux. He modestly noted, in passing, that he himself had killed 40 Sioux. The Chippewa chief then admitted that since the fatal arrow was not of Fox making, Noro might be right in suggesting that a Chippewa was to blame for the murder of his fellow tribesman. The two tribes ate together afterward to demonstrate their reconciliation and Noro later accepted a gift to erase the memory of his murdered tribesman. The issue was closed when he smoked the peace pipe “in order to swallow the vengeance which he might have claimed.”
Noro gave Governor Callière a packet of beaver pelts with the wish of the Fox Indians that the governor would send them a Jesuit missionary, a blacksmith to mend their axes and firearms, and Nicolas Perrot. As Noro said, “Perrot is our father, he discovered our land, he made us knowledgeable and has now left us.” The governor received their petition but gave only vague promises in return. The interpreter and agent, Perrot, was never sent back to live among the Foxes.
AN, Col., C11A, 19, pp.78–86 (copy in PAC). Indian tribes (Blair), II, 225. Charlevoix, History (Shea), V, 151. La Poterie, Histoire (1722), IV, 214–16, 255. L. P. Phelps, “The Fox Indians during the French regime,” Wis. State Hist. Soc. Proc., 1907, 142–88.
Cite This Article
Peter N. Moogk, “NORO,” in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 2, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–, accessed September 2, 2014, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/noro_2E.html.
The citation above shows the format for footnotes and endnotes according to the Chicago manual of style (16th edition). Information to be used in other citation formats:Permalink: http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/noro_2E.html
|Author of Article:||Peter N. Moogk|
|Title of Article:||NORO|
|Publication Name:||Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 2|
|Publisher:||University of Toronto/Université Laval|
|Year of publication:||1969|
|Year of revision:||1969|
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Pakistan has been affected and is at risk of both natural and man-made disaster. Recent examples include the earthquake of 2005, the ongoing internal displacement due to conflict in the north-west of Pakistan, recurring and wide scale floods annually since 2010. To respond to the needs of the affected population UN agencies, NGOs and government agencies work together to minimise the negative impact of the disasters and provide assistance to those affected.
The humanitarian community does this by close coordination of all stakeholders through an established framework. This humanitarian architecture allows an effective, coordinated response when disaster strikes.
In addition to INGO Coordination meetings conducted by the PHF for members, there are other groups which support coordination and coordination fora. Primarily these are the Government of Pakistan, specifically the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) and the Provincial Disaster Management Authorities (PDMAs), the United Nations, specifically the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) and the National Humanitarian Network (NHN), for national NGO coordination.
The PHF does not lead any cluster coordination mechanisms, nor does it replicate the work of the cluster system. INGO members of the PHF interested in sectoral coordination participate in the relevant cluster meetings. | <urn:uuid:31aefcbf-facf-4007-abb4-5e0dc06aeef9> | {
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Scots Song Collections
Two of the main collections of Scots song are known as the Child Ballads and the Greig-Duncan Folk-Song Collection.
'The Child Ballads' is shorthand for the collection of 305 narrative songs classified by Prof. Francis James Child of Harvard University in Boston, USA, The English and Scottish Popular Ballads. This was published gradually from the 1850s, with the best known 'final' version appearing between 1882-1898.
Child drew upon a myriad of ballad collections and manuscripts by people such as Bishop Percy, William Motherwell, Robert Jamieson, Sir Walter Scott and Peter Buchan, bringing together versions of songs collected in various parts of Scotland and England and comparing them to similar ballads elsewhere in other European traditions.
While debates have raged amongst academics regarding the reliability of some of the collections Child used - fashion used to dictate that 'vulgar' ballads were 'tidied up' for publication - or the fact that some ballads were excluded, it remains a vital resource for folk singers from the Scots- and English-speaking worlds. Songs sometimes become known by the 'Child number', e.g. The Twa Sisters is Child 10.
Child's collection, like many of its predecessors, was published almost exclusively without musical notation, so the ballads have often been interpreted and studied as poetry. However, they were almost certainly all sung. The Child ballads were largely out of print until the 1960s when they were reprinted by Dover Publications in paperback, and more recently by Loomis House Press, incorporating for the first time all of Child's appendices into the main text, available in Scotland from Springthyme Records.
In the late 1950s Bertrand Harris Bronson of Princeton University undertook to marry Child's collection with more recent collecting, mainly in North America, resulting in The Traditional Tunes of the Child Ballads. Later volumes of the work incorporated tunes collected from Scots singers recorded for the emerging School of Scottish Studies sound archive. Also out of print for a considerable time, Bronson's work has recently been republished, also available from Springthyme Records.
The Greig-Duncan Folk Song Collection consists of over 3000 versions of songs collected by schoolmaster Gavin Greig (1856–1914) of Newmachar, Aberdeenshire, and the Rev. James Bruce Duncan (1848-1917) of New Deer. Whilst it contained many of the aforementioned Child ballads, the Greig-Duncan Collection is important as a broader reflection of song types in currency with Aberdeenshire singers in the early 20th century. For much of its life, the collection was unpublished and largely inaccessible to the general public. Child ballads from the collection were published in 1925 as Last Leaves of Traditional Ballads and Ballad Airs, edited by Alexander Keith. Greig's columns of folk song from the Buchan Observer were reprinted in 1963 by his descendant Arthur Argo, with Kenneth Goldstein, as Folk-Song in Buchan and Folk-Song of the North-East.
Greig and Duncan's full collection was eventually organised and published in 8 volumes from 1981-2002 by the Universities of Aberdeen and Edinburgh. Under the editorship of Emily B. Lyle and the late Pat Shuldham-Shaw, the collection is arranged thematically, including bothy ballads, nautical songs, military songs, songs of parting. Interestingly, several of the later volumes were co-edited by singers including Adam MacNaughtan, Andy Hunter and Sheila Douglas.
In 2009, a 'singers' edition of 150 songs selected from the Greig-Duncan collection was published by John Donald/Birlinn, edited by Katherine Campbell.
Other important collections include:
- The Tea-Table Miscellany, by Allan Ramsay, 1724
- Orpheus Caledonius, by William Thomson, 1733, available online at the National Library of Scotland Digital Archive.
- David Herd's Ancient and Modern Scottish Songs, Heroic Ballads, Etc., 1776
- The Scots Musical Museum - James Johnson / Robert Burns, 1787-1803
- The Glen Collection at the National Library of Scotland: http://digital.nls.uk/special-collections-of-printed-music/pageturner.cfm?id=91518408
- RA Smith's Scotish Minstrel, 1848-1849
Volume 1 and Volume 2 at the Internet Archive.
- GF Graham's Songs of Scotland, 1820-1824
Volume 1 / Volume 2 / Volume 3 at the Internet Archive.
- Charles Rogers' Modern Scottish Minstrel, multiple editions from 1855 onwards.
Volume 1 at the Internet Archive.
- Robert Ford
Vagabond Songs and Ballads vol 1 (1899)
Vagabond Songs and Ballads vol 2 (1901)
The Harp of Perthshire (1893)
Tayside Songs and other verses (1895)
all at the Internet Archive.
- John Ord's The Bothy Songs & Ballads of Aberdeen, Banff & Moray, Angus and the Mearns, published posthumously in 1930.
- Modern collections include Norman Buchan's 101 Scottish Songs (1962), which became known as the "wee red book" in the Scottish folk revival, and the book he co-edited with Peter Hall, The Scottish Folksinger (1973).
Nigel Gatherer's collection Songs and Ballads of Dundee is also a significant collection, first published in 1985 and again in 2000. | <urn:uuid:f51ae593-7bd2-492f-9528-80a5029b87c5> | {
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Going Green at Home
Every month we discard enough glass bottles and jars to fill up a skyscraper. In a year’s time, a typical family consumes 182 gallons of soda, 29 gallons of juice, 104 gallons of milk, and 26 gallons of bottled water.
Most of these containers are thrown away; the result is devastating to our world. In fact, our recycling rate is only 28% even though about 80% of what we throw away is recyclable. The energy saved from recycling one glass bottle can run a 100-watt light bulb for four hours. It also causes 20% less air pollution and 50% less water pollution than when a new bottle is made from raw materials.
You can make a positive difference! Recycling is easy to incorporate in your household as a practice of daily living. Here’s how:
Check with your local government about the recycling options in your area. The top items to recycle include aluminum, plastic bottles, newspaper, corrugated cardboard, steel cans, glass containers, magazines, mixed paper, and computers.
- Make your recycling area visible in your home and make recycling a family affair.
- Return clean plastic grocery bags to your local supermarket for recycling.
- Properly recycle your e-waste, such as TVs and cell phones, and other hazardous material. Electronic retailers may accept items to be recycled free of charge. To locate hazardous waste sites near you, go to www.earth911.org.
- Consider selling or donating items such as furniture and clothing to a local charity.
Are you ready to go greener? Make some small changes to yield big results and save money.
- Replace incandescent bulbs with CFLs (compact fluorescent light bulbs) that use 66% less energy and last up to 10 times longer.
- Switch to Energy Star appliances which are 10% to 50% more efficient than their conventional counterparts. Visit www.energystar.gov to learn more.
- Reduce the amount of mail you receive. It takes about 68 million trees per year to produce the catalogs and charitable appeals we receive annually. Nearly half of this mail is thrown out unopened.
- Buy products from your local Farmer’s Market to minimize the miles from farm to table and therefore decrease pollution. For a list of farmer’s markets visit www.localharvest.org.
- Dust off the crock-pot. Slow cooking uses a lot less energy than simmering on the stove.
- Wash clothes in cold water. About 90% of the energy used by a washing machine is spent heating the water for the load. Cold-water detergents are effective.
- Learn how to compost. Yard waste and food scraps make up 20% to 30% of garbage. You can turn your organic waste into useful mulch for your garden.
- Become a savvy shopper. As you switch to greener foods, personal products, and household cleaners, learn how to read the labels. Advertisers make a variety of claims, from “natural” to “free range.” You can check the ingredients of a particular product at www.eco-labels.org.
- Bring your own backpack, reusable bag, travel mug, or tumbler. Plastic bags take hundreds of years to break down, and a significant amount end up smothering oceanic life. Some retailers will give you a discount on your latte or tea for using a reusable cup.
Living a greener life doesn’t have to be complicated; “simple” is a good rule of thumb. Your personal efforts to reduce, reuse, and recycle now, will have a significant impact on our future.
Sources: National Recycling Coalition, Environmental Protection Agency, Earth911, and Washington and Shady Grove Adventist Hospitals. For additional information, consult your physician. | <urn:uuid:1c24864b-9233-4dcb-b20d-ed6eb6677eef> | {
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Quilts of the Oregon Trail
Between 1840 and 1870, thousands of women arrived in the Pacific Northwest by way of the Oregon Trail. This migration or "leave taking" was a life-changing experience, consuming the longest time and widest distance these women would travel to establish homes and farms and help build communities for themselves and their families. This fascinating book presents quilts as documents of history to discover the women and their life stories. The book features 56 quilts made before, during, and after the journey west, as well as new information about the role of women in their communities. Each quilt is shown in full color, along with vintage photos of the makers plus information describing the quilt and the maker's family. Multiple appendices relate trail conditions, an analysis of the quilts, letters and narrations of the Trail experience, and available resource locations. Also includes a glossary, extensive bibliography, maps, and index. A wonderful resource for quilt enthusiasts, descendants, educators, and historians alike.
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American Applegate Applegate Trail applique arrived Aurora became Benton County blocks border born brothers California Category Church circa Clackamas County colors County Museum County Where Settled Creek darning needle Date daughter Dibble died Douglas County eastern Oregon emigrants fabric family history family Quilt farm father five flowers four friends Glover gold fields Harlow Illinois included Indians James Jane John journey land Lane County later Lieuallen living Lucinda Maker married Mary migration Missouri Molalla mother Mountains moved Nancy needlework Ohio Oregon Historical Society Oregon Pioneer Oregon Territory Oregon Trail parents Polk County Portland Propst Quilt A-2 quilting designs quilting pattern quiltmakers Riddle Robbins Royal Sarah sewing sister southern Oregon Star stitched Trail experience traveled triangles Umatilla County Umpqua wagon train Wandering Foot Washington Territory West Wheel wife with husband Willamette Valley William woman women Yamhill County young | <urn:uuid:c9414914-384c-4451-86fe-eb9212fbbfbc> | {
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Laminate floors come in either planks, or squares and are designed to replicate real flooring materials, such as wood, stone or ceramic tiles. These floors are actually several different layers of various materials that are sandwiched together to form each plank. A printed film gives the floor the look of a real wood, or tile and is protected by a tough, durable wearlayer. The resins used in the wearlayer are said to be almost as hard as diamonds and provides unsurpassed wear and stain resistance.
The inner core, which is generally made from high-density fiber board is used to form the tongue and groove. The core is also the base that all the upper layers and the backing material are fused to. Some manufacturers treat the inner core with melamine resins, or water-resistant sealers to help protect the inner core from moisture.
The planks are usually fused together in either a one, or two step process. In the two-step process several layers are first glued together and then these layers are combined with the remaining materials and than glued and fused into a plank. This method is called High Pressure Laminate (HPL). The other method is where all materials are fused together in one step. This is called Direct Pressure Laminate (DPL).
The individual planks are secured together to create the floor in a similar way to how wood floors are installed. The tongue and groove of each plank is interlocked to the adjacent planks. Laminate floors are secured together using either a specially formulated, water-resistant glue that is applied to the tongue and groove, or some sort of specially designed, glueless locking system. The two main glueless locking systems either involve a tongue and groove that is reinforced from underneath by an aluminum locking system, or a tongue and groove system that is specially designed to snap and lock the planks together.
Backing - is usually a melamine plastic layer used to give additional structural stability and added moisture protection to the planks.
Core - generally made from high-density fiber board (HDF), particle board, or plastic, the core adds impact resistance, and forms the tongue and groove locking system. Melamine plastic resins are also impregnated in the core by some of the manufacturers to improve the moisture resistance of the core.
Melamine - is a plastic-type resin used throughout the construction process to add durability, and stability to the laminated planks.
Print Film - which is also called the decorative layer gives the floor the appearance of a real hardwood or tile. Some manufacturers, have been able to replicate the old wood floors found only in some old historical buildings.
Wearlayer - is a tough clear melamine layer with aluminum oxide particles. Using heat and pressure the wearlayer becomes an incredibly hard and durable finish. The resin-filled wearlayer is so dense it becomes extremely difficult to stain, scratch, or burn.
Underlayment - is a clear thin plastic sheet that is installed over the substrate before the laminate floor is floated. The plastic sheet helps the laminate floor to float freely above the substrate.
Exceptional durability with realistic visuals! Do you want the beautiful appearance of a real hardwood floor but with exceptional performance that will holdup from the wear and tear from kids, pets, and spills? This question is on the minds of many homeowners shopping for a new floor. The answer many homwowners have found is choosing one of the many laminate floors.
While these floors are similar in construction to the Formica kitchen counter tops they offer many added performance features. Laminate floors has a more durable finish to help protect your floor from scratching and chipping. They also come in planks and tiles with special tongue and groove locking systems.
Laminate floors originally came from Europe where they have been used in homes for over 20 years. Although most laminate floors are imported, a few brands are being made in the U.S.A.. The performance differences between the brands appears to be minor even though the construction methods that are used may be slightly different. All the laminate floors offer good performance characteristics and are may be confused with real hardwood floors. Even though these floors resemble real wood floors they are not wood. Our cross-section diagram of a laminate floor should help you better understand the differences between wood and laminates.
Note: Some European laminate flooring manufacturers have started to import a new type of laminate floor. These floors have a thinly-sliced veneer of real hardwood on top, which makes each plank look more realistic and unique.
Laminate floors offer many benefits for homeowners, including: | <urn:uuid:dfcbba4e-9878-49ba-b99c-49398ae130a3> | {
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|Facts & Figures|
President: Lt. Gen.
Thein Sein (2011)
Vice President: Vice President Sai Mouk Kham (2011)
Land area: 253,954 sq mi (657,741 sq km);
total area: 261,969 q mi (678,500 sq km)
Population (2014 est.): 55,746,253 (growth
rate: 1.03%); birth rate: 19.11/1000; infant mortality rate: 47.74/1000;
life expectancy: 65.24; density per sq km: 72
Capital and largest city (2011 est.):
Rangoon, 4.457 million
cities: Mandalay, 1.063 million; Nay Pyi Taw 1.06 million
More Facts & Figures
Slightly smaller than Texas, Myanmar occupies
the Thailand/Cambodia portion of the Indochinese peninsula. India lies to
the northwest and China to the northeast. Bangladesh, Laos, and Thailand
are also neighbors. The Bay of Bengal touches the southwest coast. The
fertile delta of the Irrawaddy River in the south contains a network of
interconnecting canals and nine principal river mouths.
The ethnic origins of modern Myanmar (known historically as Burma) are
a mixture of Indo-Aryans, who began pushing into the area around 700
, and the Mongolian
invaders under Kublai Khan who penetrated the region in the 13th century.
Anawrahta (1044–1077) was the first great unifier of Myanmar.
In 1612, the British East India Company sent
agents to Burma, but the Burmese doggedly resisted efforts of British,
Dutch, and Portuguese traders to establish posts along the Bay of Bengal.
Through the Anglo-Burmese War in 1824–1826 and two subsequent wars,
the British East India Company expanded to the whole of Burma. By 1886,
Burma was annexed to India, then became a separate colony in 1937. | <urn:uuid:c5a13772-230d-429a-baaf-7211010cbbeb> | {
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Widespread reports had most people afraid to eat tomatoes this summer and when tomatoes were vindicated, eating peppers became a fear. A University of Missouri food safety expert says there is only so much that can be done to assure produce is safe to eat.
“We basically want perfect food, but produce is not sterile,” said Andrew Clarke, associate professor of food science in the MU College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources. “We all have a risk of consuming something that doesn’t agree with us. There is no way to keep everything we eat 100 percent risk-free. Some people, who might be more susceptible, may get sick.”
Any food could potentially contain bacteria, according to Clarke, who also is an MU Extension state specialist. His best advice is to keep produce cold, wash hands before handling, and wash all surfaces to eliminate cross-contamination. Another alternative is to cook all produce.
“We like our fresh produce, and we don’t want to cook or can everything,” Clarke said. “Contamination could happen 1,000 miles away because someone didn’t wash his or her hands. A home isn’t a sterile environment either, so something can happen to contaminate produce in your own home. Hopefully, if you are healthy whatever contamination that might be present will not harm you.”
According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, 76 million cases of food-borne illness occur each year. More than 325,000 people are hospitalized, and 5,000 die from food-borne illness.
The advice for cooking items, such as meat, is more clear-cut. Washing and rinsing may sound too simple to be effective, but Clarke says it is the best defense against bacteria on produce. Washing with water will not eliminate everything; however, he does not recommend using soap or rinsing with hot water.
“Unless you use scalding hot water, you don’t effectively kill the bacteria when rinsing produce,” Clarke said. “I don’t think using soap is a good idea because you don’t want to start consuming traces of soap. Anytime you wash the surface of produce, you can still miss bacteria that are microscopically embedded because it isn’t always on the surface. It’s like a pothole in the road. Someone could scrub the street with soap and water and rinse, but the material that fills the pothole is still there.”
Clarke advises using common sense when deciding if a food has gone bad or is still good enough to eat.
“If it looks bad, smells bad, tastes bad, don’t eat it! It’s not worth giving to the dog either unless you want to end up taking the dog to the vet,” Clarke said.
University of Missouri News Bureau
Please feel free to link to any pages of FoodReference.com from your website. For permission to use any of this content please E-mail: [email protected] All contents are copyright © 1990 - 2017 James T. Ehler and www.FoodReference.com unless otherwise noted. All rights reserved. You may copy and use portions of this website for non-commercial, personal use only. Any other use of these materials without prior written authorization is not very nice and violates the copyright. Please take the time to request permission. | <urn:uuid:8336880f-c6cd-47f0-b9e2-5dfc5668a225> | {
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Named in honour of the American astronomer Simon Newcomb (b. 1835 in Wallace, Nova Scotia, d. 1909), professor of astronomy and director of the U.S. Nautical Almanac Office. Newcomb worked on cometary and planetary orbits and on the theory of the orbit of the Earth. He measured the velocity of light and determined the astronomical unit anew. Newcomb in also honoured by craters on the Moon and on Mars. Prof. Newcomb was elected an Honorary Member of the Astronomical and Physical Society of Toronto on 1891-11-03.
This asteroid was also independently discovered on 1916-04-28 by Max Wolf at Heidelberg. | <urn:uuid:c786a801-6911-4d3d-a22e-c489629ec4d2> | {
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AN INDUSTRIAL LUBRICANT MUST
||The oil must form a fluid film between highly loaded moving parts.
|Act as a Hydraulic Medium
||The oil doesn’t have this job in all applications, but it is not uncommon for the lubricating oil to be part of the hydraulic system.
|Act As a Coolant
||The oil must remove heat generated both Inside and outside the machine.
|Carry Away Contaminants
||The oil often becomes contaminated In the process of carrying contaminants to the filter. Contamination is the major reason oils “wear out” and must be changed. Contaminants can come from both internal and external sources.
|Protect Against Wear
||The oil must protect highly loaded parts which can wear when the fluid film is very thin (boundary Lubrication).
|Protect Against Corrosion
||The oil must protect precision parts made of various metals which are vulnerable to rust and corrosion.
|Protect Against Deposits
||The oil is designed to resist the formation of deposits (like sludge and varnish), which can accumulate in the lubricating system and interfere with the oil’s ability to lubricate.
|Resist Aeration and Foaming
||The oil is designed to resist aeration and foaming and prevent serious malfunctions which can result from these conditions.
As can be seen, we expect a lot from industrial lubricants. Industrial lubricants have to accomplish many tasks in any given application. Some of these tasks-lubricating, cooling, carrying away contaminants, and (if necessary) acting as a hydraulic medium- can be performed by a well selected base oil. The other functions involve properties not normally possessed by mineral base oils. They can, though, be provided adding additives to the oil.
ADDITIVES USED IN INDUSTRIAL OILS INCLUDE:
Antiwear and extreme pressure (EP) additives
These provide load-carrying capacity where needed and prevent scuffing of moving parts under conditions of boundary (thin film) lubrication
These control oil oxidation, rust, and corrosion."
Dispersants and detergents:
These control deposit formation throughout the system.
Special purpose additives:
These additives are put in the oil to meet the needs of specific applications. Examples are pour point depressants, bactericides, emulsifiers, demulsifiers, tackiness agents, friction reducers, foam inhibitors, mist suppressors, and viscosity index improvers.
(See also ADDITIVES in KNOWLEDGE CENTER)
An oil designed for one application can’t be expected to work well in another situation. It is extremely important that the correct oil be used in a given machine at all times.
WHY MIGHT A LUBRICANT FAIL ?
There are two basic causes:
• It becomes contaminated from internal and external sources.
• It loses some of the lubricating properties provided by additives, during service.
Contamination is the major reason oils “wear out” and must be changed. External contaminants-dirt, water, corrosive fluids, etc. – are the prime offenders, but wear metals from the machine also contribute to the problem. Normally, contaminants collect slowly in the oil. In mild service where contaminants are removed periodically of continuously, lubricants can last for many, many years.
Accidents happen, though. And in certain types of service, contamination can build quickly to a dangerous level.
They seem to come from everywhere. No system can keep these contaminants completely at bay, but regular and careful maintenance sure helps.
One frequent culprit is airborne dust.
One can understand ingress of airborne dust into open systems. It is harder to see how it finds its way into closed or semi closed systems. Lack of air filters on vents or storage tanks, or air filters in poor repair, can be a source of entry for airborne dust. Hydraulic systems that breathe a lot due to oil surging in and out of the equipment are good candidates for airborne dust contamination. This problem is compounded in dusty environments, like those around construction machinery, and in mining and ore milling operations.
Faulty seals are another point of entry for dust and dirt. Exposed piston rods on hydraulic rams are very vulnerable. This of course, wears down seals further, and makes further contamination with dust even easier.
Other solids that are a part of the local environment will enter in the same manner. Mill scale can be a contaminant in steel mill circulating oils. Paper fly is common problem in paper mill systems. Machining and grinding operations provide lots of metals debris which can foul a lubrication or hydraulic system. Dust, core sand, or sandblasting sand can be left in new equipment, and although elaborate flushing procedures are often used before the new equipment is put in service, getting this debris dislodged from every nook and cranny can be an almost impossible job.
Of course, the most worrisome metal particles in a lubrication system are those created by internal wear. They’re real danger signals that something is wrong with the machine or lubricant. It is essential to pinpoint the problem and correct it at the first sign.
|Rust is another solid contaminant that we can do without.
It is also a signal that something is wrong.
Water and oxygen have combined with iron or
steel to produce rust.
This could have happened long before oil was charged to the system, or it could be caused by corrosive process liquids. Like the other solids mentioned, it’s abrasive and, like them, makes poor addition to a lubricant.
Soot is a solid contaminant that is common in engine crankcase lubricants. It’s less common in industrial systems, but the base oil can be thermally cracked and carbonaceous matter formed if a journal should overheat or if a heat transfer oil is subjected to excessive surface temperatures at the primary heat source.
Along the same lines, oil oxidation can form sludge and varnish –they’re not abrasive, but they can gum up close-tolerance parts such as controllers, hydraulic valves, governors, and small oil passageways. Additives designed to minimize oxidation help control this problem.
The other solids mentioned can be, and usually are removed from the oil by, filters, centrifuges, or other purification systems. Unfortunately, such protection devices are usually some distance from the source of the contaminants. So by the time they are captured, they’ve already done some damage to fine finishes and close tolerances of machine elements.
(see also LUBRICATION ENEMY No. 1 in KNOWLEDGE CENTRE)
Water is undoubtedly the number one culprit. We all know the old saying, “Oil and water don’t mix.” But it gets more complicated when it is lubricating oil and water.
• Water weakens the lubricating film between moving surfaces,
• Water is a necessary ingredient in forming one of a machine’s worst enemies-rust,
• Water can interfere with the action of some additives,
• Water and oil sometimes mix only too well- they form emulsions which complicate purification
(See also LUBRICATION ENEMY No. 2 in KNOWLEDGE CENTER).
What’s been said of water is also true of aqueous process fluids: they can readily form emulsions, and they’re often more corrosive and more prone to cause rust and interfere with the lubrication process than water alone.
When other lubricants besides the circulating oil are used in a system, they also become potential contaminants. Whether or not they are harmful depends on the system and the type and amount of contaminant.
For example, roll oils could contaminate the circulating oil in a steel mill. Cutting oils could contaminate hydraulic and circulating oil in a machining operation. In both cases emulsion problem could occur.
Grease in support bearings can leak into main oil sumps or gear cases causing foaming or plugging of lines.
Not all contaminants leak in from the outside. Oil oxidation products can form within the lubricant.
Unfortunately, they are not removed by filtration or normal purification systems. The acidity of the oil increases, and metals get corroded. As stated earlier, oxidation inhibitors can minimize this problem.
Other potential contaminants are oil supplements. Some additives are acidic in nature & others are basic. If these are mixed in systems where water is present, insoluble gels can form and cause serious trouble.
Oils for specific services are carefully formulated and extensively tested before being put on the market. Oil companies make sure that the oil meets the requirements of the equipment as well as industry standards. No supplementary additives are needed. They can interfere with the action of the additive in the oil and hurt the oil’s performance.
Foaming and aeration are serious problems in industrial systems, and both are caused by gaseous contaminants.
Foam is a mixture of air in oil with thousands of air bubbles, each surrounded by its own oily skin, floating on the surface of the oil. Fortunately, some of the bubbles break. But those which don’t continue to pile up on the surface, if the foam rises so high that it reaches the overflow vent of the oil reservoir, it’s possible for the entire oil charge to be lost through the vent, resulting in a lubrication failure.
Pure oils do not foam, but some of the additives used to compound an oil actually change the oil’s properties and promote the formation of stable foam.
Air-pulled in through leaking pump glands or poorly designed reservoir return lines, or mixed into the oil by high speed pumps- can be the source of the problem.
Foaming can be aggravated by water and particulate matter contamination. Examples of the latter are dust, detergents, soaps and salts; but many other finely divided, oil insoluble solids or liquids can also cause problems. What happens is that the foam is stabilized by these materials-the bubbles can’t just pop and disappear.
Aeration is closely related to foaming. Tiny bubbles of air accumulate in the oil below the surface when the oil is thrashed around by bearings, couplings, gears, or an oil return stream.
Normally most of these bubbles escape, but when they cannot, aeration becomes a serious problem. Rapid release of air is an important property of hydraulic and circulating oils. The rate at which air is released from the oil is affected by:
• The oil’s viscosity
• System pressure
Slow release can reduce a lubricant’s efficiency. Aeration can cause hydraulic controls to become spongy and unreliable (the oil-air mixture is compressible). Pumps-especially the centrifugal type used in some circulating systems –can lose pressure, or even lose suction altogether. Excessive aeration has been implicated in turbine thrust-bearing failures.
(See also LUBRICATION ENEMY No. 3 in KNOWLEDGE CENTER)
LOSS OF LUBRICATING PROPERTIES
Many additives are sacrificial-they are consumed or chemically changed while doing their jobs. When they are used up, or are sufficiently changed so that they no longer function, they must be replenished by make-up oil; or all the oil must be replaced by a fresh charge.
Some additives are temperature sensitive. They may evaporate or break down if the oil is operated above the temperature the system was designed for. In addition, heat and contamination and loss of additive effectiveness can damage the base oil itself, so that even oil without additives can reach the end of its useful life.
LOSS OF OXIDATION INHIBITOR
Oxidation of an oil occurs when oxygen chemically combines with oil molecules. The hotter the oil and the greater the exposure to air, the faster oxidation proceeds.
The compounds formed in the early stages of oxidation are not, in themselves, harmful. But further oxidation converts these initial oxidation products into acids which attack and corrode metals. The metal salts formed as a result of this action, and the products of oil oxidation themselves, are catalysts that speed up further oil oxidation and becomes a chain reaction.
Oxidation inhibitors can reduce the rate of oxygen attack;
but, unfortunately, they can’t stop it entirely.
Such inhibitors interfere with the chain reaction
effect but in the process are themselves chemically changed or consumed.
Oil additives can also oxidize, and their performance suffers as a result.
Continued oxidation then yields products that are less and less oil like and which eventually become insoluble in the bulk oil. Varnish and sludge result, and these can deposit on machine parts. Oil viscosity and acid content increase as the oxidation progresses, and the oil darkens in colour.
|LOSS OF RUST INHIBITOR
The rust-inhibiting properties of a lubricating oil are commonly enhanced by the use of special anti-rust additives.
||Some of these function by neutralizing the acids formed by oxidation. This type of additive gets used up while doing the job.
Others are surface-active chemical molecules that function by forming protective films on iron surfaces. Part of the molecule is attracted to a metal surface or to water, while the rest of the molecule remains soluble in the oil. The barriers formed by these molecules prevent water and oxygen from reaching the surface of the metal, and, thus, prevent the formation of rust.
These surface-active rust inhibitors are also sacrificial, but they are used up in different ways.
• The rust inhibitor can be attracted to solid contaminants Such as dust, dirt, wear metals and oxidation products. Removal of these contaminants from the oil system results in removal of some of the rust inhibitor.
• The rust inhibitor can be attracted to liquid contaminants & when circulating oil is continuously purged of the water and process fluids, some of the rust inhibitor can be lost.
• The rust inhibitor can be oxidized; they then tend to become more soluble in water. This further increases the loss of inhibitor in wet systems where liquid contaminants are continuously purged.
If there are such losses, the oil will eventually fail to give the rust protection it possessed originally.
LOSS OF PROPER OIL VISCOSITY
Viscosity is one of the most important properties of a machine lubricant. It is a measure of the resistance to flow, or how “thick” or “thin” an oil is.
In parts of the machinery where oil films between moving parts are thick-that is, where there is no contact between metal surfaces-load-carrying ability is governed by the oil’s viscosity. Loss of load carrying ability due to a change in the oil’s viscosity can be a problem with mineral oils which do not contain additives.
Viscosity change is an important measure of used oil condition. An increase in viscosity over the fresh oil can indicate that oxidation is far advanced, or that the oil is contaminated with dirt or water. Seldom does the viscosity of an industrial oil decrease with use. If it does, it would suggest contamination with a solvent or a lower-viscosity oil, or shearing of the additives called “viscosity index improvers” if the lubricant is a multigrade oil.
LOSS OF ANTIWEAR OR EXTREME PRESSURE (EP) ADDITIVE
Wear of metal surfaces under boundary lubrication conditions can occur if the additives put in the oil to prevent such damage are used up or removed. Boundary lubrication occurs in parts of some machinery where pressures (loads) are high or where high temperatures thin the oil to the point where metal-to-metal contact occurs. (An example would be a hydraulic vane pump, where vane pressures are high.)
||The lubricant’s ability to prevent wear under such conditions is improved by antiwear additives such as zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDTP).
This agent forms a thin inorganic film of zinc compounds, which protect the underlying metal by shearing readily without welding or causing other damage. This film is considered “non-sacrificial,” because it does not use molecules of the iron surface to form its protective barrier. It is a deposit which bounds to underlying surface. Sacrificial films, such as iron oxides, iron phosphates, and iron sulfide are also formed, but they appear to be of secondary importance to the deposit mechanism.
They are of primary importance, however, in the functioning of some “extreme pressure” (EP) additives;
such as are used in Automotive API service classification GL4 and GL5 gear lubricants, and also in AGMA EP-type lubricants. The lubricant’s ability to prevent galling and seizing of metal surfaces under these very high pressure conditions is improved by the use of these additives. Some of these additives, such as those containing sulfur-phosphorus compounds, function by chemically reacting with metal surfaces. The iron films formed have lower shear strengths than the base metal so that if surface-to-surface contact occurs they can “sacrifice”
themselves rather than letting the base metal be damaged.
||As this surface film is worn away, it is replaced by further reaction of the exposed metal with the chemical additives. This is a slow process under normal circumstances. However, when the conditions are severe, EP additives can be used up or degraded. When this happens, the lubricant will fail to protect with the same effectiveness as when new.
A different kind of EP agent forms a protective film by adhering to the metal surfaces, mainly just where it is needed. The additives of this type used in industrial oils contain borate. Borate-containing additives prevent damage by holding the surfaces apart, not by providing a metal salt which is sheared away. As such borate also behaves as an antiwear agent and friction reducer.
Since this type of EP additive doesn’t from sacrificial films, it doesn’t get used up in the usual manner. However, its nature makes it possible to lose the agent from the oil.
Borate is a water-soluble substance which is in the oil as a fine dispersion. Contact with water (in sufficient quantities and at a certain temperature) can break the dispersion and cause the borate to become depleted. Prolonged centrifuging at high rates can also remove some of the borate physically. In either case of oil must then be changed to regain EP protection.
LOSS OF DISPERSANT ADDITIVES
Dispersant additives are used in heavy-duty, high temperature industrial lubricants where water separation is not a problem. Examples of such lubricants are power transmission fluids, heat transfer oils, and paper mill circulating oil. Dispersants control deposits formed by contaminants and by oil oxidation.
Such additives are surface active agents, like the rust inhibitors; but their chemical make-up is different. They function by forming “envelopes” around contaminants and oxidation products such as varnish and sludge.
SOME INDUSTRIAL LUBRICANTS
CIRCULATING OIL SYSTEMS
|They keep this debris suspended in a very fine state of dispersion in the oil. As long as this state can be maintained, varnish and sludge won’t deposit on machine parts.
Continued oxidation can overload a dispersant. The envelopes are spread too thin and gradually allow the fine particles to join with other particles to form larger agglomerates. When these can no longer remain suspended, they’ll drop from the oil and from deposits.
This is yet another example of the sacrificial nature of additives. They are put in lubricants to do specific jobs. They do these jobs, but they can’t last forever. They’ve got to be replenished through fresh make-up oil, or all the oil must be replaced by a fresh charge.
Such systems are used in many applications where large quantities of lubricant are needed for lubrication and cooling. Steel mills and paper mills are examples of tough services where oil oxidation and contamination can be major problems.
In steel mills, high speeds, high temperature, high pressures, and lots of chances for oil aeration all lead to oil oxidation. This is often accelerated by gross contamination from water, dirt, and mill scale. Other lubricants can get in through leaky seals to contaminate the oil system further. Rolling oil and roll cooling water sprays add to the problem.
Paper mills have some similar conditions. Bearings on the steam-heated drier rolls run hot, and oxidation can be a problem. Water, processing liquids, dirt and fibrous paper fly are sources of oil contamination.
Compressors come in all sizes, shapes and designs.
(See COMPRESSOR LUBRICATION section in KNOWLEDGE CENTRE)
Transformer and circuit breakers require insulating oils to insulate and cool the internal windings. They’re usually long life products, but in time the oil oxidizes. It also picks up small amounts of water as the oil reservoir breathes air. Both oxidation products and water reduce insulating properties. The inevitable formation of oil insoluble oxidation products leads to the fouling of cooling surfaces and plugging of oil ducts.
In the case of circuit breakers, arcing occurs, and the oil in the path of the arc can be carbonized.
In transformers, provisions are often made to remove water by filtration or vacuum dehydration. This helps to restore the insulating properties of the oil, but eventually the buildup of oxidation products degrades the oil. Then it’s time for the oil to be reclaimed or replaced.
As with other oils, the sensory tests can tell us much. A smell of ozone or a burned smell in transformer and circuit breaker oil can warn us that things are not right in the equipment.
The lubrication of food machinery presents some special problems. Modern food machinery lubricants are made from highly purified materials that meet the U.S. Department of Agriculture H1 Classification for lubricants that have incidental food contact.
Food machinery is usually designed to minimize the leakage of lubricant into the food being processed. Seals are designed so that any leakage will be of the processed fluids into the lubricant. This is fine for the food, but moisture and corrosive fruit juices can be hard on the lubricants.
In addition to the problem of moisture and fluids from the processed food, these oils are subject to the same problems as the hydraulic oils and gear oils. One redeeming factor, however, is that food machinery is often overhauled between the end of one canning season and beginning of the next. This provides an opportunity for cleaning up equipment and removing contaminants from the oil.
Gear sets, like compressors, come in all sizes, shapes, and designs. Lubricants range from heavy, asphaltic products to turbine and hydraulic oils to special lubricants fortified with EP and friction-reducing additives.
All gears transmit power. There is friction at the mating gear teeth, and this generates heat. Gears operating continuously under heavy load require lots of oil for cooling, and coolers for cooling the oil. Oil in this service can oxidize, and this will increase the oil viscosity. Higher viscosity means more friction loss and even higher temperatures. Deposits form. Coolers foul. In long-service gear sets, oil viscosity monitoring is an important check point. Whether outside contamination is a problem depends on gear case design and environment.
(See GEARS section in KNOWLEDGE CENTRS)
HEAT TRANSFER SYSTEM
Heat transfer fluids are formulated with special oxidation inhibitors and detergents. They are designed to operate at temperatures upto 300C for long periods of time. Oxidation can be a problem at these high temperatures. Most modern systems have expansion chambers blanketed with nitrogen or with flue gas to reduce the oil’s contact with air.
In spite of these and other design precautions. Oxidation and/or cracking can take place with inevitable formation of deposits. Deposits lead to poor heat transfer, this can cause overfiring of the furnace with energy loss and even higher skin temperatures. Hot spots can develop where deposits insulate heating surfaces, and the oil molecules can crack and carbonize. The lowering of the oil’s flash point due to cracking, an increase in viscosity, or an increase in insolubles are warning signs for this service.
Modern hydraulic oils can contain rust and oxidation inhibitors, additives to control foaming and air-entrainment, AW additives. Internal clearances in modern hydraulic system components are extremely small and hence particulate contamination is a serious issue.
(See HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS section in KNOWLEDGE CENTRE)
Refrigeration compressors work on a variety of refrigerant gases and require differing prpoerties. As usual, high compressor temperatures and contaminants are the root causes of oil deterioration; but here the gas being compressed can create problems. Ammonia and Freon are two of the most widely used types of refrigerant gases. Air can get into ammonia systems and, in time, will oxidize the lubricant. Oxidation products react with the ammonia refrigerant to form very heavy, oil-insoluble sludge. Freon is quite thermally stable, but both air and water must be excluded from Freon systems because they react with this type of refrigerant to produce corrosive by-product. The result is internal lubricant contamination and such problems as “copper plating” of steel.
Most turbine installations use circulatory systems to provide large quantities of clean oil for bearing cooling and lubrication
(See TURBINE OILS section in KNOWLEDGE CENTRE)
WHY DOES A LUBRICANT FAIL TO LUBRICATE?
(See also INDUSTRIAL OIL PROBLEM CHECKLIST in KNOWLEDGE CENTER)
|LOSES PROPERTY OF
||Inhibitors used up stopping attack on oil and additives
||Oil viscosity increases; deposits from. Acids corrode metals.
||Inhibitors used up protecting iron surfaces.
||Additives consumed by reaction with metal surface, or removed by water
||Oil can’t continue to protect against scuffing.
||Dispersant becomes overloaded with liquid and solid contaminants.
||Solids (Varnish, sludge) form.
|BECOMES CONTAMINATED BY
||Dirt comes from everywhere
||Promotes wear; taxes lubricant properties.
||A sign of an unhealthy machine
||Shortened machine life unless corrected.
||Oxygen, water, and iron have interacted.
||Contributes to wear.
||The oil has been overheated
||Deposits clog oil passageways.
|Sludge and Varnish
||Oxidation products have become insoluble.
||Deposits from on machine parts and control valves.
|Water and Process Fluids
||A sign of leaky seals and condensation
||Affects lubricant efficiency; promotes oil deterioration.
||Excessive system temperature; drain interval too long.
||Forerunner of more solid debris.
|Other Lubricating oils
||Misapplication of oils on hand
||Can alter desirable properties of system lubricant.
||Usually added by well-meaning servicemen.
||Can alter desirable properties of system lubricant. | <urn:uuid:be0c6398-e2f6-4504-a82c-0d32f7dd7985> | {
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Constraints on parliamentary sovereignty
- Executive power - the authority is derived from the electorate, so if parl denied the wishes of the people repeatedly then legitimacy would be undermined
- EU - The UK's membership of the EU challenges the traditional view of parliamentary sovereignty. EU law has precedence over domestic British law = UK law amended
- HRA - Incorporated rights in the ECHR into the UK statute law. All new ;law must be compatible with this. Technically parliamentary sovereignty is still preserved as courts cannot automatically strike down laws and must decide to amend or appeal
- Devolution - Westminster no longer makes laws applying across entire UK territory, although o longer making laws on devolved matters it retains legislative supremacy
- Referendums - proposed on constitutional issues. Against parliamentary sovereignty as it puts decision making in the hands of the electorate, but parl retains ultimate authority, but would risk damaging legitimacy if it ignores the outcome
- The executive & legislative branches are fused - there is overlap between the two. Gov consists of members of the legislature
- The legislature can dismiss the executive - the gov is accountable to parl, which can remove the gov through vote of confidence. The gov can dissolve parl by calling a GE
- Parliamentary elections decide the gov - Govs are formed according to their strength in parl. The person who commands a majority in parl, usually the leader of the largest party, becomes PM
- Collective gov - The executive branch is led by a PM who, in theory at least, is "first among equals" in a cabinet of senior ministers
- Separate head of state - the head of the executive branch (PM) is NOT the head of state. The latter is often a ceremonial role with political power ( e.g. the UK monarchy)
- Gov Bills - seek to fulfill manifesto commitments & more likely to succeed as gov control parl timetable
- Private member's Bills - introduced by an MP on any key issue, though these rarely succeed without gov support
1) First Reading in Commons (formal introduction)
2) Second Reading in Commons - outlines principle for Bill
3) Standing Committee - scrutinises & may amend
4) Third Reading - passed or rejected
5) H of L - same process - accept or reject
6) Royal Assent
Effectiveness of legislation
In theory - the UK parl can make/amend/repeal any laws it chooses
In practice - it is v. different
Philip Norton has 3 fold classification of legislatures:
1) policy making leg
2) policy influencing leg
3) legislatures with no/little policy influence
Parliaments effectiveness in making & scrutinising laws are limited as:
- Gov bills are v. dominating
- Parliamentary timetable - cirtail debate
- Party discipline - gov proposals rarely defeated (whips)
- H of L - does not alter key features
Role & power of committees
Select committees have proved more effective than debates at scrutinising the actions of the executive & holding it to account. The atmosphere within select committees is of constructive engagement rather than confrontation. They become more expert in their chosen field than the relevant minister (who normally have short tenure in office). They have the power to summon witnesses & examine restricted documents, but Gov is not obliged to accept.
Standing Committees are ad hoc rather than permanent. They are formed to consider specific pieces of legislation & disband when their work is complete. They normally consist of 15-25 members, the numbers from each party reflect the composition of the House itself & are appointed by the committee selection. Most Bills are passed to a standing committee following the second reading stage in the Commons. Standing committees consider each clause of a bill in turn, however the gov can limit the time that a bill spends in committee. The whipping of committee members means it is unlikely that amendments succeed without government support.
- Be loyal to their party - "toe party line" vote in debates, attend party committees & promote parties outlook on policy
- "Nurse" constituencies - holding regular surgeries & promote any constituency interests
- Nation - serve in legislature & are expected to attend debates vote & serve on committees
- Conscience & special interests - they may introduce Private Members legislation
MPs have been freely elected by their constituents whose interests they should represent, so represent well in this way. However, MPs are not socially representative of the public. They are mainly white, middle-class, male & middle ages. They are unrepresentative of much of the population.
Relationship between parl & executive
- Executive dominance - parl can dismiss gov. Parl can scrutinise the gov & hold it to account. This has been enhanced by select committees. 3 important factors: govs parl majority, level of party unity & assertiveness of HofL
- Elective dictatorship - excessive conc of power in the executive branch - implies that the only check on power of gov is the need to hold (& win) a GE at regular intervals, beyond this gov is regarded as free to do as it wishes - executive does not provide effective c & b's
- PMQs - Held on Wed midday for 30 mins. Provides an opportunity for the leader of the opposition, the leader of the third largest party and backbenchers selected by the whips to question the PM. This is often meant to embarrass the PM by highlighting policy failures
- Role of the opposition - Largest party not included in gov. They face gov across the H of C. It is expected to oppose many of the gov's legislative proposals & harry the gov throughout the legislative process by tabling amendments & forcing votes, confront PM in QT, However they must also appear as a suitable gov in waiting. If the opposition is small (i.e. the gov has a large majority) it may be frustrating & fruitless. The opposition relies on limited state funding to fund parl researchers, but gov can draw upon expertise of the civil service. Gov controls parl timetable so opposition has few opportunities to set the agenda - choosing topic for 20 days. Gov suffered rare defeat in 2010 with LD fight on refusal to grant Gurkha's citizenship
Role & influence of whips
Role - to ensure that the gov maintains a majority in votes taken in parl. Chief whip attends cabinet meetings & has status of a senior minister.
Employ "carrot and stick" approach, offering lure of promotion to gov office for those who are loyal & threat of a life on back benches to those who go against the party whip. John Major's meteoric rise to the post of PM is often said to be as much a result of loyalty to commons as it was to his abilities.
The ultimate sanction of a whip is to remove the whip from an MP - throwing them out of the parliamentary party, leaving him/her vulnerable to deselection in their constituency. It is only used on rare occasions as it has the ability to damage the parliamentary party as much as it does the individual concerned. In 1994 (under John Mayor) 8 Tories had whip withdrawn for disloyalty over votes relating to the provisions of the Maastricht Treaty.
Some MPs resign the whip or even choose another party by taking that party's whip (even without a re-election as individual is voted for).
Should House of Lords be elected?
- Would have legitimacy
- Better placed to scrutinise & amend gov bills, improving quality of legislation
- No party has majority, would be unlikely under proportional representation & would be able to challenge the executive
- If by proportional, would be more rep of public
- Come into conflict with the H of C as both would claim democratic legitimacy
- Institutional conflict between 2 elected chambers = gridlock
- An appointed house would retain the expertise & independence of cross bench peers
- Shortcomings of party control found in H of C would be duplicated in an elected upper house | <urn:uuid:73dc8f2a-61bb-4c2a-a032-8af049377324> | {
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Green Habitats founder, John Lie-Nielsen hopes this prototype—an EarthCraft-certified house will provide inspiration to thousands of future eco-conscious builders and designers.
“The Solar D House”, as Green Habitats personnel lovingly refer to it, converts sunlight into at least 3,600 watts of electricity, supplying its daily energy needs with the capability to store solar energy for future use as well or sell it directly to the power company. The rooftop panels can be tilted to take best advantage of the most extreme angles of sunlight in winter and summer. The entire house was designed, fabricated, built and operated by students in Tech’s Colleges of Architecture, Engineering, Sciences and Management.
Since officially taking stewardship of the House more than a year ago, Green Habitats diligently searched for the best off-campus location for this innovative source of conservation information. “We chose Tellus because it will attract a high number of student visitors. This will provide an excellent outreach program for Green Habitats scholarships and for Georgia Tech recruitment,” explains Lie-Nielsen. The museum is expected to receive up to 250,000 visitors next year. The house will be located on a prominent site at the northwest corner of the brand new museum, near an existing solar array, where visitors can view the House and read about it. Then, in May or June (TBA), its doors will be opened to visitors for regularly scheduled guided tours and school group programs.
Green Habitats Foundation
Green Habitats, the steward of the Solar D House, stands committed to promoting sustainable building by supporting research and educational programs to design and build housing that conserves water and energy. Green Habitats is developing scholarship programs to Georgia Tech to benefit undergraduate students that dedicate their careers to protecting the Earth's resources. Green Habitats conducts its own research and development for water-monitoring and conservation technology and will continue to fund more projects like the Solar D House that add more comprehensive research and education on what is possible through sustainable energy. “If we can implement eco-consciousness at the design stage,” Lie-Nielsen explains, “the builders will follow these designs.” This means the students of architecture and engineering schools should have access to projects and resources that lead them to think in terms of sustainable construction and green systems. Thus, the catalyst of the Green Habitats agenda—support the students who will design and build a sustainable tomorrow. | <urn:uuid:c85ff3f8-e1e2-4a4e-bc65-2ad6acdb9341> | {
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By Francesca Ricciardi,Antoine Harfouche
Read or Download Information and Communication Technologies in Organizations and Society: Past, Present and Future Issues (Lecture Notes in Information Systems and Organisation) PDF
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Friday, June 28 2013
The Holy Roman Empire Of The German Nation
"It proclaimed itself the continuation of the Western Roman Empire under the doctrine of Translatio Imperii, or Transfer of Rule"
Many regard the supposed "fall" of the ancient Roman Empire in the fifth century AD to be a long-gone and "over there" event that has nothing to do with the world today, but as the term itself states, it fell - it didn't die. It rose again and continued right to the modern era by means of the German Empire that devoured it, as one beast would feed upon another, that thereafter even officially named itself the "Holy Roman Empire Of The German Nation" (or Empire; Reich means Empire).
A little European history, quoted from a neutral source.
"The Holy Roman Empire (Latin: Imperium Romanum Sacrum, German: Heiliges Romisches Reich) was a complex political union of territories in Central Europe existing from 962 to 1806.
While the abbreviated term was "Holy Roman Empire," it was officially known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, or Empire, as the map below (showing the German Empire during the "Crusades") plainly shows. The map is labeled "Heiligen Romischen Reich Deutscher Nation" (the "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation"), while homeland Germany is labeled as "Romisch Deutsches Kaiserreich" ("Roman German Caesar Empire" - where the Kaiser, the German word for Caesar, sat upon his imperial throne). Notice also on the map that Israel was included, for centuries, within the boundaries of the "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation" - Israel was ruled at first by a Caesar in Rome, and then for centuries by a Caesar ("Kaiser") in Germany.
A surprising quote from the Wikipedia article "Religious views of Adolf Hitler" on June 27 2013 (see also Presidential Quotes On War, Terrorism, Religion):
"In an attempt to justify Nazi aggression, Hitler drew a parallel between militantism and Christianity's rise to power as the Roman Empire's official state religion:
Many Bible-studying people at the time of the Second World War thought that Adolf Hitler was the prophesied "beast" of the Book of Revelation (the entire 13th chapter deals with the end-time "beast" and his "great false prophet"). He could have been, but was not. Hitler was nevertheless another of a long line of such Germanic warlords who have risen up to rule over the Roman Empire and the Church of Rome - which will culminate in the end-time "Beast" (see the Fact Finder question below).
Over the centuries, there has been a see-saw struggle between the German, or Austrian, Holy Roman emperor and the Pope as to who was the actual ruler of the empire. To summarize their respective claims of superiority:
This Day In History, June 28
1389: The Ottoman (a ruling dynasty of Turkey) Empire victory at the Battle of Kosovo; a turning point for the Ottomans in the development of their European empire, and a tragedy for the medieval kingdom of Serbia because it began for the Serbs more than 4 centuries under Ottoman rule (listen to our Sermon The Ottoman Empire and see the entry for 1914, below).
1461: Edward IV was crowned King of England.
1519: Charles I of Spain became Holy Roman Emperor.
1629: The Peace of Alais. Peace settlement between French royal forces and the Huguenots by which the Huguenots retained their religious and civil liberties but lost their military power.
1635: The French colony of Guadeloupe was established in the Caribbean.
1838: The official coronation of Queen Victoria took place in Westminster Abbey, a year after she had ascended the throne.
1846: The saxophone was patented by Adolphe Sax (the instrument was named after its inventor) in Paris, France.
1914: Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand, 51, nephew of Emperor Franz Josef and heir apparent to the Habsburg throne of Austria-Hungary, and his wife Sophia were assassinated by a Bosnian, Gavrilo Princip, in Sarajevo, setting off the First World War (listen to our Sermon The European World Wars). The assassination took place on the anniversary of the defeat of the Serbs by the Ottomans at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 (see the entry for 1389, above).
1919: At the end of the First World War, the Treaty of Versailles was signed in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles Palace, near Paris. Germany was stripped of all its overseas colonies, demilitarized, and ordered to pay heavy reparations (see also A History Of Jerusalem: The British Mandate).
1940: Italo Balbo was killed at age 44. The Italian airman and Fascist leader, who was decisive in developing Benito Mussolini's air force, was killed by "friendly fire" when his own anti-aircraft gunners mis-identified their commander's aircraft and shot it down in Tobruk harbor.
1951: The first color-TV broadcast.
1967: Israel annexed East Jerusalem (see A History Of Jerusalem: War And Peace).
1968: Daniel Ellsberg was indicted for leaking the "Pentagon Papers."
1989: On the 600th anniversary of the Battle of Kosovo (see the entries for 1389 and 1914, above), Serbian leader Slobodan Miloševic delivered the Gazimestan speech at the site of the historic battle.
2001: Slobodan Miloševic (see the entry for 1989, above) was deported to stand trial for war crimes.
2006: The Republic of Montenegro was admitted as the 192nd Member of the United Nations. | <urn:uuid:0e9179dd-6e9b-4d03-91e8-a5b31b61885f> | {
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Aster family (Asteraceae)
Description: This plant is a summer annual about 2-5' tall; it is more or less erect and branches occasionally. The stems are green or reddish green, angular, strongly veined, and hairless (or nearly so). The leaves are mostly opposite; their blades are up to 8" long and 4" across, while their petioles are up to 2" long. The leaf blades are double- or triple-pinnate, medium green, and hairless (or nearly so). The segments of the blades are ovate, lanceolate, or oblanceolate with blunt tips and wedge-shaped bottoms; the margins of these segments are irregularly cleft or dentate. Overall, the leaf blades have a fern-like appearance. The upper stems terminate in individual flowerheads on long peduncles. Each flowerhead is about ½" long and ¼" across; it has numerous disk florets in the center and 0-5 ray florets along its upper margin. The disk florets have corollas that are golden yellow and tubular in shape; each corolla has 5 tiny lobes along its upper rim. The yellow ray florets are petal-like; they are about 1/8" (3 mm.) long and oval to oblong in shape. Some flowerheads may lack petal-like extensions of the ray florets altogether. The base of the flowerhead is surrounded by green bracts; the linear inner bracts are much longer (about 1/3" or 8 mm. in length) than the outer bracts. The blooming period occurs during the late summer or early fall. Each flowerhead is replaced by a seedhead that is globoid in shape and spans about 1" across. The long narrow seeds (achenes) spread outward from the center in all directions. Each mature seed is linear in shape, 4-angled, and dark brown; it has 2-4 short awns at its tip. Each tiny awn has downward-pointed barbs. The root system consists of a branching taproot. This plant spreads by reseeding itself.
Cultivation: Partial or dappled sunlight, moist to mesic conditions, and a fertile loamy soil are preferred. However, this robust plant can adapt to a wide range of environmental conditions. The size of individual plants varies significantly, depending on moisture levels and soil fertility.
Range & Habitat: The native Spanish Needles is occasional to locally common in southern and central Illinois; it is mostly absent in the northern section of the state (see Distribution Map). Habitats include open woodlands, woodland borders, savannas, thickets, rocky glades, riverbanks, weedy meadows, vacant lots, partially shaded areas along buildings, areas along railroads and roadsides, abandoned fields, and waste areas. Habitats with a history of disturbance are preferred. In Illinois, Spanish Needles is more often found in drier habitats than other species in the genus.
Faunal Associations: The nectar and pollen of the flowerheads attract bees: these include honeybees, leaf-cutting bees (Megachile spp., Coelioxys sayi, & Heriades leavitti), and Halictid bees (including green metallic bees). Other insect visitors of the flowers include Syrphid flies and the butterfly Pieris rapae (Cabbage White). Rather then visiting the flowers, other insects feed on the foliage and other parts of Bidens spp. These species include the caterpillars of the moths Cirrhophanus triangulifer (Goldenrod Stowaway), Condica confederata (The Confederate), Epiblema otiosana (Bidens Borer Moth), Palthis asopialis (Fainted-Spotted Palthis), Platysenta mobilis (Mobile Groundling), and Synchlora aerata (Wavy-Lined Emerald). The leaf beetles Calligrapha bidenticola and Calligrapha californica feed on the leaves of Bidens spp., while the aphid Aphis coreopsidis sucks juices from the flowering stalks. Many of these insects feed on similar plants in the Aster family. Seeds of Bidens spp. are eaten to a minor extent by various birds, including the Ring-Necked Pheasant, Bobwhite, Wood Duck, Purple Finch, and Common Redpoll. The foliage is sometimes eaten by the Cottontail Rabbit. The barbed awns of the seeds can cling to the fur of passing animals and the clothing of humans; in this manner, the seeds are distributed far and wide.
Photographic Location: The photographs were taken at a small grove of trees along a railroad in Champaign, Illinois, and a vacant lot in Urbana, Illinois. In one photograph, a green metallic bee is visiting a flowerhead. Underneath this flowerhead, there are some greenish aphids sucking juices from the stalk, although they are difficult to see.
Comments: The arrangement of the trident-shaped seeds into globoid seedheads is very striking. The common name derives from the appearance of these seeds. Among the many Bidens spp. in Illinois, Spanish Needles is the oddball of the group. The seeds of Spanish Needles are longer and usually more slender than those of other Bidens spp. Spanish Needles also has differently shaped leaves – they are more pinnately divided into smaller leaf segments than the leaves of other Bidens spp. (which are sometimes simple, rather than compound). Finally, Spanish Needles seems to prefer drier habitats; other Bidens spp. are more likely to be found in various wetland habitats. | <urn:uuid:15d8005f-6042-4d63-9d34-4451866f5d7f> | {
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National Climatic Data Center
24 April 2008
NOAA: 2007 a Top Ten Warm Year for U.S. and Globe
The year 2007 the 10th warmest year for the contiguous U.S., since national records began in 1895, according to preliminary data from NOAA's National Climatic Data Center in Asheville, N.C. The year was marked by exceptional drought in the U.S. Southeast and the West, which helped fuel another extremely active wildfire season. The year also brought outbreaks of cold air, and killer heat waves and floods. Meanwhile, the global surface temperature for 2007 was the fifth warmest since records began in 1880.U.S. Temperatures
The average U.S. temperature for 2007 was 54.2°F; 1.4°F warmer than the 20th century mean of 52.8°F. NCDC originally estimated in mid-December that 2007 would end as the eighth warmest on record, but below-average temperatures in areas of the country last month lowered the annual ranking. For Alaska, 2007 was the 15th warmest year since statewide records began in 1918.
Six of the 10 warmest years on record for the contiguous U.S. have occurred since 1998, part of a three decade period in which mean temperatures for the contiguous U.S. have risen at a rate near 0.6°F per decade.
The warmer-than-average conditions in 2007 influenced residential energy demand in opposing ways, as measured by the nation's Residential Energy Demand Temperature Index. Using this index, NOAA scientists determined that the U.S. residential energy demand was about three percent less during the winter and eight percent higher during the summer than what would have occurred under average climate conditions.
Exceptional warmth in late March was followed by a record cold outbreak from the central Plains to the Southeast in early April. The combination of premature growth from the March warmth and the record-breaking freeze behind it caused more than an estimated $1 billion in losses to crops (agricultural and horticultural).
A severe heat wave affected large parts of the central and southeastern U.S. in August, setting more than 2,500 new daily record highs.Global Temperatures
For 2007, the global land and ocean surface temperature was the fifth warmest on record. Separately, the global land surface temperature was warmest on record while the global ocean temperature was 9th warmest since records began in 1880. Some of the largest and most widespread warm anomalies occurred from eastern Europe to central Asia.
Including 2007, seven of the eight warmest years on record have occurred since 2001 and the 10 warmest years have all occurred since 1995. The global average surface temperature has risen between 0.6°C and 0.7°C since the start of the twentieth century, and the rate of increase since 1976 has been approximately three times faster than the century-scale trend.
The greatest warming has taken place in high latitude regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Anomalous warmth in 2007 contributed to the lowest Arctic sea ice extent since satellite records began in 1979, surpassing the previous record low set in 2005 by a remarkable 23 percent. According to the National Snow and Ice Data Center, this is part of a continuing trend in end-of-summer Arctic sea ice extent reductions of approximately 10 percent per decade since 1979.U.S. Precipitation and Drought Highlights
Severe to exceptional drought affected the Southeast and western U.S. More than three-quarters of the Southeast was in drought from mid-summer into December. Increased evaporation from usually warm temperatures, combined with a lack of precipitation, worsened drought conditions. Drought conditions also affected large parts of the Upper Midwest and areas of the Northeast.
Water conservation measures and drought disasters, or states of emergency, were declared by governors in five southeastern states, along with California, Oregon, Maryland, Connecticut, and Delaware at some point during the year.
A series of storms brought flooding, millions of dollars in damages and loss of life from Texas to Kansas and Missouri in June and July. Making matters worse were the remnants of Tropical Storm Erin, which produced heavy rainfall in the same region in August.
Drought and unusual warmth contributed to another extremely active wildfire season. Approximately nine million acres burned through early December, most of it in the contiguous U.S., according to preliminary estimates by the National Interagency Fire Center.
There were 15 named storms in the Atlantic Basin in 2007, four more than the long-term average. Six storms developed into hurricanes, including Hurricanes Dean and Felix, two category 5 storms that struck Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and Nicaragua, respectively (the first recorded occurrence of two category 5 landfalls in the Atlantic Basin in the same year). No major hurricanes made landfall in the U.S., but three tropical storms and one Category 1 hurricane made landfall along the Southeast and Gulf coasts.
La Niña conditions developed during the latter half of 2007, and by the end of November, sea surface temperatures in the eastern equatorial Pacific were more than 3.6°F (2°C) below average. This La Niña event is likely to persist into early 2008, according to NOAA's Climate Prediction Center. | <urn:uuid:72a0dedb-f05b-4731-9e13-acb101452c5b> | {
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Tutorialrank is a online tutorial store we provides sci 151 week 3 individual assignment science of stars paper (uop course. Sci151r6 basics astronomy table w1 explore sci/151 version 6 how close are the nearest stars to the sun. The list of most followed scientists compiled here is far from scientific to identify twitter science stars the top 50 science stars of citations: 151 k. Science stars llc is a program offering hands on learning opportunities for primary students who want to strengthen their science foundation and investigate ideas through a steam lens.
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The science fiction star chart is based on science fiction star chart - original open the history of sci-fi and narrative filmmaking the star chart. Science of stars paper sci/151 science of stars paper in this paper i will explain how astronomers determine the composition, temperature, speed, and rotation rate of distant objects using. Sci 151 week 3 individual assignment science of stars paper prepare a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper in which you discuss the science of sunlight and stars. View essay - science of stars from sci 151 at university of phoenix science of stars 1 science of stars sci 151 jorge espinosa april 18, 2016 science of stars 2 throughout history humans. Issuu is a digital publishing platform that makes it simple to publish magazines, catalogs, newspapers, books, and more online easily share your publications and get them in front of.
Homework help for online college students includes courses for university of phoenix with miscellaneous assignments added frequently most course work can be found under each course's own. Sci 151 week 2 team assignment the solar system sci 151 week 3 individual assignment science of stars paper. News about stars read science articles and see images on the birth of monstrous stars, brown dwarfs and red giants consider stellar evolution and more. Scientific american is the essential guide to the most awe-inspiring advances in science and technology the science of star wars. | <urn:uuid:67c39b99-903b-48e0-82ed-eb9587760114> | {
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Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed form of the disease in men, with 1 in 6 diagnosed annually. Prostate cancer is the second most common form of the disease after skin cancer. Due to the high rate of diagnosis, prostate cancer is also one of the most widely studied forms of the disease, with countless clinical trials, or research-based studies, held in medical laboratories and research hospitals that test more effective ways to screen, diagnose, and treat prostate cancer.
Why Should I Participate In a Clinical Trial?
Despite the stage of a patient’s illness, there is likely to be a clinical trial at a nearby research facility or medical center accepting participants. A patient’s physician can refer them to the most appropriate trial for their condition.
A patient might choose to participate in a prostate cancer clinical trial for a number of reasons:
- Their physician or specialist feels a new treatment being studied might slow or improve the patient’s condition
- The patient wants to help others in similar health
- The procedure or treatment under examination may be more effective than what the patient is currently receiving
- Patients also need to understand that the treatments and procedures involved in the study are still being examined and may not necessarily be more effective than their current course of treatment.
What Is Involved in a Clinical Trial?
For every patient who agrees to participate in a clinical trial, there are many more who are reluctant to be part of these studies. Prostate cancer is a slowly spreading condition that often displays no symptoms, so a patient may not feel they need to be treated. On the contrary, clinical trials offer patients the most up-to-date, effective medications and therapies available. The treatment methods are tested at length in a closely monitored environment before any prostate cancer patients participate. Researchers are looking to measure the effectiveness of a particular treatment method, as well as any side effects that participants may develop.
The actual procedure of the clinical trial will vary depending on what aspect of the illness is being studied. The length of the trial can also vary—typically studies last from a few weeks to several months. | <urn:uuid:5a62e1af-7de8-44d2-afda-4097c82b0304> | {
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Eating clean means making sure you choose the healthiest option in each food group at every meal (or at least however often you eat them). In order to eat clean, you need to know what your food is made of. And you need to make sure you consume everything in its natural form, as far as is possible. If you want to start living healthier but aren’t sure exactly what to change in your diet, here are five great tips for eating clean.
Stock Up on Fresh Produce
The type of diet you’re following doesn’t really matter. You’ll need to stock up on fresh produce. Always. This is the golden rule of proper nutrition, as your body needs fresh fruits and vegetables to function properly. You can’t get this amount of minerals, vitamins, and other crucial nutrients from other types of food. Plus, eating fresh produce is much healthier and more natural than taking supplements.
Many people don’t eat as many fruits and veggies as they should. To make sure you do, you’ll need to bring some variety to your dishes. The best way to do this is to learn when certain fruits and veggies are in season, since that’s when they’ll taste better (and they’ll be a little less expensive to buy).
If you have a garden, you can also plant some herbs and spices. This will not only provide you with a fun new hobby, but it will also help encourage you to eat healthier by giving you the option to consume foods straight out of your garden. And herbs always bring flavor (in addition to some awesome health benefits of their own) to your dishes.
Limit Processed Foods
It can be pretty hard to avoid processed foods. Almost all the snacks you purchase in your local supermarket are filled with too much fat, sodium, and sugar. Processed foods are basically any foods that have been altered in some way, either for convenience or safety reasons. The main difference between eating processed foods and preparing something at home from scratch is that when you’re preparing something, you know how much sugar and salt you’re adding to the food.
It’s important to note that just because a food is processed doesn’t mean it’s unhealthy. For example, milk has to be processed (more specifically, pasteurized) in order to remove harmful bacteria. However, when excess fat, sugar, and salt get added to foods to make them tastier and prolong their shelf life, this opens up the door for you to develop some severe health problems. Consuming a large amount of unhealthy, processed foods can lead to a higher risk of heart disease or cancer.
Focus on the Nutrients
Many people make the mistake of focusing on calories instead of nutrients when they start dieting. However, you need to remember not to get caught up in the numbers game too much. Instead, focus on the nutritional value of the food you’re eating. Just because a certain food is low in calories doesn’t make it healthy. For example, a serving of Jelly Belly jelly beans has only 35 calories and zero grams of fat, but it also has no fiber and 9 grams of carbohydrates (7 of which are from sugar).
Although you should make sure you’re not consuming too many calories, it’s much more important to pay attention to the nutritional value of the foods you’re eating. One surefire way to consume all the nutrients your body needs while keeping your calorie count low is to stock up on fresh produce, as mentioned above.
Don’t Be Too Strict
Remember, it’s completely okay to have a cheat meal sometimes. If your diet is too strict, then you might end up dreading mealtime every day, and that’s no way to live. To stay on the right track, you might want to indulge in some enjoyable unhealthy food (like those Jelly Belly jelly beans?) one day each month, just to keep from going out of your mind.
Drink More Water
Sometimes, when you’re feeling “blah,” all you need to do to feel better is to drink more water. By drinking at least 8-10 glasses of water each day, you will feel healthier and more energized, and this will increase your motivation to eat clean. Unfortunately, many people consider water “boring” due to the extremely high number of flavored drinks that are available. Note: there are natural water flavor enhancers that can solve this problem, to some extent. And if you’re looking for healthy drinks besides water, check out this post. However, water is an essential nutrient that should never be overlooked.
While eating clean can be challenging, it is perfectly doable — and so worth it. For a handy guide to eating clean, check out this popular book on Amazon. You’ll be eating clean like a pro in no time! | <urn:uuid:ede947ad-47df-472b-bed3-b8c47b4ad459> | {
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By 1966, both sides in the Vietnam War started changing their strategies. General Nguyen Chi Thanh, a top Viet Cong commander, began to push for a general offensive. Meanwhile, General William C. Westmoreland’s search-and-destroy operations were fully under way. Although many of Westmoreland’s campaigns were successful in killing Viet Cong forces, they also required large numbers of U.S. troops.
By the end of 1966, nearly 400,000 U.S. soldiers were in Vietnam; this number would reach 500,000 by the end of 1968. President Johnson also authorized the use of chemical weapons such as napalm, a thick gasoline-based gel that can be sprayed and burns at high temperatures, and Agent Orange, a chemical defoliant that was used to destroy jungle vegetation to expose Viet Cong hideouts. Although both of these weapons were effective, they inflicted horrific devastation, and Agent Orange in particular caused unforeseen health problems among both troops and Vietnamese civilians, the effects of which have persisted for decades.
In late 1966, U.S. forces began to search for the so-called Central Office of South Vietnam, or COSVN—the Viet Cong command center that U.S. officials insisted existed somewhere in the jungle, directing Viet Cong operations throughout Vietnam. The existence of the COSVN has never been confirmed, however, and it is likely there never really was such a command center at all. Nonetheless, General Westmoreland initiated a series of search campaigns in the so-called Iron Triangle, a sixty-square-mile area north of Saigon. Although several thousand Viet Cong were killed in a campaign that lasted until 1967, U.S. forces failed to locate COSVN or make any progress in encircling or rooting out the Viet Cong.
Despite the numerous setbacks, Johnson and other U.S. officials, citing increased troop numbers and redefined objectives, again claimed to be making headway in the war. Photos and video footage of dead American soldiers in newspapers and on evening news programs, however, indicated otherwise. Moreover, U.S. spending in support of the war had reached record levels, costing the government an estimated $3 billion a month. As a result, many people in the United States began to speak of a “credibility gap” between what Johnson and the U.S. government were telling the American people and what actually was transpiring on the ground.
Throughout 1967, Viet Cong guerrillas stepped up their attacks on U.S. servicemen. Then, in late January 1968, the North Vietnamese Army launched a major offensive against the U.S. Marine base at Khe Sanh, just below the DMZ. U.S. commanders, determined to hold the base, sent 50,000 men as reinforcements. Though one of the largest battles of the war, Khe Sanh was essentially a diversion planned by the Viet Cong in an effort to weaken American forces farther south, paving the way for a more significant offensive.
Indeed, with U.S. forces still north at Khe Sanh, the Viet Cong launched the Tet Offensive, the large “general offensive” that Ho Chi Minh and the Vietnamese Communists had been planning for years. On January 30, 1968, on the Vietnamese new year holiday of Tet, separate Viet Cong and NVA cells attacked twenty-seven different U.S. military installations throughout South Vietnam at the same time. | <urn:uuid:dffa232b-fd24-44eb-9d34-c55deab73dd5> | {
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This is a flag that was flown by Edward "Ned" Low (also Lowe or Loe). He is an example of a man who had lead a life of crime before he picked up this trade as a ruthless pirate. Born in England around 1690, he moved to Boston as a teenager, and tried his hand as a ship rigger. Tiring of this work, Low signed on board a small vessel and headed to the bay of Honduras to cut log-wood. This was risky business, as the Spanish owned and controlled this land, and would attack trespassing Englishmen . One day during this voyage Low became enraged and fired a musket at the captain. He missed, but killed another sailor. Low was marooned and the captain took the opportunity to rid himself of a dozen or so other malcontents. The marooned men soon captured a small boat and became pirates. Over the next couple of years, Low became one of the most successful and feared pirates in the world. He captured and plundered over 100 vessels, from the Carribean to from the western coast of Africa, and down to Brazil and north to the southeastern United States. His flag, which was well-known and feared, consisted of a red skeleton on a black background. Low fit the very image of a bloodthirsty, cruel, and clever pirate who terrorizing ships during the last days of the so-called "Golden Age of Piracy." The last documented sightings of him were in July 1723, sailing a ship with this flag in the vicinity of the Azores, the Canaries, and Guinea in Africa, but soon afterwards, he disappeared and was never heard from again. One story is that his men tired of his cruelty, and set him adrift on a boat, whereupon he was captured by the French. According to the National Maritime Museum in London, Low was never captured and spent the rest of his life in Brazil. However Low met his end, only Black Bart had a more successful pirate career in the same time and area. | <urn:uuid:ef62ed81-fede-47de-b865-b4ee342018fb> | {
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Charles and Ray Eames at The Eames House, Pacific Palisades, 1958
From David. A Keeps, “Landmark Houses: The Eames House,” Los Angeles Times, December 18, 2012:
Hear the name “Eames,” and you probably picture bent plywood “potato chip” chairs, or midcentury tables resting on “paper clip” legs—iconic furnishings that shaped the legacy of their designers.
Less known is Charles and Ray Eames’ 1949 Pacific Palisades home, though it has profoundly influenced how Southern Californians nest, even to this day.
Their glass-and-steel house and studio — like monolithic Mondrian canvases springing from the ground — were not merely a residence and work space. They were incubators for a new way of living. The Palisades house remains an enduring symbol of post-World War II design and L.A.’s indoor-outdoor lifestyle.
“California has always attracted people of imagination who felt free to express themselves,” said Bill Stern, founder of the California Museum of Design, during a celebration marking the formal dedication of the Eames House as a national historic landmark. “The Eames House eschewed traditional materials like bricks and sticks, and used glass and steel in fresh ways to create a new understanding of how people can live.”
Anybody thinking of building a house should “come here and take notes,” added film producer and Eames scholar Daniel Ostroff.
“There’s a horrible trend in architecture today where the last person that everybody thinks about is the user,” he said. “In its concerns for practicality, use, beauty, durability and cost, the Eames House is the most important innovation in home design since the tepee.”
Arguably the father of American midcentury modernism, Charles Eames was a design polyglot, fluent in the languages of architecture, industrial engineering, photography, graphic arts and filmmaking. His wife and design partner Ray was a painter who had studied with famed Abstract Expressionist Hans Hofmann.
As designers, the couple exuded an optimism about new materials and technology. Being newcomers to Los Angeles, they embraced the expansive physical and psychological landscape.
The Eames House referenced Bauhaus design but was a major departure from the austerity of that movement. Composed of dual two-story rectangular boxes bathed in California sunshine, the form followed its intended function: to provide shelter from the elements while living among them.
Image: The Eames House living room, Pacific Palisades, 1958, photo by Julius Shulman, courtesy of the Eames Foundation. | <urn:uuid:76788c33-9c2a-4d3a-8411-55b944b25089> | {
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|Fejervarya muangkanensis |
Suwannapoom, Yuan, Jiang, Yan, Gao & Che, 2017
We describe a new species, Fejervarya muangkanensis sp. nov., based on a series of specimens collected from Ban Tha Khanun, Thong Pha Phum District, Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand. The new species is easily distinguished from its congeners by morphological and molecular data, and can be diagnosed by the following characters: (1) small size (adult male snout-vent length (SVL) 33.5 mm; female SVL 40.0–40.9 mm); (2) tympanum small, discernible but unclear; (3) poorly developed toe webbing; (4) no lateral line system in adults; (5) characteristic “Fejervaryan” lines present in females; and (6) femoral glands absent. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial 16S rRNA further supports it as a distinct lineage and distinguishes it from its congeners for which sequences are available.
Keywords: Fejervarya muangkanensis sp. nov., Kanchanaburi, Thailand
|Figure 3: Dorsolateral view of female paratype KIZ 024678 of Fejervarya muangkanensis sp. nov. in life|
(photo by Chatmongkon Suwannapoom)
Etymology: The specific epithet muangkanensis is derived from the common name of the Kanchanaburi province, Thailand.
Suggested common names: Kanchanaburi Rain-Pool Frog.
Ecology: The species is found in small swamps in secondary forests at elevations between 700–900 m a.s.l. Advertisement calls of the males can be heard in small ponds from July to September in Thong Pha Phum, Kanchanaburi Province. Calling males are usually observed within or beside the swamp (Figure 6).
Distribution: This species is currently known only from Thong Pha Phum, Kanchanaburi Province, western Thailand (Figure 1).
Although our discovery of F. muangkanensis increases the total number of Fejervarya species of Thailand to nine (Suwannapoom et al., 2016), the diversity of this group may still be underestimated. For example, previous molecular studies have identified several distinct lineages diverged from closely related, recognized species, including Fejervarya sp. hp3 from Pilok, Thailand, and Fejervarya sp. hp2 from Bangkok, Thailand (Kotaki et al., 2010). Future studies should examine morphological characteristics of specimens from these regions in detail to confirm their taxonomic identities. Moreover, as many areas of Thailand are still poorly or never surveyed for amphibian diversity, especially in southern Thailand, unrecognized diversity of the genus could still exist. Closer inspections of previously collected congeners from these regions are necessary to better understand amphibian diversity in Thailand, which could help to manage and conserve this unique diversity effectively.
Chatmongkon Suwannapoom, Zhi-Yong Yuan, Ke Jiang, Fang Yan, Wei Gao and Jing Che. 2017. A New Species of Rain-Pool Frog (Dicroglossidae: Fejervarya) from western Thailand. Zoological Research. DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2017.043 ZooRes.ac.cn/EN/abstract/abstract3822.shtml
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The Signs of All Times: Entoptic Phenomena in Upper Palaeolithic Art
Williams JD, Dowson TA, et al. ; Current Anthropology, Vol. 29, No. 2 (Apr., 1988), pp. 201-245
J.D. Lewis-Williams and T.A. Dowson (1988) in their article 'The Signs of All Times' propose a neurobridge backwards in time to the Upper Palaeolithic by which we can gain insight into the nature of the origins of art. Our nervous system has not changed much in the past 100,000 years. We are still physically very much the hunter-gatherers we were prior to agrarianism. In the signs of Upper Palaeolithic art Lewis-Williams and Dowson see entoptic phenomena very similar to those produced by people in altered states of consciousness today. 'Entoptic' is derived from the Greek for 'within vision', that is, anywhere within the optic system between and including the eye itself and the cortex where signals from the optic nerve are interpreted (Lewis-Williams and Dowson, 1988). Lewis-Williams and Dowson further break these down into 'phosphenes' which can be produced by physical stimulation (such as the patterns seen when you close your eyes and apply gentle pressure to your eyelids), and 'form constants' which are produced beyond the eye in the cortex itself. It is the latter which Lewis-Williams and Dowson (1988) primarily focus on, though they do not exclude phosphenes, and refer to both under the general term 'entoptics'. They do, however, distinguish between entoptics and hallucinations. Entoptics are geometric patterns whose origins are in the nervous system itself, whereas hallucinations are iconic and culturally determined and may be experienced in all senses (aural, visual, tactile, olfactory and synesthetic) not just the visual.
Web Resource: www.jstor.org
Pettifor, Eric, 'Altered States: The Origin of Art in Entoptic Phenomena'. Internet Reference, 1996.
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Born in Paris on 4 July 1848, Louis-Robert Carrier-Belleuse grew up watching his father, Albert-Ernest Carrier-Belleuse, earn his living as a practicing artist. The elder Carrier-Belleuse entered the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in 1840 under the auspices of sculptor David d’Angers, but he elected to study decorative arts at the Petite Ecole shortly thereafter, perhaps because he felt that it would offer a better livelihood for his growing family. When Louis-Robert was only two years old, his father accepted a job in England where he designed ceramics and metalwork models for the Wedgwood factory, among others. This interlude lasted five years, until 1855 when the family returned to France where Albert-Ernest found work in Napoleon III’s massive urban renewal projects for Paris. Throughout these years, the young Louis-Robert studied with his father, absorbing his basic art education through direct observation, on-the-job training, and paternal instruction.
Eventually, Louis-Robert entered the Ecole des Beaux-Arts where he focused his studies on painting. Under the direction of Alexandre Cabanel and Gustave Boulanger, two of the most successful painters of the era, Carrier-Belleuse mastered the academic techniques of drawing from plaster casts of famous sculptures, and in due course, the live model. In 1870, just as the Second Empire was coming to its disastrous conclusion, Carrier-Belleuse made his debut at the annual Salon. The eruption of the Franco-Prussian War disrupted life significantly; although it is unknown whether or not the 22-year-old Carrier-Belleuse served in the French Army, most young men performed their military duty at this age.
As a result of the war—and the internecine bloodshed of the Commune—life in Paris was fundamentally changed. The city had been beaten and battered, and the political divisions among the citizenry were both painful and raw. The arts community was no exception. Traditionalists who supported the academic canon were impatient with the increasing number of artists who advocated for a fresh approach to painting as well as new venues in which to exhibit their work. Carrier-Belleuse, while not as radical as the Impressionists, nevertheless found his voice as a “painter of modern life” to cite Charles Baudelaire’s famous phrase. Like Constantin Guys, the painter that Baudelaire held up as his example, Carrier-Belleuse captured the daily life of Parisian streets. His images included people from all walks of life, whether it illustrated workingmen delivering sacks of flour in Porteurs de farine of 1885, or casual strollers on the grand boulevards as in The Bookseller of 1881. In both of these images, the painter’s academic education is obvious in the clear delineation of the human body, but his choice of urban subject matter suggests the influence of Degas or Steinlen, especially in the seemingly random combinations of anonymous figures going about their daily routine.
Carrier-Belleuse also occasionally painted amusing genre scenes such as The Animal Sculptor. This undated work depicts the sculptor (perhaps Carrier-Belleuse himself) in his studio trying to grab a bite of lunch while the plaster swan on his worktable appears to be interrupting him. Nearby, two live swans observe this action, presumably a bit miffed that they are not being fed as well. The joke is purely visual, and it remains comical today precisely because it does not depend on any external narrative. What is even more intriguing is the compositional structure that Carrier-Belleuse created; the standard two-point perspective grid is offset by a technique that Degas often used of undermining the spatial organization by drawing parallel lines that will not meet at the hypothetical horizon.
In 1889, Carrier-Belleuse accepted an appointment as artistic director of the Hippolyte Boulenger & Cie faience manufactory at Clichy-le-Roi where he designed new forms for the earthenware sculpture and pottery. That same year, Hippolyte Boulenger opened a retail store at 18 rue Paradis in Paris to showcase the new designs being produced. In fact, the building itself functioned as a ‘catalogue’ of the ceramic tiles from Choisy-le-Roi. [i]
The year 1889 was momentous. Not only did Carrier-Belleuse begin his tenure at Clichy-le-Roi, but he also received a Silver Medal at the Exposition Universelle. In addition, his contributions to France’s art and culture were recognized with the Legion of Honor medal. At this time, he also began to focus increasingly on sculpture, particularly portrait busts.
One of the more curious developments of Carrier-Belleuse’s career was the establishment of his reputation as a sculptor in Central American nations. This appears to have begun with a commission for the tomb of the liberal reformer and modernizer of Guatemala, President Justo Rufino Barrios, who died in April 1885. This in turn led to a large sculptural group designed as a National Monument for Costa Rica in 1890. Located in San José’s Parque Nacional near the Congress Building, the bronze monument commemorates the heroes of Costa Rican freedom. When it was unveiled during Independence Day celebrations on September 15, 1895, the Costa Rican people saw seven figures, five of them women. These allegorical figures represented the nations of Central America—Costa Rica, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras—each carrying some type of weapon to defend her sovereignty against foreign invaders. The sixth figure is the American military expansionist, William Walker, who attempted to annex Central America to the United States in 1855-57. Carrier-Belleuse depicted him hiding his face from the female defenders of freedom. The seventh figure, a fallen soldier, serves as a universal reminder of the human cost of warfare.
The last decade of Carrier-Belleuse’s career was devoted primarily to sculpture and large-scale faience projects. When he died on 15 June 1913, his passing was noted not only in France, but also in the newspapers in London and New York.
Janet Whitmore, Ph.D.
Dahesh Museum, New York
Musee d'Art et d'Archeologie, Moulins, France
Musée d’Orsay, Paris
Musée du Petit Palais, Paris
Musée de Rochefort, Rochefort, France
[i] Philippe Meunier and Jean Alonso Defrocourt, “Evolution of Choisy-le-Roi Manufactory with Hippolyte Boulenger”, Majolica Matters, March 2006, 7-9. | <urn:uuid:a1b0bab3-c524-45ab-9bc4-a0443a745b9b> | {
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Researchers have known for quite a while that microorganisms in the ocean can significantly affect the local weather but now, a new connection has been found between phytoplankton breakdown and cloud formation. This can lead to improved climate models and better weather prediction.
I just love mornings by the sea – the sun is starting to shine, the breeze is cooling you off, and the waves are splashing on in a monotonous and soothing movement. But there’s more than meets the eye in that water that the waves are splashing – scientists have proven that bacteria on the ocean’s surface can affect the molecular makeup of sea spray droplets.
Basically, bacteria break down phytoplankton, the ubiquitous photosynthesizing organisms that inhabit almost all oceans and seas. As they break it down, they release proteins, sugars and lipids which get trapped in water droplets, and these water droplets can be ejected into the atmosphere. Naturally, this raises the number of organic components in the atmosphere, which is important in cloud formation – several studies have attempted to link phytoplankton blooms with organic content in the atmosphere, but failed to do so conclusively. They then went to the lab to see exactly what the effects are.
They were especially interested by phytoplankton blooms, so that’s the condition they tried to recreate. They managed to bring some 13,000 liters (3,400 gallons) of California sea water into the lab, into a controlled ocean-atmosphere wave machine. Their first results showed that increased phytoplankton concentration did indeed lead to increased organic content, and that organic content controls and encourages cloud formation (to an extent).
“Sea spray aerosol (SSA) particles profoundly impact climate through their ability to scatter solar radiation and serve as seeds for cloud formation. The climate properties can change when sea salt particles become mixed with insoluble organic material formed in ocean regions with phytoplankton blooms. Currently, the extent to which SSA chemical composition and climate properties are altered by biological processes in the ocean is uncertain.”
The research also shows that the interactions between the oceanic aerosols, microorganisms and climate is much more complex than previously understood. It’s interactions like this one that makes climate modelling so complicate – the more interactions we can factor in, the more accurate the models get.
Here’s a very good video detailing the processes through which aerosols affect our climate:
Journal Reference: Xiaofei Wang et al. Microbial Control of Sea Spray Aerosol Composition: A Tale of Two Blooms. DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.5b00148
Enjoyed this article? Join 40,000+ subscribers to the ZME Science newsletter. Subscribe now! | <urn:uuid:6dbcfe17-db09-4ca4-9f80-bc0c9200e9ba> | {
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Her eruptions have been documented since before 1500 BC
*Tutto ciò che la natura ha di grande,
tutto ciò che ha di piacevole,
tutto ciò che ha di terribile,
si può paragonare all'Etna,
e l'Etna non si può paragonare a nulla
Everything in nature is grand/big,
everything is nice,
everything is terrible
you can compare it to Etna,
Etna - you can't compare her to anything
Etna's most powerful recorded eruption was in 1669, when explosions destroyed part of the summit and lava flows from a fissure on the volcano's flank reached the sea and the town of Catania, more than ten miles away.
An eruption in 1775 produced large lahars when hot material melted snow and ice on the summit, and an extremely violent eruption in 1852 produced more than 2 billion cubic feet of lava and covered more than three square miles of the volcano's flanks in lava flows. Etna's longest eruption began in 1979 and went on for thirteen years; its latest eruption began in March 2007, and is still ongoing.
What had started last night evolved into the first true paroxysmal eruption of 2013, marked by tall lava fountains and lava flows from the New SE crater.
Waiting for your next post is as bad as watching 127 Hours, I am on the edge of my seat!
How is the breathing, do you have to wear a mask, or stay indoors? Does any of the dust or actual heavy rocks, like you showed, endanger you and your neighbors? This is the first time I've ever "talked" to anyone in an eruption zone. Give the peak a wave for me! | <urn:uuid:df52a648-306a-4ffc-b1c9-b248c1cfe6e9> | {
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Urban Runoff (English)
Escorrentía urbana (Español)
Some unfortunate consequences of our “civilized” society, population growth, and the desire of people to live near the ocean are dense development with a lot of paved, impervious surfaces. All this paving makes for efficient flow of water (and pollutants carried by the water) to rivers, lakes, and the ocean. Even during extended periods of dry weather, continuous streams of water flow off of paved areas from activities such as landscape irrigation, car washing, hosing off sidewalks and driveways, and industrial discharges. Contrast this to the “pre-development” condition of no dry weather runoff, lots of areas where water could percolate into the ground, and natural wetlands to filter out and biodegrade the small amount of animal waste, and you can see why the ocean isn’t as clean as it used to be.
Video courtesy of the "Green Team" kids at Hughes Middle School in Long Beach, California.
Here's a short video demonstrating the effects of an inch of rain in Corpus Christ, Texas. Narration by six-year-old Jack.
As an example of current regulatory agency thinking regarding urban runoff, the following are nearly verbatim findings from a recently enacted Municipal Waste Discharge Permit issued by the San Diego Region of the California Regional Water Quality Control Board:
- Urban runoff is a waste that contains pollutants and adversely affects the quality of waters of the State.
- Urban runoff discharges from municipal storm sewer systems are a leading cause of water quality impairment throughout the United States. There is a strong correlation between “urbanization” and impacts to receiving water quality. In general, the more heavily developed the area, the greater the impacts to receiving waters from urban runoff.
- Urban development increases pollutant load, volume, and velocity of runoff. During urban development two important changes occur. First, natural vegetated pervious ground cover is converted to impervious surfaces such as paved highways, streets, rooftops, and parking lots. Natural vegetated soil can both absorb rainwater and remove pollutants, providing a very effective purification process. Because pavement and concrete can neither absorb water nor remove pollutants, the natural purification characteristics of the land are lost. Secondly, urban development creates new pollution sources as human population density increases and brings with it proportionately higher levels of car emissions, car maintenance wastes, municipal sewage, pesticides, household hazardous wastes, pet wastes, and trash which can either be washed or directly dumped into municipal storm sewer systems leading to the ocean.
- Water quality degradation increases with percent imperviousness. The increased volume and velocity of runoff from developed urban areas greatly accelerates the erosion of downstream natural channels. Numerous studies have demonstrated a direct correlation between the degree of imperviousness of an area and the degradation of its receiving water quality. Significant declines in the biological integrity and physical habitat of streams and other receiving waters have been found to occur with as little as a 10% conversion from natural to impervious surfaces. Today “% impervious coverage” is believed to be a reliable indicator and predictor of the water quality degradation expected from planned new development.
- Urban runoff is a human health threat. Human illnesses have been clearly linked to swimming or surfing near storm drains flowing to coastal beach waters that contain high concentrations of bacteria and viruses. Such flows often result in the posting or closure of local beaches. Pollutants transported to receiving waters by urban runoff can also enter the food chain, where they can bioaccumulate and biomagnify as predators eat lower life forms. This has occurred with pollutants including DDT, PCBs, and heavy metals.
- Urban runoff causes beneficial use impairment. The discharge of pollutants and increased flows from municipal storm sewer systems can cause the concentration of pollutants to exceed receiving water quality objectives and impair or threaten to impair designated beneficial uses, causing habitat degradation. The discharge of urban runoff may also impact the physical habitat of receiving waters through erosion.
- A change in the storm water management approach is needed. In contrast to the conventional “conveyance” approach, a more natural approach to storm water management seeks to filter and infiltrate runoff by allowing it to flow slowly over permeable vegetated surfaces. By preserving and restoring the natural hydrologic cycle, filtration and infiltration can greatly reduce the volume/peak rate, velocity, and pollutant loads of urban runoff. The greatest opportunities for changing from a “conveyance” to a mote natural management approach occur during the land use planning and zoning processes and when new development projects are under early design.
Stormwater systems, consisting of gutter drains, open storm water drainage channels and underground storm sewers, are designed primarily to prevent flooding problems. Water typically flows by gravity to a low spot, generally the ocean. A basic design principal of storm water systems is to get the rainwater and other urban runoff away from residential, commercial, and industrial areas as fast as possible, and discharge it to a creek, river, or directly into the ocean. Civil engineers design these systems to be water superhighways. The water receives no treatment before it enters the receiving water body, which might be your favorite beach. So any water running off the streets and gutters, off business properties, off of your lawn and driveway, carrying with it animal waste, pesticides, fertilizer, leaked automotive fluids, brake lining residues, and general litter, will end up at the beach.
During dry weather, any water flowing in a gutter or surface drain should be looked at with suspicion. Before humans arrived on the scene with our cities, associated infrastructure, and miles and miles of pavement, there was no dry weather urban runoff. Hence, there was no flow to flush pollutants down to the beach. Even in wet weather, undeveloped land and wetlands allowed infiltration and natural cleansing of runoff. Now, drainage channels have become ugly pseudo rivers that nearly always have water.
What can you do? The most important message for us is to simply turn off the tap. Use as little water as possible. Don’t over-water your lawn. Adjust your sprinklers to avoid watering the pavement (it won’t grow). Consider saving more water and further reducing runoff pollution by installing an Ocean Friendly Garden. Commercial car washes generally contain and recycle their water. If you do wash your own car, use as little water as possible and try to divert it to non-paved areas. Fix fluid leaks from your car. Pick up your pet waste. Don’t over-fertilize your lawn and avoid the use of insecticides and herbicides (weed killers). Use a broom instead of a hose. Encourage these practices by your friends. Be on the lookout for water flowing down the gutter and if you find the source, see if you can educate the perpetrator to use more environmentally-friendly practices.
Increasing concern about water quality problems caused by urban runoff has led the EPA, state, and local water quality regulators to issue tougher National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits to cities and counties. These new permits will force an increased scrutiny of the planning process for new development and redevelopment so that less urban runoff is generated. All aspects of our urban lifestyle and sources of runoff (from construction sites, industrial properties, commercial properties, and residences) will be evaluated and appropriate changes in planning, design, construction and daily modes of behavior will be developed to minimize release of pollutants to the storm drain system. You can help by setting an example for others and by becoming involved in the planning process for projects where you live. | <urn:uuid:d7b21509-1390-4c99-8b9a-6fed6049a10a> | {
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Fractals encompass interesting pure maths and computing - and they are very pretty to look at. It is almost a rite of passage that every programmer has to face - write some sort of fractal viewer!
We all know what a fractal is, sort of, even if it’s only a picture of the well known Mandelbrot set.
If you don't this video is a good introduction:
I wanted to start this discussion off with a short snappy definition of a fractal but, even though I think I know what the subject is about, I found it next to impossible to frame a pithy definition that means something practical.
The best I can come up with is that a fractal is something that "wiggles" so much that it manages to cover more space that it should.
The problem seems to be that theory of fractals includes a number of interesting and important ideas that can be blended together to give you more than one thing.The key common factor in all of them is that a fractal has a fractional dimension - its not one dimensional nor two but something like 0.4134 or 2.5.
So in the strict mathematical sense a fractal is something that has fractional dimension.
An easy definition but very weird and difficult to understand - how can something be 1.5 dimensional?
Fractals encompass interesting pure maths and computing. You can spend ages contemplating the theory or make direct use of them in 3D modelling, modern art, image compression or coding theory. So starting at the beginning…
I first got involved with fractals and computers while working on what I thought was a simple problem. A computer vision system was supposed to be used to measure the length of the perimeter of a shape. A TV camera was used to digitise the image and, roughly speaking, the solution to the problem was to count the pixels in the outline. At first we couldn’t get an answer that was accurate enough so we zoomed in and got a more accurate result.
The result, even allowing for the zoom factor, was bigger and as we zoomed in more the result got even bigger. We discovered that the perimeter of a real shape wasn’t actually a fixed number which could be measured to any given accuracy – the value you got depended on the accuracy.
It turned out that this was an encounter with a classical fractal problem first raised by Benoit Mandelbrot in the question “How long is the coastline of Britain?”.
This might seem like an entirely silly question that has nothing very deep to do with mathematics or computing but…
Suppose you go out with a meter stick and measure it then you will get a value that misses all of the wiggles that are much smaller than a meter. If you go and measure it with a 1cm ruler then the length that you measure will increase because you follow the wiggles. Each time you make your measurement finer you encounter more wiggles and the coastline gets longer. In the limit the coastline of Britain is infinite – which make you wonder why even in a small island it seems to be in short supply!
In what sense then is the coastline “fractal”?
Part of the answer is encapsulated in my rough definition of "something that "wiggles" so much that it manages to cover more space that it should.". You can see that the reason for the strange behavior is in the "wiggles" that the coast line makes as it finds its way round the country.
However there is a little more to this and just excessive wiggling. The coast line also demonstrates a deeper property of fractals that of "self similarity".
The coastline is “self similar” at a range of scales. This idea of self similarity is complicated but the rough idea isn’t difficult to understand. If you look at the coastline then what you see looks the same at any zoom factor you care to select.
It isn’t that it is exactly identical, just that the degree and type of wigglyness that you see is the same – it’s statistically the same at all levels of zoom. What this means is that if you were shown a photo of part of the coastline you would find it impossible to tell how close or what the zoom factor was on the photo by just examining how much and in what way it wiggled. The geometry of the shape is the same at all levels.
For most naturally occurring and many constructed fractals the self similarity is only statistical but it is possible to create one-dimensional curves that are exactly self similar at all levels of zoom.
For example the Sierpinski triangle looks the same no matter how much you zoom in. | <urn:uuid:65e9bb76-3f76-4073-82f0-180912c77044> | {
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Did you know the ACOG and CDC are not legally required to tell the truth about anything, including vaccines? Just one downfall to America’s health system.
Vaccines are controversial. The media hides vaccine dangers while pushing flu shots every year. But it is time to discover the truth about vaccinations.
The very nature of our immune systems and what vaccinations do to artificially stimulate immunity makes safe vaccinating impossible. Here is an interview.
There are countless ways to avoid getting sick during the winter months. Here are 5 natural tips for boosting your immune system and staying flu-free.
Many experts and research shows that vaccinations are not safe, or are LEAST questionable. Here is how to stand your ground against vaccine advocates.
The rapid autism rise has coincided with a dramatic increase of early childhood vaccination schedules over the same period. Is there a connection?
Here is another study which shows how over-stimulating the immune system through vaccines inevitably leads to autoimmune diseases.
In 2012 the CDC was predicting an epidemic of hepatitis C among baby boomers, so they wanted to vaccinate them all soon. But there are several issues.
Minnesota is banning formaldehyde from baby products in 2014, but the carcinogen is still allowed in vaccinations and continues to pose a health threat. | <urn:uuid:b789cc0f-6856-4b21-9984-c3905c09d82d> | {
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Diabetes Fact Sheet
CIRM funds many projects seeking to better understand diabetes and to translate those discoveries into new therapies.
Diabetes comes in two forms: type 1 (also known as juvenile) and type 2 (also known as adult). As many as 3 million people in the U.S. have type 1 diabetes, which is the form primarily being targeted by stem cell research.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder where the body’s own immune system destroys the cells in the pancreas that make insulin. Insulin normally circulates in the bloodstream after a meal and allows cells of the body to take up sugar and use it for food. Without insulin, cells starve and the sugar builds up in the bloodstream where it can damage the kidneys, blood vessels and retina.
Any potential cure for type 1 diabetes requires replacing the lost insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. Currently, the only cells that can be used for such a transplant come from donated organs, which are in short supply. Such insulin-producing cell transplants are also risky because the cells can be rejected by the recipient’s body if they don’t receive immune suppressing drugs.
To solve the first problem, groups of CIRM-funded researchers have developed methods to make replacement insulin-producing cells derived from human embryonic stem cells, which can be grown in large amounts. Implanted into mice and rats these cells are able to regulate blood sugar.
To get around the problem of rejection, CIRM-funded teams have placed cells in a device that implants under the skin and shields the cells from the immune system. Other groups are studying how to regulate the immune system to make stem cell-derived transplants safer.
Disease Team Awards
The team has developed a way of maturing embryonic stem cells into an early form of the cells that produce insulin. They then insert those cells into a permeable device that can be implanted under the skin. Inside the device, the cells mature into insulin-producing cells. In diabetic animals, the cells are able to regulate blood sugar. The team plans to test the technique in other animals and, if it appears to be successful, begin clinical trials in humans.
Progress and Promise in Diabetes Research
CIRM Grants Targeting Diabetes
CIRM Diabetes Videos
News and Information
- CIRMResearch blog entries on type 1 diabetes research progress
- CIRM Loan to Boost Diabetes Research (San Diego Business Journal)
- Diabetes Health Guide (New York Times)
- San Diego company studies stem cell implant as a Type 1 diabetes treatment (Los Angeles Times)
- NIH: Diabetes Information
- CDC: Diabetes Resources
- Find a clinical trial near you: NIH Clinical Trials database
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation
- American Diabetes Association
- Stem Cell Netword diabetes page
- Family Caregiver Alliance
- National Family Caregivers Association | <urn:uuid:7e6847c3-c0a3-4030-8e5e-972f9e195f9d> | {
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To start, let us recall the basics of the power of two choices, or multiple-choice hashing. In the standard setting, we are hashing n elements into a hash table with n buckets. Normally, we would hash each item once to determine its bucket; this gives a maximum load, or largest number of elements in any bucket, of about log n / log log n. (All the results I state hold with high probability, so I'll avoid repeating the phrase.) Suppose instead we use two hash functions, giving two choices of locations for each element. Elements are sequentially placed in the least loaded of their two buckets. When we do a lookup, we'll now have to look in two places for the item. In return, the maximum load now falls to about log log n / log 2 -- we've got an extra log in there! (With d > 2 choices, the maximum load would be log log n / log d, just a constant factor better than d = 2.) Results of this type are due to Azar, Broder, Karlin, and Upfal, in their paper Balanced Allocations. (There was some earlier work with a similar result by Karp, Luby, and Meyer auf der Heide.)
In the course of these results, the question arose as to whether one could do better if placing the elements offline. That is, if you had all n elements and their hashes in advance, could you place each element in one of their bucket choices and achieve a better load than the O(log log n) obtained by the sequential placement? The answer turns out to be yes. The best placement only has a constant maximum load. Another way to think of this is to say that if we place the elements sequentially, but retain the power to move them later, as long as each element ends up at one of its bucket choices, we could get down to constant maximum load.
The idea of cuckoo hashing is that such movements can actually be done online quite efficiently. Cuckoo hashing is, essentially, multiple-choice hashing plus moves, and it appears very effective. Let us consider an extreme case, analyzed in the original Cuckoo Hashing paper by Pagh and Rodler. (If my description is unsatisfactory, there is a good explanation already on Wikipedia!) Each bucket can contain just 1 item, and we will have n buckets, split into two subtables of size n/2. Each element has one choice of bucket in each subtable, where the choices are given by independent hash functions. Each hashed element resides at one of its two choices. A lookup therefore always requires at most two accesses into the hash table.
What to do, however, on an insertion -- what if both spaces for an item are already full? When we insert a new item, we put it in the first subtable. If another item is already there, we kick it out, and make it move to the second subtable. If another item is already there, we kick it out, and make it move back to the first table, and so on. This is where the name cuckoo hashing comes from; as the Wikipedia article says,
The name derives from the behavior of some species of cuckoo, where the mother bird pushes eggs out of another bird's nest to lay her own.Pagh and Rodler prove that if the number of elements inserted is at most (1/2 - epsilon)n for some constant epsilon, then this process finishes in constant expected time! In other words, one can achieve memory utilization of up to 50 percent of capacity, with guaranteed constant lookup time and average constant insertion time.
Further variants significantly improve the memory utilization that can be achieved. Specifically, allowing more than two choices of location helps (more choices of where to go), as does having more than one item per bucket (more choices of what to move). Memory utilization of over 90 percent is easily possible in practice. This paper and this one have more information.
That summarizes the theoretical background, and hopefully convinces you that the idea of cuckoo hashing is a good one. In the next post, we'll look at why you might want to implement cuckoo hashing in hardware, and what obstacles lie therein. | <urn:uuid:f8b008bc-1ada-470e-9129-abbb423aee35> | {
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Exhibit to trace Airline History
from Crop Dusters to Today
You can donate
The National Air & Space Museum is a unique building on the National Mall; unlike the other Smithsonian exhibit halls, it focuses on the aviation and aerospace industry. Its artifacts chronicle the instruments of the airlines; so it is not surprising that eight airlines jointly (God knows that they ever agree on anything) are donating for the reimagining of “America by Air.”, the section within the downtown facility which tells the story of the evolution of our business. American Airlines, The Delta Air Lines Foundation, and United Airlines have contributed as lead donors with Alaska Airlines, JetBlue, Frontier Airlines, Hawaiian Airlines and Spirit Airlines.
Curator Dr. Bob van der Linden , author of many histories about commercial flight, has the assignment to create a visual/artifact representation of the struggles, safety and service which mark this economic endeavor.
One of the tales that the new display will demonstrate is the origins of Delta Air Lines by hanging its first aircraft for visitors to see. Surprisingly, the “bird” carried no passengers, but flew to protect crops by killing bugs; it is the Huff-Daland Duster. was designed in 1925 for a new method of controlling agricultural insect pests, aerial crop dusting.
The Huff-Daland Manufacturing Company modified its sturdy Petrel military biplane with a large hopper for chemicals and spraying equipment and established the nation’s first aerial dusting business, Huff-Daland Duster Company of Macon, Georgia and later, Monroe, Louisiana.
C.E. Woolman took over the company in 1928 and renamed it Delta Air Service (forerunner of Delta Air Lines) to reflect the addition of mail and passenger service in Travel Airs. The remains of two of the original 18 Dusters stayed in storage until 1967 when Delta Air Lines selected one of them for restoration.
From that point of inception, Dr. van der Linden will provide the palpable, visible objects which mark the milestones to today’s complex business.
Here’s how to Donate
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Extreme weather: The first six weeks of 2014 have been brutal
Thursday, February 13, 2014, 8:02 AM -
Whether you watched it from a 24-hour traffic jam on an icy highway in Atlanta, GA, or amid the sweltering drought and fires of California and Australia, Earth's climate has been front and centre to start 2014.
And it is only February.
After experiencing its wettest January in almost 250 years, the UK is still gripped by massive floods caused by rain falling on ground so saturated, flood waters have nowhere to go but up.
As of Wednesday, there are more than 300 flood warnings or alerts throughout the country, 16 of them severe or life-threatening, and the UK Met Office is putting the blame squarely, and explicitly, on climate change.
It’s not just the U.K. Africa and Asia are also feeling the sting.
In Indonesia, 40,000 people have been displaced, and 13 killed, beneath pounding rains.
In Africa, flooding has ravaged at least half-dozen countries since the middle of January.
Dozens of people have been killed, and tens of thousands of people displaced, in Zambia, Zimbabwe, Burundi, Madagascar, Mozambique and Tanzania, with the summer, usually the rainy season for much of sub-Saharan Africa, still going.
In South America, several people were killed during torrential rain in Uruguay, including at least one Canadian visitor.
Elsewhere in Brazil, there practically no rain at all. The city of Sao Paulo, South America’s largest, has had so little rain, local water sources could run completely dry by the end of March. In the northeast, populous but comparatively impoverished, farmers have waited in vain for rain amid the worst drought in a half-century.
The lack of rain has been made much worse by the heat in that country. Rio de Janeiro matched the hottest temperature of 2013 last week, 40.8C, while in the southern state of Rio Grande do Sul, Wednesday marked the 10th straight day of temperatures above 40C.
Closer to home: California’s incredible drought has only continued: the state is so parched, the extent of the dry winter is visible from space.
That’s going to mean an exceptionally severe wildfire season when summer comes – Australia, where summer is in full swing, is already in the thick of wildfire season, after parts of the country suffered through their driest and hottest January in years.
Meanwhile in the Middle East, a combination of climate change and local mismanagement has caused Iran’s largest lake to drop to 95 per cent of its water level 20 years ago.
And according to climate scientists, the next few decades don’t look to provide relief, at least in the long-term. A study in the January edition of Nature Climate change said the world became drier between 1923 and 2010, and that trend will continue over the next 30-90 years, leading to more severe droughts.
PAGE TWO: Does that mean climate change isn't happening?
So much for “global warming?”
Despite that incredible heat, you’d be hard-pressed to convince climate change skeptics in North America that world is actually getting warmer.
Parts of the United States are preparing for a major winter storm, just a week after a similar tempest caused a massive ice storm that left people stranded in their cars in the Atlanta area.
And that’s after a January that was particularly brutal for North America.
In the United States alone, the storms of January caused direct economic impact of $3.5 billion, and insured losses of $1.6 billion.
Canada was not hit quite so hard, but winter weather records have fallen like dominos from the east to the west, with Pearson Airport seeing its snowiest Feb 5 ever last week, and the Vancouver airport breaking a one-day cold temperature record reaching all the way back 66 years.
Elsewhere, the worst snowstorm to hit Tokyo in 45 years left 11 dead and more than a thousand injured, while in Europe, France and Germany felt their own winter lash, while a record-setting ice storm in Slovenia which left almost 100,000 people in the dark.
Does this mean the climate isn’t getting warmer? No. One harsh winter does not undo the warming trend of the past few decades, and winters as harsh as this one were once the norm.
In fact, 2013 was the sixth warmest year on record according to a report by the World Meteorological Agency last week – and 13 of the 14 warmest years on record have been in the 21st century, and the rate of severe weather events has been on an upward trend.
Even one drastically colder winter can have an impact – just this week, McDonald’s blamed the unseasonal cold for slumping sales, and the weather can be a severe blow to the economic bottom line.
Maybe this year will improve. But the first six weeks alone have been hard to bear for pretty much the entire world. | <urn:uuid:adf7c631-3518-40bf-9884-8d1824b32654> | {
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Compressed Zip File
Be sure that you have an application to open this file type before downloading and/or purchasing.
Looking for a fun way to engage your kids in learning about syllables? This game “SY-LA-BO” is a Bingo-like game where words are called out, if the child has it on his/her game card, they cover it with one of your counters. Counters can be two-sided counters, teddy bear counters, or simple pieces of paper! Kids aim for getting four in a row and then shout SY-LA-BO! To win, they need to name the picture and clap and tell how many syllables the word contains.
An alternative would be to play COVER-UP. Played much the same way but they need to cover their whole board.
This product contains 30 different game cards with 1, 2, 3,4, and 5-syllable pictures. Also included are 66 word cards used to call out the pictures on the game board.
This is a sure-fire way to teach and ingrain what syllables are and how to hear them in spoken words.
After all, this will improve kids writing and reading in the long run as recognizing syllables in the written word and looking for word parts in reading are critical skills to literacy success!
Great for whole class play or small groups during your literacy block!
Thanks for stopping by!
You may like these other phonics products:
**I hope you will consider following me for new releases, product updates, and freebies! | <urn:uuid:3fb5b3c1-f751-480d-847a-e7b1b228370b> | {
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Popular Science Monthly/Volume 17/September 1880/Zoological Education
|←Electricity and Agriculture||Popular Science Monthly Volume 17 September 1880 (1880)
By William Stebbins Barnard
|The English Precursors of Newton I→|
IT is the office of education to direct the mental growth of the individual; and this should be by a developing and not by a cramming process. In our present system there is too much burdening of the verbal memory, and too little of what may be called the objective memory, resulting from the exercise of the mind upon actual objects. What we want is more observation, more inductive reasoning, judgment, understanding—in short, intelligent thinking; but how little do we find of this in the prevalent method of education in institutions of all grades!
Ordinary courses of study do not include subjects upon which these various mental activities can be sufficiently employed. They consist too much in learning rules pertaining to language and mathematics and their deductive applications, and too little in the objective investigation of things, the making of generalizations and the investigation of laws. School facts and deductive sciences are means instrumental to business success; but they are not in themselves sufficient to carry on the work of mental development. But, even where natural science is taught in public schools, it is generally for a short time, late in the course, and by the old method of memorizing or parroting from books instead of making it a constant study of concrete objects, to which some time should be devoted on two or more days of each week throughout the student's whole career. This learning of nature from books alone is an impossibility, a deception, and a fraud, like the teacher's "can't for want of time and specimens," when the crops are suffering from insects which swarm everywhere, and the chief amusements of the boys are to go hunting and fishing.
Teachers should utilize what they can obtain by the help of students. This is dangerous for the unfitted instructor, because he will be constantly approached with new specimens and with questions he can not answer. Yet it is better to have books of reference at hand and look things up, or have the student do it, than to be robbed of the benefit. I knew a Western teacher who formed a class of students every year in some study of which he knew little or nothing, in order that he himself might be profited by learning with them. Those who teach other things well may venture to strike out boldly and improve themselves in some part of natural history of which they were ignorant at the outset; because it is better to swim than sink, though of course a good preparation is preferable.
No field is better calculated to improve the inductive functions than that of zoölogy—the highest department of biology—while some of its divisions are to he highly recommended on account of their great economic importance. The agriculturist has to deal directly and practically with only the two highest branches of the animal kingdom, with the jointed animals known as vertebrates and arthropods. To the first of these man himself belongs, and it is now admitted that the best and most practical way to acquire a knowledge of human physiology, anatomy, and development, is by studying the comparative physiology, anatomy, and embryology of vertebrates. Also, because our domestic animals belong to this group, with many of our friends among the birds, snakes, lizards, salamanders, toads, and fishes, it deserves special study. To the second branch belong the crab-like animals, the myriad-legged forms, those which are spider-like, and true insects, which are the highest of their branch. These we meet everywhere, at every step. They are the most abundant of all organisms, their number of species exceeding that of all other animals, with all the species of plants taken together. Every terrestrial plant and animal has its insect-pests, and these in turn have insectean destroyers, which are indirectly friends to the animal or plant. With the cultivation of extensive areas, the destruction of beneficial insects, of birds and reptiles, and their forest-homes, with the introduction of new food plants, and adaptive changes in the food-habits of insects, we favor the multiplication of our native pests, while to these we have added through commerce all the foreign marauders which can be brought with imported produce, and without the enemies which retard their increase in their own countries. At least thirty species of our most objectionable insects are derived from the Old World, among which are the dreaded currant-worm, the cabbage-worm, the cabbage-fly, the Hessian fly, the wheat-midge, the bee-moth, the apple-worm, the cabbage-lice, grain-weevils, the house-fly, the European cockroach, carpet and clothes moths and bugs, the asparagus-beetle, and the clover beetle. This group is commanding more and more attention by the great increase of its depredations from year to year.
For all these reasons, insects appear in near and important relations to man. On these accounts, but also because of the endless variety of wonderful and interesting habits and instincts among them, is their study especially recommended. Not only is the natural history of such creatures of practical value, but there is a peculiar fascination in its study that is highly beneficial in its influence, aside from the pleasure it affords. This is expressed by J. B. Hartwell as follows: "My soul is vexed, from day to day, because the writers of unrighteous fiction are so popular, while the devotees. . . of science and the promulgators of God's truths are to such a degree neglected, their writings unsought, unread. Yet not wholly so. I rejoice to believe that the number of students in the school of Nature is rapidly increasing. And I devoutly pray and hope that the beauties and attractions of nature may be so unfolded and presented that the youth of America may be turned from the unprofitable, innutritious, and demoralizing food of fiction to the bread and water of a true life."
The facts, details, and technicalities of this science are too immensely numerous to be taught with any great degree of thoroughness, except to such as make a life-specialty of the study. Yet a knowledge of its most interesting and important facts, principles, and methods, unencumbered with a strict scientific nomenclature, can be so quickly imparted as to bring it within temporal possibilities.
All educational institutions, and public schools especially, should be required to teach vertebrate and entomological zoölogy in a thorough manner, while the general characteristics of the other branches and a few of their more common and curious representatives should be briefly studied in addition.
The only way to bring practical entomology to agricultural minds generally, to the class with whom it is of greatest importance, is to require that it be taught in all public schools. It is a kind of knowledge which the young country student grasps easily and successfully when deprived of its unessential technicalities. Of such practical consequence is it, that it had better be taught at the expense of almost any other study of the usual courses, and some attention to it would be a great relief from unnecessary problems in abstractions which are often inflicted to a useless extent in early training.
It is a sad result of the failure to teach natural science in the public schools that our cultivators do not recognize their own interest and duty with reference to insects, and need to be forced by law to a sense of its importance, even when they appear as a great scourge and leave famine in their trail. Entomological legislation with respect to the locust plague in the West, like the German insect-laws ("Abraupgesetzen"), has been to a considerable extent beneficial, though it is often difficult to force the execution of such laws. There are strong reasons why we should have a set of insect-laws for all the States. They would be as useful and as easily enforced as the "game-laws," and those prohibiting the harboring of certain noxious plants, or of nuisances against which boards of health are organized. Only by some such arrangement can farmers be compelled to cooperate for their own interests and successfully combat the thieves which are robbing them of their produce, for there are plenty whose sense of obligation can only be aroused through government influence, and who will not educate themselves in this subject unless forced to it. Laws, even if not executed successfully, instruct the people as to their duties. We need legislation to enforce—1. The teaching of entomology and vertebrate zoölogy. 2. Coöperation in destroying insect-pests. 3. The protection of beneficial insects. 4. The protection of useful birds and their eggs, whether game-birds or not, throughout the entire year.
Where can the schools and teachers get the incentives and helps they need to prosecute the work proposed for them? They can obtain these through the influences of legislation, of educational boards, and of our higher institutions of learning. Members of educational boards especially should see that this new work be introduced and continually performed.
Here will naturally arise the question, What is being done in this line at Cornell University? Besides the general course in zoölogy, there are special courses pertaining to vertebrates and insects. In the anatomical department, the special anatomy of the domestic cat is worked up as a standard of comparison, and is followed by the anatomy of examples of the leading groups and of the domestic animals, while in the entomological department special attention is devoted to those insects which are most injurious or beneficial, or otherwise, of unusual interest. Our very complete collections illustrating these insects and their habits in all their stages of transformation exhibit almost everything pertaining to the subject, and are in glass cases where they can be studied at all times. Instruction is also given in the use of antidotes and other devices for opposing objectionable kinds. At the same time students may elect in any term special and advanced courses in—1. Economic entomology. 2. Systematic work on the classification of some group. 3. Comparative anatomy and histology of insects; or, 4. Comparative embryology and metamorphoses of insects or insect-biologies. These zoölogical studies are conducted with reference to their practical relations to the cultivation of crops, to the breeding and medical treatment of domestic animals, to human physiology and hygiene, and to the doctrines of evolution.
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Below, Shaheen discusses the World War I novels of John Dos Passos, on the eve of the 100th anniversary of Armistice Day:
Apropos of the Great’s War’s Centennial: One Man’s Initiation and Three Soldiers
by Aaron Shaheen, UC Foundation Associate Professor of English
University of Tennessee at Chattanooga
This year marks the one-hundredth anniversary of the start of the First World War. On June 28, 1914, a Bosnian Serb assassinated the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne. The crisis set the stage for a month-long showdown in which the major European nations tried to match each other with ultimatums and military posturing. By the first day of August, such posturing had given way to full-scale mobilizations and declarations of war. With Great Britain’s entry into the war three days later, the battle lines were set, and from that point forward, the conflict would continue to draw more and more countries into the mechanized bloodbath.
The United States would enter the war nearly three years later. By that point, the casualty count for both sides had already numbered into the millions. But well before1917, Americans were already looking to join the Allied cause in one capacity or another. Among this group emerged some of the country’s most famous authors, including Ernest Hemingway, E. E. Cummings, and John Dos Passos. Dos Passos came to war-torn France in 1916, the year that more than any other embodies the horrors of World War I. In July, the British initiated the disastrous Somme offensive, which on the first day alone cost the British Army around 50,000 men. East of the Somme theater was the Verdun front, where Dos Passos was stationed as an ambulance driver for the Red Cross. If the Battle of the Somme was meant to push the Germans back beyond the French border, Verdun was more cynical; the aim there was simply attrition—to kill more of the enemy’s men than it could kill of your own. What Dos Passos saw there was death on an industrial scale.
Drawing from these experiences in and around Verdun, Dos Passos wrote his first two novels, One Man’s Initiation: 1917 and Three Solders, published in 1920 and 1921, respectively. The former, which was printed at the author’s expense and sold rather poorly, is perhaps the more stylistically sophisticated of the two, employing the impressionistic devices made famous by Ford Madox Ford and telling the story of Martin Howe’s experiences driving an ambulance on the Western Front. The latter, which was warmly received and sold well, is more conventionally rendered, charting the fates of three soldiers who come from different parts of the nation and who represent different socio-economic backgrounds.
Dos Passos’ literary career spanned the better part of the twentieth century, and his range of topics was vast and varied. Yet the First World War was never far from his authorial consciousness, and the dilemmas the protagonists from his first two novels face are indeed dilemmas that characters from later novels also face, albeit in different temporal or spatial contexts. It is therefore altogether where can i buy cabergoline timely and appropriate that we revisit these first two novels—both are still in print and frequently taught in American and European classrooms—to glean what Dos Passos was able to tell us almost a hundred years ago about living in an increasingly mechanized society. Both Martin Howe of One Man’s Initiation and John Andrews of Three Soldiers are in many respects representative of the modern human. As members of the middle or upper-middle class, both have benefited from a society that, by the beginning of the twentieth century, had begun educating larger swaths of the American population. And yet their learning has left them somehow hollow. The modern world has offered humans the promise of greater material and intellectual fulfillment, but such indulgence has left Howe and Andrews feeling a bit sickened, just as one might feel after getting the opportunity to eat chocolate cake for every meal for an entire week. Each man enters the military in 1917 not so much out of a love for war, nor because he has fallen for the cheap clichés found in propaganda posters, but rather because he seeks a larger sense of purpose that can be found in an institution, the military, that keeps personal indulgence and capriciousness in check. Yet very shortly into their experiences, each man finds the regimentation of military life to be an escape not into a premodern sense of wholeness and purpose, but instead into homogenizing mechanization. At the start of One Man’s Initiation, Martin sees war-ravaged France as a chance to see history unfold up close. By the end, however, he feels as stuck in emotional and intellectual darkness as the men who cannot escape Plato’s allegorical cave of ignorance. In Three Soldiers, Andrews initially fantasizes about a musical score he would like to write based on St. Anthony’s heroic resistance to the Queen of Sheba’s earthly temptations. But as the self-abnegation of military life begins to resemble little more than Taylorized automation, he dreams instead of composing a work based on the abolitionist John Brown. Yet by the novel’s end, he, like Howe, finds little hope for individuation in the post-war world.
Admittedly, these two novels may not be as famous or widely read as other World War I-related works, such as Cather’s One of Ours (1922), Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises (1926) and A Farewell to Arms (1929), or even Faulkner’s Soldier’s Pay (1926). But I cannot say that these later novels offer anything more prescient or conceptually sophisticated than Dos Passos’s early creations. Claude Wheeler, Jake Barnes, and Fredric Henry are all variations, in one way or another, of Martin Howe and John Andrews. Coming so soon after the disastrous Treaty of Versailles, One Man’s Initiation and Three Soldiers saw with devastating clairvoyance the psychological fragmentation and societal homogenization that awaited humans as later decades of the twentieth century unfolded.
Aaron Shaheen is UC Foundation Associate Professor of English at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. His first book, Androgynous Democracy: Modern American Literature and the Dual-Sexed Body Politic, was published in 2010, and his current book manuscript explores the presence of prosthesis in American literature and culture of the Great War era. He is the co-founder of the John Dos Passos Society and serves at present as its treasurer. | <urn:uuid:c00178f4-28a1-4fb1-bc7d-952e1bc6dd73> | {
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Sunstein Discusses the Politics of Judicial Nominations
Appellate judges appointed by Presidents Ronald Reagan, George H.W. Bush and George W. Bush show more conservative voting patterns than do judges appointed by any president in the past 80 years. As a result, the average vote of a federal judge has been growing much more conservative.
The conservatism of Republican appointees in recent decades can be found in many contentious areas of the law. It is particularly pronounced in these:
* On the federal courts of appeals, Reagan, Bush I and Bush II appointees have been sharply opposed to campaign finance regulation, voting to uphold it just one-fourth of the time. Carter and Clinton appointees, in contrast, have voted in favor of campaign finance regulation at twice that rate.
* Reagan, Bush I and Bush II appointees have voted in favor of those complaining of disability and sex discrimination less than one-third of the time, while Carter and Clinton appointees have done so about half the time.
* Appointees of Carter and Clinton voted to uphold affirmative action programs about three-quarters of the time. Reagan, Bush I and Bush II appointees have done so only half as often.
* Here's the biggest difference of all: Recent Republican appointees have voted for gay rights only 11 percent of the time, Carter and Clinton appointees 70 percent.
These are the areas in which Kerry nominees would be likely to differ from Bush appointees. Substantial differences can also be found, and should continue to be expected, in at least four others: environmental protection, abortion, capital punishment and employment discrimination against African Americans.
In these areas, the choice of the next president could dramatically affect the content of federal law.
(The differences do not extend to all areas. Contrary to expectations, for example, Republican appointees do not differ from their Democratic counterparts in criminal cases. Both are highly likely to reject criminal appeals.)
Presidents Reagan, Bush I and Bush II have appointed judges far more conservative than those of fellow Republican Richard M. Nixon, though Nixon also emphasized the importance of changing the liberal face of the federal judiciary. In a large set of cases, Nixon appointees issued liberal votes 54 percent of the time, about the same rate as Clinton appointees, while Reagan and Bush appointees have issued liberal votes only 41 percent of the time.
Remarkably, there are no significant differences among the voting records of Reagan, Bush I and Bush II appointees. The three most recent Republican presidents have shown extraordinary consistency in their choices.
This is not to say that the generally conservative trend has been limited to Republican presidents. Judges appointed by President Bill Clinton have been more conservative than those appointed by John Kennedy, Lyndon Johnson and Jimmy Carter. Indeed, Clinton's choices have similar overall voting records to those of Republican presidents Nixon and Gerald Ford.
Still, of the 15 most conservative judges serving on federal appellate courts in the past two decades, no fewer than 12 were chosen by Reagan and the elder Bush. (There are not yet enough votes to reliably rank individual appointees by George W. Bush.) Of the 15 most liberal judges, 13 were chosen by Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton.
Several things are clear: Clinton's appointees show more conservative voting patterns than those of Democratic predecessors Carter and Johnson. Reagan's appointees and those of the two Bushes show more conservative patterns than the judges named by GOP predecessors Nixon and Ford. The federal judiciary has been moving steadily to the right.
Cass R. Sunstein is a professor at the University of Chicago Law School. David Schkade is a professor at the Rady School of Management of the University of California at San Diego.
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American logistics spacecraft. Study 2005. Spacehab's Apex design provided a family of launcher-neutral maneuverable spacecraft that could be used for resupply of the ISS and return of payloads to earth.
The Apex design was available to both commercial and government markets. The Apex vehicles were available in three different configurations: one-, three-, and four-meter diameter spacecraft. The smallest Apex could carry up to 300 kilograms to LEO, with the larger two spacecraft carrying cargo of up to 1,300 and 6,000 kilogram, respectively. The largest Apex vehicle could be outfitted to carry crew. The first flight of the Apex was planned for 2007. The vehicle was designed to be launcher-neutral, with an open architecture capable of serving different markets.
More... - Chronology...
Associated Manufacturers and Agencies
Spacehab American manufacturer of spacecraft. Spacehab, Inc. , Houston, Houston, USA More...
Commercial Space Transportation 2006 - Commercial Space Transportation Developments and Concepts: Vehicles, Technologies and Spaceports, Federal Aviation Administration Office of Commercial Space Transportation, January 2006.
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© / Conditions for Use | <urn:uuid:dc939f7b-665d-4c53-bf94-bbe30528888b> | {
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Most of us have probably realized it by now; that soil is necessary for the sustainability of humankind. It might sound a little cliché yet what we sow is what we harvest.
What we have done to take care of our environment has manifested in so many ways, just like the disasters we have encountered in the past or the tragedies our ancestors and elderly have gone through. Some of these may not affect us deliberately, while some gave us memories that we can never forget and even pass on to our juniors. There are things we really had to learn the hard way.
While we have started some precautionary and conservation measures, here are a few reasons why soil protection is imperative:
- The soil is literally the foundation of plant life. A tree will not be a tree without soil. While there are some plants that can live in water or air, most plants need to be rooted to the ground.
It is the soil that provides nutrition to this plant life. It is through this vegetation that nourishes the humankind and the animal kingdom. Plants are important resource of food and fuel and of wood and other by-products that make our other life functions possible.
- The soil additionally supports the animal kingdom. Our agriculture also relies on soil, for its location and for other functions to be derived from its existence. It will be almost impossible to support the animal and human life without land. Biodiversity relies on soil at all times.
- The soil is necessary for water supply. This is the magic of nature. The land is also necessary to ensure the quality of water we derive from our earth. Soil and water co-exist. So do we and soil co-exist? Taking good care of our soil equates to taking care of our water supply.
There are always a lot more reasons to conserve soil. However, I believe that the above are simply enough for us to start conserving our land resources as soon as we can. | <urn:uuid:e152f976-fc22-479a-9684-fac03fb77f02> | {
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By Owen Lloyd / Deep Green Resistance News Service
What does it mean for a land to be under occupation?
For most of us, the surest indication of an occupation is the most sensational: a strong military presence, working to intimidate and silence any and all resistance. Along with this, we would expect to see governing institutions operated by a foreign power, working to ensure that decision-making will represent the interests of the occupying class.
In order to bolster their strength and fortify their presence, the occupying power will encourage their own citizens to immigrate– and pressure the local peoples out of the country or into ghettos. With the law on their side, the entire landscape can be taken under colonial control.
The material benefits for the occupying class should be clear, but there is also a powerful symbolism in such a takeover. It allows them to reshape the entire cultural landscape into a place that not only welcomes the occupying class, but also humiliates and oppresses those whose land was taken away from them.
As Anne Keala Kelly’s film Noho Hewa spells out in clear and painful detail, this is the state of Hawai’i under United States occupation. The title of the film itself translates to “wrongful occupation” in the Hawaiian language.
As the indigenous Hawaiian activist Haunani-Kay Trask wrote in her book From a Native Daughter:
Hawai’i is a militarized outpost of empire, deploying troops and nuclear ships to the south and east to prevent any nation’s independence from American domination. Fully one-fifth of our resident population is military, causing intense friction between locals, who suffer from Hawai’i’s astronomically high cost of housing and land, and the military, who enjoys housing and beaches for their exclusive use.
The United States military physically controls about 6% of Hawai’i, including nearly a quarter of O’ahu, the most populous island of the chain. On an island less than half the size of Long Island, the United States maintains an incredible 26 training ranges.
These sites are often home to numerous endangered species as well as Hawaiian sacred sites. For instance, the training base in Mākua valley is known to be ringed by hundreds of cultural sites, and numerous endangered species make their home in the surrounding forests. In 2003 a military burn scorched more than half of the valley, causing untold ecological damage and destroying numerous sacred sites.
In another example of abusive action, when the US military wanted to expand the sewer facilities at Pearl Harbor onto a Hawaiian burial site, they gave indigenous people two options: either the kūpuna (elders) could be dug up and moved elsewhere, or the military could build the sewer system directly over the burial mound. Never was consideration made that building a sewer system over a burial site would be impermissibly wrong. As Kaleikoa Ka’eo says in the film, “We’re always, always at the threat of being evicted from our homelands, even when we’re under the ground.”
Despite all of this, and despite intense opposition by Native Hawaiian people and environmental organizations, the land remains under military control. In a horrible reversal of terms, the military refers to campaigns intending to liberate occupied land as “encroachment issues”.
My Oxford dictionary defines the word encroach as “[to] intrude, especially on another’s territory or rights”. Alternatively it can also mean “[to] advance gradually beyond due limits”. Etymologically, the word encroach comes from the same root as our word “crook”, and has been used in the sense of “seize wrongfully” since around 1400.
Beyond simply having the power to control and occupy indigenous land against resistance, the power to desecrate sacred sites and iwi kūpuna, and the power to destroy entire ecosystems, by using this language the military is attesting that these are legitimate actions, and that resistance by indigenous people is wrongful, intrusive, and crooked. Insofar as the military is continuing to advance their military bases “beyond due limits” and onto indigenous land, it becomes very clear who is actually encroaching and who is being encroached upon.
The insanity of this situation is further demonstrated by the knowledge that 60-70% of all land occupied by the military in Hawai’i is “ceded land” (J. Kēhaulani Kauanui reminds us that “Ceded is a polite word for stolen”) taken from the Hawaiian monarchy and rightfully belonging to Native Hawaiian people.
This arrogant belief in a rightful dominance over indigenous people, over the land, and over the control of language is characteristic of the occupation of Hawai’i.
Tourism industry occupation
The other side of occupation in Hawai’i is the tourism industry, who are complicit in many of the same crimes as the military. As Haunani-Kay Trask points out in the film, these two industries hem Hawaiian people in from both sides: the military subjects the people to a foreign power, and the tourism industry binds them into racial servitude for the benefit of wealthy white travelers.
The film explores the methods the tourism industry uses to exploit Hawaiian people and Hawaiian culture. Luxury resort developments are constructed next to token archaeological sites. Golf courses and wedding venues are located adjacent to burial mounds. These combinations are not accidents. Constructing grandiose colonial facilities next to ancient Hawaiian sites feeds the unending American appetite for feeling superior to so-called “primitive people.”
As Hawaiian activist Kaleikoa Ka’eo says in the film regarding one of these developments, “We are the Hawaiians! Hawaiians are moved from the area, banned from the area. And all that’s kept are the artifacts of the Hawaiians, the archaeology of the Hawaiians. It’s a right to have those things protected but keep the Hawaiians out.” The historian Noenoe Silva adds, quoting George Vizenor, “The simulation of the native presence always signals the native absence.”
The landscape is a colonial landscape of power, a landscape that says white people are in control and that the presence of non-whites is only welcome insofar as they are there to entertain and service wealthy tourists. American tourists travel to Hawai’i craving the enactment of a myth, a sexualized myth where Hawaiian people (particularly women) crave nothing more than to service American people (particularly men), a myth enacting the logic of what Trask has called “cultural prostitution”.
Hawaiian people have recognized this about American tourists, and have recognized the power of confronting this mythology. For instance, as the film shows, Hawaiian activists are very vocal in telling tourists that they are not welcome on the islands, that their presence is intrusive. In this way, they are both able to assert a control over their space, and to fight the mythology that Hawaiian people are eager and complacent servants for wealthy tourists.
For instance, when a Wal-Mart construction project discovered 44 iwi kūpuna and illegally removed them from their resting place, literally storing them under an onramp, Hawaiian people were energetic in protesting the desecration, telling tourists going to the store that they were desecrating their elders. In spite of the protests, for more than three years Wal-Mart refused to reinter the iwi kūpuna, whose rest was only assured after the release of this film.
Hawai’i as Sacrifice Zone
Even when Hawaiian resistance succeeds in fighting the tourism industry, the victories are often hollow. For instance, when Moloka’i Ranch’s plan to construct an exclusive resort was defeated, the ranch decided to lease the land to Monsanto to produce experimental varieties of corn that are not even edible. This is by no means an anomaly in Hawai’i. Honohano Naehu describes the island chain as a “sacrifice zone” for the biotechnology industry. As Naehu explains, “We have the most open field test sites for GMOs in the whole world.”
The military also uses Hawai’i as a playground for experimental research, in particular through its work with the University of Hawai’i, whose Research Corporation received $254,672,192 in funding from the U.S. Department of Defense between 2002 and 2008. The military continued performing tests with Agent Orange in Hawai’i long after it was universally known to cause cancer.
Today it uses Hawai’i as a dumping ground for radioactive waste, a housing ground for nuclear weapons, and as a staging ground for nuclear war games. As David Keanu Sai points out, Hawai’i is one of the most likely targets for a nuclear strike in the event of a war with China or Russia, due both to its location and its militarization, and serves as a convenient lightning rod for Americans living on the continent.
Yet another way that occupation manifests itself in Hawai’i is through the influx of settlers and the establishment of settler culture. When we hear the word colonialism, we tend to think of extractive colonialism– a foreign occupying power stripping the wealth from a country and shipping it home. However, the primary form of colonialism in Hawai’i is settler colonialism, which, as J. Kēhaulani Kauanui explains, is “about implanting non-Hawaiians in Hawai’i” and “replacing the indigenous people within their own landscape”.
Sheerly through outnumbering Native Hawaiian people, Americans are able to leverage power over them. And for that reason, massive ad campaigns entice Americans living on the continent to move to Hawai’i. These migrations ensure that Hawaiians remain a physical minority in their homeland.
More than this, having a large number of settlers helps prop up and maintain a culture of occupation that humiliates and trivializes indigenous people, hammering home who rules who.
When the military burns a sacred valley filled with cultural sites, or a massive golf course opens next to a burial mound, or Wal-Mart desecrates a burial site and stores iwi under an onramp for years despite vocal protestations, these are acts of war and genocide against Hawaiian people. These are deliberate efforts to subjugate an unwanted class of people, to make them disappear.
Cultural appropriation and the settler’s use of the historical landscape as a prop also helps to reinforce the culture of occupation. As the archaeologist Ty Kāwika Tengan says:
Occupation is one of the techniques for erasing indigenous peoples. By denying their presence today is to show that look, they’re all gone and dead now. We have their bones to show for it. It denies the continued persistence of indigenous peoples and, in many ways, buttresses this kind of narrative of the settler societies that came to replace them.
The tourism industry also serves an important function in a culture of occupation, forcing Native Hawaiians out through sheer economic cost of living. As Trask has written, by some estimates more Hawaiian people now live on the US west coast than in the Hawaiian islands.
For many of those that remain, homelessness is the only option that remains. While Hawaiians make up less than 20% of the population of Hawai’i, they account for 60% of the homeless population. Ghettoized villages abound throughout the islands, some of them home to thousands of people, and are often threatened by developers looking to expand their occupation and exploitation of the landscape.
The Hawai’i that exists in our imagination is not the real Hawai’i. The real Hawai’i is a land that is under cultural, psychological, economic, ecological, and military siege. It is a land where sacred places are desecrated every day to humiliate Hawaiian people and prop up a colonial culture. It is one of the most militarized places in the world. It has the highest concentration of GMOs anywhere in the world. It has more endangered species per square mile than anywhere else in the world.
As Trask says in the film, “This is not our natural environment anymore. This is a tourist environment. This is a military environment.”
There is nothing about this that is inevitable. As the existence of this film shows, and as the voices within it make clear, the wrongful occupation of Hawai’i is not something that has to be taken for granted. It is something that can and will be resisted, and it is something that can and will be won. And this powerful film is an important step in making it happen.
Haunani-Kay Trask, From a Native Daughter: Colonialism and Sovereignty in Hawai’i (revised), p. 17
Oxford Encyclopedic English Dictionary, 1991
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Today in PE we continued our learning about the skeleton and body. We tried different activities and watched each other to see which bones and muscles we were using.
To start with we thought that we lifted using our arms and just kicked with our legs. After watching each other we realised that we were also using different bones and muscles, like our legs and back, too! Finally we talked about making sure we use the correct part of our body to protect things like our spine. | <urn:uuid:192765f5-d0af-4f98-b932-c1ff6f7cd60b> | {
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By Steven Ehrenberg
All Iraqi kids missed two months of school during the war, and they've been making up for lost time this summer. With the help of exam booklets printed by UNICEF, about 5.5 million Iraqis just took their final exams.
UNICEF (UN International Children's Emergency Fund) was founded 57 years ago to help the UN provide European children with food, clothing, and medicine. With more than 7,000 people working in 158 countries around the world, it is now the world's leading organization in protecting children.
From Best to Worst
Ten years ago, Iraq had one of the best education systems in the Arab world. But before the war, a quarter of Iraqi children didn't go to elementary schooland two thirds never made it to high school.
UNICEF has taken charge of repairing schools, training teachers, and providing pens, paper, and textbooksall the supplies many Americans students take for granted. Many schools were used for non-school purposes during the war. They sheltered Iraqis, served as makeshift medical-care facilities, and stored supplies.
By the fall, the United States, together with UNICEF, plans to send over a million "schools in a box"kits containing enough chalkboards, backpacks, and materials for 80 studentsto Iraq.
"We're calling on both Iraqis and the parties shaping Iraqi society to
make the protection of children job number one," said UNICEF Executive Director
Carol Bellamy. "They should be our first prioritynot only in
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How is it possible to achieve waves which are spatially, but not temporally, coherent? Can this be done with a bandpass filter? Conversely, how is it possible to achieve waves which are temporally, ...
When an atom “lases” it always gives up its energy in the same direction and phase as the incoming light. Why does this happen? How can this be explained? How does the photon generated because of ...
In Yanhua Shih's book on quantum optics, the coherence functions are expressed in terms of effective wave function. Here are the expressions for single photon wave packets. To derive the coherence ...
Let the pure states be in superposition of horizontal and vertically polarized basis states. They are arriving at the point detector one at a time. So, a pure state is $|\Psi\rangle = \alpha|V\rangle ... | <urn:uuid:7b38ef1b-36c1-4cec-94d2-82d6227db297> | {
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The name Pesach is derived from the Hebrew word pasach, which means “passed over,” which is also the source of the common English name for the holiday. It recalls the miraculous tenth plague when all the Egyptian firstborn were killed, but the Israelites were spared.
The story of Passover originates in the Bible as the telling of the Exodus from Egypt. The Torah recounts how the Children of Israel were enslaved in Egypt by a Pharoah who feared them. After many generations of oppression, God speaks to an Israelite man named Moses and instructs him to go to Pharoah and let God’s people go free. Pharoah refuses, and Moses, acting as God’s messenger brings down a series of 10 plagues on Egypt.
The last plague was the Slaying of the Firstborn; God went through Egypt and killed each firstborn, but passed over the houses of the Israelites leaving their children unharmed. This plague was so terrible that Pharoah relented and let the Israelites leave.
Pharoah then regretted his decision and chased the Children of Israel until they were trapped at the Sea of Reeds. But God instructed Moses to stretch his staff over the Sea of Reeds and the waters parted, allowing the Children of Israel to walk through on dry land. The waters then closed, drowning Pharoah and his soldiers as they pursued the Israelites.
The Torah commands an observance of seven days of Passover. Many Jews in North America and all Jews in Israel follow this injunction. Some Jews outside of Israel celebrate Passover for eight days. The addition of a day dates back to 700-600 B.C.E. At that time, people were notified of a holiday’s beginning by means of an elaborate network of mountaintop bonfires. To guard against the possibility of error, an extra day was added to many of the holidays. Today, a dependable calendar exists, allowing Jews to know when holidays start and end. However, the process remains ingrained in Jewish law and practice for some Jews living outside of Israel today.
Customs and Rituals
Along with Sukkot and Shavuot, Passover is one of the Shalosh Regalim, or Three Pilgrimage Festivals, during which people gathered in Jerusalem with their agricultural offerings in ancient times. There are several mitzvot (commandments) unique to Passover, which are evident in the customs and rituals of the holiday to this day: matzah (the eating of unleavened bread); maror (the eating of bitter herbs); chametz(abstention from eating leaven); b’iur chametz (removal of leaven from the home); and haggadah (participation in the seder meal and telling the story).
The seder is the centerpiece of any Passover experience. A seder is an elaborate festive meal that takes place on the first night(s) of the holiday of Passover. Family and friends join together to celebrate. The word seder literally means “order,” and the Passover seder has 15 separate steps in its traditional order. These steps are laid out in the Haggaddah, the book used during the seder. Many congregations hold a community seder during at least one night of Passover. There are also synagogue services held during the first day(s) of the holiday.
The content of the seder can be summed up by the following Hebrew rhyme:
Listen to a recording of the “Order of the Seder,” based on the ancient Babylonian chant (sung by Cantor Kathy Barr).
Each of these 15 steps is summarized and explained below:
- Kadeish: Sanctification
A blessing is recited over wine in honor of the holiday. When the seder falls on a Friday night, this version of the kiddush is recited for Passover and Shabbat. When the seder falls on a Saturday night, we continue with a special version of havdallah.The wine is then drunk. A second cup is then poured (but not yet drunk).
- Ur’chatz: Washing
Participants wash their hands without a blessing in preparation for eating the Karpas.
- Karpas: Vegetable
A vegetable (usually parsley) is dipped in salt water and eaten. The vegetable symbolizes the lowly origins of the Jewish people; the salt water symbolizes the tears shed as a result of our slavery. Parsley is a good vegetable to use for this purpose, because when you shake off the salt water, it looks like tears.
- Yachatz: Breaking
The middle of the three matzot on the table is broken into two pieces. The smaller part is returned to the pile, the larger one is set aside for the afikoman (see below).
- Magid: The Story
A retelling of the story of the Exodus from Egypt and the first Pesach. This begins with the youngest person asking The Four Questions, a set of questions about the proceedings designed to encourage participation in the seder. The Magid is designed to satisfy the needs of four different types of people: the wise one, who wants to know the technical details; the wicked one, who excludes himself (and learns the penalty for doing so); the simple one, who needs to know the basics; and the one who is unable to ask, who doesn’t even know enough to know what he needs to know. At the end of the Magid, a blessing is recited over the second cup of wine and it is drunk.
- Rachtzah: Washing
Participants wash their hands again, this time with a blessing, in preparation for eating the matzah.
- Motzi: Blessing over Grain Products
Ha-motzi, the blessing for bread or grain products used as a meal, is recited over the matzah.
- Matzah: Blessing over Matzah
A blessing specific to matzah is recited, and a bit of matzah is eaten.
- Maror: Bitter Herbs
A blessing is recited over a bitter vegetable (usually raw horseradish; sometimes romaine lettuce), and it is eaten. This symbolizes the bitterness of slavery. The maror is dipped in charoset, a mixture of apples, nuts, cinnamon and wine, which symbolizes the mortar used by the Jews in building during their slavery. Note that there are two bitter herbs on the seder plate: one labeled maror and one labeled chazeret. The one labeled maror should be used for maror and the one labeled chazeret should be used in the korech, below.
- Korech: The Sandwich
Rabbi Hillel was of the opinion that the maror should be eaten together with matzah and the paschal offering in a sandwich. In his honor, we eat some maror on a piece of matzah, with some charoset (we don’t do animal sacrifice anymore, so there is no paschal offering to eat).
- Shulchan Orech: Dinner
A festive meal is eaten. There is no particular requirement regarding what to eat at this meal (except, of course, that chametz cannot be eaten). Among Ashkenazi Jews, gefilte fish and matzah ball soup are traditionally eaten at the beginning of the meal. Roast chicken or turkey are common as traditional main courses, as is beef brisket. Jews with far-ranging palates can put their own unique, contemporary stamp on this meal.
- Tzafun: The Afikoman
The piece of matzah set aside earlier is eaten as “dessert,” the last food of the meal. Different families have different traditions relating to the afikoman. Some have the children hide it, while the parents have to either find it or ransom it back. Others have the parents hide it. The idea is to keep the children awake and attentive throughout the pre-meal proceedings, waiting for this part.
- Barech: Grace after Meals
The third cup of wine is poured, and birkat ha-mazon (Grace after Meals) is recited. This is similar to the grace that would be said on any Shabbat, but with the special insertion for Passover. At the end, a blessing is said over the third cup and it is drunk. The fourth cup is poured, including a cup set aside for the prophet Elijah, who is supposed to herald the Messiah, and is supposed to come on Pesach to do this. The door is then opened to invite Elijah into our homes.
- Hallel: Praises
The standard group of psalms that make up a full Hallel are recited at this point. A blessing is recited over the last cup of wine and it is drunk.
- Nirtzah: Closing
A simple statement that the seder has been completed, with a wish that next year, we may celebrate Pesach in Jerusalem (i.e., that the Messiah will come within the next year). This can be followed by various traditional songs, hymns and stories.
The seder has a number of biblical origins for its customs. Exodus 12:3-11 describes the meal of lamb, unleavened bread, and bitter herbs which the Israelites ate just prior to the Exodus. In addition, three separate passages in Exodus (12:26-7, 13:8, 13:14) and one in Deuteronomy (6:20-21) enunciate the duty of the parents to tell the story of the Exodus to their children.
The seder plate contains various symbolic foods referred to in the seder itself. The contents of a seder plate vary by tradition, but most of them contain a shank bone, lettuce, an egg, greens, a bitter herb, and a mixture of apples, nuts and spices.
The following symbolic foods should be placed near the leader of the seder. During the course of the seder, they are pointed out, lifted up and displayed, and explained.
On the seder plate (use either a special one for this purpose or a regular dinner plate), include:
- Shank bone, zaro’ah, symbolizes the lamb that was sacrificed in ancient days
- Roasted Egg, beitzah, represents the Passover offering of ancient days as well as the wholeness and continuing cycle of life
- Bitter herbs, maror (horseradish or romaine lettuce), a reminder of the bitter lives of the Hebrew slaves
- Charoset, the mixture of apples, nuts, sweet wine, cinnamon and sugar in the Ashkenazic fashion or dates, nuts and sweet wine in the Sephardic tradition, reminds us of the bricks and mortar made by the Hebrew slaves
- Greens, karpas, symbolizes the spring, the time of the year when Passover takes place
Also place on the table:
- Three matzot (pl. of matzah), on a plate with a cloth or napkin cover
- Salt water, a reminder of the tears shed by the Hebrew slaves
- Cup of Elijah, Kos Eliyahu, symbolizes the hope for a redemptive future
Along with these traditional symbols, families may choose to include a Cup of Miriam, Kos Miriam, on the holiday table. This symbol honors Miriam, the sister of Moses, who played a vital role in the history of our people. The cup of Miriam is a special goblet filled with water and placed on the seder table. Many families and congregations have begun adding an orange to the seder plate as a symbol of inclusion of the LGBTQ community and others who feel marginalized in Jewish life.
The Haggadah (pl. haggadot) contains the text of the seder. There are many different haggadot: some concentrate on involving children in the seder; some concentrate on the sociological or social justice aspects of Passover; there are even historical haggadot and critical editions.
The afikoman is half of the middle matzah that is broken in the fourth step of the seder, yachatz. It is traditional to hide the afikoman, and the person who finds it gets a prize! The afikoman is eaten last of all at the seder, during step 12 of the seder, tzafun.
Content Courtesy of ReformJudaism.org | <urn:uuid:ff175955-18d3-4871-985a-bae069a6dec7> | {
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The National Society of the Sons of the American Revolution is a patriotic organization formed in 1889 and chartered by the United States Congress in 1906. SAR has more than 28,000 members living in all of the 50 states and 23 foreign countries.
Throughout its 120-year history, SAR has admitted more than 170,000 members. Among them are 16 Presidents of the United States, including both Bushes, Carter, Ford, Johnson, Eisenhower, Truman and both Roosevelts. SAR also has among its members Sir Winston Churchill and King Juan Carlos I of Spain, both of whom trace their ancestry to Revolutionary War patriots.
The SAR and many other lineage organizations derive from that period of time after the Civil War and before 1900 when the USA, already a powerful nation, shed its hemispheric isolation and burst upon the international scene. It was the time of Centennial celebrations, and Americans, as well as others peoples, began to recognize the success of the American experiment. It was the time of the liberation of Cuba and the Philippines from Spanish colonial rule in order to establish democratic governments. It was the time of the “great white fleet,” the Panama Canal and, of course, Compatriot President Theodore Roosevelt. As a nation, America was oozing confidence that our democratic system was working. Americans were proud of what our ancestors had accomplished, and we were determined to memorialize their accomplishments as examples for newcomers to emulate.
The SAR was just 17 years old when on June 9, 1906; it received its Congressional Charter signed by President Theodore Roosevelt. Our Congressional Charter contains the same mission statements as appear in our modern constitution:
- To perpetuate the memory of those patriots
- To unite and promote fellowship among their descendants
- To inspire them and the community-at-large with a more profound reverence for the principles of the government founded by our forefathers
- To encourage historical research
- To acquire and preserve records, relics and landmarks
- To mark the scenes of the Revolution
- To celebrate the anniversaries
- To foster true patriotism
- To maintain and extend the institutions of American freedom
In summary the mission of the SAR is to promote patriotism and the values and principles upon which our country was founded.
The SAR has an enviable record of accomplishments; here are some areas of our national heritage in which the SAR had a significant role:
- Establishment of Constitution Day, September 17th
- Instrumental in securing appropriations from the United States Congress for the restoration of “Old Ironsides”
- Over 1,000,000 copies of “Information for Immigrants Concerning the United States” were distributed in 15 languages and later adopted for use by the U.S. Department of Commerce and Labor as the official publication given to immigrants newly arrived to America
- Establishment of Flag Day, June 14th
- Establishment of the National Archives Building in 1913 for the storage and preservation the nation’s official manuscripts and records
- Worked to secure an appropriation from U.S. Congress to provide for a fitting sepulcher for Admiral John Paul Jones on the return of his remains in 1905 to the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis | <urn:uuid:42383fec-000c-4bdb-ba03-346cd200c1a7> | {
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Let ABC and DEF be equal circles, and in them let there be equal angles, namely at the centers the angles BGC and EHF, and at the circumferences the angles BAC and EDF.
I say that the circumference BKC equals the circumference ELF.
Join BC and EF.
Now, since the circles ABC and DEF are equal, the radii are equal.
Thus the two straight lines BG and GC equal the two straight lines EH and HF, and the angle at G equals the angle at H, therefore the base BC equals the base EF.
And, since the angle at A equals the angle at D, the segment BAC is similar to the segment EDF, and they are upon equal straight lines.
But similar segments of circles on equal straight lines equal one another, therefore the segment BAC equals EDF. But the whole circle ABC also equals the whole circle DEF, therefore the remaining circumference BKC equals the circumference ELF.
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You wait for the mouse but it doesn’t appear. You make a phone call but there is no answer. You’ve hurt your foot and can’t get on with some activity. It seems that having to suffer some delay, difficulty or discomfort is a common event in everyday life. Who doesn’t feel irritated by the frustrations of life? When in the grip of such emotion it is easy to lash out, to put others on the defensive and make the situation worse. How can you avoid feeling frustrated? Here are some tips for transforming aggravation into patience.
Remembering the benefits of patience
Gardening teaches the benefits of patience. You plant something and it can take a year to flower or longer for a tiny seed to grow into a tree.
If you are prepared to calmly wait instead of trying to grab what you want, you will be investing quality time in something without giving up or giving in. Having patience avoids the stress of getting all steamed up over things you cannot change. When you can stay calm, centred and not acting rashly out of frustration, all areas of your emotional life are likely to improve.
Patience from reflection
Reflecting on the possible causes of delays and frustrations can help you to understand why things are likely to take longer than you had expected. In this way you can avoid jumping to unwarranted conclusions and challenge your fanciful imagination. This means you are making a conscious choice to become clearly aware of your hasty guess e.g. that someone intended to cause you grief. Then you can assess the likelihood of it really being true. Such reflection can help induce a state of patience.
Patience from looking
When you are obliged to wait for what you want, why not look for something in the present moment experience that might arouse your interest. Like empathising with an overwrought shop assistant. Seeing things from someone else’s perspective can only reduce one’s own sense of grievance. Perhaps you can find something pleasing that you hadn’t noticed at first. Looking for the good in a situation instead of being preoccupied with the bad. This is an example of an attitude of mindfulness i.e. living in the moment and being awake to experience.
Patience from not justifying impatience
It can feel unfair if you are told to have patience and to accept a delay. After all it wasn’t your fault that you have been blocked. It seems unreasonable that you shouldn’t push to get what you need. This impatient attitude is seeing patience as equivalent to passive resignation. Seeing patience as apathetically giving into difficulty that instead should be seen as a challenge. You want to override whatever is stopping you moving forward. So you might agree with Ambrose Bierce who once said that ‘patience is a minor form of despair, disguised as a virtue’. Or with Kin Hubbard who said that ‘lack of pep is often mistaken for patience’.
But aren’t many hindrances just beyond our ability to control? You cannot alter some things in life – such as bad weather or a general economic recession. Okay, it may be true that there is something one can alter to make some progress. But jumping the queue or trying to rush things may be bad for someone else and possibly counterproductive for you. Is this really what you want? One of my favourite sayings is ‘You can only do what you can do.’ I would suggest patience doesn’t make anyone a doormat. In order to follow one’s principles, one cannot immediately expect to get one’s own way all the time.
All this amounts to examining your ways of thinking. This often will show how it is the mind that is the cause of discomfort, not the outer circumstances. What is crucial is the choice one makes when faced with any particular situation. You either wait on the phone listening to music or you phone back at a less busy time. In other words a feeling of impatience is a habitual response to an external trigger – a response that could be different.
Patience from honesty
Try answering these questions. ‘What are you impatient for?’ and ‘Why the hurry?’ Is it to do with pursuing something really worthwhile or is it something that can wait. Are you really desperate for that bit of information to satisfy what may turn out to be idle curiosity, or that food snack to remove pangs of hunger, or that way out of a social obligation so that you can get on with what we want to do.
“You can learn many things from children. How much patience you have, for instance.” (Franklin P. Jones)
Aren’t we all prone to wanting immediate gratification? Learn to recognise the impulse ‘I want it now, and later simply will not do.’ And then consider an alternative way of thinking.
Patience from a considering religious perspectives
Sacred writing encourages patience in the context of inner conflict and temptation. For example in the Bible, the book of Revelation offers hope to those with patience suffering persecution for the sake of what they believe to be good and true. How tempting it must be to give up one’s principles because of the ridicule and contempt of others for what one holds dear.
One such principle is that of trust in a divine power who provides for one’s eternal needs even if temporal ones are frustrated.
According to this view, patience comes from a deep attitude of contentment with life as it is. I would suggest that this inner patience comes easily to people when they allow themselves to be led by the lessons of life rather than indignantly dwelling on the unsatisfied desires of ego. When you don’t get what you want, are you willing to patiently acquiesce to the providential flow of life?
“We could never learn to be brave and patient, if there were only joy in the world.” (Helen Keller)
Copyright 2015 Stephen Russell-Lacy
Author Heart, Head & Hands (http://spiritualquestions.org.uk/2012/10/heart-head-hands-ebook/) | <urn:uuid:678958c3-ef3a-4dc7-b3d4-7ff8b1dd4f05> | {
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"I didn't feel it was a very big accomplishment athletically. But psychologically and emotionally it was a big deal. I knew it might provide a springboard for girls and women in athletics."
— Billie Jean King
Billie Jean King championed women's sports as fiercely as she dominated international tennis. Her most celebrated match was at the Houston Astrodome on September 20, 1973, when she and former men's champion Bobby Riggs, famous for mocking women's sports, faced off in what the media called the "Battle of the Sexes." Forty million people tuned in to watch King slam Riggs in three straight sets. Later she told Newsweek, "I just had to play . . . Title IX [the ban on gender discrimination in federally funded educational programs] had just passed, and I . . . wanted to change the hearts and minds of people to match the legislation."
King was the first female player to win more than $100,000 in a season, yet male players made three times as much. Infuriated by the injustice, she and other top women players called for a boycott. The move led to the creation of the first tennis tour for women. King helped found WomenSports magazine and the Women's Sports Foundation. After leaving tennis in 1983, she continued to advocate for gender equity.
Name: Billie Jean Moffitt King
Born: Long Beach, California, 1943– | <urn:uuid:687cd57c-4245-4c6a-97a4-3a88b4dce052> | {
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Hybrid Electronics: Low-Resistance Connections Could Facilitate Use of Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes for Electronic Interconnects
Using a new method for precisely controlling the deposition of carbon, researchers have demonstrated a technique for connecting multi-walled carbon nanotubes to the metallic pads of integrated circuits without the high interface resistance produced by traditional fabrication techniques.
Based on electron beam-induced deposition (EBID), the work is believed to be the first to connect multiple shells of a multi-walled carbon nanotube to metal terminals on a semiconducting substrate, which is relevant to integrated circuit fabrication. Using this three-dimensional fabrication technique, researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology developed graphitic nanojoints on both ends of the multi-walled carbon nanotubes, which yielded a 10-fold decrease in resistivity in its connection to metal junctions.
The technique could facilitate the integration of carbon nanotubes as interconnects in next-generation integrated circuits that use both silicon and carbon components. The research was supported by the Semiconductor Research Corporation, and in its early stages, by the National Science Foundation. The work was reported online October 4, 2012, by the journal IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology.
“For the first time, we have established connections to multiple shells of carbon nanotubes with a technique that is amenable to integration with conventional integrated circuit microfabrication processes,” said Andrei Fedorov, a professor in the George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering at Georgia Tech. “Connecting to multiple shells allows us to dramatically reduce the resistance and move to the next level of device performance.”
In developing the new technique, the researchers relied on modeling to guide their process parameters. To make it scalable for manufacturing, they also worked toward technologies for isolating and aligning individual carbon nanotubes between the metal terminals on a silicon substrate, and for examining the properties of the resulting structures. The researchers believe the technique could also be used to connect multi-layered graphene to metal contacts, though their published research has so far focused on carbon nanotubes.
The low-temperature EBID process takes place in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) system modified for material deposition. The SEM’s vacuum chamber is altered to introduce precursors of the materials that researchers would like to deposit. The electron gun normally used for imaging of nanostructures is instead used to generate low energy secondary electrons when the high energy primary electrons impinge on the substrate at carefully chosen locations. When the secondary electrons interact with hydrocarbon precursor molecules introduced into the SEM chamber, carbon is deposited in desired locations.
Unique to the EBID process, the deposited carbon makes a strong, chemically-bonded connection to the ends of the carbon nanotubes, unlike the weakly-coupled physical interface made in traditional techniques based on metal evaporation. Prior to deposition, the ends of the nanotubes are opened using an etching process, so the deposited carbon grows into the open end of the nanotube to electronically connect multiple shells. Thermal annealing of the carbon after deposition converts it to a crystalline graphitic form that significantly improves electrical conductivity.
“Atom-by-atom, we can build the connection where the electron beam strikes right near the open end of the carbon nanotubes,” Fedorov explained. “The highest rate of deposition occurs where the concentration of precursor is high and there are a lot of secondary electrons. This provides a nanoscale sculpturing tool with three-dimensional control for connecting the open ends of carbon nanotubes on any desired substrate.”
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes offer the promise of higher information delivery throughput for certain interconnects used in electronic devices. Researchers have envisioned a future generation of hybrid devices based on traditional integrated circuits but using interconnects based on carbon nanotubes.
Until now, however, resistance at the connections between the carbon structures and conventional silicon electronics has been too high to make the devices practical.
“The big challenge in this field is to make a connection not just to a single shell of a carbon nanotube,” said Fedorov. “If only the outer wall of a carbon nanotube is connected, you really don’t gain much because most of the transmission channel is under-utilized or not utilized at all.”
The technique developed by Fedorov and his collaborators produces record low resistivity at the connection between the carbon nanotube and the metal pad. The researchers have measured resistance as low as approximately 100 Ohms – a factor of ten lower than the best that had been measured with other connection techniques.
“This technique gives us many new opportunities to go forward with integrating these carbon nanostructures into conventional devices,” he said. “Because it is carbon, this interface has an advantage because its properties are similar to those of the carbon nanotubes to which they are providing a connection.”
The researchers don’t know exactly how many of the carbon nanotube shells are connected, but based on resistance measurements, they believe at least 10 of the approximately 30 conducting shells are contributing to electrical conduction.
However, handling carbon nanotubes poses a significant challenge to their use as interconnects. When formed through the electric arc technique, for example, carbon nanotubes are produced as a tangle of structures with varying lengths and properties, some with mechanical defects. Techniques have been developed to separate out single nanotubes, and to open their ends.
Fedorov and his collaborators – current and former graduate students Songkil Kim, Dhaval Kulkarni, Konrad Rykaczewski and Mathias Henry, along with Georgia Tech professor Vladimir Tsukruk – developed a method for aligning the multi-walled nanotubes across electronic contacts using focused electrical fields in combination with a substrate template created through electron beam lithography. The process has a significantly improved yield of properly aligned carbon nanotubes, with a potential for scalability over a large chip area.
Once the nanotubes are placed into their positions, the carbon is deposited using the EBID process, followed by graphitization. The phase transformation in the carbon interface is monitored using Raman spectroscopy to ensure that the material is transformed into its optimal nanocrystalline graphite state.
“Only by making advances in each of these areas can we achieve this technological advance, which is an enabling technology for nanoelectronics based on carbon materials,” he said. “This is really a critical step for making many different kinds of devices using carbon nanotubes or graphene.”
Before the new technique can be used on a large scale, researchers will have to improve their technique for aligning carbon nanotubes and develop EBID systems able to deposit connectors on multiple devices simultaneously. Advances in parallel electron beam systems may provide a way to mass-produce the connections, Fedorov said.
“A major amount of work remains to be done in this area, but we believe this is possible if industry becomes interested,” he noted. “There are applications where integrating carbon nanotubes into circuits could be very attractive.”
CITATION: Songkil Kim, et.al, Fabrication of an Ultra-Low-Resistance Ohmic Contact to MWCNT-Metal Interconnect Using Graphitic Carbon by Electron Beam Induced Deposition (EBID), IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TNANO.2012.2220377
For more information visit www.gatech.edu. | <urn:uuid:b3f25cf2-202b-4219-b1d5-3846e7ca8385> | {
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2008 Khan Academy
In 2004, high-school-age cousins living 1,500 miles from his Boston home) were begging hedge-fund employee Sal Khan for help on their math homework. In response he began doing online tutoring, and then taping short instructive videos in a closet of his house, which he posted on YouTube for his family members to work their way through. Once public, anyone could look at them. Before long hundreds of thousands of people were. Khan has a gift for calmly and quickly getting to the nub of technical instruction, and then explaining problem-solving methods in clear, simple language. As the audience for his video lessons exploded, Khan decided to quit his job at the hedge fund and give himself a year to see if he could create “Khan Academy” as a viable educational nonprofit providing instruction on a wide range of topics.
A few months into the experiment, he was burning through $5,000 a month of personal savings to support his family, and feeling stressed. Then he received an unsolicited $10,000 donation from Ann Doerr, wife of prominent Silicon Valley venture capitalist and donor John Doerr. A friend’s child had been helped by Khan Academy videos and she was intrigued. She and Khan met for lunch; she later gave him $100,000 to stay afloat. Two months after that meeting, Doerr sent Khan a text saying she was sitting in a session at the Aspen Ideas Festival and Bill Gates was lauding his online instructional videos in a speech. It turned out the Gates children were also improving their math skills with the free Khan videos. Barely a year after Khan quit his hedge-fund job, the Gates Foundation invested $1.5 million to expand operation of the Khan Academy, followed not long after by another $4 million donation. Google awarded $2 million to translate content into ten languages and create additional practice problem sets.
There are now efforts to fold Khan Academy materials directly into the instructional process at a few pilot schools. Khan Academy is being used by homeschoolers, by students seeking extra help, and by adults brushing up on old skills. Its instructional videos have been viewed more than 580 million times. The organization’s self-described mission is “to provide a world-class education for anyone, anywhere, for free.”
Philanthropy Roundtable conversation with Sal Khan, philanthropyroundtable.org/
- Laura Vanderkam, Blended Learning, (The Philanthropy Roundtable, 2013) pp. 47-48 | <urn:uuid:3ca26eff-b5c8-4e13-a0a9-2920d2e427ff> | {
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The September 11th Museum says some of the large artifacts already placed in its subterranean, uncompleted facility at the World Trade Center have been exposed to flood waters.
The museum reports the majority of the collection was safe in an off-site location when some 16 million gallons of water from the Hudson River inundated the site during the height of Sandy and reached a depth of 7 feet. The Port Authority has successfully pumped out the water.
9/11 Museum Director Alice Greenwald said items including FDNY vehicles and structural steel are stored in the area, but that the damage isn’t irreparable. Overall, she said the picture looks “very good.”
“We know that we have to dehumidify, we know that we have to do immediate washing…controlled power washing to remove the grime that’s on the wheels of the vehicles, for example,” she said.
Greenwald said two artifacts still need to be assessed, including a concrete slab from the original World Trade Center garage that was stained with soot from the 2001 attacks. | <urn:uuid:c81779b7-36f6-4e52-a181-9906056ffaad> | {
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One of the last questions mainstream popular culture asks us to consider is, “What's so great about Mr. Darcy?” even though Pride and Prejudice is organized around just this question. For its protagonist, coming to desire Mr. Darcy is one and the same as coming to recognize oneself as a member of modern society; seeing him as the ideal man is the novel's measure of Elizabeth's gradually acquired self-knowledge. “She began now to comprehend that he was exactly the man who, in disposition and talents, would most suit her,” Austen writes. “It was an union that must have been to the advantage of both; by her ease and liveliness, his mind might have been softened, his manners improved, and from his judgment, information, and knowledge of the world, she must have received benefit of greater importance” (318). Austen may have required Elizabeth...
A Man's World
eugenia zuroski jenkins is associate professor of English and cultural studies at McMaster University, author of A Taste for China: English Subjectivity and the Prehistory of Orientalism (2013), and editor of the journal Eighteenth-Century Fiction.
Eugenia Zuroski Jenkins; A Man's World. Novel 1 August 2015; 48 (2): 304–307. doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/00295132-2882793
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Senator William W. Armstrong, (1864-1944)
Senator William W. Armstrong was born in Rochester, New York in 1864 and was brought up in Albion, New York where he attended local schools. He became clerk of the Orleans County Board of Supervisors from 1884 to 1887. He was admitted to the Bar in 1888 and returned to Rochester to practice law.
He was elected to the Monroe County Board of Supervisors from Rochester’s ninth ward in 1893. The following year, 1894, he was elected to the New York State Assembly. He served four terms in the “lower house”, during which time he was Chairman of Committees on Codes and Judiciaries.
In 1898, he was elected to the New York State Forty-sixth Senate District, and represented the Westside of the Rochester and Monroe County, for five consecutive terms. During this time, he served on the following Committees: Judiciary, Canals, Military Affairs, Public Printing and Forest, Fish and Game, and Rules. He was Chairman of: Roads and Bridges, Internal Affairs of Towns and Counties, and Finance Committee (1905, 1907). In 1902, he was present at the NYSNA Convention in Rochester where the Nurse Practice Act was formulated and debated. He sponsored this bill, The Armstrong Act (also known as the Armstrong-Davis Act) that provided for the licensure of nurses in New York State.
In 1905, he became Chairman of the Joint Committee of the legislature investigating abuses to the reform of the insurance industry. He also became known as the “father of good roads” through his co-sponsorship of the Higbie-Armstrong Law.
Retiring from politics in 1908, he returned to Rochester to practice law until his retirement in 1924. He moved to St. Petersburg, Florida in 1934. He died on July 20, 1944. | <urn:uuid:4ed1bcf5-fa35-440b-9beb-c51fbeb37d70> | {
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Pouring Oil on Troubled Middle East Water
ALEPPO, SYRIA — DEFYING the chill winds of a bleak winter day, the small green shoots of a chickpea plant venture out of the black Syrian soil. Highly sensitive to cold and humidity, these protein-rich legumes - one of the staple food items in the the Middle East - have usually been planted in spring, too late to avoid the wilting, crop-stunting heat of summer.
But with a little genetic toughening, the plants on this experimental farm near Aleppo have learned to cope with winter, taking full advantage of limited seasonal rains, and thus prospering on the kind of semi-arid land prevalent in the region.
The new strain of chickpea, developed by agronomists at the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), is one way the Middle East is preparing for a future in which there will be less water to go around. For a region that relies heavily on irrigation to grow food, coaxing bigger harvests out of rain-fed land has become a top priority.
Greater farm output and more-aggressive water-conservation efforts may not rescue the region from a drier future. Indeed, the Middle East is merely borrowing against the day, not far distant in the opinion of many experts, when spiraling population growth creates food demands that will be impossible to meet with available water resources.
But in a region that was largely excluded because of its dry soil from the benefits of the ``Green Revolution'' of the 1960s, the prospect of doubling output on some rain-fed lands has generated considerable enthusiasm among farmers and government officials alike.
``In these marginal lands you can make fantastic contributions,'' says Aart Van Schoonhoven, ICARDA's research director. ``By doubling the efficiency of water use, you have the equivalent of two times as much rain.''
One obvious way to control consumption of what is fast becoming the Middle East's most valuable resource is to charge more for water to effect rationing by price.
But few governments in the region are eager to risk the violence that has greeted price hikes in another basic commodity, bread. As a result, millions of gallons of valuable water continue to be squandered each year watering golf courses and washing cars.
In countries like Jordan, where up to a quarter of the water used for domestic and industrial needs is illegally siphoned off before reaching the meter, the effect of price increases would be blunted in any case.
``Because it's [practically] free, it's freely used,'' says ICARDA director Nasrat Fadda.
Instead, Middle East states have chosen less drastic means of improving water management and conservation in an effort some experts worry may be too little, too late.
In Israel, a growing network of treatment plants purifies waste water for agricultural use, making more fresh water available for domestic use.
In Egypt, where rain-fed agriculture is virtually nonexistent, an inefficient 20,000-mile network of public canals used to irrigate crop lands bordering the Nile is being upgraded. Some canals are being lined to minimize seepage, while 300,000 acres of new lands east and west of the Nile Delta are being fitted with more efficient ``drip'' irrigation systems, according to Egyptian government sources. Plans are also under way to capture more than 2 million cubic meters of irrigation runoff a year in Egypt's northern lakes before it drains into the Mediterranean Sea.
In Syria, farmers are being taught how to manage rain-fed crops more efficiently to maximize harvests and decrease reliance on irrigation. One technique: ``harvesting'' sparse rainwater by concentrating it in limited growing areas.
ICARDA agronomists are also teaching farmers how to use fertilizers more effectively, how to till croplands to minimize runoff, and how to rotate crops to intensify production.
Meanwhile, scientists around the world are seizing the last brief respite before the water crisis hits to develop and implement new technologies to make available water supplies stretch further.
By developing food crops with greater resistance to salt and viruses, an incipient revolution in biotechnology is opening the door to more water-efficient agriculture.
The ultimate technological challenge is finding a practical way to desalinate sea water.
``Desalination is the foremost challenge to the human race,'' says Meir Ben Meir, a former Israeli water commissioner. ``The sea will be our main salvation in the future.''
Less promising in the context of the Middle East have been schemes for regional cooperation in using water.
One technically feasible proposal is a canal that would link the Yarmuk River, which forms the border between Syria and Jordan and between Jordan and Israel, with the Sea of Galilee (Lake Kinneret) in Israel. During the winter months, the canal would funnel rains, that would otherwise be lost, downstream into the sea. Some of this water could then be used to replenish underground aquifers in Israel and the occupied West Bank. During the dry summer months, water could be pumped back through the Yarmuk into the 42-mile long Ghor Canal that irrigates the Jordanian side of the Jordan River.
``It is the most attractive water-resources development scheme in the region, both in terms of cost and the quantities of water involved,'' says Israeli water engineer Elisha Kally.
Another proposal, first put forward by former Egyptian President Anwar Sadat at the time of the Camp David negotiations in 1978, is to divert Nile waters across the Sinai Peninsula into the Israeli-occupied Gaza Strip, and perhaps even into southern Jordan and Israel's Negev Desert. But these and other propositions have run afoul of the hard realities of Middle East politics.
The absence of relations between Israel and Jordan precludes even technical cooperation. Meanwhile, the kind of water-basin transfers that have proved so successful in the United States are considered unworkable between states that are real or potential adversaries. Israel is unwilling to place its water security in the hands of an Arab country. At the same time, Egyptian officials have long since pronounced Sadat's proposal a dead letter.
``We have no intention now or in the future of transferring water outside Egyptian territory,'' says a well-placed government source in Cairo flatly. ``It will never happen.''
In the end, the biggest obstacle to water self-sufficiency is not politics but population growth. Few experts say a solution to that problem is anywhere in sight.
Until inroads are made on birth rates, even the most ambitious conservation plans are bound to be inadequate in the long run.
``We're merely delaying the crisis,'' says Mr. Fadda about ICARDA's success in improving dry-land productivity. ``We're buying time to make the adjustment either until population growth is brought down or until technological advances are made.''
``This will postpone for a time the onset of the crisis,'' adds the Damascus-based director of a Western development agency, referring to water-saving measures now being instituted throughout the Middle East. ``But it may not prevent the crisis from happening.''
This is the last in a four-part series. The first three parts ran March 8, 13, and 14. Editor of series: Susan Llewelyn Leach. | <urn:uuid:fefae6f7-dea5-4f53-a6be-93d277893121> | {
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Drunk for a Penny.
Dead drunk for twopence.
Clean straw for nothing.
—Sign outside a London gin shop, Circa 1700
England. 1688. James II sat on the throne. A Catholic, his reign had been one of religious tolerance, increased standards of living for the masses, and reduced tensions with France. He had just produced an heir, and all was right in the land. And many people found this state of affairs completely intolerable. In order to rectify the situation, James’ daughter, Mary, and her husband William of Orange, were trucked in (well, boated, actually) from Holland to return things to their usual state of Protestant confusion. Which the happy couple succeeded in doing, in what would come to be called the Glorious Revolution. In addition to his armies and his staunch religiosity, William brought something else with him to England, something that would have even more profound repercussions on the nation than all of his actions and policies combined.
That something was known variously as Madam Geneva, or genever, but it was eventually shortened to, and attained its vast popularity under the moniker Gin.
Credit for the invention of gin is generally given to the Dutch physician Franciscus Sylvius. It is from the family of spirits known to Medieval alchemists as aquae compositae, or “compound waters.” It is a rather simple spirit of distilled grain mash (usually barley) to which botanicals are added. The whole concoction is then redistilled to extract the flavor from the botanicals. In the case of gin, the botanical is juniper (genever) berries.
It’s safe to say that gin didn’t arrive in England quietly reposing in William III’s hip flask—it invaded. Royal gustatory preferences (if not their money) tend to trickle down to the masses, which gin did, quickly and with enthusiasm. When William took the big chair in 1688, Brits consumed exactly zero glasses gin, but by 1743 they were guzzling tons of it— 2.2 gallons a year, for every man, woman, and child. Gin was available almost literally everywhere, and was substantially less expensive than any other intoxicating tipple, even cheaper than ale, in some of your less tidy taverns.
When gin stomped into Britain it was greeted with applause. Finally, the good people had a drink that anyone could afford. Folks wrote songs about it and odes to it, and no celebration, or any other day of the year, was complete without a few dozen hefty snorts of Madam Geneva’s party-in-a-jug. The good feelings didn’t last long, however. Not only did the mass-produced gin cause a variety of health issues, it also allowed the people to have a higher time than the authorities were comfortable sanctioning. According to the anonymous author of a tract called A Dissertation upon Drunkenness: “If this drinking spirit does not soon abate, all our arts, sciences, trade, and manufactures will be entirely lost, and the island will become nothing but…a distillery, and the inhabitants all drunkards.” And it was such overwrought emotion that began what might be termed the world’s first War on Drugs. It’s not for nothin’ that some historians have labeled gin the “crack” of the 1700s.
In an effort to control, then stamp out, what they saw as twin outbreaks of rampant ill-health and even more rampant jocularity, British big wigs enacted the Gin Acts. And they kept right on enacting them over and over again—1729, 1736, 1743, 1751, 1757 and 1760—each iteration more reactionary and iron-handed than the last. British citizens were encouraged to spy on their neighbors, and if they witnessed (or maybe just heard about) gin drinking, the spies could turn them into the authorities for a reward. On more than one occasion, parliamentarians enacted outright prohibition of gin, schemes that worked every bit as effectively as America’s prohibition laws did 150 years later.
However, gin soldiered on, and, as if to return William’s favor, Britons carried it with them as they colonized huge swaths of the globe—arguably the single positive aspect of their two-hundred years of colonial posturing. By the early eighteen hundreds, gin was the biggest selling spirit on the planet. When the British East India Company arrived in India they were immediately beset with malaria. The preventative quinine tasted so thoroughly foul that they amended it with gin, water, sugar, and lime. Welcome the classic gin-and-tonic. To this day, travelers to India turn this still bitter medicine sweet with quinine-heavy tonic water and cocktails.
Today, worldwide gin sales hover somewhere in the neighborhood of 110 million gallons per year, with the largest numbers of gin drinkers in the Philippines, followed by the U.S. and Spain. The big three, sales-wise, are Gordon’s, Seagram’s and Beefeater, but the world is rife with premium and super-premium labels. And yet, true to gin’s proletarian origins, even super-premium brands, such as Blade or No. 3, top out at around $70 a bottle.
Sadly, gin continues to hide behind its clear-spirit competitor: vodka. In my opinion, a serious comeback is well overdue. Pardon the rant, but some folks swap out gin in favor of vodka. This is completely uncalled for! Really, vodka has no more business in a martini, than sardine juice has in hot chocolate. A proper martini is gin, gin, with a splash of gin, and an olive.
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Technology, in its most advanced type, has already been introduced in education in most countries, developed ones mostly. The rest of the world too is eager to make technology commonplace in the area of education, regardless of what good or bad it has to offer.
Inevitably, Singapore is the county that has quite astutely led the charge for the world when it comes to designing technology specifically for education and thereafter, employing it. And as anticipated, Singapore today is the best-performing education system in the world and educationists from across the world and in the country itself credit this achievement to technology before anything else.
What Has Technology Done for Singapore Education System
Technology has Transformed Learning
Though technology is always pervasive in nature, the educational think-tank of Singapore has been able to take away the best and slam what could affect students and the entire education system. Eliminating the need of technology as a dominating tool, they have shown keen interest in just studying the manner in which technology transforms learning.
The key has been to bring learning to its highest possible level for the learners through the best exercise of technology, regardless of which stream of study they come from.
Technical Advancement Have Changed the Role of a Teacher
Singapore is one of the highest-performing education structures in the world and this can be reasonably attributed to the availability of highly qualified educators there. Since the application of the most advanced technology in education in Singapore is a part of the overall progress strategy of the country, there’re negligible if any chances of heedlessness in this regard.
Despite all the achievements in the area of education, the Singapore education system strongly believes that there’s a huge scope of development there. Teachers are adequately facilitated to adapt to the latest technology-ridden teaching techniques and make the changed educational process look simpler for students.
Smart Use of Digital Learning Tools
This is the aspect where Singapore outdoes its nearest rivals in the area of education. The country aims not only at modernizing its traditional education methods, but also ensures that the use of technology is made student-oriented. Veteran educationists strictly believe that learning to exploit modern technology in a learner-centered manner is probably the biggest challenge that can ever show up in the process of making an education system completely hi-tech to lead the world.
Besides having almost all digital tools for learning, Singapore education system prefers improved standards of learning to having more modern teaching aids and excessive information. Being a small country, Singapore makes huge investments to implement modern technology in schools and this has so far shown amazing results.
Technology and Modified Curricula
A remarkable shift in the approach of educationists who set curricula for schools is probably the best that technology has bestowed to education in Singapore. Now, they know how to make curriculum more student-centered and create an ideal teaching and learning environment by enabling the latest Information and Communication Technique (ICT) system.
The Singapore education system has been experimenting to make learning content and classrooms more natural (flipped classrooms), with all modern teaching and learning modules available.
This post is written by Apixel IT Support – and IT Service Company with over 5 years of experience in asset management. Through its consultancy service in Singapore, it has helped a number of organizations to update their asset management and integrate it with sophisticated IT Support. | <urn:uuid:ec0ce95e-2dd5-4710-aea1-c19240453010> | {
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Part I – The Snowy Plovers
Few people know it, but some very rare birds live on Surfrider Beach. They spend most of their time resting in little hollows in the sand, like the ones your heel makes. Countless people saunter through their flock, never noticing them until they scurry away from underfoot.
Western Snowy Plovers are small, even for a bird, only 6 ¼ inch long, smaller than your foot. Their cryptic gray, brown, white and black plumage blends perfectly into the sandy beach. They’ll crouch for hours, motionless in sandy hollows. They’re hard to see even when searching for them.
Snowies, like all shorebirds, are carnivores; more accurately, insectivores, eating any invertebrate or tiny fish they can find. Their preferred foraging area is wrack (washed-up sea vegetation) left at the high-tide line, often abundant with kelp flies and small invertebrates. Their short stubby bills, typical of plovers, are unlike the long and thin bills of sandpipers, who often probe – even underwater – for prey in sand and mud. Snowies don’t; they pick their food from the wrack or sand.
Because they prefer to forage in wrack, the best feeding time is just after high tide when waves are retreating and wrack is fresh and full of living invertebrates. They will go onto wet sand to forage, but they avoid waves, however small.
The flocks of small gray-white-brown birds which rapidly scurry on little black legs, following and fleeing the wavelets as they wash in and out, will almost certainly be Sanderlings. They are slightly larger than Snowies, with long, pointed black bills. They run a lot. They resemble Snowies, feed with Snowies, even roost within Snowy flocks. It takes experience to reliably tell them apart in the field. Found nearly worldwide, Sanderlings are abundant.
Western Snowy Plovers are far from abundant. We’ll discuss that in a later post.
Unlike the “I’m late, I’m late” scurrying of the Sanderlings, Snowies move in a pensive, hesitant, almost thoughtful manner. They take a few steps, 3–15 perhaps, and pause, often with one leg cocked, ready for their next step, whenever they decide to take it. All of the 67 Plover species walk this way.
By the time the tide begins to rise, they’ve stopped foraging. They rest together in a small area, their roost, slightly inland of the beach berm (high ridge) between the lagoon and ocean, separated by a few inches to a few feet from one another, in small sand hollows they make, find, or improve upon. When it’s quiet with no predators or noisy humans nearby, they may sleep, although at least one lookout stays awake. When feeling frisky, they’ll chase one other around, jumping in and out of each other’s hollows.
Like you and me, Snowies need to rest and recharge their batteries. For millions of years, their lonely, windswept, barren beaches were sufficiently safe and undisturbed places to live, forage and breed. Times have changed. | <urn:uuid:e3fed9cc-6126-4efc-a2a7-cd54de6728fc> | {
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Yachats ( /jɑːhɑːts/ yah-hahts) is a small coastal city in Lincoln County, Oregon, United States. According to Oregon Geographic Names, the name comes from the Siletz language, and means "dark water at the foot of the mountain." There is a range of differing etymologies, however. William Bright says the name comes from the Alsea placename /yáx̣ayky/. As of the 2000 census, the city's population was 617. In 2007, Budget Travel magazine named Yachats one of the "Ten Coolest Small Towns of the U.S.A." Also, Yachats was chosen among the top 10 U.S. up-and-coming vacation destinations by Virtualtourist.
Archeological studies have shown that the Yachats area has been inhabited for at least 1,500 years. Remains of a pit house in Yachats have been radiocarbon dated at approximately 570 AD. Yachats is built on seashell middens and numerous graves left by its past inhabitants. Excavations for construction of buildings and U.S. Highway 101 uncovered a great many skeletons and artifacts. Most of these became part of the fill dirt forming the base of the current highway and city.
For many centuries the Native Americans in this area were hunter-gatherers who migrated between summer camps and winter residences. The Alsea Tribe had as many as 20 permanent villages (used on an annually rotating basis) on the Alsea River and the central Oregon coast. Archeological and linguistic evidence support the existence of a southern Alsea village known as the Yahuch band, located on the coast at the Yachats River. By 1860, the Yahuch band was extinct, many having succumbed to European diseases such as smallpox and tuberculosis. | <urn:uuid:dc3fe892-c643-4e67-adc6-7475eadc0dc2> | {
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Activity 2: "Simon Says" Without Rules
Activity time: 10 minutes
Preparation for Activity
- Make sure you have a large, open floor space for this game.
- Optional: If you have more time and/or want to try another game, find rules for many simple games which most of the children will already know, on Geof Nieboer's Kids Games website .
Description of Activity
By playing a game they already know, the children experience how a covenant works in an everyday situation.
Gather children to play the game, "Simon Says." Point out to the group that most of them seem to know how to play the game. Explain the rules in case some children do not know them: One player is "Simon." Simon calls out movements for the other players to do. If Simon's directions begin with "Simon says... " the players should do as Simon says. If Simon neglects to say "Simon says" - for example, if Simon says only "Raise your arms over your head" - any player who follows the direction is out. The last successful player becomes Simon in the next round.
Play for a few minutes. Then, stop the game. Say:
That went really well. It seemed like everyone agreed to play by the rules. What would have happened if I was trying to be Simon, and everyone ran around in circles or did the opposite of what Simon said?
If you are comfortable, while the game is underway, join in as if you do not know any of the rules. (For example, if you are called out, jump back in.) This way, you help illustrate the disruption to a community that can occur when members break a covenant - in this case, the rules of a simple game. Children may comment that you do not know the rules or are not "playing fair." Allow their comments. Then, step out of the game and let the group resume play.
Including All Participants
Be mindful of individual participants' mobility issues. As "Simon," make sure the directions you give can be followed by all children. | <urn:uuid:7651f0c1-1f90-4da5-974c-e620bcd28333> | {
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Human papillomaviruses, or HPV, is the most common sexually transmitted infection. Each year, approximately 14 million people, including teens, become infected. HPV is passed between people during skin-to-skin sexual contact.
- What is HPV, and how is it transmitted?
- How common is HPV?
- How is it diagnosed?
- Is there a cure?
- What is the connection between HPV and cervical cancer?
- How can people reduce their risk of becoming infected?
- HPV vaccine
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are a group of more than 100 viruses. They are called papillomaviruses because certain types may cause warts, or papillomas, which are benign (noncancerous) tumors. The HPVs that cause the common warts that grow on hands and feet are different from those that cause growths in the throat or genital area. Some “high-risk” types of HPV are associated with certain types of cancer, mostly commonly cervical cancer.
Of the more than 100 types of HPV, over 30 types can be passed from one person to another through sexual contact. Although HPVs are usually transmitted sexually, doctors cannot say for certain when infection occurred. Most HPV infections occur without any symptoms and go away without any treatment over the course of a few years. However, HPV infection sometimes persists for many years.
Approximately 20 million people are currently infected with HPV. At least 50 percent of sexually active men and women acquire genital HPV infection at some point in their lives. By age 50, at least 80 percent of women will have acquired genital HPV infection. About 6.2 million Americans get a new genital HPV infection each year.
Most women are diagnosed with HPV on the basis of abnormal Pap tests. A Pap test is the primary cancer-screening tool for cervical cancer or pre-cancerous changes in the cervix, many of which are related to HPV.
There is no "cure" for HPV infection, although in most women the infection goes away on its own. The treatments provided are directed to the changes in the skin or mucous membrane caused by HPV infection, such as warts and pre-cancerous changes in the cervix.
All types of HPV can cause mild Pap test abnormalities that do not have serious consequences. Approximately 10 of the 30 identified genital HPV types can lead, in rare cases, to development of cervical cancer. Although only a small proportion of women have persistent infection, persistent infection with "high-risk" types of HPV is the main risk factor for cervical cancer.
A Pap test can detect pre-cancerous and cancerous cells on the cervix. Regular Pap testing and careful medical follow-up, with treatment if necessary, can help ensure that pre-cancerous changes in the cervix caused by HPV infection do not develop into life threatening cervical cancer. The Pap test used in U.S. cervical cancer screening programs is responsible for greatly reducing deaths from cervical cancer.
Cervical cancer is the tenth most commonly diagnosed cancer among women in Vermont. Each year, approximately 31 Vermont women are diagnosed with cervical cancer and about 10 die from it.
Refrain from or limit genital contact with others
The surest way to eliminate risk for genital HPV infection is to refrain from any genital contact with another individual.
For those who choose to be sexually active, a long-term, mutually monogamous relationship with an uninfected partner is the strategy most likely to prevent future genital HPV infections. However, it is difficult to determine whether a partner who has been sexually active in the past is currently infected.
In June 2006, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) licensed the first vaccine developed to prevent certain types of HPV including two “high-risk” strains that cause most cervical cancers.
The HPV vaccine protects against most cancers caused by human papillomavirus infections. This is the first vaccine developed to prevent a major type of cancer. The American Academy of Pediatrics and the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention recommends the HPV vaccine be given to boys and girls at age 11 or 12, in order to protect them before ever being exposed to the virus. The vaccine is licensed, safe, and effective for all males and females ages 9 through 26. | <urn:uuid:15471499-8a68-4471-80e7-89cc827f3ffa> | {
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History of Cambodia
One of the prominent early cultures of Cambodia were the Khmer people, with the Funan Kingdom around the first century. The Funanese Empire stretched across Southeast Asia and had contact with the Romans, and both trade and cultural exchanges with India.
The Chenla Kingdom emerged from the Funanese, conquering Funan by 628. The Chenla Kingdom broke up in the 8th century, and one of the new provinces formed was called Kambuja. The Khmer Empire rose to power in the 9th century, quickly expanding their territory until the 13th century when it began its decline.
European explorers from Portugal and Spain arrived in the 16th century, as early as 1555. When Cambodia's neighbors, Siam (now Thailand) and Vietnam, faced conflict, Cambodia was caught in between. Though Cambodia was a protectorate of Siam, Vietnam invaded and claimed much of Cambodia's territory. Cambodia became a French protectorate in 1863, then part of the French colony of French Indochina. During World War II, Cambodia was occupied by Japan. Cambodia gained independence in 1953, becoming a constitutional monarchy under King Sihanouk. During the Vietnam War, the communists occupied part of Cambodia, using it to keep its forces supplied. Sihanouk was forced out in 1970, and a new regime rid Cambodia of the Vietnamese communists with US support, sparking new conflict. Khmer Rouge rebels took control, establishing the country as Democratic Kampuchea. Vietnam invaded in 1978 and the People's Republic of Kampuchea was formed. With UN intervention, Sihanouk was reinstated as King of Cambodia, under a new form of government in 1993.
Neighboring Countries :
Cambodia shares borders with Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam.
- Phnom Penh (capital)
- Siem Reap
Cambodia is located in the tropics of Southeast Asia, on the southern Indochina Peninsula, with coastline along the Gulf of Thailand in the southwest. The terrain of Cambodia features forested lowlands and mountains including the Dangrek Mountain range, the Kravanh Mountains, and the Damrei Mountains. The country's highest point is at Phnom Aural, which stands 1,813 meters (5,949 feet) above sea level. Tonle Sap, or the Great Lake, is one of Cambodia's most important geographic features. This is Southeast Asia's largest freshwater lake, designated by UNESCO. Tonle Sap is both the lake and the river system that flows from it during the dry season and back to it in the rainy season. The lake drains into the Mekong River, which is the main river in eastern Cambodia. The plains around Tonle Sap are used for rice cultivation.
Points of Interest :
One of Cambodia's main attractions is Angkor Wat
in the Angkor Archaeological Park. A UNESCO World Heritage Site, Angkor was once the capital of the 9th century Khmer Empire, and was the world's largest city in its time. The architecture at the site includes Angkor Wat, a massive temple with ornate carvings, the Bayon Temple, and many ruins. These are significant sites in Cambodian history, demonstrating the region's Hindu influenced past, with these temple mountains. The main access point for Angkor Wat is Siem Reap, which is heavily touristed and home to the Ankor Silk Farm, a museum, and several temples of its own.
The capital, Phnom Penh, is home to the Royal Palace, museums of the nation's history and culture, the Wat Phnom, and the Choeung Ek Killing Fields, a historically significant site from the rule of the Khmer Rouge.
Cambodia's international airports are located in the capital, Phnom Penh, and Siem Reap, Angkor International. These airports offer direct flights to destinations in Laos, Malaysia, Singapore, and other regional destinations.
There are several border crossings open between Cambodia and Thailand, the most popular of which is near Siem Reap at Aranyaprathet/Poipet. This road, and many of the other international roadways, are fairly well paved the whole way, and many are served by buses or taxis. The major border crossing to Vietnam is along the road from Ho Chi Minh City, at Moc Bai/Bavet. There are also limited ways to enter Cambodia via Laos, one of which is by boat. Boats are also available for transportation along Cambodia's major rivers between Siem Reap and Phnom Penh or Battambang. Bus is a good way to get around Cambodia, but shared taxis or hitching a ride in a pickup truck are other common methods of travel.
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Here’s Lester Brown’s take:
One of the questions I am often asked is, “How many people can the earth support?” I answer with another question: “At what level of food consumption?” Using round numbers, at the U.S. level of 800 kilograms of grain per person annually for food and feed, the 2-billion-ton annual world harvest of grain would support 2.5 billion people. At the Italian level of consumption of close to 400 kilograms, the current harvest would support 5 billion people. At the 200 kilograms of grain consumed by the average Indian, it would support 10 billion.
Of the roughly 800 kilograms of grain consumed per person each year in the United States, about 100 kilograms is eaten directly as bread, pasta, and breakfast cereals, while the bulk of the grain is consumed indirectly in the form of livestock and poultry products. By contrast, in India, where people consume just under 200 kilograms of grain per year, or roughly a pound per day, nearly all grain is eaten directly to satisfy basic food energy needs. Little is available for conversion into livestock products.
Among the United States, Italy, and India, life expectancy is highest in Italy even though U.S. medical expenditures per person are much higher. People who live very low or very high on the food chain do not live as long as those at an intermediate level. People consuming a Mediterranean-type diet that includes meat, cheese, and seafood, but all in moderation, are healthier and live longer. People living high on the food chain can improve their health by moving down the food chain. For those who live in low-income countries like India, where a starchy staple such as rice can supply 60 percent or more of total caloric intake, eating more protein-rich foods can improve health and raise life expectancy.
I can’t vouch for the accuracy of Brown’s figures – but he’s totally right that the whole question of diet is fundamental to whether we manage to feed the world’s rising population. I’m always struck by how the global food policy conversation often accepts demand projections – such as the World Bank’s estimate that we’ll need to produce 50% more food by 2030 – more or less uncritically.
In fact, as Brown’s final paragraph above implies, meeting these business-as-usual projections also implies that we cheerfully accept continuation of current increases in overweight, obesity, diabetes, heart disease and so on – not just in OECD economies, but increasingly in the developing world too.
Unfortunately, as I noted back in September, no OECD governments are yet making any real headway in nudging their citizens towards diets that are healthier, more environmentally sustainable and more compatible with development and social justice. They need to find a way. | <urn:uuid:bf07113e-125d-4e2e-b297-5832a966b2a1> | {
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Putting emotional intelligence to work is an emerging trend in the corporate world. Developing the best talents in executives, managers, and employees throughout the organization has become vital to workplace success. Intellectual knowledge is no longer enough; you must also have the interpersonal competence that comes with emotional intelligence. In this course, you'll learn the value of emotions and how they can affect your workplace for better or for worse. You'll gain an understanding of how emotional forces can influence performance and decision making, learn how you can leverage emotions in a way that maximizes performance, and discover how you can shape your own and others' emotions in positive and mutually satisfying ways. The course will focus on using of empathy, particularly in confrontation scenarios, and on helping others to develop their own emotional self-awareness and empathy, leading to more positive exchanges on the job. Materials designed to support blended learning activities aligned with this course are available from the Resources Page.
Individuals at all levels who want to understand and develop their emotional intelligence skills | <urn:uuid:5ca0841f-a0b7-49e0-95e2-cf387a558ca6> | {
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The Chautauqua Institution is a not-for-profit, 750-acre educational center beside Chautauqua Lake in southwestern New York State, where approximately 7,500 persons are in residence on any day during a nine-week season, and a total of over 100,000 attend scheduled public events. Over 8,000 students enroll annually in the Chautauqua Summer Schools which offer courses in art, music, dance, theater, writing skills and a wide variety of special interests.
The Institution, originally the Chautauqua Lake Sunday School Assembly, was founded in 1874 as an educational experiment in out-of-school, vacation learning. It was successful and broadened almost immediately beyond courses for Sunday school teachers to include academic subjects, music, art and physical education.
While founders Lewis Miller and John Heyl Vincent were Methodists, other Protestant denominations participated from the first year onward, and today Chautauqua continues to be ecumenical in spirit and practice. Chautauqua's Department of Religion presents distinguished religious leaders of many faiths from this country and abroad, both as preachers and teachers.
The Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle (CLSC) was started in 1878 to provide those who could not afford the time or money to attend college the opportunity of acquiring the skills and essential knowledge of a College education. The four-year, correspondence course was one of the first attempts at distance learning. Besides broadening access to education, the CLSC program was intended to show people how best to use their leisure time and avoid the growing availability of idle pastimes, such as drinking, gambling, dancing and theater-going, that posed a threat both to good morals and to good health. To share the cost of purchasing the publications and to take encouragement from others in the course, students were encouraged to form local CLSC reading circles. Soon these were established throughout the country and, in time, around the world. Among those who benefited most from the CLSC program were women, teachers, and those living in remote rural areas. At the end of their four years of study, students were invited to come to Chautauqua to receive their certificates in a ceremony, which is still held today during the first week in August.
With the success of the CLSC, many new Chautauquas were created, known as "Daughter Chautauquas," giving rise to what was called the "Chautauqua Movement." Some years later, the talent agencies that provided speakers and entertainers for these platforms, put together shows of their own, which traveled to small towns across the United States and Canada. These were known as the 'circuit chautauquas" or "tent chautauquas."
By 1880 the Chautauqua platform had established itself as a national forum for open discussion of public issues, international relations, literature and science. Approximately 100 lecturers appear at Chautauqua during a season.
Music became increasingly important at Chautauqua, especially after the turn of the century. A symphony orchestra season became part of the regular program in 1920. The Chautauqua Symphony Orchestra, founded in 1929, now performs thrice weekly with leading soloists in the 4,000-seat Amphitheater, Chautauqua's program center. Popular entertainers perform other evenings. Chautauqua Dance also appears in the Amphitheater, sometimes with guest artists, while the Chautauqua Theater Company presents its season in Bratton Theater. The Chautauqua Opera Company, also founded in 1929, performs in English in Norton Hall.
Chautauqua plays a unique educational role today, offering studies on a vacation level, a more serious level and a professional level. In addition, there are enhanced learning opportunities within Chautauqua's other programming. Music, the arts, religion, recreation and the pursuit of knowledge are all available. Younger and older students often share learning experiences in an open, congenial atmosphere. Children and young people are also provided with their own special programs.
The Chautauqua Institution is governed by a 24-member board of trustees, four of whom are elected by property owners. The board establishes the policies and direction of the Institution, electing the officers who are responsible for the operation of the Institution. Smith Memorial Library and the Chautauqua Institution Archives are open year round. Between-season conferences are held at Bellinger Hall, the Athenaeum Hotel and other facilities on the grounds.
The Chautauqua Institution Archives is both an Institution repository and a collection repository. The parent, the Chautauqua Institution, is supported by a records management program which allows the repository to receive records directly. The Archives also builds its holdings through the acquisition of papers, records and artifacts from sources that are not administratively affiliated with the Institution.
The Mission of the Chautauqua Institution Archives is to identify, organize, preserve and protect the printed, microfilmed, taped, photographic and other records, and selected artifacts and museum pieces to add to the general and scholarly understanding of the Chautauqua Institution and the Chautauqua Movement.
The Chautauqua Institution Archives staff assists the public throughout the year. Please stop in the research room of the Archives and explore Chautauqua's history. Researchers and inquiries should be directed to the Oliver Archives Center. The hours during the summer season are 10 a.m. - 3 p.m., Monday through Friday and 10 a.m. - Noon on Saturday. Off-season hours are by appointment. They can also be reached by phone, 716.357.6332, fax 716.357.9014 or e-mail Archivist Jonathan Schmitz. | <urn:uuid:b4b7c31f-14bb-4ea2-ac5f-4da63f2fc251> | {
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Braille is a system of reading and writing by touch, widely used by blind people. It consists of arrangements of dots, which make up letters of the alphabet, numbers, and punctuation marks. Blind people can read braille by moving their fingers over the dots. Recently, we’ve come to know that Indian engineers have made the world’s first braille smartphone for the blind. The phone can convert text in any language to braille letters. | <urn:uuid:e5219b2a-5a92-4bf9-80a4-706c4f9b0521> | {
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- Terraced housing exhibits a clearly defined ‘public front and private back’ pattern of development
- The ends of terraced houses, in particular on street or lane corners, successfully address both the primary and secondary streets
All residential buildings, including terraced housing, should present a clearly defined ‘front’ to the public street or open space, while containing a private ‘back’ to the rear of the site. In doing so, the house can provide a high degree of residential amenity by accommodating private rooms (bathrooms and bedrooms) away from the public street edge, and locating more public areas (kitchen, living room, dining room and entrance at the front.
To work well and offer safety and privacy, terraced houses should have a clear public entrance, including a welcoming pathway to the front door, and a clear private back in the form of a garden, courtyard balcony or roof terrace. This section looks at how to arrange terraced housing on a site, how to design the ‘edges’ or ends of terraced housing rows and the importance of thinking about service areas early on. | <urn:uuid:4c0dd7bd-9a1e-4fca-bdfc-4dc86fdf5c9e> | {
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New UH Sociology Course Focused on Writings of Malcolm Gladwell
Who and what is a sociologist? A new undergraduate course taught by Shayne Lee, associate professor of sociology at the University of Houston, will focus on the writings of journalist and best-selling author Malcolm Gladwell in order to delve into the nature of the scientific study of human social relationships and institutions through the lens of popular culture consumption.
Gladwell, a staff writer at "The New Yorker" since 1996, is the author five "New York Times" best-seller books: "The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference", "Blink: The Power of Thinking without Thinking", "Outliers: The Story of Success", "What the Dog Saw: And Other Adventures" and his most recent book, "David and Goliath: Underdogs, Misfits, and the Art of Battling Giants."
He has increased his popularity beyond the mass consumption of his books through savvy use of social media and connection with the nonprofit TED, which produces the now ubiquitous TED Talks videos and annual conferences that can turn academics into social media superstars.
TED describes Gladwell as a "detective of fads and emerging subcultures, chronicler of jobs-you-never-knew-existed, Malcolm Gladwell's work is toppling the popular understanding of bias, crime, food, marketing, race, consumers and intelligence."
Lee says Gladwell's ability to shape and redirect popular understanding of sociology concepts makes his work an excellent framework for exploring how human action and consciousness shape and are shaped by cultural and social structures.
"Students will assess how the 'Gladwellian' perspective confirms and challenges established social theories and offers intriguing new insights for the discipline of sociology," said Lee. "It places the contributions of a pop cultural superstar like Gladwell in conversation with prominent sociologists of the past and present, posing new questions concerning who and what is a sociologist."
Lee notes the goal of sociology as a discipline is to go beyond assumptions about life to form theories and insights based on a more critical evaluation of human conditions. That goal is similar to how Gladwell uses scientific research to dispel well accepted assumptions or to start a new conversation on other ways to think about how humans engage in their social surroundings.
He said Gladwell's book, "Outliers," is the best example of the writer's skill at inspiring others to think more critically about social realities.
"Most people are curious about how or why certain people achieve extraordinary levels of success while others fall short. In the case of 'Outliers,' Gladwell paints a complex picture of how people achieve success," Lee said. "On the one hand, he emphasizes how agency and culture play crucial roles in providing people with tools to advance in their pursuits. In this way, he explores how hard work, good communication skills, strategic planning and other crucial factors can make or break opportunities for success.
"He uses scientific data collected by leading social scientists and intriguing stories throughout the book to present a complex picture of how the achievement of success cannot be reduced to a simple formula. So students then are able to see how scientific research can be relevant toward seeing how the world works and in understanding their place in that world."
Lee was inspired to design the course, "Malcolm Gladwell's Sociology," after he assigned "Outliers" in other courses and several students told him the book had "changed their lives."
"Scholar texts don't have nearly the same impact on teaching students to think more sociologically than 'Outliers,'" said Lee. "Hence, it is my contention that Gladwell's works make people more informed about the nuances and complexities of the human condition."
About the University of Houston
The University of Houston is a Carnegie-designated Tier One public research university recognized by The Princeton Review as one of the nation's best colleges for undergraduate education. UH serves the globally competitive Houston and Gulf Coast Region by providing world-class faculty, experiential learning and strategic industry partnerships. Located in the nation's fourth-largest city, UH serves more than 39,500 students in the most ethnically and culturally diverse region in the country. For more information about UH, visit the university's newsroom at http://www.uh.edu/news-events/ | <urn:uuid:07dca3eb-cd10-4f24-8a74-a32e1fef05f0> | {
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