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The First Month
of the Rainy Season
May usually signals the beginning of
Florida's rainy season, although it is not at all unusual for May to be as dry as March
and April some years. On average we can expect to receive nearly seven inches of rain this
month, the daily high temperature rises to about 85º while the daily low does not usually
fall below 71º. In May, the prevailing wind direction is from the east-southeast
with an average velocity of 9.5 miles per hour.
Along with the warmer and wetter weather come the insects: Chinch
bugs, scale insects, caterpillars, grasshoppers, katydids, and an army of other bugs.
But be cautious with the insecticides as along with the bad bugs come the beneficial insects such as bees, butterflies and ladybugs.
Indiscriminate and over use of insecticides tends to throw off the natural
good-bug/bad-bug balance in your garden. Over time the bad bugs tend to build up
their resistance to the poison and become less controllable while the pollinators and
predators become weaker and their numbers decline. When this happens you will end up
using more and stronger poisons to control the bad bugs. They in turn will become
more resistant and the cycle will continue to the point where the bad bugs will thrive
while the critters that should be in your garden will not and your garden will require
massive doses of insecticide to do well (for example, consider how ineffective
Fire Ant poisons are). Meanwhile you will notice that birds,
lizards, frogs and toads, bees and butterflies are no longer present in your yard.
May in the Florida Garden is also the time
for several flowering trees and vines to show off their best. The list includes
Tabebuia (magnificent golden blooms), Bougainvillea (with colors of red, yellow,
peach, purple, crimson, pink, white, apricot, magenta, orange and highlights and
mixes of all of the above depending on the variety of the plant), Wisteria (which can grow
and flower in South Florida, but flowers better further north), Tibouchina (purple or pink
flowers), Golden Shower Tree, Yellow Poinciana, and Crape Myrtle (cloaked in many colors
including red, pink and purple).
May is also the month to consider heavy pruning of
many plants including trees which may be a threat during the upcoming hurricane season.
When fertilized and watered, if required, they will come back and produce dense,
bushy growth during this month despite the pruning.
May is the month to begin planting trees, shrubs and
vines. But wait until after the first rainy spell to plant so that the ground is
thoroughly wet. Even then continue to water as needed in case the rains do not soak
your area as expected. If you are still hoping to plant a traditional vegetable,
herb or annual garden this month these are your best bets:
Vegetables: Calabaza, Chayote, Cherry Tomatos, Collards, Cowpeas, Dasheen, Lima Beans, Malabar
Spinach, Malanga, Mustard, Papayas, Okra, Peanuts, Pumpkins, New Zealand Spinach, Snap
Beans, Southern Peas, Squash, Sweet Potatoes, Turnips, Yams, and Yard-long Beans.
Basil, Chives, Dill, Sage, Savory, Sweet Marjoram, Mint and Thyme.
Balsam, Begonias, Blue Daze, Celosia, Coleus, Cosmos, Cockscomb, Four-o'clocks,
Gaillardia, Globe Amaranth, Gomphrena, Hollyhocks, Impatiens, Marigolds, Melapodium, Moon
Vine, Morning Glories, Periwinkles, Petunias, Portulaca, Purslane, Salvia, Sunflowers,
Torenia and Zinnias.
Achimenes, Agapanthus, Blood Lilies, Caladiums, Canna, Crinums, Daylilies,
Gladioli, Gloriosa Lilies and Spider Lilies, and Zephyranthes (Rain Lilies).
Florida Home Grown;
Florida Gardening Month by Month | <urn:uuid:8b3b2079-e463-4f12-a5f4-ef0ab5b129df> | {
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Scleroderma Registry (Registry)
|The safety and scientific validity of this study is the responsibility of the study sponsor and investigators. Listing a study does not mean it has been evaluated by the U.S. Federal Government. Know the risks and potential benefits of clinical studies and talk to your health care provider before participating. Read our disclaimer for details.|
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00074568|
Recruitment Status : Recruiting
First Posted : December 17, 2003
Last Update Posted : January 6, 2016
|Condition or disease|
|Systemic Sclerosis Scleroderma|
Scleroderma refers to a group of diseases that involve the abnormal growth of connective tissue, which supports the skin and internal organs. Scleroderma can affect the skin, making it hard and tight; it can also damage the blood vessels and internal organs such as the heart, lungs, and kidneys. Estimates for the number of people in the United States with the systemic (body-wide) form of scleroderma range from 40,000 to 165,000. The number of people with all scleroderma-related disorders is between 250,000 and 992,500.
Researchers believe that several factors interact to produce scleroderma, including abnormal immune activity, potential environmental triggers, and genetic makeup. Scleroderma is not passed on from parents to child, but certain genes may make a person more likely to develop the disease. The goals of this project are to identify the genes that influence disease susceptibility and expression in systemic scleroderma and to establish a repository of DNA, plasma, and serum samples from single case scleroderma families, multicase families, and healthy unrelated volunteers for the use of researchers interested in studying this disease.
Participants in the Registry will have a phone interview regarding disease characteristics and family history. Participants will be sent a blood kit to get a blood sample drawn locally for shipment to the Registry lab. Blood samples will be made available (anonymously) for studies by researchers around the country. In some cases, participants will be asked to sign a release of medical information so that medical records can be obtained to verify the diagnosis.
As of May 2009, this study is no longer enrolling family members.
|Study Type :||Observational|
|Estimated Enrollment :||5000 participants|
|Observational Model:||Case Control|
|Official Title:||Scleroderma Family Registry and DNA Repository|
|Study Start Date :||September 2000|
|Estimated Primary Completion Date :||January 2022|
Patients with scleroderma and their family members (parents, brothers, and sisters)
Healthy volunteers with no autoimmune disease and without a first-degree relative with a systemic autoimmune disease
- Establish National registry of Scleroderma as resource for scleroderma scientific community [ Time Frame: ongoing ]
Biospecimen Retention: Samples With DNA
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier (NCT number): NCT00074568
|Contact: Jason Anderson||713-500-7196|
|United States, Texas|
|University of Texas - Houston Medical School||Recruiting|
|Houston, Texas, United States, 77030|
|Contact: Jason Anderson 713-500-7196|
|Principal Investigator: Maureen D. Mayes, MD, MPH|
|Sub-Investigator: Frank C. Arnett, MD|
|Principal Investigator:||Maureen D. Mayes, MD, MPH||The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston| | <urn:uuid:8edb5b44-9221-43fa-932c-157953cb8fa8> | {
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3. Materials & Components
The top, or belly is made of spruce, a timber of plain, straight grain, while the ribs and back are invariably made of maple, often spectacularly figured. As it is difficult to find large enough pieces of timber of the required shape and quality, both top and back tend to be constructed of two pieces of wood, seamlessly joined down the middle.
The only other permanent external fixture is the fingerboard, which is made of ebony. Ebony is an extraordinarily heavy, dense timber - drop a piece into water and it will actually sink. The best ebony, after long seasoning in the sun, is a startling blue-black colour, and is used for the fingerboard because it is one of the few woods hard enough to cope with the wear that this part of the instrument is subjected to. The fingerboards of many cellos unlike those on violins are chamfered back along the length of the C string. This allows extra room for the string to vibrate when playing, something you will find the lower pitched strings do very visibly.
Most of the other parts of the instrument are essentially detachable, though the dismantling of some of them by the novice has the undesirable potential to end in tears! The sort of work that can be undertaken by beginners and students is outlined in the Maintenance & Cleaning section below.
Pegs, Tailpiece & Chin Rest
Ebony is also often used for the pegs, the tailpiece and the endpin. While this can lend a degree of visual co-ordination to the completed instrument, other woods can also be used to great effect. Many cellos have pegs and tailpieces of maple or rosewood (which despite its name, has nothing to do with roses, but much to do with the fact that certain genera have a distinctively sweet smell), while the somewhat politically incorrect ivory makes an occasional appearance on older, grander instruments.
Spike or Endpin
The spike found on all cellos today is a fairly recent design development. Until the early 19th Century, cellists would hold the instrument by supporting the body between the legs though, following its introduction, the spike grew rapidly in popularity as it made playing considerably easier in a number of ways. Obviously it allowed the cello to be kept at a predetermined height, but by connecting the instrument firmly to the floor, it also improved sound projection. Anyone who has spent time in a room with a cellist playing upstairs will be well aware that most floors/ceilings become excellent sounding boards!
The bridge has a crucial role to play in what makes a particular cello sound the way it does. Small differences in the thickness, shaping and exact positioning can have dramatic effects on the voicing of an instrument. Unlike the bridges of violins and violas, which sit very close to the body of the instrument, cello bridges are raised up on what amount to a built-in pair of legs. All bridges are made of a specific type of maple and cut from the timber in a particular way, its design - like many of the more apparently decorative parts of stringed instruments - is the result of years of trial and error on the part of makers, and is largely functional.
Like the bridge, the soundpost needs to be positioned with great care to ensure the instrument sounds its best a job that should be done by an expert using a special tool designed for the purpose. The tiniest adjustments to its placing have a major effect on the way the instrument speaks and the balance of the four strings. Very roughly, it stands close to the right foot of the bridge to share the tension of the strings between the back and belly of the instrument, and to stop the bridge from crashing through! Remember, if you completely slacken or remove all four strings at the same time, it is very likely (without the considerable pressure of the bridge bearing down on it) that the sound post will fall over. Should this happen, do not, under any circumstances re-tighten the strings the potential consequences are obvious and repair will be expensive! Instead, take the instrument to a repairer to have the soundpost re-fitted - a very much cheaper alternative. The situation is best avoided in the first place by making sure that at least two strings remain taught at all times. | <urn:uuid:3fe0b644-60ab-4d52-bf35-32c355055ee0> | {
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Some elements of a window interface contain collections of items, for example rows of buttons, lists of filenames, and groups of menu items. Such elements are known in the CAPI as collections .
In most collections, items may be selected by the user -- for example, a row of buttons. Collections whose items can be selected are known as choices . Each button in a row of buttons is either checked or unchecked, showing something about the application's state -- perhaps that color graphics are switched on and sound is switched off. This selection state came about as the result of a choice the user made when running the application, or default choices made by the application itself.
The CAPI provides a convenient way of producing groups of items from which collections and choices can be made. The abstract class
provides a means of specifying a group of items. The subclass
provides groups of selectable items, where you may specify what initial state they are in, and what happens when the selection is changed. Subclasses of
used for producing particular kinds of grouped elements are described in the sections that follow.
All the choices described in this chapter can be given a print function via the
keyword. This allows you to control the way in which items in the element are displayed. For example, passing the argument
would capitalize the initial letters of all the words of text that an instance of a choice displays.
Some of the examples in this chapter require the functions
which were introduced in Creating Common Windows. | <urn:uuid:7221b702-b5e1-48e6-bcba-348b013f6d0f> | {
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By Tracey March
There is strong evidence that lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered (LGBT) people and their families are discriminated against in the housing and rental markets. But whether or not that type of discrimination is illegal depends on the specific circumstances and the state. And in most states, it’s still legal.
Federal Fair Housing Act
Sexual orientation and gender identity are not protected classes under the federal Fair Housing Act. However, the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) has made it clear that it is illegal for landlords, rental owners, and property managers to:
- Evict a gay man because of a concern about HIV/AIDS (disability discrimination).
- Refuse to rent a dwelling to a transgendered person (could be sex discrimination).
- Discriminate based on sexual orientation or gender identity in HUD-assisted housing, including Section 8 housing (see HUD’s 2012 rule ).
Outside of these limited circumstances, the federal Fair Housing Act alone offers no protection. So, for example, it does not prevent landlords from denying housing to lesbians, gay men, or bisexuals because of their sexual orientation.
State Fair Housing Laws
Although the federal Fair Housing Act doesn’t protect against discrimination in most circumstances, some state and local jurisdictions have enacted their own fair housing rules that do. As of this writing, twenty-one states and the District of Columbia ban housing discrimination based on sexual orientation, and sixteen states and the District of Columbia ban housing discrimination based on gender identity.
In most states, counties, and cities, however, landlords can still discriminate. Where there is no fair housing protection against sexual orientation and gender identity discrimination, there isn’t much LGBT individuals can do if they are denied the opportunity to apply for a rental. However, once a lease is signed, it can be terminated only for reasons specified in the lease agreement.
Because state and local laws are subject to change and this is an area of expanding and evolving law, make sure you stay on top of the requirements in your jurisdiction.
As always, the information provided here is just that–it is for informational purposes only and is not legal advice. If you have any particular questions or issues, please consult an attorney. | <urn:uuid:d1060e39-3206-444f-8598-371778be3a0a> | {
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What does DNA mean in Funnies?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand DNA in the Miscellaneous field in general and in the Funnies terminology in particular.
Find a translation for DNA in other languages:
Select another language:
What does DNA mean?
- deoxyribonucleic acid, desoxyribonucleic acid, DNA(noun)
- (biochemistry) a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix; associated with the transmission of genetic information | <urn:uuid:efee7465-41d2-46e6-b99b-4a5c81e60f9a> | {
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A fundamental law of economics is that increases in the supply of a good or service will pull prices down, decreases push prices up. As prices rise demand decreases – less can be bought with the same limited funds – and as prices fall demand increases – more can be bought with the same limited funds. The interaction of these two mystical forces will find a price level that provides the most goods to the most people possible, the price point of stable equilibrium. The law of Supply and Demand relies upon two underlying assumptions; we have unlimited wants (Demand) and there is scarcity, limited supply of goods and services.
. There is no market in the world that follows these laws and not surprisingly there is no market in stable equilibrium. The apologists blame this on externalities, regulation and imperfect markets. They argue if there is more deregulation markets will operate more efficiently and therefore equilibrium will magically appear. An efficient market is one with many buyers and seller, with perfect or near perfect information about all the products on sale, and all market players behave as rational self interested utility maximiser’s. It is impossible to achieve any of these prerequisites without regulation (therefore the theory is fundamentally flawed). All players in a market who are self interested have a tendency toward monopoly, collusion, and misinformation because they are trying to maximise profits and this is best done not by competition but by dominating a market by creating points of difference or killing off competitors by predatory pricing and acquisition thus monopolising the market. Where this cannot occur any intelligent rational self interested being would collude with their competitor and fix the price so they can both survive and maximise profits. This is evidenced in all our major markets, two major retail outlets Coles and Woolworths, 4 major Banks ANZ,nab, CBA, and Westpac two major beer producers CUB and Lion Nathan and so on, smaller players are forced out of the market and the oligopolies price in unison. So self interest destroys the many sellers and perfect information requirements of the efficient market, but that’s not the only problem. We are not intrinsically rational self interested utility maximiser’s, we only become so when forced by an accepted group theory which advocates this behaviour (see trust game tests on economics students) which is coupled with financial rewards and sanctions for following this behaviour (see effect of sanctions in ultimatum games).
Studies in behavioural economics is uncovering the multitude of behaviours which are distinctly irrational, herd mentality when demand increases as the price rises, or loss aversion when people sell a falling stock rather than buying more because the price is lower are the complete opposites of the supply and demand model. We are also affected by sanctions and manipulations. When advertisers use framing, priming and identity associations to trap us in emotional buying decision-making we are happy to pay premiums for high status goods like D&G sunglasses or Tiffany & Co jewellery, the high price can even add to the status and therefore the price we are willing to pay. Financial sanctions and threats can trap us into overly isolated short-term rationally self interested decision making where we care little for the impacts of our buying and selling choices as long as we get enough to survive. We are happy to pay $5 for a t-Shirt made in a sweat shop by people working 14 hour days for a pittance. Or buy a $5 McHappy meal even though we know there is little nutritional value but it is high in salt, sugar and saturated fats all detrimental to our long term health. Limited money forces short-term self interest. I have satisfied hunger within budget at the expense of long term longevity. A combination of financial sanctions and emotional manipulations can make a market player a puppet for anyone wishing to separate them from their money.
So let’s look at some data and see if supply and demand can explain prices in a market. To test supply and demand I will use a basic good that we all require that is still effected by scarcity and one which we could expect unlimited wants. One with many sellers and very good information because buyers usually personally inspect before their purchase and the market has tight regulations on quality (building regulations, soil quality tests, environmental compliance, council aesthetic and access compliance). The housing market should follow – if any can – the rules of supply and demand and therefore should respond to increases in cost – interest rate rises with decreased demand and therefore a drop in overall house prices.
This is the house prices index for Australia sourced from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS)
Homeloan interest rates sourced from the ABS
A glance at these two price indicators shows that interest rates move in unison with overall prices rather than acting as a controller of demand used by the RBA to regulate price the rates follow the price or the price follows the rates. Rising prices seem to cause more rises and falling prices seem to flatten the market, this supports the herd mentality and loss aversion emotional behaviours rather than classic supply and demand. The spike in rates in early 1990 coincides with a spike in house prices. As does the drop in rates in 2008/09 as the GFC started to bite, which also coincided with a tiny dip in overall housing prices. Falling rates in the nineties coincided with a flattening of overall prices and rising rates in the 2000’s with a boom in the housing market.
Perhaps the constantly rising prices have been caused by supply restrictions?
New dwelling construction in Australia sourced for ABS
As you can see over the corresponding period new dwelling construction in Australia is fairly stable, always between 30,000 and 45,000 dwellings per year. Perhaps an increase in demand is because is due to population growth.
Population growth per year sourced from ABS
Now we might be onto something the rapid increase in population growth from 2005 to late 2008 correlates with the rise in house prices but its come off its peak and house prices are still rising, and it doesn’t explain the beginning of the boom from 2000 to 2005 where population growth was flat.
We are left to think that an increase in demand from an increase in population growth may be just one of many factors in that determine price but it is not the overall answer. Perception, confidence and the more human behaviours like herd mentality, loss aversion, and accepted group theories such as we are all in a recession put your money under the bed as happened in the early nineties when house prices did drop slightly, are the overriding influences on price.
So where does this leave the Reserve Bank and its attempts to regulate demand and therefore prices by raising and lowering interest rates (monetary policy), well they end up exacerbating the problem rather than addressing it. Raising interest rates tells buyers the market is booming so they buy more, lowering says there is panic of a recession so they buy less. The opposite of what classical supply and demand rules dictate ends up occurring. We must be smarter and realise the best way to control money supply in the economy is with a broad underlying Flow Siphon Flat Payment (FSFP), not the misguided and harmful use of official interest rate movements.
David J Campbell | <urn:uuid:7858334f-637c-436a-8220-ec557ca0b056> | {
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Published on February 25th, 2012 | by Tina Casey10
Tobacco Goes from Dark Side Villain to Biofuel Hero
Tobacco is about to take center stage as a renewable biofuel crop if new research from the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory pans out. That would be quite a turnaround for tobacco, which according to the Centers for Disease Control is responsible for one in every five deaths in the U.S. each year. But hey, if even Darth Vader is capable of redemption, maybe there is hope for tobacco after all.
The Berkeley biofuel breakthrough
Microbial fermentation is a promising new area of research in the field of biofuels, but the Berkeley team is aiming even higher. Biochemist Christer Jansson explains that the Berkeley team’s goal is to skip a few steps by converting the hydrocarbon molecules from tobacco directly into a fuel that is practically ready to use as a drop-in substitute for petroleum fuels:
“We want to bypass downstream processes like fermentation and produce fuels directly in the crop,” says Jansson. “After the biomass is crushed, we could extract the hydrocarbon molecules, and crack them into shorter molecules, creating gasoline, diesel, or jet fuel.”
Super-tobacco for biofuel
In order for the process to be cost-effective, the team needs to come up with a strain of tobacco that is highly efficient at harvesting sunlight and converting carbon dioxide to hydrocarbon molecules. They are looking to enhance tobacco with genes from cyanobacteria, a microbe that already has a solid reputation as an energy harvester in the alternative fuels field.
More biofuel research on the tobacco bandwagon
Tobacco has attracted a fair amount of attention of its own among biofuel researchers. The University of Maryland is looking into a tobacco-hosted virus for fuel cells and batteries, for example. Another angle of investigation comes from the University of Central Florida where researcher Henry Daniell is working on a tobacco enzyme to help convert woody biomass to ethanol. The goal is to develop a process that would work on a wide variety of feedstocks, enabling refineries to take advantage of local resources such as orange crop waste in Florida.
A place in the sun for tobacco biofuel
As a non-food biofuel crop, tobacco fits in nicely with President Obama’s national biofuel initiative announced last summer, which involves partnering the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the Navy, and the Department of Energy in a push to get more non-food biofuel crops into production.
Tobacco also has a potential advantage over other non-food biofuel crops like miscanthus, switchgrass and camelina. Since a fairly large amount of land is already dedicated to tobacco farming, there would be no need to put new land into production to grow tobacco for biofuel. Though the aforementioned crops are hardy and can be grown on lands not fit for food crops, the farming of new (albeit marginal) land involves issues that need to be addressed including habitat loss, soil loss, and transportation infrastructure.
As far as agricultural land use goes there would be no loss of existing acreage for food production, if mass quantities of tobacco were diverted from the drying shed to the biofuel refinery. Of course, the price of cigarettes would probably skyrocket as a result of diminished domestic supply, but at least that would give the folks at the Centers for Disease Control something to smile about.
Follow Tina Casey on Twitter: @TinaMCasey. | <urn:uuid:f6b9b4f8-7776-4f8e-af0e-acb3d00c46f1> | {
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What do you think of when you hear “government grants”? One thing we have learned as a program is this—a person or organization’s specific desires and goals shape how they re-define “government grants” so that they should receive funding. This re-defining of grants to suit ones needs has led to many misconceptions about what federal grants are actually for.
Continue reading Misconceptions about Government Grants | #GrantChat Highlights Part 2
You can find a lot of websites about “government grants,” but not all of these sources are using this term in the same way. So, what is a government grant?
As we’ve written about before, a federal grant is one form of federal financial assistance in which the main purpose is to carry out a public purpose. In such a grant, this is typically done by transferring anything of value (typically funding) from the federal agency to a non-federal entity.
The phrase “government” grant, on the other hand, is not an official term, but rather a common way people refer to a grant that is awarded by a governmental entity to another entity. In the U.S., this generally refers to the federal, state, or local government levels. On Grants.gov, we only have federal grant postings.
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The Washington Monument, the obelisk on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., built to commemorate the first U.S. president, General George Washington
Is the the height (length measured vertically) of The Washington Monument, the large, tall, sand-colored obelisk near the west end of the National Mall in Washington, D.C. It, constructed to commemorate the first U.S. president, George Washington or the Statue of Liberty (the large monumental statue symbolizing liberty on Liberty Island in New York Bay) greater?
Evi is our best selling mobile app that can answer questions about local knowledge, weather, books, music, films, people and places, recipe ideas, shopping and much more. Over the next few months we will be adding all of Evi's power to this site.
Until then, to experience all of the power of Evi you can download Evi for free on iOS, Android and Kindle Fire. | <urn:uuid:4a1ddac3-4baa-403b-94f6-cf0adbbc44cc> | {
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Dynagraphs—an idea invented by Paul Goldenberg, Philip Lewis, and James O'Keefe—are dynamic representations of functions designed to introduce students to the ideas of variable and of functional dependency. In dynagraphs, unlike in symbolic expressions or Cartesian function plots, a variable actually varies. The motivation comes from the often-noted difficulty students have in seeing the graphs of functions not just as static pictures but as dynamic representations of functional relationships between two quantities. By "decoupling" the input and output axes and having an arrow connect points on either (as opposed to having the axes arranged perpendicularly with single points representing particular input-output dyads), students are better able to see the "input-output machine" view of functions expressed graphically. Being able to drag the input pointer gives students the further advantage of seeing functions as dynamic relationships between quantities.
Dynagraphs can be thought of as a bridge between the "input-output machine" model with which students are often introduced to functions and function graphs in the Cartesian plane. To use dynagraph activities effectively, it's important to first make sure students understand that dynagraphs are representations of functions with all that entails and, second, to connect dynagraphs to other representations of functions. Several of the activities in the Sketchpad curriculum modules Exploring Algebra 2 and Exploring Precalculus are based on dynagraph explorations.
The term dynagraph was coined by Paul Goldenberg, Philip Lewis, and James O’Keefe in their study “Dynamic Representation and the Development of a Process Understanding of Functions” published by Education Development Center, Inc., and supported in part by a grant from the National Science Foundation. | <urn:uuid:08ec9d93-5d37-4216-8198-768da6c3db21> | {
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Education is an integral part of Earthwatch’s work toward a sustainable environment. Student Challenge is a unique and excellent way for students to gain hands-on access to the environment and be empowered, through scientific research, to become champions for its future.
The experiential "learning through doing" process helps students appreciate the world they live in, respond to challenges, and manage change. The scientists and their research staff provide encouragement, advice, and support for students who are at a pivotal point in decision-making for their futures.
If you’re looking at a career in science and want to see what it’s like to be a researcher, Student Challenge is the perfect opportunity. You’ll spend a week helping leading scientists seek answers to a range of vital conservation questions.
HOW TO GET INVOLVED
To join a Student Challenge team, you can apply for a fully funded position if you’re a student at a public school, or Contact Us if you would like to join as a paying student. | <urn:uuid:3ab52f4d-7add-415b-a652-fb2e60443fc1> | {
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Published: Jan 1986
| ||Format||Pages||Price|| |
|PDF Version (268K)||16||$25|| ADD TO CART|
|Complete Source PDF (3.2M)||16||$55|| ADD TO CART|
In the Hazard Communication Standard (HCS), the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) chose labels, Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs), and training as the vehicles for conveying to workers information about hazards on the job. Labels have always been aimed at the worker. MSDSs, on the other hand, have been written largely for health professionals. Training should, therefore, include the meaning of technical terms in labels and MSDSs so that workers can understand them.
A label is intended to provide an immediate warning about hazardous materials in the workplace. It may be in written or graphic form and must be tied in with training and MSDSs. The label must include the identity of the hazardous chemicals and appropriate warnings about the hazards. The label format is optional, and existing systems may be used. Some alternatives to labeling are allowed, such as large posters describing contents and hazards of a series of similar reactors. Chemical manufacturers, importers, and distributors must also include the name and address of the manufacturer of materials being shipped out of a plant. Substances covered by other federal laws are exempt from HCS's shipped container labeling requirements.
MSDSs complement the label and are more complex. They include: (1) the identity used on the label (except trade secrets) and the specific chemical identity of the hazardous ingredients; (2) physical and chemical characteristics of hazardous materials; (3) fire, explosion, and reactivity hazards; (4) health hazards—both short- and long-term; (5) safe handling and use procedures; (6) emergency and first aid procedures; and (7) date and name of the responsible party preparing the MSDS.
The Hazard Communication standard requires chemical manufacturers to make MSDSs available to their employees. It also requires them to supply MSDSs to downstream manufacturing employers, who in turn must make them available to employees. Clearly then, the chemical manufacturers face the challenge of preparing complete MSDSs. Manufacturing employers must be sure that their workers do indeed get the message.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Hazard Communication standard, labels, Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS), training
Health and safety consultant, Health, Safety, and Chemical Regulations, Chemical Manufacturers Association, Washington, DC
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Each year, Earth Day—April 22—marks the anniversary of the birth of the modern environmental movement in 1970. On April 22,1970, twenty million Americans took to the streets, parks, and auditoriums to demonstrate for a healthy, sustainable environment in massive coast-to-coast rallies. Thousands of colleges and universities organized protests against the destruction of the environment. Groups that had been fighting against oil spills, polluting factories and power plants, raw sewage, toxic dumps, pesticides, freeways, the loss of wilderness, and the extinction of wildlife converged on shared common values.
Earth Day received bipartisan support and the Clean Water, Air, and Endangered Species act were all passed this year in addition to the establishment of the environmental protection agency, or EPA. This year as our planet is under attack by the current administration, the climate march on DC on April 29th hopes to connect organizations and regular folks to stand up for our planet–and by extension ourselves. | <urn:uuid:990e7770-2768-4028-b4b3-4f9df9ec6762> | {
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If climate change leads to increased temperatures throughout the world, people will sweat off water faster, meaning that they will become dehydrated more quickly. This has clear implications for possibly reducing the average level of decision making among humans.
If you’re finding it hard to get your thoughts straight, dehydration could be to blame. An analysis of previous research has found a link between dehydration and poor performance in tasks that need serious focus or advanced mental processing.
While we know that staying hydrated is good for us for all kinds of reasons, this new meta-study was designed to take a closer look at exactly which brain processes might be affected and at what level of dehydration.
It turns out that at just a 2 percent level of body mass loss due to dehydration – so losing about a litre of water through sweat – the mental imbalance starts. That underlines how crucial it is for us to keep up our water intake, and how damaging it might be to the mental agility we all rely on if we don’t.
“We find that when people are mildly dehydrated they really don’t do as well on tasks that require complex processing or on tasks that require a lot of their attention,” lead researcher Mindy Millard-Stafford, from the Georgia Institute of Technology, told Allison Aubrey at NPR.
Millard-Stafford and her colleague Matthew Wittbrodt looked at 33 previous studies linking dehydration with mental performance. In total, the studies covered a total of 413 individuals experiencing between 1 percent and 6 percent of body mass loss through dehydration.
That 2 percent point seems to be the tipping point when it comes to staying mentally sharp. According to the experts, it would maybe take an hour’s hike to get to that level.
What’s more, it’s a level of dehydration that we might not actually notice through triggers like increased thirst: so mental performance could decline even when we don’t feel like we need to take on any water.
The analysis backs up previous research suggesting that dehydration impairs some mental processes more than others, with attention, executive function, and motor coordination particularly hard hit. Lower-level tasks like reaction time aren’t as badly affected, the meta-study shows.
While it’s different for every individual, experts recommend that women get up to 2.7 litres or 95 fluid ounces (11.5 cups) of water every day, and men up to 3.7 litres or 130 fluid ounces (15.5 cups).
The body as a whole is 60 percent water, which it leverages for jobs like transporting nutrients around the body and lubricating our eyeballs.
When there isn’t enough water available – it’s regularly lost through sweating and urination – these vital functions start to break down. We become thirsty, start to feel nauseous, and become more likely to feel exhausted. | <urn:uuid:7d7f8f34-1562-4ca5-a56b-b3c2794334b3> | {
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Knee injuries are incredibly common for workers. It can happen from something as dramatic as falling hard on your knee to the simple act of climbing stairs. However, once you experience the pain of a knee injury, it isn’t something you can just walk off. While there are a number of different ligaments that you can injure, but far and wide the most workplace knee injuries occur in the meniscus cartilage.
What are Meniscus Tears?
As the most common knee injury, you would be right to suspect that a meniscus tear occurs in a commonly used area of the knee. The term meniscus tear is used to describe a tear in the cartilage in the knee joint. The meniscus is a disc that cushions the knee joint and is responsible for the balance of the knee and apportioning the weight put on it. Damage to either meniscus disc on either knee is excessively painful and often results in temporary loss of use of your leg, meaning you probably won’t be able to work until it is fully healed.
Causes of Meniscus Tears
In many cases, people experience traumatic tears in the meniscus due to the process of aging. As you age, the cartilage breaks down and it makes knees and other limbs more susceptible to tears. However, you don’t need to be older to experience this injury. Other common ways to injure this part of the knee is standing in a bent-knee position, turning quickly, or twisting on planted feet. As you can imagine, acts like heavy lifting and unloading trucks are common causes for this knee injury while at work.
If you do suffer a meniscus tear, typically there are three degrees of injury – minor, moderate, or severe. Minor injuries can heal up in two to three weeks, but even then you will likely still need worker’s compensation for your medical bills and lost wages. However, if the injury is of an advanced nature it can cause reoccurring pain even after the healing period or, in the most severe cases, disability to the knee and thus the leg.
Compensation for Meniscus Tears
After your doctor has diagnosed the severity of the meniscus tear, treatment can either be easy or difficult depending on the extent of the injury. Treatment can range from resting the leg and icing it all the way to surgery and physical therapy. In the most severe cases, a total knee replacement surgery may be needed. Depending on the extent of the injury, workers may need permanent disability and may even need to change jobs to something less strenuous on the knee.
Regardless on if the meniscus tear was severe or minor, if it happened at work, you are entitled to compensation. Even if the injury happened in part because of a pre-existing knee condition, a torn meniscus can still receive compensation.
As a meniscus tear is so easy to diagnose, the filing process for worker’s compensation should be fairly straight-forward. You are entitled to loss of wages and disability benefits for the amount of time you need to heal. As employers can’t fire you for a work injury, there is no need to worry for your job. However, your employer is entitled to offer you a different position that accommodates your injury. If the new position features significantly less pay, you can fight it as well.
If you are an injured worker in the Mankato area who has suffered a meniscus tear or any other work-related injury, contact us today. While often work injuries seem clear-cut, we at the Law Office of Harvey & Carpenter know all too well how the worker’s compensation system can try to fight back in order to save a few dollars. | <urn:uuid:1dbeebbd-3654-4eed-87bd-890e367a97cc> | {
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Rosemary Growing Guide
Crop Rotation Group
Any average, well drained soil enriched with compost.
Sun or partial shade.
Hardy only to about 10 degrees F, though winter protection can help. Where winters are mild, rosemary can grow into huge, shrub-like plants. In cold winter areas, small plants can be potted up in fall and grown through winter indoors.
Drench plants with a water soluble organic plant food one month after setting them out.
Beans, Cabbage, Carrot, Sage and Lavender.
Single Plants: 7" (20cm) each way (minimum)
Rows: 7" (20cm) with 7" (20cm) row gap (minimum)
Sow and Plant
Start with a purchased plant, keeping in mind that growth habit varies with variety. Trailing rosemary for walls, or dwarf varieties for containers, are propagated by rooting stem cuttings rather than from seeds. Wild Mediterranean rosemary can be grown from seeds or plants.
Our Garden Planner can produce a personalized calendar of when to sow, plant and harvest for your area.
Frequent pinching back helps to keep plants bushy and full, and it delays flowering. Trailing rosemary is great cascading over a wall.
Gather sprigs as needed in the kitchen. Gather stems for drying from spring to late summer.
Plants are often short-lived, so root stem cuttings each spring to always have vigorous young plants. Treat small outbreaks of powdery mildew with a spray made from 2 Tablespoons milk in 1 cup water.
Planting and Harvesting Calendar
< Back to All Plants | <urn:uuid:223bd138-9f90-41ba-912c-d95924b8a60a> | {
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By Randy K. Logsdon
It had stormed all night, and the wind had blown debris throughout the neighborhood. As Nathan surveyed the damage to his home, he recognized that the damage was more than superficial. Without expeditious repair to the exterior, the next storm could create permanent damage to both the outside and inside of the structure. Nathan was fortunate that he was one of the few in his neighborhood who owned a ladder long enough to reach the damage site. As he mixed up the stucco-like repair compound, he contemplated how after completing the repairs to his home he would make his ladder available to his neighbors who needed to perform similar repairs.
With bucket in hand, Nathan climbed the ladder and once reaching the top began applying the mixture along with the organic reinforcement to the damaged area of his home. The damaged area was just a bit wider than he had estimated from the ground. Momentarily he considered climbing down with his tools and material and to adjust the ladder’s position a bit more to the right. But the far edge of the damage was just within reach and with just a bit more material in his bucket, he stretched out just enough to reach . . .
That’s when Nathan heard a sharp crack. The right leg of the ladder had buckled under the added weight and as the ladder began to tip to the right, Nathan tried to jump clear, but lost control and fell flat on his back striking his head against the stonewall.
The preceding story could have happened yesterday in your neighborhood. It could have happened 3,000 years ago in the Middle East. It could (and probably will) happen again tomorrow, somewhere. The ladder is one of the oldest tools known to man. Cave paintings depicting ladder-like structures found in Valencia, Spain, have been dated to 10,000 years ago. Ancient Egyptians and Hebrews likely developed the ladder design that we’re most familiar with. It’s a good bet that folks have been falling from ladders since the first step up was taken centuries ago. That leads us to the basic question: why?
Undoubtedly, we’ve witnessed some significant advancement in the basic ladder design. Modern ladders are engineered with safety factors built-in. The use of materials that resist decay and that are relatively light make ladders safer and more versatile than ever. Advanced designs help to assure better stability yet there is still that problem with gravity. Other ancient tools such as hammers and knives are also misused despite safety improvements.
Someday we may be able to engineer out all of the risk associated with using such tools, but until that happens, we must complement the existing safety related design features with effective operational safeguards. Experience has shown that operational safeguards are less reliable than engineering controls simply because they are easily disregarded. The motivation to accept an elevated risk (to shortcut safety) is strong even when the potential consequences may be grave.
Human beings represent the highest life form on this planet. So why, after 10,000 years, have we not learned not to fall from ladders? The operational solution involves only a few simple principles:
- Use an undamaged ladder designed for the purpose and sufficient to support the weight.
- Position the ladder so that it will remain stable.
- Maintain good contact with the ladder – three points of control.
- Maintain your center of gravity over the base.
From these points, there are a variety of refinements and application variables. We subscribe to rules involving inspection, technique, angles, measurements and maintenance. Yet, all too often, we fail to comply. Given some thought, it just makes no sense.
No one needs to fall. | <urn:uuid:d0c4f7d7-3ede-48c5-9308-86763e1c97c7> | {
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The pedagogy of confidence : inspiring high intellectual performance in urban schools
Source:Teachers College Press, New York, p.194 (2011)
Call Number:Cubb LC4091 .J33 2011
Keywords:Achievement motivation--United States, Children with social disabilities--Education--United States, City children--Education--United States
Contents: The need to believe -- The continued drama of disregarded realities -- Other disregarded realities : obscured learning barriers -- Divining intelligence : the transformative theory and practice of Reuven Feuerstein -- Back to gifted land : extraordinary learning growth requires extraordinary teacher -- The high operational practices of the pedagogy of confidence -- The art of applying the high operational practices -- Namaste : the essence of the pedagogy of confidence -- Inspiring the pedagogy of confidence -- Mediative structures -- Waiting to excel : from belief, practices, and structures to the pedagogy of confidence. | <urn:uuid:95a26af5-f08d-4ebf-987f-373e8ea4126a> | {
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Ninety years ago
As has been true in every war ever fought by the United States, thousands and thousands of non-citizens took on the uniform of this country in the First World War and served with distinction.
Those who came here from Europe, from South America, from the far reaches of the globe often became citizens, their path to citizenship often smoother because of their military service. And their children — born here — were automatically citizens. And they served as examples for their countrymen.
But that wasn’t true for one group.
One group of soldiers couldn’t become citizenship ambassadors for their countrymen. Their countrymen couldn’t become citizens, and their children — even if born in the United States — weren’t citizens either.
Even though they were native Americans.
Or, to be precise, because they were Native Americans.
It wasn’t until 90 years ago yesterday — the 2nd of June 1924 — that every Native American was recognized as a citizen of the United States.
The Indian Citizenship Act of 1924, also known as the Snyder Act, was sponsored by Rep. Homer Snyder of New York, and signed into law by President Calvin Coolidge. It read, in its entirety:
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That all noncitizen Indians born within the territorial limits of the United States be, and they are hereby, declared to be citizens of the United States : Provided, That the granting of such citizenship shall not in any manner impair or otherwise affect the right of any Indian to tribal or other property.1
It was thought to be necessary because of the way citizenship had been defined in the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution: “All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States…” The highlighted language had been interpreted as excluding many tribal members who were under the jurisdiction of their own tribes, recognized as separate nations on designated reservation lands.2
Before the law passed, roughly two-thirds of Native Americans had become citizens through other laws, including treaties, such as the 1867 Treaty with the Senecas and Shawnees and other tribes;3 specific statutes such as the act of 1921, giving citizenship to all Osage tribe members,4 and various allotment acts.
In particular, the allotment act of 1887 provided that:
every Indian born within the territorial limits of the United States to whom allotments shall have been made under the provisions of this act, or under any law or treaty, and every Indian born within the territorial limits of the United States who has voluntarily taken up, within said limits, his residence separate and apart from any tribe of Indians therein, and has adopted the habits of civilized life, is hereby declared to be a citizen of the United States, and is entitled to all the rights, privileges, and immunities of such citizens, whether said Indian has been or not, by birth or otherwise, a member of any tribe of Indians within the territorial limits of the United States without in any manner impairing or otherwise affecting the right of any such Indian to tribal or other property.5
Now you might think that, with an act giving citizenship to all Native Americans and the Fifteenth Amendment guaranteeing the “right of citizens of the United States to vote,” all Native Americans would have been able to vote in 1924.
In New Mexico, for example, the state Constitution provided that “Indians not taxed may not vote,” and it wasn’t until 1948 that a federal court finally ruled that the “Indians not taxed” provision was illegal under the federal Constitution.6 In Arizona, a suimilar provision was struck down that same year — in 1948.7
Ironically, both cases were brought by Native Americans who had fought for the United States in World War II … and had been unable to vote after they returned home.
- “An Act To authorize the Secretary of the Interior to issue certificates of citizenship to Indians,” 43 Stat. 253 (2 June 1924). ↩
- See “Indian Citizenship Act 1924,” History Timeline, Chickasaw History & Culture (http://www.chickasaw.tv/history : accessed 2 June 2014). ↩
- 15 Stat. 513 (23 Feb 1867). ↩
- “An Act To amend section 3 of the Act of Congress of June 28, 1906, entitled ‘An Act for the division of the lands and funds of the Osage Indians in Oklahoma, and for other purposes,’” 41 Stat. 1249 (3 Mar 1921. ↩
- “An act to provide for the allotment of lands in severalty to Indians on the various reservations, and to extend the protection of the laws of the United States and the Territories over the Indians, and for other purposes,” 24 Stat. 388 (8 Feb 1887. ↩
- See “Pueblo People Win the Right to Vote-1948,” New Mexico History (http://newmexicohistory.org/ : accessed 2 June 2014). ↩
- See Anne T. Denogean, “60 years ago in Arizona, Indians won right to vote,” Tucson Citizen, online, posted 25 Jul 2008 (http://tucsoncitizen.com/ : accessed 2 June 2014). ↩ | <urn:uuid:44bd1ef6-18c1-4ca3-b948-652e0e219d80> | {
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12 SIMPLE STEPS YOU CAN DO TO AVOID HARMING WILDLIFE
Most of the wild animals brought to the attention of Wildlife Rescue are from injuries or problems caused by humans. Since most people try to avoid causing harm to other living things we decided to put together a list of things to do- or not do- to help wildlife. The list is in no particular order of importance, but if everyone followed these suggestions, our workload would be dramatically reduced.
Prevent your pet cats and dogs from attacking and/or “playing with” wildlife. Don’t allow them to run without supervision and raise your cats as indoor pets. Many injured animals are brought to our attention each year with terrible wounds from dog and cat attacks. If possible place a small bell on your cat or dogs collar as a warning.
Alert birds to large expanses of glass in your home, such as patio doors or picture windows, by hanging streamers, putting bird silhouettes on the glass surface, or allow the glass to be a little bit dirty. Reducing the reflection should cut down on the number of birds who collide, often fatally, with windows and doors.
Educate children to respect and care for all wild creatures and their habitats. Children need to learn that wild animals are not playthings and should be allowed to go about their lives unmolested. Children should also be told not to destroy nests, burrows and other wildlife homes.
Pick up litter and refuse that could harm wildlife, including plastic bottle or tin connectors (after cutting each circle to reduce the risk of entanglement), monofilament fishing line, and watch batteries (if consumed by waterfowl they can cause mercury poisoning).
Be alert when driving, especially near wildlife refuges and in rural areas, to avoid hitting or running over wild creatures. Animals do not recognize the danger from an oncoming vehicle.
As a general rule, leave infant wildlife alone, since they are not always truly orphaned. A parent may be nearby or will return soon. Be sure they are in need of help before you remove them from the nest area. If you find young birds on the ground, attempt to return them to the nest.
Place caps over all chimneys and vents on your roof to prevent birds from taking up residence and becoming a nuisance or getting trapped.
Do not leave fishing line or fish hooks unattended or lying about outdoors. Try to retrieve any kite string left on the ground or entangled in trees.
Before mowing your lawn walk through the area first to make sure no rabbits or ground-nesting birds are in harms way. Remember, it only takes a couple weeks for these babies to grow and leave the nest. Be tolerant and give them the time they need.
Check trees to make sure there are no active nests or residents of cavities before cutting them down. Even better, avoid cutting down dead trees if they pose no safety hazard, since they provide homes for a wide variety of wildlife.
Use non-toxic products on your lawn and garden.
Do not attempt to raise or keep wildlife yourself. Not only is it illegal, but also wild creatures do not make good pets and captivity poses a constant stress to them. Young wild animals raised without contact with their own species fail to develop survival skills and fear of humans, virtually eliminating their chances of survival in the wild. | <urn:uuid:958a955c-9222-40eb-8c68-1d9335063f18> | {
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Greetings from Auschwitz is a book based on an unusual collection put together over several years by Polish artist and curator PaweÅ‚ Szypulski. It shows postcards sent by tourists who visited the former Nazi death camp Auschwitz-Birkenau. The oldest postcard dates from 1947 – only two years after the liberation of the camp.
Nearly all the postcards reproduced in Greetings from Auschwitz were once in circulation, written and sent to families, friends and acquaintances. On one of them a man wrote “greetings from Auschwitz” and in the post scriptum he added: “Everything is fine, all I miss is you and the sun.” The front of the postcard shows a panoramic view of the death camp, including the crematorium chimney and the entrance gate.
Another card reads: “Shipment of warm greetings from Auschwitz with the rustle of the summer wind, from your sister CzeÅ›ka.” The image shows Block 11, the so-called “death block”. These sorts of postcards are still being sold to tourists in Auschwitz.
One of the central themes of Holocaust-related art is silence. And the question of what is appropriate is always a crucial one. The postcards collected by PaweÅ‚ Szypulski propose a radically different – chatty and inappropriate – narrative. His book discusses a social memory of the Holocaust, which is entirely different from the memory that is present in high art and scientific discourse. Greetings from Auschwitz is a thought-provoking visual essay about failure of both language and image in dealing with a social trauma caused by one of the biggest catastrophes in the human history. (PaweÅ‚ Szypulski) | <urn:uuid:34ea4aeb-7ce7-4855-a95b-c169e0f72c71> | {
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Management Thought Smorgasbord
Things turned for the worse with the advent of the Great Depression in the late 1920s. Wren (2005) articulated the American nation as an economic, political, social, and psychological watershed during this period. It was in this age of confusion, trauma, and diversity that the modern era in management was about to begin. One that will bring a new dimension the interpretation of the role of government in economics, from production managers began to focus on people. That era arrived with the entry of behavioral scientists in the realm of management.
They began to take center stage when Mary Parker Follet questioned the wisdom of scientific management. Her action opened an intellectua...
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...l door leading to the realization that knowledge of the psychological and social processes of human behavior can result in improvements in productivity and work satisfaction. Management study broadened with the arrival of different perspectives research tools, and ideas to reshape human relations into organizational behavior. It was during this time that focus was shifted from technology to people.
The objective of the studies that followed was to help managers motivate employees and encourage them to perform at high levels and be committed to the achievement of organizational goals. Wren (2005) described the two new dimensions were introduced during the age of Human Relations. First, the advancement of an even more sophisticated view of the workers as human beings and their drives from Elton Mayo and his contemporaries. They showed that people are were complex in the way they lived their lives and that organizational relationships were needed to support such.
Second, behavioral scientists applied the methods of scientific investigation to study how people in organizations as whole entities. Management is a practice as old as time itself, the pharaohs of Egypt as well as Greek leaders used it in building civilizations. Sun Tzu applied it in strategizing for battles. Niccolo Machiavelli used its as wisdom for political leaders. Adam Smith saw it as a tool to increase productivity. But while philosophers theorized, management thought was given flesh and operationalized during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Scientists and behaviorists attempted to apply logic and the scientific method to the practice of management. Two schools of thought in the realm of management thought are scientific management and human relations. The pioneering scientific management established by Frederick W. Taylor focused on experts to teach workers the best methods and techniques to do their jobs. Smith’s division of labor was amplified with the differentiation of the roles managerial and physical labor in an organization. The human relations movement provided the next wave of management thought.
This perspective focused on understanding how to manage human factors to improve productivity in organizations. The studies concluded that managers can positively influence employee motivation and productivity by showing concern for employee relationships. As we look back we see management as a study providing alternative solutions problems not only confined the four corners of an organization but also those affecting it – political, sociological and technological. The good news is that the evolution of management thought continues as it is provoked by the never-ending search not only for organizational effectiveness and efficiency.
Wren (2005) puts it as “a never ending search worthy of intellectual and practical exercise”. What it aims to do is adapt to the assumptions during its time of inception. Modern management thinkers may have deviated from the tenets of Taylor but what they provide us are paradigms that build on one another with the same objective of organizational efficiency and effectiveness. We still see some of the handprints of Taylor’s and his contemporaries, such as Fayol, Weber, and Gantt still having influence in most theories in our time.
A proof of this is Henry Gantt’s charting system which eventually led to the development of the Criticap Path Method of Du Pont and Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) of the US Navy and was eventually the basis for the Lotus 1-2-3 and Microsoft Excel programs. The proliferation of information in the information superhighway has also become a force affecting management thought. Political and geographical borders has dimmed, employees are now empowered with the availability of knowledge and organizations, competing organizations are now aligning.
From mere production tools, the worker is now an employee and has become a stakeholder. After its reawakening, the study of management has become more complex adapting to the diversification and growth or organizations. From the search for solution theorists now look for ways to foresee the future, to solve the problem prior to its occurrence. From the battlefields we now see strategists in boardrooms. From geographical maps, we now see generals holding statistics and spreadsheets. Managers have ceased to be victims of circumstance and have now become the master of his environment | <urn:uuid:c6dcfe1f-6558-4b69-9be7-ca2ab28296d4> | {
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Overview of organisation & assignment
The Red Cross is a leading global humanitarian movement with a key role in disaster management (DM) and a permanent presence as an auxiliary to government in Pacific states. In disaster management, the Red Cross movement works with vulnerable people and communities in support of wide-ranging and holistic DM programs which address climate change, adaptation, disaster risk reduction, health and first aid in emergencies and emergency preparedness (including logistics systems and disaster assessment and coordination teams).
Overview of the program
The Red Cross and Red Crescent movement in the Pacific plays a central role in disaster management and response through its wide network of community-based branches and volunteers, its standing in international law and its close connections with national authorities through its unique status as an auxiliary to government during and planning for emergencies.
The Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre was formed in 2002 and its mission is to support the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and its partners in reducing the impacts of climate change and extreme weather events on vulnerable people. The centre works on the basis of ‘action, advocacy, awareness and analysis’ of climate risks. It contains a wealth of knowledge and experience on considering climate risk management in the context of the world’s largest humanitarian organisation.
Overview of the assignment
The volunteer will research and develop resources to communicate climate change and climate variability (such as El Nino/La Nina) with Pacific communities as well as practitioner and academic audiences.
The volunteer will work with multiple stakeholders including the Red Cross, regional organisations, governments and community groups to understand needs and develop appropriate resources to guide Pacific communities in addressing climate change and climate variability. The volunteer will also develop approaches and resources to teach and train key individuals about climate change and climate variability in the Pacific and ways to address it.
The volunteer will need to have excellent skills in writing, stakeholder dialogue and be comfortable in facilitating an interactive training session on communicating to address climate risk.
Expected outcomes and key relationships
The main outcomes expected from this role are:
• Climate Centre and its partners developed training resources, practitioner tools (multimedia) and an academic paper
• Climate Centre to developed relevant communications activities
Capacity development outcomes:
• Provision of Climate Change Adaptation extension resources (across multi-media)
• Enhancing knowledge and skills of national society and other stakeholder staff
• Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre - Pacific
Counterpart / other staff
• National society staff
• Personal attributes
- Self awareness and cross-cultural sensitivity
- Commitment to sharing knowledge and skills
- Flexibility and adaptability
- Resilience and ability to manage stress
- Passion for working with people in developing countries
- Demonstrable ability to work in resource poor environments
- Demonstrable initiative, and self direction
• Skills or experience relevant to assignment
- Excellent writing skills for academic and practitioner/community audiences (at least honours level or demonstrated work experience)
- Experience in producing at least two of the following: case studies, media releases, film/animation products, academic papers, training materials. Materials related to climate
change, meteorology, disaster management or development highly regarded.
- Experience working with community groups on an educational resource
- Strong experience in working effectively across different stakeholders
- Developed organisational, administrative and project management skills
- Ability to work both independently and collaboratively with a range of stakeholders
- Minimum diploma qualifications, certified training or significant experience in communications
• Language skills and level required
- Fluent English (essential)
- Pacific island languages (desirable)
Any further attributes, experience, skills or qualifications that are desirable
• First aid certificate
• Experience working with Red Cross Red Crescent or other humanitarian aid organisations in a similar role.
• Experience living/working in the Pacific
• Interest in climate change, environment or natural resource management
Location and facilities
This assignment is urban based, located in the capital – Port Vila. All basic services are available in Port Vila, although considerably less available outside of the capital. Phone and internet services are readily available. There are numerous banks in Port Vila, and basic medical facilities area available.
The volunteer will work from an office in Port Vila and have access to their own workstation. The volunteer may be required to travel outside of Port Vila for this assignment, including other Pacific countries.
Public transport (mini-vans and taxis) are readily available within Port Vila and the surrounding area. Thereis an adequate supply of accommodation options ranging from share houses through to serviced apartments and often within walking distance of the office and facilities.
• The volunteer will receive comprehensive pre-departure briefing and in-country orientation will be provided with the Climate Centre and the National Society
• The volunteer will receive technical and program support from ARC and the Climate Centre
• In addition, the volunteer will also collaborate with other organisations and groups in the Pacific
Duration: 12 months
Proposed start date: September 2012
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which values there are no people with exactly that number of buttons, and what (if anything) seems typical of their class.
Student assessment activity: The assessment should be done on the day after the activity just described. You will need the class data from the previous day, and pencil and paper for each student. Of course, they should have access to calculators.
Tell students they will be working in small groups to estimate the number of buttons there are in the whole school. They can refer to the class data from the previous session. Suggest that they may want to consider questions such as: "Is it likely that other classes in the school will have a similar number of buttons?" "Do younger students have fewer or more buttons?" "What about older students?" "How should teachers or other adults in the school be included in the estimate?'' These questions should be written on the board. They can contribute greatly to the depth and sophistication of the children's responses, so students should have equal access to them.
Each pair of students then works together to solve this problem, as described above. They should be encouraged to record their strategies, including the numbers they chose and why they chose them.
This item pushes the curriculum to include work with large numbers and with a complex situation in which estimation is a legitimate mathematical process—not simply a prelude to finding the "real" answer. Further, it connects a range of mathematical ideas—multiplicative relationships (e.g., an average of about 6 buttons per student, with 22 students per classroom), estimation, averages ("I decided there are about 22 students in each classroom."), and beginning ideas about sampling. Use of the calculator is incorporated in a natural way.
The problem is accessible: Almost any child can arrive at some solution, but the possible solutions span a broad spectrum of depth and complexity. The problem provides all students with the opportunity to think about and discuss which factors to take into account — whether or not to include adults' buttons or clothes in the closet, and so forth. One strength of a task like this is that its context is immediate and tangible. | <urn:uuid:ce7340d7-1c05-4a4b-aa9a-88de36c180c9> | {
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Cancer Link and Food Sources
Nitrate (NO3) and nitrite (NO2) are molecules that have received a lot of bad press over the years. They are thought to promote digestive cancers, in part due to their ability to form carcinogens when used as a preservative for processed meat. Because of this (1), they were viewed with suspicion and a number of countries imposed strict limits on their use as a food additive.
But what if I told you that by far the greatest source of nitrate in the modern diet isn't processed meat-- but vegetables, particularly leafy greens (2)? And that the evidence linking exposure to nitrate itself has largely failed to materialize? For example, one study found no difference in the incidence of gastric cancer between nitrate fertilizer plant workers and the general population (3). Most other studies in animals and humans have not supported the hypothesis that nitrate itself is carcinogenic (4, 5, 6), but rather that they are only carcinogenic in the context of processed meats due to the formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines. This, combined with recent findings on nitrate biology, has changed the way we think about this molecule in recent years.
A New Example of Human Symbiosis
In 2003, Dr. K. Cosby and colleagues showed that nitrite (NO2; not the same as nitrate) dilates blood vessels in humans when infused into the blood (7). Investigators subsequently uncovered an amazing new example of human-bacteria symbiosis: dietary nitrate (NO3) is absorbed from the gut into the bloodstream and picked up by the salivary glands. It's then secreted into saliva, where oral bacteria use it as an energy source, converting it to nitrite (NO2). After swallowing, the nitrite is reabsorbed into the bloodstream (8). Humans and oral bacteria may have co-evolved to take advantage of this process. Antibacterial mouthwash prevents it.
Nitrate Protects the Cardiovascular System
In 2008, Dr. Andrew J. Webb and colleagues showed that nitrate in the form of 1/2 liter of beet juice (equivalent in volume to about 1.5 soda cans) substantially lowers blood pressure in healthy volunteers for over 24 hours. It also preserved blood vessel performance after brief oxygen deprivation, and reduced the tendency of the blood to clot (9). These are all changes that one would expect to protect against cardiovascular disease. Another group showed that in monkeys, the ability of nitrite to lower blood pressure did not diminish after two weeks, showing that the animals did not develop a tolerance to it on this timescale (10).
Subsequent studies showed that dietary nitrite reduces blood vessel dysfunction and inflammation (CRP) in cholesterol-fed mice (11). Low doses of nitrite also dramatically reduce tissue death in the hearts of mice exposed to conditions mimicking a heart attack, as well as protecting other tissues against oxygen deprivation damage (12). The doses used in this study were the equivalent of a human eating a large serving (100 g; roughly 1/4 lb) of lettuce or spinach.
Nitrite is thought to protect the cardiovascular system by serving as a precursor for nitric oxide (NO), one of the most potent anti-inflammatory and blood vessel-dilating compounds in the body (13). A decrease in blood vessel nitric oxide is probably one of the mechanisms of diet-induced atherosclerosis and increased clotting tendency, and it is likely an early consequence of eating a poor diet (14).
The Long View
Leafy greens were one of the "protective foods" emphasized by the nutrition giant Sir Edward Mellanby (15), along with eggs and high-quality full-fat dairy. There are many reasons to believe greens are an excellent contribution to the human diet, and what researchers have recently learned about nitrate biology certainly reinforces that notion. Leafy greens may be particularly useful for the prevention and reversal of cardiovascular disease, but are likely to have positive effects on other organ systems both in health and disease. It's ironic that a molecule suspected to be the harmful factor in processed meats is turning out to be one of the major protective factors in vegetables. | <urn:uuid:e4cec86c-fde4-4338-be3b-22e6466efc4b> | {
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NASA: Anyone seen all the moon rock we've lost?
Space agency declares that over 500 pieces of moon rock and other space substances are unaccounted for.
When you suddenly have a piece of outer space in your hands, the temptation to slip it into your pocket or purse is just a little too great.
Such is the impression given by a report published yesterday by NASA. It was entitled: Where The Blazes Has All Our Moon Rock Gone?
Well, it wasn't quite that specific. But such was the gist.
The Associated Press pilfered the news that NASA's Inspector General is quite concerned that so much outer space material is out of its hands.
There are apparently around 500 pieces of moon rock and bits of comets and meteorites that haven't been accounted for since 1970. Which seems like a long time to be without your rightful, other-worldly property.
It seems that NASA sends out quite a few samples to researchers and museums, after which either absent-minded professordom or perhaps hard-minded thiefdom leads to the samples disappearing without even a trace of dust.
There was, allegedly, more than one case of: "But we sent it back last Tuesday." You'd think perhaps that FedEx or UPS might have a record of the sending. But perhaps the samples are merely sent back by means of George the local taxi driver, or Clarissa the local packhorse breeder.
The occasional researcher just doesn't get around to sending stuff back. One had reportedly been in possession of 9 bits of the moon for 35 years.
New systems will now be put in place so that NASA can better track the fruits of its generosity.
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D&C is the abbreviation for dilation and curettage, a procedure that removes tissue from the uterine wall. According to Mayo Clinic, this procedure may be used to diagnose post-menopausal bleeding, unusual uterine bleeding and abnormal cervical cancer test results. A D&C may also be used to remove a molar pregnancy, any placenta remaining after delivery and any tissue remaining after a miscarriage or abortion.Continue Reading
Johns Hopkins indicates risks of a D&C include infection, rupture of the uterus or bowel, scar tissue and substantial bleeding. A medical history is taken before the procedure, and blood tests may be ordered. Anesthesia can be local or general, and the procedure can be inpatient or outpatient.
For the procedure, a speculum is used to hold the vagina open, Johns Hopkins explains. The cervix may be cleaned and numbed, and forceps may be used to hold it still. The inside of the cervix is scraped with a curette if its tissue needs to be examined, and rods of increasing size are used to dilate it. A curette scrapes tissue from the uterine walls, and suction is sometimes used as well.
After a D&C, a patient recovers in the medical facility for a few hours before going home, states Johns Hopkins. Cramping is common for a few days after the procedure, so a pain reliever other than aspirin may be necessary. Foul-smelling discharge, fever and heavy bleeding after a D&C are causes for concern, and such symptoms should be reported to the doctor.Learn more about Reproductive Anatomy | <urn:uuid:0044a0ee-0db9-4300-aab8-466b656312eb> | {
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Over the past few weeks, students at Mendota Elementary School and Somerset Elementary School have been participating in food tastings, which focus on trying unique fruits and vegetables.
Laura Grulkowski, the school nurse at Mendota Elementary and Tracy Westman, the physical education teacher at Somerset Elementary started offering these tastings after a salad bar was added to lunches several years ago. Their goal was to introduce students to healthy choices in a classroom setting in hopes they would start eating a variety of these foods on the salad bar.
In preparation for the tastings, both Grulkowski and Westman coordinate with the food service workers at each school to decide which fruits and vegetables will be tasted. They consider price, practicality and the overall sustainability of including the item as part of the salad bar on an ongoing basis.
On tasting days, Grulkowski explains to students the origin and history of the food being tasted as well as the health benefits of eating it. She also sends home an informational handout for students to use as a reference. Westman does something very similar for her students.
As a result of these tastings, students have tried an assortment of unique fruits and vegetables including jicama, starfish, kumquats, garbanzo beans, red peppers, humus and coleslaw. After these items have been tasted, many of them are then offered as part of the salad bar in the lunch room.
Exposure to new foods through these taste tests has been beneficial for students.
“We have seen an increase in the students willingness to eat the fruit or vegetables when they see them at the salad bar,” said Westman. “I have also had parents tell me how their student has requested to try the new item at home.”
Students are excited to try unique foods, but as with trying any new foods for the first time, they have a mix of reactions as they take their first bites.
“My favorite part about the tastings is watching students be surprised by the taste of something,” said Grulkowski. “I love watching the reactions on their faces.”
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We conduct invertebrate surveys in marine and estuarine ecosystems to learn about the occurrence, distribution, and diversity of non-native species in North and Central America. We are detecting new invasions, tracking changes in the community, and assessing the effectiveness of regulatory strategies aimed at reducing invasions.
Human activities are moving species around the world on an unprecedented scale. Knowing the basic patterns of distribution and abundance of non-native species is fundamentally important to understanding and managing the processes that govern invasions. We address this need using two complementary approaches. First, we conduct field surveys of marine and estuarine communities to detect new invasions and track the movement of existing invaders. Second, we have created the National Exotic Marine and Estuarine Species Information System (NEMESIS), which is a comprehensive database of information on the current and historical distribution of non-native marine species in North America based on our field surveys and the scientific literature.
Our first survey of the fouling community started in Chesapeake Bay in the mid 1990s. Since then, we have done over 150 separate surveys covering all the major bays in the United States and numerous bays in Canada, Australia, Belize, Panama, Ecuador, and more. Most of our surveys (over 130) have focused on the fouling community (animals that attach to hard substrates), but we have conducted an increasing number of plankton and benthic soft sediment surveys in recent years. We expanded our reach further in 2007 with the addition of a citizen scientist-powered survey in Alaska called Plate Watch, which serves an important role in early detection of new invasions.
Each of these surveys uses standardized, systematic approaches based on rigorous ecological sampling principles to generate quantitative, statistically robust estimates of the number of non-native species in each location. These surveys provide both a snapshot of the current state of invasions in each location as well as a baseline against which future surveys can be compared.
We conduct standardized surveys of the fouling community to document both native and introduced species in bays and estuaries. We study the diversity of fouling communities, how it changes over time, and how new species change community structure, composition and abundance.
Fouling communities are groups of organisms found on natural and artificial surfaces like rocks, and the sides of docks, marinas, harbors, and boats. These communities consist of a variety of sessile organisms including ascidians (tunicates), bryozoans (moss animals), mussels, tube building worms (polychaetes), sea anemones, sponges, barnacles, and more. Most of these organisms have a planktonic larval stage and a sessile adult stage that is attached to solid objects. Transport of these species can occur at either stage depending on the species. If the larvae are in the plankton long enough, they can be moved with ballast water. Adults have the possibility of being moved into new geographic areas on the hulls of commercial ships or recreational vessels.
We have been studying the fouling community since 1994 with a large team of researchers and taxonomists led by Dr. Gregory Ruiz. The fouling community merits special attention because most non-native marine species are found here. Zebra mussels, for example, are probably the most well-known aquatic invasive fouling species in the United States. Over the 22 years of the project, we have conducted over 130 standardized fouling surveys in most of the major bays on the North American Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf coasts, as well as Hawaii, Alaska, and Puerto Rico. We have gone as far as Australia, Belize, Panama, and the Galapagos (see map). For Chesapeake, Tampa, and San Francisco Bays, which are major commerce hubs, we have repeated surveys across multiple years in order to detect new invasions and track changes in fouling communities on each coast.
We survey fouling communities by hanging settlement plates from docks or other structures, allowing species to settle and grow throughout a three month period during the spring or summer. These plates function as standard passive collectors, which tell us about the diversity and type of species present during a given year as well their relative abundance. Most importantly, they allow us to detect and evaluate changes in introduced fouling species.
Carlton, J.T., Keith, I, and Ruiz, G.M. 2019. Assessing marine bioinvasions in the Galápagos Islands: implications for conservation biology and marine protected areas. Aquatic Invasions 14(1). 1–20pp. https://doi.org/10.3391/ai.2019.14.1.01
Jurgens, Laura J., Bonfim, Mariana, Lopez, Diana P., Repetto, Michele F., Freitag, Gary, McCann, Linda, Larson, Kristen, Ruiz, Gregory M. and Freestone, Amy L. (2018). Poleward range expansion of a non-indigenous bryozoan and new occurrences of exotic ascidians in southeast Alaska.Bioinvasions Records, 7 (4) , 357-366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3391/bir.2018.7.4.02
Bastida-Zavala J.R., McCann L.D., Keppel E. and Ruiz G.M. (2017). The Fouling serpulids (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from the coasts of United States coastal waters: an overview. Pp. 76 European Journal of Taxonomy 344 http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2017.344
Tracy, Brianna M., Larson, Kristen J., Ashton, Gail V., Lambert, Gretchen, Chang, Andrew L. and Ruiz, Gregory M. (2017). Northward range expansion of three non-native ascidians on the west coast of North America.Bioinvasions Records, 6 (3) , 203-209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3391/bir.2017.6
Sun, Yanan, Wong, Eunice, Keppel, Erica, Williamson, Jane E. and Kupriyanova, Elena K. (2017). A global invader or a complex of regionally distributed species? Clarifying the status of an invasive calcareous tubeworm Hydroides dianthus (Verrill, 1873) (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) using DNA barcoding. Marine Biology, 164 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-016-3058-9
We conduct standardized surveys of zooplankton communities to (a) document native and introduced species across marine and estuarine ecosystems and (b) evaluate invasion dynamics and changes to community structure.
The distribution and abundance of zooplankton species remains poorly understood in many coastal ecosystems. This information is crucial for understanding the current status and trends in invasions because many marine organisms, native and non-native alike, spend at least part of their lives in the plankton. Additionally, zooplankton are readily transported by ballast water in oceangoing ships, and are thus an important target used to evaluate the effectiveness of regulatory strategies aimed at reducing invasions (see the project "Shipping Transports Aquatic Invaders").
Zooplankton are a diverse group of organisms that live in the water column, either for their entire lives (holoplankton) or for only a short time during their development (meroplankton). The meroplankton include the early life stages of many sessile benthic organisms from both hard substrate and soft sediment communities, including barnacles, crabs, mussels, and clams.
We have been collecting samples of plankton since 2012 from bays with major commercial ports (a known source of introduced marine species) and smaller bays without a direct vessel route for overseas invasions. The bays sampled border all three U.S. coastlines and include San Francisco, Tampa, and Chesapeake bays, as well as smaller estuaries in California and the Pacific Northwest. We use standardized, systematic methods for collection and rely on taxonomic experts to identify species using a combination of morphological and molecular techniques. This survey complements the fouling and soft sediment benthic surveys (see associated tabs). Together these three surveys provide valuable insight into invasion dynamics across these different habitats.
Our field team is led by Ruth DiMaria and we collaborate with Dr. Wim Kimmerer at San Francisco State University/Romberg Tiburon Center for Environmental Studies, Dr. Jeffrey Cordell at the University of Washington and Dr. Jonathon Geller with Moss Landing Marine Laboratories.
We conduct standardized surveys of soft sediment benthic communities to document both native and introduced species in bays and estuaries. Through this survey, we study the diversity of the soft sediment community, how it changes over time, and how invasions by new species change community structure, composition and abundance.
Marine invasion studies have focused primarily on hard substrates, which is where most invasions have historically been detected. Perhaps surprisingly, there is relatively little quantitative information available on invasions in soft sediment habitats. To fill in this information gap, our team, led by Drs. Haizea Jimenez and Gregory Ruiz, began soft sediment benthic surveys in 2012 starting with major bays along the California coast. Our surveys use standardized, systematic protocols to obtain data critical to understanding the role of invasions in soft sediment communities, as well as helping to assess the effectiveness of management strategies.
Soft sediment benthic animals inhabit the soft sandy and muddy bottoms of bays, and include a range of both sessile and mobile organisms. Polychaetes (marine worms), amphipods, and bivalves (clams and mussels) are among the most common animals detected in our surveys. Most have planktonic larval stages, and some have sessile adult stages that live in the top layer of sediment on the sea floor. These animals have been transported to new locations in many ways, including in ballast water, shipments of oysters, and algal packing material associated with baitworms.
We take samples using a modified Van Veen grab deployed from a boat. The grab is weighted and suspended from a cable, then dropped onto the seafloor to take samples from the bottom. Our surveys are usually conducted during the summer months, when the greatest diversity of taxa are growing and reproducing. We work with Dr. Jonathon Geller, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, to identify taxa using both morphological and molecular methods.
Jimenez, Haizea, Keppel, Erica, Chang, Andrew L. and Ruiz, Gregory M. (2017). Erratum to: Invasions in Marine Communities: Contrasting Species Richness and Community Composition Across Habitats and Salinity. Estuaries and Coasts, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12237-017-0315-1
Jimenez, Haizea, Keppel, Erica, Chang, Andrew L. and Ruiz, Gregory M. (2017). Invasions in Marine Communities: Contrasting Species Richness and Community Composition Across Habitats and Salinity. Estuaries and Coasts, , 1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12237-017-0292-4
Jimenez H, Ruiz GM (2016). Contribution of non-native species to soft-sediment marine community structure of San Francisco Bay, California. Biol Inv 18: 2007-2016
Ruiz GM, Fofonoff PW, Steves BP, Carlton JT (2015). Invasion history and vector dynamics in coastal marine ecosystems: A North American perspective. Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management 18: 299-311
Ruiz GM, Fofonoff PW, Steves B, Foss SF, Shiba SN (2011). Marine invasion history and vector analysis of California: a hotspot for western North America. Diversity and Distributions 17: 362–373
Michelle Marraffini dejectedly examines a three inch high fouling survey panel retrieved from San Francisco bay in 2016. Image by Katherine Newcomer
The zooplankton field crew (Carl & Ruth) processing plankton samples in San Francisco Bay near the Golden Gate Bridge. Image credit Lina Ceballos.
The soft-sediment team deploying the Van Veen sediment sampler in San Francisco Bay. Image by Haizea Jimenez
A fouling panel deployed with a predator exclusion cage reveals how tunicates can take advantage of 3D structures. Colonial tunicates like didemnids and botryllinae grow on top of solitary tunicates. Image by Katherine Newcomer
Michele Repetto and Abby Spangler pull in a plankton net in Chesapeake Bay. Standard plankton tows in which a plankton net is towed behind a boat are used where possible. Image by Kristen Larson
The Van Veen sediment sampler is weighted and suspended from a cable, then dropped onto the seafloor to take samples from the bottom. Image by Haizea Jimenez
Brianna Tracy poses with a fouling panel in San Francisco Bay in 2016. The plate shows solitary and colonial tunicates like Ciona sp. and Botrylloides diegensis. Image by Katherine Newcomer
Brianna Tracy and Lina Ceballos take salinity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen readings on retrieval in San Francisco Bay in 2016.
"Dragon's Boogers" (Pectinatella magnifica) found at Rio Vista Delta Marina! These freshwater bryozoans form large gelatinous masses and are found only in freshwater. | <urn:uuid:d78ef647-8ddb-4a28-bee1-a17d65757be7> | {
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Eole Water, a French company specialising in the design of water production systems, is presenting its new product called the WMS1000 Wind Turbine at the World Future Energy Summit (WFES) in Abu Dhabi this week.
Eole Water technology is capable of producing potable water from humidity contained in the air, with a wind turbine or photovoltaic panels. This equipment can produce up to 1,500 litres per day of pure drinking water in normal conditions and 250 litres per day in remote desert conditions such as those found in the Sahara or the UAE. Eole Water says that it is the only technology able to produce 1000 litres of drinking water per day and up to 30 Kw of electricity.
The company claims that the equipment can produce its own electricity, which is used to transform the humidity into liquid and give fresh drinking water in remote or isolated areas onshore or offshore, for workers and staff, or even clients for instance in eco hotels or green buildings. Eole said that the equipment can be removed easily.
“The WMS1000, an innovative technology for the future, offers great opportunities for economic and sustainable developments of dry or isolated areas, with no water or electricity,” according to a company statement.
Eole Water is said to be a complementary solution to existing sources of drinking water supplies in Gulf Countries.
SPIE Oil & Gas Services, a company established in 22 countries, is committed to a partnership with Eole Water in order to promote and implement the WMS1000.
Access to drinking water has become a major challenge for economic development policies worldwide, especially in Gulf countries. It is estimated that by 2050, three quarters of water resources of the region will be depleted. | <urn:uuid:94a1cf00-1a4b-4899-9c72-1921309c1b80> | {
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WASHINGTON (AP) - Students with disabilities must be given a fair shot to play on a traditional sports team or have their own leagues, the Education Department says.
Disabled students who want to play for their school could join traditional teams if officials can make "reasonable modifications" to accommodate them. If those adjustments would fundamentally alter a sport or give the student an advantage, the department is directing the school to create parallel athletic programs that have comparable standing to traditional programs.
The groundbreaking order is reminiscent of the Title IX expansion of athletic opportunities for girls and women four decades ago and could bring sweeping changes to school budgets and locker rooms for years to come.
It's not clear whether the new guidelines will spark a sudden uptick in sports participation as Title IX did, however.
"Sports can provide invaluable lessons in discipline, selflessness, passion and courage, and this guidance will help schools ensure that students with disabilities have an equal opportunity to benefit from the life lessons they can learn on the playing field or on the court," Education Secretary Arne Duncan said in a statement announcing the new guidance Friday.
Activists cheered the changes.
"This is a landmark moment for students with disabilities. This will do for students with disabilities what Title IX did for women," said Terri Lakowski, who for a decade led a coalition pushing for the changes. "This is a huge victory."
There was a big increase in female participation in sports after Title IX guidance instructed schools to treat female athletics on par with male teams. That led many schools to cut some men's teams, arguing that it was necessary to be able to pay for women's teams.
Education Department officials emphasized they did not intend to change sports traditions dramatically or guarantee students with disabilities a spot on competitive teams. Instead, they insisted schools may not exclude students based on their disabilities if they can keep up with their classmates.
Federal laws, including the 1973 Rehabilitation Act and the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act, require states to provide a free public education to all students and prohibit schools that receive federal money from discriminating against students with disabilities. Going further, the new directive from the Education Department's civil rights division explicitly tells schools and colleges that access to interscholastic, intramural and intercollegiate athletics is a right.
The department suggests minor accommodations to incorporate students with disabilities onto sports teams. For instance, track and field officials could use a visual cue for a deaf runner to begin a race.
Some states already offer such programs. Maryland, for instance, passed a law in 2008 that required schools to create equal opportunities for students with disabilities to participate in physical education programs and play on traditional athletic teams. And Minnesota awards state titles for disabled student athletes in six sports.
Increasingly, those with disabilities are finding spots on their schools' teams.
"I heard about some of the other people who joined their track teams in other states. I wanted to try to do that," said Casey Followay, 15, of Wooster, Ohio, who competes on his high school track team in a racing wheelchair.
Current rules require Followay to race on his own, without competitors running alongside him. He said he hopes the Education Department guidance will change that and he can compete against runners.
"It's going to give me the chance to compete against kids at my level," he said.
Some cautioned that progress would come in fits and starts initially.
"Is it easy? No," said Brad Hedrick, director of disability services at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and himself a hall-of-famer in the National Wheelchair Basketball Association. "In most places, you're beginning from an inertial moment. But it is feasible and possible that a meaningful and viable programming can be created." | <urn:uuid:c0bc1937-10d1-4dba-968d-f7cce8764b1e> | {
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Play "Beat the Heat!" Match scrambled up words with real words before the thermometer tops out.
To Freeze or Fry in Space?
Outer space is colder than the North Pole in December! But it can also be hotter than an erupting volcano. On Earth, air helps even out the temperature. But there's no air in space. You can fry on one side while freezing on the other.
For a spacecraft, that spells big trouble!
Some instruments on the spacecraft get hot just doing their jobs and need to get rid of the excess heat. Other spacecraft parts need extra heat to work properly.
Space engineers know all about heating and cooling even tiny spacecraft. The small ones are especially hard to keep comfortable. That's because they have very little space inside for heaters and coolers. They have very little extra electric power for them either.
So how do the engineers solve this problem?
They call on their friends! Their names are Conduction, Convection, and Radiation. These are the ways heat energy moves from place to place.
Even in solid matter, like hot pots and cold feet, the atoms and molecules are always doing a dance, jiggling up and down and all around. We can't see them jiggle, but we can feel their energy. How? As heat!
Adding heat energy to matter makes its atoms and molecules jiggle even faster. As they speed up, they bump against their neighbors, and get them jiggling faster too.
Put a cool pan on a hot stove, and soon the pan is hot. If the handle is metal, it will get hot too, as the faster-moving molecules in the metal pass their energy along.
That's conduction: Matter "conducting" energy throughout itself, through molecules bumping into each other.
Like conduction, convection happens in matter too, but only in liquids and gases?like water and air. The atoms and molecules in liquids and gases are farther apart than in solids. Because they have more room between them, they are freer to move around. As they heat up and jiggle faster, they move much farther, carrying the heat energy with them.
The atoms and molecules themselves move in currents. For example, a candle flame (which is made of gases so hot they glow) heats the air right around it. The warmed air rises, making a current. Cooler air moves in to replace the warmed air, gets warmed up too, and rises into the current.
Radiation moves energy without any help from matter.
We say the Sun's energy radiates through space to reach Earth. That means it travels in waves and doesn't need atoms and molecules to move along. Energy that travels by radiation is called electromagnetic radiation. Light is one kind of electromagnetic radiation we can see. But light is just one tiny part of all the kinds of electromagnetic radiation.
Although we can't see it, the heat we feel on our skin when we stand in the Sun or put our hands over a hot stove is caused by infrared radiation, another type of electromagnetic radiation. | <urn:uuid:ef6905ae-946f-495a-9925-256f4ba89151> | {
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Sagittarius, the Archer
Sagittarius is one of the most interesting regions of the sky. The center of our Milky Way galaxy lies inside Sagittarius, about 26,000 light-years away. The constellation also contains several globular clusters — tightly packed collections of hundreds of thousands of stars. Its brightest stars form the shape of a teapot, and the constellation slides low across the southern sky of summer. | <urn:uuid:359399e2-01de-4fd7-9c38-c2b0eca3427b> | {
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MIND MELD: Is Science Fiction Responsible for the Lack of Public Interest in Space Exploration?
It’s not often that our real life science heroes utter disparaging remarks against science fiction. In fact, the opposite is usually true; science fiction is often cited as a source of inspiration and interest. Enter Buzz Aldrin, who caused a stir recently with some comments he made. To get a few more opinions, we asked the following of this week’s panel:
The only thing wrong with Buzz Aldrin’s statement is that it’s not true.
For proof, all you have to do is talk to any number of scientists and engineers and, yes, even some of the more recent crowd of astronauts to discover that many of them began to first show an interest in space technology as the result of watching science fiction movies and TV series that opened up the possibility of space flight. Once we see it being done, even fictionally, we can get behind it and start making it happen. In the long history of the human race, nobody had ever run a four-minute mile until Roger Bannister broke the record in 1954. One month later, John Landy did the same. Landy had been running just as long as Bannister. What changed? Landy suddenly knew it was possible. He’d seen it. This is the thresholding theory of evolution in practice. If we can see star travel, even in a fictional format, it plays into thresholding on a cultural level. And it inspires the next generation of dreamers.
Buzz has a point. Science fiction does bear some responsibility for the general decline of interest in space travel. I’d point a finger at a few presidents, as well, who squandered the nation’s resources in pointless military adventures. But let’s stay with SF. Sure, we did it. Though I doubt a lack of FTL or teleportation capability is the culprit. At least, not directly.
The field had always assumed that we would one day go to the moon, establish a base, and move on. That we’d proceed to Mars, or Europa, or somewhere, and find something. Okay. We’re now fifty years into the space age. A half-century has gone by since Sputnik alarmed the nation. There’s no moon base, we’re still looking for bacteria corpses on Mars, and we continue to argue about whether we want a manned or automated program. That might be a pointless exercise, anyhow, since we may discover that long-range manned flight is not practical. Radiation and zero gravity and all that.
But it’s probably true that the lack of interest does indeed stem from SF: There’s simply not much out there, at least not in the neighborhood, to stimulate an imagination reared on Martians and alien artifacts. Bradbury’s human Martians gazing at their reflections in one of the canals, Burroughs’ Venusian cities, Clarke’s alien interstellars coming by to say hello. A piece of rock on Mars that almost looks like a face just doesn’t cut it.
We caused the problem. Yes, indeed. Physicists might experience transports of joy over pinning down the exact composition of the atmosphere of Neptune, but some of us are looking for more. At the very least, we require, we demand, a demonstration that something else out there is alive. That we’re not alone. Or at least that we’re making some progress. That we’re going somewhere.
It’s not really anybody’s fault that Viking I looked out across the Martian surface in 1976 and saw nothing but rock and dust. But when you come of age having read Heinlein and Williamson and Clarke, you can’t help feeling a stab of regret. Mix with that barren landscape the knowledge that the selfsame Viking, were it to make for Alpha Centauri, our new best hope to have pizza with an alien, would need 50,000 years to get there.
So yes, the man is right. SF is responsible for the decline in interest. But had it not been for Startling Stories and Astounding, there’d not have been much interest in the first place.
Absolutely. This also explains why the unrealistic science in CSI has completely killed interest in forensic pathology. And why the upcoming show Buzz, The Cranky Old Astronaut What Shakes His Fist at the Kids These Days will ruin the joy of illicitly playing on Aldrin’s lawn for generations to come.
I can certainly see Aldrin’s point, and I half-agree with it. Certainly real space travel is and will be nothing like it’s portrayed in SF, and the distance between fantasy and reality can disappoint kids who have their expectations set by Star Trek. However, that’s not the end of the story, because so many aerospace engineers, astronomers and even many of the current generation of dot-com billionaire space investors, claim that science fiction inspired them to take up their calling.
What Aldrin’s comment points to is a lack of a middle ground in the entertainment industry’s portrayal of space travel: either we get hyper-realistic portrayals such as the Discovery Channel’s recent Mars mini-series, or we get Star Trek. Somewhere in between those limits, though, is a space for very interesting stories using intermediary technology, such as nuclear rockets, rotating spacecraft for artificial gravity, giant Aldrin cyclers-just imagine setting a TV series on one of those!-and the early years of a struggling Mars colony. Film and TV are certainly capable of supplying such visions, and it’s absolutely true that the easy way out of hyperdrive and transporters has triumphed over these more nuanced approaches. That doesn’t mean they can’t be done, though, and Aldrin is right that they should be.
I have the utmost respect for Buzz Aldrin and the other Apollo astronauts – I’ve even shaken hands with one of them – but I’m not convinced by Buzz’s point here. Time and again engineers, astronauts and space scientists will cite early exposure to SF as one of the factors that spurred them into their chosen career, be it the pulps, fifties and sixties TV shows, the works of Heinlein and so on. This was certainly the case with me – my earliest memories of television are of Star Trek and The Virginian, fuelling a lifelong love of both SF and Westerns. A little later I began to soak up the existence of the real space program, largely via illustrated books. I have no memory of Apollo, but I tried taping the BBC’s coverage of the Apollo-Soyuz linkup onto a C180 cassette (which I probably still have somewhere). I remember Viking with vivid excitement, and I stayed home from school when Columbia made its test flight in 1981. For me SF was the larger narrative that placed the current space program in a solid historical context. It told us not just what we’d be doing in the next five years, or ten, but where we’d be a hundred years from now. It told us why these small, faltering steps mattered. Even when I became a scientist and worked in a space agency, I found that most engineers were extremely loathe to discuss in public the possibility of sending people any further than Mars, and there was essentially zero discussion of any form of interstellar exploration. For that, you needed SF. In private, however, I found that many talented scientists and engineers were closet SF readers, often revealing themselves to be extremely well-read and enthusiastic. A senior colleague of mine, a versatile and energetic scientist with a fierce intolerance for timewasters, turned out to be a keen Larry Niven fan: on our first trip to the top of the mountain to make observations from a telescope, he observed that the cloud-blanketed landscape reminded him of Mount Lookitthat. I couldn’t have been more astonished, and it taught me that you can never assume anything about another person’s reading habits.
So, at the very least, SF plays a central role in inspiring the men and women working to make the space program happen. It gives them a sense of being part of a larger enterprise, building a cathedral stone by stone, but one which will eventually reach all the way to the stars. Take it away and the program obviously wouldn’t collapse, but its importance shouldn’t be underestimated.
Is SF responsible for fostering public disinterest in the program? There might be a grain of truth in that, if you take the view (as many do) that SF itself has turned away from rational speculation about the future, preferring to indulge in retro fabulation and inter-genre cross-pollination than engaging with the hard problem of what we’re going to be doing a hundred or a thousand years from now, be it on Earth or beyond. But there’s still a lot of SF that bucks that trend, and I’ve certainly found no shortage of it myself – more than I can hope to keep up with, at any rate. You might say that SF makes it all look too easy, leading to unrealistic expectations about what can be done here and now. Well, yes. It’s meant to look easy – it’s set in the future; that’s the point. I don’t think that’s a very plausible accusation. Did the development of aviation falter because Air Wonder Stories made it all look too easy?
You might take the opposing view that SF is innocent and that the space program itself has been partly responsible for that public disinterest, by not remaining on track after Apollo. For more than thirty years, no one has gone further than low-earth orbit: it’s as if Christopher Columbus came back from the Americas and then spent the rest of his career sailing around the harbour mouth. But doing stuff in space is hard, often in ways that we didn’t anticipate, and it’s not as if the unmanned program hasn’t reaped spectacular, awe-inspiring results. In truth, public interest was on the wane even before the Apollo program had run its course. Was that SF’s fault? I don’t think so; far more likely, I’d suggest, is that we’re simply seeing a mass disenchantment with science and the future, something that began in the 1960s and is still playing out forty years later. You could equally well blame that on Vietnam, or the bomb, or the creeping spread of mysticism and pseudo-science. I don’t think SF is the smoking gun here, it’s more a case of it being a victim of the same effect.
But I’m optimistic that things will change, especially over the coming decade. How can anyone not be excited by the possibility of humans returning to the Moon, or gearing up for Mars? I am…
I do not agree. Without the dream, most people would never look up. Most city dwellers would see nothing even if they did. We need the science fiction shows and movies to keep the goal before our eyes–and not just for young people, but for us all.
That said, I’d like to see more science fiction and less fantasy in my space operas.
For all my deep respect for Mr. Aldrin and his accomplishments, this strikes me as a shoot-the-messenger comment.
Recent SF shows and movies employ “technology” – and with it, pacing – far beyond what’s realistic today or will be in the near future. But “the future” is a moving target. When I (and, I suspect, Aldrin) first developed an interest in space exploration, an artificial satellite was speculative. A person walking on the moon? Way out there. Fantastic, many said.
And now? People have been circling the Earth for roughly geological time. We’ve been to the moon. I hope we return (to stay, this time), but it should surprise no one that leisurely efforts to reprise a forty-year-old accomplishment fail to engage a new generation.
Does entertainment mold us, or do we mold our entertainment? Surely both. To the extent we influence what’s offered to us – no one makes us watch this stuff, after all – those “unrealistic” shows say something very real about the audience’s interests and aspirations.
So: Let’s not blame Hollywood for reflecting what engages younger people. If we want today’s “real world” space exploration to interest younger people, we older space enthusiasts have to show the way forward from our timid, more-of-the-same goals to new-and-exciting goals. And then stand back when a new generation takes up the torch.
The stars are waiting.
I agree with Aldrin’s assessment but only to the extent that science fiction movies are part of a larger culture obsessed with individual rather than group achievements. Buzz Aldrin graduated from West Point in 1951, just four years after the end of World War II, a conflict in which every man, woman and child in the United States had to sacrifice for a common goal or surrender the world to evil.
The post-war years were a time when members of what NBC anchor Tom Brokaw calls “The Greatest Generation” were accustomed to taking on challenges like space exploration while simultaneously working to achieve their own individual versions of the American dream. A trend that was accelerated by our country’s competition with the Soviet Union, but began to taper off as the baby boom generation came of age, and threw off what they saw as the Greatest Generation’s social rigidity in order to focus on individuality. A process that was well underway when Buzz Aldrin and Neil Armstrong landed on the moon in July of 1969.
Now, as NASA seeks funding for an eventual manned space trip to Mars, the organization’s representatives will be required to explain “what’s in it for us?” Meaning they must show the citizens of the United States a corporate style return on investment for whatever tax dollars are spent. Never mind the fact that the Chinese carried out a successful spacewalk last month–and own so many United States Treasury bills that they can pull the plug on our economy anytime they choose to do so.
Sadly as our nation faces the current economic crises, our politicians will be forced to choose between the crises on Main Street, and the wealth of knowledge that awaits us in space. And, as measured by the fact that I didn’t hear space exploration mentioned by either candidate during the current presidential campaign, the situation doesn’t look good.
I have to be a weenie and equivocate. For some people yes, for some people, no, and for some people it isn’t an issue.
While I think Buzz Aldrin has a point, it isn’t anything close to the complete story. I’ll take my own stab at blaming something at the end of my comments.
There are people like myself, and many science fiction fans, who are enthusiastic about space exploration. Exploration of the wonders of the universe is what we like, and we like it both for real and in the imagination. We’re more fans of exploration and because one is easier doesn’t sour us on the other. This group is important for two reasons. First, there is always going to be base support. Second, the ranks of the scientists and engineers will be filled by many people from this group. Science fiction inspires us to pursue space exploration for real. Unfortunately, we’re something of a minority of the public at large.
Then there are people who are Earth-centric. They just don’t see the point. This can result from extreme political, religious, or humanitarian views. Why spend money on space when there are other, more important problems (from their perspective), on which it can be better spent? Another line of reasoning is that we were given the Earth, the best place in the universe for us to live, so why go anywhere else? Fortunately, this diverse but uniformly uninterested group is also the minority.
That leaves a larger swath of the public that constitutes the “public” that Buzz Aldrin is referring to. Average people who aren’t avid science/science fiction fans and who don’t immediately dismiss space exploration out of hand. This broader segment is influenced by movie science fiction rather than that found in books, and Aldrin is correct that movie science fiction is often based more in fantasy than science. Real space exploration has been slow, expensive, and dangerous, a far cry from rugged, unintellectual heroes and their droids popping into hyperspace, or taking a quick excursion to blow up an Earth-destined asteroid the size of Texas.
While this sort of thing won’t help the general public jump behind real space exploration, I don’t think it does great damage to that cause (scientific literacy, yes). Other issues have larger effects. More damaging is the financial crisis of the stock market which will make people focus on fiscal responsibility and problems here on Earth. Shall we rail against the deregulation than has dampened public interest in space exploration? Hardly.
I am going to blame some things now. The media, for starters. There’s precious little serious coverage on the TV news about space exploration, and what little there is comes out dumbed down or twisted, or bumped to make way for more minutes devoted to Paris Hilton or whatever sensationalist scandal of the moment happens to be. There are fantastic stories happening all the time in space exploration of all forms, from NASA to China to commercial efforts, from astronauts to space science, and few journalists take the time to dig it up and present it effectively. Their editors or backgrounds may not let them, granted, but this one group is to blame, and I could blame them for a lot of other things, too.
But there’s more blame to go around. Advocates of space exploration need to go make their own case to the public. More books, movies, and TV shows should be created about the real deal. There are a few bright points: The Right Stuff, Apollo 13, and October Sky come to mind. These were all terrific, exciting stories about the real thing, and the existence of Star Wars doesn’t diminish their power. A top ten TV show about colonizing the moon or visiting Mars would do wonders. NASA and the National Science Foundation already provide funding for public education, and good public education would also be inspiring, engaging on a personal level. I would love to see NASA sponsor script contests, or produce movies that were realistic about space exploration and possessed some educational component (just getting the science right would count in my book). There’s already a lot that these organizations do, but astronauts visiting colleges to give speeches doesn’t have anything like the impact of a popular movie or TV show.
While I doubt the media is going to change, or we’re suddenly going to get a realistic and wildly popular movie about going to Mars, I have hope. As I write this, computer game pioneer Richard Garriott is in orbit as a space tourist. Only multimillionaires can afford to do this now, but as the prospect of personally going to space becomes a tangible possibility, public interest will increase. Buzz Aldrin is surely correct that for some people the contrast between the reality and fantasy of space dampens the interests of some, but I don’t think the effect is the only one at work or the most important.
Back in the sixties, there was a real rush to explore space, to get to the moon and, more importantly, to beat the Russians. The impetus to get into space was a product of the Cold War, driven as much by a desire to win the race as it was to actually explore what lay beyond our world. Interest in the space race was high, and that inspired plenty of the TV shows of the day, such as Star Trek and Lost in Space. They, in turn, fuelled interest in what NASA was up to.
Back then, a mission could be launched and its progress followed on TV over the course of a few days. And with Apollo 13, you had the drama of three astronauts and the entirety of NASA trying to get them home safely. Drama and people. Isn’t that what keeps people interested and coming back for more? Unfortunately (from the point of view of keeping the public’s interest piqued) the dramas of space exploration didn’t really get as exciting as that again. After all, how many times can you go to the moon and still keep it fresh? And going into space costs a lot of money. Nowadays, when there are more immediate financial concerns facing governments, the idea of spending millions on sending a few astronauts to a place twelve men have been already just isn’t going to fly.
Sci-fi fiction and TV allows the imagination of the reader and viewer to go places reality couldn’t, but isn’t that their job? Do historical novels like the Sharpe or Hornblower series kill people’s interest in history? Not as far as I can see, though the crucial difference between historical fiction and fantastical fiction is that you can read a book set in, say, the Napoleonic Wars and want to know more, because it’s already happened. Unfortunately for real life space exploration, sci-fi fiction expands people’s minds into what they want to space exploration to achieve rather than concentrating on what it can achieve. Pretty quickly real life space exploration seems to look pretty dull.
Part of the trouble these days is that the goals of space exploration are so distant and don’t have the immediacy of the Apollo and Gemini missions of Buzz Aldrin’s time. With the advent of the Space Shuttle, the idea that space travel might become commonplace took hold, though it’s not yet become a reality – unless you’re a Californian billionaire willing to shell out a small nation’s GDP. People’s popular expectations of the space race weren’t met, so with each passing year where we weren’t colonising the moon or discovering aliens, people’s interest began to wane. So, I think it’s unfair to completely blame sci-fi shows and fiction for real-life space exploration’s dwindling lack of appeal, though the more you look at it perhaps there’s something to what Buzz Aldrin says. The flood of imagination opened up by the space race quickly overtook the reality of what it could achieve and that more than anything is what caused interest in space exploration to wane.
I agree with the assessment if we are careful to emphasize the word ‘partly’ in the sentence. Other contributory factors bear far, far more responsibility.
If science fiction has any purpose higher than merely to entertain (a question on which I will wisely keep silent) surely that purpose must be to train the imaginations of mankind to the novel experiences which the continuing scientific progress will usher in.
In some things, I would say science fiction served this purpose admirably. When the cloning debate usurped the front pages of popular newspapers, we SF Fans (or ‘Slans’ for short) did not see any ideas or ethical conundrums debated there that had not been, in stories, debated from every angle. Our SF imaginations were prepared to deal with the bioethics of cloning long before cloning existed. We were naturalized citizens of the future before the future arrived.
But when it comes to space exploration, science fiction backfired. It made us less prepared than we should have been. The Year 2001 was not as we were led to expect. The future took us by surprise, and it was a disappointing surprise, and it was a bigger disappointment than it would have been had there been no speculative fiction.
I suggest there are three major causes for the disappointment.
First, our imaginative model was wrong.
Science Fiction in the golden age treated space as the final frontier, by which I mean, the model used and the mood evoked were taken from the tales of How the West Was Won. Space operas were cowboy stories in space, with bug-eyed-aliens playing the role of Indians, rayguns for six-shooters. Gene Roddenberry even described Star Trek as “Wagon Train to the Stars.” Captain Future is Tom Mix in Space, Lucky Starr is the Lone Ranger.
The golden age also treated space as the next Age of Discovery, with space vessels taking the place of the tall clipper ships of old, with new planets instead of unexplored islands, aliens instead of exotic natives. The strange, new worlds sought out by Captain Kirk are the space version of the New World gazed upon by Columbus, Magellan, Balboa, Cortez, or Lewis and Clarke.
The golden age writers also treated the galaxy as the Roman Empire in space. George Lucas followed in the footsteps, or should I say the ion-exhaust trail, of Flash Gordon and Isaac Asimov and Frank Herbert.
Space exploration so far has been nothing like the Old West, nothing like the Age of Discovery, nothing like the Roman Empire. It has turned out to be more like raising the Titanic: a venture by armored men and robots into an environment too hostile to be of other than scientific interest.
What no science fiction writer before the moonshot anticipated was that the Space Race would start out as a contest between two military powers for ascendancy in the ‘high ground’ of outer space, which then devolved into a prestige project, whose prohibitive costs were bourn for such imponderable goals such as national bragging rights.
What no science fiction writer after the moonshot anticipated was that the human space exploration would simply come to an end. Robots land on Mars and Venus and fly past Saturn, taking pictures. Once the Space Race was over, the brass bands packed up and folded their star-spangled banners, the crowds stopped cheering, and everyone went home to watch I Dream of Jeannie on the telly.
With the end of the Cold War, the military reasons for exploiting space grew sharply less pressing. A prestige project, like building an Egyptian pyramid, which gathers no grain and mines no gold, simply peters out once no more prestige is to be had.
If we were in a war, or even a cold war, with another technological power, military prudence might require space stations and moonbases, satellites and satellite-killers and so forth. No one (except, perhaps L. Neil Smith) expected the Soviet Union merely to implode. Jerry Pournelle’s Co-Dominium stories are now alternate history, like some yarn by Harry Turtledove.
A vivid childhood memory of mine is reading the inaudible screams of outrage and disbelief issuing from the writings of Robert Heinlein and others when the Space Race ended. We had achieved the dream so long said to be impossible, and planted a human footprint on the Moon, and then simply let what should have been the glorious beginning of an endless quest to the planets and stars fade away.
Second, society degenerated from the ‘greatest generation’ boldness needed for the venture.
What no science fiction writer anticipated was the rise of a ‘Back-to-Nature’ neo-Luddite mood in the Western populace, which dismissed space travel as an expensive luxury, not to be indulged while poverty and social problems remained unsolved back earthside.
The reason for this blind spot? There was no such thing in any of the models. During the Winning of the West, the Eastern states did not cry out that the Wagon Trains were too expensive to spend money on. No one said we cannot colonize the wilderness of Kentucky or the Northwest Territory while poverty remains a problem in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Isabel of Spain was not criticized for funding the expedition of Columbus on the grounds that the Spanish Crown still had the poor to feed.
No one anticipated this change of the public mood for two reasons: one reason is, science fiction writers are naturally technophiliac: we love that space stuff, and can’t grok how anyone could find it threatening or wasteful. It’s the future. How can you be afraid of tomorrow? What is the point? It is not as if the calendar is equipped with a handbrake.
Another reason is that we use past models to anticipate future conditions. The technophobia was something unique in history, based on a number of odd political and economic or even psychological and sociological coincidences. Even Hari Seldon could not have seen that one coming.
The American dream is no longer to own land, build a house, raise a family, start a trade, to stand or fall by one’s own gumption and effort, with no leave asked of any man. The new American dream is to be given free health care, and to police the language to censor occurrences of the word ‘niggardly.’ Such concerns have grayed our hairs before our time. Were we a society thrilled by the idea and the romance of exploration, if we were, in other words, a young and vital society rather than a society prematurely senile and cynical and risk-averse, we would have the spirit of pioneers. We would not be waiting for NASA, but demanding that it get out of the way.
Third, and paramount, space travel is prohibitively expensive and offers no economic incentive to exploit it: there are no Aztecs on the Moon to loot for gold, and the icy sands of Mars are less inviting than the snows of Antarctica or the Marianas Trench to any potential Johnny Appleseed or Daniel Boone heading out with a mule to find his forty acres.
No one can deny that the reality of the Space Age fell far, far short of the daydreams of scientifictioneers. There were no Thoats on Mars, no Dejah Thoris, no Sorns, no tripod-legged War Machines. For that matter, there was no dinosaurs on Venus, and no Mi-Go on Pluto. (Heck, Pluto is not even a planet any more! What a comedown.) Even the more realistic versions of our daydreams have not come to pass: as yet we do not have an economical way to throw open space to large-scale exploitation, not when the ‘Wagon Train’ involved costs as much as the space shuttle.
But neither the lack of economic motive, political motive, or pioneering spirit can explain this strange unwillingness or inability to explore space. Not all our dreams were about Deja Thoris. And yet for some reason even the more realistic expectations of more realistic futurologists have been disappointed by the year 2001.
At least, I was disappointed when 2001 arrived and there was no Discovery expedition to Jupiter, no self aware computers like HAL 9000. The late Arthur C. Clarke was no wild-eyed dreamer; his speculations and estimates were conservative, and grounded in known technology and solid science.
Where is the project to mine the asteroids? Where are the L-5 colonies and solar-sail power satellites? These are not dreams, not daydreams, no more unrealistic than the dream of building a log cabin on unclaimed land.
These dreams are within our grasp. It is not a technical inability to launch a rocket which hinders space exploration.
If they are within our grasp, how have they lost their grip on the imagination of the public, even of the science fiction public?
This last I can attest to: my first short story was selected for the Year’s Best anthology for its year. Of all the stories in the collection, only two took place in outer space: mine, and a story by Ray Bradbury, where the angel of death travels to Mars. Go in to any bookstore, or find the SF zines in the magazine rack. How many stories are space stories, as opposed to disutopias set on earth, or fantasies of one flavor or another?
I’d wager one could probably find as many ‘Steampunk’ stories set in alternate Victorian Empires as one could find realistic tales of space exploration. Rockets to the moon have a strange retro taste to them, these days, as if the Space Age, like the Victorian Age, is a thing of the past. Unrealistic tales crowd out the field.
Here, perhaps, Buzz Aldrin’s comment might have some sting. Science Fiction made astonishing promises, and even the most conservative of them has not come to pass. The public does not seem interested.
Reality is less interesting than daydreams for the same reason that real women in natural sunlight, freckles and all, are less glamorous than alluringly soft-lit airbrushed images of silicon-enhanced Playboy models. It is the same reason meat and potatoes taste less sweet than candy. The daydream accentuates the specific characteristics sought by the dreamer, and deliberately leaves aside anything that would bore, disgust, or break the spell. The candyman distills and concentrates his flavors and sugars to thrill the tongue, not sate the stomach.
In a society otherwise healthy, a little bit of cheesecake does no one lasting harm, if moderation rules indulgence. A society addicted to cheesecake is another matter, especially if the abnormal trumps the norm, or the daydreams drown out the reality.
How much public disinterest in space exploration is due to disappointment with unrealistic science fiction expectations and how much is due to these other factors? Well, that is hard to specify. I would place nearly all the blame on the economic factor: if there were gold in them there hills on the moon, there would be ’49ers finding a way up there.
Only the smallest mote of blame falls on SF. It is small, but it is not zero. Some public disinterest in real space travel comes from the fact that it is less interesting than the eye-candy of space opera movies.
Today’s bright kids click through college catalogues seeking Warp Drive 101? And when they don’t find it, ditch M.I.T in favor of film school? Call me skeptical.
True, by comparison, space science fiction like Robert Heinlein’s kindled enormous space-faring interest in Aldrin’s (and my) Apollo Generation. Heinlein inspired so many of NASA’s best and brightest that NASA awarded him a posthumous medal.
Also true, Heinlein’s protagonists were often teen rocketeers. But did space science fiction like Heinlein’s really inspire because its propulsion modes were “next year’s model?” I think not.
Pre-Apollo, hard facts about the Solar System were few. So Heinlein visualized the Solar System as a place of fantastic possibilities.
The Moon teemed with exiled Nazis (Rocket Ship Galileo), and lurking flying saucers from the stars (Have Spacesuit Will Travel). A kid on Mars could skate the frozen canals with a fuzzy Martian under one arm (Red Planet). Kindly dragons ruled Venus (Between Planets).
The Apollo Generation stampeded out to a Solar System that promised dragons. But the Solar System delivered…rocks. Neat rocks, sure, but their frigid reality has left no room to believe in dragons next door.
Did “SF” kill interest in NASA-style space exploration? Maybe. But the “SF” wasn’t science fiction that was too fantastic. It was science fact which proved that the only part of space we can hope to touch in our lifetimes wasn’t fantastic enough.
Generational slacking? Au contraire. The kid in each of us, in any generation, simply chooses to go where there may be dragons.
Don’t agree at all. Buzz’s opinion is founded on a misperception (which lots of other adults share, having possibly partly forgotten what it was like to be a kid) that all kids or young people of a generation are a homogeneous group, sort of a cultural monobloc, in which everyone wants or thinks the same things.
There will always be a given percentage of kids who don’t care about space in exactly the same way that there’s a given percentage of adults who don’t care about it — and one state doesn’t necessarily lead to the other. Poll any random sampling of adults and you’ll find some who don’t care about anything but doing their daily job and putting food on the table, and are short of dreams of any other kind: but in the same sampling you’ll find some who dream of walking on the Moon themselves. Poll a similar sampling of kids and you’ll find a similar divide — some of them are hot for music or games or sports and don’t care much about anything else, but some have space in their blood and won’t necessarily be able to tell you how or why it got there: they just want it. (Which doesn’t surprise me, since we’re now dealing with the first or possibly second generation — depending on how you reckon it — who have never known a time when human beings had not been in space. But that may pose a different kind of problem: the commonplace becomes boring.)
My mailbag tells me that there are plenty of youngsters out there who are hot to get out to space — particularly the Moon, which apparently has its own cachet, possibly because you can see it so easily on any clear night — but also want to go much further. Some of the kids who write me go so far as to say that space-based science fiction TV and movies were what turned them on to the idea to start with. So I think we can reassure Buzz that his legacy is safe enough in the youngsters’ hands — and that science fiction’s role in the next generation’s involvement in space is (at least in some cases) helping matters, not harming them.
Written SFF hasn’t ever taken the wind out of the space program’s sails, but what passes for science fiction in movies and TV probably has. In most movie and TV SF, the science is a fantastic parody of real science, the fiction lacks fiber, and the visuals are highly stimulating and effortless. (Effortless for the passive viewer. Special effects artists and computer scientists work hard to make the visuals look that good.) For joy ride value, real space exploration with its difficulty and danger can’t compete.
There are somewhat comparable endeavors that take a vast amount of effort on the way to proficiency and high adventure, and that also don’t generate as much interest as one might expect. For example, the Soaring Society of America is always running low on participants for incredible adventures in the sky, just this side of space. Arguably, and for reasons that extend past media SF into mediated reality in general, most people are disinclined to undertake or appreciate anything that has a long hard learning curve and extremely deferred awards.
Becoming a scientist is definitely such an undertaking. I know a physics and astronomy department chair who sees way too few American-born applicants to graduate school in those sciences. Bright ambitious young people go into medicine, law, and (at least until very recently!) business. It doesn’t help that science in the lower grades is crippled by teachers afraid of science and school boards afraid of the fundamentalists who are afraid of evolution. So: the public, badly educated in real science and habituated by a Star Trek-type pastiche of science ideas and flashy images, is bored by NASA’s unmanned science space missions. The news media, operating under the flash-and-dazzle mandates of the visual media, underreport the missions and mangle the science. NASA does thrilling space science. But the public is clueless.
On the other hand, every year the annual Lunar Planetary Science Conference in Houston is thronged with bright young planetary scientists and students. Quite a lot of them are international, but their intelligence and enthusiasm, not to mention fondness for science fiction, give me hope for the future of planetary science as a human endeavor. Unfortunately in the United States, the space science game has to be played with shoestring funding and ridiculously short event horizons. The politicians who control the purse strings are as clueless as John Q. Public and for the same reasons. Here too – in unmanned, underfunded science missions – movie and TV SF with none of the classic SF “sense of wonder” undercuts the pursuit of real science at its most wonderful.
So is science fiction (in whatever format you care to choose) responsible for the lack of interest in real space travel? Yes and no.
I think, a bigger share of the blame rests with government. Take your pick, various presidents, members of congress (either house) and NASA itself have done more than their share to kill interest in the program.
Blame can start with John F. Kennedy. He set a goal: beat those dang Russkis to the Moon. Not “Let’s have a sustained and ongoing presence in space”. We got to the Moon and everybody thought the race was over. Subsequent presidents have been indifferent to downright hostile to NASA (but not to the point of total cancellation); those that have been somewhat enthusiastic have had their plans shot down or downsized by other branches or subsequent administrations.
Congress is to blame. NASA has been sliced and diced into so many bits and pieces, making sure that the pork is spread out into as many districts as possible. So congresscritters only react when their district is involved. Given the separation of services such as military satellites or weather satellites, or the (wise decision, for the most part) private communications satellites, the key part that space plays in many parts of our world are more or less invisible (not to me; I’m old enough to remember when hurricanes were a big surprise). The path between, say, manned space travel and better communications is not always obvious.
NASA is to blame, somewhat. One byproduct of endless practice, endless development, endless testing is that (for the most part), we’ve had an overwhelming number of successful (especially manned) programs. Maybe if NASA had as many accidents as NASCAR, people would watch it for the morbid factor. NASA has been split into multiple fiefdoms, with conflicting priorities. There have been times where there have been multiple replacements for the shuttle underway at several NASA centers…duplicative efforts, wasted budgets and the end result of some nice Powerpoint presentations but no bent tin. Manned vs. unmanned, Earth observation vs. astronomy, Mars vs. the Moon, Shuttle vs. Station…it’s amazing they get anything done there!
Education is to blame. As a parent, I’m constantly battling to get my daughter taught above the least common denominator, to make sure educational programs get funding on part with sports programs, to make sure there are some scientific afterschool activities around instead of dance, art, sports. Constantly changing ways of teaching, making sure “everybody advances”, cuts in funding that hit academics over other programs (or fat salaries) are a constant problem.
Is science fiction to blame? Heck, I don’t even think partly it is to blame. Science fiction can awaken curiosity. Science fiction can lead you into many branches of science. I got my start as an amateur astronomer thanks to science fiction. Science fiction awoke interests in math, chemistry, biology.
Buzz, I admire the heck out of you. I wish I had been in your place. I wish I could have followed you to the Moon. But…the statement is…not one of your better ones!
When Norman Mailer was writing Of a Fire on the Moon back in the 1960s, he started out a little hostile, only then realized “these nerdy engineers are accomplishing two bona fide miracles!”
- They were ACTUALLY going to the moon.
- They were actually succeeding at making it boring.
He considered both feats equally impressive.
No, space sci fi is not responsible for the decline in space interest. Rather, we have returned to a normal view of the world, after a premature, youthful frenzy when we thought space would be easy. Turns out it is hard.
The Lunar Module (LEM) was one of the finest things ever produced by Man. It worked perfectly, every time. And for 100,000 years, people will look at it and shudder and say “there were once men brave enough to step into THAT?”
We have a divine madness and it will flare up again. We’ll go out there. But right now, we have work to do that’s even more important. Growing up enough to save our posterity.
Still, sci fi is there, to keep the ember, the dream, alive.
With best wishes, for a confident and ambitious 21st Century,
Filed under: Mind Meld
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Welcome to the latest Medical News Summary blog from the 30th May to the 5th June 2016. This week, we’re covering research on human embryo development, pancreatic cancer life expectancy and human organs growing in pig foetuses. Get all you need to stay updated on the most recent medical developments, and use your knowledge to help stand out in your application and at interview!
Healthy babies can develop from abnormal embryo cells
Normally, a healthy embryo should have 23 pairs of chromosomes – including 22 pairs of chromosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. However, some embryos can have numerous copies of chromosomes, leading to defects and disorders. An example of this is Down’s Syndrome, which is caused by three copies of chromosome 21.
Tests such as chorionic villus sampling (CVS) which examines cells from the placenta (taken between the 11th and 14th weeks of pregnancy), and the amniocentesis test, which analyses cells in the amniotic fluid (taken between weeks 15 to 20) are offered to women who’s offspring are at higher risks of developing disorders.
Prof Zernicka-Goetz’s own CVS test results showed that up to a quarter of the cells in her placenta were abnormal. Still, little is known about the potential abnormalities that could develop in an embryo, and she gave birth to a healthy baby.
When thinking about this news story, it is interesting to consider the implications of bad test results on mothers’ decisions on abortion.
New drug combination leads to increased pancreatic cancer survival rate
However, two drugs used in combination: gemcitabine (the standard chemotherapy drug) and capecitabine (a second chemotherapy drug) are going to be routine treatment for all patients. A bonus of this combination is that there are very few side-effects when compared to other cancer treatments. One of the worst symptoms of cancer treatments is fatigue. According to Prof John Neoptolemos from the University of Liverpool, “the last thing you want if you may be going to die of cancer is fatigue”. Positively, with gemcitabine and capecitabine, the rate of fatigue is just 6%.
Notably, this trial would not have been possible without funding from Cancer Research UK. This is because both drugs are ‘off-patent’, which means there are no patent restrictions on them and they can be produced cheaply. Therefore, drug companies would be unwilling to fund such a study because profit margins are too small.
These embryos should look and behave like pigs, but will have one human organ. In the research team at the University of California, the embryos are grown in sows for 28 days, and they are then terminated in order to be examined.
A number of factors to be considered with story are animal viruses that could be transferred or contracted and animal suffering. To get the full story from the BBC, click here. | <urn:uuid:e8f54b22-56f8-4de7-83aa-4345dbb36b0f> | {
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NASA TV on Ustream
About the ISS HD Views Channel
The High Definition Earth Viewing (HDEV) experiment aboard the ISS was activated April 30, 2014. It is mounted on the External Payload Facility of the European Space Agency’s Columbus module. This experiment includes several commercial HD video cameras aimed at the earth which are enclosed in a pressurized and temperature controlled housing. Video from these cameras is streamed 24/7, though there isn't always a discernable picture. Some quick notes:
Black Image = The view is switching between cameras or the space station is above the night side of the Earth.
Gray Image = Switching between cameras, or communications with the ISS are not available.
No Audio = There are numerous, sometimes extended periods when the station cannot communicate with mission control, or when the crew and ground controllers simply don't need to talk. | <urn:uuid:c384d8d0-71d1-487a-bc59-e02a4dc24187> | {
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Description of the Procedure
A cut will be made in the skin on your neck. The muscles that are attached to the larynx will be divided. The larynx and surrounding tissue will then be removed. Sometimes, a partial laryngectomy will be done. In this case, the doctor will remove the tumor and only part of the larynx. If you have this type of surgery, you may retain some normal speech and more of your normal swallowing function.
An opening called a stoma will be created through the skin in the neck. Next, the trachea will be connected to the opening. This will enable you to breathe through the hole. In some cases, a tracheostomy tube will be inserted. This tube, which fits into the stoma, will act as an airway, helping you to breathe. Drainage tubes will be inserted to drain blood and fluid. Lastly, the muscles and skin will be brought together and closed with stitches or clips.
At the Hospital
While you are recovering at the hospital, you will:
- Have an oxygen mask over the stoma.
- Be given nutrition through an IV or a feeding tube. A speech pathologist or doctor will assess your ability to swallow. Depending on the results, you will progress to soft foods.
- You may need to wear boots or special socks to help prevent blood clot formation in your legs
Be instructed to:
- Use a call bell and message board to communicate.
- Keep the head of your bed raised.
- Move your legs while in bed to increase circulation.
Learn to care for your stoma and tracheostomy tube, which includes:
- Using a mist hood over the stoma
- Keeping water out of the stoma
- Covering the stoma with a shower hood when showering
- Suctioning secretions
- Have the drains removed in about five days. The stitches will be removed in about one week.
When you return home, do the following to help ensure a smooth recovery:
Be sure to follow your doctor's
- For about six weeks, avoid lifting heavy objects and doing strenuous activity.
Participate in a speech rehabilitation program. You will need to learn how to speak again. The program may involve speaking by:
- Swallowing air and expelling it—esophageal speech
- Using an electronic device—artificial larynx
- Installing a valve in the stoma to allow air from the lungs to reach the esophagus—tracheoesophageal speech
The throat tissue will heal in about 2-3 weeks. Complete recovery will take about a month. You may notice a reduction in your sense of taste and smell. You will continue to use the stoma for breathing.
Most patients are able to return to their jobs and past activities, except for swimming.
Ask your doctor about when it is safe to shower, bathe, or soak in water.
may help you to cope with the surgery. | <urn:uuid:012582ef-276c-4f39-9746-2c629ed2c27d> | {
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1. As people are continuously pursuing their happiness, it should surprise no one that several studies are conducted every year on this subject. In a recent such study in Australia, the specialists have concluded that a happy family is a key to a real happiness.
The results of the study have been published in the Journal of Happiness Studies. The people that have been interviewed were asked to imagine themselves being 85 years old, and to create a list with the most important 30 things they would consider to be good, important and necessary for a happy life. The interviewed people responded that gaining wisdom and having a moral life would belong to the top ten items in the list. These two things were considered to be more important than being treated with respect due to the age, for example.
2. It is so good to learn from the animals and a proof of that is the decision that Africa has made in this direction. Learning from the kangaroo mother that cares for her baby a lot, mothers on this continent are encouraged to have skin to skin contact with their preterm babies, in order to curb the high mortality rates that many countries have. Thus, mothers and their babies are encouraged to have skin contact; this way babies will have the chance to spend time not only in the incubator, but also close to their mothers’ heart.
3. Teens are positively influence by the good sleep they have during night. The study has demonstrated once again how vital sleep is for the general well being of the human body. First of all, sleep reduces stress and makes teenagers more productive. Harvard scientists have showed a year ago that sleep deprivation is strictly related to money loss when it comes to companies and businesses, due to the fact that the tired, sleep deprived employees are less productive. Persons that sleep a sufficient amount of hours smoke less, drink less alcohol, are sharper, healthier and calmer. Also, people that practice sports have better performances when they sleep enough.
4. Belgian scientists have demonstrated that due to the ban of smoking, fewer preterm births take place. In this country smoking is forbidden in the public places, and a strong link has been established between this decision and the small number of preterm births. The Belgian scientists have concluded that banning smoking was a decision that had a positive impact for the mothers. | <urn:uuid:6a6576ca-50dd-4bc5-baf2-57ffc7c61e5e> | {
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After the Berlin Wall Came Down
December 1st, 2012
More than 20 years after Germans tore down the Berlin Wall, they are still negotiating how to deal with the stigmas of a formerly divided country. Jason James (University of Mary Washington) says there are still divisions within German culture—between the “good” former West Germans and the “bad” former East Germans—and both sides struggle with a problematic past that includes Nazi and Fascist associations that persist, even in a united country. Also featured: In the years leading up to World War I, Germany joined other world powers in colonizing parts of Africa. Christian Davis (James Madison University) says there’s a relationship between the racial subjugation that occurred in Germany’s African colonies and the rise of an anti-Semitic movement back home—a movement that would later form the ideological core of Nazism. | <urn:uuid:88a615b2-eadd-4d40-a535-ebc52c01161d> | {
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New parents eagerly look forward to bringing their baby home, so it can be frightening if your newborn needs to be admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). At first it may seem like a foreign place, but understanding the NICU and what goes on there can help reduce your fears and let you better help your baby.
About the NICU
If your baby is sent to the NICU, your first question probably will be: What is this place? With equipment designed for infants and a hospital staff who have special training in newborn care, the NICU is an intensive care unit created for sick newborns who need specialized treatment.
Sometimes the NICU is also called:
a special care nursery
an intensive care nursery
newborn intensive care
Babies who need to go to the unit are often admitted within the first 24 hours after birth. Babies may be sent to the NICU if:
they show signs of a problem in the first few days of life
Only very young babies (or babies with a condition linked to being born prematurely) are treated in the NICU — they're usually infants who haven't gone home from the hospital yet after being born. How long they'll remain in the unit depends on the severity of their illness.
Although many people help care for babies in the NICU, those most responsible for day-to-day care are nurses. You might come to know them very well and rely on them for information and reassurances about your baby.
The nurses you might interact with include a:
charge nurse: the nurse in charge of the shift
primary nurse: the one assigned to your baby
neonatal nurse practitioner: someone with additional training in neonatology care
Other people who may help care for your baby include:
a neonatologist: a doctor specializing in newborn intensive care who heads up the medical team
neonatology fellows, medical residents, and medical students: all pursuing their training at different levels
pediatric hospitalist: a pediatrician who works solely in the hospital setting
various specialists: such as a neurologist, a cardiologist, or a surgeon to treat specific issues with the brain, heart, etc.
a respiratory therapist: who helps administer treatments that help with breathing
a nutritionist: who can determine what babies receiving IV nutrition need
a physical therapist and/or occupational therapist: who work with feeding and movement issues with the infants and their parents
a pharmacist: who helps manage a baby's medications
lab technicians: who process the laboratory tests (e.g., urine, blood) taken
a chaplain: who can counsel you and try to provide comfort; chaplains may be interfaith or of a particular religious affiliation but they're there to support anyone looking for a spiritual/religious connection
a social worker: who helps you get the services you need and also lends emotional support by connecting you to other families and therapists, if needed
To better help you help your baby during a stay in intensive care, it's wise to get as much information as possible about what to expect. If you have questions, talk to the neonatologist or the nurses.
The nurses see your baby every day, so they can give you frequent updates on your little one. The plan of care for your infant is discussed on "rounds" every day. Nurses can help you to understand the diagnosis and treatment plan, but it's also helpful to discuss these issues with other members of the medical team including:
the attending neonatologist
neonatal nurse practitioner
the residents who are caring for your baby
All of these health professionals are involved in determining the best plan of care for your baby.
You might want to ask the neonatologist and other doctors and/or the nurses:
How long will my baby be in the unit?
What, specifically, is the problem?
What will be involved in my baby's treatment and daily care?
What medicines will my baby have to take?
What types of tests will be done?
What can my baby eat and when?
Will I be able to nurse or bottle-feed my baby — if so, when and how?
Will someone help me learn how to nurse my baby?
What can I do to help my baby?
Will I be able to hold or touch my baby?
How often and for how long can I stay in the unit? Can I sleep there?
What sort of care will my baby need when we get home?
Is there someone who can help us through the process?
You may also want to talk to the nurses in more detail about your baby's daily care and what to expect when you spend time with your little one. You should also learn the visiting schedule and any rules of the NICU so you'll know which family members can see the baby and when they can visit.
Are cots or recliners available if we're allowed to stay overnight? What about blankets and pillows?
Is nearby temporary housing available (such as through a Ronald McDonald House)?
If so, how do we get a room?
Is the room free? If not, is the cost low and/or covered by our health insurance?
Are computers with Internet access available for doing work or emailing friends and loved ones about our baby's progress?
Are phones available in or around the NICU?
Can we use our cell phones in the NICU? If not, can we be reached in the NICU?
Is there a support group or other parents of children in the NICU we can talk to?
What to Expect in the NICU
Walking into the NICU can feel like stepping onto another planet — the environment is probably unlike anything you've experienced. The unit is often busy, with lots of activity, people moving around, and beeping monitors.
Once settled in the unit, your baby will receive care tailored to your little one's specific needs. Most NICU babies are on special feeding schedules, depending on their level of development or any problems they have. For instance, some infants are too premature or too sick to eat on their own, so they have a feeding tube that runs through the mouth and into the stomach. Others need high-calorie diets to help them grow.
Medications are another crucial part of NICU care — your child may take antibiotics, medicine to stimulate breathing, or something to help his or her blood pressure or heart rate, for example.
To ensure that your baby's care stays on track, the doctors also will order various tests, possibly including periodic blood and urine tests, X-rays, and ultrasounds. For infants whose care is complicated and involved, the doctors or nurses will place a line into an artery or vein so they can draw blood without having to repeatedly stick the baby.
NICU staff try to make the infants' stay in the nursery as comforting as possible for the infant as well as the families. The nurses can explain what all of the monitors, tubes, tests, and machines do, which will go a long way toward demystifying the NICU.
Here's a brief look at what some of the unfamiliar equipment does and how it may help your baby, depending on your little one's condition and diagnosis:
Feeding tubes: Often, NICU babies cannot get as many calories as they need through regular feeding from a bottle, so the nurses will use a small feeding tube to deliver formula or breast milk (that the mother pumps). The tube is placed into the baby's stomach through the mouth or through the nose.
If an infant is able to take some milk from the bottle, the nurse will just give the rest through the feeding tube. Sometimes, the babies get all their nutrition through the feeding tube so that they don't use excess energy trying to feed from the bottle.
The feeding tubes shouldn't be painful — they're taped in place so they won't move around and cause friction. However, if they're in place for a long time they can cause erosions in the stomach or nose where they rub, so are changed routinely to avoid this.
Infant warmers: These are beds with radiant heaters over them. Parents can touch their babies in the warmers, but it's always a good idea to talk to the NICU staff about it at first, just in case.
Isolettes: These are small beds enclosed by clear, hard plastic. The temperature of the isolette is controlled and closely monitored because premature infants frequently have difficulty maintaining their body temperature. Holes in the isolettes allow access to the infants so the nurses and doctors can examine the infants and parents can touch their babies.
IVs and lines: An intravenous catheter (or IV) is a thin flexible tube inserted into the vein with a small needle. Once in the vein, the needle is removed, leaving just the soft plastic tubing.
Almost all babies in the NICU have an IV for fluids and medications — usually in the hands or arms, but sometimes in the feet, legs, or even scalp. At first, the IV may be inserted in the baby's umbilical cord. In the first hours after delivery, the umbilical cord provides a way for the doctors to insert arterial or venous lines without having to use a needle through the skin.
Instead of giving your baby injections every few hours, IVs allow certain medications to be given continuously, several drops at a time. These are known as drips or infusions. Doctors may use these medications to help with heart function, blood pressure, or pain relief.
Some situations require larger IVs to deliver greater volumes of fluids and medications. These special IVs are known as central lines because they're inserted into the larger, more central veins of the chest, neck, or groin, as opposed to the hands and feet. They're inserted by a specially trained pediatric surgeon.
Arterial lines are very similar to IVs, but they're placed in arteries, not veins, and are used to monitor blood pressure and oxygen levels in the blood (although some babies may simply have blood pressure cuffs instead).
Monitors: Infants in the NICU are attached to monitors so the NICU staff are constantly aware of their vital signs. The nurses will often place the infants in positions that seem the most soothing, like on their tummies or on their sides.
The single monitor (which picks up and displays all the necessary information in one place) is secured to your baby's body with chest leads, which are small painless stickers connected to wires. The chest leads can count your child's heart rate and breathing rate. A pulse oximetry (or pulse ox) machine also may display your baby's blood oxygen levels on the monitor. Also painless, the pulse ox is taped to your baby's fingers or toes like a small bandage and emits a soft red light.
A temperature probe, a coated wire adhered to your baby's skin with a patch, can track your little one's temperature and display it on the monitor. And unless blood pressure is being directly monitored through an arterial line, your baby will usually have a blood pressure cuff in place.
Phototherapy: Often, premature infants or those with infections also have jaundice (a common newborn condition in which the skin and whites of the eyes turn yellow). Phototherapy is used to help get rid of the bilirubin that causes jaundice. The infants might lie on a special light therapy blanket and have lights attached to their beds or isolettes. Usually, they only need phototherapy for a few days.
Ventilators: Babies in the NICU sometimes need extra help to breathe. An infant is connected to the ventilator (or breathing machine) via an endotracheal tube (a plastic tube placed into the windpipe through the mouth or nose).
Babies who've been in the NICU for a prolonged stay — months at a time — may have a tracheostomy (a plastic tube inserted directly into the trachea) that's connected to the ventilator on the other end.
There are many different kinds of ventilators — different situations call for different machines — but they all accomplish the same basic purpose: to help a baby breathe.
All the machines may seem overwhelming, but don't let them keep you from interacting with your baby. Bonding with a baby in the NICU is as important as bonding with any newborn, sometimes even more so. You simply have to learn the best way to do it.
Parents can visit and spend time with their NICU babies. The number of people who can visit a baby in the NICU may be limited, but parents are usually allowed to stay most of the day (except when the medical team performs its daily examination and evaluation). Ask the NICU's social worker about what accommodations are available for parents — cots, recliners, or nearby housing such as through the Ronald McDonald House Charities.
Other family members can visit only during specified hours and only a few at a time. And siblings may not be allowed in the NICU because children have a greater risk of introducing an infection. Check with the hospital staff about which family members can see your baby.
Depending on how sick your child is, you might be able to hold your little one even if he or she is on a ventilator or has an IV. If the doctors feel that would be too much for your baby, you can still hold his or her hand, stroke his or her head, and talk and sing to him or her. A gentle, consistent touch will be the most reassuring.
But for some very premature infants, touching is extremely stressful (if they were still in the womb, they would have little tactile stimulation). In these cases, doctors may suggest that you minimize physical contact but still spend as much time as possible with your baby. Check with the doctor or nurses to figure out how much and what type of contact is best.
A mother who can hold her baby might be able to breastfeed or pump milk and bottle-feed. Most NICUs have screens to allow mothers to breastfeed their babies at the bedside.
Kangaroo care (or skin-to-skin contact) is another option to help you forge a bond with your new baby. Here's how it works:
Place your baby (who's usually dressed in just a diaper and a hat) on your chest underneath your shirt, so your little one is resting directly on your skin.
Loosely close your shirt over your baby to help keep him or her warm.
Doctors and researchers have suggested that skin-to-skin contact can improve babies' recovery time and help them leave the NICU sooner.
But the best way for parents to help their babies in the NICU is to be there for them and learn to read their behaviors. This will help you to figure out:
when your baby is stressed and needs to rest
when your baby is ready to bond with you
what type of interaction your baby likes (stroking, singing, etc.)
what time of day your baby is the most alert
how long your baby can respond to you before getting tired
Although you want to interact with your infant, you also want to allow periods of undisturbed sleep. Let your baby set the pace for your time together and you'll both get more out of it.
Here are some basics to help make the NICU a little less mysterious:
Everyone who comes into the NICU must wash their hands when they enter. (There will be a sink and antibacterial soap in the room and near the entrance of the NICU.) This is a crucial part of keeping the NICU environment as clean as possible so the babies won't be exposed to infections. Some units require visitors to wear hospital gowns, particularly if a child is in isolation. You may also need to wear gloves and a mask.
Ask the nurses what you're allowed to bring into the unit — the risk of infection limits what you can leave with your baby. Some parents tape pictures to the isolette or decorate the incubator. If you want to give your child a stuffed toy, the staff may wrap it in plastic first.
When you're in the NICU, keep noise and bright lights to a minimum. Try not to bang things on the isolette or infant warmer, talk in a loud voice, or slam doors. If you're concerned about light, ask a nurse if you can drape a blanket partially over the isolette. Most important, let your baby sleep when he or she needs to.
Making the NICU Stay More Manageable
The time when your baby is in the NICU can be stressful — you may be away from your friends and family, including any other children you may have. Your life may seem like it's been turned upside down as you wait for the day when your baby may be able to leave with you.
You may feel like you eat, sleep, and breathe the NICU 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. And you might feel especially confused and overwhelmed if your baby was unexpectedly born prematurely and/or if the NICU is located far away from your home and your usual support system.
As hard as it may be sometimes, it's important to pay attention to your own needs and those of the rest of the family, particularly other kids. Make plans for a weekly family activity, and sit down together and talk about how this experience makes you feel. Doing something for yourself can be as simple as taking a relaxing bath, going for a walk, or reading a favorite book for an hour.
You also can turn to other parents in the NICU for comfort. They'll likely know better than anyone what you're feeling. Also be sure to talk to the NICU's social worker about parents' support groups, where you can share your feelings, worries, and triumphs together. The hospital's chaplain also might be able to provide you with support and even a shoulder to cry on.
When you take care of yourself, you'll be more rested and better prepared to take care of your baby. But that care doesn't have to center on your infant's illness. Enjoy your new baby, spend time together, and get to know your little one.
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Keys to Understanding Canine Body Language
Every dog, whether Akita, bichon, or beagle, knows the same language. You and your dog probably pick up on each other’s signals without thinking much about it. But if your dog begins to behave differently, if you are getting to know a new dog, or if you encounter a dog you don’t know, it helps to be able to read the universal body language of dogs.
If you and your dog landed in Tokyo or Timbuktu tomorrow and were greeted by a local person and his dog, it would take only a few minutes for the two dogs to understand each other. Hours later, you would still be wondering if you were bowing properly, making acceptable hand gestures, or using the right table manners. The dogs, on the other hand, would know just what to do – the lead dog eats first.
Signals Dogs Use to Communicate
Although a dog can’t speak and has no hands and fingers for gesturing as humans do, you can watch key parts of his body to determine how he’s feeling and reacting to the world around him.
Face. Although the dog’s facial muscles are not as refined as a human’s, he can wrinkle or straighten his forehead to show confusion or determination. If your dog wants you to give him further direction, he may raise his eyelids quizzically and tilt his head to one side.
Eyes. A dog’s eyes brighten when he looks at a creature he considers friendly and when he wants to play. If he is afraid, his pupils dilate and he shows the whites of his eyes. He averts his eyes to avoid confrontation. But if he is angry or ready to defend himself, his eyes narrow and follow your every move. At this point, it’s particularly important not to look the dog in the eye because he sees that as a challenge to defend his position.
Lips, teeth and tongue. A relaxed dog in normal posture may let his tongue loll out of his mouth. If he wants something from you, if he is happy or wants to play, he may pull his lips back in what appears to be a smile and show his teeth, an expression, by the way, dogs show only to humans and not to other dogs. But beware the dog that bares his clenched teeth and wrinkles his nose. He is ready to attack.
Ears. The dog’s sense of hearing is much more acute than ours and even dogs with floppy ears have the ability to move and turn them to follow sounds. If a dog’s ears are raised, he is relaxed, listening, or showing acceptance. If they are back, he may be signaling submission and deference or may be frankly fearful.
Tail. A dog wags his tail when he is happy or wants to play. It is really an energy indicator. When he is submissive, he tucks it between his legs. A taut tail, held down rigidly behind him, may show that he is prepared to spring since he uses his tail for balance when jumping.
Voice. Dogs are vocal animals. They yip, bark, whimper, howl, and growl. The pitch or volume of their sounds can increase with their level of emotion. A bark may be playful or aggressive. Unlike body signals, dog noises can mean different things from different dogs.
Dog Posture Speaks Volumes – What Your Dog is Saying
When two dogs meet, as long as their human companions aren’t tugging tight on their leashes, they carry out a series of actions that looks like a choreographed dance. With their bodies tense and tails taut, they circle and sniff each other, silently gathering and exchanging information, ready to defend themselves at any moment if necessary. They hold their ears back and the hair on their back may stand on end. They often avoid direct eye contact at first, sizing each other up to determine if the stranger is strong or weak, male or female, hostile or non-hostile. One dog may place his head on the nape of the other’s neck or nip at his nose. It seems they are getting ready to fight and then, one lies down. Soon, they may separate and urinate. At this point they have agreed on which dog is dominant.
Dogs learn body language from their mothers during the first 8 weeks of their lives and they test out this form of communication with their litter-mates. If a dog misses out on such training, he will have trouble communicating with other dogs throughout life.
Normal posture. The dog appears alert with head held high. His tail moves freely. His jaw is relaxed.
Invitation to play. The dog happily signals his desire to play by wagging his tail and dipping down into a “play bow.” His front legs are in a crouch and his backbone swoops up, leaving his rear haunches high. His head is held up expectantly to capture your attention. He may raise a front leg or lean to one side with his head.
Submission. The dog crouches down further and still appears relaxed. He may lift a front foot as in a play invitation, but his ears are back and his tail is down. He may yawn, scratch, or sneeze, which is meant to calm him and the dogs or people confronting him.
Fearful aggression. A dog who is afraid tenses his body and holds his tail rigid, though it may be wagging. His rear legs are ready to run or spring. He bares his teeth, draws back his ears and the hair on his back stands on end. He growls or snarls constantly to warn off the subject of his fear.
Dominance aggression. Teeth bared, this dog stares you down and advances confidently with his tail wagging slowly and his ears in the forward (alert) position.
Total submission. The dog drops his tail and curls it between his legs. He drops his head to avoid eye contact. He rolls over on his side and bares his belly, with one hind leg raised and urinates. If he isn’t afraid, he’ll tilt his head up a bit and raise his ears to show trust. | <urn:uuid:352e0f21-9bee-49f9-9b71-a064674c6b08> | {
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This section is from the book "The Gardener's Monthly And Horticulturist V20", by Thomas Meehan. See also: Four-Season Harvest: Organic Vegetables from Your Home Garden All Year Long.
N., Cuyahoga Falls, O., says :"I notice that, in several of our best plant catalogues, the Amaryllid, Imatophyllum is written, Imantophyllum. Loudon says Imatophyllum, and this is doubtless right. This name was evidently intended to be descriptive. It is some sort of phyllum (leaf). Imanto is not significant, and of course is not descriptive. Imato is significant. It means a coat (vestment). And Imatophyllum means a coatleaf. Loudon gives no derivation, and I have no authority for this. But it is certainly not a strained one. For, if you strip oft' one of the outer leaves, and invert it, you will find more than a fanciful resemblance to the typical swallow-tail coat. Or if not found, in the absence of older or better, the authority of Loudon, I suppose, is sufficient to determine Imatophyllum to be the right name.
[Botanists do not always tell the reasons for the names they give the plants. Therefore in matters of orthography, unless they be clearly and manifestly wrong, we take the names just as the author of the botanical name gives it to us. In this case Sprengel gives it Himantophyllum, and this we suppose is the oldest orthography. As in the case of Haplopappus, and other words; when it got to London the H was dropped, and then we read of it as Imantophyllum. Hooker we believe to be the first to use it in this form, dropping the n also, and making it Imatophyllum. It is not clear to our mind whether derivation is from imas, a leather thong, perhaps from the strap-shaped leather-like leaves, or from imato, a vestment, as our correspondent suggests.
At any rate, the name might as well be dropped in general use, as we take Clivia nobilis, under the rules, to be the correct name for it. - [Ed. G. M]. | <urn:uuid:4e66e8e3-07dd-49c1-be6b-9af62bf1800b> | {
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|Sacred Texts||The Bible|
African Independent Churches, also known as African Indigenous Churches, African Initiated Churches, African Instituted Churches, or just AICs, represent well over 10,000 independent Christian denominations in Africa. African Independent Churches are found in every region and country in Africa, but they are more adequately documented in west Africa and southern Africa. Even though the denominational, ritual, and linguistic diversity of these churches makes it difficult to analyze and classify, the common thread uniting all of the Christian churches is that they were all established by African initiative rather than by foreign missionary agendas. Even though many of these churches have traditional denominational names and relationships, they are not defined by these traditions. These churches emphasize that they are established and led by Africans. In addition, all AICs place emphasis on the biblical warrant to include African cultural norms into their modes of worship, theology, and practice, though to varying degrees. Some scholars claim that African Independent Churches are syncretistic in that they combine indigenous African religion with Christian beliefs, but the degree to which this occurs is varying. Regardless, a process of acculturation between Christianity and African culture does occur. AICs are often classified by common characteristics including denominational names or traditions, so there are Anglican, Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Pentecostal, and Methodist AIC traditions. Other classifications include Ethiopian, Apostolic, Zionist, or Messianic. AICs have also demonstrated a strong missionary tendency in that most of the spread of Christianity throughout Africa in the 20th century can be attributed to African Independent Churches. | <urn:uuid:f4749369-29b9-4615-a8c5-ddc6f9bfccf9> | {
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Solemnity of Mary the Holy Mother of God
On the 8th Day of Christmas....
(The eight maids a-milking were the eight beatitudes)
The Story of Mary, Mother of God
Mary’s divine motherhood broadens the Christmas spotlight. Mary has an important role to play in the Incarnation of the Second Person of the Blessed Trinity. She consents to God’s invitation conveyed by the angel (Luke 1:26-38). Elizabeth proclaims: “Most blessed are you among women and blessed is the fruit of your womb. And how does this happen to me, that the mother of my Lord should come to me?” (Luke 1:42-43, emphasis added). Mary’s role as mother of God places her in a unique position in God’s redemptive plan.
Without naming Mary, Paul asserts that “God sent his Son, born of a woman, born under the law” (Galatians 4:4). Paul’s further statement that “God sent the spirit of his Son into our hearts, crying out ‘Abba, Father!’“ helps us realize that Mary is mother to all the brothers and sisters of Jesus.
Some theologians also insist that Mary’s motherhood of Jesus is an important element in God’s creative plan. God’s “first” thought in creating was Jesus. Jesus, the incarnate Word, is the one who could give God perfect love and worship on behalf of all creation. As Jesus was “first” in God’s mind, Mary was “second” insofar as she was chosen from all eternity to be his mother.
The precise title “Mother of God” goes back at least to the third or fourth century. In the Greek form Theotokos (God-bearer), it became the touchstone of the Church’s teaching about the Incarnation. The Council of Ephesus in 431 insisted that the holy Fathers were right in calling the holy virgin Theotokos. At the end of this particular session, crowds of people marched through the street shouting: “Praised be the Theotokos!” The tradition reaches to our own day. In its chapter on Mary’s role in the Church, Vatican II’s Dogmatic Constitution on the Church calls Mary “Mother of God” 12 times.
The tomb of the Virgin Mary
at the foot of the Mount of Olives outside Jerusalem's Old City
Song of the season:
Sorry there are so many examples of this song but each are amazing
On the eighth day of Christmas ...
“On the eighth day of Christmas my True Love gave to me, eight Maids A-Milking…”
What is the symbolism behind this eighth day?
What are the gifts of riches, nourishment, and love that God (our “True Love”) gives to us?
The “eight Maids A-Milking” represent the eight Beatitudes mentioned by Jesus in Matthew 5:3-10.
The Beatitudes are to the New Testament what the Ten Commandments were to the Old Testament.
The Beatitudes are the ethics of a Christian. The Beatitudes tell us how to love God and love one another, which is the fulfillment of everything the Old Testament teaches (Matthew 22:40).
In the same way a wedding ring symbolizes unending love, so the Beatitudes demonstrate we are the Bride of Christ.
The Beatitudes start with the word “blessed.” This word goes beyond simply being happy and wealthy to meaning peace, contentment, purpose, wholeness, and security.
The eight Beatitudes are…
1) Blessed are the “poor in spirit.”
(v. 3 – Blessed are those who have an attitude of brokenness.)
2) Blessed are “those who mourn”.
(v. 4 – Blessed are those who have an attitude of sorrow over sin.)
3) Blessed are the “meek.”
(v. 5 – Blessed are those who have an attitude of gentleness, patience,and strength).
4) Blessed are “those who hunger and thirst for righteousness.”
(v. 6 – Blessed are those who have a deep desire and longing for God, & an attitude to always do what is right.)
5) Blessed the “merciful.”
(v. 7 – Blessed are those who have an attitude of compassion.)
6) Blessed are the “pure in heart.”
(v. 8 – Blessed are those who have an attitude of holiness,which is not sinless perfection but the desire to sin less and less.)
7) Blessed are the “peacemakers.”
(v. 9 – Blessed are those who have an attitude of forgiveness and reconciliation.)
8) Blessed are “those who are persecuted because of righteousness.”
(v. 10 – Blessed are those who have an attitude of honor and duty, willing to sacrifice everything for the cause of Christ.)
The Beatitudes are gifts given to us by our True Love, because on our own we do not have the strength and ability to display these attitudes.
On the eighth day of Christmas our True Love gives us the desire, ability, and commitment
(like an engagement ring) to live out what we believe.
What wonderful gift the Beatitudes are!
Something to think about...
What do Catholic's call Mary....
How many Titles does she have?
Is this confusing....YES!
1. Mary, Holy Mother of God
2. Holy Virgin of Virgins
3. Mother of the Church
4. Mother of Divine Grace
5. Mother of Good Counsel
6. Virgin Most Merciful
7. Mirror of Justice
8. Seat of Wisdom
9. Mystical Rose
10. Tower of David
11. Tower of Ivory
12. Ark of the Covenant
13. Gate of Heaven
14. Morning Star
15. Conceived Without Original Sin
16. Comforter of the Afflicted
17. Queen of Angels
18. Queen of all Saints
19. Queen Assumed into Heaven
20. Queen of the Holy Rosary
21. Undoer of Knots
22. Star of the Sea
23. Mother Most Sorrowful
24. Mother Thrice Admirable
25. Mother of Perpetual Help
26. Refuge of Sinners
27. Our Lady of Guadalupe
28. Our Lady of Sorrows
29. Our Lady of Lourdes
30. Our Lady of Life
31. The Immaculate Heart
32. Ave Maria
35. Immaculate Conception
36. Blessed Mother
37. Mother of Mercy
38. Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal
39. Our Lady of Mt. Carmel
40. Our Lady of Guadalupe
41. Mother of Perpetual Help
42. Our Lady of Czestochowa, or The Black Madonna
43. Queen of Peace
44. Spotless Dove of Beauty
45. Olive Tree of the Father’s Compassion
So anything with....
Vessel of / Tabernacle of/ Temple of,
Mother of ,
Mother Most ....etc....
So how many Titles does she have?
That could be an endless number...new miracles happen everyday!
I hope she can be a comforting spiritual companion for you in your
time of need; just ask and she will be there.
6 Ways to Understand the Variety of Marian Titles and Feasts
It means what took place in Christian history, narrated in Sacred Scripture, i.e., the feast day of the Annunciation, which celebrates the Angel Gabriel’s appearance to the Virgin Mary.
The beliefs that we have learned through Church doctrine, such as the feast day of the Solemnity of the Assumption, where Mary goes to heaven in body and soul.
A title received commemorating Mary’s apparitions in certain places, i.e., the feast day of Our Lady of Lourdes, where the Virgin Mary appeared to St. Bernadette.Panoramic of Pilgrimage in Lourdes, France, where the Virgin Mary appeared to St. Bernadette.
This is related to her live experiences as the mother of Jesus, i.e., the feast day of Our Lady of Sorrows, which focuses on her intense suffering and grief during the passion and death of our Lord.
This indicates some of Mary’s powerful roles as an intercessor, and the way she guides us towards Christ, i.e., Our Lady Star of the Sea feast day. Under this title, the Virgin Mary intercedes as a guide and protector of those who travel or work at sea.
The titles that were given to the Virgin Mary in honor of her multiples merits, i.e., the Immaculate Heart of Mary, where Catholics have recourse to her inspired by in her love and perfect purity.
This is one of my favorite pictures of Mary. This one hangs in my house.
Just as Christmas honors Jesus as the “Prince of Peace”, the Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God honors Mary as the “Queen of Peace”.
New Year’s Day is also designated as the “World Day of Peace”, further acknowledging the role of Mary in our hearts and in our world.
We celebrated the liturgical feast as a celebration of the maternity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, which is the Octave of Christmas.
Only at Christmas and Easter that we enjoy the privilege of an octave, which is an eight day extension of the feast.
What to Eat on New Year's Day
According to popular folklore, if these foods are eaten on New Year's Day, they guarantee good luck throughout the year.
Peas or beans symbolize coins or wealth. Choose traditional black-eyed peas, lentils or beans to make a dish seasoned with pork, ham or sausage.
Greens resemble money, specifically folding money. Make dishes using boiled cabbage or sauerkraut, collard greens, kale, chard, mustard greens, turnip greens or other green, leafy vegetables to ensure good fortune for the coming year.
Pork is considered a sign of prosperity in some cultures because pigs root forward. This is probably the reason many Southern New Year's Day dishes contain pork or ham.
Cornbread might symbolize gold, and besides, it is essential with black-eyed peas and greens.
In other cultures, fish, grapes, and ring-shaped cakes or doughnuts or cakes with special treats inside symbolize luck.
Smoked Sausage and Black-Eyed Peas
12 – 16 ounces smoked sausage
1 cup chopped yellow onion
½ teaspoon salt
¼ teaspoon cayenne
4 whole cloves garlic
5 sprigs of fresh thyme
4 bay leaves
3 teaspoons finely chopped Italian parsley
8 cups chicken stock
1 pound dried black-eyed peas, rinsed and drained
1 tablespoon minced garlic
Minced green onions, to garnish (optional)
Slice the sausage and cook it in a large pot over medium heat to render some of the fat. (Mine didn’t yield much.)
Add the onions, salt, cayenne, whole garlic cloves, bay leaves, thyme, and parsley to the pan. Cook, stirring occasionally, for about 5 minutes, until the onion begins to soften.
Add the chicken stock, black-eyed peas, and minced garlic.
Bring to a boil, and simmer, covered for about 1 ½ hours, until the peas are tender. Serve garnished with green onions, if desired.
Broccoli Cornbread Mini Muffins
1 (10-oz.) package frozen, chopped broccoli
1/2 cup unsalted butter , melted
1 medium yellow onion , peeled and chopped
3 large eggs , lightly beaten
1 cup small-curd cottage cheese
1 teaspoon salt
1 (8.5-oz.) package corn muffin mix (Jiffy)
Preheat oven to 400 degrees F. Lightly spray an mini muffin pan.
Prepare the broccoli according to the manufacturer's directions. (I use the microwavable steaming packages.) Drain and set aside.
Melt the butter in a medium skillet over medium heat. Add the onions and cook until translucent, about 5 minutes. Remove from heat and set aside to cool.
In a large mixing bowl, mix together the eggs, cottage cheese and salt until well blended. Stir in the muffin mix, onions and broccoli. Mix until just combined.
Spread the batter into the prepared pan. Bake for 20 to 25 minutes or until cooked through and golden. Remove from oven and let sit for 5 minutes. Serve warm.
Sweet Buttermilk Cornbread
1½ cups unbleached all-purpose flour
1½ cups yellow cornmeal
½ cup granulated sugar
2 tablespoons baking powder
½ teaspoon baking soda
½ teaspoon salt
1 tablespoon plus ½ teaspoon sunflower seed oil
½ cup (1 stick) unsalted butter
2 large eggs, lightly beaten
1 cup buttermilk
Shortening or spray to prepare pan
Arrange oven rack in lower third of oven and preheat oven to 375ºF. Lightly grease an 8-inch square metal baking pan with shortening. Line pan with baking parchment so there is an overhang. Do this by measuring parchment about 3½ inches in length additionally at each side of pan. This will allow 1¾ inches of coverage on each end once folded and tucked in. Lightly grease parchment paper. This will create “handles” which will help removing cake from pan and to transfer to cutting board to cut into even squares after cooling.
In a large bowl, mix all Ingredients.
Scrape bottom and sides of of bowl with rubber spatula as necessary to ensure mixture is well combined and only a few lumps remain. Allow batter to stand for a full 3 minutes. This will allow the flours to absorb the liquids for a moist and tender crumb as well as provide a good rise. With a rubber spatula, carefully scrape and pour the lightly bubbled batter into prepared pan. Smooth top evenly with rubber spatula.
Bake in preheated oven until a toothpick inserted into center comes out clean, about 25 to 30 minutes. Do not over-bake or cornbread will be dry. Cool cornbread in pan on wire rack for 10 minutes. Transfer the cornbread to wire rack. Turn right side up onto wire racks (using an additional rack to flip); cool. Cut into 9 large squares for serving.
German New Years Cake
400 g flour
200 g butter
100 g powdered sugar
2 egg yolk
2 tbsp sour cream
200 g poppy seeds, ground
50 g butter
50 g sugar
50 g raisins
1 cup milk
1 tbsp honey
1 tbsp rum
1 package vanilla sugar
peel of 1 lemon, organic
150 g hazelnuts or almonds, or mix half almonds and hazelnuts, ground
1 tbsp sugar
1/2 cup milk
some cinnamon and cloves, ground
½ kg apples
30 g butter
2 tbsp sugar
1 egg and some butter
Place all ingredients for the base into a bowl and knead until you get a smooth dough. Wrap it in foil and keep it cool for at least 1 hour or over night.
Mix poppy with all other ingredients in a pot and let it soak for 1-2 minutes on low heat, then let it cool off.
Mix nuts with sugar and milk, spice with cinnamon and cloves.
Peel apples and cut in small pieces; saute them on low heat with butter and sugar without adding any water. They need to be semi soft, not mushy.
Take the base dough and cut it in 4 parts; roll each part on a baking board that is sprinkled with flour, dough should be thin not thick.
Place 1 dough on the bottom of a spring form and add the poppy filling.
Cover with the second dough and add the nut filling.
Cover with third dough and add apple filling; cover with the last dough.
Beat 1 egg and spread it over the last cover by using a baking brush; with a fork poke the dough several times.
Bake the cake in pre-heated oven for 1 hour and 20 minutes on 360 F.
Place the cake 1-2 days in a cool place before you serve it.
Dust it with a layer of powdered sugar before you serve it. | <urn:uuid:4671ba65-3d0f-498b-8f64-ea093cc58254> | {
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Opened September 1939
Capacity: 90 (when originally built)
Powers Hall (powers is pictured below and to the left), which now houses the history department, has undergone several major changes since it was first built as the combination student union and first men's residence hall on campus. Although the outside looks nearly the same, the inside would be completely unrecognizable to its original inhabitants.
Grounbreaking for the new student union occurred on October 31, 1938 when President Warriner turned the first shovel of earth. The building was funded through a Public Works Administration Grant, one of the programs of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's New Deal. The architect was C. William Palmer of Detroit. The cornerstone was laid in February 1939. Cornerstones ususally contain materials relating to the period in which the building is built. For some reason, among typical items like newspapers and school material, this cornerstone included a bottle filled with wheat, corn, and barley.
The building contained the Student Union in the wing facing the present-day Ronan Hall, as well as a 90-bed dormitory that is now known as the old section of Barnes Hall. The dorm wing opened in September of 1939, but the Union section was not ready until November. Despite the fact that it was the first and only men's dormitory on campus, it remained partially empty that first year. It was difficult for the college to convince men who were used to living off campus to move in and conform to the myriad regulations of dorm life. For those who did move in, room and board was $45 per semester.
The interior of the building was dramatically different than it is now. The lobby opened onto a grand staircase to the second floor. The first floor contained a cafeteria, men's lounge, and a game room. The second floor housed the women's lounge on the west end, a billiards room, and the grand ballroom which is still there. The men of Keeler were required to wear ties to dinner in the dining hall, which is now a classroom (room 140) in the back of the building. The west wing of the building on both the first and second floors housed the dormitory section. This area was converted to offices and practice rooms when the Music program took over the building in 1961, and now houses the offices of the History Department.
Like Ronan Hall, portions of this building were turned over to Navy V-12 cadets during World War II. These cadets, who exceeded the original capacity of the building by housing 125 people, remained from 1942 until the program ended on July 1, 1944. During this time, the hall was also used as a rallying point for the Red Cross. In November of 1944, the hall was turned over to women residents for the first time. They remained until after the end of the war, and the male residents returned in March of 1946. Present-day students concerned with residence hall overcrowding should know that this is not a new phenomenon: in 1949, Keeler was at double capacity with 180 residents.
In 1951, a new residence hall wing was added. This was designed by Roger Allen and Associates of Grand Rapids, the architect responsible for most of the buildings on CMU's campus. On October 25, 1952, the entire residence hall area was renamed Charles C. Barnes Hall, thus ending that section's connection with Keeler.
A 1960 "renovation" presided over by Roger Allen gutted the interior of the building. It was reconstructed and soundproofed for the arrival of the Music Department, which took over in 1961. The building was dedicated as Powers Music Building on March 31, 1966, for the former head of the music program at Central.
Fred L. Keeler (to the right) came to central in 1895 as instructor and head of the Department of Science. Mr. Keeler held this position until he resigned to go to Lansing as Deputy Superintendent of Public Instruction in 1908. Upon the resignation of L. L. Wright in 1913, he was appointed Superintendent of Public Instruction and was elected to that office at each succeeding election for the remainder of his lifetime. At the time of his death, at the age of 46, in April, 1918, the Mt. Pleasant Times reported that, "probably no citizen who has lived here during the past twenty years was more widely known." | <urn:uuid:07626b35-c60b-46a0-a978-90e728504061> | {
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- Historic Sites
Sweet Extract Of Hokum
Patent medicines were usually neither patented nor medicinal, which is not to say they didn’t (and don’t) have any effect
June 1971 | Volume 22, Issue 4
If you can identify the period when gentlemen wore genuine ormolu lobs attached to their watches and the butcher threw in a slice of liver for the eat when he wrapped up the meat order, then you are close to establishing the date of the Golden Age of Secret Remedies. No family circle was complete without the brown or green bottle on sideboard or shell. Sometimes the contents were murky, mysterious, evil in taste and smell. Sometimes they looked like whiskey, smelled like whiskey, and lasted like whiskey, for the best of reasons: they were whiskey. The presence of generous amounts of ethyl alcohol was necessary, according to a familiar explanation, lor the “preservation” of the medicinal ingredients. Two tablespoonfuls, taken before a meal, produced an agreeable sense of well-being or levitation, thai walking-on-air feeling often associated with a dollop of the Good Creature.
This was the period call it t lie early 1900’s when beards signified age and wisdom, the learned professions. So the home panaceas usually portrayed on their labels the luxurious whiskers of the doctor-proprietor. His license was of obscure origin. But there wasn’t anything obscure about his ownership of the name of his cure-all or his indignant fulminations against designing men who plotted to steal his customers with a similar article. Their claims were fraudulent because his medicine was patented.
The idea of proprietary medicines being patented is a stubborn bit of American folklore, accepted for generations as gospel truth and even repeated recently as a serious definition by the distinguished American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language in these words: “ patent medicine . A drug or other medical preparation that is protected by a patent and can lie bought without a prescription.”
A few patent applications were made, it is true, in the very early days of the United States Patent Office, when the law was first drawn and the examiners were not discriminating. Between 1793 and 1836, especially, papers were filed by rustic applicants who did not understand their grave error in revealing, as they were required to do, the ingredients they used. Disclosure of the formula was the last thing an experienced promoter had in mind, since his concoction would be immediately recognized either as harmful or as an innocuous granny remedy like sarsaparilla syrup mixed with oil of wintergreen flavoring. If a patent was applied for and granted, a new difficulty then arose. The formula would by law become public property in seventeen years- a sure way of going out of business and losing all the good will built up by years of gaudy advertising.
What the owners of nost rums (literal meaning: “our own”) were really interested in was not the contents of the bottle, which were subject to change without notice and were of very minor consequence, but the legal protection of the trademark. This was achieved by patenting the unique shape of the bottle and by copyrighting the design of the label and the printed matter wrapped around the package. Before the copyright law existed, the trade name eould be defended under eommon law. After it became registerable (but not patentable) in the Patent Office, the name became a property whose ownership didn’t lapse after a mere seventeen years but could be monopolized for all eternity.
The contents of the bottle changed with changing circumstances. For example, when the United States Treasury- ruled that Peruna, a little gold mine owned by genial Dr. Samuel B. Hartman, of Columbus, Ohio, must have a detectable medicinal effect or face taxation as a straight alcoholic beverage, the doctor, a former Bible salesman, complied by dumping generous amounts of blackthorn bark, a powerful cathartic, into the Peruna retorts. There followed a national rumbling of the bowels that was heard from Maine to California, but especially in those states where citizens preferred taking their spiritus frumentu under an alias. They could feel secure in the knowledge, gained from advertisements in their church papers, that the nostrum was recommended by “An Indefatigable and Life-long Worker in the Temperance Cause.”
When our century was young, nearly every drug, notions, or general merchandise store had a special patentmedicine department, arranged alongside the horse and poultry remedies. This was not incongruous because many of the medicines were, like Dr. Bennetf s Golden Liniment, “for horses … equally as efficacious as upon the human family.” One honest druggist, George “Pop” Stansfield, of Topeka, Kansas, received national attention when he displayed a large sign in his store that announced: “Wc sell patent medicines but do not recommend them.” Another skeptic, also from Kansas, was L. W. Howc, the sage of Atchison, who took notice of Dr. David Jaync, the Philadelphia tapeworm king, in a characteristic paragraph in his Atchison Globe: “Every time we see big, fat George Shitllett, we can’t help laughing over the fact that when he isn’t feeling well, his wife makes him lake Jayne’s Vermifuge, a worm medicine for children.” | <urn:uuid:f29447cd-278e-4181-8342-813ee832c19b> | {
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A building in PyeongChang, South Korea is now the blackest building in history. The Hyundai Pavilion, designed by architect Asif Khan for the 2018 Winter Olympics, has been sprayed with one of the blackest pigments ever invented.
Vantablack VBx 2, made by Surrey NanoSystems, absorbs 99 percent of all visible light, resulting in mind-melting, void-like blackness.
While pretty cool, the original Vantablack is painstaking to apply to surfaces.
It's made from millions of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes, each with a diameter of around 20 nanometres (around 3,500 times smaller than the width of a human hair) and 14 to 50 microns in length (1 micron is 0.001 millimetres).
When light enters this forest of nanotubes, it gets trapped, bouncing around until it dissipates as heat.
The original method of coating a material with Vantablack nanotubes involved "growing" them via chemical vapour deposition. It's powerful, though, absorbing 99.6 percent of all visible, infrared and ultraviolet light.
Then Surrey NanoSystems invented a sprayable version that blocks only visible light, laying down the nanotubes in a random configuration; and the VBx paints, that don't use nanotubes at all, but can be used for commercial applications.
This latter product is what has been sprayed on the Hyundai pavilion.
When in shadow, the three-dimensionality of the walls of the pavilion seems to disappear. It's bristling with rods, the ends of which are lit to appear like stars against the extreme blackness.
"From a distance the structure has the appearance of a window looking into the depths of outer space," Khan said in a statement.
"As you approach it, this impression grows to fill your entire field of view. So on entering the building, it feels as though you are being absorbed into a cloud of blackness."
Inside the building, the interior is the opposite - pure glossy white, made from Corian, a surface material more commonly seen in kitchen benchtops. The entire room is a water installation, with 25,000 water drops per minute flowing across the hydrophobic surfaces.
Haptic sensors allow visitors to interact with the installation, changing the rhythm of the droplets as they collide and flow towards a central lake, which drains, and reappears, and drains again.
It is, the designer said, reminiscent of a city seen from space. And both parts of the pavilion, commissioned by Hyundai, align with the car manufacturer's hydrogen fuel cell by referencing the hydrogen in the stars and the hydrogen in water.
"The water installation visitors discover inside is brightly lit in white. As your eyes adjust, you feel for a moment that the tiny water drops are at the scale of the stars," Khan said.
"In the project I wanted to move from the scale of the cosmos to the scale of water droplets in a few steps. The droplets contain the same hydrogen from the beginning of the universe as the stars."
The pavilion will open to the public at the PyeongChang 2018 Opening Ceremony on February 9. | <urn:uuid:e3b4cf8c-e547-490f-817b-3dfc1cb4c05e> | {
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A mind is a terrible thing to waste, but it’s even worse to lose it to Alzheimer’s and dementia. And while no one can stop the hands of time, you can certainly slow them down. There are certain activities, both physical and mental, that can help preserve your brain, and not for science but for yourself. The Romans said mens sana in corpore sano, thus the first step towards a sound mind is to have a healthy body.
Exercising, even moderately, can enhance memory, mental processing speed and increase the size of the hippocampus, the part of the brain that forms new memories, even in formerly sedentary adults. That means that it’s never too late to start.
Food for thought is an expression typically used figuratively to refer to something that calls for intelligent consideration, but taking it literally may be an even smarter thing to do. Vegetables, fruits, whole grains, legumes, fish, walnuts, and flax seed are all recommended to prevent
Alzheimer’s. On the other hand, obesity and a high fat diet are related to dementia, as well as elevated levels of cholesterol and blood pressure, and diabetes.
Physical exercise benefits the brain, as we’ve seen, but you can exercise your mind as well, by learning new skills and practicing old ones. That includes playing an instrument, speaking new languages, reading, and learning in general. All of the activities that we have mentioned so far will be doubly effective if done in good company as opposed to by yourself. Socially active people experience less stress, in particular if they engage in mentally challenging endeavors with friends and relatives. Just like a poor diet, loneliness and isolation are associated with a higher dementia risk. Of course, you also need some quality ‘me-time.’ Laughing, meditating, having a glass of wine, are all linked to lower stress levels, a larger hippocampus, and a reduction of cortisol, a toxic hormone. | <urn:uuid:016a8946-d76a-4b22-925c-85de927c0d3b> | {
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Protein Inhibitor Points To Potential Medical Treatments For Skull And Skin Birth Defects
Mount Sinai researchers have found new clues in the pathogenesis of skull and skin birth defects associated with a rare genetic disorder.
Researchers at Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York have found new clues in the pathogenesis of skull and skin birth defects associated with a rare genetic disorder, Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome (BSS). Using a mouse model, investigators found that by inhibiting the protein p38, previously associated with cancer and certain autoimmune conditions, they were able to interrupt development of specific birth defects associated with it: craniosynostosis, or the premature fusion of certain bones of the skull, and acanthosis nigricans, a hyperpigmentation skin disorder that often makes the skin look dirty and rough.
"We urgently need to identify the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of these disorders so that we can design effective treatment and strategies," said Ethylin Wang Jabs, MD, the study’s senior investigator and Professor of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, and Pediatrics at Mount Sinai School of Medicine. "What this opens up for the first time are potential targets for treatment."
Results from the study are published in the June 2012 Journal of Clinical Investigation.
Using a mouse model of Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome, researchers found that there was an increase in intracellular signaling through p38. When Yingli Wang, DMD, PhD, used intraperitoneal injections of an inhibitor of p38 into the mouse in utero, the skull and skin defect improved. In a separate experiment, topical application to the skin of a p38 inhibitor helped the skin defect.
The skull disorder, craniosynostosis, has devastating consequences if surgery is not performed within the first 6 months of life. Excessive intracranial pressure prevents normal growth of the head, impairing the brain, the eyes, the ears, and cognitive development. Approximately 1 in 2500 newborns across all groups are born with this birth defect, making it one of the top 10 birth defects. The disorder is listed in birth registries in the United States.
The skin disorder, acanthosis nigricans (AN), causes hyperpigmentation, and there are no standard treatments for it. AN is common. Certain conditions increase the risk for AN, including insulin resistance, obesity, diabetes, and polycystic ovary disease. Some series have shown that as many as 74 percent of obese individuals and 36 percent of people with type 2 diabetes are parents of newborns with AN. The skin disorder is especially common in Native Americans, followed by African-Americans, Hispanics, and Caucasians.
Other researchers involved in the study were Yingli Wang, Xueyan Zhou, Kurun Oberoi, Robert Phelps, Amelie Rezza, Greg Holmes, Jenna Friedenthal, Michael Rendl of Mount Sinai School of Medicine.
The research was funded in part by the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland. Dr. Jabs is a world-class leader in the study of craniosynosis.
About the Mount Sinai Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences
The Mount Sinai Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences is one of the largest medical genetics centers in the United States, providing expert diagnostic, therapeutic, and counseling services for patients and families with genetic disorders, birth defects, and pregnancy loss. The Department offers diagnostic tests in state-of-the-art DNA, biochemical, and cytogenetics laboratories.
About The Mount Sinai Medical Center
The Mount Sinai Medical Center encompasses both The Mount Sinai Hospital and Mount Sinai School of Medicine. Established in 1968, Mount Sinai School of Medicine is one of the leading medical schools in the United States. The Medical School is noted for innovation in education, biomedical research, clinical care delivery, and local and global community service. It has more than 3,400 faculty in 32 departments and 14 research institutes, and ranks among the top 20 medical schools both in National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding and by US News and World Report.
The Mount Sinai Hospital, founded in 1852, is a 1,171-bed tertiary- and quaternary-care teaching facility and one of the nation's oldest, largest and most-respected voluntary hospitals. In 2011, US News and World Report ranked The Mount Sinai Hospital 16th on its elite Honor Roll of the nation's top hospitals based on reputation, safety, and other patient-care factors. Of the top 20 hospitals in the United States, Mount Sinai is one of 12 integrated academic medical centers whose medical school ranks among the top 20 in NIH funding and US News and World Report and whose hospital is on the US News and World Report Honor Roll. Nearly 60,000 people were treated at Mount Sinai as inpatients last year, and approximately 560,000 outpatient visits took place.
For more information, visit http://www.mountsinai.org/.
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Our speaker comes from the very world he's talking about. He knows Ma Rainey, he knows the blues, and most importantly, he speaks the language of black southerners. But if that's all he was, he'd be just another face in the crowd, like the guy who speaks to him in section 4.
The speaker's got an agenda. He wants to tell us, his readers, about all these people, like the man in section 4, because he believes that they, and their love for Ma Rainey, are important. Why else would he spend 52 lines talking about them?
In other words, he's a bit of a folklorist—much like Sterling Brown himself. He finds value in examining the lives of these often-overlooked people, and he wants his readers to understand them the way he does—hence the whole dialect thing.
If he were the fancy, elbow-patch-sporting folklorist of the university set, we might get a poem in perfect meter or, heck, even an academic dissertation. But this guy's much more of the people than about them. He's all about authenticity.
How can we tell? Well, just look at the choices Brown has made in the poem:
- It's written in dialect, rather than fancypants English, which Brown, being an academic, would have been all too familiar with.
- It's got bluesy rhymes and rhythms, rather than, say, iambic pentameter.
- A big chunk of the poem is written in the voice of someone the speaker talks to, rather than the speaker himself. At once point, he even seems to merge with the audience (section 3).
- The speaker wants to know why these people love Ma Rainey so much, but he doesn't bother with some complicated analytical explanation. It's enough to hear it from the horses' mouths. | <urn:uuid:e51bd9a7-a0e5-45a7-b70d-6cfa4b4f6cc8> | {
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Every child is unique: It is a well-known fact that no two thumbprints are alike. In the same way, we believe that every child is born unique. Each child has a unique brain network that shapes how she absorbs and responds to stimuli. One way of teaching does not work for every child. We need to teach the way they learn, not force them to learn the way we teach.
Education should foster real understanding: Understanding is different from acquiring information. Mere acquisition of information relies on memory, understanding relies on conceptual clarity. Schools are not assembly lines of syllabus and exams. We help children make meaning of life and develop the muscle to lead life effectively. For this, we go beyond academics to include life skills, values and habits.
Real understanding comes from an integrated approach: We have a vision of the child we aim to graduate and everything in our schools is designed around that vision. Building design, pedagogy, teachers, curriculum content, activities and examinations – all are integrated to achieve this vision. A school is an eco-system where different factors have an effect on the child. Teachers, curriculum, assessments, environment, infrastructure, activities all come together to nurture the unique potential of the child.
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swans historically nested on freshwater lakes and marshes in a
wide band across the northern United States, Canada and Alaska,
and may have occurred in numbers as high as 100,000 birds.
However, nearly all of the population east of the Rocky
Mountains was extirpated in the late 1800s as a result of
unregulated market hunting and habitat loss. Beginning in the
early 1960s, state wildlife agencies and the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service mounted a series of restoration efforts to
return the trumpeter swan to the Midwest through the release of
birds into Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Michigan and Ohio. During
the past 40 years, this Midwestern population has grown from a
few hundred released birds to a thriving and reproducing
population of over 4,500 birds in six states and the province of
Oklahoma lies substantially south of the trumpeter swan’s historic nesting range, but at one time our state was the wintering home for many hundreds, if not thousands of trumpeter swans. History is now repeating itself with growing numbers of trumpeter swans once again wintering in Oklahoma as the Midwestern population recovers. Many of the trumpeter swans that visit Oklahoma originate from the re-established nesting populations in Iowa, Minnesota and Wisconsin. In Oklahoma, these birds occupy large ponds and wetlands and are found primarily in the northeastern and northcentral portions of the state. A few additional wintering swans migrate down from a High Plains population that was recently established in South Dakota, Nebraska and Wyoming.
These swans winter primarily on ponds and flood control lakes in western Oklahoma. Trumpeter swans typically occur in Oklahoma during the mid-winter – roughly between late November and late February.
The trumpeter swan is the largest species of waterfowl in North American and the larger of the two native swan species. These birds often live 20 to 25 years and pairs may remain together for ten or more nesting seasons. Each summer, the pair jointly raises a brood of one to six young known as cygnets. The young swans typically remain with their parent during their first summer and winter in order to learn how to find food and avoid predators and other hazards. Because of their strong family bonds, most trumpeter swan sightings in Oklahoma are of family groups. These groups are commonly comprised of one or two adult pairs and two to eight juvenile birds. Adult trumpeter swans have completely white plumage, and a relatively long, sloping bill that is solid black and somewhat wedge-shaped. Young trumpeter swans have plumage that is sooty gray in color, and have a patch of pinkish-orange color on their predominantly black bills.
Many of the nesting swans in Iowa, Wisconsin and Minnesota are marked with colored neck bands - long collars that are placed around the lower portion of the swan’s neck. These bands or collars are red or green in color and are printed with a unique combination of letters and numbers. Using the collars, biologists can track specific birds and identify their traditional nesting and wintering areas. In recent years, many of the trumpeter swans sighted in Oklahoma have originated from birds released onto wetlands in central Iowa. The Oklahoma Wildlife Diversity Program assists the Trumpeter Swan Society which is a non-profit organization based in Minnesota that helps to track and monitor the Midwestern swan population. All winter-time swan sightings are noteworthy, but we are especially interested in any observations of collared swans. Recording the locations of collared swans can help us document migration routes between their northern nesting areas and the suitable wintering areas that occur in Oklahoma. If you observe a swan with a neck collar, please contact the Wildlife Diversity Program or the Trumpeter Swan Society through their Trumpeter Watch program. | <urn:uuid:e1b3c4ed-acf5-4fc4-a79b-82b16d8f613a> | {
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Rather then thinking of learning either sqlite or mysql you should consider learning sqlalchemy
, using an orm is much easier as the tables are represented as python objects and once you learn it, its easy to just switch out which database its using and it your code will pretty much stay the same.
The following is how to choose which database to use.
wants to learn about databases, I would suggest not
using sqlachemy. At least not at first. sqlachemy hides a lot of details and makes databases look like collections of classes. While this can be very handy, it would only confuse metulburr
's understanding of how database really work, how they are different
from collections of classes, and why they are useful in the first place. In order to use sqlalchemy properly, you still need to know what's going on underneath. Besides, sqlalchemy should not be used indiscriminately; in simpler applications, it often makes sense to interact with the DB directly rather than get involved in complexities of an ORM. And certain things (eg. views) are actually harder to deal with in sqlalchemy.
metulburr wrote:Ok so i have gotten accustomed to using pickle, shelve, json, for storage (in python).
If those work for you, great. You don't have
to use a relation database to store data. Often, smaller, less structured methods, like the once you have listed, offer a better solution (I would advise against using Pickle, but the others are fine).
metulburr wrote:I am somewhat interested in sqlite3 as it appears to by similar to mysql, and if i was to ever need a large database, i wouldnt have to "learn" it then, but i would already be somewhat accustomed to it.
Yup, this is correct. sqlite is a relational database and share relational concepts and the query language (SQL) with the "big" databases like MySQL, Oracle, Postrgre, MS SQL Server, etc. With programming, the hardest part is learning to program, not learning a particular language. Once you're familiar with programming concepts, picking up new languages is a lot easier. Relational database are like that. Once you understand the underlying concepts, and are comfortable with SQL, learning to use a particular database becomes much easier.
metulburr wrote:these look like a lot of work just to insert and extract data to and from these databases. A lot more so than the shelve module. I know that sqlite3 and mysql can be addressed from any language too. But i dont see the reason for the hassle to go about using it?
They may look daunting now, but once you make the initial leap, using relational databases is not much more work than using any other kind of structured storage. In return for the little bit of extra effort involved, you get a fast, efficient and cross-language storage and a powerful and expressive query language. With server-based databases (pretty much most relational databases, apart form sqlite) you also get the ability to use the same database from multiple clients simultaneously. SQL is actually a very good way of expressing queries (there is a reason why pretty much all relational databases use that), and sometimes an SQL statement is a lot clearer than equivalent object oriented or procedural code. This is why you often see SQL-like constructs appearing in programming languages (the most obvious example is Linq in C#, but also things like list and dict comprehensions in Python).
metulburr wrote:How large is too large for shelve, or pickle when you should switch to a larger database? IS there an in between database between shelve and sqlite3?
How large is a piece of string
? It really depends. I've used sqlite3 for as little as a couple of dozen records. You'll find that some projects use it to store their settings in lieu of the more traditional config files (Firefox is an example). The motivation for using a server-based relational database is often driven by more than just size considerations (e.g. the need to support multiple clients, run complex queries, be accessible from different environments, backup and replication support).
metulburr wrote:Are there other database's out there that work well for beginner database "users"?
sqlite3 is probably your best bet.
metulburr wrote:Like one thing i noticed about these small database files, is you can adjust the size of the obj. Whereas in sqlite, you need to create a table of set amount of size. What happens if one row on a table needs an extra column? Do you need t oseparate it, or can it have a mix match of sizes of coloumn?
Relational databases rely on a rigid schema. This means that the number, types, and even sizes of columns are defined in advance. The data is assumed to fit those schemas. If it doesn't it is reshaped before being added to the database. This rigidity is what allows theses databases to be so fast and efficient, and it also helps dealing with complex queries (since you can make a lot of assumptions without having to verify them, e.g. that a particular field is present).
This works great for some applications, but not others. That is why in recent years a number of alternatives to relational database model have sprung up. They are collectively know as NoSQL database. This can be somewhat misleading as, unlike relational database, they are not really a coherent class. Basically the only thing that they have in common is that they do not rely on SQL or the relational concepts that underpin it. They use vastly different data models (some rely on a schema, others don't, others are in-btween), and use different methods of querying data (which are often closer to traditional programing languages than SQL). You should definitely look into those as well as the SQL-based database, since they both have their uses. A good place to start would probably be redis, since it's relatively simple and comes with a cool online interactive tutorial
. Another popular choice in this area is MongoDB
metulburr wrote:I dont know, i might be biting off more than i can chew right now. Like i am looking at book just describing how to use mysql. I cant beleive a database can be so complex? OF course that is to someone who has never really used a database before.
It sounds like you've just picked a bad place to start. Don't get discouraged! Databases can get very
complicated when used for high-demand, high-performance or complex systems, however they don't have to be. You can often get a lot of benefit out of very simple (sometimes just a single table) databases.
metulburr wrote:Should i even bother learning these databases like sqlite3 or just go to mysql from the start?
I would strongly recommend starting with sqlite3. It is infinitely simpler to set up than MySQL (you don't need to install a server, you don't need to create accounts, you don't need to do anything -- sqlite3 is part of stdlib). It will allow you to focus on the actual relational concepts and SQL, rather than worry about implementation-specific minutiae. Maybe try this
tutorial or go through the Python docs | <urn:uuid:1ef2e0b1-d5d3-4ab5-95d4-5141ebc620b0> | {
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The Franks Casket
Length: 22.900 cm
Width: 19.000 cm
Height: 10.900 cm
Given by Sir A.W. Franks
Britain, Prehistory and Europe
This whalebone box is so beautifully carved that it must have been made by a skilled craftsman for an important person. Each side tells a different story from many places and cultures, clearly carved in pictures as well as written alongside in Anglo-Saxon runes.
This is a view of the front of the casket. Click on the picture underneath to help look at what is happening. The picture on the left is from a popular story about an Anglo-Saxon hero called Weland. Weland was a blacksmith who loved getting bloodthirsty revenge on his enemies. Here he is offering a princess a cup to drink made from her brother's head. Can you see the prince's body on the floor?
The right side shows the three wise men visiting the baby Jesus. Look for the word 'Magi' in runes above their heads.
Resources for teachers
Activities to investigate Weland the blacksmith, an Anglo-Saxon hero, and compare him to a modern day hero.
Download teachers' notes (35 Kb)
Download student activity sheet (43 Kb) | <urn:uuid:3f95e25a-51a9-4b31-98e6-6eb8719bc46c> | {
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"On (the federal minimum wage of) $7.75, you can't even make half the poverty level."
U.S. Rep. Jim McDermott, D-Wash., Nov. 12 on MSNBC's Politics Nation
A recent Gallup poll showed that an overwhelming 76 percent of Americans want the minimum wage increased to $9. There hasn't been a minimum wage increase in four years, and the prospect of an increase — particularly in the Republican-controlled House — looks dim.
But that hasn't stopped advocates of a higher minimum wage from making their case.
We wondered: Is it true, as Rep. McDermott said, that if you are paid $7.75 an hour, "you can't even make half the poverty level?"
First off, we need to correct one aspect of McDermott's claim. While he's right that the federal minimum wage has been static for the past four years, it's $7.25 an hour, not $7.75. But because he was specific about the dollar amount, we'll use that to make our calculations.
If you earned $7.75 an hour for 40 hours a week and 52 weeks a year, you would earn $16,120. For this to be less than half the poverty level, the poverty level would have to be at least $32,240.
Is the poverty level that high? For most households, no.
The federal poverty level is actually a matrix of different dollar amounts. It depends on the size of the family, with larger families having a higher threshold.
The poverty level exceeds $32,240 only for families with at least seven people — say, two parents and five children, or one parent and six children. (For a seven-person household, an income of $35,610 is right at the poverty level.) If we were to use the actual minimum wage of $7.25, the yearly income would be less than half of poverty for a six-person family, rather than seven.
According to the Census Bureau, only 9 percent of households have even three children, and the number with five (or six, if it's a single-parent household) is even smaller. Extrapolating from 2006 data, we estimate that about 2 percent of households have at least five children.
So, McDermott's claim would be wrong for 98 percent of households. And this may even understate how wrong he is.
Under the federal Earned Income Tax Credit — which provides a refundable tax credit to working people with low incomes — a poverty-level household with two adults and two children would be eligible for $5,372 in tax credits, noted Michael Wiseman, a professor of public policy and economics at George Washington University. That would make McDermott's scenario even more far-fetched.
A spokeswoman for McDermott acknowledged that he "misspoke," both about the amount of the federal minimum wage and about how far that wage would go.
"The point he was trying to make was that the current minimum wage is nowhere close to a livable wage," said spokeswoman Amber Macdonald.
We rate this statement False.
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Do you have a pet? Use this vocabulary coloring worksheet to discuss different pets. Use the worksheet as a simple listening exercise by having students follow your directions. “Get out your yellow crayon. Let’s color the bird yellow.” Or let kids get creative!
Contains 1 Page
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Yellow Plantain Bananas
Inventory, 40 lbs : 2.59
This item was last sold on : 04/29/17
Yellow plantains are available year-round.
Plantains, botanical name Musa paradisiaca, are the fruit of the same species as bananas as there are no clear distinctions between bananas and plantains other than bananas are for fresh eating and plantains are considered cooking bananas. Plantains are a staple food in tropical regions, sustaining large populations in developing countries. They are the tenth most important staple that feeds the world.
Yellow plantains are characterized by the age of the fruit. They are essentially at the middle stage of the fruit's maturity. Yellow plantains have a slightly firm and starchy texture, mild, almost insipid flavor and lower sugar content. If a Yellow plantain is left to ripen, it will develop a sweet taste and its color will change from yellow to black.
Yellow plantains are often mashed, grilled over coals and baked due to their stage of maturity. They are the choice plantain for caramelizing, often as a sweet addition to savory dishes, especially in Caribbean cuisines, specifically Cuban. Yellow plantains are complimented by ingredients such as coconut, vanilla, cream, melting cheeses, chiles, citrus, chicken, pork, black beans, pineapple, mango, shrimp, tofu and herbs such as cilantro and mint.
Plantains are a Latin American and Caribbean staple. They are an inexpensive substitute for potatoes and rice in many Latin American dishes, including Mexican cuisine where tortillas are filled with cooked plantains.
Plantains are native to Southeast Asia, South Asia and West Africa, specifically tropical regions of Nigeria and Ghana. Plantain plants do eventually expire production of fruit, yet they are among the longest producing of banana plants. A single plant may produce fruits up to fifty years depending on its tropical location.
Restaurants currently purchasing this product as an ingredient for their menu.
|Urge Gastropub and Whiskey Bank - Oceanside||Oceanside CA||858-395-8809|
|US Grant Hotel Main||San Diego CA||619-232-3121|
|The Brew Project||San Diego CA||425-268-0349|
|Brigantine Corp||San Diego CA||858 926 9644|
|Marriott Coronado||Coronado CA||619-435-3000 x6335|
|Art Institute of San Diego||San Diego CA||858-598-1200|
|Sorority Cuisine - Alpha Phi||San Diego CA||619-295-3173|
|Lena Craft Mexican||La Jolla CA||858-263-4190|
|Paradise Point Resort Main Kitchen||San Diego CA||858-490-6363|
|Red Card Cafe||San Diego CA||858-291-8030|
|Snake Oil Cocktail Company LLC||San Diego CA||858-754-9173|
|Waypoint Public||San Diego CA||619-255-8778|
|Harvest Kitchen||San Diego CA||619-709-0938|
|K&L Neighborhood Eateries||San Diego CA||619-964-3778|
|Cow by Bear||San Diego CA||415-565-9989|
|La Costa Resort & Spa Main Kitchen||Carlsbad CA||760-930-7063|
|Ballast Point Restaurant - Miramar||San Diego CA||858-790-6900|
|Paradise Point Resort Tidal||San Diego CA||858-490-6363|
|Agave Coffee and Cafe||Chula Vista CA||619-427-2250|
|Caramel Collective||San Diego CA||206-595-5504|
|Sorority Cuisine - SAE||San Diego CA||310-402-6195|
|Mesa College||San Diego CA||619-388-2240|
|Harney Sushi Oceanside||Oceanside CA||760-967-1820|
|Pascucci Pasta||San Diego CA||619-285-8000|
|Urge American Gastropub - RB||San Diego CA||858-673-8743|
|Common Theory||San Diego CA||858-707-7016|
|Hotel Palomar-Salt Box||San Diego CA||619-515-3003|
|Panama 66||San Diego CA||619-702-6373|
|Waters Catering||San Diego CA||619-276-8803 x4|
|The Patio Express (Mission Hills)||San Diego CA||619-377-0340|
|Wet Stone Winebar and Cafe||San Diego CA||619-255-2856|
|San Diego Culinary Institute Inc.||La Mesa CA||619-644-2100|
|Brooklyn Girl||San Diego CA||619-296-4600|
|The Shores||La Jolla CA||858-459-8271|
|Cueva Bar||San Diego CA||619-269-6612|
|Juniper & Ivy Bar||San Diego CA||858-481-3666|
|Fresh and Fit Meals||National City CA||858-805-5949|
|The Crossings||Carlsbad CA||760-444-1800|
|Hotel La Jolla & CUSP||La Jolla CA||858-459-0261|
Recipes that include Yellow Plantain Bananas. One is easiest, three is harder.
|I Breathe I'm Hungry||Carribean Shrimp with Plantains and Mango|
People have spotted Yellow Plantain Bananas using the Specialty Produce app for iPhone and Android.
Produce Spotting allows you to share your produce discoveries with your neighbors and the world! Is your market carrying green dragon apples? Is a chef doing things with shaved fennel that are out of this world? Pinpoint your location annonymously through the Specialty Produce App and let others know about unique flavors that are around them. | <urn:uuid:051c40e9-f7e0-47b5-8d78-bb87304783aa> | {
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Washington, Aug 27 (IANS) Saturn’s moon Titan is unique in the outer solar system in that it is the only one of the bodies outside the Earth with liquid lakes and seas on its surface and the US space agency has unveiled plans to send a submarine into the depths of its largest ocean — Kraken Mare.
NASA is working on sending a submarine into the depths of the Kraken Mare, Inverse.com reported on Saturday.
The Titanian seas, however, are not composed of water, like Earth’s seas, but are seas of liquid hydrocarbons and one of the reasons why NASA wants to go to Titan is “to determine if hydrocarbon based life is possible on Titan,” NASA cryogenics enginee Jason Hartwig said in a presentation at the NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts Symposium held this week in Raleigh, North Carolina.
Secondly, with clouds and an atmosphere, Titan is very similar to Earth ? apart from the extreme cold and oceans of liquid methane.
But hidden in the methane sea may be clues to how life evolved and potentially some weird extraterrestrial microbes, the report said.
The proposed submarine would carry instruments to measure the chemical composition of the ocean, the currents and tides, and the structure of the ocean floor.
NASA has a proposed launch date of 2038 because of how the Earth and Saturn are aligned with Titan’s seasons.
Sprawling over some 1,000 km, with depths estimated at 300 m, Kraken Mare represents an opportunity for an unprecedented planetary exploration mission, NASA earlier said in a statement. | <urn:uuid:4b4f0391-bde7-424a-bafc-83f6b3704e1c> | {
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Corn Laws(redirected from Corn Laws Debate)
Also found in: Encyclopedia.
Related to Corn Laws Debate: Importation Act 1846
(Historical Terms) the laws introduced in Britain in 1804 to protect domestic farmers against foreign competition by the imposition of a heavy duty on foreign corn: repealed in 1846. See also Anti-Corn Law League
1815–46 British legislation regulating grain imports. They were beneficial to farmers but caused staple food shortages in larger, particularly industrial, towns and in impoverished rural areas. | <urn:uuid:8c97fc01-8447-4f41-8295-40f33dfdc5d6> | {
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The international conglomerate, Lotte Company, was founded in 1948 by Shin Kyuk-Ho, a young South Korean businessman with a fondness for Goethe’s novel, Die Leiden des jungen Werthers. Lotte Company is one of the most important manufacturers of sweets in Japan; it also runs a fast-food chain, called Lotteria and the professional baseball team, the Chiba Lotte Marines. While the Lotte company began selling chewing gum in postwar Japan, today it is a multinational corporation with property and products in 50 businesses with over 38, 000 employees across East Asia, Europe, and the United States. In every room of its Korean hotels, guests can find a copy of Goethe’s novel at the bed stand. The corporate website makes clear that company philosophy is to be loved by everyone around the world just like Goethe’s eternal love of Charlotte.
From the founding myth of this vast corporation, Global Goethe scholarship quickly moves into the history of translations from German into Japanese. Globalization has a history that precedes the emergence of multinational corporations. In Japan the connections with Germany were initially fostered through relations with the Prussian military, an unlikely transmitter of Goethe’s writing. While Mori Ogai, the military doctor and novelist, who studied for four years in Germany, was drawn initially to Goethe’sWilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre, the first Japanese version of Werther appeared in 1889, composed by the Confucian scholar Nakai Kinjo. Twelve more translations were published by 1938. Goethe’s novel acquired connotations as it moved across cultures. For many readers such as the critic, Takayama Chogyû, the novel’s conclusion resonated with the anguished youth of the late Meiji period.
Hans Müller, “Goethe in Japan,” Monumenta Nipponica 2.2 (1939): 466-478.
William Ridgeway, Gender, the Body, and Desire in the Novels of Natsume Sôseki (1867-1916), Focusing in Meian, (Dissertation University of Honolulu, 2002) | <urn:uuid:3915da98-f212-4c6b-a60e-beeaec7df4e7> | {
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Your posture is defined as the way your muscles and bones are aligned. The importance of good posture cannot be overstated; your posture is related to your health, your appearance, and can even be linked to your success. However, having a healthy posture is not as common as you would think. Many activities, such as sitting, lifting, sleeping, and standing can all affect our posture.
How we sit is a major contributor to poor posture. Many people have jobs that involve sitting at a desk for 6 to 8 hours a day while staring at computer screen. Few individuals remember to break up the monotony by stretching or going for a brief walk while on break. If you aren’t sitting while at work, you are likely sitting on your commute to and from work, or when you get home and are relaxing from a long day. Bad sitting postures can affect the shape of the spinal cord, leading to back pain, and with time, other serious complications. The way we sleep, stand, or lift things also play a role in determining posture. More recently, technology has had an impact on our posture as well. People commonly roll their shoulders forward and bend their neck while texting, browsing social media, or reading an eBook.
Massage Therapy is beneficial in reviving good posture habits. It does so in the following ways:
Relax Tense Muscles
Massage Therapy helps to relax tense body muscles through the use of mild pressure and long strokes along the back, neck and shoulders. During a massage knots in your musculature are worked out and the muscles are not longer constantly tense. When the muscles are not forced into a contracted state, they are not pulling down on your spine, allowing you to comfortable straighten your back into a healthy posture. Deep tissue massages more effectively reduce severe muscular tension through a series of deeper penetrating strokes.
Reduced Pain. People usually experience pain in their lower back, neck, and shoulders as a result of a slouched posture. Massaging helps to stretch these sore muscles so they do not feel overworked. Massages also help to push toxins out of the muscles, where they are carried away in the bloodstream to be disposed of as waste. With fewer toxins, like lactic acids, your muscles will begin to feel much healthier and you will notice less pain.
Deeper Breathing. Did you know that bad posture affects your breathing? Not convinced? Try this: Sit on a chair and bend over, letting your hands rest on the floor. Do you find breathing easy? Probably not. Poor posture limits the movement of the lungs and diaphragm, thus stifling breathing. A massage however will help to ease the upper body muscles, improving your posture, and clearing out any breathing obstructions.
Reduces Risk Of Arthritis. With regular massage therapy, the danger of getting arthritis is also reduced. A common form of arthritis, Osteoarthritis (OA) occurs when the cartilage present between two bones in a joint wears off, causing the bones to rub against each other. The result is intense pain and swelling around these joints. Research has shown that poor posture is one of the causes of OA. Massage therapy often involves stimulating the muscles and joints to increase circulation in the treated area. Better circulation around your joints, helps to keep the cartilage healthy. | <urn:uuid:0ac022cc-83d5-4a0e-a0a4-a7bef3d9fcad> | {
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The audioguide tells the story, describes the architecture and reports interesting facts about the oratory.
Rossano is one of the most important cities of Calabria, under Byzantine rule, and here one of the most significant monuments of that time has been preserved: the Oratorio di San Marco, founded in the X-XI century. During the restoration, fragments of admirable sculptures and frescoes of the Byzantine period emerged: a Madonna with Child, which was to be part of a much wider representation. The audioguide has been made by professionals in the field of history and art.
Download (size): 1 file MP3
128 Kbps - 8,31 Mb
|Voce narrante:||Karolina Starin|
|Copyright audio:||Associazione ACEB|
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Herbal Remedies for Infections
Chronic infections are often encouraged by an immune weakness or acid-alkaline imbalance. Acute infections can happen because of poor hygiene, weakened immunity, or exposure to particularly strong pathogenic agents.
Herbs to stimulate the immune system are often used to treat infections. Antibacterial and antiparasitic herbs can also help. When the infection is severe, and waste by-products and bacterial toxins are stressing the immune system, blood purifiers and antitoxin herbs are appropriate.
Herbs Used To Treat Infections | <urn:uuid:08084c2e-4612-43d3-b865-8ebcf5f6773f> | {
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The Dominican Republic occupies the eastern two thirds of the island of Hispaniola. The beauty, diversity and rich culture of Dominican Republic is unparalleled by any of the other Caribbean Islands
Official Language: Total Population: National Tree: National Currency: Spanish 10,673,722 (2016) Mahogany Tree Dominican Peso
The Monumento a los Héroes de la Restauración is a monument in the city of Santiago de los Caballeros in the Dominican Republic. It was originally built during the dictatorship of Rafael Leónidas Trujillo in 1944 as "Trujillo's Monument to Peace."
Did You Know?
This tropical country is the second largest Island in the Caribbean. It measures 48,484 km2 (18,719 sq miles), making it approximately 20% larger than Switzerland.
The Puerto Plata region has not been hit by a Hurricane in over 100 years.
The capital City of Santo Domingo was the capital of the New World for over 150 years and was the first and last stop for all New World transactions.
Lake Enriquillo on the southwest side of the island is one of the lowest points in the Caribbean measuring at 39 meters below sea level.
The Dominican Republic has a topography so extremely diverse that it consists of white sandy beaches, tropical lush rainforests, desert like expanses, lush mountain ranges and abundant tropical farm lands.
There are 12 National parks in the Dominican Republic.
Pico Duarte is located on the central western portion of the island and is the highest mountain peak in the Caribbean. It measures 10,128 feet (3,088 meters) above sea level.
Popular destinations, such as Sosua, Cabarete, and Las Terrenas, have made the Dominican Republic as one of the top real estate investment opportunities in the world. Reasonably priced villas, condos, and lots appeal to a wide array of investors and budgets.
Fortaleza Oxama is the oldest fort in the Americas. Built by the spanish at the entrance of the Ozama river, Santo Domingo - 1600
Much like the United States, the Dominican Republic political has a President and two legislative chambers: the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies. The Senate has 31 representatives, one for each province in the country and one for the national district. The Chamber of Deputies has 183 members. The president is elected by universal suffrage to a four- year term. Although there are about twenty political parties only three play any significant role in the political system.
The early inhabitants of the island were the Tainos who had a well structured society when the Europeans first discovered the island in the 15th Century. Since that time, there have been Spanish, French and American settlements and the population has grown to over 10 million inhabitants. To learn a bit more and see a chronological timeline of Dominican History, please press on the links below.
Points of Interest
Santo Domingo is the capital of the Dominican Republic. Day trips to this vibrant city are offered from most of the major tourist areas. The Colonial Zone offers many treasures to explore including the Santa Maria Cathedral which was built in 1521, the Casas Reales Museum and the house of Diego Columbus, son of Christopher Columbus. | <urn:uuid:611774c3-f33c-49f9-be5b-aa72c05a4ffb> | {
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Extreme Weather Tied To Global Warming
Lawrence LeBlond for redOrbit.com – Your Universe Online
Global warming could be leading to extreme weather events in several areas around the world, but in some areas scientists have not been able to find any link between the two at all, according to new analyses released Tuesday.
Record heat waves in the UK, extreme flooding in Russia, and record drought in Texas, may have been the result of climate change, yet researchers are stopping short of blaming any single event on global warming.
The analyses come from the latest State of the Climate report, released by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). While researchers cannot directly tie global warming to any single weather event, they do however, assess how climate change has altered the odds of such events occurring.
In the analysis of Texas´ record-breaking drought, Oregon State University researchers noted that the region suffered record heat in 2011. They contribute the heat and dryness to the La Nina weather pattern, which was produced by the cooling of the central Pacific Ocean. La Nina generally cools global temperatures but actually makes temperatures in the southern US considerably warmer and drier than usual.
By studying computer models for years with La Nina patterns, the OSU team found three years in the 1960s in Texas where the conditions were similar to the 2008 season. Due to lack of simulation data for the 2011 season, the team used the last dry period of 2008 as a basis.
The study was done to check the likelihood of such a heat wave both before and after there was a lot of man-made climate change, which primarily comes from the burning of fossil fuels like coal and oil. They concluded that global warming has made such a Texas heat wave about 20 times more likely to occur in a year with a La Nina pattern.
Oxford University researchers used a similar approach for analysis of the near-record heat seen in England last November, followed by the second coldest streak just a month later. Working with the British government, the Oxford team concluded that global warming could have made such a warm November 62 times more likely to occur, and half as likely to make such a cold December.
Kevin Trenberth, of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), said the findings in the British study was reasonable, despite using a flawed climate model. He also noted that the Texas analysis could be a likely “underestimate” and could probably be increased.
While researchers were able to find evidence indicating a link between global warming and the Texas and UK weather events, there was a much different scenario in some regions, such as central and southern Thailand. There, researchers found no clear sign that climate change played a major role in the weather patterns. The scale of flooding was influenced more by factors like poor reservoir operations, said researchers.
“While we didn’t find that climate change has affected the odds of all the extreme weather events we looked at, we did see that some events were significantly more likely. Overall, we’re seeing that human influence is having a marked impact on some types of extreme weather,” Peter Stott of the UK´s Met Office and co-editor of the research, told The Independent.
Tying in with the research, the NOAA released its report on the climate for 2011, which included several statistics similar to what it had announced earlier.
Interestingly enough, 2011 was the coolest year since 2008 in terms of global average temperature, which was about 57.9 degrees Fahrenheit. Still, it remained among the 15 warmest years since records first began being kept (in the late 1800s), according to the NOAA.
Although researchers cannot easily find causal links between weather patterns and global climate change, Stott noted that recent research was evidence that “science has moved on.” | <urn:uuid:006dc20a-e43b-4f67-ba97-881ef96c160f> | {
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Once the grid and neighborhoods have been defined, a discrete planning problem is obtained. Figure 5.14 depicts the process for a problem in which there are nine Sukharev grid points in . Using -neighborhoods, the potential edges in the search graph, , appear in Figure 5.14a. Note that is a topological graph, as defined in Example 4.6, because each vertex is a configuration and each edge is a path. If and do not coincide with grid points, they need to be connected to some nearby grid points, as shown in Figure 5.14b. What grid points should and be connected to? As a general rule, if -neighbors are used, then one should try connecting and to any grid points that are at least as close as the furthest -neighbor from a typical grid point.
Usually, all of the vertices and edges shown in Figure 5.14b do not appear in because some intersect with . Figure 5.14c shows a more typical situation, in which some of the potential vertices and edges are removed because of collisions. This representation could be computed in advance by checking all potential vertices and edges for collision. This would lead to a roadmap, which is suited for multiple queries and is covered in Section 5.6. In this section, it is assumed that is revealed ``on the fly'' during the search. This is the same situation that occurs for the discrete planning methods from Section 2.2. In the current setting, the potential edges of are validated during the search. The candidate edges to evaluate are given by the definition of the -neighborhoods. During the search, any edge or vertex that has been checked for collision explicitly appears in a data structure so that it does not need to be checked again. At the end of the search, a path is found, as depicted in Figure 5.14d.
Steven M LaValle 2012-04-20 | <urn:uuid:c93aa34d-ceff-4f4c-93c6-746323904d1c> | {
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The Top 10 Controversial Essay Topics For High School
If you want the ten most controversial topics for your next paper, consider the following:
- Abortion and whether it is right or wrong, and whether Roe v. Wade should be reinforced or overturned.
- Genetic cloning and whether it is morally or legally right or wrong.
- Capital punishment and whether it is morally or legally right or wrong.
- Animal testing and whether it is morally or legally right or wrong.
- What can be done to stop human trafficking.
- Whether ethnic adoption has negative or positive developmental impacts on children.
- Plastic surgery and whether it is morally or legally right or wrong.
- The pharmaceutical industry and whether it is morally or legally right or wrong.
- Whether or not a person has a right to choose when they die.
Picking essay topics is particularly challenging for many students and it often holds them back from starting their essay. The key to selecting a proper topic for your paper is as follows:
- The first step understands your assignment details. Far too many students have failed to review their semi details thoroughly enough to truly comprehend what task is at hand. As a result they select a topic that they believe fits vaguely into their assignment requirements and yet having failed to review the assignment requirements thoroughly, they have failed to pick a topic that meets the actual assignment.
- The second step is to make sure that the topic you select is narrow enough or broad enough to be covered in the number of pages that you have. Almost every first topic a student selects will be too broad and will need to be narrowed down. This is normal. And you can easily narrow down or refine your topic so that it fits within the page requirements by reviewing just one aspect, one character, or one cause, or by limiting yourself with a chronological limitation or by only reviewing your topic as it presents itself in one or two chapters of your book. These are all great tools for narrowing down your topic. If you want to go the opposite way and broaden your topic because it is too narrow to fill your page requirements, you can just do the opposite and add an element, a character, a cause, or expand the time frame. | <urn:uuid:2434a699-8771-44d1-8d99-0d9b03451e80> | {
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OK...so something doesn't seem right when I distribute a positive number versus a negative number into an absolute value. Can someone please explain this to me.
For example...it was a couple of inequality problems that caught my attention on this:
-2 abs(3x - 4) < 16
3 abs(2x + 5) > 9
I don't think you can distribute a negative into absolute value...or can you? Please help! (Thinking) | <urn:uuid:d31481d8-f94f-4857-87cf-0ea80c8821f5> | {
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ONE OF THE SIGNATURE discoveries of cognitive neuroscience is that a structure called the hippocampus, deep within the brain, is intimately involved in creating memories. This fact was dramatically illustrated by a singular patient, Henry Molaison, who experienced severe epileptic seizures. In 1953, when Molaison was 27, doctors removed his hippocampus and nearby areas on both sides of his brain. The operation controlled his epilepsy, but at a price—from that time on, he was unable to remember the things that happened to him. He could learn skills, such as mirror writing, but would be puzzled by his expertise, because he could not recall having acquired it.
H.M., as he was known during his lifetime to protect his privacy, taught scientists three lessons. First, certain brain structures—the hippocampus and the amygdala, the brain’s emotion center—specialize in remembering. Second, there are different kinds of memory—the ability to recall facts, or personal experiences, or physical skills like riding a bike—each with its own properties. Third, memory is distinct from the brain’s intellectual and perceptual abilities.
Fifty years later these conclusions have been strengthened by laboratory studies on mice, rats and monkeys and by further clinical observation. A case in point is transient global amnesia, a rare but enigmatic loss of memory that is sometimes triggered by a stressful event. The patient suddenly cannot recall facts or experiences—anything that is not deeply encoded, such as his name. He also becomes unable to form new memories. There is no impairment in motor or sensory function, judgment, intellectual faculties or consciousness. As the name suggests, transient global amnesia is temporary, disappearing within 24 hours with little long-term effect. But within a day or two of the attack, high-resolution imaging reveals small areas of damage in a specific part of the hippocampus.
Having established the critical role of the hippocampus, the next question is: What makes something memorable? Of the countless things a person encounters in a given day, why do some become indelibly imprinted, whereas others vanish like soap bubbles? Scientists know that many factors play a role in determining what people remember, among them how much attention the person is paying, how novel and interesting the experience is, and the kinds of emotions that are evoked. But recently a team led by neuroscientist Ueli Rutishauser of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute at the California Institute of Technology delved into the cellular workings of the hippocampus, chronicling the activity of individual brain cells as people absorbed and recalled new information. Their findings, though delivered in the technical language of action potentials and electrical frequencies, provide intriguing insights into the Proustian mystery of memory.
Electrodes Thinner Than a Hair
Epilepsy treatments, though less invasive than in H.M.’s day, continue to offer unique opportunities for neuroscientific insight. To pinpoint where seizures originate, doctors sometimes implant electrodes thinner than a hair in the affected brain areas. Then for a few days they eavesdrop on the electrical activity that takes place while the patient talks, watches television, moves around and sleeps in the hospital ward.
Rutishauser and his colleagues piggybacked their memory experiment on this medical protocol. They asked nine epileptics who were undergoing electrode monitoring to view 100 slides, each of which showed an image of a person, an animal, or an everyday object such as a car or a tool. The patients had one second to commit each picture to memory as best they could before the next one appeared. The team later tested the patients’ recall by showing them a second set of 100 photographs, half of which were novel and half of which were repeats from the initial slide show, and asking them to identify which ones they had already seen. During the two slide shows, the team used the implanted microelectrodes to track electrical activity in the hippocampus and the amygdala. | <urn:uuid:c94ec81c-d20c-479b-8c79-75e2d68877d5> | {
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since becoming the the first person to ever hand rear newborn elephants, daphne sheldrick, featured in the first picture, has spent over half a century caring for more than 140 of kenya’s orphaned baby elephants.
sheldrick operates her nursery and orphanage - named after her late husband, david sheldrick - with the help of 55 keepers, each charged with becoming a full time around the clock parent, and about 20,000 people who “foster” an elephant online.
but it is the elephants who chose their parents. it is the keeper who must ingratiate himself to them and earn their trust. one keeper, mishak, is loved best. sheldrick says he’s “a simple man…but he’s got a deep love in his heart for the elephants, which is unusual because he comes from a poaching fraternity. he can persuade an elephant to live when it wants to die.”
when baby elephants first arrive, they are traumatized from having witnessed the slaughter of their mothers and family by poachers. grieving can last several months, and they often lose the will to live.
unable to fend for themselves in the wild, and dependent on their mother’s milk, they also arrive in poor health. some arrive injured and starving from having fallen into wells or manholes (fifth photo), a not uncommon occurrence.
many also find it difficult to socialize with the new elephants. but keepers are quick to encourage socialization (as seen in the third photo), which is the best way to get them back in good health and spirits. the elephants care for one another, and the older ones are quick to nurture the younger ones (the seventh photo shows older elephants lying down so younger ones can play on them.)
ultimately, the elephants are released back into the wild, but they often return for medical care and to show off their own children. as sheldrick says, “their sense of family is as strong as ours… all the females are very maternal, even the young ones. the caring and nurturing is far greater in elephants than it is in humans, and loyalty and friendship endures.”
"they are just like us. only better," she continues. "they’re not corrupted. their memories are amazing and their convoluted thinking and reasoning is equal to that of a human."
photos by brent stirton and mike nichols. text was adapted from an article by jessamy calkin. daphne sheldrick’s memoir, “love, life and elephants - an african love story,” was published last year. | <urn:uuid:142c9292-cdb5-4a54-965a-a2e72ce60588> | {
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Time-of-flight (TOF) is a simple but powerful technique that consists of accurately measuring the time it takes a particle/ atom/ ion/ molecule/ neutrino/ etc. to travel a known distance. This valuable tool has been used to characterise the kinetic energy distributions of an exhaustive range of sources, including positronium (Ps) [e.g. Howell et al, 1987], and is exploited widely in ion mass spectrometry.
Last year we published an article in which we described TOF measurements of ground-state (n=1) Ps atoms that were produced by implanting a short (5 ns) pulse of positrons into a porous silica film. Using pulsed lasers to photoionise (tear apart) the atoms at a range of well-defined positions, we were able to estimate the Ps velocity distribution, finding mean speeds on the order of 100 km/s. Extrapolating the measured flight paths back to the film’s surface indicated that the Ps took on average between 1 and 10 ns to escape the pores, depending on the depth to which the positrons were initially implanted.
When in the ground state and isolated in vacuum the electron and positron that make up a positronium atom will tend to annihilate each another in around 140 ns. Even with a speed of 100 km/s this means that Ps is unlikely to travel further than a couple of cm during its brief existence. Consequently, the photoionisation/ TOF measurements mentioned above were made within 6 mm of the silica film. However, instead of ionising the atoms, our lasers can be reconfigured to excite Ps to high-n Rydberg levels, and these typically live for a great deal longer. The increase in lifetime allows us to measure TOF spectra over much longer timescales (~10 µs) and distances (1.2 m).
The image above depicts the layout of our TOF apparatus. Positrons from a Surko trap are guided by magnets to the silica film, wherein they bind to electrons and are remitted as Ps. Immediately after, ultraviolet and infra-red pulsed lasers drive the atoms to n=2 and then to Rydberg states. Unlike the positively charged positrons, the neutral Ps atoms are not deflected by the curved magnetic fields and are able to travel straight along the 1.2 m flight tube, eventually crashing into the end of the vacuum chamber. The annihilation gamma rays are there detected using an NaI scintillator and photomultipler tube (PMT), and the time delay between Ps production and gamma ray detection is digitally recorded.
The plots above show two different views of time-of-flight spectra accumulated with the infra-red laser tuned to address Rydberg levels in the range of n=10 to 20. The data shows that more Ps are detected at later times for the higher-n states than for lower-n states. This is easily explained by fluorescence, i.e., the decay of an excited-state atom via spontaneous emission of a photon. As the fluorescence lifetime increases with n, the lower-n states are more likely to decay to the ground state and then annihilate before reaching the end of the chamber, reducing the number of gamma rays seen by the NaI detector at later times. We estimate from this data that Ps atoms in n=10 fluoresce in about 3 µs, compared to roughly 30 µs for n=20.
This work brings us an important step closer to performing a positronium free-fall measurement. A flight path of at least ten meters will probably be required to observe gravitational deflection, so we still have some way to go.
This post is based on work discussed in our article:
Measurement of Rydberg positronium fluorescence lifetimes. A. Deller, A. M. Alonso, B. S. Cooper, S. D. Hogan, and D. B. Cassidy. Phys. Rev. A 93, 062513 (2016)DOI:10.1103/PhysRevA.93.062513. | <urn:uuid:feca630b-83ff-4757-9061-8995fab94856> | {
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Cumulative Economic Growth of the World's 1,000 Largest Cities 2000-2016
The video shows cumulative GDP growth. It uses data from C-GIDD (cgidd.com).
In 2000, all cities are grey.
As time progresses, the cities become:
- Redder, the higher the growth relative to the average of all cities
- Bluer, the lower the growth relative to the average of all cities
The colors are based on equally sized septiles of performance. The size of the bubbles is proportional to city population. | <urn:uuid:6e6b667a-7f06-4e12-a54a-a4c215bc063a> | {
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Published on March 9, 2014
Exile in Dapitan (1892-1896)
• Rizal lived in exile in far-away Dapitan, a remote town in Dapitan. • Four year Interregnum in his life was tediously unexciting. • Abundantly fruitful with varied achievements. • Practised medicine, pursued scientific studies, continued his artistic and literary works, widened his knowledge of languages, established a school for boys, promoted community development projects, invented a wooden machine for making bricks, and engaged in farming and commerce.
BEGINNING OF EXILE IN DAPITAN
• Streamer Cebu which brought Rizal to Dapitan carried a letter from Father Pablo Pastells, Superior of the Jesuit Society in the Philippines. • Rizal could live at the parish convent on the following reasons: 1. Rizal’s publicity retract his errors concerning religion, and make statements that were clearly pro-Spanish and against revolution 2. He performed the church rites and make a general confession of his past life. 3. That henceforth he conduct himself in an exemplary manner as a Spanish subject and a man of religion
In these ff. Conditions Rizal did not agree. Consequently,he lived in the house of Captain Carnicero. (Commander) • The relationship between Canicero (The warden) and Rizal (The prisoner ) • CARNICERO was charmed by Rizal’s fine qualities and personality, they ate together with same table and they had many friendly conversations. • He notice that rizal was not a common felon. • He gave good reports on his prisoner to Gov.Despujol.
• He gave him complete freedom to go anywhere reporting only once a week at his office, and permitted Rizal who was a good equestrian, to ride his chestnut horse. • Rizal on his part he admired Carcinero of being kind,generous Spanish Captain. He Wrote a poem for Carcinero entitled " A Don Ricardo Carcinero on August 26, 1892 on the occasion of captain's birthday.
Captain Cancinero, Dr. Rizal, and Francisco Equilo WINS IN MANILA LOTTERY • On September 21, 1892 the sleepy town of Dapitan burst in hectic excitement. The mail boat of Butuan was approaching the town. • The mailboat Butuan brough the happy tidings that the Lottery Ticket No. 9736 jointly owned by Captain Cancinero, Dr. Rizal, and Francisco Equilor (Spanish residendt of Dipolog,a neighboring town of Dapitan ) won the 2nd prize of P 20,000 in the governmentowned Manila Lottery.
• Rizal shared of the winning the lottery ticket was P6 200. Upon receiving this sum. • P 2 000 to his father. • P 200 to his friend Basa in Hong Kong -and the rest he invested well by purchasing agricultural lands along the coast of Talisay, about 1km away from Dapitan. • Rizal’s winning in the Manila lottery reveals an aspect of his lighter side. • He never drank hard liquor. • He never smoked. • But Rizal was a lottery addict. During his 1st sojourn in Madrid from (1882-1885)
• He always invests atleast 3 pesetas every month in lottery tickets. His Only vibes commented Wenceslao E. Retana. (His first Spanish biographer and former enemy) RIZAL-PASTELLS DEBATE ON RELIGION *During exile in Dapitan, Rizal had a long and scholarly debate with Father Pastells on religion. *It was all started when Father Pastells sent him a book by Sarda, with advice that the latter(Rizal) should desist from his majaderas ( foolishness ) in viewing religion from the prism of individual judgement and self-esteem.
• • • • This interesting religious debate may be read in 4 letters written by Rizal, as follows : 1. September 1, 1892 2. November 11, 1892 3. January 9,1893 4. April 4,1893 Father Pastells replies dated: 1. October 12,1892 2. December 8,1892 3. February 2,1893 4. April (no exact date ) 1893
• In this letter Father Pastells, Rizal revealed his AntiCatholic ideas which he had acquired in Europe and embitterment at his persecution by the bad friars who commited certain abuses under the cloak of religion. • As he wrote to Blumentritt from Paris on January 20,1890 "I want to hit the friars, but only friars who utilized religion not only as a shield but also as a weapon,castle,fortress,armor etc. I was forced to attack their false and supertitious religion in order to fight the enemy who hid himself behind it"
According to Rizal, individual judgement is a gift from God and everybody should use it like a lantern to show the way and that self-esteem, if moderated by judgement, saves man from unworthy acts. He also argued that the pursuit of truth may lie in different paths, and thus “religion may vary, but they all lead to the light” Father Pastells tried his best to win back Rizal to the fold of Catholicism. Divine faith, he told Rizal supersedes everything, including reason,self-esteem and individual judgement. No matter how wise a man is, he argued, his intelligence is limited, hence he needs the guidance of God. He refuted Rizals attacks on Catholic dogmans as misconceptions of rationalism and naturalism, errors of misguided souls.
• This interesting debate bet. two brilliant polemicists ended inconclusively. Rizal could not be convinced by Father Pastells arguements so that he lived in Dapitan beyond pale of his Mother church -In spite of their differences,Rizal and Pastells remained good friends. Father Pastells gave Rizal a copy of the Imitacion de Cristo (Imitation of Christ), a famous Catholic book by Father Thomas a Kempis. And Rizal, in grateful reciprocation, gave his Jesuit opponent in debate a bust of St.Paul which he had made.
RIZAL CHALLENGES A FRENCHMAN TO A DUEL • While rizal was still debating with father pastells by means of exchange of letters. • Rizal was became involved in a quarrel with a french acquaintance in Dapitan,Mr.Juan Lardet,a businessman. This man purchased many logs were of poor quality. • Miranda indiscreetly forwarded Lardets letter to rizal. One of the heros weakness.it should be noted ws his sensitivity. • When rizal read Lardets letter,he flared up in anger,regarding the frenchmans unsavory comment as an affront his integrity.Immediately,he confronted Lardet and challenged him to a duel. • Rizal is an expert in martial arts particularly in fencing and pistol shooting.
• Lardet wrote to Rizal in French dated Dapitan March 30, 1893 apologizing for insulting comment -It is interesting to recall that twice before his sensitivity caused him to challenge people to duel. – Antonio Luna in 1890 and W.E Retana in the same year.
RIZAL AND FATHER SANCHEZ • Father Pastells, aside from his personal efforts to persuade Rizal to discard his "errors of religion " instructed two Jesuits in Mindanao: • Father Obach Cura of Dapitan and, • Father Jose Vilaclara Cura of Dipolog. To tried their best to bring back Rizal within the Catholic fold. Father Sanchez - he was the only Spanish priest to defend Rizals Noli Me Tangere in public. *He was the most beloved and esteemed by Rizal. *He failed persuading Rizal to discard his unorthodox views on Catholic religion.
*On his birthday Rizal gave him a precious gift a manuscript entitled “Estudios sobre la lengua Tagala” (studies on Tagalog language ) a tagalog grammar which Rizal wrote and which he dedicated to his beloved former teacher.
IDYLLIC LIFE IN DAPITAN • Rizal had an exemplary life, idyllic in serenity. • He built his house by the seashore of Talisay, surrounded by fruit trees. • He had also another house for his school boys and a hospital for his patients. Describing his life in Dapitan, Rizal wrote to Blumentritt on Dec. 19, 1893
Describing his life in Dapitan, Rizal wrote to Blumentritt on December 19, 1893 I shall tell you how we live here. I have three houses: one square, another hexagonal, and the third octagonal, all of bamboo , wood and nipa. In the square house we live, my mother, my sister Trinidad, a nephew and I, in the octagonal live my boys or some good youngsters whom I teach Arithmetic , Spanish and English. And in the hexagonal live my chickens. From my house I hear the murmur of a crystal, clear brook which comes from the high rocks; I see the seashore, the sea where I have small boats, 2 canoes or barotos, as the say here. I have may fruit trees, mangoes, Lanzones, Guayabanos, Baluno, Lanka, and etc.. I have rabbits, dogs, cats, etc.. I rise early at five to visit my plants, feed the chickens, awaken my people, and put them in movement. At half past seven we breakfast with tea, pastries, cheese, sweatmeats, etc.. Later I treat my poor patients who come to my land; I dress, go to the town in my baroto, treat the people there, and return at 12, when my luncheon awaits me. Then I teach the boys until 4 P.M and devote the afternoon to agriculture. I spend the night reading and studying .
RIZAL'S ENCOUNTER WITH THE FRIAR'S SPY *This spy with the assumed name of Pablo Mercado and posing as a relative , secretly visited Rizal at his house on the night of Nov 3,1893. * He introduced himself as a friend & relative , showing a photo of Rizal and a pair of buttons with the initial P.M Pablo Mercado as evidence of his kind ship with the Rizal family . * The strange visitor offered his services as a confidential courier of Rizal’ s letters and writings for the patriots in manila. * Irked by the impostors lies , he wanted to throw him out of the house. But mindful of his duty as a host and considering the late hour of the night and the heavy rain fall. He hospitability invited the unwanted visitor to stay at his house for the night. and early next day he sent him away.
• After the departure of his bogus relative. • Later he learned that the rascal was still in Dapitan. • Rizal went to the Comandancia and denounced the impostor to Capt. Juan Sitges. • The real name of Pablo Mercado was Florencio Namanan. • Single • About 30 yrs old • Native of Cagayan de Misamis • Hired by the recollect frias to a secret mission in Dapitan. * These available documents on the failed mission of the friars spy have been quoted by the three Rizalist biographers, Retana (1907) Palma (1949) Jose baron Fernandez (1982) But none of these biographers quoted the text of another document wich is more reliable and valuable in clarifying the whole incident. It is rizals letter to his brother in law Manuel T. Hidalgo written in Dapitan Dec 20, 1893 as follows;
My Dear Brother – in – law Maneng. I was unanble to write you by the previous mail for lack of time, for the boat left unexpectedly. With regard to Pablo Mercado, I tell you that he came here presenting himself as a corteous friend in order to get from me my letters, writings, etc.. But I found him out soon, If I did not throw him out the house brusquely, It was because I always want to be nice and polite to everyone, nevetheless as it was raining, I let him sleep here, sending him away very early the next day. I was going to let him alone in contempt but the rascal went around saying secretly that he was cousin or brother – in – law, I reported him to the commandmant who had him arrested. It was revealed in his declaration that he was sent by the Recollects who gave him P72 and promised him more if he succeeded in wrestling from me my letters for certain persons in Manila. The Rascal told me that he was a cousins of one Mr. Legaspi of Tondo or San Nicolas , I don’t remember exactly. It seems the he belongs to a good family of Cagayan de Misamis . Be careful of him, he’s a tall boy, somewhat thickset, slightly squint eyed, dark,slender,broad shoulders, and of impudent manners, he smokes much, spits more, and has thin lips.
AS A PHYSICIAN IN DAPITAN • Rizal practised medicine in Dapitan. • He had many patients, but most of them are poor so that he even gave them free medicine • He wrote a letter from his friend in Hong kong. • Dr. Marquez " here the people are so poor that i have even to give medicine gratis” • Aug. 1893 his mother and sister (Maria) arrived in Dapitan and lived with him for one yr. half Rizal operated on his mother right eye. Rizal became fame as a physician particularly as an eye specialist spread far and wide. -He had many patient who came from diff. Part of the philippines and even from Hongkong - He had rich man patients named *Don Ignacio Tumarong - An English man Don Florencio Azacarraga.
Another famous well – known water supply is that of Dapitan, Mindanao designed and constructed by Dr. Rizal during his banishment in that municipality by the Spanish authorities... This supply comes from a little mountain stream accross the river from Dapitan and follows the contour of the country for the whole distance. When which blasts the hard rocks and no resources his own ingenuity, one can’t help but honor a man, who againts adverse conditions, had the courage and tenacity to construct the aqueduct which had for its bottom the flutted tiles the house roofs, and was covered with concrete made from limed burned from the sea coral. The lenght of this aqueduct is several kilometers and it winds in and out among the rocks and is carried accross the gullies in bamboo pipes upheld by rocks or bricks piers to the distribution reservoir.
• HYMN TO TALISAY “In honor of talisay he wrote a poem entitled "himno a talisay" for pupils to sing.” Hym to Talisay At Dapitan, the sandy shore And rocks aloft on mountain crest Form thy throne, O refuge blest That we from childhood days have known And your fruitful leafy shade Our thinking powers are being made And soul with body being grown.
We are youth not long on earth But our souls are free from sorrow Calm, strong men we’ll be tomorrow Who can guard our families rights Lands are we whom naught can frighten Whether thunder, waves or rain Swift of arm, serene of mien In peril, shall we wage our fights
With our games we churn the sand, Through the caves and crags we roam, On the rocks we make our home, Everywhere our arms can reach Neither Dark nor night obscure Cause us fear, nor fierce torment That even Satan can invent Life or death? We must face each!
“Talisayans” , people call us! Mighty souls in bodies small O’er Dapitan’s district all No Talisay like this towers None can match our resevoir Our diving pool the sea profound No rowing boat the world around For a moment can pass ours
We study sciences exact; The history of our motherland Three languages or four command Bring faith and reason in accord Our hands can manage at one time The sail and working spade and pen The mason’s maul – for virile men Companions – and the gun and sword
Live, live O leafy green Talisay! Our voices sing thy praise in chorus Clear star, and precious treasure for us Our childhood’s wisdom and its balm In fights that wait for every man, In sorrow and adversity, Thy memory a charm will be, And in the tomb, thy name, thy calm
Chorus Hail, O Talisay! Firm and untiring Ever aspiring, Stately thy gait Things, everywhere In sea, land and air Shalt thou dominate
Contribution to Science Rizal found Mindanao a rich virgin field for collecting specimens. With his Baroto ( Sailboat) and accompanied by his pupils, he explored the jungles and coasts, seeking specimens of insects, birds, snakes, lizards, frogs, shells, and Plants. Linguistics Studies A born linguist, Rizal continued his studies of languages. In Dapitan he leaned the Bisayan, Subanum, and Malay languages. On April 5, 1896, his last year of exile in Dapitan.
Artistic works in Dapitan • *Rizal continued his artistic pursuits in Dapitan. • * Rizal made sketches of persons and things that attracted him in Dapitan. • * One day in 1894 some of his pupils secretly went to dapitan in a boat from Talisay a puppy of Syria (Rizal’s dog) tried to follow and was devoured by a crocodile. • *Other sculptural works of Rizal in Dapitan were a burst of Fr. Guericco ( One of his Ateneo Professors).
Rizal as Farmer • In Dapitan Rizal devoted much of his time to agriculture. He bought 16 hectares of land in Talisay, where he built his home, school, and hospital, and planted cacao, coffee, sugarcane, coconuts, and fruit trees. • Rizal dreamed of establishing an agricultural colony in the sitio of Ponot near Sindagan Bay, where there was plenty of water and good port facilities. Rizal as Businessman Aside from farming, Rizal engaged in business. In a letter to Hidalgo, dated January 19, 1893, he expressed his plan to improve fishing industry of Dapitan.
• He purchased hemp in Dapitan at P7 and 4 reales per cul and sold it in Manila at P10 and 4 reales, giving him a profit of P3 per picul. • On July 31, 1894, he said “To kill time and to help also the people of his town. • On May 14, 1893, Rizal formed a business partnership with Ramon Carreon ( Dapitan Businessman) in lime manufacturing. • Their limeburner had a monthly capacity of more than 400 bags of lime. • To break the chinese monopoly on business in Dapitan, Rizal Organized on January 1, 1895 the Cooperative Association of Dapitan Farmers.
Rizal’s Inventive ability • One little-known fact about Rizal was he was also an inventor. It should be remember that in 1887, while practising medicine in Calamba, he invented cigarrette lighter which he sent as a gift to Blumentritt. • “My Retreat”- In February, 1895, Dona Teodora with her eyesight fully restored, returned to Manila. *October 22, 1895 In reponse to her request, Rizal wrote a beautiful poem about his serene life as an exile in Dapitan and sent it to her.
Rizal and Josephine Bracken • In the silent hours of the night after the day’s hard work, Rizal was often sad. • On August 28, 1893 “ The death of Leonora Rivera” • She was born on October 3, 1876 • No ophthalmic specialist in Hongkong could care Mr. Taufer’s Blindness so that he accompanied by his adopted daughter Josephine went to Manila to seek the services of the famous opthalmic surgeon, Dr. Rizal. • Rizal and Josephine fell inlove with each other at first sight. • When Mr. Taufer heard of their projected marriage, he flared up in violent rage. • Mr. Taufer returned alone in Hongkong , Josephine stayed in Manila with Rizal’s family. • Rizal and Josephine lived happily in Dapitan.
Rizal and the Katipunan • While Rizal was mourning the loss of his son, omimous clouds. • The secret revolutionary society called KATIPUNAN , w/c he founded on july 7, 1892, was gaining more and more adherents. • On May 2, 1896, Dr. Pio Valenzuela was named emmisary to Dapitan to launch a revolution for freedom’s sake. • On June 15, Dr. Valenzuela left Manila on board the steamer Venus. • Dr. Valenzuela arrived in Dapitan in the evening of June 21, 1986.
Volunteers as Military doctor in Cuba • Months before the Katipunan contacted him, Rizal had offered his services as military doctor in Cuba, which was then in the throes of a revolution and a raging yellow fever epidemic. • Dec 17 1895 Rizal wrote to Governor General Ramon Blanco, Despujol’s successor. • When he least expected it, a letter from Governor Blanco dated July 1, 1896 arrived in Dapitan.
The Song of the Traveler *Great was Rizal’s joy in receiving the gladsome news from Malacanang. PAALAM DAPITAN *Noong Hulyo 31, 1896, nagwakas ang apat na taong pagkakapatapon kay Rizal sa Dapitan.
Belief comes through hearing. In order to have belief, we must listen, but we also...
Presentation held at the Etsy Team Captain Summit in Berlin, March 14-16, 2014
Download hack tool @ http://dragoncity.cooldownloadz.com
An how-to build an inexpensive Arduino Board for 5 USD.
step by step guide on how small businesses can start payroll software in -mid-year.
CLC Trendspotting - The Technologies of Makerspaces, presented by Edward Iglesias ...
Dapitan Exile - Free download as Word Doc (.doc), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free.
Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. RIZAL10 B12 Group 3
Exile to Dapitan SacAi Puma. Subscribe Subscribed Unsubscribe 2 2. Loading ... RIZAL EXILE IN DAPITAN REPORT - SAMSON GROUP - Duration: 11:31.
Exile in DAPITAN (1892-1896) I. Before the Exile A. Arrival in Manila June 26, 1892 Arrival in Manila with Lucia on board the steamer Don Juan
CHAPTER 22: Exile in Dapitan, 1892-96 Beginning of Exile in Dapitan "Cebu" (steamer) - brought Rizal to Dapitan-carries a letter from Fr. Pablo Pastells ...
Dapitan, officially the City of Dapitan (Subanon: ... Talisay is a seaside barangay where José Rizal spent four years in exile.
Peaceful Life in Dapitan: During the early part of his exile in Dapitan, Rizal lived at the commandant’s residence. With his prize from the Manila ...
Rizal lived in exile in far-away Dapitan, a remote town in Mindanao which was under the jurisdiction of the Jesuits, from 1892 to 1896. First, Rizal had ...
Romero, John Terrence M. CHAPTER 22: EXILE IN DAPITAN, 1892-96 Dapitan (Mindanao) – place managed by Jesuits where Rizal was exiled Rizal kept ...
Arrival in Dapitan. Aboard the steamer Cebu and under heavy guard, Rizal left Manila, sailing to Mindoro and Panay, until he reached Dapitan at seven o ... | <urn:uuid:0bdb17e7-512f-4610-bf84-788e5354861f> | {
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Printable Roman Helmets
The kids will have a blast making these Printable Roman Helmets and reenacting that time as they study the history of the era. These helmets also make a great starting point for a fun Halloween costume.
A4 or Letter size printable cardstock
Crayons or any water-based paint (e.g. poster
paint, tempera, acrylic paint)
Gold glitter glue or puffy paint (optional)
Plastic gems (optional)
Choose from any of these Roman Imperial Helmet templates. For this craft tutorial, we chose the plain template to demonstrate the basic steps for making a paper helmet and the various ways you can decorate it.
If you prefer a quicker and simpler option, you can print out the ready-to-color template or the colored helmet template.
The first page consists of the main helmet piece and a pair of long straight bands. Paint the pieces with a metallic color such as gold or silver tempera, poster, or acrylic paint. Instead of painting, you can can also color the pieces with crayons or oil pastels.
The second page includes a crown-like visor, a pair of curvy cheek guards, and a crest. Paint all of these with gold or silver paint except for the top part of the crest. Paint the fan-like portion of the crest red. Also notice that the cheek guards and the crest have tabs labeled with the words “Glue here”. Leave these tabs unpainted.
Once the paint dries, cut out all the template pieces.
Take the crest. Cut slits following the inside lines to create fringes.
Apply glue on the crest’s tab. Glue the tab behind the top center portion of the main helmet piece.
Glue the pair of cheek guards onto the bottom corners of the helmet. The top tab of each cheek guard should be positioned behind one bottom corner of the helmet.
Next, glue one straight band behind the helmet’s bottom left corner. Align the band’s bottom edge with those of the helmet’s.
Glue the second straight band onto the helmet’s bottom right corner.
Glue each corner of the visor close to the junction between the straight band and the helmet. This will cause the visor to slightly pop out, breaking the flatness of the helmet.
This step completes a basic Roman helmet. To wear the helmet, simply join the bands together to fit around your head. In case you want to embellish the helmet, continue with the steps below.
Use glitter glue, puffy paint, or colored glue to decorate the helmet with embossed lines. Scrolls, curvy lines, leaves, flowers, and dots are elements often found in Roman helmets.
You can also glue on plastic gems, sequins, or gem-style stickers for added texture.
Glue on a pair of large plastic gems, buttons, or round paper cut-outs to create the “rivets” on each corner of the visor. You can also draw the rivets using glitter glue, puffy paint, or colored glue.
Once everything is dry, glue or staple the ends of the bands together to fit around your head.
For more ideas on decorating your helmet go to First Palette for step by step directions.
Patterns, Templates and Printables
Click on a pattern to open it in a new window to print
A free resource for fun and educational kids’ crafts, the site features a step-by-step guide for each craft project and includes printable templates, art recipes, and environment-friendly tips for crafting.
Want to have some creative family time? Print out our SudBudz® Masks and get crafty with the kiddos! More than just a typical Fizzy Bath Ball, SudPrize® is a first ever line of skin-loving and natural bath products that make bath time Fun for Kids and Easy for Moms. A Free companion App, SudBudz® engages your children into an immersive world of special and unique characters called SudBudz®.
More from FreeKidsCrafts
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Pinchas – 16 July 2011 – 14 Tammuz 5771
Embedded in this week’s parsha is one of the great principles of leadership.
The context is this: Moses, knowing that he was not destined to lead the next generation across the Jordan into the promised land, asked G-d to appoint a successor.
He remembered what happened when he was away from the Israelites for a mere 40 days. They panicked and made a golden calf. Even when he was present, there was a rebellion on the part of Korach and others against his leadership. The possibility of rift or schism if he died without a designated successor was immense. So he said to G-d:
“May the Lord, the G-d who gives breath to all living things, appoint someone over this community to go out before them and come in before them, one who will lead them out and bring them in. Let the Lord’s people not be like sheep without a shepherd.” (Num, 27: 16-17)
G-d duly chose Joshua, and Moses inducted him. One detail in Moses’ request, however, always puzzled me. Moses asked for a leader who would “go out before them and come in before them, one who will lead them out and bring them in.”
That, surely, is saying the same thing twice. If you go out before the people, you are leading them out. If you come in before the people, you are bringing them in. Why then say the same thing twice?
The answer comes from a direct experience of leadership itself.
One of the arts of leadership – and it is an art, not a science – is a sense of timing, of knowing what is possible when. Sometimes the problem is technical. In 1981, there was a threat of a coal miners’ strike. Margaret Thatcher knew that the country had very limited supplies of coal and could not survive a prolonged strike. So she negotiated a settlement. In effect, she gave in.
Afterward, and very quietly, she ordered coal stocks to be built up. The next time there was a dispute between the miners and the government –1984-5 – there were large coal reserves. She resisted the miners and after many weeks of strike action they conceded defeat.
The miners may have been right both times, or wrong both times, but in 1981 the Prime Minister knew she could not win, and in 1984 knew she could.
A much more formidable challenge occurs when it is people, not facts, that must change. Human change is a very slow. Moses discovered this in the most dramatic way, through the episode of the spies. An entire generation lost the chance of entering the land. Born in slavery, they lacked the courage and independence of mind to face a prolonged struggle. That would take a new generation born in freedom.
If you do not challenge people, you are not a leader. But if you challenge them too far, too fast, disaster happens. First there is dissension. People start complaining. Then there are challenges to your leadership. They grow more clamorous, more dangerous. Eventually there will be a rebellion or worse.
On 13 September 1993, on the lawn of the White House, Yitzhak Rabin, Shimon Peres and Yasser Arafat shook hands and signed a Declaration of Principles intended to carry the parties forward to a negotiated peace. Rabin’s body language that day made it clear that he had many qualms, but he continued to negotiate. Meanwhile, month by month, public disagreement within Israel grew.
Two phenomena in the summer of 1995 were particularly striking: the increasingly vituperative language being used between the factions, and several public calls to civil disobedience, suggesting that students serving in Israel’s defence forces should disobey army orders if called on to evacuate settlements as part of a peace agreement.
Calls to civil disobedience on any significant scale is a sign of a breakdown of trust in the political process and of a deep rift between the government and a section of society. Violent language in the public arena is also dangerous. It testifies to a loss of confidence in reason, persuasion and civil debate.
On 29 September 1995 I published an article in support of Rabin and the peace process. Privately, however, I wrote to him, urging him to spend more time on winning the argument within Israel itself. You did not have to be a prophet to see the danger he was in from his fellow Jews.
The weeks went by, and I did not hear from him. Then, on Motzei Shabbat, 4 November 1995, we heard the news that he had been assassinated. I went to the funeral in Jerusalem. The next morning, Tuesday 7 November, I went to the Israel embassy in London to pay my condolences to the ambassador. He handed me a letter, saying, “This has just arrived for you.”
We opened it and read it together in silence. It was from Yitzhak Rabin, one of the last letters he ever wrote. It was his reply to my letter. It was three pages long, deeply moving, an eloquent restatement of his commitment to peace. We have it, framed, on the walls of my office to this day. But it was too late.
That, at critical moments, is the hardest of all leadership challenges. When times are normal, change can come slowly. But there are situations in which leadership involves getting people to change, and that is something they resist, especially when they experience change as a form of loss.
Great leaders see the need for change, but not everyone else does. People cling to the past. They feel safe in the way things were. They see the new policy as a form of betrayal. It is no accident that some of the greatest of all leaders – Lincoln, Gandhi, John F. and Robert Kennedy, Martin Luther King, Sadat and Rabin himself – were assassinated.
A leader who fails to work for change is not a leader. But a leader who attempts too much change in too short a time will fail. That, ultimately, is why neither Moses nor his entire generation (with a handful of exceptions) were destined to enter the land. It is a problem of timing and pace, and there is no way of knowing in advance what is too fast and what too slow.
That is what Moses meant when he asked G-d to appoint a leader “to go out before them and come in before them, one who will lead them out and bring them in.” These were two separate requests. The first – “to go out before them and come in before them” – was for someone who would lead from the front, setting a personal example of being unafraid to face new challenges. That is the easier part.
The second request – for someone who would “lead them out and bring them in” – is harder. A leader can be so far out in front that when he turns round he sees that no one is following. He or she has gone out “before” the people, but has not “led them out.” He has led but people have not followed. His courage is not in doubt. Neither is his vision. What is wrong is simply his sense of timing. People are not yet ready.
Moses was not assassinated, though there were times when he came close (“What am I to do with these people? They are almost ready to stone me,” he once said, in Ex. 17: 4). But leading from the front, all too often he found people not willing to follow. Leadership is a constant battle between the changes you know must be made, and the changes people are willing to make. That is why the greatest of leaders seem, in their lifetime, to have failed. So it was. So it always will be.
But in truth they have not failed. Their success comes when others complete what they began.
Reprinted with permission from Covenant & Conversation by Rabbi Jonathan Sacks published by OU Press and Maggid Books, an imprint of Koren Publishers Jerusalem, www.korenpub.com. Available at www.OUPress.org | <urn:uuid:00983b3a-fe16-4389-916e-532a2eb273d5> | {
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The spiral plate heat exchanger is a heat exchanger in which two parallel metal plates are rolled into two spiral channels, and the hot and cold fluids exchange heat through the spiral plate walls.Since the center of the spiral flow path to the casing is entirely made of continuous metal foil, the risk of leakage due to the presence of welds that are difficult to handle is completely avoided.Therefore, it can be used to handle sensitive and unstable hazardous fluids.The flow path of the spiral plate heat exchanger has the following characteristics:
(1) The length of the flow path is flexible and adapts to various fluids. Due to the great flexibility of the geometry of the runner, the spiral plate heat exchanger is suitably adjusted to the existing conditions and requirements.At the same time, the spiral plate heat exchanger has a relatively long separate flow path, which can provide a sufficiently long heat exchange distance for many difficult-to-handle fluids. In this way, the fluid can be completely processed in one device and clogging problems due to sudden steering of the fluid are avoided.
(2) The spiral plate heat exchanger has a concentric flow path and a certain number of fixed-distance columns. The fluid can also generate turbulence when the Reynolds number is low. Through this optimized flow pattern, the heat exchange capacity of the fluid is increased while reducing the possibility of particle deposition.
(3) It is not easy to block in the flow channel.Since the spiral plate heat exchanger employs a single flow path structure, it is generally the mainstream choice when handling fluids that are easily deposited, viscous fluids, and fluids containing particles.This is due to the self-cleaning function of the spiral plate heat exchanger, which has been flushed out by the fluid before the blockage is completely formed. | <urn:uuid:a70334d3-fb3d-4d40-8bcf-4b2a95e4d78f> | {
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Pew Internet have released a study that determined specific pros and cons of using digital technology in a classroom environment. According to the survey, the majority of middle school and high school educators believe that digital tools increase student collaboration with applications such as Google Docs, and help them share their work through social media platforms.
Pew surveyed 1,750 Advanced Placement high school teachers and 712 National Writing Project teachers, half of whom say today’s digital technologies make teaching writing easier. Approximately a third, 31%, believe it has no impact and 18 % say technology actually makes it harder. Pew reports that 52% of classrooms use interactive whiteboards, 40% share work on blogs or websites and 36% edit or revise their own work with web-based tools. Fifty-six% of participants say these strategies make students better writers, because they can quickly and easily revise their work.
While most of the surveyed teachers agree that students can now share their work with a wider audience, increase peer collaboration and encourage creativity and expression, it isn’t all good news. When they were asked to rate students’ writing skills on a scale of “poor” to “excellent”, teachers rarely gave out “excellent” ratings. In fact, the majority of ratings ranged from “poor” to “good.” Sixty eight% of teachers said digital tools allowed students to put less effort into their work. Teachers also voiced concerns about an increase in informal writing, as well as ignorance of or disregard for, fair use and copyright laws. The majority of these findings are in line with common sense: of course student attention span is going to decrease, as well as their experiences with formal writing. These are trends we see nationwide, not just as a result of digital tools in a classroom environment. What is useful is the numerical measurement of just how well students are writing despite these hindrances. Kristen Purcell, associate director for research at the Pew Internet Project said “These results challenge in many ways the notion that students’ writing skills are being undermined by their increasing engagement with digital tools and platforms.” Teachers are continuing to place high value on the ability to write formally, with 92 % considering it an essential skill (shouldn’t that be 100%?). Around 94%of participants encourage students to do some writing by hand and 77% have assigned at least one research paper in the previous year. The study was conducted by the Pew Research Centre’s Internet & American Life Project in conjunction with the College Board and the National Writing Project.[source : techbeat] | <urn:uuid:734ee422-2a7d-4402-bf72-f00ecfa4b895> | {
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AMAP: Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme Working Group
AMAP: Secretariat is based in Oslo, Norway
AMAP's current objective is "providing reliable and sufficient information on the status of, and threats to, the Arctic environment, and providing scientific advice on actions to be taken in order to support Arctic governments in their efforts to take remedial and preventive actions relating to contaminants".
AMAP is responsible for measuring the levels, and assessing the effects of anthropogenic pollutants in all compartments of the Arctic environment, including humans; documenting trends of pollution; documenting sources and pathways of pollutants; examining the impact of pollution on Arctic flora and fauna, especially those used by indigenous people; reporting on the state of the Arctic environment; and giving advice to Ministers on priority actions needed to improve the Arctic condition.
AMAP's priorities include the following contaminant groups and issues:
- Persistent organic contaminants (POPs)
- Heavy metals (in particular mercury, cadmium, and lead)
- Acidification and Arctic haze (in a subregional context)
- Petroleum hydrocarbon pollution (in a subregional context)
- Climate change (environmental consequences and biological effects in the Arctic resulting from global climate change)
- Stratospheric ozone depletion (biological effects due to increased UV-B, etc)
- Effects of pollution on the health of humans living in the Arctic (including effects of increased UV radiation as a result of ozone depletion, and climate change)
- Combined effects of pollutants and other stressors on both ecosystems and humans
AMAP has produced a series of high quality scientifically-based assessments of the pollution status of the Arctic. The AMAP assessment reports (both the popular readable versions and detailed scientific background documents) are available on the AMAP website. | <urn:uuid:948e348d-8c9f-43a5-9eb0-29126f56a1ad> | {
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Grist for the Mill
It was the year 1837, and times were hard all over the country. Thousands of people were leaving the "civilized" comforts of Pennsylvania and Ohio to make a new start in the recently opened Iowa country. Already towns had been laid out along the western bank of the Mississippi River, and settlers were pushing up the Des Moines River.
Paths Into Untamed Country
Rivers were the paths of civilization
into the untamed country, which was often difficult to travel by foot or wagon.
The smaller streams that fed the rivers were also very important as a source
of power for mills. It is no wonder that the river valleys were quickly settled.
Samuel Clayton had built his cabin at the mouth of Chequest Creek in the Des Moines River Valley in 1836. Now his two grown sons, Henry and James, traveled from Ohio to help him. Together they built the first grist mill in Iowa west of the Des Moines River.
But the Clayton mill would not be used for sawing lumber. The stream, backed into a pond by a solid dam of clay, stones and tree branches, pushed a water wheel. But the machinery powered by the turning wheel was a pair of large round stones, called millstones or burrs. These stones ground corn into meal and wheat into flour. This was a necessary step in making bread. To best understand the art of grain milling, we need to take a step back.
Pioneers Grind by Hand
The earliest European settlers in
Iowa ground their corn by hand, as the pioneers in the East had done before
them. This job was often done by the children of a frontier family. It took
a long time to crack and grind corn kernels into meal using a wooden mortar
and pestle. Luckier families owned a hand grinder, which made the job easier.
Others used a carpenter's plane to grate the corn off the cob (called "jinted"
corn). But a mill—if there was one in the area—was by far the
best way to grind corn.
While the Claytons were putting a building up around the mill and shaping millstones from boulders found nearby, word of the new mill spread. Farmers came from as far as twenty miles away to have their grain ground. Because few people on the frontier had money, Mr. Clayton usually kept part of the ground grain as payment for his work.
Creek mills like the Clayton's did not run all the time, because the water in the pond was not always high enough to provide power. When the mill did not run, the farmers just had to wait to have their corn ground.
In their first years on new land, farm families raised just enough grain to meet their needs. But as farmers planted more land, they looked for a larger mill than Clayton's—one that could buy their extra flour. Such mills were usually built on a river, where the water supply was more dependable and where there were wagon roads or steamboats to carry the flour to other cities.
As soon as they could get them,
the millers bought steam engines. Steam power did not depend on the height
of the water, and one engine could turn several sets of stones at the same
It took special care and skill on the part of a miller to produce fine flour. For two thousand years millstones—or burrs—had been used to grind flour for bread. The kind of stone used for burrs was important, and they had to be kept in good condition. The grooves in the stone had to be carefully carved and fitted.
Even when the miller had good stones, grinding wheat had special problems. Inside the grain of wheat is a soft oily part called the germ. When the burrs crushed all the wheat grain at once, the oily germ could cause the grist (or "ground grain") to stick together. Then only a small amount of fine flour was produced. The rest had to be sold for animal feed or as a cheaper grade of flour.
The invention of the roller mill by a Wisconsin man solved this problem. The wheat was run through five or six sets of rollers. After going through each set, the grist was cleaned and separated. In this way, the germ could be separated out, and more fine flour was produced from the wheat than ever before. Roller mills replaced the ancient millstones.
With the arrival of railroads, milling was taken over by large milling companies in the cities of Iowa, and most local millers went out of business.
But the planting of wheat year after year had begun to wear out the land. Iowa wheat crops did not produce as many bushels per acre as they once had. Worse, in the 1870s and 1880s chinch bugs and grasshoppers invaded Midwestern farmlands, wiping out the wheat crop in those years.
Discouraged by thin crops and natural disasters, Iowa farmers turned away from wheat and planted more corn and oats. By 1890 Iowa was set on its future course, having taken first place in national corn production. And in 1900 it became first in oat production. By this time most of Iowa's smaller mills were empty and silent. There was no longer any use for them. The corn was fed to cattle and hogs, and the oats were made into cereal using a different method. Only a few large milling centers continued to work.
Early grain milling left its mark on the face of Iowa. Rivers and streams are still haunted by the half-standing remains of old mills, ghosts of a time that rang with the splash and creak of their water wheels. | <urn:uuid:82de3316-4717-458d-94ce-05dd7400fae6> | {
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Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
Inside the hollow area of the bones is a spongy core called bone marrow. It is here, that stem cells are produced. Stem cells are immature cells that can develop into components of blood: red blood cells, which carry oxygen to the body, white blood cells, or lymphocytes, which fight infection, and platelets, which help blood to clot.
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) is a cancer of the white blood cells in the blood and bone marrow. CML develops from an acquired genetic abnormality. During cell division, some of the DNA from chromosome #9 is transferred to chromosome #22. This change is called the "Philadelphia chromosome."
When this abnormality occurs, the body signals too many stem cells to develop into a type of white blood cell called a granulocyte. Some of these granulocytes never mature. The immature granulocytes are called blasts.
As the cancerous granulocytes and blasts multiply in the blood and bone marrow, fewer healthy white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets are produced. Since the spleen also produces white blood cells, the cancerous cells can also develop in the spleen.
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia develops slowly. Common symptoms are anemia, weight loss, fever, and an enlarged spleen.
The current forms of treatment for patients with CML include: chemotherapy, radiation, stem cell transplantation, and surgery to remove the spleen. Prognosis depends on factors such as stage of disease and the age and overall health of the patient.
Your doctor is the best source of information regarding treatment for your condition. It is important to discuss with your doctor which therapy, if any, is most appropriate for you.
Make an Appointment | <urn:uuid:237b0565-8886-4158-90f3-5e6e187f0d1d> | {
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Blockchain Technology is taking the industry by storm with all the wonderful possibilities it is offering, it comes with no surprise that the stats are booming. Originally invented to power the cryptocurrency, its promising benefits in various other sectors are being unveiled one after another. If you’re still new to the concept, here is a brief explanation before we dive into all the impressive facts and stats it has managed to generate.
The blockchain is a digital technology that records digital transactions of the users in multiple systems for decentralised storage of data. The name blockchain is a simple wordplay of how the technology works. Every request for transaction submitted to the platform is broadcasted through the Peer to Peer network to all the individual computers (systems) for validation and approval. Every approved transaction is called a block, and the block is added to a public ledger (a chain of previous blocks) to complete the transaction.
- $400 million was the size of the market in 2017, while it is currently over $500 million, it is expected to grow to $20 billion in the year 2024.
- 24 million users of Blockchain wallet users so far (March of 2018).
- $1 billion investment has been made in the technology over the five years in Venture Capital investment.
- $1.7 billion is spent by the financial service industry on technology.
- $2.1 billion was spent globally on blockchain-solutions in 2018.
- $700 billion defence bill was passed last year to study blockchain applications for cybersecurity.
- 69% of banks are experimenting, and 90% of North American Banks and European banks are investing in blockchain to make their services more secure, seamless and transparent. Banks could save an estimation of $8-12 billion annually.
- 3X LinkedIn job postings for blockchain related openings increased over a year. Training centres are being set up by organisations for blockchain developers.
- 200% stock price jump for a beverage company when it changed its names from Long Island Iced Tea changed its name to “Long Blockchain Corp.”
- The ultimate defence against Hacking
- Transparency and Security against tampering of information
- Eliminating the need for a third party as a witness to transactions
- Maintaining reliable privacy
- Advantageous for Innovative Businesses
Recommended For You: | <urn:uuid:79e48239-8b73-48cf-a29a-f6e3ea2c331d> | {
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A frog has photobombed NASA's launch of its new Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) spacecraft, which was headed for the moon. The photo shows a frog high in the air with its legs and arms out wide as the rocket behind is starting to launch.
The NASA spacecraft launched at Wallops Flight Facility in Wallops Island in Virginia, but the huge force of the blast also sent a frog flying high into the air.
NASA's photo shows the creature high up in the air next to the spacecraft and has gone viral on the Internet.
The silhouette of the frog can be seen against the flames and smoke.
NASA has confirmed that the image is real. The description of the photo reads: "The photo team confirms the frog is real and was captured in a single frame by one of the remote cameras used to photograph the launch."
The note added, "The condition of the frog, however, is uncertain."
The LADEE will investigate the lunar dust and the moon's atmosphere in a month-long journey.
The spacecraft is the first to launch from NASA's Virginia facility, which neighbors the Wallops Island National Wildlife Refuge.
This is not the first time a creature has been photographed at a spacecraft launch. A bat was also photographed sticking to the tank of the Space Shuttle Discovery in 2009 and quickly became known as the "Space Bat."
At the time, NASA said, "Based on images and video, a wildlife expert who provides support to the center said the small creature was a free tail bat that likely had a broken left wing and some problem with its right shoulder or wrist. The animal likely perished quickly during Discovery's climb into orbit."
NASA's LADEE mission is worth $280 million. | <urn:uuid:55ddaca8-25ef-493a-b616-d9a5b50fd35c> | {
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本器黃玉雕, 雙面飾穀紋, 穀粒高聳, 刀法犀利有力, 玉璧外緣壁面刀法特殊, 狀似刀削, 古玉跡象為擴散暈沁色及鈣化.Carved with yellow tone Hetian jade, this bi is decorated crop sprouts on both sides. The edge of the bi has sharp angle with multi-level planes which is quite different from single level plane. This fact may reflect the advancement of harder tools and more skillful technique of the Han Dynasty. Antiquity evidences include diffusive marking and differential weathering.Some researches believe that the ritual jade bi relates to the celestial body such as the black hole (image of lower left is one scene of the black hole published in internet.). | <urn:uuid:0857a78e-327f-4034-96bf-cc3cda6e253e> | {
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'Thine of Thine Own': Orthodoxy and Ecology
Dr. Elizabeth Theokritoff
To talk about "saving the earth" is hardly an exaggeration. Flooding due to global warming threatens vast areas of coastland. An estimated ten percent of all species are threatened with extinction. Irreplaceable forests vanish by the acre every second. Great rivers no longer reach the sea because their water is taken for irrigation, industry, or to water lawns.
These facts portray creation as something precious and fragile. But the proverbial Martian landing in the USA might conclude that natural resources are so limitless that they do not merit even respect. About 50 percent of the paper and 30 percent of the plastics manufactured at great environmental cost go simply into packaging - they are made just to be thrown away. Whole neighborhoods are built around use of the car. Every day, millions of bags and other receptacles are thrown away because using durable substitutes would have been inconvenient. Foods such as beef, produced at staggering costs in feed, water and energy, are considered basic staples. If there are some environmental problems, that just means that you insulate your house better (and save on fuel bills!) and put some of your waste into the recycling bin rather than the garbage.
So do we really need to save the earth - or just to reduce reliance on imported oil?
To some, the environmental crisis means that "progress" has encountered a mere technical hitch, soon to be solved by genetically-engineered super-crops and renewable, non-polluting energy sources. Others, more realistically, call for a change of lifestyle in affluent societies. Limited resources and polluting energy sources are overused, while much of the world's growing population still lacks basic amenities; so, it is only fair for the heaviest users to make the greatest cuts.
Increasing numbers of people conclude that the way out of the crisis requires spiritual renewal: not just a change of habits, but a change of hearts - in Christian terms, repentance. Tragically, the environmental implications of our Christian Faith are so little understood, even among Christians, that the Church is the last place most people look for spiritual solutions. They are more likely to turn to the worship of Mother Earth, or native American religions, or witchcraft, or New Age spirituality. Yet this realization that the world needs salvation, requiring a change of heart, is a challenge to the Church. It presents a missionary opportunity perhaps not paralleled since Saint Paul noticed the Athenians' altar to "the unknown god."
In 1989 the late Ecumenical Patriarch Dimitrios took a vital initiative when he called for the first of September to be a day of thanksgiving and special prayer for the salvation and protection of God's creation. Following the interest this generated, an inter-Orthodox conference on protection of the environment was convened in Crete in November 1991. Its recommendations speak of "the increasing burden on the natural environment due to human abuse, which the Church names as sin, and for which it calls all human beings to repentance," and continues, the Orthodox Church believes the solution is to be found in the liturgical, eucharistic and ascetic ethos of the Orthodox Tradition."
A eucharistic ethos means, above all, using natural resources with thankfulness, offering them back to God. Such an attitude is incompatible with wastefulness. Similarly, fasting and other ascetic practices make us recognize even the simplest of foods and other creature comforts as gifts, provided to satisfy our needs. They are not ours to abuse and waste just so long as we can pay for them.
We worship as a community, not as individuals; so a liturgical ethos is also one of sharing. Long before the earth was seen as a whole from space, the Church knew that we stand before God together, and that we hold in common the earthly blessings that He has given to mankind and all creatures. "Not to share our own wealth with the poor is theft from the poor and deprivation of their means of life; we do not possess our own wealth but theirs," Saint John Chrysostom reminds us. This principle, applied to the whole range of natural resources, is particularly relevant because the global environment is squeezed on two sides: by the over-consumption, greed and waste of the affluent, and by the pressing needs of the poor, often forced to deplete the land around them for the sake of food or fuel in the short term. Equitable sharing with other people does not only involve using less of finite resources. It also precludes enjoying conveniences and luxuries for which others are having to pay the hidden environmental price, living with the toxins used in their manufacture and the pollution caused by their use and disposal.
The ethos of the Church means reverence for matter - the world around us, other creatures, our own bodies. It would be hard to miss this attitude in the worship of the Church: we make the sign of the Cross, we venerate icons, we receive Christ Himself in the Eucharist. But it seems quite easy to combine it with contempt for matter in everything non-liturgical, even in Church: thus we bless water, and then drink it out of plastic cups destined straight for the landfill! What the Crete conference calls for is simply a consistent attitude of respect in all our dealings with the world. We cannot expect to leave no trace on our environment. We have to choose either to make it reflect greed and ugliness - the pile of used packaging, the polluted river with its dead or mutant fish, the barren eroded hillside - or to use it in such a way that its beauty shows God's handiwork through ours.
Recognizing that the Church community should take the lead in making manifest the ethos of the Church, the Crete conference makes a number of suggestions:
- initiating programs of Christian environmental education at all levels.
- involvement by parishes in local initiatives, such as organizing recycling programs, conserving energy in buildings, and encouraging less use of the car.
- holding educational gatherings covering fields from theology to environmental sciences, in order to aid the Church in further practical involvement in environmental and bioethical issues. These should involve Church members and non-Orthodox experts in scientific and ecological fields.
- mobilizing Orthodox young people to initiate projects of environmental action.
Practical steps such as these are essential, if limited in nature. The underlying message needs to be heard clearly: "the Church should offer once more this simple, yet fulfilled way of life to its own believers as well as to the wider world. Humanity needs a simpler way of life, a renewed asceticism, for the sake of creation."
The author. Dr. Elizabeth Theokritoff is an Orthodox theologian and writer from England, and former Secretary of the Anglican - Orthodox Fellowship of St Alban and St Sergius.
Copyright: Printed by Orthdruk Orthodox Printing House, Bialystok, Poland, 1996.
Source: The Orthodoxy and Ecology Resource Book is produced by SYNDESMOS, The World Fellowship of Orthodox Youth.
Editor: Alexander Belopopsky and Dimitri Oikonomou | <urn:uuid:3a508aba-409c-4fcc-a7b5-c2d92b3da593> | {
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For centuries, people have watched the sky for the changes of season and then celebrated with colorful festivals and rituals.
In India, many people celebrate the festival of Navroze, or “new Day,” on the spring equinox. It is a day to clean and paint houses, wear new clothes, and hang jasmine flowers and roses on doors and windows.
In ancient times, women and girls in Sweden would bathe in a river in the belief that this would bring plenty of rain for the crops, while village people would dance around a decorated tree.
Now, in late June, Swedes dance around a pole covered with greenery and flowers.
The Chinese mark the end of summer with the Mid-Autumn Moon Festival, which occurs when the Moon is at its brightest.
After dark, people stroll with brightly lit lanterns, admire the full Moon, and eat moon cakes, which are pastries with a whole egg yolk in the center symbolizing the Moon.
Ancient Romans welcomed winter with the festival of Saturnalia, honoring Saturn, the god of agriculture. People decorated their houses with evergreen branches and lit lamps all night to ward off the darkness. | <urn:uuid:275370e5-3ece-499f-a5f2-29f20f1b0811> | {
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Please do your best to respond to this post. I won't insult you if you don't insult me.
Cause and effect. How can something come out of nothing? How could the very first thing that happened to start the universe not be effected by anything? It has to go back and back and back until one thing that effected something without being caused. That, I believe, was a god. Can somebody please prove this point wrong?
Quantum Physics sais something can come out of nothing doesn't it?
Its amazing to me that"believers", have no problem believing in an all powerful god that has always existed and had no creator, yet they have a hard time imagining that the universe may have come from the big bang.
I have to ask you "what is that about"? Is this where you throw common sense, logic and rational thinking out the window in order to hang on to your "Faith"? Why would you even consider jumping to the conclusion of a god, simply because we don't have the answers yet? Fear maybe?
Science may not have all the answers (YET), but at least their working on them.
First, you must understand that the origin of the universe is a separate question from the existence of god. One can be agnostic with regard to the first and still be atheist with regard to the second. Assuming they are a single question is proof of circular reasoning on some level.
Second, your reasoning is exactly the same used by primitive man to reach the conclusion that the Earth must be flat and held up by a god. They had no idea how it could be otherwise because their everyday experience on Earth told them it was impossible. What they (and you) didn't understand is that they were extrapolating their experience to a situation that was completely different and completely alien to them. What they (and you) didn't understand was they were not just comparing apples to oranges, they were comparing apples to airplanes. Please read the essay at this link:
Nobody can know what happened before the Planck time, before the Big Bang. The concept of ' before ' may be inappropriate.
However, the Creator of the Universe has sent us a message. Is this the God you were hoping for?
See ' God says sorry ' .
Have a cool Yule!
For most of our species' existence, we believed that we were the center of the universe. It was only fairly recently that we realized we're a bi-product of it. What if the very implication that matter requires a beginning is a result of your perceptual bias towards the universe, a reflection of the human ego? "You" have an observable beginning and end, therefore somehow all of existence must as well? You are not an accurate representation of the universe. You are a bi-product of one of its phases. Have some humility.
Also delicious Oreos.
"In science, the burden of proof falls upon the claimant; and the more extraordinary a claim, the heavier is the burden of proof demanded." - Marcello Truzzi
With that in mind, perhaps we can agree that the post is more of a thought experiment than an assertion of truth. So setting science and reason aside, let's do it. Say that once upon a time there was nothing, and then suddenly something that simply came to be; and let's say that this something was the starting point for everything that we know and have yet to know. Let's say even that we as humans come to know of this thing and agree to call this thing god.
What then? Is this thing still present or has it faded away? How do you know if this thing still affects what is happening to us and our tiny world? How do you know if this thing was directly the creator of all or just the first domino that tipped? If it was just simply the starting point, then of what consequence is it to say that you believe in it? Forgive me, but I still fail to see why, if this were in any way true, I should then adhere to faith, religion, and theism.
If you’re unable to accept the state of nothingness as a plausible beginning to our universe, yet you wish us to accept your god hypothesis, then we can simply apply your question to this hypothesis and ask: what created your god and what created that and so on.
But, we don’t even need to go as far as to even evoke a god to address the question. Science tells us that “nothing” is the most unstable state in the universe and that “something” is more likely (statistically speaking) than “nothing.” So, the fact that we have something rather than nothing is really unremarkable and is what one would expect.
I think the most important thing to note is that you’ve asked us to prove your point wrong without first being able to prove that your belief is correct or even remotely plausible. Provide us the evidence that we need to even consider your point, otherwise why would anyone waste their time and effort attempting to prove it wrong?
Lastly, “god did it” is not an acceptable place-holder for questions for which we do not currently hold the answer. History has shown that such questions have been replaced by knowledge, thus “I don’t know” is a more logical place-holder than “god did it.”
It's turtles all the way down
Even if you assume that a creator was necessary, all you have is "something created the universe". That's also the failure of the Kalam cosmological argument. As you said, you still don't know whether it's really a god - maybe it's just some insanely powerful entity. Even if it is a god, which one is it? The Muslim one? The Christian one? One of the Hindu ones? Or maybe some African tribal god? And we still don't know why the creator of the universe cares about what we eat, when we work and how we sex, and how he communicates those wishes to us.
If I understand correctly, I believe it is the theist/god believers position that something came from nothing. According to the Abrahamic faiths, Jewish/Christian/Islam god popped out of no where, from nothing and after speaking some magical incantations, created every thing! (with absolutely NO demonstrable explanation of what or where the god comes from)
To be perfectly honest, I personally have No Idea what initiated the origins of the universe or even life! Yet there is absolutely no reason or rationality for me to entertain the notion that any of this was a product of magical spells, incantations or charms. | <urn:uuid:49773ace-c6a3-4f23-929f-701dc3d1e449> | {
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The following sections treat by countries the places of meeting for worship used by the Anabaptists-Mennonites through the centuries, the names given to such places, the dates of the first meetinghouses, and any items of particular interest relating to the functions of meetinghouses. See the article Architecture for a treatment of the architectural aspects including style.
NetherlandsDuring the period of persecution the Anabaptist-Mennonites had no regular place to hold their meetings. They met, as the martyr Claes de Praet says (Offer, 246), "there where Christ and His apostles held their meetings, in the woods, in the fields, on the seashore, and sometimes in homes." In larger towns such as Amsterdam meetings were held in private homes from the beginning. For the sake of safety meeting places were constantly changed and messengers (weetdoeners) visited the members to announce the place and the hour of the next meeting.
From about 1575, when persecution had ceased, the Mennonites gradually began to hold their meetings at fixed places, although as late as 1654, for example at Nijmegen, the magistrates did not allow Mennnonite meetings to be held at regular places; at Deventer no meetinghouses could be built until 1688. About 1600 the smaller congregations usually met in the home of a member, who placed a room at the disposal of the congregation. Larger congregations at this time or even earlier probably rented or bought houses or warehouses, which were then in simple style adapted for use as meetinghouses. Of these first meetinghouses nothing is known and of most congregations it cannot be exactly stated when they acquired a meetinghouse. It is very questionable whether the Mennonites of Amsterdam had a meetinghouse as early as 1578, as is suggested by Brandt, but the Waterlanders as well as the Frisians and the Flemish had meetinghouses here before 1600. More exact dates are available concerning Rotterdam. Here the Old Flemish Mennonites possessed a house in which they held meetings as early as 1580, whereas the Frisian congregation obtained a meetinghouse in 1593, and the Flemish congregation bought a house in 1609, which was remodeled for meetings. The mid-20th century Mennonite church at Amsterdam had its origin in an old meetinghouse which had been used since 1608. Utrecht acquired a meetinghouse about 1610, the Waterlanders at Leiden in 1613, the Middelburg congregation in 1616. The two former meetinghouses of Harlingen, Friesland, no doubt dated from before 1600; the former meetinghouse of the Haarlem Flemish congregation, called "d'Oly-block," was also of about 1600. During the 17th century many meetinghouses were built in the province of Friesland, but it is possible that at least some of these were rebuilt from meetinghouses originally built some decades before. Balk built a meetinghouse in 1629, the Leeuwarden Waterlander congregation in 1631, Hindeloopen 1653, Sneek 1654, Grouw 1659, Warns and Joure both 1664, Akkrum ca. 1667, Irnsum 1684, Surhuisterveen 1685, Holwerd 1692, and Drachten 1693.
By 1700 all the congregations had meetinghouses except the conservative Janjacobsz group, which was opposed to special meetinghouses. Many small congregations of the Groningen Old Flemish branch also had no meetinghouses, but continued to meet in the homes of the members as late as the end of the 18th century. By the 1950s a few newly founded congregations and circles (kringen) did not yet have meetinghouses, but used rented rooms or halls. The Breda congregation held its meetings in the Lutheran church.
Nearly all the Dutch Mennonite churches in the 1950s had one or more rooms for catechetical classes, Sunday schools, ladies' circles, and other church activities. Sometimes the sexton's quarters were a part of the church building, and in a number of congregations, particularly in the country, the parsonage was next to the church, and in a few attached to the church.
Since the 18th century Dutch Mennonite meetinghouses have been called churches (Doopsgezinde kerk). The earlier word vermaning (literally admonition, or place where the people are stimulated to faith and Christian life), formerly very common, especially in the province of Friesland, became obsolete. -- vdZ
SwitzerlandThe first Mennonite meetinghouse built in Switzerland was that of the Holee Street congregation in Basel, which was then known as the Basel-Binningen Church. Most of its members lived in adjoining Alsace, and the congregation belonged to the Alsatian Mennonite Conference. The church was built in 1847 at 141 Holee Street, and was completely rebuilt in 1932 at the same location. The Ernmental congregation, with its seat at Langnau, built a meetinghouse at Kehr, in the outskirts of Langnau in 1888, and renovated and enlarged it in 1947. In 1899 the Emmental congregation built chapels at Bomatt on the Emme, and at Aebnit, near Bowil, west of Bomatt. The Bomatt church was renovated in 1955.
In 1893 the Kleintal congregation built a church at Moron, which was renovated in 1943. In 1894 the Chaux de Fonds congregation built one at Les Bulks, renovated in 1944. The Sonnenberg congregation bought some of the buildings of an inn on Fürstenberg (Mont Tramelan), and converted a dance hall into a spacious meeting place; it was considerably enlarged in 1947. The Jeangisboden (Sonnenberg) congregation acquired its church in 1900; this meetinghouse became the site of the meetings of the Swiss Mennonite Conference. It was renovated in 1950.
Near the Swiss border in Alsace the Grosslützel (Grand Lucelle) congregation (formerly Delsbergtal) converted a tavern into a church. In 1956 this meetinghouse, which was severely damaged by military occupation in World War II, was renovated. The Schänzli congregation in Basel acquired a chapel on the street from Basel to Muttenz in 1891. A new church was built there in 1903 and renovated in 1954. The spacious Chaux d'Abel meetinghouse on the Jura plateau, which was built in 1905, belonged to the YMCA, of which a number of Mennonites were members.
For the purpose of maintaining a German school the Kleintal congregation in 1921 built a school at Perceux, above the cave called the "Goat Chapel," in which, according to tradition, the Mennonites met for worship in times of persecution. The congregation also built a school on the heights of Montbautier in 1923, in which the Mennonites met for worship. Les Mottes, north of Tramelan, was the third meeting place of the Sonnenberg congregation. In 1928 a spacious room for meetings was built into a home. Also in Tramelan a room in a Mennonite home was rented for this purpose in 1941 and renovated in 1955. The most modern Mennonite meetinghouse in Switzerland was built at Courgenay in 1938 by the Pruntrut (Porrentruy) congregation. In 1956 a room was privately built into a new home at Reconvilier and placed at the disposal of the Mennonites.
The word "church" was not used by the Mennonites of Switzerland for their meeting places in the 1950s, but rather the word "chapel." Before these meetinghouses were built, the Swiss Mennonites met in rotation in barns, usually in the forenoons. A meal of nutritious peasoup was then served the members, many of whom had come on foot from a considerable distance. -- SG
South GermanyFrom the time of the Reformation to about the middle of the 17th century the Anabaptists and sometimes the Mennonites had to meet secretly for their worship services. During the severest persecutions they at times met in forests (e.g., at Immelshausen until as late as 1654) or on remote farms (e.g., betweeen Kriegsheim, and Pfeddersheim in 1608), often at night.
With the concession of Charles Ludwig, Elector of the Palatinate, granted in 1664, they were permitted, in villages where four or five families were living, to hold meetings of not more than 20 persons. For this the living room of a home was sufficient. Services were regularly held in rotation among the members.
Very likely, especially in the larger congregations, the need was felt by the first quarter of the 18th century of having a large room of their own for regular use, equipped in the simplest manner possible. Here it is not yet a matter of a building, but merely of parts of residences or other farm buildings which could be remodeled and furnished for the purpose. There are, of course, no records of dates, etc., from this period; nevertheless certain conclusions can be drawn on the basis of evidence in the congregations at Ibersheim, Kriegsheim, Friedelsheim, Weierhof, etc. The hall furnished in 1756 in Erpolzheim, which was still in use in the 1950s, served as an example from this period. In some instances the owners of the estates put rooms at the disposal of the Mennonite renters.
Toward the end of the 18th century meetinghouses were built in many places. They had to be built off the street and in the style of a farmhouse, in order not to be noticeable from the outside. Such buildings arose in 1770 at Weierhof, 1777 at Sembach, 1779 at Eppstein and Friedelsheim, 1783 in Heppenheim an der Wiese. Of these, Eppstein probably, in spite of frequent remodeling, best preserved the type of Mennonite churches of that period (low room, rectangular windows, low pulpit), whereas the only other church remaining from that period which was still in use, namely, the Sembach, was more radically altered.
In the early 19th century, when all legal restrictions were removed from the Mennonites in the Palatinate and Hesse, churches were built in the simple style of the Reformed churches of the vicinity. Churches of this kind were built in Altleiningen in 1811 (abandoned in 1956 because of a dilapidated condition), Monsheim 1820, Uffhofen 1829-30, Kühbörncheshof 1832, Friedelsheim 1836, Weierhof 1837, Deutschhof 1842, Ernstweiler 1843, etc. Of the few Amish congregations of South Germany, only Ixheim built a church, erected in 1847, which was still in use until 1937. In other cases private rooms or rented halls were used. The Branchweilerhof congregation for a long time used the old arched, former Hospitalkirche. The Friedelsheim congregation in 1807 acquired by legal contract the right to the use of the Protestant church (until 1902).
In Baden, Württemberg, and Bavaria, where the congregations were subject to a great deal of change, since many of the members were renters on large estates, few meetinghouses were built. The churches in Baiertal and Streichenberg (Baden), built after 1800, were sold in the past century. Likewise the meetinghouse in Bildhausen near Schweinfurt, and the building intended for both church and school at Maxweiler. Also the attractive little church at Giebelstadt, built in 1867, had to be given up in 1953, because it was too far from Würzburg, the Mennonite center. The only churches left in this area were the one belonging to the Hasselbach congregation, built in 1846, and the one at Eichstock, built in 1856. In 1945, however, the Heilbronn congregation acquired the former Mennonite Central Committee (MCC) "neighborhood home," and in the same year the Ingolstadt congregation built a suitable room for the purpose. Everywhere else private rooms or space belonging to other churches was used.
In Frankfurt a congregational home was acquired in 1955, in which the MCC also had working quarters; in Kaiserslautern, on the other hand, the congregation was the guest of the MCC in the building erected by the Mennonite Central Committee. Modern meetinghouses with additional rooms were built at Backnang in 1955 and in Enkenbach in 1956. They will no doubt point the way for further new meetinghouses, since the old style of building with only the one room which was used for regular worship services was no longer adequate for the manifold needs of congregations. For instance, in 1948 a hall was built at Sembach for worship services as well as youth activities.
As to terminology, the word "church" was not used east of the Rhine before about 1800, but was freely used by the 1950s. The meetinghouse at Weierhof was, however, called a "Lehr." Elder Schmutz of Baden in an article in die Mennonitische Blatter in 1856 called these churches "meetinghouse, congregational house, or house of God." But later the word "Kirche" (church) was also adopted here and there. In the case of rented halls the word "Saal" was used. -- PS
Northwest and Northeast GermanyIt is known that the congregations in East Friesland had meetinghouses at least as early as 1600, although they were long required to worship "in private." The earliest known date for a meetinghouse in Emden, Leer, Norden, or Neustadt-Goedens is 1649 for the Ukowallist group in Emden. Emmerich built a meetinghouse about 1676. Krefeld built in 1693; Neuwied not until 1768, Emden in 1769. In Friedrichstadt the Alte Münze, owned by the deacon, was in use before 1652 when it was purchased by the congregation. In Hamburg-Altona the first meetinghouse was in the rear part of a private house purchased about 1619 (public services were not permitted until 1622). The first "real" meetinghouse (as B. C. Roosen called it) was built in 1675.
The degrees of toleration granted to Mennonites in East and West Prussia, Danzig, and the lower Vistula region in Poland varied greatly; as a consequence the first meetinghouses were erected at widely differing times. The first meetinghouse built for that purpose was probably the one of 1586 at Muntau in the Culm-Graudenz area, rebuilt in 1898, which was in a sense the oldest Mennonite meetinghouse anywhere in the world. Its fate after 1945 was unknown in 1957. The meetinghouse of the Schonsee congregation near Culm, built in 1618, was the oldest Mennonite meetinghouse still standing in its original form. It was converted to a private dwelling ca. 1948. The Elbing-Euerwald congregation built its first meetinghouse in 1590. In Danzig the Mennonites were not allowed to build meetinghouses until well into the 17th century, and then they were not to appear like public buildings but private dwellings. The Frisian congregation built first, ca. 1638, the Flemish congregation ca. 1648. The country churches were not allowed to build until a century or more later—Thiensdorf 1728, Orlofferfelde 1751, Rosenort 1754, and in 1768 four meetinghouses with permission of the Bishop of Culm—Furstenwerder, Heubuden, Ladekopp, and Tiegenhagen. Obernessau near Thorn was built in 1778. Before the meetinghouses were built the congregations worshipped in various private homes of members. -- HSB
The early meetinghouses of the Mennonites along the Vistula River in Danzig, Prussia, and Poland were simple structures resembling the homes or schools of that day. Some resemblance to the early Mennonite meetinghouses in the Netherlands can be detected. The smaller meetinghouses were usually one-story buildings like Schonsee. Later two-story buildings were erected where needed to accommodate the growing membership. As a rule, the second story consisted of a balcony similar to the structures in the Netherlands. The main floor was for women and the balcony for men, as in the Singel Church of Amsterdam. The pulpit was located on the long side with an elevated bench for the ministers and deacons. From the outside the meetinghouse could hardly be recognized as a place of worship. The old churches at Ellerwald, Furstenwerder, and Heubuden were of this type. Usually the meetinghouse was a frame building, extremely plain, located in an open field.
The Thiensdorf church, erected in 1728, was thought to have been the first meetinghouse in Prussia. This indicated worship services had previously been held in private homes or public buildings such as schools. Later the meetinghouses were constructed of brick and resembled the surrounding non-Mennonite churches, sometimes having a steeple or a cross. Typical of this change in architecture were the churches of Rosengart and Elbing. Arched windows became common. -- CK
RussiaThe Mennonite meetinghouses of Poland and Russia were patterned after the early structures in Prussia. A typical structure was the Chortitza church, and for the Mennonite Brethren, the meetinghouse at Einlage. Gradually a new style of meetinghouses evolved. Brick buildings replaced the former frame structure. An adjustment to the Russian environment became noticeable. Heavy brick fences as a rule surrounded the churches. The most extreme adjustment to the Russian environment was found in the Einlage church. The early meetinghouse in Russia closely resembled the school building found in every village. The pattern of the meetinghouse in Russia and Prussia was transplanted to the Great Plains of North America. Some of the churches built after this pattern were the First Mennonite Church of Beatrice, Nebraska; the Hoffnungsau Mennonite Church near Buhler, Kansas; the Kleine Gemeinde Church near Meade, Kansas; and the numerous meetinghouses of the early Mennonites in Manitoba and Saskatchewan as well as Mexico and Paraguay. (See also Architecture, where literature is listed.) -- CK
North AmericaThe Swiss and South German Mennonite immigrants who came to America before the Revolutionary War had never worshiped in meetinghouses in their homelands, nor had the Lower Rhine and Krefeld immigrants of 1683-1695 (the first Krefeld meetinghouse was built in 1695); only the few families from the Hamburg-Altona congregation had had one (the Altona meetinghouse was built in 1675). But with all restrictions removed in free America Mennonites of all kinds except the Amish built meetinghouses apparently as soon as the size of the congregation required it and economic conditions permitted. Meanwhile meetings were held in homes, which were sometimes built with a large room especially built to accommodate church services. An illustration was the Hans Herr house near Lancaster, built in 1719 with such a room, the oldest Mennonite building used for worship still standing in America.
The Amish immigrants, however, elevated the practice of holding meetings in homes into a principle. To this day the Old Order Amish basically forbid the building of meetinghouses for worship purposes. The only Amish meetinghouse built in America before 1830 was the one called Chester Valley, near Malvern, Chester County, PA, built in 1795. The congregation here, however, died out within a generation after this. The next Amish meetinghouse was the Beech church near Louisville, Ohio, about 1830, followed by the Clinton Frame church near Goshen, IN, in 1848. The Rock Creek church, near Danvers, IL, was built in 1853 and the neighboring Partridge (Metamora) church in 1854. Congregations in Ohio which were leaving the "Old Order" Amish began to build meetinghouses, such as Walnut Grove (West Liberty) in 1857, Oak Grove, near Smithville, and Walnut Creek, both in 1862, Central at Archbold and Martens Creek near Millersburg in 1869. The Ontario Amish churches did not begin to build meetinghouses until the 1880's. Sometimes the building of a meetinghouse became the definite sign or cause of a break between the progressive and old order elements.
American Mennonites never in principle opposed meetinghouses. The first one built was in Germantown, Pennsylvania, in 1708. The second Germantown meetinghouse, of 1770, was the oldest American Mennonite meetinghouse still used for regular services in the 1950s. The only other meetinghouse built before 1800 and still standing at the original location was built at Landisville, west of Lancaster, PA, in 1740 as a residence, but was used as a meetinghouse long before 1790; it was now used as a dwelling for the sexton. The Byerland meetinghouse, also in Lancaster County, built about 1755, was still standing in the 1950s but had been moved several miles away. In order of erection the oldest meetinghouses in the original settlements in Eastern Pennsylvania were Skippack 1725, Towamencin 1728(?), Hereford 1732, Swamp 1735, Salford 1738(?), and Deep Run 1746, all in the Franconia Conference. Dates of the earliest meetinghouses in the Lancaster district are not known before the first one at Abbeyville, built in 1747 or earlier, and New Danville, built in 1755. Apparently the first Lancaster Mennonites waited a generation before building meetinghouses. Most of their early meetinghouses were built after 1750; by 1800 the Lancaster Conference had at least 27 known meetinghouses. The earliest known meetinghouses in other areas, with dates of erection, were: Western Pennsylvania— Scottdale (Pennsville) 1800, Blough 1837, Masontown 1840; Ontario—Vineland 1810, Kitchener 1813, Markham 1817; Ohio—Fairfield County, two meetinghouses about 1810-1815, Rowland in Canton 1823, North Lima 1824(?), followed by Midway almost at the sametime, Sonnenberg 1834, Bluffton (GCM) 1840; Virginia—Mill Creek near Luray in Page County (a union church) 1800, six erected 1823-28, viz., Trissels 1823, Pike 1825, Brennemans 1826, Weavers 1827, Hildebrand and Springdale; Maryland—Housers, Beaver Creek 1763, Strasburg (in Franklin County, Pennsylvania.) 1812, Millers 1835; Indiana —Clinton Brick 1848, Yellow Creek 1849, Holdeman 1851, Berne (GCM) 1852; Illinois—Union near Washington 1858, Sterling 1859, Summerfield (GCM) 1858.
The immigrants from Russia 1874-1880 had had meetinghouses in their homeland and proceeded to erect them in their new homes very soon after arrival. The first meetinghouses of the General Conference Mennonite Church were immigration houses (Alexanderwohl, Hoffnungsau, etc.) and school-houses; the first Krimmer Mennonite Brethren meetinghouse was Gnadenau near Hillsboro, Kansas, built in 1876; the first Mennonite Brethren meetinghouse was Ebenfeld near Hillsboro, built in 1876.
The first meetinghouses in Pennsylvania were simple, plain, and functional, designed only for an assembly for worship, but often serving a double use as schoolhouses, or with schoolhouses or even sexton's quarters attached. This style was generally followed by the later congregations. Later, when Sunday schools and other activities were introduced, basements were added to accommodate the children's classes, and in the 20th century educational wings or sections with classrooms and other facilities were built. For the most part this was the pattern of the meetinghouse type and development throughout American Mennonite history, except that some of the groups from Russia brought with them a different type of meetinghouse design.
The descendants of the Swiss-South German Mennonites and the Amish from Alsace, Bavaria, and Hesse universally called their buildings meetinghouses (Versammlungshaus), or "Gmeehaus" (Gemeindehaus) in Pennsylvania Dutch, until recent decades, when the term "church" has partially superseded it. (See also Architecture.)
Schowalter, Paul. "Mennonite Churches in South Germany." Mennonite Life 7 (January 1952): 14.
Schowalter, Paul. "Der Kirchenbau in den Mennonitengemeinden von Pfalz-Hessen." Mennonitischer Gemeindekalendar (1953): 36-43.
|Author(s)||Nanne, Samuel Geiser, Paul Schowalter, Cornelius Krahn van der Zijpp|
|Harold S. Bender|
Cite This Article
van der Zijpp, Nanne, Samuel Geiser, Paul Schowalter, Cornelius Krahn and Harold S. Bender. "Meetinghouses." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. 1957. Web. 8 Dec 2013. http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Meetinghouses&oldid=92685.
van der Zijpp, Nanne, Samuel Geiser, Paul Schowalter, Cornelius Krahn and Harold S. Bender. (1957). Meetinghouses. Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 8 December 2013, from http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Meetinghouses&oldid=92685.
Herald Press website.
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Definition of exonuclease in English:
An enzyme that removes successive nucleotides from the end of a polynucleotide molecule.
- Orn was shown by in vitro analysis to be an exonuclease specific for RNA molecules shorter than five nucleotides in length.
- A given exonuclease hydrolyzes DNA at a fixed rate, but there exist a distribution of conformations and a distribution of hydrolysis rates.
- The rapid rise of the first fluorescence maximum puts a strict upper bound on the timescale of magnesium binding to the exonuclease.
Definition of exonuclease in:
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|Understanding: the ability to give reasons for a distinction or to justify a selection of options.
For the understanding of signs and words plays a role, whether one can connect an object with the word or sign, as well as whether one can replace the sign or word with another sign or word. In order to understand full sentences, the context must be grasped as well. A point of contention is whether knowing the truth conditions gives the sentence its meaning. In other words Whether there is the knowledge about what should be if the sentence were true. If that is correct, there is no need to know whether the sentence is true (cf. M. Dummett, Ursprünge der analytischen Philosophie Frankfurt 1992, p. 20). See also substitution, truth conditions, knowledge._____________Annotation: The above characterizations of concepts are neither definitions nor exhausting presentations of problems related to them. Instead, they are intended to give a short introduction to the contributions below. – Lexicon of Arguments. |
Def understanding/Stalnaker: thesis: we understand the informational or propositional content in terms of distinguishing between options - Def metaphysics: this concerns the distinctions that need to be made between options. - Def semantics affects our ability to represent options and to distinguish between them. - Representation: we can only judge it if we know how our logical space is structured. - Descriptive semantics: asks what the semantic value of expressions is. - Basic semantics: Based on which facts do they have it. - Metaphysical: inconceivable.
Understand/Stalnaker: a proposition can not be misunderstood like a sentence, it is already the content._____________Explanation of symbols: Roman numerals indicate the source, arabic numerals indicate the page number. The corresponding books are indicated on the right hand side. ((s)…): Comment by the sender of the contribution. The note [Author1]Vs[Author2] or [Author]Vs[term] is an addition from the Dictionary of Arguments. If a German edition is specified, the page numbers refer to this edition.
Ways a World may be Oxford New York 2003 | <urn:uuid:0609f417-f767-4e2f-a3fb-bfaaff9167e6> | {
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Birmingham Mud Riots of 682 AD
From Uncyclopedia, the content-free encyclopedia
The Birmingham Mud Riots of 682 AD are a horrific reminder of what boredom can do to the general populace. Many question as to the lasting effects the events had on the area, although other people maintain that Birmingham was always a shitehole. After the Great Tit Shortage of 1776 it is the most cited in studies on the effect on human populations of traumatic events.
Birmingham 682 AD; after recovering from what became known as the "Boring forest fire of 681", there were furious mud riots caused by an apparent lack of anything worthwhile to do or accomplish. Locals and, indeed, lepers and taxmen, took part in the massive riots which lasted a fairly long stretch of time. The rioters eventually polarized into three differing factions: (pre-Scientologists, very native Americans, and, of course, Midgets). They all believed that they were the peacekeeping force in Birmingham. Since they were of equal mental capacity, the three factions soon stalemated. Eventually, after six years of civil strife, two of the factions joined forces to stamp out the third, although it is unknown to this day which of the three were destroyed. The two remaining groups then turned on each other, being unable to reconcile fundamental differences of opinion on textual interpretation of arcane applied philosophy and how to build a fire in a wooded glen.
edit In-depth Analysis of Cultural and Economic Issues of why the riots occurred
They were bored and poor. Hence, why?:not riot for awhile.
edit Effects on present day politics and current events
edit Articles Related to the Birmingham Mud Riots of 682 AD
- Americans - One of the warring/rioting factions involved.
- Birmingham - Where it all took place.
- Midgets - One of the warring/rioting factions involved.
- Scientology - One of the warring/rioting factions involved.
- Scunthorpe - Became England's new Chief Economic City after the mud riots. | <urn:uuid:1c63a9c0-cebc-4cdf-a3c4-5f7bae9d2c10> | {
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Best Practices and information about inclusive pronoun use
This effort is possible through a partnership between the Center for Sexuality and Gender Diversity and the Office of Integrity & Compliance. This effort is part of a larger educational campaign managed by the Office of Diversity and Equity to create more gender inclusivity and awareness at the University of Kansas.
Dr. Katie Batza, Associate Professor in Women, Gender & Sexuality Studies at KU, created this pamphlet and drew from texts by Dean Spade, Seattle University School of Law, The LGBT Campus Center at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Augsburg College, and the English Language Center at Vanderbilt University as well as these publications:
Brielle Harbin, “Teaching Beyond the Gender Binary in the University Classroom,” Center for Teaching, Vanderbilt University, 2016.
The Vanderbilt English Language Center, “Pronoun Guide,” Vanderbilt University 2018.
“Creating Inclusive Classrooms for Transgender Students,” Augsburg College.
Oxford English Dictionary, “A Brief History of Singular They,” https://public.oed.com/blog/a-brief-history-of-singular-they/, published September 4, 2018.
Merrill Perlman, “Stylebooks Finally Embrace the Single ‘They’,” Columbia Journalism Review, www.cjr.org/language_corner/stylebooks-single-they-ap-chicago-gender-neu..., published March 27, 2017.
Chelsea Lee, “The Use of Singular “They” in APA Style,” https://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2015/11/the-use-of-singular-they-in-a..., published November 16, 2015. | <urn:uuid:e5696508-a1d6-49bb-9ffc-d2900083583d> | {
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Be healthy with herbs from Siberia
The state of being healthy is the most wonderful and absolutely natural condition of the human body. The absence of disease, full physical and mental well-being can be called health. And most people today understand that health care remains and should be one of the person’s priorities in life so that he or she can live healthy, free of illnesses live.
As health is a natural thing which a person gets from his birth and cares for during the whole life, natural remedies and treatments should be considered for various health conditions instead of chemical, artificially-made treatments.
People use herbs, plants or parts of a plant to stay healthy, or manage health conditions and diseases. Herbal product or botanical products have become traditional treatments used for centuries. Herbal products are available in many forms, including tea, capsules, tablets, liquids, and powders.
Fresh or dried plants, people use herbal medicines with success to maintain or improve their health. Many fields of medical science are devoted to traditional medicine including ethnobotany and western herbal medicine. Lots of people use phytomedicines and herbal preparations at home. Medical science studies biological and pharmacological effects of plant extracts, herbs, estimates and proves their use in the treatment of various health diseases.
Herbs and plants are known for their anti-inflammatory, anti-cholesterol, hypotensive, antispasmodic, anti-diabetic, anticancer, antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal activity.
They can increase life expectancy, provide natural health and well-being. Ethnobotany, the study of traditional medical or religious use of plants in certain regions shows that Siberian herbs knowledge passed from generations keeps the most valuable secrets of using plants and herbs for improving health and treating illnesses.
Siberian herbs are collected only in ecologically-friendly and safe places using special rituals of picking and preserving the well-known Siberian herbs. The exact places to collect particular herbs, knowledge about plants being ripe and fresh for special purposes are of great importance.
Herbalists from Siberia cherish for the plants and herbs, know their exceptional properties and thus produce herbal products of excellent quality and highest therapeutic effects.
Unique Siberian climate forces the plants and herbs to absorb the energy from the soil, sun and achieve the beneficial form and ripeness. They develop to the point of readiness for harvesting and using them in specially made teas.
The concentrated completeness and perfection of the herbs, plants and parts of plants is carefully preserved in Siberian teas.
The world –known concept of Siberian health and stamina is not a secret. It consists of natural solutions, clean and pure herbs. The herbal art of Siberian collections of tea can help everyone feel and enjoy the natural love and health from this region.
The authentic Siberian herbs in collections of specially designed teas can be explored today by anyone in the world.
The preparations of treatment solutions for kidney, liver, heart, stomach health are available in herbal teas from Siberia.
Ready –made easy to brew teas are the wonderful natural products from health experts from Siberia. They make up individual herbal blends for all body systems and organs including respiratory system, blood system, digestive system, nervous system, muscle and skeletal system, lymphatic system, urinary and reproductive systems.
Safety is priority
Natural products are safe and good for people as they contain only natural ingredients just coming from nature. They do not produce adverse effects in the majority of patients as their amounts in the Siberian teas are carefully considered and calculated. Only people with allergic reactions to herbs and hypersensitivity, pregnant women are not recommended to use these teas.
Siberian teas are manufactured under strict control of quality and safety. The herbal health products have special labels with accurate and truthful information. The following information is contained on labels:
- Name of the herbal tea and its medical purpose
- Name of the address of the manufacturer or distributor
- Complete list of ingredients
- Amount of product or supplement in the container or package
For people who think about using any herbal medicine, it is recommended first to get information about it from reliable sources and consult a doctor. Siberian Monastery teas contain all the needed and required information including brand name, active ingredients, and manufacturer.
The arsenal of home remedies can be enlarged with these best healing herbs in Siberian teas: John’s wort (Hypericum), Thyme herb (Thýmus serpýllum), Motherwort (Leonúrus), Snakeroot (Erýngium), Milfoil (Achilléa), Agrimony (Agrimonia), Willow weed (rainbow weed) (Lýthrum salicária), Angelica roots (Archangelica), Juniper fruits (Juníperus), Horse sorrel (Rúmex confértus), Eleuterococcus (Eleutherocóccus), Wild rose (Rōsa) , Common horsetail (Equisétum arvénse), Blueberry (Vaccínium myrtíllus), Camomile (Matricária) and many others providing healing and treatment for numerous health conditions, improvement of general health and well-being.
These and other herbs have been known and used for hundreds of years to heal, and treat in Siberia. The herbalists wisely use plants’ abilities to alleviate arthritis pain, reduce high blood sugar and cholesterol, and help with many other conditions.
They discover amazing powers in herbs, such as the ability to kill cancer cells and help alcoholics curb their alcohol consumption. So, if you think it is time when it is smarter to use herbal remedy than a pharmaceutical, your choice can be one of the 100% natural Siberian teas. Plants and herbs can be as effective as very potent pharmaceutical agents for relieving irritable bowel syndrome, hypertension, kidney problems, but without the dangerous side effects.
Herbs are non-habit-forming and well tolerated and can provide practically the same efficacy as many prescription medications. Herbal teas from Siberia function gently and smoothly to relieve pain, sore throat, lower blood pressure or help overcome sickness.
The history of herbs and plants consumption has long roots in centuries, when people support their health only by natural substances. The traditional wisdom and common sense comes back to help modern people cope with their health issues effectively, naturally and absolutely safe. | <urn:uuid:a918b2a1-e7df-41c2-b5b9-c8d0beb8f819> | {
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According to Thomas and Chess, a child that is very irregular in sleeping and eating, resists change, and tends to be loud is labeled a(n) ________ child
A few days after giving birth to her daughter, Natane felt anxious about being a new mother and found herself crying for no good reason at odd moments throughout the day. If Natane sometimes feared she might hurt her baby or had thoughts of suicide, she most likely was experiencing ________.
The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus is called ________.
The process by which experience results in a relatively permanent change in what one is capable of doing is called:
Which of Erik Erikson's psychosocial crises revolves around the child's learning to direct his or her own behavior?
Autonomy versus shame and doubt
The _______ is to involuntary muscles as the _______ is to voluntary muscles.
Autonomic nervous system; somatic nervous system
The area of the frontal lobe that is devoted to the production of fluent speech is _____ area.
Any behavior that does not allow a person to function within or adapt to the stresses and everyday demands of life is considered ________.
When the exposure to a feared object is rapid and intense rather than slow and gradual, it is called ________.
When children observe their same-sex parents behaving in certain ways and imitate that behavior, a psychologist uses which theory to explain the situation?
Social learning theory
The tendency to perceive and approach problems in the same ways that have worked in the past is called ________.
The term blind observers refers to people who ____________________.
do not know what the research question is
People with ________ disorders have an excessively rigid, maladaptive pattern of behavior and ways of relating to others.
According to Robert Sternberg, ________ is best described as "street smarts,"or the ability to use information to get along in life. People who have it know how to be tactful, how to manipulate situations to their advantage, and how to use inside information to increase their odds of success. | <urn:uuid:8ae3fa37-5bc4-47a9-a9aa-70194a0a3a8b> | {
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On March 14, Drovers/CattleNetwork hosted a Beef Sustainability webinar, providing scientific insights on modern beef production and its environmental impacts. The webinar, sponsored by Merck Animal Health, featured Washington State University animal scientist Jude Capper, PhD, and University of California-Davis atmospheric scientist Frank Mitloehner, PhD.
The two scientists provided strong scientific evidence to refute some of the commonly quoted misinformation regarding greenhouse gas emissions and other aspects of beef’s “environmental footprint,” while demonstrating how improvements in efficiency and productivity contribute to the long-term sustainability of modern beef production.
The webinar is available for viewing from Drovers/CattleNework.
Webinar participants had an opportunity to ask questions, but the presenters did not have time to address all of them during the session, so we provide some of those questions and answers here.
Question: How sustainable are feedlots within the beef production system?
Answer from Dr. Jude Capper: Evidence suggests that feedlots have the lowest carbon emissions, land use and water use per unit of beef compared to grass-finished production systems as a consequence of the faster growth rates and increased slaughter weights in the feedlot system. In terms of economic viability, production costs tend to be lower in the feedlot system and therefore savings are passed on to the consumer. The social responsibility aspect is more nebulous and I don't know of any published research on the subject, however, evidence suggests that the majority of consumers primarily choose products according to taste, price and nutrition, with only a small percentage (about 4 percent) choosing foods according to production system such as organic, natural or local.
Question: What if we were to educate consumers to use what I will call "red veal" calves coming off grass and mothers milk, which would reduce resourced use?
Answer from Dr. Jude Capper: You're right, "red veal" would potentially have a lower resource use, however I don't know of any studies that have specifically examined this at present. In addition to the improvements in growth rate and slaughter weight that reduced the environmental impact of the US beef industry between 1977 and 2007, the use of dairy calves for beef production in 2007 (vs. veal production in 1977) helped to reduce resource use and carbon emissions per unit of beef as we needed to maintain fewer beef cows in the cow-calf operations to support beef supply. Having said that, the relatively small consumer demand for veal nowadays may mean that it remains a relatively small component of overall animal protein supply. | <urn:uuid:a8dfd5f4-c640-40c8-ba71-1d954d31a9c5> | {
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TRAFFIC HOMEWARD BOUND
Throughout all its career, down to the eve of victory in 1945, the Air Transport Command was principally preoccupied with the outbound movement of aircraft, men, and materiel from the United States to overseas theaters or to points where aircraft and materiel could be transferred to friendly powers. That there should be some homeward-bound traffic, however, was inevitable. Mail proceeded in both directions; ferrying pilots, in the system early adopted by the Ferrying Command, had to be returned to their home bases; scarce materials of strategic value in the war effort were flown to American ports on ATC transports; thousands of sick and wounded soldiers flew homeward on ATC planes equipped for air evacuation; and aircraft no longer needed in the theaters were ferried back home. After V-E Day under ATC direction vast numbers of planes and men flew home for redeployment to the Pacific or separation from service.
As early as 1942, pilots of the Ferrying Division after delivering new aircraft to destinations overseas were on occasion directed to ferry war-weary aircraft back to the United States. Thus in November 1942, several ferry pilots who had delivered new P-40's to the Eleventh Air Force at Elmendorf Field, Anchorage, Alaska, were ordered to return old P-36's and P-38's to the United States.1 The loss of one P-36 from a mechanical failure, and the narrow escape of its pilot, gives some indication of why more of such planes were not returned. Overseas air bases were reluctant to expend on discarded aircraft the amount of maintenance required for a safe trip home. Ferrying crews, on the other hand, were even more unwilling to fly back a plane in a questionable state of repair.2 Only a small fraction of the planes which had gone out to the theaters were ever returned in this
fashion. During the twelve-month period extending from 1 April 1944 until 31 March 1945, some 842 military aircraft were ferried back to the United States, as against 22,144 delivered overseas.3
Throughout 1942 and the early part of 1943, with enemy submarine action continuing to take a large toll of waterborne shipments, air transportation of a minimum of strategic materials was essential to certain aspects of war production. The Board of Economic Warfare on behalf of the War Production Board, which decided on needs, procured and stocked backlogs of such essential materials at airports on the ATC routes. Such materials included high-quality block mica from Karachi and South America and quartz crystals from South America (both products indispensable in the manufacture of radio parts and equipment). Tantalite, used in producing radio and radar apparatus, and special alloy steels required for cutting tools were flown from Brazil and the Belgian Congo. Beryl, which in the form of an alloy was used in manufacturing a variety of delicate instruments, came also from Brazil, while rotenone-bearing roots and powder for use in insecticides were brought from various parts of South America. For a time in 1942 rubber was carried when other inbound cargoes were not available. During the twenty-week period between 6 December 1942 and 24 April 1943, the Naval Air Transport Service, ATC, and the contract carriers working under their direction together flew from the east coast of South America to the United States a total of 970.9 tons of such strategic materials. In the first quarter of 1943 ATC aircraft also lifted some 985 tons of strategic cargo from China to India, while Chinese National Aviation Corporation planes brought out 1,038 tons. The largest elements in this tonnage were tungsten, tin, silk, hog bristles, and mercury. The need for these commodities from China was not usually great enough, however, to justify their shipment west of India by air.4
A far more significant phase of the ATC's homeward-bound traffic consisted of the air evacuation of sick, wounded, and injured men from some point outside the United States to another and from various foreign bases homeward. This service the Ferrying Command early provided on an informal and spontaneous basis, utilizing a fleet of transports moving along its several routes. From many places sick or injured could be moved to adequate hospital facilities only by air.
Patients, whether belonging to the Ferrying Command or not, were thus moved by Ferrying Command aircraft as a matter of course.5When the Ferrying Command was reorganized in June 1942 as the Air Transport Command, its formal statement of mission contained no definite reference to air evacuation. On the other hand, its general responsibility for "the transportation by air of personnel . . . for all War Department agencies, except those served by Troop Carrier units as hereinafter set forth,"6 could certainly be construed to include the air transportation of sick and wounded personnel upon the request of any agency of the War Department. The responsibility was made more specific when on 28 August 1942 Brig. Gen. Thomas J. Hanley, Jr., Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, A-4, directed General George to
make available in transport airplanes the necessary aircraft equipment to facilitate air evacuation of personnel casualties to the United States from such bases as Alaska, Canada, New Foundland, Greenland, Labrador, the Caribbean and other theatres wherever practicable and in accordance with priorities and approved plans of the Air Surgeon.7
No special airplanes were to be provided for this evacuation, which was to be conducted in connection with the routine operations of transports.8
The Air Transport Command accepted this instruction as an amplification of its mission, and a series of conferences attended by medical, operations, priorities, and traffic personnel was held to explore its implications. Little was known about the problems involved. The conferees discussed such detailed questions as the number of patients which various types of transports could accommodate, methods of fastening litters in place, the optimum levels for evacuation flights, oxygen and cabin heating for high-level flights, the medical personnel and supplies required, the priorities to be granted those personnel as well as their patients, and hospital facilities at ATC's domestic terminals.9 Meanwhile Troop Carrier units assigned to the active theaters had already flown large numbers of casualties from airstrips close to the front to points of relative safety. Military Air Evacuation squadrons, consisting of medical officers, flight nurses, and medical department enlisted technicians, were trained at Bowman Field near Louisville, Kentucky, and assigned to the theaters.10
In March 1943, AAF Headquarters outlined the procedures which ATC should follow. As yet its service was "on a small scale for exceptional and selected cases."11 Thus, in January 1943, the first month for which any pertinent records are available, ATC flew eighty patients
from one foreign base to another and brought thirty-three patients home to the United States.12 Progress was slow. Transport aircraft were still quite scarce, and bottlenecks developed in selecting and installing for the air evacuation program suitable equipment which would not hamper the use of the planes for other purposes. As late as 28 September 1943, a forthright ATC officer reported to his immediate chief, Col. Ray W. Ireland, Assistant Chief of Staff, Priorities and Traffic, that "the Air Transport Command is not prepared to transport such wounded."13
By that time, nevertheless, the number of air evacuations by the ATC was increasing. From the 113 listed in January 1943, the figure rose gradually to 1,332 in October and 2,160 in December. Meanwhile Military Air Evacuation squadrons were assigned to the ATC and dispatched to some of the critical points along the overseas airways.14As experience with air evacuation was accumulated, and more of the transports were equipped with litter supports, the demand for the service increased, and it became an increasingly significant part of the ATC's mission. In December the Commanding General, AAF, was made "responsible for the development... and operation of air evacuation" not only "between overseas theaters and the United States" but also "within the United States." This last was an additional task, and, like the rest of General Arnold's responsibilities for air evacuation, it naturally devolved largely upon ATC. As the Ferrying Division contained the ATC's most reliable source of military flight crews, it seemed the logical organization to handle the command's new duties. In April 1944, accordingly, the Ferrying Division carried out its first planned domestic flights for moving patients from one hospital to another within the Zone of the Interior.15
The growing importance of air evacuation by ATC planes is most readily suggested by the following table:16NUMBER OF PATIENTS EVACUATED BY ATC
Foreign to Foreign
Foreign to U.S.
* An individual patient may well appear three times in this tabulation, first, for instance, as an evacuee wounded, say, in the battle for Saipan, and flown from Kwajalein to Hickam Field on Oahu (3d column, "Foreign to Foreign"); next, ordinarily after an interval of treatment, from Hickam Field to Hamilton Field, California (4th column, "Foreign to US."); and, finally, from that base to the domestic general hospital nearest his home or best suited for the treatment which he required.
The number of sick and wounded men which ATC was called upon to transport depended, first, upon the number of combat casualties; second, upon the requests of theater commanders for air evacuation. If those commanders or their staff surgeons doubted the wisdom or value of moving casualties by air, and had any alternative at their disposal, they might make few requests. Thus, as late as the first half of 1944, only a few patients were evacuated by air from Northwest Africa.17 Even when the commander thought well of air evacuation, he or his priority board had always to balance the need against other requirements for limited air transport space and to remember that the return to station of medical evacuation personnel would require space which might otherwise be devoted to priority cargo moving toward his theater. On the other hand, the patient, whether evacuated by air or sea, lightened supply requirements by the ten tons needed every three months to sustain him and his attendants in an overseas hospital.18
In 1942 and 1943 a seemingly disproportionate share of the ATC's air evacuation flights originated in the Alaskan Wing, in much of whose territory there was no ready alternative for moving patients.19During the early months of 1944, the India-China Wing led all ATC Wings in the number of air evacuations. Relatively few of the patients involved, however, were flown all the way from China or even Assam to the United States. Most of the India-China Wing's air evacuation flights were intratheater operations which theoretically should have been carried out by theater troop-carrier planes. But since the local troop-carrier command professed inability to do the job and asked help, the wing assumed the responsibility. The early 1944 peak of the wing's air evacuation activities reflected particularly the casualties resulting from the Japanese attack on the Imphal area and from the severe fighting in Burma.20 From June 1944, however, until the end of hostilities in ETO, the Southwest Pacific Area and the Pacific Ocean Areas supplied ATC with most of its overseas air evacuation traffic.21
By the summer of 1944 the techniques of moving sick and wounded men by air had been standardized and ATC had acquired a large fleet of C-54 transports, its only aircraft suitable for long, overwater evacuation flights. In the Pacific areas ten or more of these planes had already been equipped to carry from twenty to twenty-eight litter patients, arranged in tiers, four litters high. On the North Atlantic route, where only one C-54 had previously been so equipped, additional aircraft were now supplied with the Evans-type litter supports,
in preparation for the flow of casualties which would follow the Normandy invasion.
Even in advance of the cross-Channel landings, a substantial number of patients was sent home by way of the North and Middle Atlantic routes in an effort to clear United Kingdom hospitals for the inevitable wave of invasion casualties. This served to test the detailed procedures which the North Atlantic Wing had worked out for the heavy task ahead.22 On 22 June the first invasion casualties to return homeward by way of the North Atlantic airway left Prestwick; two days later they landed at Mitchel Field, New York. On 29 June the first plane exclusively loaded with invasion casualties, ten litter and four ambulatory cases, reached Mitchel Field.23
Theater surgeons selected patients for air evacuation, and such theater agencies as troop-carrier aircraft and surface vessels brought them to the point of aerial embarkation. There flight surgeons assigned to the ATC screened them to determine whether they could make the journey without harm. The conclusion was ultimately reached, however, that most patients who could be moved at all (some exceptions were detailed in an official ATC memorandum) might safely be moved by air. The death of patients in the course of ATC evacuation movements was extremely rare. The basis on which theater officers selected patients for air evacuation varied somewhat from time to time and from theater to theater, but generally the following categories were chosen: (1) those who needed treatment which could not be given in the theater; (2) patients who were expected to undergo a long convalescence and could not be returned to duty for a long time, variously estimated at from 30 to 180 days; (3) those who were expected to die but could be sent home without lessening their chances of survival. The need for emptying forward area and intermediate hospitals was mixed with humane consideration for the patients and their families.24
Fork lifts, inclined ramps, and teams of litter-bearers working at different levels were used in loading litter patients into the lofty cabins of C-54 aircraft and in unloading them at their destination. Ordinarily, one or two flight nurses, specially trained in air evacuation, and a Medical Corps enlisted technician accompanied an aircraft fully or partly occupied by patients. At intermediate points in a long flight, the medical air evacuation team was often replaced by another; when not relieved, the team, however weary, had to carry on for another
leg of the trip. The condition and behavior of the patients varied greatly, of course, but the usual report was that the men were generally reluctant, even if able, to call for care or assistance and that attendants had to watch them closely to detect their needs. The long flights were tiresome, especially to men already weakened by injuries, but the knowledge that the end of the trip would bring them to the homeland had a therapeutic value. This was true even of psychotic patients, who at a rate of five in a planeload were evacuated in considerable numbers from Southwest Pacific Area hospitals. Medical officers concluded, finally, that the speed of air evacuation made it at once the cleanest and the most comfortable method of evacuating patients.25
The Air Transport Command's share in air evacuation from the European theater was in one sense a static operation, though routes and techniques changed as the months passed. For the first half-year after the Normandy landings, virtually all patients were placed on board at Prestwick. Only in December 1944 did the command begin to load wounded at Paris.26 In the Central and Southwest Pacific areas, however, there was constant shifting both of routes and of pickup points. The procession of victories made yesterday's battleground tomorrow's port of aerial embarkation. The early casualties of the Tarawa campaign, moved by Navy surface vessels and troop-carrier planes to Funafuti in the Ellice Islands, were flown by ATC crews from Funafuti to Hickam Field. Tarawa in turn became the loading point for men wounded in the campaign for Kwajalein. That island secured, it was used to start those wounded at Saipan on their flight to Hickam Field, Next, Saipan served as pickup point for men wounded, not only on the other islands of the Marianas, but also on Leyte. Shortly thereafter, in November 1944, ATC craft pushed into the combat zone itself and began loading casualties on Leyte for transportation both to Saipan and to Biak. Casualties from Iwo Jima were picked up, beginning in February 1945, at Guam and Saipan. On 8 April, D plus 7, the Pacific Division began removing casualties from Okinawa, though conditions there were still very primitive and the struggle for the island was far from won. Manila became a starting point for air evacuation flights on 8 June, a week after Nichols Field was opened to regular C-54 traffic.27
In 1944 a fifth of all the patients brought back to the United States flew by ATC aircraft.28 The program made a strong appeal to the imagination of a generous and sympathetic people, eager to do what
they could for the boys. Air evacuation duty was not easy; the nurses and technicians who cared for the evacuees during the long hours of overwater flight bore more responsibility than their counterparts at work in non-mobile hospitals. But there was a peculiar satisfaction in the job, derived in part from the gratitude of men who appreciated the swift passage from combat or a field hospital to Oahu, or, even better, to the United States. One soldier who had just reached Hamilton Field from Saipan expressed the reaction of many: "It's just like dying and going to Heaven when you first get here. I tell you it's a wonderful feeling."29 What it meant to the parents, wives, and sweethearts of the wounded or ailing men requires no rhetorical embellishment and no conventional documentation.
Redeployment of Aircraft
Operating under a basic war plan which provided for disposing of the European adversary before turning to direct a final blow at the enemy on the other side of the globe, the American high command was obliged to plan far in advance for the day when men and weapons might be transferred from one theater of war to the other. Each echelon of command in Washington developed such plans for redeployment. Those framed at ATC headquarters were begun well over a year before V-E Day.30 In September 1944 the Chief of the Air Staff outlined a general division of responsibility in connection with such redeployment between the several assistant chiefs of the Air Staff, other Air Force agencies, and the Air Transport Command. Emphasis thus far was placed upon the flight of aircraft and their crews from the European or Mediterranean theaters to the Pacific.31 Such a movement would provide reinforcements needed for victory against Japan, would scale down U.S. air forces in England and on the Continent to essential garrison units, and would give veteran aircrews a welcome trip home during the move from Europe to the Far East.32
During the summer of 1944, ATC endeavored to gain control of, and improve the facilities of, necessary staging bases in California in anticipation of the increased flow of ferried aircraft across the Pacific.33 Other aspects of the problem were considered, too, and by September ATC headquarters was ready to distribute to the commanders of the several divisions concerned a top-secret plan for the movement from the European and Mediterranean theaters to the United States. The divisions, in turn, made detailed plans for their
share in this program. The project as a whole was for some reason still classified as top secret on 30 April 1945, but, when ATC headquarters on 5 May 1945 issued its revised instructions to the field, the classification had been reduced to "restricted."34
The Air Transport Command's task, designated WHITE PROJECT, involved the return to America of some 2,825 heavy bombers from the European theater, and 1,240 from the Mediterranean theater. These, with varying numbers of passengers, were to be flown to the United States by full combat crews. All three major Atlantic routes were to be utilized. One version of the plan called for fifty or sixty aircraft a day to fly the North Atlantic route from Valley in Wales through Iceland; twelve a day from the European theater and from five to twenty from MTO were to follow the Central Atlantic route through the Azores. Some twenty-five bombers a day were to fly home by the lengthy South Atlantic route.35
Meanwhile in April the eastward flow of aircraft for the European war ground to a halt. First to be held up were all four-engine bombers (B-24's and B-17's) not equipped with radar; then, all heavy bombers; and, finally, on 28 April 1945, other types of aircraft. This allowed almost a month's lull in which to prepare for the reverse ferrying movement. WHITE PROJECT got under way on 20 May 1945, when seventy-one bombers took off from Valley and a smaller number from Marrakech, Morocco, for the long-awaited homeward trip.36
Originally planned to last only through August, the WHITE PROJECT was extended to 31 October 1945. The westward flow of heavy bombers had hardly started when ATC received instructions to assume comparable responsibility for the homeward flight of an estimated 1,000 twin-engine bombers and transports from ETO and MTO.37 It was taken for granted that crews which had flown a given type of aircraft in combat or in troop-carrier service should fly it home. At the same time there was no disposition to challenge the established principle that aircraft and crews en route east or west should be subject to the control of ATC, one of whose specialties was the direction of the overwater ferrying of aircraft.38
There were difficulties, of course. ATC officers in the field had to co-ordinate WHITE PROJECT flights not only with the regular ATC transport flights in each direction and with some ferrying of new transports eastward to the India-China Division but also with the parallel and enormous GREEN PROJECT for the return of personnel
to the United States. When it was decided to make Bradley Field at Windsor Locks, Connecticut, the principal domestic terminus for planes flown home under North Atlantic Division control, division officers feared that the First Air Force base would not be able to handle the daily traffic. Actually, Bradley Field carried its part most successfully. So did Hunter Field (Third Air Force) at Savannah, Georgia, the normal port of debarkation for aircraft redeployed over the southern route.39
Processing of the aircraft for redeployment was the responsibility of the theater air forces. All planes were to receive 100-hour inspections, to be tested for fuel and oil consumption, and to be equipped with the safety devices required by ATC. Pilots were to hold a current instrument card or to be certified as qualified for instrument flying. Celestial navigators were to undergo a six-hour refresher course. Individual health certificates and baggage examinations were to be completed before personnel were cleared to ATC. Officers were allowed only forty pounds of personal baggage; enlisted men, thirty. Aircraft in flight from staging areas to ATC acceptance points remained under the operational control of the theater.40
At acceptance points the ATC saw that each aircraft and crew met necessary safety requirements for the projected flight, briefed the crews, checked the aircraft for weight and balance requirements, and dispatched the flights. At the ports of debarkation in the United States, crews and passengers underwent initial processing by base personnel, were transported to the ASF staging facilities at Charleston, South Carolina (from Hunter Field), or at Camp Myles Standish, Massachusetts (from northern bases). After further processing, they received orders giving them thirty days at their respective homes for what was ponderously termed "rehabilitation, recovery, and recuperation." At the aerial ports aircraft passed briefly into the custody of the base, then were released to the Ferrying Division, which flew them, as directed by the Aircraft Distribution Office, either to Air Technical Service Command depots (there to be reconditioned for service in the Pacific) or to Reconstruction Finance Corporation storage fields as surplus.41
The operation involved little that was new to the ATC of 1945. Still it was not easy to maintain a completely steady flow of redeployed aircraft through the air channels used. The air forces from which the planes came did not prepare them at a regular rate. Weather
delays were inevitable. Maintenance en route was time-consuming, especially for those planes which were more war-worn than had been contemplated. Maintenance personnel carried by the planes proved unable to perform as much of the maintenance along the way as had been expected, for gunners and clerks were all too often sent forward in the guise of maintenance men. Especially among the surplus aircraft was the need for maintenance a substantial burden. Minor annoyances included crews without health certificates, baggage well in excess of the authorized limits, forbidden pets, and weapons smuggled aboard. On the North Atlantic route there was a small epidemic of ditchings, inspired by faulty fuel gauges.42 The total accident rate was extremely low, however. By and large, the movement was successful, though the early Japanese surrender made it a homecoming and little more. No unit flown home for reassignment to the Pacific ever served in that theater.43
Most of the planes from Europe or North Africa had completed the passage by the end of August. During the course of the project, 5,965 aircraft made the westward crossing of the Atlantic (some 4,000 from ETO and more than 1,900 from the Mediterranean theater), all but 521 by the close of August. Most of the 4,182 heavy bombers made the homeward flight in June or July. The passage of two-engine aircraft began in June and was substantially completed during July and August. The last large contingent consisted of 43 3 Flying Fortresses, which came home in September and October via the South Atlantic airway.44
In all, some 3,224 aircraft came by way of the North Atlantic, as against 2,282 which followed the South Atlantic route via Dakar, Brazil, and the Caribbean Islands. Some 459 heavy bombers flew the Middle Atlantic route through the Azores. Most heavy bombers traveled the North Atlantic airway, however, as did nearly all the 212 C-46's. All the 348 returned B-25's, most of the A-26's, and a substantial majority of the DC-3 type transports took the South Atlantic route.45 In spite of delays caused by en route maintenance, most of the planes moved swiftly on the homeward way.46
The WHITE PROJECT became more of a personnel movement than had been expected. In addition to 50,764 crew members, an average of more than 8 to a plane, the planes brought home an additional 33,850 passengers, many of them aircrew men. In all, the returnees numbered over 84,000, a substantial figure by any standard.47
The WHITE PROJECT required little more than a reversal of the direction of the flow of aircraft whose control had long been a major function of ATC. More revolutionary in its demands upon the ATC organization was the GREEN PROJECT, a parallel program for flying some 50,000 passengers a month from Europe to the United States. Even that was a logical extension of one of the ATC's basic responsibilities, the transportation by air of passengers for War Department agencies. In this case it was the War Department itself which was to be served. The original purpose was to fly home for rest leave troops whose services would shortly be required in the war against Japan. ATC, which in March had flown about 12,500 passengers from the European and Mediterranean theaters to the United States, was now directed to fly home from those theaters approximately four times as many each month. To make this possible, ATC strength was suddenly augmented by the transfer of some 33,000 men, most of whom had formerly been assigned to combat bomber groups, theater troop-carrier groups, or their supporting organizations. At the same time ATC received some 256 troop-carrier C-47's, in addition to the previously planned increment of C-54 aircraft.
The new transport assignment fell into the lap of the ATC in mid-April. Directed to study the feasibility of flying some 50,000 passengers a month from ETO and MTO to the United States, ATC on 12 April transmitted to AAF Headquarters a plan for the substantial fulfilment of this mission.48 The plan was approved orally by the Air Staff and OPD, and a formal directive came down from OPD to General Arnold, 17 April. The Air Staff passed the directive on, three days later, with the characteristic proviso that it should involve "no reduction ... in the currently scheduled buildup of air lift from India to China."49
The Air Transport Command had never been unduly modest in its requests for the construction of facilities which might assist in the fulfilment of its assigned mission, but now the demands were deliberately kept down, except in the North African Division, where additional billeting, messing, recreational, maintenance, and other needed facilities, at an estimated cost of $311,119.77, were ordered at Cazes Air Base near Casablanca, at Port Lyautey, and at Dakar.
The timely withdrawal of the Fourth Fleet from the Atlantic made available to ATC at Belém and Natal, in Brazil, Navy quarters and supplies which largely obviated the need for new construction there. To house troops debarking at Miami until their movement by rail to an ASF installation, some 285 hutments were moved from Atlantic Beach, near Jacksonville, Florida, and set up at the Miami base.50 On the other hand, there was nothing modest, and nothing unreasonable either, about the command's personnel requirements. To meet them, OPD directed the transfer to the ATC of five heavy-bomber groups and four troop-carrier groups, each with four flight squadrons, plus the normal supporting organizations—service groups, air engineering squadrons, air maintenance squadrons, quartermaster and medical supply platoons, and quartermaster truck companies. The aircraft of the bomb groups were not needed, but those of the troop-carrier outfits were. Based and inspected at Waller Field, Trinidad, the transports were to provide a major portion of the airlift from Natal to the southern port of debarkation at Miami.51
Early plans were changed somewhat, both before the movement began officially on 15 June and thereafter. ATC was directed to raise its monthly airlift westbound from Europe gradually to 50,000 passengers in July, using all the Atlantic airways to capacity. The project was expected to continue until March 1946.52
The planners decided to send 40 per cent of the airlift via the circuitous South Atlantic route, 50 per cent by the mid-Atlantic routes from Orly or Casablanca through the Azores, and only 10 per cent along the North Atlantic airway. One obvious reason for this division was the fact that the North Atlantic route was already pretty well saturated by the westbound flight of WHITE PROJECT bombers. Another argument derived from balancing the passenger capacity of C-54 aircraft and the gasoline load required for various hops across the Atlantic. A C-54 which could carry only twenty-two or twenty-three passengers westward against the head winds on the Prestwick-Stephenville route could take forty from Casablanca to Dakar, and again from Dakar to Natal. From Natal to Miami a succession of relatively short hops and an abundance of base facilities made it possible to utilize the abundant C-46's and superabundant C-47's, carrying thirty and twenty passengers, respectively, thus saving the C-54's for the war against Japan.53
The North African Division, relatively close to the source of manpower,
was quickly supplied with its reinforcement of approximately 7,000 men. The South Atlantic and Caribbean Divisions were not quite so fortunate. The air echelons of the troop-carrier groups began arriving at Waller Field 19 May 1945, following by six days a portion of the advance echelon which had arrived on ATC transports. The pilots and co-pilots were checked and in many cases found to fall short of ATC's requirements. The Caribbean and South Atlantic Divisions put them to school and ultimately accepted most of them as meeting basic requirements. The ground echelons moved slowly by water. The General Gordon, carrying 3,578 such troops, docked at Port of Spain, Trinidad, on 27 May. The General Richardson, with 5,053 men, followed within a week, and the Admiral Aberle brought 3,182 more on 17 June. During six weeks of confusion personnel officers and enlisted men of the Caribbean and South Atlantic Divisions hastily screened the newcomers and divided them between the two divisions, with as much impartiality as was possible in the matter of wanted skilled workers and unwanted high-point men, eligible for early discharge. The interdivisional allocation duly made, the men were assigned to their respective bases. As the support personnel moved out to their several stations, nearly 5,000 remained at Waller Field, where "one of the largest line maintenance bases in existence" was suddenly created* to care for the entire fleet of C-47's.54
Although the South Atlantic and Caribbean Divisions received the number of additional "bodies" required for the task at hand, they can hardly be said to have acquired an equivalent number of "souls." Morale of the new men, both there and in the North African Division, was exceedingly low. Through a typical "foulup," some of the bomber groups designated for transfer to ATC were senior in months of overseas service to some whose men they were called upon to speed homeward. Furthermore, the ATC had no use for many of the specialties which men of the combat groups had acquired, so that many enlisted men of high grade had either to be retrained in a new specialty, declared surplus, or assigned to relatively non-skilled duties as truck drivers, guards, or minor clerks.55 Finally, the transfer was all too complete. Many of the bomber and troop-carrier squadrons had been allowed to understand, all erroneously, that they were to preserve their separate status, assist the ATC for a few months as
* At the beginning of the project ATC strength at Waller Field included only eleven officers and eighty-three enlisted men.
units, and then fly on homeward. Instead the groups and squadrons were disbanded, and the men transferred as individuals.56
Col. Thomas D. Ferguson, Commanding Officer of the South Atlantic Division, in an attempt to boost the morale of these men stated: "You are not working for the ATC—you are the ATC and you are working for Uncle Sugar and a one-way trip to the States and your families."57 But no one was convinced by this slogan. It was small comfort to the homesick airmen, proud of their old outfits and long accustomed to sneer at ATC personnel as "Allergic to Combat," or to dub them the "Army (or "Association") of Terrified Civilians." On the other hand, veteran ATC propeller specialists and electricians were not inclined to genuflect before men of like SSN who had won battle stars for service at a bomber base far removed from the scenes of aerial combat. In spite of friction and frustration, the wearers of battle stars went to work at Natal and Fortaleza, Dakar and Casablanca, Waller Field and Borinquen, as directed. But the problem of morale persisted as long as the GREEN PROJECT lasted. Something approaching a strike among the men assigned to aircraft maintenance took place at Waller Field, 30 July-2 August. When Colonel Ferguson heard officers of his major base, Parnamirim Field, Natal, enlivening an officers' club dance with their rendition of a song whose principal theme was "To Hell with the ATC," he felt obliged to direct the base commander, Col. John M. Price, one-time commanding officer of the 460th Bombardment Group, to prevent a repetition of the episode.58
At the beginning of the project, the North Atlantic Division, the Ferrying Division, and the several contract carriers (Pan American, TWA, American Airlines, and American Export Airlines) together were operating some 165 C-54's on the North Atlantic and Middle Atlantic routes. The North African Division, commanded by Brig. Gen. James S. Stowell, had received by 12 August some 87 Sky-masters. To fly these planes, some of the division's C-46 pilots were upgraded, but the NAFD also received some fifty-five first pilots from the discontinued Central African Division and a number of full crews from the Caribbean and Ferrying Divisions.59
In planning, ATC had made a distinction between normal passenger traffic and GREEN PROJECT passengers. The latter consisted of persons (with their baggage) specifically designated by the theater. They carried no tickets, but instead each man wore a green-colored
tag. Similar tags identified his baggage. Even the instruction pamphlet distributed by ATC to all "GREEN" passengers at ports of aerial embarkation was printed on green paper. The "Green Manifest" passengers, specially handled and processed by the theaters before their delivery to ATC, were expected to require a minimum of processing from the ATC. On arrival in the United States they were turned over almost immediately to Army Service Forces. "Normal traffic," cleared through established priority channels and handled on an individual basis, included "individuals traveling to the United States on temporary duty, leave or furlough from the theater to return to the theater; civilians; foreign nationals; medical evacuees, and Air Transport Command personnel." Once the GREEN PROJECT got under way, an attempt was made to carry normal transatlantic traffic in general on contract carrier C-54's of the North Atlantic Division, based in New York and Washington, or on the Ferrying Division's C-54's, based at Wilmington.60
A few hundred passengers handled in accordance with project procedures flew homeward in May, and nearly 2,500 men of the GREEN PROJECT reached the United States during the first fifteen days of June, before its official beginning. How the project developed in relation both to normal traffic and the targets set up for it is summarized in the table which follows:61THE GREEN PROJECT
* Target as reduced about 10 August 1945.
ACCOMPLISHMENT MONTH 1945
ORIGINAL TARGET (TOTAL PASSENGERS, WESTBOUND)
Other "Normal Traffic"
Though the CBI theaters, Persian Gulf Command, and Africa-Middle East theaters together supplied over 10,000 GREEN PROJECT passengers, the overwhelming numbers came from the European and Mediterranean theaters. Indeed, from May through September ETO provided a clear majority both of the Green Manifest travelers and of the normal traffic.62 But Orly Field near Paris, and
Prestwick, the major European ports of aerial embarkation for westward flight by ATC craft, handled only a lesser fraction of the Green Manifest passengers. Casablanca, take-off point for virtually all South Atlantic, and most Middle Atlantic flights, was the hub of the system. Converted B-17's belonging to the Eighth and Fifteenth Air Forces, and operating entirely outside the ATC organization, brought the men from staging areas at Istres Airport, Marseille, and at Pomigliano and Pisa airports in Italy, to the Port Lyautey Naval Air Station or to the Cazes Air Base, Casablanca. At these points the men came under ATC control and boarded a C-54 for the first stage of their transatlantic flight, either to the Azores or to Natal by way of Dakar. In August the use of Port Lyautey was abandoned, and all the traffic was concentrated at Cazes. At the peak of the movement, 8 August, that base dispatched 1,775 GREEN PROJECT men southward or westward in a single day.63
GREEN PROJECT C-54's normally made the flight from Casablanca to Dakar in seven and a half hours. With a scheduled stop of an hour at Dakar, the big transports, backed by the trade winds, pushed on to Natal, eight hours and fifty minutes away.64 Two of the ranking commissioned or non-commissioned officers assigned to ride on each C-54 had usually been trained as plane group leaders, to maintain cabin discipline and cleanliness, and to take charge of the passengers if it should be necessary to ditch the ship.65 At Parnamirim Field, Natal, the travel-weary passengers came into the jurisdiction of the ATC‘s South Atlantic Division. There, usually after an interval for rest and refreshment, they might be transferred to one of the C-54’s operated by Caribbean Division crews on the Natal-Miami run, or one of the twenty C-46’s flown largely by Eastern Air Lines personnel for that division. More commonly, however, their planeload of forty was divided into two equal groups, each headed by a plane group leader, and loaded on a pair of C-47’s, flown by military pilots, late of a troop-carrier group and now flying for the ATC. The crews, including a navigator only if the flight was at night, took the transports from Natal to Belém, nearly six hours northwest. After a change of crews, the plane went on to Atkinson Field, British Guiana, five and a half hours farther on. The C-47 fleet was so scheduled that regular 25-hour inspections fell due at Atkinson Field for planes northbound. Long before the four-hour task was accomplished, however, the passengers took off on another plane which had arrived
earlier and whose inspection had been completed. At Atkinson, too, a fresh crew, from the Caribbean Division, took over. A last stop at Borinquen Field, Puerto Rico, six hours and forty minutes out of Atkinson, was a virtual repetition of that at Belém. Still another crew took over for the final six-hour run to Miami. On an average, the returning soldiers had been en route seventy-two hours from Casablanca. Those who took the more direct route, via the Azores, commonly reached Miami, La Guardia Field (New York), Washington, Presque Isle, or Wilmington, within thirty-six hours after their departure from Casablanca.66
There were numerous chances for delay along the way, quite apart from a long wait at or near the port of embarkation. One unavoidable cause, even in summer on the relatively favorable South and Middle Atlantic routes, was weather. In August tropical hurricanes in the Caribbean twice virtually stopped all homeward-bound traffic on the Natal-Miami route.67 If for any reason, such as a breakdown in maintenance, enough serviceable transports failed to reach such critical points as Casablanca, Lagens, Natal, or Atkinson Field, a backlog would pile up. To take care of such situations as well as weather delays, ATC used what was known as "Station Block Control." That is, each base, as its backlog approached capacity, was entitled to call a halt to flights from the next point east and to ask help from division headquarters in the form of extra sections on established schedules. This system worked tolerably well, yet the rate of flow was never completely steady. On the other hand, passenger backlogs never became completely unmanageable.68
From the start, it was clear that ATC could not furnish this mass movement of troops all the refinements of passenger service which had lately become common on the best of its regular transport runs. Still the intent was to make the homeward journey of the GREEN PROJECT men as pleasant as possible.69 Serious effort was directed toward this end; the service improved as the servers gained experience and as their superiors increasingly stressed the importance of consideration and hospitality in dealing with the passengers. At Natal hot meals were served around the clock to the returning soldiers, who also had an opportunity to exchange dirty clothing for clean. Elsewhere steps were taken to improve the quality of transient messes. Careful planning, based on experience, cut to a minimum the time lost in assigning arriving planeloads to their billets. A spot check at
Natal on 6 July showed that only thirty-five minutes elapsed between the time a load of passengers from the east deplaned and their arrival at their individual bunks in the transient area. Medical dispensaries were set up on the flight lines, so that passengers' minor ailments could be quickly treated and their fitness for further flight determined, but passengers seemed to shun this service lest perchance it might delay their homeward passage. Post exchanges were stocked with a liberal array of souvenirs and other articles which the transients would be likely to purchase, such as Natal boots or silk stockings and perfume for the folks at home. At Natal a package-wrapping room was set up, and free movies were available. Reading matter was provided on board planes and on the ground. The South Atlantic Division, and later the Caribbean Division, supplied their customers with booklets telling them something of the division's organization and of the land and water over which they were to fly.70
After some early passengers had suggested it, planes were supplied with blankets to soften bucket seats or to keep the passengers warm at high altitudes. When the backlog at Natal fell so low for a time that men had no opportunity to stop there for a good rest, the South Atlantic Division tried installing eight or nine litters on northbound C-47's, so that passengers might take turns sleeping in modest comfort. The Caribbean Division objected, however, on the ground that the weight of the litters, even though not enough to top the permissible gross weight limits, lessened the margin of safety.71
This last was a prime consideration. Elaborate precautions were taken. A string of seaborne vessels, British, American, and Brazilian, stood watch on the surface of the Atlantic under the airways. B-17's equipped to drop boats and amphibious aircraft took station at critical points along the routes. Before emplaning, passengers saw films instructing them in safety precautions and ditching procedures.72 Care paid off, for the whole project was completed without the loss of a life. The worst accident of the entire movement occurred on 24 June, when a C-47 on instruments between Belém and Atkinson Field, flew into two thunderstorms, and in the turbulence fifteen passengers were injured, four enough to require treatment at the Atkinson Field station hospital.73
At the ports of debarkation Green Manifest passengers bypassed the usual customs and quarantine procedures and were quickly taken to billets to await the arrival of surface transportation which took
them out of the control of the ATC and delivered them to the Army Service Forces. Thereafter they were sent either to a separation center or to their homes for thirty days of temporary duty prior to receiving a new assignment.74
At the end of their air journey, passengers were given an opportunity to record their impressions or criticisms. It must be remembered that many of ATC's ranking officers were on leave from civilian airlines and that they were interested in converting potential American passengers to air travel. Comments on the GREEN PROJECT were predominantly favorable. There were complaints and suggestions, of course. Some men thought that they should have been issued summer uniforms for travel through the tropics, others naturally complained of delays experienced, particularly at European staging centers, where some men claimed to have been held as long as six weeks. Many would have appreciated maps of the countries over which they had flown and more information about those regions. But the large majority responded gratefully to the efforts which had been made for their comfort, to the apparent advantages of air travel, and to the efficiency and dispatch with which they had been handled at the Air Transport Command bases en route. One infantryman wrote: "I have enjoyed my trip . . . and would like to see everyone in the ETO get the chance to fly home. . . ." Another was impressed by the consideration shown the passengers: "The air crews are very courteous regardless of rank, and being a private myself, I know."75
Like much of the other planning in the spring of 1945, the GREEN PROJECT was predicated on the belief that the war against Japan might not be concluded before the following spring. But early in August, as the Japanese surrender became imminent, new commitments to the Pacific forced ATC to transfer to its Pacific routes eighty-two C-54's, most of which were then in use on the GREEN PROJECT.* As a result, by 10 August GREEN PROJECT goals had been cut from 50,000 to 35,000 a month.76 By 22 August some seventy of the C-54's so hastily withdrawn from the Atlantic routes and ten more from new production had reached the West Coast.77
With the end of all hostilities, ATC once more restudied the GREEN PROJECT. On 23 August General George recommended that the westbound passenger lift across the Atlantic be reduced to
* See above, p. 200.
10,000 persons a month. Since surface shipping capable of moving about 350,000 monthly was operating between the United States and Europe, continuation of the airlift at the current rate for another seven months could speed the end of demobilization from Europe by only fifteen days. Cutting back the project to 10,000 persons a month would enable the ATC to release approximately 150 of the GREEN PROJECT C-47's operating on the Natal-Miami line, about half of the 227 C-54's still in service on the project, and some 30,000 officers and enlisted men then assigned to bases in the Caribbean, South Atlantic, and North African Divisions. Likewise, the four bombardment groups still delivering passengers to the ATC at Casablanca might be relieved.78 Within four days, General Marshall approved this recommendation, and orders presently went out to terminate the GREEN PROJECT on 10 September and to cut the transatlantic lift to 10,000 westbound passengers monthly.79 The special procedures for handling passengers continued in use until the end of September. By that time the remnants of the project fleet had brought home from North African, South Atlantic, and Caribbean bases a major portion of the men whose labors had made possible the air journey homeward of over 166,000 of their fellow soldiers.80
When the GREEN PROJECT goals were reduced in mid-August, fifty C-47's, formerly based at Waller Field and used on the Natal-Miami circuit, together with their crews and some maintenance personnel, were transferred to Morrison Field, West Palm Beach, Florida. After the crews had received instruction for flying within the Zone of Interior, they were put to work, 20 August, flying PURPLE PROJECT* support personnel from Miami to the Charleston Army Air Field, South Carolina. By 4 September 1,671 men had been moved. Before this, part of the fleet had been withdrawn to provide the air transportation from Miami to San Antonio, Texas, of Brig. Gen. Ray L. Owens' AAF Redistribution Center. Between 30 August and 7 September, 2,029 of Owens' men moved out in a total of 112 C-47 flights.81
Meanwhile, on 27 August, at the request of the War Department, ATC inaugurated still another project which reflected the end-of-the-war wealth of aircraft available. This was the TRANSCON PROJECT, designed to carry first 25,000, then 40,000, troops monthly between the East and West coasts, in order to relieve some
* See above, p. 200.
of the extremely heavy pressure on rail transportation produced by the monthly return of hundreds of thousands of troops from overseas. Soldiers transported under this new project were to carry ASF orders designating them as TRANSCON passengers. Ferrying Division supervised the whole movement, and its Military Air Transport Service C-47's ultimately carried a major share of the passengers. Four contract carriers, American Airlines, Northwest Airlines, United Air Lines, and Transcontinental and Western Air, Inc., also shared in the movement. Each of the contract carriers employed in the project fifteen new C-47B's, specially delivered, and pilots released for this purpose from military service. In December American Airlines received twenty-two C-54's to be used for TRANSCON. When the job was finished, 1 April 1946, 171,579 troops had been afforded coast-to-coast transportation.82
With victory in the Pacific achieved, and the heart of the Japanese empire under American occupation, a final homeward movement, the SUNSET PROJECT, developed. Inaugurated 27 September 1945, it called for the return to the United States of B-29's from the Eighth and Twentieth Air Forces, and B-24's from the Far East Air Force, as well as some two-engine bombers and cargo craft not required by the occupational forces. Like the WHITE PROJECT planes, those of the SUNSET PROJECT were accepted by ATC for overseas flight, after inspection at Manila, Okinawa, and various B-29 bases in the Marianas. They were flown by combat crews operating under ATC control and carried passengers assigned as extra crew members, all being eligible for separation from service. The returning aircraft passed through the Marianas, Kwajalein, Johnston Island, and John Rodgers Field (Oahu) to Mather Field, California. The flow continued through the rest of the year and on into 1946. By New Year's Day, 653 B-29's and 601 B-24's had made the homeward journey, though the discharge of hundreds of experienced aircraft mechanics left the Pacific Division hard pressed to perform the necessary maintenance en route. In all, 1,308 very heavy and heavy bombers returned to the United States under the original SUNSET PROJECT designation.83Of all the aerial redeployment programs of 1945, the GREEN PROJECT was the most impressive. It illustrates the capacity of the War Department, and particularly of the mature Air Transport Command, to plan an air transportation operation of tremendous
magnitude and to carry it out in a completely effective fashion. At a Word from Washington supplies of every kind were procured and transported to the points where they would be needed. Several thousand men were moved by air and water and were put to work again, often, at entirely unfamiliar assignments, thousands of miles from their previous duty stations. It is no wonder that the mimeographed Standard Operating Procedures prepared for the project in several of the participating divisions ran to over seventy-five pages. It was a tremendous demonstration of the mass airlift of manpower, certainly the most striking of those marking the end of the war. Within less than five months, over 166,000 passengers—50,514 in a single month—were flown across the Atlantic without a single fatality. Nothing like it had happened before. What its sequel might be—for peace or war in a day of larger, more efficient air transports, was a challenge which demanded little of the imagination of the men who had had a part in it.
Contents * Previous Chapter (7) * Next Chapter (9)
1 Hist. Ferrying Div. ATC, III, 198–211.
2 Hist. FERD, VI, 452; FERD Wkly. Sum., 30 Aug. 1944.
3 Stat. Control. Div., ATC, ATC SR-2, Ferrying Opns., 22 May 1945, p. F-1 Monthly Rpts., ATC to CG AAF, 16 May, 16 June, 15 July, 16 Aug., 16 Sept. 1944; Stat. Control Div., ATC, Statistics for Monthly Rpts. to CG AAF, 13 Sept. 13 Oct., 13 Nov., 13 Dec. 1944; 12 Jan., 14 Feb., 13 Mar., 13 Apr. 1945.
4 Admin. Hist. ATC, June 1942—Mar. 1943, pp. 150–56; U.S. Civ. Production Admin., Industrial Mobilization for War, History of the War Production Board and Predecessor Agencies (Washington, 1947), I, 371–72, 651.
5 Hist. Med. Dept., ATC. May 1941—Dec. 1944, Pt. II, pp. 2–4.
6 WD GO 8, 20 June 1942.
7 Memo for CG ATC from Brig. Gen. T. J. Hanley, Jr., AC/AS A-4, sub.: Evac. of Casualties by Air, 28 Aug. 1942.
9 Hist. Med. Dept., ATC, May 1941—Dec. 1944, Pt. II, pp. 4–9.
10 Ibid., p. 8.
11 Ltr., Col. Fred C. Milner, AAG to CG's All AF's, All AAF Comds., sub.: Air Evacuated Casualties, 13 Mar. 1943.
12 ATC Off. Stat. Control, Air Evac. Highlights, ATC, Jan. 1943—Aug. 1947.
13 Memo for Col. Ireland from Maj. Howard G. Kurtz, Jr., Chief, Traffic Procedures Div., P&T, sub.: Failure of ATC To Complete an Assigned Mission—Transportation of Wounded, 28 Sept. 1943; Monthly Rpt., ATC to CG AAF, 16 Oct. 1943.
14 Air Evac. Highlights, Jan. 1943—Aug. 1947; Hist. Med. Dept., ATC, May 1941—Dec. 1944, Pt. II, pp. 16, 18–19, 28.
15 AAF Reg. 20-1, 1 Sept. 1943; WD Cir. 316, 6 Dec. 1943; Hist. MATS, May–Nov. 1944, pp. 158–62; ltr., Brig. Gen. Edwin S. Perrin, DC/AS to CG ATC, sub.: Operating Plan for Air Evac. between Overseas Theaters and U.S., 1 Mar. 1944.
16 Air. Evac. Highlights, Jan. 1943—Aug. 1947.
17 Hist. Med. Dept., ATC, May 1941—Dec. 1944, Pt. II, p. 32; ltr., Col. Gordon G. Bulla, Surg. NAW to CG ATC, sub.: Rpt. of Inspection, Air Evac. Activities, North Atlantic Route, ATC, 10 June 1944.
18 Ltr., Col. Harold R. Harris, C/S/ ATC to CF AAF, sub.: Air Evac by ATC from European and Pacific Theaters to U.S., 8 Sept. 1944; msg., ATC-CM0IN X1741, Hoag to CG ATC, 9 Jan. 1945; interview with Maj. O. F. Goriup by Oliver La Farge, 6 Jan. 1943, notes in MATS Hist. File.
19 Hist. Med. Dept., ATC, May 1941—Dec. 1944, Pt. II, p. 32, Air Evac. Highlights, Jan. 1943—Aug. 1947.
20 Ltr.. Col. Paul C. Gilliland, Surg. ATC to CG AAF, sub.: Air Evac., 16 July 1943; memo for DC ATC from Col. Duran H. Summers, Exec. to Surg. ICW, sub.: Air Evac. of Patients, 6 June 1944; Hist. ICD, ATC, 1944, I, 254–58, 260–63.
21 Air Evac. Highlights, Jan. 1943—Aug. 1947.
22 Air Evac. of Sick and Wounded by the Pacific Wing, ATC, 5 Jan. 1943—30 June 1944, pp. 22–24, 38–40; Hist. NAW, ATC, Apr. 1944, pp. 34–36; May 1944, pp. 27–29; June 1944, pp. 20–23.
23 Hist. NAW, June 1944, pp. 23–24; ltr., unsgd., Hq. EW, sub.: Air Evac of 1st Normandy Invasion Casualties, 23 June 1944.
24 Air Evac by PACW, Jan. 1943—June 1944, pp. 7–8, to 40–41; ATC Reg. 25–6, 31 Aug. 1944; ATC Memo 2506, 17 Mar. 1945, pp. 93–94; Hist. Med. Dept., ATC, 1 Jan. 1945—13 Mar. 1946, pp. 94–95; advance release by OWI for morning papers, 9 Mar. 1945.
25 Air Evac. by PACW, Jan. 1943—June 1944, pp. 33–34; Hist. Med. Dept., ATC, 1 Jan. 1945–13 Mar. 1946, pp. 92–94.
26 Hist. North Atlantic Div., ATC, 1 Oct. 1944—1 Oct. 1945, pp. 393–99.
27 Air Evac by PACW, Jan. 1943—June 1944, pp. 11–12, 16–17, 20–23; Hist. PACW, July 1944, pp. 12–15; Hist PACD, Aug. 1944, pp. 18–20; Sept. 1944, pp. 8–10; Nov. 1944, pp. 34–37; Dec. 1944, pp. 16–18, 21–21; Jan. 1945, pp. 48–51; Feb.–Apr. 1945, pp. 87–88, 90–92, 94–98; May–Sept. 1945, pp. 59–65, 72–73.
28 Hist. Med. Dept., ATC, May 1941—Dec. 1944, Pt. II, p. 1; advance release by OWI for morning papers, 9 Mar. 1945.
29 Hist. Rec. Rpt. 1503d AAFBU, Mar. 1945, extract copy, p. 23, in MATS Hist. File.
30 Plans Div. Rpt. for Wk. Ending 29 June 1944, 3 Oct. 1944; Plans Div. Paper, sub.: Planning Functions of ATC, 2 Oct. 1944, esp. Tab A.
31 AAF Hq. OI #20-2, 13 Sept. 1944.
32 Hist. North African Div., ATC, 1 Mar.–30 Sept. 1945, p. 180; cf. Redeployment, the Role of Hq. Continental Air Forces in the Redeployment of the AAF.
33 Ltr., Maj. Gen. H. L. George to CG AAF, sub.: Redeployment—ATC Requirements, 16 June 1944, and incl.; draft 2d ind., ATC to CG AAF, undated, and incls. 4, 5, 6 thereto, MATS Hist. File.
34 Ltr., Col. Harold R. Harris, C/S/ ATC to CG NAD et al., sub.: ATC Opns. Plan for Redeployment of Flight Echelons from MTO and ETO to U.S., 5 May 1945; Staff Mtg., Opns. Div., ATC Hq., 30 Apr. 1945; Hist. Caribbean Div., ATC, Returning Aircraft, 1945, p. 14; Hist. NAD, 1 Oct. 1944—1 Oct. 1945, pp. 203–4; Hist. NAFD, 1 Mar.–30 Sept. 1945, pp. 173–80.
35 Staff Mtg., Opns. Div., 30 Apr. 1945; Hist. South Atlantic Div., ATC, May–Sept. 1945, p. 15; memo for AC/S Opns. from Lt. Col. O. W. Coyle, sub.: Wkly. Activity Rpt., Ferry and Tac. Div., 10 May–16 May 1945, 17 May 1945.
36 Monthly Rpt., ATC to CG AAF, 16 May 1945; Hist. Rcd. Rpt., European Div., ATC, 1945, pp. 55–57; Hist. NAD, 1 Oct. 1944—1 Oct. 1945, p. 557.
37 Monthly Rpt., ATC to CG AAF, 16 June 1945; Hist. NAFD, 1 Mar.—30 Sept. 1945, p. 194; tab. ATC Off. Stat. Control, sub.: The White Proj., 16 July 1946.
38 Hist. SATD, May–Sept. 1945, pp. 179–80; AAF Hq. OI #20-2, 13 Sept. 1944.
39 Hist. NAD, 1 Oct. 1944—1 Oct. 1945, pp. 210–11, 224; Hist. SATD, May–Sept. 1945, pp. 18–19, 22; Redeployment, the Role of CAF, I, 167.
40 Ltr., Col. Harold R. Harris, C/S/ ATC to CG NAD et al., sub.: ATC Opns. Plan for Redeployment of Flight Echelons from MTO and ETO and U.S., 5 May 1945; Hist. Rec. Rept. EURD, May–Sept. 1945, p. 50–53.
41 Ltr., Harris to CG NAD et al., 5 May 1945; ltr., Lt. Gen. J. E. Hull, AC/S OPD WDGS to CG AAF et al., sub.: Return of Certain Aircraft and Crews from the European and Mediterranean Theaters of Operation, WD 370.5 (10 May 1945) OB-S-E-SPMCT, 12 May 1945; ltr., Col. George W. Phillips, Acrg. AG, Continental AF to CG's Continental AF and I TCC, sub.: Instructions Governing Aircraft and AAF Combat Crew and/or Personnel Being Returned to the U.S. by Air, 29 May 1945; Hist. FERD, VIII, 144–45, 154–55; Redeployment, Role of CAF, I, 166.
42 Hist., FERD, VIII, 144–45, 149–51, 154–58; Hist. Rcd. Rpt. EURD, May–Sept. 1945, pp. 59–63; Hist. NAD, 1 Oct. 1944—1 Oct. 1945, pp. 215–18; Hist. NAFD, 1 Mar.–30 Sept. 1945, pp. 184–86, 188.
43 Redeployment, Role of CAF, I, 63–64, 166.
44 ATC Off. Stat. Control, sub.: The White Proj., 16 July 1946; Hist. NAFD, 1 Mar.–30 Sept. 1945, p. 198.
45 ATC Off. Stat. Control, sub.: The White Proj., 16 July 1946.
46 Hist. SATD, May–Sept. 1945, pp. 169, 175, 178–79.
47 ATC Off. Stat. Control, sub.: The White. Proj., 16 July 1946.
48 ATC Staff Mtg. Min., 10 Apr. 1945; ltr., CG ATC to CG AAF, sub.: Movement of Personnel by Air from Europe to the U.S., 12 Apr. 1945; transcript, telephone conversation, Col. R. W. Ireland, AC/S P&T ATC and Col. Cortlandt S. Johnson, CO CRBD ATC, 10 Apr. 1945, in Hist. CRBD, the Green Proj. 1945, App., p. 1.
49 ATC Staff Mtg. Min., 17 Apr. 1945; ltr., Maj. Gen. J. E. Hull, AC/S OPD to CG AAF, sub.: Return of Casual Military Personnel from Europe, 17 Apr. 1945; ltr., Brig. Gen. Joe L. Loutzenheiser, Actg. AC/AS, Plans to CG ATC, sub.: Return of Casual Military Personnel from Europe, 20 Apr. 1945; ltr., Col. Harold R. Harris, C/S ATC to All Staff Div. ATC, sub.: "Atlantic Augmentation" Proj., 16 Apr. 1945.
50 Hist. Rcd. Rpt., EURD, May–Sept. 1945, pp. 36–38; Hist. NAFD, 1 Mar.–30 Sept. 1945, pp. 120–31; Hist. SATD, May–Sept. 1945, pp. 78–83, 86, 90–91; Hist. NAD, 1 Oct. 1944—1 Oct. 1945, pp. 343–44; Hist. CRBD, Green Proj., pp. 49–50.
51 Hist. SATD, May–Sept. 1945, pp. 75–78; Hist. CRBD, Green Proj., pp. 62–65, 69 ,126; Hist. NAFD, 1 Mar.–30 Sept. 1945, pp. 138–39.
52 Ltr., Maj. Gen. J. E. Hull,AC/S OPD to CG AAF, sub.: Return of Casual Military Personnel for Europe, 17 Apr. 1945; rpt., ATC to CG AAF, 16 May 1945.
53 Booklet, Stat. Control Div., ATC, The Green Proj., 15 May 1945; "Factors Entering into Choice of Routes in Movement by Air of 50,000 Military Personnel per Month from ETO and MTO to U.S.," n.s., n.d.; incl. to memo for Special Committee Investigating the National Defense Program, U.S. Senate, from Col. Samuel E. Gates, AC/S Plans, ATC, sub.: Request for Additional Information, 20 July 1945; me mo for AC/S Plans, ATC from Lt. Col. Thomas M. Murphy, Actg. AC/S Plans, sub.: Utilization of Various Transatlantic Routes in the Green Proj., 2 July 1945; WD Bur. Pub. Rel. Press Release, sub.: Casablanca, the Hub of the ATC's Redeployment Program, 31 May 1945; Hist. NAFD, 1 Mar.–30 Sept. 1945, pp. 133–34.
54 Hist. NAFD, 1 Mar.–30 Sept. 1945, pp. 143–45; Hist. SATD, May–Sept. 1945, pp. 75–78, 108–124; Hist. CRBD, Green Proj., pp. 8, 59–70, 75–77.
55 Hist. NAFD, 1 Mar.–30 Sept. 1945, pp. 145–48.
56 Hist. CRBD, Green Proj. pp. 108–11; Hist. NAFD, 1 Mar.–30 Sept. 1945, pp. 148–49; Hist. SATD, MAR–Sept. 1945, pp. 99–101.
57 Hist. SATD, May–Sept. 1945, p. 102.
58 Ibid., pp. 139–40, 244; Hist. NAFD, 1 Mar.–30 Sept. 1945, pp. 148–49; Hist. CRBD, Green Proj., pp. 111–13.
59 Hist NAFD, 1 Mar.–30 Sept. 1945, p. 6; NAFD Wkly. Activity Rpts., 11 May, 16 May 1945; Hist. NAD, 1 Oct. 1944—1 Oct. 1945, pp. 365–66.
60 Ltr., Col R. W. Ireland, AC/S P&T ATC to CG NAFD et al., sub.: Traffic Flow and Traffic Procedures for "Green Project," 1 June 1945; Hist. NAFD, 1 Mar.–30 Sept. 1945, pp. 112–13; Hist. NAD, 1 Oct. 1944—1 Oct. 1945, pp. 353–55.
61 Memo for I&S from Lt. Col. A. G. Todd, Chief, ATC Off. Stat. Control. sub.: Green Proj., 22 July 1946, and tables incl..
63 Hist. NAFD, 1 Mar.–30 Sept. 1945, pp. 109, 134–35, 163; Booklet, Stat. Control Div., ATC, The Green Proj., 15 May 1945; NAFD Wkly. Activity Rpts., 23 May, 16 Aug. 1945; ltr., Maj. Gen. J. S. Stowell to Frank H. Heck, 11 Sept. 1952.
64 Schedules included in SATD SOP for Green Proj., in Hist. SATD, May–Sept. 1945, App..
65 Ltr., Capt. John G. Harvey to Maj. David W. Long, 12 July 1945 and 6 incl.,. in MATS Hist. File; Hist. NAD, 1 Oct. 1944—1 Oct. 1945, pp. 356–57.
66 Schedules in SATD SOP for Green Proj., in Hist. SATD, May–Sept. 1945, App.; Log of a Round Trip of Caribbean Div. Bases in Waller-based Green Proj. C-47's pp. 8–13, 15–18; Hist. CRBD, Green Proj., p. 13; Interview with Maj. John F. Leonard, Capt. Roberts and Capt. John G. Harvey, 28 May 1946, notes in MATS Hist. File.
67 Hist. CRBD, Green Proj., p. 128; Hist. SATD, May–Sept. 1945, pp. 223, 230.
68 Hist. SATD, May–Sept. 1945, p. 46, Hist. NAFD, 1 Mar.–30 Sept. 1945, p. 167; Hist. CRBD, Green Proj., p. 22.
69 Hist. SATD, May–Sept. 1945, pp. 51–52, 149–50; Hist. NAD, 1 Oct. 1944–1 Oct. 1945, pp. 357–60.
70 Hist. SATD, May–Sept. 1945, pp. 92–94, 150–53, 155–56, 160; Hist. CRBD, Green Proj., pp. 122–23; Hist. NAD, 1 Oct. 1944–1 Oct. 1945, pp. 688–89.
71 Hist. SATD, May–Sept. 1945, pp. 151, 154–55, 202; comment by Pfc. A. H. Train, 28 June 1945, and notations thereon, in MATS Hist. File.
72 Hist. SATD, May–Sept. 1945, p. 168; Hist. NAFD, 1 Mar–30 Sept. 1945, pp. 154–59.
73 ACT Off. Stat. Control, Green Proj. Rpt., 3 July 1945; Hist. CRBD, Green Proj., p. 135.
74 Hist. NAD, 1 Oct. 1944—1 Oct. 1945, pp. 360–61; Hist. CRBD, Green Proj., pp. 114–18.
75 Hist. SATD, May–Sept. 1945, pp. 160–61; Hist. CRBD, Green Proj., pp. 121–22; ltr., Lt. Col. L. S. Howell, Actg. AG CRBD to CG ATC, sub.: Passenger Comments—Green Proj., 16 July 1945.
76 ATC Staff Mtgs. Min., 7 and 10 Aug. 1945; msg. WAR X48679, OPD to USFET et al., 11 Aug. 1945; memo for AC/S Opns., ATC from Lt. Col. Dallas B. Sherman, Plans Div., Opns. ATC, sub.: Résumé of the "Purple Project," 25 Aug. 1945; Hist. CRBD, Misc. Proj., 1945, pp. 1–9.
77 Memo for AC/S Opns. from Sherman, 25 Aug. 1945; msg. ATC 1345, ATC to CG NAFD, 23 Aug. 1945.
78 Memo for CG AAF from George, sub.: Reduction of the Green Proj., 23 Aug. 1945.
79 Memo for CG AAF from Maj. Gen. H. A. Craig, Chief, Theater Gp., OPD, sub.: Orderly Reduction of the ATC, 28 Aug. 1945; ATC Staff Mtg. Min., 28 Aug. 1945; msg. ATC 1752, ATC to CG NAFD et al., 31 Aug. 1945; msg. ATC 0233, ATC to CG NAFD, 7 Sept. 1945.
80 Hist. CRBD, Green Proj., p. 139; Hist. SATD, May–Sept. 1945, pp. 232–33, 236, 238, 247–49; Hist. CRBD, Misc. Proj., pp. 32–41.
81 Hist. CRBD, Misc. Proj., pp. 10–31.
82 Hist. ATC, 1 Oct. 1945—31 Dec. 1946, I, 174–78; Hist. FERD, VIII, 251–65; ltr., J. M. Johnson, Dir., Office of Defense Trans. to Brig. Gen. Milton W. Arnold, Actg. C/S ATC et al., 6 Dec. 1945.
83 Hist. PACD, May–Sept. 1945, pp. 125–27; Hist. PACD, 1 Oct. 1945–31 Dec. 1946, pp. 93–98; Hist. ATC, 1 Oct. 1945—31 Dec, 1946, I, 109–14. To a lesser degree the Pacific Division, by that time almost denuded of necessary personnel assisted in SUNSET II (Mar.–June 1946) and SUNSET III (Autumn, 1946)), in which 235 and 21 B-29's respectively, were ferried back to the United States (Hist. ATC. 1 Oct. 1945—31 Dec. 1946, I, 114–17). | <urn:uuid:3504f381-312f-47a8-8478-8b23ef8827e7> | {
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Privateline.com’s Ericsson History Page
Main Telephone History Series is here, Pages: (1)_(2)_(3)_(4)_(5)_(6)_(7)_(8)_(9)_(10) (Communicating) (Soundwaves) (Life at Western Electric)
The first car-telephone, from my Mobile Telephone History Series
Lars and Hilda working a telephone line
From 1910 on it appears that Lars Magnus Ericsson and his wife Hilda regularly worked the first car telephone. Yes, this was the man who founded Ericsson in 1876. Although he retired to farming in 1901, and seemed set in his ways, his wife Hilda wanted to tour the countryside in that fairly new contraption, the horseless carriage. Lars was reluctant to go but soon realized he could take a telephone along. As Meurling and Jeans relate,
“In today’s terminology, the system was an early ‘telepoint’ application: you could make telephone calls from the car. Access was not by radio, of course — instead there were two long sticks, like fishing rods, handled by Hilda. She would hook them over a pair of telephone wires, seeking a pair that were free . . . When they were found, Lars Magnus would crank the dynamo handle of the telephone, which produced a signal to an operator in the nearest exchange.” [Meurling and Jeans]
Thus, we have the founder of Ericsson (external link), that Power of The Permafrost, bouncing along the back roads of Sweden, making calls along the way. Now, telephone companies themselves had portable telephones before this, especially to test their lines, and armed forces would often tap into existing lines while their divisions were on the move, but I still think this is the first regularly occurring, authorized, civilian use of a mobile telephone. More on mobile working in my mobile telephone series.
Johan Hauknes points out that “According to Ericsson’s Centennial History (in Swedish) L.M. Ericsson had already developed telephones for military purposes in the field — mobile — I would guess of the same kind as Meurling and Jeans describes, tapping into fixed systems. ‘LME [sold] a large number of transportable field telephones and so called cavalry telephones to South Africa during the Boer War 1899-1902. Several types of transportable telephones for military purposes had been developed by LME during the 1890s, bought by Swedish Military…’ (A. Attman, J. Kuuse and U. Olsson, LM Ericsson 100 år Band 1 Pionjärtid – Kamp om koncessioner – Kris – 1876-1932 (vol. 1 of 3), publ. by LM Ericsson 1976)
Harkens go on to say that “The first transportable phone documented in the centennial volume is from 1889 – primarily for ‘railroad and canal works, military purposes etc.’ There’s a facsimile of an ad of this in vol. 3: C. Jakobaeus, LM Ericsson 100 år Band III Teleteknisk skapandet 1876-1976.) Railroad related maintenance and repair work, such as for sign based telegraph systems, was a major source of income for LME in the first years.”
Lars Magnus Ericsson, born Varmland, Sweden, 1846
From On: The New World of Communication, 2_2001, April 2001
From a single modest workshop in Stockholm to locations in 140 countries, LM Ericsson has come a long way.
Unlike many of today’s young entrepreneurs, who shepherd their brilliant ideas from drawing board to lunches with venture capitalists to shiny new office spaces and healthy bankrolls in less than a year, Lars Magnus Ericsson’s entry into the industry he would help pioneer was almost gentle by comparison… almost an accident, one might say.
At age 14 Lars Magnus started working as a smith’s apprentice across the border in Norway, which was close to his hometown Vegerbol in Sweden. He eventually became a full-fledged smith and then went on to try his hand at mining and building railways. Not satisfied, he decided that he needed more training, particularly in the field of mechanics. Thus, at age 20 he moved to Stockholm and started working as an apprentice under A.H. Öller, a maker of telegraph instruments.
Lars Magnus worked in Öller’s shop by day and at night studied English, German, mathematics, technical drawing and materials technology. A government grant allowed him to work and study electro-technology abroad in Germany and Switzerland from 1872-1875.
In 1876 he struck out on his own. Together with a colleague from Öller’s, Carl Johan Anderson, he opened Ericsson & Co, a small engineering workshop in central Stockholm. LM Ericsson & Co’s business was the manufacturing and repair of telegraph instruments. The two didn’t stay at this location for long, however. Business was so good that they moved twice within the next year, arriving at Oxtorget (Ox Square) in 1877. The workshop werkstad in old Swedish was modest, to say the least. But with the advent of Alexander Graham Bell’s telephone, things really took off.
People brought their telephones to LM Ericsson to be repaired and eventually the firm began producing their own phones. LM Ericsson & Co changed location in Stockholm several times as it grew. In 1939 the confines of the city could no longer hold the expanding company with its plant, offices and workshops and it was relocated to Midsommarkransen a suburb of Stockholm.
Today LM Ericsson has over 100,000 employees and facilities in over 140 countries. That’s a far cry from the little work- shop in Oxtorget!
Expanding eastward by Kristin Robbins
Good old-fashioned competition forced Ericsson to expand early on into new markets such as China.
Lars Magnus Ericsson opened his first workshop in 1876. Ten years later his business was growing at a fast clip. But if the 1990s have taught us anything it is this: when the technology is hot everyone wants a piece of the pie. So it went a hundred years ago and LM Ericsson & Co. was faced with competitors in its own backyard.
Telegrafverket and SAT (Stockholm General Telephone Company) were Sweden’s telephone operators and Ericsson customers and collaborators. At least at first. But eventually the two operators began repairing and manufacturing their own equipment and Ericsson’s domestic market share dropped significantly. The company was faced with the option to export its products or fold.
The company’s initial expansion took it into Norway, Denmark, Finland, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, the United Kingdom and Russia the latter two becoming Ericsson’s most strategically important and largest markets towards the end of the 19th century.
Asian expansion started in the late 1890s when Ericsson began exporting equipment to Shanghai middleman firm Schiller & Co., which was headed up by compatriot Gustaf Öberg. The telephone concession in Shanghai at the time was with Britain’s Oriental Telephone Co. (BOT). All of its equipment was purchased from the United States so, at first, Ericsson’s business was small. However, BOT’s contract expired in 1900. A new company, the Shanghai Mutual Telephone Co., took over and it was headed by none other than Gustaf Öberg. He brought in his supplier, LM Ericsson, to build a telephone exchange in Shanghai that very same year. Öberg was a shrewd businessman. He lowered tariffs and used plenty of publicity to jumpstart his business. Ericsson reaped the benefits and its sales in China increased.
The Oriental Telephone Co.’s success in Shanghai resulted in further expansion in the Far East. The company continued to choose Ericsson as its supplier of exchanges and handsets. In addition, Ericsson was able to secure business in Java and the East Indies through its other contacts.
East meets west: A Chinese delegation visits LM Ericsson headquarters in 1906
Note. All of these links are now dead, however, you can retrieve much of the content by using the Wayback Machine at the Internet Archive. Enter the complete URL into its search engine.
Here’s a link to some great pictures of historical interest:
Excellent resources on Ericsson history, all external links:
Main Telephone Series is here, Pages: (1)_(2)_(3)_(4)_(5)_(6)_(7)_(8)_(9)_(10) (Communicating) (Soundwaves) (Life at Western Electric) next page–> | <urn:uuid:b62f10bd-1e0c-40e1-afb7-221a4a0fa126> | {
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To make a pillow, place two identically shaped pieces of fabric front to front and sew together, leaving a small opening. Flip fronts to the outside, or inside-out, fill the pillow with desired stuffing material and sew opening closed to finish.Continue Reading
Cut two pieces of fabric, using either the same fabric or coordinating ones, into the desired shape. Be sure to cut pieces with the grain of the fabric and 2 inches larger then the finished pillow. Lay the fabric pieces on top of one another so that the outside of each piece is facing the other. Pin the two pieces together using straight or safety pins, making sure that the edges match. Leave an approximately 5 inch gap on one of the sides without pins.
Sew pieces together leaving a 1 inch seam allowance. This can be done with either a sewing machine or by hand. Do not sew the 5 inch opening that is without pins. Trim the fabric edges to 1/2 inch, cutting the top layer slightly shorter than the bottom layer and close on corners.
Turn fabric right side out and press edges. Fill pillow with desired loose stuffing or pillow insert. Fold the cloth of the opening 1/2 inch into the pillow and hand stitch it closed.Learn more about Sewing | <urn:uuid:3ce9db65-67e3-40ed-a814-0ece120411f3> | {
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Commander Yury Onufrienko and Flight Engineers Carl Walz and Dan Bursch continued packing experiments and other gear in anticipation of the arrival of the Space Shuttle Endeavour, their ride home, early next month. Shuttle managers Thursday cleared Endeavour for launch on mission STS-111 May 30, which would lead to a docking with the station on June 1.
With Onufrienko's assistance, Russian flight controllers repaired the Elektron system on the station, one of several methods available to replenish oxygen aboard the spacecraft. The Elektron splits water into hydrogen, which is disposed of, and oxygen, which is released into the cabin, as part of onboard recycling. The unit had been functioning only intermittently for the past two weeks and Russian flight controllers and the crew made several troubleshooting attempts. The problem eventually was traced to an errant sensor which was bypassed with a software adjustment provided by the Russian Mission Control Center.
There was no shortage of oxygen in the cabin air aboard the station throughout the Elektron troubleshooting procedures. While the Elektron was not operating properly, the crew supplemented the cabin air's oxygen by using several Solid Fuel Oxygen Generator cartridges, chemical canisters that release oxygen when heated. Even without the Elektron in operation, the station has oxygen supplies aboard -- in the solid fuel canisters and in U.S. oxygen tanks -- to last in excess of three months. Oxygen reserves also are replenished each time a shuttle or Progress supply craft visits the station.
In the Destiny laboratory, the crew wrapped up work this week with an experiment that grew the first zeolite crystals, a key element of refining processes used in the petrochemical industry on Earth, in a Destiny Laboratory furnace. The experiment had been delivered last month aboard the shuttle Atlantis and the completed crystals will be returned to scientists on the ground by Endeavour. In addition, work continued on the Biomass Production System, a plant growth experiment, with the crew regularly preserving Brassica plant samples and checking the growth chambers' status.
The crew spent several hours this week reviewing the plans for joint work with the astronauts that will arrive aboard Endeavour during STS-111 and the handover of station responsibilities to the upcoming Expedition 5 crew. In addition to exchanging station crews, STS-111 will deliver a Canadian-contributed Mobile Base System that will enable the station's Canadarm2 to move up and down the station's truss railway, delivered on a shuttle flight last month. Endeavour's crew also will replace a faulty wrist roll joint on the Canadarm2, preparing the arm and railway for use in missions later this year and in 2003 that will add more segments of truss to the station.
Meanwhile, station managers are investigating the need to add a safeguard mechanism to some of the fluid umbilical connections that will be used as the truss is assembled during missions later this year and early in 2003. The mechanism is designed to prevent a slight possibility of the umbilical connections, called quick disconnects, jamming over time. The mechanisms will ensure that the umbilicals may always be disconnected as needed for future assembly or maintenance operations. The new mechanisms will be installed during upcoming shuttle missions and station increments. Over this period, the installation may add one spacewalk above what is currently planned. | <urn:uuid:30e8b7ab-4534-4dc4-8f5c-a841399214c1> | {
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This page offers an overview of three widespread value systems in Western society: 1. The Warrior Ethos, 2. The Intellectual Ethos, and 3. The Common Man Ethos. They are identified by Charles Taylor in his very long book, Sources of the Self. I have simplified them here. Using these lenses helps students understand cultural norms, analyze common sources of conflict, and evaluate the underlying motivations of numerous characters, both real and imaginary.
1. Students will understand how a set of values can become an ethos and evolve into a cultural force.
2. Students will be able to identify and classify a wide variety of historical, literary, and real-world material as examples of the Warrior, the Intellectual, or Common ethos.
3. Students will evaluate the value of each ethos in different circumstances.
4. Students will understand how value systems and norms are enforced both implicitly and explicitly.
Each ethos is a system of values that with widely recognized cultural norms in Western society.
The Warrior Ethos – To Be the Best is to Prove You’re the Best
Key Values: Discipline, Achievement, Strength, Obedience, Authority, Integrity, Loyalty, Dominance, and Revenge.
Rules: No crying, No whining, No mercy, No showing weakness.
Select Cultural Exemplars: Odysseus, Alexander the Great, The Spartans (especially as portrayed in the movie 300), Julius Caesar, Attila the Hun, Beowulf, Genghis Khan, William Wallace, Andrew Jackson, Ulysses S. Grant, Douglas MacArthur.
This ethos emphasizes honor, toughness, and dominance above all. It is an ethos overwhelmingly associated with masculinity and commonly transmitted through team sports, action movies, and shoe commercials.
At its best, this ethos eschews comfort and pushes us to strive along an arduous path towards a higher goal. It teaches us to stand fast against adversity and to meet challenges with strength and fortitude.
At its worst, this ethos mistakes the path to a higher goal for the goal itself. It pushes aside other values and demands a near-constant posturing of power and dominance. Revenge is a common motivator, and anger is one of few acceptable emotions.
From Pop Culture:
Daniel Boone: Man
The Cobra Kai Dojo from The Karate Kid:
Beat It by Michael Jackson:
The Intellectual Ethos – To Be the Best is to Be Educated
Key Values: Sophistication, Education, Expertise, Reason, Success, Individuality, and Exclusivity
Rules: Maintain high standards, Be critical, Push yourself, Stay open-minded,
Select Cultural Exemplars: Pythagoras, Plato, Cicero, Boethius, Augustine, Da Vinci, Isaac Newton, Thomas Jefferson, Mozart, Goethe, Einstein, Lisa Simpson, Sheldon Cooper from The Big Bang Theory
This ethos emphasizes learning above all. Technical vocabulary, depth and breadth of knowledge, and the ability to analyze a problem are all highly valued. A terrible tragedy can become a “learning experience,” and therefore mitigated. Special knowledge is liberating; if you can learn the secrets, you will have a better life.
At its best, this ethos values achievement for the betterment of mankind; scientists cure disease, politicians craft policy, engineers build bridges, and artists lift the spirit.
At its worst, this ethos embraces the elitism of specialized vocabulary and sneers at the uninitiated. In short, this ethos can breed snobbery and pretension.
From Pop Culture:
Not exactly pop culture, but that’s okay. Richard Feynman discussing the nature of science:
The Common Man Ethos – To Be the Best is to Be Regular (Not that kind of regular, but it helps)
Key Values: Simplicity, Community, Solidarity, Humility, Cooperation, Equality, Loyalty, Inclusivity
Rules: Be modest, Help others, Work together, Conform to the will of the group, Let others have the spotlight, Be modest, Help others, Work together, Self-deprecate.
Select Cultural Exemplars: Karl Marx, William Jennings Bryan, Larry the Cable Guy, The campaign image of George W. Bush, Jim Halpert from The Office.
This ethos glorifies everyday life and the multitudes of simple pleasures that can be easily overlooked. Accordingly, these pleasures represent the purest and noblest manifestations of the human experience.
At its best, this ethos stresses the shared qualities of all of humanity and the duty of every individual to help those in need.
At its worst, this ethos rejects markers of sophistication, including education. It can lead to passive anti-achievement subcultures and active attacks on perceived elites.
From Pop Culture:
Elwood P. Dowd from Harvey:
The general sentiment of Sly and the Family Stone’s Everyday People:
The rejection of elitist vegetarianism (?) from this 2014 Chevy Commercial: | <urn:uuid:f60ebde6-0b4e-4501-bf76-31e63126eaea> | {
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