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SpaceX has been in the news for the first successful test of the Dragon crew capsule’s launch abort system.
The media attention has focused on the concept of a crew escape system. But the real star of this test was the SuperDraco rocket engines that powered it.
The Dragon was expected to reach an altitude of nearly 5,000 feet (1,524 meters) under the power of its eight SuperDraco launch abort engines, which are built directly into the side of the capsule.
“What SpaceX is doing is certainly unique,” said Jon Cowart, NASA’s commercial crew program manager, of the company’s decision to mount its SuperDraco engines on the sides of Dragon. “It’s definitely revolutionary in that regard.”
While the SuperDraco engines can be used to eject the crew capsule in case of emergency, they are really designed to bring the capsule down in a controlled landing… on another planet.
These are the same engines that SpaceX plans to utilize to gently place humans on the surface of Mars. How do they build such a revolutionary propulsion system? It’s 2015, they 3D print them of course! | <urn:uuid:2c5065a8-4a7b-4374-89e2-0ebe972fcf70> | {
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German-Jewish teenager Anne Frank was just 13 years old when she went into hiding with her parents, older sister and four other Jews following the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands during World War II. During those two years between 1942 and 1944, Anne kept a personal diary, charting her family’s day to day existence hidden in the rear annexe of a house overlooking Prinsengracht canal in Amsterdam, and their mounting fear of being found and persecuted in Nazi concentration camps.
Since Anne’s coming-of-age account of hope and courage was first published in 1947, it has been read by millions of readers all over the world, and has become one of the most unique and powerful memoirs of the Holocaust. Her diary has been translated into 67 languages and has regularly been the subject of stage and screen performances, while her plight continues to attract thousands of visitors every year to the Anne Frank Museum dedicated to her story in Amsterdam.
Annelies Marie Frank was born on 12 June 1929 in Frankfurt, Germany, to Otto, a former German Army lieutenant-turned businessman, and Edith. The couple already had a three-year-old daughter, Margot, and the family lived a quiet existence on the outskirts of Frankfurt. Against the backdrop of a struggling German economy following the harsh sanctions placed on the country by the 1919 Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I, Adolf Hitler’s National German Socialist Workers Party – Nazi Party – took control of the Government in 1933. The Frank family realised that they had to leave the country to find safety, and, as Otto later said, “Though this did hurt me deeply, I realised that Germany was not the world, and I left my country forever.”
The family started a new life in Amsterdam in autumn of 1933 and Anne attended the Montessori School throughout the 1930s, until 1 September 1939 when World War II was ignited with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany. On 10 May, 1940, the Netherlands was invaded by the German army and surrendered on 15 May, 1940, at which point the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands began. Anne later wrote in her diary: “After May 1940, the good times were few and far between; first there was the war, then the capitulation and then the arrival of the Germans, which is when the trouble started for the Jews.”
Immediately, Jews were singled out – they had to wear a yellow Star of David and comply with a strict curfew, while Anne and Margot were forced to attend a segregated Jewish school. Just weeks after Anne’s 13th birthday, for which she had received a red diary from her parents, Margot received a summons to a Nazi work camp in Germany. The family went into hiding in the ‘secret annexe’, a hiding place at the back of Otto Frank’s company building, which was hidden from view by buildings on all four sides.
Alongside the four Franks, Otto's business partner Hermann van Pels, his wife Auguste, and son, Peter, hid in the annexe too. Otto’s employees Kugler and Kleiman, and friends Jan and Miep Gies and Bep Voskuijl, provided the families with food throughout their time in hiding.
Anne wrote her hopes, dreams, fears and her growing love for Peter into her diary in a bid to combat the boredom of being in hiding. In February, 1944, she wrote: “I've reached the point where I hardly care whether I live or die. The world will keep on turning without me, and I can't do anything to change events anyway.” However, in April 1944, she wrote of the power of her diary: “When I write, I can shake off all my cares.”
After two years and one month hidden in the annexe, Anne’s family and the other Jews hidden in the secret annexe were betrayed to the Nazis – the identity of the betrayer remains unknown to this day – and the secret annexe was stormed by German secret police officers and four Dutch Nazis on 4 August, 1944. All of the inhabitants were arrested and sent to Camp Westerbork, a concentration camp located in the northeastern Netherlands.
They were transferred to the Auschwitz concentration camp in Poland in September, 1944, whereupon men and women were segregated. Anne and her sister were transferred to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in Germany, which was renamed Stalag 311. Their mother Edith perished at Auschwitz in January, 1945. Anne and Margot died within a day of each other of typhus in March of 1945, mere weeks before the camp was liberated by Russian soldiers. Anne was just fifteen years old, one of over a million children who died as a result of the Holocaust. Her father Otto was the only member of the family to survive the war.
Otto returned to Amsterdam after the war was over, desperate to trace his family, but heard that they had all died at the hands of the Nazis. His old friend, Miep Gies, gave Otto Anne’s diary, which she had saved from the annexe and hidden in a drawer of her desk. Otto later wrote that the discovery of the diary allowed him to get to know a whole new Anne. “There was revealed a completely different Anne to the child that I had lost. I had no idea of the depths of her thoughts and feelings,” he wrote. Upon the publication of 'The Secret Annex: Diary Letters from June 14, 1942 to August 1, 1944' on 25 June, 1947, Otto said: “If she had been here, Anne would have been so proud.”
Over the years, there have been rumours that the diary is not entirely a work by Anne herself, but rather written in part by her father, Otto. Indeed, French professor Robert Faurrison wrote an article in 1978, entitled 'The Diary of Anne Frank – Is it authentic?'. Alongside this suggestion, in the late 1950s, several pro-Nazi journals inferred that the diary had been forged by American author Meyer Levin, who had written a theatrical version of the play but had failed to get it to the stage. However, it was concluded that Levin had nothing to do with the original diary and, whilst it is widely accepted that Otto did edit some sections of the diary prior to publication, in order to keep some personal extracts out of print, the vast majority of the diary was indeed Anne’s work. | <urn:uuid:51aabd2a-df37-4461-8fc8-58a8958a189d> | {
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About 130,000 hectares of farmland in China was left fallow last year in a pilot program designed to reverse ecological degradation in some rural areas and promote sustainable development of agriculture, the Ministry of Agriculture said on Feb 23.
In addition, the crops on another 670,000 hectares of farmland were rotated to improve farmland fertility and reduce the use of chemical fertilizers, Zeng Yande, chief for the ministry’s department for plant supervision, said at a news conference.
The amount of land to be left fallow or rotated will keep increasing for the next few years and is expected to exceed 3.33 million hectares by the end of 2020, he said.
Through promoting crop rotation, the stock of crops in greater surplus, such as corn, has been decreased, while the supply of soybean, a major agricultural import, has been increased, he said.
China started the pilot program in 2016 in an effort to reduce the intensity of farming and ease worsening pollution caused by agricultural production.
Last year, the pilot covered nine provinces and autonomous regions, Zeng said.
Fan Kejun, vice-inspector at the Ministry of Finance’s Agriculture Department, said that last year 2.56 billion yuan ($404 million) in subsidies was provided to farmers covered by the program. This year, the subsidies and the land covered by the program are expected to double.
“We must respect the wishes of farmers and not force them to leave their farmland fallow or rotate their crops,” said Zeng from the Ministry of Agriculture. “We must provide compensation to farmers to ensure their income will not be reduced due to the program.
Major areas where the pilot program has been carried out include areas that are polluted by heavy metals or seriously ecologically degraded, and places that suffer severe underground water shortages, Zeng said.
The program resulted in the reduction of 4 billion kilograms of grains last year, accounting for just 0.6 percent of China’s grain output, he said.
“Such a loss will not affect China’s food security,” he said. “The program can contribute to sustainable development of agriculture and increase potential grain output for the future.”
China’s annual grain output has remained at more than 600 billion kg every year over the past five years, resulting in adequate stock over the past several years, according to the Ministry of Agriculture. | <urn:uuid:1d2aef99-a5a0-4bc8-8146-db55bbbeac85> | {
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A rare war-date letter, on engraved letterhead, of the President to Major General Meade, seeking Meade's approval for an arrangement that would lead to a donation of $200 per month for the needy soldiers.
In March 1864, Ulysses S. Grant was appointed by President Abraham Lincoln commander of the Union Armies. His headquarters would be with the Army of the Potomac, commanded by Gen. George G. Meade. So though Meade would retain his post as leading that army, Grant would be his superior, in command the...
In March 1864, Ulysses S. Grant was appointed by President Abraham Lincoln commander of the Union Armies. His headquarters would be with the Army of the Potomac, commanded by Gen. George G. Meade. So though Meade would retain his post as leading that army, Grant would be his superior, in command the actions of Meade’s army and the other Union forces. Grant developed a strategy to defeat the Confederacy by placing his army between the rebel capital of Richmond and Gen. Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia. In his Spring offensive in 1864, Grant and Meade confronted Lee’s army a number of times in very bloody engagements in which both sides suffered great losses. The Battles of the Wilderness and Spotsylvania were essentially draws but resulted in huge casualties. After each battle Grant’s armies moved southeast to try to create a wedge between Lee and Richmond, but Lee’s army successfully followed up the engagements by foiling that maneuver.
The United States Sanitary Commission cared for the Union’s sick and wounded soldiers and promoted clean and healthy conditions in army camps. It held fairs in certain large cities around the country, mainly in 1863-4, to raise funds for its activities. Lincoln’s personal assistance to benefit these fairs is well known, as he contributed notes, documents and signatures to be sold or auctioned at the fairs. It turns out that he also intervened on behalf of others seeking to donate to the fairs.
A little known aspect of the war relates to the material left behind by the soldiers, who left a trail behind them as they moved. This included clothing and other rags that they no longer needed, were useless in their present form, or which they had to discard because the loads they carried in their backpacks were too heavy. One enterprising former soldier, John C. Swift, who had served in the Union Army from 1861-1863, wrote Lincoln on March 4 and March 9, 1864, offering to pay $200 per month to the Sanitary Commission for the exclusive privilege of picking up clothing cast off by Meade’s and Grant’s army. This subject touched close to Lincoln’s heart so he intervened directly Meade, though it was during a period of intense conflict, when tens of thousands were fighting and dying. But realizing that there might be logistic issues, rather than insist, Lincoln left the decision up to Meade, even while indicating his own willingness.
Autograph letter signed, on engraved Executive Mansion letterhead, Washington, May 25,1864, to “Major General Meade, Army of Potomac. Mr. J. C. Swift wishes a pass from me to follow your army to pick up rags and cast-off clothing. I will give it to him if you say so, otherwise not. A. Lincoln.”
If Meade responded, history does not take note of that response, an unsurprising development given the hostilities in which his troops were involved at the time. It is noteworthy that knowing this, Lincoln still chose to intervene on Swift’s behalf, a testament to Lincoln’s interest in the well-fare of the soldiers cared for by the Sanitary Commission.
Just days later, the Battle of Cold Harbor would commence.
Frame, Display, Preserve
Each frame is custom constructed, using only proper museum archival materials. This includes:The finest frames, tailored to match the document you have chosen. These can period style, antiqued, gilded, wood, etc. Fabric mats, including silk and satin, as well as museum mat board with hand painted bevels. Attachment of the document to the matting to ensure its protection. This "hinging" is done according to archival standards. Protective "glass," or Tru Vue Optium Acrylic glazing, which is shatter resistant, 99% UV protective, and anti-reflective. You benefit from our decades of experience in designing and creating beautiful, compelling, and protective framed historical documents.Learn more about our Framing Services | <urn:uuid:a6b44929-d0ee-4302-9beb-7a13945ed4b2> | {
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Have your child brainstorm a list of all the kinds of dinosaurs he knows. Make a list of all guesses. (Don’t worry about spelling!) Then ask: How many different kinds of dinosaurs were there millions of years ago? Reveal the answer: No one knows. No people were around back then to see the dinosaurs, take pictures of them, write books on them (or make TV shows about them). But scientists have found fossils and other clues to know about hundreds of different dinosaurs. And there are more dinosaur fossils discovered every year. There were probably many more. You might tell your child that the word “species” means “kind of animal.” To get practice with this word, you could ask your child, “How many dinosaur species do you know?” and respond accordingly.
Announce that you are going to play a game with a song about 26 kinds of dinosaurs. The song is called “Dinosaurs A to Z.” Have your child watch video clip of the Conductor singing the song “Dinosaurs A to Z.” Then show her the printable page of all 26 dinosaurs.
Write each letter of the alphabet on an index card. Use capital letters, and hold the cards horizontally, so they resemble the cars of a train. Say the name of each letter aloud as you write it. (If your child is older, she can write these letter cards herself.) If desired, your child can decorate each of these cards, being careful not to obscure the letter. Put a tape loop on the back of each card, and then tape them in a long line on a blank wall. Point out that the letters are like the cars on a train.
Play the “Dinosaur A to Z” game. The rules are simple. Your child stands in front of the letter “A” as the Conductor sings the song. Your child needs to point to (touch) each letter as the Conductor says it. For older children, child, try the “Challenge Round” of this game. Switch around the order of the letters (slightly), and see if your child can still follow along (point to the cards) as the conductor sings.
Use the printable Lyric Sheet for "Dinosaurs A to Z" song to help your child learn the words to this song. If you wish, you can have your child perform this song for others, or record her singing and pointing as a video.
Have your child draw each of the 26 dinosaurs from the "Dinosaurs A to Z" song on index cards, and then attach the cards horizontally with tape into a long train that can be pulled around the room. Help your child differentiate the dinosaurs in their pictures by paying attention to obvious details such as body shape, length of tail, whether the dinosaurs has horns or not, whether it has a crest or not, and so on.
To help your child think about other animal species she knows about, have her make her own Animal Alphabet Book – putting a large letter on each page and coloring a picture of an animal that is alive today (example: Ant, Baboon, Catfish). Your child can use a video camera to make her own A to Z song and share it with others. Your child could also create special animal books on a theme such as "Mammals A to Z" or "Birds A to Z." | <urn:uuid:1966655f-982a-482e-b74d-14577d19ea5d> | {
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A college degree matters more than ever in today’s economy, and bridging the gap in college enrollment isn’t just an equity issue—it’s also an economic development issue. According to a recent report from Georgetown University, virtually all of the 11.6 million new jobs that have been created since the great recession have gone to workers with at least some college education and 72 percent of these jobs went to workers with at least a bachelor’s degree. Rapid economic change has also had a dramatic impact on the American workforce. For the first time, the report found that college graduates made up the largest portion of the workforce at 36 percent. Workers with at least some college education made up 34 percent of the workforce and those with a high school diploma or less made up just 30 percent.
During the 2014-15 school year, the National Charter School Resource Center, the Colorado League of Charter Schools (the League), the Ohio Alliance for Public Charter Schools, and the National Alliance for Public Charter Schools collaborated to collect data and information about charter school facilities and facilities expenditures in the state of Ohio. A recently released report, An Analysis of the Charter School Facilities Landscape in Ohio, summarizes this important research. The data collection in Ohio was supported by the Charter School Facilities Initiative (CSFI), which is a national project developed by the League to research charter school facilities and facilities expenditures across the country.
Posted in Research
Over the past six months, Nat Malkus from the American Enterprise Institute published a series of three papers that compare charter public schools with district public schools by looking at differences in their demographics, proficiency rates, and suspension rates: Differences on Balance, Unlike Their Neighbors, and Differences by Design. Malkus’ work is the first of its kind to study this issue at a national level and in a balanced and systematic way. Further, his analyses reveal “important patterns of differences” between charter and district public schools. | <urn:uuid:4556ae3a-3fd5-42ee-a87e-15b5a427fe14> | {
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Stormwater ponds are areas which temporarily collects stormwater runoff and releases it at a controlled rate. The ponds improve the quality of the runoff by allowing the suspended solids to settle. There are three basic pond types:
- Also known as a retention pond, typically they are dry
- There is a dry pond on the east side of the Community Knowledge Campus beside the running track. This type of pond allows the area to be utilized as a soccer field during dry periods.
- Primarily used for quantity control
- Not normally effective in removing sediments or other contaminants
- Also known as a detention pond, always has water in it
- This allows the area to be enhanced aesthetically. There is a wet pond in Pinnacle Ridge and it includes a fountain, paved walkways, benches, vegetation, etc.
- Primary function is to remove sediments and trap floating scum and debris
- By utilizing existing wetlands into our storm system, we reduce our impact to the natural environment.
- There are wetlands in Crystal Lake
- Wetlands provide the most improvement to stormwater quality
- Primary function is to remove pollutants by aquatic vegetation and microbiological processes
- Recharges the base flow of the groundwater
Google Translate is provided as a free tool to enhance the usability of the City of Grande Prairie website. As such, the City of Grande Prairie is not responsible for Google Translate™. | <urn:uuid:d8366341-5b32-49e0-b36e-7f3a8cb6cb94> | {
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Jewelweed Studio - Original Stained Glass Designs
Jewelweed-What the heck is that?
Jewelweed grows all around the studio . ..
Some species are annual plants and produce flowers from early summer until the first frost, while perennial species, found in milder climates, can flower all year. Regardless of their lifespan, the largest impatiens grow up to about 2 meters (c. 7 ft) tall, but most are less than half as tall. The leaves are entire and shiny; their upperside has a thick, water-repellent cuticula that gives them a greasy feel. Particularly on the underside of the leaves, tiny air bubbles are trapped over and under the leaf surface, giving them a silvery sheen that becomes pronounced when held under water.
The flowers, up to 2–3 cm, around 1 inch long, in most species are made up by a shoe- or horn-shaped spur for the most part, with at least the upper petals insignificant by comparison; some have a prominent labellum though, allowing pollinators to land. Others, like the Busy Lizzie (I. walleriana), have flattened flowers with large petals and just a tiny spur that appear somewhat similar to violets (Viola), though these are unrelated eudicots. A few Impatiens species have flowers quite intermediate between those two basic types.
These plants derives their scientific name Impatiens (Latin for "impatient") and the common name "touch-me-not" in reference to their seed capsules. When the capsules mature, they "explode" when touched, sending seeds several meters away. This mechanism is also known as "explosive dehiscence"; see also Rapid plant movement. | <urn:uuid:54163588-93a2-468b-a8eb-2e4fa42f20f1> | {
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We have multiple ways to define the Econometrics, the simple and perfect way which is used by our economists to test the hypotheses using real world data. It regularly analyses economics phenomena in relation to new theories or you can say that current situations and observe the result. Econometric is tough to read independently, students need the guidance to get the knowledge about this subject. They want the proper support for assignment. We are taking the initiative to deliver the best assignment help on econometrics to them. So that they can achieve the best grade in their exams. Because student’s future is totally depending on the grades that’s why they need accurate and reliable support.
Basic Tool of Econometric: In this sector, there are variety of simple and complicated models used in order to find and correlate with the large amount of data. Mostly Economist use the multiple linear regression model for data set. The main functioning of this model is it predicate the value of the two different dependable variables as a function of independent variable. You can define this model with straight line as well. To present the data according the result, you can use the simple dot on the straight line as well.
Required Skills to Get the Best Result:
According to the research and surveys, students need to get these skills to get the better job option. They need to do more study as compared to other subject. They need to task the more attention and explore the best information about the real fact.
- Best Communication Skills: To get the best option in this field, students should have command on the communication skills. That will also help to describe the information to your team and your management. With the help of good communication skill, you can deliver your view to another person easily.
- Computer skill: You need to know all the commands and functions of the computer. You have the capability to handle the large numbers of data and know the best way to store and represent the data in presentable way to others.
- Decision Maker: You have the powerful skills to handle the situation. Because in this field many huddles come in a single project. Candidate should able to handle the situation and find the best solution in the given time.
- Leadership quality: In this field, you will get the task to handle the team as well. You will do your project work with many different teams. Here you need the capability to act as leader and assign the work to the other members as well.
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Our experts offer the facility to the students where they can easily get the assignment writing service in minimum duration of time. Students can simply get the new and impressive assignments written by our highly educated professional. | <urn:uuid:39a87726-01ab-4d8a-b727-c64c567f1231> | {
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Faculty of Natural Sciences , University of Tulsa*, Tulsa, OK, and Corps of Engineers, Tulsa, 74121
A survey of the Poteau River produced 68 species of fishes, six of which are reported as new for the Poteau drainage: the pea-lipped redhorse (Moxostoma macrolepidotum), threadfin shad (Dorosoma petenense), white bass (Morone chrysops), redear sunfish (Lepomis microlophus), blue sucker (Cycleptus elongatus), and inland silversides (Menidia beryllina). Species previously collected from several places in the drainage, but absent from these collections, include blackside darter (Percina maculata), longnose darter (Percina nasuta), and brindled madtom (Noturus miurus). Including all species previously listed in the literature, the number of species presently known to occur in the Poteau and its tributaries is herein revised to 95.
The fishes of the Poteau watershed were documented by Cross and Moore (2), who in 1947 conducted a preimpoundment study while Wister Lake was under construction. They took 74 species from the watershed, collecting at 32 sites with small-meshed seines and gill nets over a period of two weeks. Early visits and reports by Jordan and Gilbert (3), Meek (4), and Hubbs and Ortenburger (5) give historical accounts of the species inhabiting the Poteau watershed.
The Poteau River (222 km long) and its tributaries drain an area of about 4,839 km2 in the mountainous regions of eastern Oklahoma and western Arkansas. It enters the Arkansas River at river mile 303 on the McClellan-Kerr Arkansas River Navigation Channel near Fort Smith, Arkansas. The basin extends 137 km from east to west and 80 km from north to south. The basin includes most of LeFlore and parts of Latimer and Haskell counties in Oklahoma, and parts of Sebastian, Scott, and Polk counties in Arkansas.
Basin topography is rugged, varying from low rounded ridges in the north and northeast to high mountainous ridges in the south, southwest, and central portions of the watershed. Elevation varies from 140.2 to 701 m above mean sea level. Valley slopes are steep and rocky, and most of the upland area is covered with timber and underbrush. The northern half of the Poteau River watershed in Oklahoma is in the Osage-Savanna Biotic District (1), characterized by the dominance of post oak and blackjack forests and intermittent tallgrass prairies. The sandstone hills and escarpments are covered by a dry scrubby forest composed principally of blackjack oak, post oak, and black hickory. The southern portion of the basin is included in the Ouachita Biotic District and has a wide diversity of plant species (1). Cross and Moore (2) give additional descriptions of the Poteau watershed.
Wister Dam was constructed in 1949 on the Poteau River at river mile 69.9 about 0.32 km south of Wister, Oklahoma. In 1971, Lock and Dam No. 13, located about 24 km downstream from the mouth of the Poteau and making about 16 km of the river navigable, became operational.
Our 1974 survey included 51 study sites (Fig. 1 and Table 1). All sites were sampled once between May-November 1974 except sites 18 and 22, which were sampled twice, with small-meshed nylon seines, gill nets, or electrofishing. Shallow areas of the river and its tributaries were sampled by using small-meshed nylon seines varying from 2.1 m to 13.7 m in length and a portable 230-V AC electroshocker. Riffle areas were sampled with seines or a combination of seines and electroshocker. Deep areas were sampled with a boat-mounted 230-V AC electroshocker and 30.5-m monofilament gill nets with mesh cues from 38
mm to 88.9 mm. All species collected are catalogued in the University of Tulsa collections. Electroshocking was conducted during daylight hours and at night and gill nets were set at night. Scientific and common names are those used by the American Fisheries Society (6).
We collected 68 species of fishes, suggesting there may be fewer species extant today than in 1947 when Cross and Moore found 74. The total list of Poteau watershed fishes is longer than that of either of the two studies indicated. Cross and Moore reported 15 additional species from the literature and personal communication records, bringing their total list to 89 species. Our 1974 survey produced six species not previously recorded in the Poteau drainage, bringing the total number of species to 95. The Poteau thus has the third richest ichthyofauna of Oklahoma rivers reported to date. Only the Kiamichi River (98), Illinois River (98), and Muddy Boggy River (101) systems have richer faunas. The complete list of species known to occur in the Poteau River watershed is shown in Table 2. Our failure to take some of the species collected by Moore and Cross is noteworthy. Silver chub (Hybopsis storeriana), silverband shiner (Notropis shumardi), and plains minnow (Hybognathus placitus) are species that were found by Cross and Moore in 1947 near the confluence of the Poteau and the Arkansas Rivers. The flat, sandy, flowing-water habitats present there in 1947 have been changed by the impoundment of water behind W. D. Mayo Lock and Dam, as the lake created by this structure backs up into the Poteau River about 16 km above the former mouth. This may explain our failure to find these species in the Poteau.
Another species not taken by us, which Moore and Cross collected in 1947, is the tadpole madtom (Noturus gyrinus). They collected only one specimen and it has not
[Page 44 consists entirely of Table 1 and Table 2.]
been reported from the Poteau since. This species is generally restricted to austroriparian habitats farther to the southeast.
The suckermouth minnow (Phenacobius mirabilis) was not taken in our collections, but is probably still extant in the area. It may be less common now than in 1947, when it was found at two different localities in the watershed. Cross and Moore found it common at Slate Ford on the Poteau River just east of Shady Point, Oklahoma. Phenacobius was not taken here in 1974, although intensive collections were made on two different occasions.
The brindled madtom (Noturus miurus) was collected in 1947 at 10 of the collecting stations described by Cross and Moore. Most of these stations were revisited in 1974, but no brindled madtoms were taken. This species is not common at present anywhere in Oklahoma.
In the 1947 collections, the blackside darter (Percina maculata) was taken at 13 locations. Although we are familiar with the habitat of this species, none was collected. The longnose darter (Percina nasuta), a species even more rare, was reported by Cross and Moore (2) from six different localities. Although we expected to take the longnose darter it did not occur in any of our collections. It is probable that both the blackside darter and the longnose darter are more rare now than in the past.
Both have been collected several times recently by Lindsay in Lee Creek, immediately to the north of the Poteau.
The southwestern sand darter (Ammocrypta vivax) and the Johnny darter (Etheostoma nigrum) were both taken in 1947 but not in 1974. Moore and Cross found these to be rare and took them at only two locations each.
Six species taken during this survey are new records for the Poteau drainage. Two are rare anywhere in Oklahoma. One is rare this far north in Oklahoma, and the other two were either missed by all earlier workers or are now possibly much more abundant than in prior years. The two most noteworthy new finds for this survey are the blue sucker and the pea-lipped redhorse (Moxostoma macrolepidotum). The blue sucker (Cycleptus elongatus) was previously known from only five other places in Oklahoma, all outside the Poteau drainage (7). Randolph and Lindsay (8) recently reported the discovery of this species in the Poteau. Before its discovery in the Poteau River, the pea-lipped redhorse was known only from one record for the Chickaskia River in north-central Oklahoma, another at the mouth of the Verdigris, and the most recent record of Riggs and Moore (9) when they collected one specimen in the Red River near Lake Texoma.
The threadfin shad (Dorosoma petenense) was collected in the summer of 1974 in the mainstream of the Poteau River at localities below Lake Wister. This forage fish species is likely invading upstream in the Poteau out of the Arkansas River Navigation System. Mensinger (10) reported it for the Arkansas River and Lindsay has taken it in the Arkansas River recently.
The inland silversides (Menidia beryllina) has been known in this part of the Arkansas drainage since reported by Gomez and Lindsay (11). More recently, Hill et al. (12) have reported this species in the Grand River above Ft. Gibson Lake. Our one specimen (collected at locality 45) came from the mouth of the Poteau at its intersection with the McClellan-Kerr navigation channel.
The white bass (Morone chrysops) was not reported by Cross and Moore (2) from older records of from their own collections. The white bass was probably rare in Oklahoma streams prior to construction of large reservoirs. It was taken several times in the present survey.
The redear sunfish (Lepomis microlophus) was not previously recorded in the Poteau drainage, so it is herein added to the Poteau River fish list. Since this is known to be an introduced species in many places of Oklahoma, this could be the explanation of why it was never previously recorded for this watershed. It is not common throughout the drainage, but was taken in several places in 1974. Cross and Moore (2) did show evidence of this sunfish being present earlier by reporting it as a possible hybrid combination.
Species recorded from the older literature, or by personal communication, by Cross and Moore (2), but not collected by them in 1947, include the sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus platorynchus), paddlefish (Polyodon spathula), bowfin (Amia calva), alligator gar (Lepisosteus spatula), Alabama shad (Alosa alabamae), and the harlequin darter (Etheostoma histrio). We took only one of these species, the harlequin darter. Cross and Moore failed to find this species in 1947, but reported a single specimen taken at Hontubby toward the Arkansas state line on the Poteau River. This specimen was collected in 1950 by Dr. A. P. Blair, representing the only record of this species since Jordan and Gilbert reported it abundant in the Poteau in 1886 (3). During the summer of 1974, we took several specimens at Hontubby, one specimen near Wilburton on the Fourche Maline, and a large series (19 specimens) in a large riffle at a site on the Poteau River immediately east of Panama, Oklahoma, well downstream from Wister Lake.
The harlequin darter nears the western limit of its total range in the Poteau drainage, and it is believed the new record for the Fourche Maline is the extreme western record for this species. The harlequin darter is not known from any stream in Oklahoma north of the Arkansas River, and since the riffle where this large series was collected appears to be the last one downstream on the Poteau, it is not likely this species will be collected any farther north than this, in this westernmost part of its range.
The sturgeon and paddlefish were probably much more abundant previously. The
paddlefish is probably still present as a rare occurrence in the Poteau. However, occurrence of the sturgeon is doubtful since the Arkansas River is no longer a free-flowing stream. The sturgeon does not seem to persist in reservoirs as the paddlefish does. The bowfin became common (personal communication, Al Houser and local residents) in Lake Wister and in the tailwaters below the dam soon after Wister was closed. The bowfin was reported as common in this area in 1950, but has not been reported recently, and was not found in this survey.
The status of the Alabama shad in Oklahoma is unclear, but Moore identified specimens taken from the Poteau River by Hutchins and Hall as belonging to this species. This fish was not taken by Moore and Cross in 1947, nor by us.
Our collection of the grass pickerel (Esox americanus) near Milton, Oklahoma, is noteworthy because it represents a westward extension of its range this far northward in Oklahoma. Hubbs and Ortenburger (5) reported one specimen in the Poteau southwest of Fort Smith, Arkansas. Cross and Moore (2) reported this species from five different localities, but all were along the southernmost edge of the Poteau watershed. Our record near Milton is in the extreme northwest portion of the watershed, and this one specimen was taken from a tributary of Brazil Creek, representing also the first record of a pickerel in Brazil Creek or any of its tributaries.
The pugnose minnow (Notropis emiliae) is widely distributed over eastern Oklahoma, but never occurs in large populations. This minnow was collected at several different places in our study, but only one specimen was taken at each place.
The ribbon shiner (Notropis fumeus), as herein listed, presents an enigma. Dr. George A. Moore (personal communication) has for a long time thought that this Poteau watershed minnow (found also in the adjacent San Bois Creek to the west) should be described as a new form (species). Dr. Carl Hubbs gave the name Notropis fumeus analis to it. Snelson (13), in his review of this species, has more recently accepted these Poteau specimens as Notropis fumeus without adding any trinomial.
The steelcolor shiner (Notropis whipplei) and the bigeye shiner (Notropis boops) were the most common minnows in our survey. The bigeye shiner is the most successful species in the smallest of tributaries and is highly successful in the intermediate-sized streams, but is rarely found in the mainstream of the Poteau River below Lake Wister. The steelcolor shiner is the most common fish in the mainstream of the Poteau River above Lake Wister. Breeding populations with many tuberculate, yellow-finned males were found to be abundant in the Poteau near the Oklahoma-Arkansas State line in July 1974.
The pallid shiner (Notropis amnis) is uncommon but supposedly widespread in eastern Oklahoma according to Miller and Robinson (14). Cross and Moore (2) reported it from 10 of their sites, indicating that this minnow was a very conspicuous member of the Poteau fauna in 1947. Our collections were made in the same areas where the previous workers had found this minnow, but only one specimen was taken, in the mainstream of the Poteau River at Slate Ford near Shady Point, Oklahoma. Whether the reduction of this species in the Poteau is due to the presence of Wister Lake remains problematic.
This study was supported by the US Corps of Engineers, Tulsa District (contract number DACW-56-74-C-0220). University of Tulsa students who were valuable field assistants include Reuben Bell, Pat Graham, Warren Adams, Colin Yeary, Penny Marks, Dale Maxwell, Laurie Gordon, and Steve Bailey.
1. 1. W. F. BLAIR and T. H. HUBBELL, Am. Midl. Nat. 23: 425-454 (1938).
2. F. B. CROSS and G. A. MOORE, Am. Midl. Nat. 47: 396-412 (1952).
3. D. S. JORDAN and C. H. GILBERT, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 9: 1-25 (1886).
4. S. E. MEEK, Ann. Rept. Geol. Surv. Ark. 2: 215-276 (1891).
5. C. HUBBS and A. C. ORTENBURGER, Pub. Univ. Okla. Biol. Surv. 11, No. 3 (1929).
6. AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY, A List of Common and Scientific Names of Fishes from the United States and Canada. Special Publ. No. 12, American Fisheries Society, Washington, DC, 1980.
7. J. PIGG, Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 57: 68-82 (1977).
8. J. C. RANDOLPH and H. L. LINDSAY, Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 55: 55-56 (1975).
9. C. RIGGS and G. A. MOORE, Copeia 2: 451-452 (1963).
10. G. C. MENSINGER, Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 51: 29 (1971).
11. R. GOMEZ and H. L. LINDSAY, JR., Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 52: 16-18 (1972).
12. L. G. HILL, W. J. MATTHEWS, T. SCHENE and K. ASBURY, Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci: 61: 76-77 (1981).
13. F. F. SNELSON, Am. Mid. Nat. 89: 166-191 (1975).
14. R. J. MILLER and H. W. ROBISON, Fishes of Oklahoma, Okla. State Univ. Press, Stillwater, OK, 1973. | <urn:uuid:cc8018f8-88d3-465e-8caa-e7a47efe0c71> | {
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Acne, boils, pimples
These skin conditions are caused mainly by excessive
putrefactive waste matter in the body's excretory channels, and extreme acidosis of blood
due to accumulation of toxic wastes.
When wastes are retained and the colon is clogged, the body
purges toxins through the skin and lungs, where these toxins cause abscesses, tumors,
inflammation and eruptions.
Also due specifically to poor metabolism of fats.
Wheat germ oil: rich in inositol, which enhances metabolism
of fats, thereby reducing excretory burden on skin; contains pyridoxine, which enhances
peristalsis and thus improves digestion and assimilation of nutrients and elimination of
wastes; 1-2 tsp. daily, after meals; may also be rubbed directly onto skin eruptions.
Wheat germ: same benefits as wheat germ oil, but less
concentrated; also rich in silicon, which builds strong fingernails and healthy hair.
Cucumbers (bulk or juice): raw cucumbers are rich in
potassium, sodium and phosphorus, which neutralize blood acidosis; potent diuretic
properties, which facilitate excretion of wastes through kidneys, so that they need not be
purged through skin; also good for nails and hair; in raw bulk, or as juice, mixed 1/3
cucumber to 2/3 carrot, 2-3 pints daily.
Garlic: purifies the bloodstream and purges body of toxic
wastes; garlic ethers reach the skin soon after consumption, killing bacteria attracted to
festering eruptions; must be taken raw.
Green (sweet) pepper juice: in combination with equal parts
carrot juice; 1-2 pints daily.
Other beneficial foods: active yeast (in warm water); soy
beans; fresh lemon juice (no sugar); alfalfa tea; raw potato slices rubbed directly on
skin eruptions and raw potato juice (1/2 pint daily)
Foods to avoid: deep fat fried foods; refined starch and
sugar; hydrogenated fats; cooked fatty meats, especially hamburgers on white buns; hot
Hives, rashes, runny nose and other irritations after
consuming certain foods, usually fresh raw foods.
Such 'allergies' disappear entirely when the body is
thoroughly detoxified; fasting combined with colon cleansing with
irrigations and juicing is absolutely the quickest, least expensive and most
effective therapy followed by the below nutritional guidelines and
Carrot juice: detoxifies the liver, blood and intestinal
tract; balances pH throughout the system; 2-3 pints daily.
Cucumber juice: purges blood and kidneys of acids and other
toxins, thereby enhancing excretion of wastes; balances pH; may be mixed with carrot
juice, 2 pints daily.
Wheat germ oil: rich in inositol, which improves
metabolism, preventing accumulation of toxic wastes; improves oxygen absorption in blood,
which facilitates efficient, toxin-free metabolism.
Other beneficial foods: fresh lemon or grapefruit juice (no
sugar) in distilled water; raw egg yolk; raw potato juice; barely tea.
Foods to avoid: refined starch and sugar; pasteurized milk;
cooked eggs; overcooked meats; hydrogenated fats; chemical additives and preservatives.
Caused by deposits of inorganic calcium in the cartilage of
joints, where they eventually form 'spurs' that cause intense pain and inhibit movement of
These deposits are caused by incomplete digestion of
incompatible foods and accumulation of toxic wastes throughout the system; the body dumps
these inorganic minerals in the joints, where they won't pollute the bloodstream.
Excess consumption of concentrated starch and sugar, and
too much cooked meat in the diet, are major factors.
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Celery juice: rich in organic sodium, which dislodges
inorganic calcium deposits from joints and holds them in solution until eliminated through
kidneys; 1 pint daily; 2 pints if mixed with carrot juice.
Grapefruit juice: fresh raw grapefruit juice (no sugar) is
highly effective in dissolving deposits of inorganic calcium in joints; mix half/half with
distilled water, 1-2 pints daily.
Bone meal: bone meal is a rich source of readily
assimilable organic calcium and other vital minerals that are indispensable for proper
bone and joint formation; mix 1-2 tsp. into any raw juice in the morning.
Cherries: raw black cherries contain active enzymes that
help dissolve calcium spurs in joints; eat about 1 pound on empty stomach and take no
other food for at least 12 hours, continue for 1-3 days in severe cases.
Grapes: when eaten exclusively for 1-5 days, depending on
severity, raw black grapes provide amazing therapeutic relief for acute arthritis; 2-3
pounds per day; chew skin, seeds and pulp very well before swallowing.
Other beneficial foods: molasses, alfalfa (tea or sprouts);
asparagus, whole barely; whole lemon, lime or orange pureed in blender with 1 cup
distilled water (including peel, fibers and seeds).
Foods to avoid:
incompatible combinations, especially of
protein and starch; pasteurized milk; cooked eggs; ice cream; salt; excessive consumption
of cooked foods, especially animal proteins.
Inflammation of the colon owing to prolonged chronic
constipation and a critical deficiency of live active enzymes and moist raw fiber in the
The first and foremost measure against this dangerous
condition which often results in surgical colostomies is to thoroughly clean out the
colon of putrefactive wastes and solid obstructions with a 7-day fast and twice daily
colonic irrigations followed by dietary adjustments to prevent occurrence.
Carrots (juice or bulk): grated raw carrots are an
excellent preventative against colitis; providing both live enzymes and moist raw fiber
for proper bowel function; best when supplemented with 1-2 pints daily of raw carrot
Carrot and spinach juice: raw spinach juice is nature's
best remedy for chronic constipation and inflammation of the colon; 6 oz spinach/10 oz
carrot, 2 pints daily.
Molasses: a mild but dependable laxative, molasses also
provides vital mineral salts required to restore and maintain colon health; 2 tbsp. in
warm water, twice daily.
Figs: fresh or sun dried figs are also an excellent natural
laxative for sluggish bowels; the tiny seeds gather toxic wastes and mucus in the colon
and drag them out with feces.
Cabbage juice: raw cabbage juice effectively breaks up
accumulation of putrefactive wastes in the intestines; its high sulfur and chlorine
content makes it an excellent bowel cleanser; works so fast that foul gas often expelled
soon after ingestion; 1 pint daily, or 2 pints mixed half/half with carrot juice.
Other beneficial foods: papaya; almonds; sunflower seeds;
apple cider vinegar (2 tsp. in distilled water); squash.
Foods to avoid: pasteurized milk; cooked eggs; cooked meat;
refined starch and sugar, especially white flour and sweet pastries.
Are you ready to learn more about
Colitis, right now?
Excessive consumption of devitalized and cooked foods,
especially in incompatible combination, results in sluggish bowels and chronic
The colon and GI Tract fills with
mucus, feces and toxic by-products of
fermentation and putrefaction, which impair peristalsis, irritates the colon, and
eventually poisons the bloodstream by osmosis.
Colon cleansing using the home colonic
irrigations system combined and therapeutic juice fasting
for 7 days are the
very first steps
in eliminating constipation forever, followed by additional cleansing a
few months later supplemented with nutritional therapy, herbal
therapy, massage and energy work. Constipation can become history. We've
seen it again and again at HPS-ONLINE cleansing community.
Figs: fresh or sun dried figs cleanse the bowels of toxic
waste and mucus and serve as a natural laxative; for an excellent therapeutic drink for
constipation, put 3 figs in blender with one ripe banana, 2 tbsp. molasses and 1 cup of
water and blend till smooth.
Molasses: 2 tbsp. in warm water, twice daily.
Spinach: raw spinach is nature's best remedy for irritated
and sluggish bowels; as juice mix 6 oz spinach with 10 oz carrot, 2 pints daily.
Carrot: grated raw carrots supplemented with 2 pints raw
carrot juice should be consumed daily by those with chronic constipation.
Other beneficial foods: papaya; squash; raw apples; ripe
bananas; raw almonds.
Foods to avoid: never use mineral oil as a laxative: it
robs the digestive tract of all oil-soluble vitamins, such as A, E & D, and is not as
effective as figs or molasses; also avoid pasteurized milk, cooked eggs, overcooked meats,
and refined starch.
Are you ready to learn more about
constipation right now?
Fevers are the result of the body trying to 'incinerate'
waste matter stirred up in the system as the result of other conditions, such as colds,
flu and infectious diseases.
Hippocrates wrote, "If you feed a fever, you'll have
to starve a cold", which has been misquoted as 'Feed a fever, starve a cold'.
Thus, the best remedy for any fever is complete fasting
be it water fasting or juice fasting (i.e. curtailing all intake of solid and semi solid
food) plus home colonic irrigation' to
accelerate elimination of waste matter from the body. If you 'feed a
fever' with light food, you'll only
make things worse. Take note.
Cleansing-detox is the very first step towards resolving
this issue followed by a rejuvenation-diet.
The below foods and juices are therapeutic and healing
after your cleansing.
Citrus juice: the only thing a fever patient should be
given is freshly extracted lemon, lime, orange or grapefruit juice, diluted half/half with
distilled water, with no sugar or ice; citrus fruit acids help loosen, dissolve and
eliminate mucus and other toxic wastes throughout the system.
Foods to avoid: all foods and beverages, except for
distilled water and the juices mentioned above.
Are you ready to learn more
about therapeutic fasting and cleansing? 5 minutes to get some basics.
Closely related to rheumatism, gout is the inflammation of
bones and ligaments in joints, owing to formation of acid crystals; this is caused mainly
by diets that contain too much fatty meat, salt and alcohol, and insufficient quantities
of raw, enzyme-active foods.
Carrot, beet, cucumber juice: the potent alkalizing
properties of this blend help rebalance pH in blood and tissues and dissolve acid crystals
in joints; 10 oz/3 oz/3 oz, 1-2 pints daily.
Parsley juice: raw parsley facilitates oxygen metabolism
and stimulates adrenal secretions; both actions relieve the discomfort to gout and help
correct the excess acidity of blood and tissues which causes it; mix 4 oz parsley juice
with 12 oz carrot juice, 1 pint daily.
Celery juice: rich in organic sodium, iron, calcium and
magnesium, it corrects blood acidosis, dissolves deposits of inorganic calcium in joints,
and provides the organic calcium required for repair of damaged ligaments and bones; mix
half/half with carrot juice, 1-2 pints daily.
Other beneficial foods: cabbage; fresh citrus juice (no
sugar); raw black cherries (exclusively for 24 hours); raw black grapes (exclusively for
1-3 days); alfalfa tea or sprouts.
Foods to avoid: fatty meats, especially pork; organ meats,
especially liver; cooked spinach; cooked tomatoes; dry beans; alcohol; salt.
This increasingly common affliction is caused by stagnation
and coagulation of blood fibron in the tiny capillaries that feed the anus and lower
This is mainly the result of sticky toxic waste in the
blood stream, owing to excess consumption of refined starch, especially white bread and
other flour products.
In addition to dietary adjustments, daily practice of the
anal sphincter exercise and defecation in the squatting position help correct and cure
Carrot and spinach juice: this blend benefits all colon
condition; restores proper blood pH; eliminates the sticky wastes that clog anal
capillaries; 1-2 pints daily, 6 oz spinach to 10 oz carrot.
Celery juice: hemorrhoids are sometimes the result of
insufficient supplies of organic sulfur, iron and calcium in the diet; celery juice
provides abundant supplies of these elements; may be mixed half/half with carrot juice, 2
pints daily, or 1 pint straight.
Apple cider vinegar: 2 tsp. in a glass of water, 2-3 times
daily, prevents excessive bleeding in hemorrhoids by balancing the bloodstream and
lowering blood pressure.
Other beneficial foods: turnips; watercress; parsley.
Foods to avoid: refined starch and sugar; especially white
bread and sweet pastries; all pasta; chili peppers; persimmons.
* Learn more about Hemorrhoids
This and related kidney conditions, such as kidney stones,
are the result of excessive retention of uric acid in the kidneys, owing to an overload of
acid wastes in the blood from incomplete digestion of improperly combined foods.
Left unattended, uric acids forms painful crystals or
'stones' in the kidneys.
Asparagus: contains asparamid, nature's most effective
kidney diuretic; asparagus gives urine a strong odor of ammonia, which indicates that
excess uric acid is being rapidly expelled; asparamid breaks up oxalic acid crystals in
kidneys and muscles (cooked spinach and cooked tomatoes leave oxalic acid in the system);
steam a bunch of fresh asparagus for 3 minutes or less and consume immediately, once
Raw beet juice: raw red beet juice has strong natural
affinity for kidneys; it is one of natures best kidney cleansers, dissolving acid crystals
and quickly eliminating the 'gravel' from the kidneys; its affinity for kidneys is
reflected in red coloration of urine; take 8 oz raw beet juice, 2-3 tsp. at a time, over a
24 hour period, with no other foods.
Watermelon: for nephritis, the watermelon cure is an
excellent adjunct to asparagus therapy; eat nothing for lightly steamed asparagus and bits
of raw watermelon for 24-48 hours.
Cucumbers: raw cucumber, in bulk or juice, are excellent
kidney diuretics and alkalizing agents; may be mixed with carrot and beet juice, 2 pints
Other beneficial foods: apple cider vinegar; barley water;
parsley; carrot juice; lecithin; cabbage; black grapes.
Foods to avoid: salt and salt-preserved foods; soy sauce;
shellfish; strong coffee and tea; cooked spinach and tomatoes; alcohol; hot peppers.
Closely related to gout, rheumatism is caused by heavy
retention of uric acid, which eventually is absorbed into muscles, where it crystallizes.
The condition is further aggravated by heavy consumption of
cooked animal proteins, which cannot be properly digested and metabolized when the system
is saturated with excess uric acid.
Carrot, beet, cucumber juice: this potent alkalizing blend
dissolves uric acid crystals in muscle tissue and kidneys; 10 oz/3 oz/3 oz, 2 pints daily,
taken in 6 equal doses throughout the day.
Lemon juice: dissolves and neutralizes uric acid crystals,
thereby facilitating their rapid elimination through the kidneys; take the juice of one
whole lemon in a tumble or warm distilled water (with no sugar), 4-5 times throughout the
day; efficacy is doubled if taken mid-way between doses of carrot, beet, cucumber juice.
Spinach: raw spinach helps dissolve uric acid crystals in
blood and tissue and cleanses the lower bowels of putrefactive wastes that contribute to
accumulations of excess acidity; 6 oz with 10 oz carrot juice, 1-2 pints daily.
Other beneficial foods: parsley; asparagus; grapefruit
juice (mixed with distilled water); cabbage; dark grapes, raw tomatoes.
Foods to avoid: cooked meats; refined starch and sugar;
salt and salt preserved foods; hot peppers; mustard.
Learn more about autotoxemia
right now. Tissue management through bowel cleansing is another nice
place to start.
This is a condition of general toxicity throughout the
system, caused by auto-intoxication of the bloodstream, owing to huge accumulations of
toxic waste matter in the intestinal tract. Probably your are
suffering from it right now, without even knowing it. Even worst,
maybe you think the answer is in herbal supplements. That is what
most people think.
Toxemia at its worst is characterized by severe acidosis of the blood,
chronic fatigue, irritability and depression, skin eruptions, body odor, bad breath and
poor digestion. A host of illnesses and chronic health problems
disappear once toxemia is cleared.
The foremost measure against toxemia is therapeutic fasting
with daily home colonic irrigations (twice daily), followed by nutritional therapy and permanent
adjustments in dietary habits. Watch your energy soar after
removing toxemia from your body and mind.
Carrot, beet, cucumber juice: restores pH balance in blood;
dissolves acid crystals; cleanses bowels; builds strong blood plasma; 10 oz/3 oz/3 oz, 2
Carrot and spinach juice: cleanses and tonifies lower
bowels; detoxifies bloodstream; balances pH; restores peristalsis and general colon
health; builds strong blood plasma, 100 oz/6 oz, 2 pints daily.
Cabbage juice: a powerful cleanser and detoxifier for the
stomach and upper bowels, raw cabbage juice is especially effective against protein
putrefaction; 5 oz with 11 oz carrot juice, 1-2 pints daily.
Other beneficial foods: parsley; celery juice; asparagus;
grapefruit juice (in distilled water); black grapes (exclusively 1-3 days); black cherries
(exclusively 1-3 days).
Foods to avoid: incompatible
food combinations especially of
animal protein and concentrated starch; pasteurized milk; cooked eggs; overcooked meats;
refined sugars, especially sweetened soft drinks.
Learn more about autotoxemia
right now. Tissue management through bowel cleansing is another nice
place to start.
Source: Daniel Reid.
Asthma, bronchitis, colds, coughs, influenza, pneumonia, | <urn:uuid:1b262c4c-67eb-476b-9f36-de14238e93e6> | {
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These alphabet bricks are painted in a special way. A is on one
brick, B on two bricks, and so on. How many bricks will be painted
by the time they have got to other letters of the alphabet?
Which comes next in each pattern of dominoes?
Buzzy Bee was building a honeycomb. She decided to decorate the
honeycomb with a pattern using numbers. Can you discover Buzzy's
pattern and fill in the empty cells for her? | <urn:uuid:f789f55d-d67d-4337-99d9-71d8b2d52b39> | {
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I was concerned late last week when I read that the XHTML Working Group will not be allowed to finish its work. The announcement indicates that this is being done to speed the work of HTML5 – but it also raises important questions about how XML will work with data on the Web.
2009-07-02: Today the Director announces that when the XHTML 2 Working Group charter expires as scheduled at the end of 2009, the charter will not be renewed. By doing so, and by increasing resources in the HTML Working Group, W3C hopes to accelerate the progress of HTML 5 and clarify W3C’s position regarding the future of HTML. A FAQ answers questions about the future of deliverables of the XHTML 2 Working Group, and the status of various discussions related to HTML. Learn more about the HTML Activity.
Originally, HTML was based on SGML. XML was designed to make SGML easier to parse, so that it would be more accessible to software. From the beginning, XML was designed to support documents meant for humans to read, and data designed for programs. In modern software, there is no firm boundary between the two – data is often transformed on the fly for humans to read, and software often mixes human-readable content with data.
By representing HTML as an XML vocabulary, XHTML addresses HTML parsing issues, difficulty combining HTML with XML data, and extensibility issues:
- An XML parser can not parse arbitrary HTML, and parsers which do are extremely complex. Tools like Tag Soup parse arbitrary HTML and convert it into XHTML, so that even legacy content in odd dialects of HTML can be processed by XML tools.
- XML vocabularies like SVG (a graphics format) and MathML (a mathematical notation format) need to play nicely with HTML. XHTML lets them be combined with HTML using the same mechanisms all XML tools use to combine vocabularies.
- HTML has become quite large, and XHTML provides a modularization of HTML, using XML mechanisms, that makes it easier to maintain and extend.
Typically, Working Groups are rechartered if there is active interest in their work and they are close to their goal, as the XHTML Working Group is. Another year of effort would probably be sufficient to finish the XHTML specifications. And the XHTML people are intimately familiar with XML and namespace issues, plus the issues that arise with XML and HTML software.
The FAQ that the announcement points to concerns me. Some of the work of the XHTML Working Group will not be finished, and there is even a suggestion that HTML5 will not handle namespaces correctly, and that XML vocabularies will not be able to mix freely with HTML5!
Consider this issue, to which the FAQ points:
The HTML5 specification does not have a mechanism to allow decentralized parties to create their own languages, typically XML languages, and exchange them in HTML5 text/html serializations. This would allow languages such as SVG, MathML, FBML and a host of others to be included. At one point, an editors version of the HTML5 specification contained a subset and reformulation of SVG and MathML. Tim Berners-Lee described this incorporation of SVG and MathML without namespaces as horrific and the issue raiser [Dave Orchard] completely concurs with the him.
This issue limits the ability of non-HTML5 working groups to define languages as the languages must be “brought into” the HTML5 language. This dramatically increases the scope of HTML5 and decreases the ability to modularize development of orthogonal languages.
In the end, the problem could result in the text/html serialization rules becoming the standard serialization rules for XML languages, replacing XML itself. This could occur if every decentralized language has a choice between the XML serialization, the text/html serialization or both. In many cases, the language may choose the text/html serialization.
I find this last paragraph alarming. XML was designed specifically to allow decentralized parties to create their own languages, and to combine them cleanly using namespaces. By using the mechanisms defined in XML, XHTML inherits this ability, an ability that HTML5 lacks. One proposed solution is to absorb XML entirely into the HTML5 specification. I agree with Tim and Dave that incorporating SVG and MathML without namespaces is horrific, but the obvious solution is for HTML5 to support namespaces and XML cleanly – just as XHTML does.
I would like to see the XHTML Working Group finish their work, and I would like to see the result used as the XML serialization of HTML5. Legacy HTML ensures that there will always be large amounts of HTML content that is difficult to parse without tools like Tag Soup. But XHTML gives us a very sane XML vocabulary to convert such content into, and makes HTML accessible to the wide variety of XML tools that make up much of the infrastructure of the Web. | <urn:uuid:a11150f4-7b2f-4cb0-ba23-e7aea5bbcfe3> | {
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Bathe at the Mythical Kumbh Mela: Largest Gathering of People on Earth
Kumbh (pot) Mela (fair) is the sacred pilgrimage of the Hindus that takes place in four places in India. They are Prayag near Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh (where the three sacred rivers: Ganga, Jamuna and Saraswati meet); Haridwar, Uttranchal (where the mighty river Ganga enters the plains from the Himalayas); Ujjian, Madhya Pradesh (near the river Ksipra); and in Nasik, Maharashtra on the banks of Godavari River.
The Kumbh Mela pilgrimage occurs four times every twelve years, once at each of the four locations mentioned above. It also takes place as the Maha Kumbh Mela on the twelve-year-cycle in Prayag, which is considered the most sacred of all and is attended by millions of people.
According to astrologers, when the planet Jupiter enters Aquarius and the Sun enters Aries, the holy event of Kumbh Mela begins. It is believed that during this period, the passage from Earth to other higher planets is open, and the soul can easily attain the celestial world. Thus by bathing in the holy river, the past sins are washed off and the soul attains Moksha (becomes eligible for liberation from the cycle of birth and death). People take ritual baths in the holy river at a predetermined time, and forgetting the extreme temperatures. This river offers purity, wealth and fertility, and washes away the sins of those who bathe in it.
One must also understand the mythological story behind Kumbh Mela. It is believed that during the Vedic period when Gods and Demons reined the world, the duo made a temporary agreement to work together for churning Amrita (the nectar of immortality) from the Milky Ocean, and share it equally among them. But when the Kumbh (pot) containing Amrita appeared, the demons fled with it. The Gods chased them and fought with them for twelve days and nights (equivalent to twelve human years) in the sky for its possession. During this battle, drops of Amrita fell on earth in four places: Prayag, Nasik, Haridwar and Ujjain. It is believed that due to drops of Amrita, these places have acquired mystical power (especially Prayag), and henceforth they became the venue of Kumbh Mela.
When to Go to Kumbh Mela
People will arrive at the Kumbh Mela in the millions by any means necessary. Some will come by train or car; others will walk, come on camel—or even carried by others. The four main sites can be reached by train and then through local transport.
Odds n' Ends
In this month, the banks of The Ganges turn into small town with markets and hospitals, and tents for accommodation. There is a tourist camp for the visitors, and during the evenings the campfire lights up the banks of The Ganges. One can enjoy the Indian mythological stories from Ramayan and Mahabharat here, or participate in the religious discussions. In the central festival area, decorated pandals (large tents) accommodate the thousands who listen to some of India's most exalted gurus lecturing on spiritual and philosophical topics. In some pandals there are theatrical reconstructions of Indian drama and classical dance groups whose exotic costumes and performances attracted large audiences.
In spite of such good arrangements being made by the administration for such a big event, many mishaps cannot be averted. Although there is a specified time for bathing in the river for all groups, sometimes due to the millions of people, it becomes very difficult to manage, and the consequence results in a mass stampede. Such a mishap has occurred many times in the past where innocent people lose their life or get badly injured. Despite this, the enthusiasm of people never ends. People still come here to participate in their millions (70 million people attended the in 2007), and nothing will affect their faith. As a visitor, apart from the Kumbh Mela you can always tour the city which has a lot of things to offer.
Moreover, if you intend to visit the festival then you have to make reservations in advance as millions of pilgrims throng the venue. Also, special care has to be taken for your health during such a spectacular event.
Travel Insurance. Simple & Flexible.
Experienced this and have something to share? Experienced something like this somewhere else? Looking for advise or travel companions? Use this space to leave your mark. Our writers and editors are more than happy to help answer your questions.
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The Ion Beam Shepherd enables a novel contactless debris removal strategy in which the debris orbital motion is actively controlled by exploiting the momentum transmitted by a collimated beam of quasi-neutral plasma impinging against its surface. The beam can be generated with state-of-the art ion engines from a "shepherd spacecraft" coorbiting nearby with no need for physical attachment with the body. The spacecraft, placed at a distance of 10-20 meters from the object would use an ion thruster pointed towards the debris, as well as a second propulsion system to compensate for the ion engine reaction and to keep a constant distance between the debris and the shepherd satellite throughout the orbit maneuvering process.
The high-speed plasma ions (typically xenon) impact the target transferring their ion momentum and thereby producing a force and a torque upon the debris. According to experimental tests and numerical models available in the literature, 1 keV energy ions penetrate the substrate of a metal such as aluminum a few nanometers and deposit their kinetic energy on the target. The neutralized ions then abandon the surface with debris thermal velocities, which are several times smaller than the incoming ion velocities, and therefore their momentum can be neglected. Backsputtering effects do occur, but the energy of the sputtered material is typically about two orders of magnitude smaller than the one of the incoming ions, so that the contribution to momentum transmission of the backscattered material can also be neglected when computing the net force transmitted to the target. | <urn:uuid:2de2af0c-94ee-4546-8616-eb677a862ecf> | {
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Vega Alta Public Supply Wells
Vega Alta, PR
No meetings scheduled
Brenda Reyes (787) 977-5869
EPA added the Vega Alta Public Supply Wells site in Vega Alta, Puerto Rico to the Superfund National Priorities List on September 1, 1984 because hazardous chemicals were found in the soil and ground water. The 50 acre superfund site consists of approximately six inactive and 15 active wells. The Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority (PRASA) has been responsible for operating and maintaining the public water supply system. The U.S. Geological Survey sampled the wells and surrounding areas and found volatile organic compounds (VOCs), potentially harmful contaminants that can easily evaporate into the air, in the ground water and soil. PRASA shut down multiple contaminated wells because they were not in compliance with drinking water standards. Affected residents were hooked up to a new distribution system. In 1984, ground water treatment equipment was installed at one of the contaminated wells.
EPA selected two cleanup plans to address the site’s ground water and the soil contamination. In September 1997, a cleanup alternative was signed to address the remaining source of contamination in order to avoid further migration of contaminants to the ground water. A Soil Vapor Extraction System, which acts as a vacuum to absorb vapors from the soil, was selected as the remedial alternative for the cleanup of the contaminated soil. Field activities for the installation of the ground water treatment system were initiated in April 2001and completed in December 2001. The source area ground water extraction and treatment system has been operating continuously since December 2002. Approximately 20 million gallons of water are treated each month. Under current conditions at this site, potential or actual human exposures are under control. | <urn:uuid:abfc1351-b8d7-4813-8a64-cad149e2efe2> | {
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Presentation on theme: "Chapter 4 American Life in the Seventeenth Century The Unhealthy Chesapeake Area Harsh Wilderness Lifestyle Many diseases Life expectancy for many was."— Presentation transcript:
Chapter 4 American Life in the Seventeenth Century The Unhealthy Chesapeake Area Harsh Wilderness Lifestyle Many diseases Life expectancy for many was 50 Chesapeake area had a 6-1 ration of males to females Many children born out of wedlock Virginia most populated colony Elisha Woodbury’s Grave…typhoid fever victim in 1750
The Tobacco Economy Much tobacco cultivation in Chesapeake Bay area Much early tobacco cultivated by indentured servants Earned freedom dues at en of indenture Indentured servant contract
The Head right System Under this system, if an aristocrat sponsored an indentured servant’s passage to America, the aristocrat earned the right to purchase 50 acres. This system created large plantations and less available land for the poorer colonial immigrants Head right historical marker and records
Frustrated Freemen and Bacon’s Rebellion From 1675 to 1676, Nathaniel Bacon led a group of indentured laborers—both black and white—who were frustrated with their economic plight, in a series of raids against nearby Indians to confiscate their land. The rebels soon turned their anger against wealthy Virginia planters, who quickly recognized the potential for widespread unrest. Shortly after Bacon died in 1676, the revolt collapsed. Recognizing the need for a permanent indentured labor force, Virginia's planters and colonial leaders strengthened a system of African slavery that survived for nearly two hundred more years. Then, in the middle of the rebellion, Bacon suddenly died of disease, and Berkeley went on to crush the uprising. Still Bacon’s legacy lived on, in America would the poor take action? see American Anthropological Association / Race Project
Result of Bacon’s Rebellion Bacon's Epitaph, made by his Man" is called the first American poem, and eulogizes Nathaniel Bacon, leader of Bacon's Rebellion in Some historians interpret the rebellion as a proto-democratic movement against Governor Berkeley's autocratic regime. Others see it as merely a pretext to seize Indian land. Image rights owned by the Virginia Historical Society. Do not use without permission.
Chattel Colonial Slavery Roughly a half million slaves were brought to America. Ten Million to the “New World”. Most slaves were from West Africa. By 1750 African Slaves are very populous in the Southern colonies. Slave Codes created hereditary slavery (matriarchal). Some slaves purchased their freedom and became slaveholders themselves.
The Triangular Trade A ship would leave New England with rum and go to the Gold Coast of Africa and trade it for African Slaves. Then travel on the middle passage to the West Indies where slaves would be exchanged for molasses, which in turn would be sold /traded in New England to make the rum. On the Middle Passage the death rate was very high.
Africans in America The “Deep South” where rice was cultivated was extremely harsh for slaves Slavery existed in all colonies at one point Slave communities existed at slave quarters Some slaves became skilled artisans but most were relegated to working on plantations by way of task or gang system
Early slave revolts Slave protests took many forms. These included outright rebellion or subtle attempts to harm masters. For example, working slower, getting sick, or sabotaging food. Outright revolts occurred. Examples would be in 1712 in New York City, or at the Stono River rebellion in 1739 in South Carolina.
Punishments for slaves were harsh and cruel For disobeying one’s master slaves were whipped, hung, skinned or cat hauled. Slave families were often disbanded by sale. Rape occurred often from white masters.
Early Abolitionist Abolitionism means the abolishment of slavery. Early on, many individuals advocated abolitionism. Abolitionist literature included some former slave “autobiography”. Charles Ball The Life of a Former Slave
Southern Society Socioeconomic class society Highest class was planter class (First Families of Virginia). This class often owned 100 or more slaves and dominated the House of Burgesses. Plantation House
Southern society Large planter class was followed by small farmers, merchants, and skilled artisans. Next came indentured servants, “po white trash”, free slaves, slaves and finally Native Americans.
The New England Family In contrast to the southern situation, New England had strong family ties. Women had many children. However, there was a high infant mortality rate. New England husbands maintained much control over their wives and children. Strict laws.
Life in the New England Towns A town consisted of a meetinghouse surrounded by houses, village green and cemetery. Towns of fifty families had a “Little Red Schoolhouse”. Towns with 100 families required a secondary school.
New England Towns Early Colleges Harvard was established to train ministers in William and Mary was established in 1693 in Virginia. Brown, and later Pembroke for women, was established in Rhode Island. Harvard’s oldest building is Massachusett’s Hall
The Half Way Covenant and “jeremiads” Half -Way Covenant As Puritans began to worry about their children being loyal to faith ministers announced that all people could come to church even if they were not “visible saints”. Did this approach “delude” religion and hinder the “Old Deluder” law? The “jeremiad” In “jeremiad” sermons earnest preachers scolded their congregations about their waning piety and waning faith. May have paved the way for Great Awakening ministers in colonial America
Salem Witch Trials In the early 1690s, a group of Salem girls claimed to have been bewitched by certain older women. A hysterical witch-hunt followed that led to the execution of 20 people and two dogs. (Similar events had been occurring in Europe). After a year and a half the hysteria died down.
New England way of life Less ethnically mixed than other colonies. Rivers were short and rapid. This will lead to Rhode Island being the birthplace of Industrial Revolution. The rocky soil led to small farms rather than large plantations (why slavery not instituted). Also led to the rock walls of New England. Stone wall near Coventry High School And Blackstone River Canal historic area
Early settlers’ Days and ways Sun up to sun down work. Unless an event was “worth a candle”. Not a lot of extravagant living. Fishing, whaling, ship building, furniture maker were the big industries. Goddard Townshed family furniture of Newport
Gold Mines of New England Cod fish New Bedford whaling
Rhode Island Slave Trade The Dewolf Family of Bristol Rhode Island | <urn:uuid:d40d65f8-c0f6-4674-8bc7-bbc369a2845a> | {
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Hakan Karli wrote:
> The real ideological root of terrorism is Darwinism and Materialism
> Evolution theory is not a theory based on scientific facts, observations and experiments but an ideological system that brought all kinds of disasters to the world. With the spread of Darwinism and the materialist philosophy it supports, the answer to the question 'What is a human being?' has changed. People who used to answer: 'Human beings were created by God and have to live according to the beautiful morality He teaches' have now begun to think that 'Man came into being by chance, and is an animal who developed with the fight for survival.' Violent ideologies such as racism, fascism and communism, and many other barbaric world views based on conflict have all drawn strength from this deception. (Please see “Disasters Darwinism Brought to Humanity”, Harun Yahya for details)
> Darwin set out with one basic premise when developing his theory: 'The development of living things depends on the fight for survival. The strong win the struggle. The weak are condemned to defeat and oblivion.'
> The subtitle he gave to his book The Origin of Species, "The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life", encapsulates that view.
> Darwin's source of inspiration on this subject was the British economist Thomas Malthus's book An Essay on the Principle of Population. Left to their own devices, Malthus calculated that the human population increased rapidly. In his view, the main influences that kept populations under control were disasters such as war, famine and disease. In short, according to this brutal claim, some people had to die for others to live.
> As a result of this cruel policy, the weak, and those who lost the struggle for survival would be eliminated, and as a result the rapid rise in population would be balanced out. This so-called 'oppression of the poor' policy was actually carried out in 19th century Britain. An industrial order was set up in which children of eight and nine were made to work six hours a day in the coal mines and thousands died from the terrible conditions. The 'struggle for survival' demanded by Malthus's theory led to millions of Britons leading lives full of suffering.
> Influenced by these ideas, Darwin applied this concept of conflict to all of nature, and proposed that the strong and the fittest emerged victorious from this war of existence.. On the other hand, he invited people to abandon their religious beliefs by denying creation, and thus aimed at all ethical values that could prove an obstacle to the ruthlessness of the 'struggle for survival.'
> As Darwinism fed racism in the 19th century, it formed the basis of an ideology that would develop and drown the world in blood in the 20th century: Nazism.
> A strong Darwinist influence can be seen in Nazi ideologues. When one examines this theory, which was given shape by Adolf Hitler and Alfred Rosenberg, one comes across such concepts as 'natural selection,' 'selected mating,' and 'the struggle for survival between the races,' which are repeated dozens of time in The Origin of Species. When calling his book Mein Kampf (My Struggle), Hitler was inspired by the Darwinist struggle for survival and the principle that victory went to the fittest. (Please see “The Bloody Ideology of Darwinism: Fascism”, Harun Yahya for details)
> While fascists are found on the right wing of Social Darwinism, the left wing is occupied by communists. This relationship between Darwinism and communism goes right back to the founders of both these 'isms.' Marx and Engels, the founders of communism, were amazed at the 'dialectical materialist' attitude in Darwin's book, The Origin of Species. Both Marx and Engels saw Darwin's theory as 'containing the basis in natural history for communism.'
> Mao, who established communist rule in China and killed millions of people, openly stated that 'Chinese socialism is founded upon Darwin and the theory of evolution.' K. Mehnert, Kampf um Mao's Erbe, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1977
> There is an unbreakable link between the theory of evolution and communism. The theory claims that living things are the product of chance, and provides a so-called scientific support for atheism. Communism, an atheist ideology, is for that reason firmly tied to Darwinism. Moreover, the theory of evolution proposes that development in nature is possible thanks to conflict (in other words 'the struggle for survival') and supports the concept of 'dialectics', which is fundamental to communism.
> If we think of the communist concept of 'dialectical conflict,' which killed some 120 million people throughout the 20th century, as a 'murder machine' then we can better understand the dimension of the disaster that Darwinism visited on the planet. (Please see “Communism in Ambush”, Harun Yahya for details.)
> Darwinism and Terrorism
> as well as these ideologies, Darwinism defines an 'ethical understanding' and 'method' in addition to the ideologies we have explained so far, that could influence various world views. The fundamental concept behind this understanding and method is 'fighting those who are not one of us.'
> We can explain this in the following way: There are different beliefs, worldviews and philosophies in the world. These can look at each other in one of two ways:
> 1) They can respect the existence of those who are not one of them and try to establish dialogue with them, employing a human method.
> 2) They can choose to fight others, and to try to secure an advantage by damaging them, in other words, behave like an animal.
> The horror we call terrorism is nothing other than a statement of the second view.
> When we consider the difference between these two approaches, we can see that the idea of “man as a fighting animal” which Darwinism has subconsciously imposed on people is particularly influential. Individuals and groups who choose the way of conflict may never have heard of Darwinism and the principles of that ideology. But they agree with a view whose philosophical basis rests on Darwinism.
> Actually, when Darwinism is taken away, no philosophy of 'conflict' remains. The three divine religions that most people in the world believe in, Islam, Christianity and Judaism, all oppose violence. All three religions wish to bring peace and harmony to the world, and oppose innocent people being killed and suffering cruelty and torture. Conflict and violence violate the morality that God has set out for man, and are abnormal and unwanted concepts. However, Darwinism sees and portrays conflict and violence as natural, justified and correct concepts that have to exist.
> For this reason, if some people commit terrorism using the concepts and symbols of Islam, Christianity and Judaism in the name of those religions, you can be sure that those people are not Muslims, Christians or Jews. They are real Social Darwinists. Even if they claim to be serving religion, they are actually enemies of religion and believers. That is because they are ruthlessly committing a crime that religion forbids, and in such a way as to blacken religion in peoples' eyes.
> Consequently, the root of the terrorism that plagues our planet is not any of the divine religions, but is in atheism, and the expression of atheism in our times: 'Darwinism' and 'materialism.'
> Yours truly,
> Hakan Karli
I have to agree with you. "Survival of the Fittest" is one of the
most hypocritical slogans ever invented. It was designed to counter
the "Survival of the Godliest" which has been the rule since the
beginning of time.
The Victorian age was built on colonialism and lassiz faire Capitalism.
Darwin himself married into the Wedgewood pottery fortune and proceeded
to enjoy a lifetime hobby of bug collecting supported by his newly
found fortune, and he created survival of the fittest to justify it.
Evolution, genetics and natural selection as anyone knows is a
true scientific theory. However, as Owen, Roux and Lamarck knew, it
is also a 2nd-rank theory. It turns out that the biological explanation
of God is the 1st-rank theory that Sir Owen and the others were looking
for when the insurgents under Darwin deliberately derailed the effort
in order to preserve Lassiz faire Capitalism. Only now, 150 years later
are we rediscovering the trail Owen, Roux and Lamarck were on, which
leads to a scientific proof of God, and a far more important and
fundamental discovery in Biology than Evolution. And finally, the
axiomatic scientific proof of God and Religion.
-- Be sure to visit my website below ----------------------------------------------------------- George Hammond, M.S. Physics Email: [email protected] Website: http://people.ne.mediaone.net/ghammond/index.html -----------------------------------------------------------
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Astronomy Lecture: "The Ultimate Fate of the Solar System and the Music of the Spheres"October 20, 20107 to 8:30 p.m.
As part of the 12th annual Silicon Valley Astronomy Lecture Series, Dr. Gregory Laughlin
, of the University of California, Santa Cruz, will present The Ultimate Fate of the Solar System and the Music of the Spheres
Wednesday, Oct. 20, from 7 to 8:30 p.m. in the Smithwick Theatre
at Foothill College
in Los Altos Hills. Admission is free and the public is invited. Seating is on a first-come, first-served basis. Arrive early to locate parking.
The long-term fate of the planets in our Solar System has intrigued astronomers and mathematicians for more than 300 years. Although the planetary orbits are often held up as a model of clockwork regularity, the Solar System is in truth an extremely complex and chaotic system. Dr. Laughlin will explain how very recent advances in computing technology have finally given us a solution to the problem. He will also show how the delicate gravitational interplay between the planets can be interpreted as a true "music of the spheres", and will audition for us the profoundly unsettling compositions that can result in the event that the planetary orbits go haywire in the extremely distant future.
Greg Laughlin is a Professor of Astronomy at the University of California at Santa Cruz. From 1999-2001 he worked as a planetary scientist at NASA's Ames Research Center. He is a leader in the field of detecting planets around other stars and is also an expert on the long-term fate of the Earth, the Solar System, the Galaxy, and the Universe. He is co-author of the popular book "The Five Ages of the Universe: Inside the Physics of Eternity".
One unit of astronomy course credit at Foothill is available to those who attend all six of the Silicon Valley Astronomy Lectures in 2010-2011 (you may watch one on the Web) and write a short paper. Lectures are always on Wednesday evenings, and there are two each quarter, from October through May. California residents pay $17 per unit
plus basic fees
for Foothill classes. To register for the course, ASTRO 36
, go to www.foothill.edu/admissions
The free lecture series is sponsored by the Foothill College Astronomy Program, NASA Ames Research Center, SETI Institute and Astronomical Society of the Pacific. Past lectures from the series are available online in MP3-format at http://www.astrosociety.org/education/podcast/index.html.
Visitors must purchase a campus parking permit for $2 from yellow dispensers in student lots. Parking lots 1, 7 and 8 provide stair and no-stair access to the theatre. For more information, access www.foothill.edu or call (650) 949-7888.
Phone us at: (650) 949-7888Click here for more information.
Check this link for additional information: http://www.foothill.edu/news/maps.phpSpecial Notice: Admission is free; parking is $2. Purchase parking permit from dispensers in any student lot. | <urn:uuid:3fa31668-696a-4f24-baad-5674d9f2d40b> | {
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Jobs available to those with a business degree often include: marketing copywriter, general manager, accountant, economist, business analyst, auditor and information technology manager. There are a wide variety of opportunities related to having a degree in business, depending on one's particular area of specialization.Continue Reading
An education in business is geared toward preparation for a variety of positions, and a degree holder can sometimes find work in management directly out of school. A business degree is intended to prepare students to excel in roles such as business analyst or human resources generalist, while also teaching the skills needed to become an effective leader and manager. When the degree holder gains experience with a specific company, they are then qualified to take on management responsibilities and challenges.
Several different specializations are offered with business degrees, such as accounting, finance, economics, management, marketing, sales and management information systems, and are offered at most universities that have a college of business. Advanced degrees, such as an MBA or a doctoral degree, can qualify the holder for senior-level executive positions. These degrees can also lead to teaching opportunities, either at a community college or a four-year university. More education leads to more opportunities in private industry and in academia.Learn more about Career Aspirations | <urn:uuid:d5dfe6f3-3d90-488e-9991-e1b35a15cfd7> | {
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On most issues the “Three Musketeers” agree. With the Fair Tax, however, there are some differences.
The three of us agree that the current tax system needs fixing, that we should move away from an income-based tax, that those being taxed should be aware of how much they are paying in taxes, and that there should not be double taxation.
We also agree that it would be good to repeal the 16th Amendment and eliminate the agency (the Internal Revenue Service) that has so much power it can target, harass, and, yes, even abuse taxpayers just because they disagree with the political point of view of the administration in the White House.
And we also agree that everybody should pay something. Like Margaret Thatcher is quoted in the movie “The Iron Lady,” “If you live in this county you must pay for the privilege — something, anything. If you pay nothing you care nothing.”
The differences come when you actually start reading the legislation (House Resolution 25). Nancy Pelosi said you need to pass the bill (ObamaCare) in order to know what is in it. We all know what a disastrous mistake that was.
One needs to be careful when enacting legislation to make sure there are no unintended consequences.
For example, the tax rate being considered is over 25 percent. What would keep the Congress from increasing this tax rate if it is unable to curb its voracious appetite for spending?
If one is to have a Fair Tax, one needs amend the Constitution to limit the tax rate and require voter approval if that amount is to be increased. That is what we do at a local level; why not require it at the federal level as well?
Additionally, I don’t like the idea of the federal government handing out checks — equal to the amount of the tax a person at the poverty level would pay — to every person in the country (“pre-bates”).
Doing this just reinforces the mindset that the federal government is the source of money — when it isn’t! Instead, I’d much prefer to exempt from tax items that are deemed essential to life such as basic foods, prescriptions and the like — things that are needed for basic survival but not things like alcohol, tobacco and snack foods.
But let’s be honest, in order for Fair Tax become a reality we need people in Congress who are not so influenced by special interests that they can make it happen.
Because this would require the repeal of the 16th Amendment, we also need state legislators who will support this repeal. This will not happen until there is widespread support among the people of our nation.
The “Three Musketeers” believe the Fair Tax approach makes a lot of sense, even though we have our differences on how to implement it. | <urn:uuid:d1334447-83b9-417a-b08d-ac2d72ca3eb4> | {
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Business Ethicsu06d2 Case Analysis: Gas or Grouse
In preparation for this discussion:
* Read "Gas or Grouse" on pages 254-257 in the course textbook.
* View "To Drill or Not to Drill" (6:13), segment five on the ABC News Videos for Business Ethics CD-ROM.
After you have read the case and viewed the video segment:
* Discuss the actions of Questar and the outcome of the resulting litigation from an ethical perspective, bearing in mind the heavy dependence of the United States on oil, and the effect of the current oil shortage on the country's economy.
The energy company Questar, is known for supplying a natural gas that burns cleaner than others because of the molecular structure it possess. This supply of natural gas allows the United States to be less contingent on foreign companies for energy supplies and provides royalties for the state of Wyoming. Questar drills and operates in close proximity to wildlife habitats that rely on the mesa, sagebrush and high elevation for survival. The Bureau of Land Management has specific limitations based on the habitat surrounding the drilling sites that Questar must follow to protect the wildlife. Studies were conducted that indicated that the restrictions were not sufficient enough to address the decline in the sage grouse; although Questar have followed the guidelines set forth by the Bureau of Land Management. The sage grouse are being considered for the endangered species list as it is believed to have a population of only 250,000 remaining. The argument that Questar presents is that the federal land was needed for the United States for drilling and mining.
To reduce the impact of operations that would affect wildlife, Questar executives prepared a plan to invest in new technology. They petitioned for permits that would allow them to drill for the entire year at a single pad instead of closing down for the winter months. The approval of the permits was given for five years by the Bureau of Land Management, but... | <urn:uuid:38ecd4e6-ec95-40b0-9e91-abbf0b5ce365> | {
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Our next challenge is texturing the sprite. To apply a two dimensional texture to the 3D sprite we need to flatten it. If we have 288 separate vertices (see section A Simple 3D Sprite), we can flatten the sprite any way we want, but when the triangles are sharing vertices we cannot separate them, and a flattened cylinder is sometimes difficult to texture. Either the sides will be curved or the ends will be flattened.
We probably want to texture the sides as a single rectangular area and each end as a rough circle. So we separate the ends from the sides. This doubles the number of vertices. Cutting one edge of the sides so it can be unwrapped adds two more vertices.
Now we have 98 vertices instead of 48. This is a big hit, but it may be necessary to get the artwork done fast and well. Fortunately, we still have only 98 vertices instead of 288, but can we do better than that? Do we have to duplicate the 3D coordinates just because we need more texture coordinates?
We experimented with a system where the sprite had a different set of 3D coordinates (vertices), texture coordinates (texels) and vertex normals (for shading). For example: our cylinder could have each triangle connected to any 3 of the 48 unique vertices and any 3 of the 98 texels, instead of the current system where the triangle has 3 indices used for both vertices and texels. Unfortunately our approach proved awkward, slow and difficult to optimize.
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All the examples will use this simple table for explanation.
Attribute is column, and tuple is row. In this table the attributes are from A to F.
A is determinant, B is dependant.
B is functional dependent on A.
A and B are composite key which functionally determines C.
The determinant must only determine a unique value, the same determinant cannot have more than one unique value, the below example is not allowed. A is the determinant which cannot determine B and C, it must be either determining B or C not both.
Different determinants however can have the same values. Such as attribute A determines B, attribute C also determines B.
Partially functional dependency
A and B are candidate keys, but C is dependent only to A. This is partially functional dependent.
Transitive functional dependency
F is dependent on D, but D is not part of candidate key.
E and F dependent on D, but D is not part of candidate key.
Normalisation is to remove duplicates. Duplicates or redundant values in a database will create problems. These problems are:
Update anomaly, deletion anomaly, and insert anomaly.
- Update anomaly.
Consider below table, there supposed I need to change C5 to something else, I need to change all instances that has C5.
- Insert anomaly.
Suppose I want to insert a new instance in attribute B, I will need to update a new value in attribute A as well. Insert anomaly arises when inserting a new value requires to insert another attribute as well.
- Deletion anomaly.
This anomaly happens when a deletion of a value in an attribute also deletes the values of other attribute(s). Consider if I delete A4, I inadvertently lost B4, C5, D4, E4 and F4.
To qualify for 1NF these are the requirements:
a. Attributes must be unique.
b. Values in tuple must be atomic i.e. no multiple values, only one value.
c. Values in tuple must be the same domain. Example if the attribute is date, the value must be date related.
2NF must have the qualification of 1NF and in addition must not have attributes that are partially functional dependent.
Example of 2NF
A and B determine C, A determine B, no partially dependent.
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EEHV: Frequently asked questions
Q1. What is elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) and why can’t it be treated?
A1. Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) is a type of herpesvirus, which can cause a highly fatal haemorrhagic disease when transmitted to young Asian elephants. When there is enough virus present in the blood to create a positive diagnosis, or when symptoms start to show, it is normally too late to treat the disease.
EEHV doesn’t discriminate. Whether it’s an 18-month-old calf at Chester Zoo, or the young of a herd in the wilds of Asia, EEHV can strike without warning. As well as the deaths we are aware of in zoos, EEHV is known to have caused deaths in at least seven countries across the Asian elephant range in the wild – India, Nepal, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Indonesia (Sumatra) and Myanmar.
There are various strains of EEHV, which have affected young elephants. Currently there is no vaccination against it as researchers have yet to be able to culture the virus which is necessary to create a vaccine and determine what drugs are most effective.
Chester Zoo is at the forefront of ongoing international collaborative research into EEHV in the hope of a breakthrough that will enable us to ultimately prevent this global disease.
We are part of the global conservation community committed to researching EEHV and finding ways of improving outcomes for elephants which develop the virus and ultimately develop a preventative vaccine.
Q2. Can you tell me more about the ground-breaking research Chester Zoo is conducting to try to find a cure for the virus?
A2. Chester Zoo scientists - backed by more than £220,000 of public donations, a major partnership with The University of Surrey, and an international collaboration of conservationists - are making progress in the ongoing fight to find a cure for EEHV, but the journey is a long one.
Since we launched this Never Forget campaign in 2016, the research funding has helped to provide:
- A Chester Zoo Conservation Fellow, post-doctoral position to work in collaboration with the University of Surrey and the Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA). Dr Tanja Maehr’s research involves identifying some of the key mechanisms and elements of the elephant’s immune system to find a way to control the effects of EEHV.
- Chester Zoo’s Veterinary Manager and one of the zoo’s Conservation Scholars have published results of a scientific study assessing a blood sampling technique to help in the detection of EEHV, as part of efforts to disseminate information among scientists fighting the disease worldwide.
- Zoo staff have been working closely with the leading Virologist at APHA, who developed a method to detect EEHV, to gain understanding of the equipment & materials needed to treat EEHV.
- A PCR (polymerase chain reaction) machine which tests blood samples on site at the zoo to provide immediate test results, enabling the zoo’s teams of keepers and vets to monitor the elephants daily and act more quickly in the case of a positive test.
Q3. Can EEHV be treated with the application of antiviral drugs?
A3. Frequent blood testing means that we can begin anti-viral treatment before a calf shows any outward physical symptoms. As soon as we detect any change we begin treatment but sadly this is a disease that takes hold very quickly and treatment is rarely effective.
Q4. Is the disease only found in zoo animals and can it spread?
A4. This virus does not discriminate between zoo elephants and elephants in the wild. Whether it’s a calf at Chester Zoo, or the young of a herd in the wilds of Asia, EEHV can strike without any known causes or reason. Research is ongoing but there is still a way to go before we fully understand this disease and how it manifests itself in some elephants and not others.
Q5. Will other elephants at Chester Zoo be susceptible to the disease?
A5. The elephants most susceptible are those around the age of weaning. In many the virus can lie dormant and undetectable and never develops into the disease. We are yet to learn why some elephants get it and others don’t.
Q6. How are the other young elephants in the herd, Anjan and Indali? Are they at risk?
A6. Anjan and Indali are both doing really well and are currently showing no signs of illness. This is a difficult time for the close-knit family herd, but they will pull together and care for each other. They are all under the watchful eye of our dedicated team.
Q7. Would keeping young elephants in isolation help tackle the disease?
A7. The reality is that EEHV is a very common endemic virus in elephants which can lie dormant, so keeping an animal in isolation would not be the answer. We work hard to maintain a natural, happy and healthy structure for the herd (which comprises four generations) to ensure both the physical and social well-being of the elephants. Creating clinical conditions is not the answer.
Q8. What do you do to monitor the elephants?
A8. Our elephant, science and veterinary teams work closely with the elephants, monitoring their health on a daily basis. Our elephant house has a special training bay for our young elephants and we have specially trained our keepers so that we can very easily take blood samples and conduct mouth checks. We use the very latest PCR (polymerase chain reaction) technology to test for the herpes virus. It enables us to amplify a single copy or a few copies of a piece of DNA, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence. This means that we can detect the slightest change and start drug treatment immediately.
Q9. What is being done to prevent further occurrences?
A9. We carry out frequent blood tests on our young elephants to give us the best possible chance of catching the virus and administering treatment early (more information in A5).
Meanwhile, we are undertaking extensive research into this in the hope that one day a cure can be found to help the endangered Asian elephant. Co-operative multi-institutional research efforts have been underway for many years to study EEHV, identify the various strains, learn about their transmission, develop and improve treatments and hopefully find a vaccine. We are part of the collaborative international effort which has already led to more effective testing and earlier detection.
Our research to date has advanced our knowledge of the genetics of the virus and of the specific nature of the elephant’s immune response, both important areas to understand in order to develop effective treatments and preventions.
We are researching the times at which adult elephants are likely to be shedding more of the virus with a view to trying to predict periods of high risk for susceptible calves within a family herd. Progress in these areas is directly informing and enabling effective preventative strategies.
It is not a cure, but we have identified medication which may act as an immune system boost to help the calves through the critical period of weaning when they are most at risk of developing symptoms of the disease; this is being used within our own herd.
Work is progressing on a therapy using proteins called interferons, which are part of the natural immune response. Our researchers have also actively been pursuing prevention strategies that include the potential for developing a vaccine.
We would like to understand further the distribution and prevalence of this devastating disease in the natural ranges countries of the Asian elephant; we know that it is steadily being detected in more and more wild populations. The more we know about exactly where it occurs and why, the closer we will be to finding a solution.
A lasting preventative solution to this disease does not yet exist, and it is a long process, but we are moving closer.
Q10. Is this a recurring event for Chester Zoo’s herd of Asian elephants?
A10. The disease can affect Asian elephants in all zoos and in the wild and is indiscriminate. Chester has a large breeding herd of elephants regularly producing calves, which means we regularly have calves at the susceptible weaning age. Research is ongoing and along with other zoos, we contribute funds to research projects and play an active role in international efforts to tackle this devastating disease. If we are going to find a cure to this devastating virus, it is most likely to result from zoo led research.
Q11. Is this down to poor hygiene or ineffective husbandry practices?
A11. No, our keepers work hand in hand with our animal management and veterinary teams to ensure we are delivering world-leading care to all our animals.
Q12. Does this virus affect African elephants too?
A12. It does, but it is much milder in African elephants and rarely proves fatal.
Q13. Will you stop breeding elephants at Chester Zoo?
A13. No. To lose any elephant is devastating but we have a responsibility to do everything we can to understand this disease in order to have a chance of eradicating it both in zoos and, crucially, in the wild. Asian elephants are already endangered and it is hoped that the work being done in zoos will hold the key to unlocking the information researchers need to make a positive breakthrough. At Chester Zoo we have been hugely successful in breeding Asian elephants and we are committed to continuing with these important conservation efforts.
Q14. How widespread is the disease?
A14. We know EEHV has been recorded in at least seven countries across the Asian elephant range in the wild – India, Nepal, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Indonesia (Sumatra) and Myanmar.
Q15. Have elephants in other zoos encountered EEHV?
A15. Yes, many other zoos across Europe, USA and Australasia have had elephants affected by the virus.
Q16. Can this condition affect other animals?
A16. EEHV only affects elephants.
Q17. What is the effect on the rest of the herd when an elephants dies?
A17. Elephants are highly social animals so any death will affect them, particularly losing a young offspring – just as it does in the wild. They go through a grieving process but do soon move on from it. | <urn:uuid:69600b68-b8d7-41da-adb3-e48d94e9203d> | {
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On first hearing, it sounds like something out of science fiction: mapping the genome of a person who has not been born yet. But that's exactly what geneticists at the University of Washington announced that they were able to do.
Their accomplishment has been called a "glance into the future." But the question is: What kind of future?
Writing in the journal "Science Translational Medicine," the researchers described how they reconstructed the genome of an unborn child using a blood sample from a pregnant woman and a saliva sample from the father.
According to the New York Times, they used a combination of "new high-speed DNA sequencing and some statistical and computational acrobatics." Their accomplishment "heralds an era in which parents might find it easier to know the complete DNA blueprint of a child months before it is born."
Now, "high-speed DNA sequencing" and "statistical and computational acrobatics" sounds impressive. But this begs the most important question: Why would parents want to know their unborn child's complete DNA blueprint months before he or she is born?
The specter of "Gattaca" (the 1998 film about a society in which most children are made-to-order), is so visible in this story that even the New York Times warned of serious ethical considerations; considerations such as the possibility of an "increase [in] abortions for reasons that have little to do with medical issues and more to do with parental preferences for traits in children."
Not only would fetuses with genetic diseases be aborted, as they usually are now, but the article says "it is also possible that parents may be tempted to terminate if the fetus lacked a favorable trait like athletic prowess."
Marcy Darnovsky of the Center for Genetics and Society told the Times that this technology could "spur questions on 'who deserves to be born.' " In a similar vein, Dr. Stephen A. Brown of the University of Vermont spoke of a move toward "positive selection"—a euphemism for God-like decisions about who should be allowed to be born.
For all the talk about "better and better prenatal diagnosis," experience teaches us to be skeptical about where this genetic foresight will lead.
For starters, there's what happens to unborn children who are diagnosed in utero with genetic illnesses: relatively few of them are ever born. Prenatal diagnosis already functions as a kind of "weeding out" process: Adding "thousands of genetic diseases" to the list, as this new technology will make possible, simply means more dead children.
And, for the foreseeable future, this technology cannot heal anyone – it can only give prospective parents reasons to kill their unborn child. A child made in the image of God.
Anybody who thinks that parents won't be tempted to turn to their local geneticist for the perfect baby has not been paying attention. We already live in a culture where some parents demand that doctors prescribe a Schedule II amphetamine, Adderall, just to help their kids compete against their peers. And a culture that can't bring itself to meaningfully condemn sex-selection abortions, at home or abroad, will not stand in the way of parents who want to play God.
All of which makes this "glance into the future" the stuff of science fiction nightmares.
Reprinted with permission
BreakPoint is a ministry of Prison Fellowship Ministries
Published, July 2012
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Mark R. Long
Morris Graduate School of Management
Review of “Methods of Resolving Interpersonal Conflict”
The article (Burke 1969) describes a number of methods for negotiating and handling conflicts. In this article the author describes both effective and ineffective methods ranging from force to withdrawal. Each method is defined by a number of examples. The most effective technique, Confrontation Problem Solving, is identified and described in terms of its characteristics.
The second best resolution technique defined in Table 1 is Forcing while the worst technique was also Forcing. Forcing was the second best resolution technique under the Effective Resolution column at 24.5%, following the best technique at 58.5% Confrontation Problem Solving. Forcing also was the worst resolution technique at 79.2% under the Ineffective Resolution column. Forcing was seen to be effective by the “winners” of a win-lose conflict. It was seen by “losers” of a win-lose conflict to be ineffective. Forcing is perceived as an effective method of resolving conflict by the victor, but not by the vanquished.
From the first four examples in the text (Burke 1969) the best example is number 4. This example highlighted the fact that through problem solving both parties can benefit. Working through their differences they reached a solution that was optimal to both of them. This created a win-win scenario. With neither side feeling the “victim”, a better resolution was discovered. They can now build on this success to resolve the next problem without any carryover of negative history between the parties.
From the remaining examples in the text (Burke 1969) the worst examples are numbers 5, 6, 7. All three illustrated Forcing as a method of conflict resolution. A win-lose situation is created. In each of the cases the superior prevails over the subordinate. This creates a win-lose situation where only one side perceives... | <urn:uuid:ec45a774-ee20-42ad-b1ba-8c7870d1dd94> | {
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Subacute: A slower, less severe progression of the disease. Symptoms include recurrent fever, weight loss, an enlarged spleen (felt during a rectal examination), anemia, and swelling of the lower chest, abdominal wall, penile sheath, scrotum, and legs.
Chronic: Horse tires easily and is unsuitable for work. May have a recurrent fever and anemia, may relapse to the subacute or acute form even several years after the original attack.
There are currently no statistics available on mortality of EIA. No statistics are available of horses actually dying of acute forms. See also
A horse may also not appear to have any symptoms, yet still tests positive for EIA antibodies. This horse can still pass on the disease. According to most veterinarians, horses diagnosed EIA positive are usually not showing any sign of sickness or disease.
EIA may cause abortion in pregnant mares. This may occur at any time during the pregnancy if there is a relapse when the virus enters the blood. Most infected mares will abort, however some give birth to healthy foals. Foals are not necessarily infected.
Studies indicate that there are breeds with a tolerance to EIA.
Recent studies in Brazil on living wild horses have shown that about 30% of the horses are chronically infected with EIA yet seem to live a normal life.
Reuse of syringes and needles is a risk factor for transfer of the disease. Currently in the United States, all horses that test positive must be reported to federal authorities by the testing laboratory. Options for the horse include sending the horse to a recognized research facility, branding the horse and quarantining it at least 200 yards from other horses for the rest of its life, and euthanizing the horse. EIA-positive horses are infected for life. The horse industry and the veterinary industry strongly suggest that infected horses, even if they are not showing any clinical signs, are enough of a reason to enforce such stringent rules, although there are no conclusions of the effect of the disease on the horse industry.
The Coggins test (agar immunodiffusion) is a sensitive diagnostic test for equine infectious anemia developed by Dr. Leroy Coggins in the 1970s.
Currently, the USA does not have an eradication program due to the low rate of incidence, however many states require a negative Coggins test for interstate travel. In addition, most horse shows and events require a negative Coggins test. Most countries require a negative test result before allowing an imported horse into the country.
It is recommended to verify that all the horses at a breeding farm and or boarding facility have a negative Coggins test before using their services. A Coggins test should be done on an annual basis. Tests every 6 months are recommended if there is increased traveling. | <urn:uuid:c5dabde2-b74f-4840-9816-f32535c30033> | {
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Clothing, Traditional—Hong Kong
The changshan, or long gowns, for men, had a curved front opening on the right side, fastened with buttons and loops, and an upright collar. Silk was often used for summer garments; winter garments were wadded or lined with fur.
Women wore the ao, a knee-length dress styled like the changshan, with a full-length skirt consisting of front and back panels with pleats or godets (cloth inserts) at the sides to allow movement. The portion of the skirt that showed below the aoku, were worn under the ao, and these continued to be worn by women who performed physical labor. For middle- and upper-class women, accessories included an embroidered headband that concealed the plucked forehead, bound-foot shoes, and ankle covers. was originally heavily embroidered but later was made in plain black or other dark, undecorated fabric. Originally, loose baggy trousers, orA version of these garments continued to be worn through the latter part of the twentieth century as part of traditional ceremonial dress. Changshan for men and qun gua, skirts and jackets, for women, and dajinshan, blouses with large lapels that fastened with huaniu (buttons and loops) to the right, had their origins in everyday dress of previous decades. | <urn:uuid:b8731f61-ceac-4b02-9b0f-aa31c1e78196> | {
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Is your child being bullied?
Tips for dealing with school bullies
The word bully is one parents dread, and it doesn't matter whether their child is on the giving or the receiving end of the problem.
Bullies are a common problem in schools today. How you handle bullying can have a large impact on this and future situations, and set the stage for what is and is not appropriate behavior for your child. If you've recently found that your child is being bullied or is a bully, get involved, get active, and help curb bullying behavior before it goes too far.
Address the issue of bullying with your child: This isn't something parents can handle on their own -- you must involve your child in the decision to end the bullying cycle.
If your child is being bullied, parents need to understand how and to what extent the bullying is taking place. FamilyLobby.com lists multiple types of bullying including digital bullying, physical bullying and emotional bullying. The effects of each are equally harmful and powerful. Determine what type of bullying is taking place and proceed from there.
If your child is the bully, he or she may not be willing to admit to his or her misbehavior. However, don't brush the behavior off with a quick, "Don't do it again." It's important for parents of a bully to figure out what's going on so they can change their child's behavior.
Speak with school or sports officials, not other parents: Though we'd like to believe that all parents are understanding of the issue of bullying, that isn't always the case.
Bullying can be a learned behavior. Going directly to a child's parents might not always be the best course of action. PBSKids.org notes the importance of addressing bullying with teachers, principals or coaches, depending on where the bullying is taking place. Professionals who deal with children on a regular basis should have training in addressing issues such as bullying; letting them take the reins here is a good idea. This is true for parents of the bullied and the bully. If you suspect that your child is a bully, talk to his teacher or coach to get a clearer picture of the situation. This can help you as you address the issue with your child.
Stay active and involved: After you've addressed the issue of bullying with your child and involved adults, don't assume that the issue is closed. Stay active and involved in the bullying situation so that you can quickly intervene again should the situation get out of hand.
Stay in contact with teachers and coaches and expect that they will do the same with you. Talk to your child regularly about school, sports and extracurricular activities.
If the bullying continues, it may be necessary to expand the participating parties, especially because bullying behavior has been shown to have disastrous consequences for some children. An outside professional or a group meeting may become necessary if parental and school involvement does not result in a satisfactory conclusion.
Copyright 2010, Internet Broadcasting. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed. | <urn:uuid:cb4032d2-0d9f-4591-bdd5-d9dad047be5b> | {
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Early Medieval (AD 410 – AD 1066)
Dartmoor’s earlier medieval archaeological evidence is in the form of stones inscribed in Latin or with Christian symbols. These are concentrated around the edges of the moor and indicate both early Christian activity and a degree of literacy, at least among the upper levels of society. Other evidence is currently largely absent, though it seems likely that the population continued to live in the same settlements with similar lifestyles to their Romano-British and Iron Age ancestors.
The expansion of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex into the south-west, between the 5th and 8th centuries, prompted population movements and probably settlement change. The settlement of Lydford on the western side of Dartmoor is a sign of the Royal authority of the rulers of Wessex as it was established in the late 9th century as a burgh; a special form of fortified town intended to counteract the destructive Viking raids of the period. Although it declined in importance in later centuries, in its heyday Lydford contained a mint, silver pennies from which have been found as far away as Scandanavia.
Late Medieval Period (AD1066 – 1500)
The aftermath of the Norman Conquest saw many castles constructed across England and Dartmoor was no exception with fortifications being established at Lydford, and Okehampton with a third, at Hembury, being built during the civil war of King Stephen’s reign in the mid-12th century. The first two remained in use throughout the medieval period although their forms and functions were continuously adapted to the changing demands of government and administration.
Documentary evidence from the this period tells us that the moors of Dartmoor were used for intensive summer grazing with tens of thousands of livestock being brought from all over Devon to take advantage of the upland pastures. It is likely that this had been an annual custom well before the later medieval period, but this is the first time we have clear and detailed evidence for the practice.
A beneficial climate in the first part of the period led to population growth in the lowlands prompting expansion of settlement onto the marginal land of the moorland fringes. However a climatic downturn, combined with the Black Death in the 14th century, led to abandonment of many such settlements leaving behind the remains of farmsteads and extensive areas of relict medieval fieldscapes such as those at Hound Tor.
Dartmoor was also an industrial landscape at this time and surviving documents provide evidence for a thriving tin extraction industry which has left its mark on the moorland landscape to this day. The moors were thus a busy place in the late medieval period, but also a threatening and dangerous one and as a result people continued to erect stones, now in the shape of crosses, marking safe routes and perhaps providing places for prayer.
Find out more about human history on Dartmoor | <urn:uuid:64bd97ab-8d65-49c2-b9aa-6af05f228b5c> | {
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Let’s Learn How to Draw is a great interactive drawing app that guides users through various art lessons in drawing a variety of figures including, dogs, trains, and monsters. With 5 lessons increasing in difficulty in each module and the option for a free draw scratchpad, this all inclusive art app not only teaches children of all ages how to draw, but also inspires them to create their own drawings from their active imaginations.
5 Lessons in each module
Sketchpad for free drawing
It is clear that a lot of time and effort went into this fun art app. Everything from the dogs, trains, and silly monsters pictures to the easy to use lessons themselves make this one of the best art apps around. There is not only a free draw option with the sketchpad, but actual guidance given in each lesson that allows children to learn how to draw specific figures.
They also have the option of simply coloring a particular picture with a variety of 18 colors to choose from that adds to the many options this app provides. The 4 brush and eraser sizes also give users lots of freedom in their creativity to make the perfect picture before they save it to the device they are using. It seems the app developers have thought of it all when they created this app.
Let’s Learn How To Draw is the perfect drawing app because of the many features and progressive lessons it uses to guide and teach kids to draw various figures. After selecting a module, children select the lesson they want to complete and then are guided by dotted lines (similar to what you would follow for learning to write) to follow in order to draw the specific figure. They have the option of using an “assist mode” feature that will automatically change the child’s figures to match the actual drawing no matter how much it resembles the real thing or not. After the lesson is complete they get to color their drawing, save it, and move on to the next lesson. With this app, learning to draw has never been so much fun.
For little artists that love to doodle and draw this is the perfect app to keep them busy. With 15 lessons in all and the endless fun the scratchpad offers, this app will keep children busy for as long as their imaginations can come up with ideas. The coloring only feature is also perfect for little ones that may not be ready for an actual lesson and provides entertainment for children of all ages.
There are two versions of Let’s Learn How To Draw available, a free option and the full version. I recommend parents check out the free version to decide if they want to make the full purchase. With so many options to choose from, the educational benefits, and the hours of entertainment offered in the full version the price is a steal. I think parents will agree that getting a “how to” drawing app that also has free creative play for a couple dollars is a great deal.
Let’s Learn How To Draw is not just for children that are already great artists. It is truly an app that can be used to teach children how to draw certain figures as well as allow them the ability to explore their own creativity through the sketchpad. Younger users may find it fun to simply color in the pictures provided until they are ready to tackle their first drawing lesson, but even they will find it easy to use.
The drawing lessons are great. As children begin to draw each figure they are guided by dotted lines that they can easily follow. There are 5 levels in each module that increase in difficulty providing a progressive lesson for children as they increase their drawing abilities. This app is perfect for beginners and children looking to increase their already natural talent for art. | <urn:uuid:5918d905-67bd-451d-b2d9-52ce3dcf8e24> | {
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Today is Monday, Dec. 31, the 366th and final day of 2012.
Today's Highlight in History:
On Dec. 31, 1862, President Abraham Lincoln signed an enabling act paving the way for Virginia' western counties to become the state of West Virginia, which took place in June 1863.
On this date:
In 1759, Arthur Guinness founded his famous brewery at St. James's Gate in Dublin.
In 1775, during the Revolutionary War, the British repulsed an attack by Continental Army generals Richard Montgomery and Benedict Arnold at Quebec; Montgomery was killed.
In 1879, Thomas Edison first publicly demonstrated his electric incandescent light in Menlo Park, N.J.
In 1909, the Manhattan Bridge, spanning the East River between Manhattan and Brooklyn, was officially opened to vehicular traffic.
In 1946, President Harry S. Truman officially proclaimed the end of hostilities in World War II.
In 1951, the Marshall Plan expired after distributing more than $12 billion in foreign aid.
In 1969, Joseph A. Yablonski, an unsuccessful candidate for the presidency of the United Mine Workers of America, was shot to death with his wife and daughter in their Clarksville, Pa., home by hitmen acting at the orders of UMWA president Tony Boyle.
In 1972, Major League baseball player Roberto Clemente, 38, was killed when a plane he'd chartered and was traveling on to bring relief supplies to earthquake-devastated Nicaragua crashed shortly after takeoff from Puerto Rico.
In 1985, singer Rick Nelson, 45, and six other people were killed when fire broke out aboard a DC-3 that was taking the group to a New Year's Eve performance in Dallas.
In 1986, 97 people were killed when fire broke out in the Dupont Plaza Hotel in San Juan, Puerto Rico. (Three hotel workers later pleaded guilty in connection with the blaze.)
In 1987, Robert Mugabe, prime minister of Zimbabwe, was sworn in as the country's first executive president.
In 1992, President George H.W. Bush visited Somalia, where he saw firsthand the famine racking the east African nation, and praised U.S. troops who were providing relief to the starving population.
Ten years ago: Emerging from holiday seclusion at his Texas ranch, President George W. Bush told reporters an attack by Saddam Hussein or a terrorist ally "would cripple our economy." North Korea accused the United States of planning an invasion and vowed to fight "to the last man" hours after it expelled two U.N. monitors, leaving its nuclear program shrouded in secrecy. An explosion at a clandestine fireworks factory in the Mexican port city of Veracruz ignited an entire city block, killing 28 people.
Page 2 of 2 -
Five years ago: President George W. Bush signed legislation to allow states and local governments to cut investment ties with Sudan because of the violence in Darfur. Sara Jane Moore, who took a shot at President Gerald R. Ford in San Francisco in 1975, was paroled after 32 years behind bars.
One year ago: President Barack Obama signed a wide-ranging defense bill into law despite having "serious reservations" about provisions that regulated the detention, interrogation and prosecution of suspected terrorists. A NASA spacecraft fired its engine and slipped into orbit around the moon in the first of two back-to-back arrivals over the New Year's weekend.
Today's Birthdays: TV producer George Schlatter is 83. Actor Sir Anthony Hopkins is 75. Actor Tim Considine ("My Three Sons") is 72. Actress Sarah Miles is 71. Rock musician Andy Summers is 70. Actor Sir Ben Kingsley is 69. Producer-director Taylor Hackford is 68. Fashion designer Diane von Furstenberg is 66. Actor Tim Matheson is 65. Pop singer Burton Cummings is 65. Actor Joe Dallesandro is 64. Rock musician Tom Hamilton (Aerosmith) is 61. Actor James Remar is 59. Actress Bebe Neuwirth is 54. Actor Val Kilmer is 53. Singer Paul Westerberg is 53. Actor Don Diamont is 50. Rock musician Ric Ivanisevich (Oleander) is 50. Rock musician Scott Ian (Anthrax) is 49. Actress Gong Li is 47. Author Nicholas Sparks is 47. Actor Lance Reddick is 43. Pop singer Joe McIntyre is 40. Rock musician Mikko Siren (Apocalyptica) is 37. Rapper PSY is 35. Rock musician Bob Bryar is 33. Olympic gold medal gymnast Gabby Douglas is 17.
Thought for Today: "In masks outrageous and austere/ The years go by in single file;/ But none has merited my fear,/ And none has quite escaped my smile." — Elinor Wylie, American author (1885-1928). | <urn:uuid:6682a72e-9bc6-419d-b1a2-bfe9f107bd74> | {
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Which Sex is the Smarter? (Jun, 1954)
“All other factors being equal”? So they controlled for the widespread gender bias that was present at the time? Because if girls even think that boys will do better than them on a test (or vice versa, or any particular group) it can have a negative impact on their test scores. It’s called the Stereotype Threat.
Which Sex is the Smarter?
Other factors being equal, men are as much as 50 percent better than women at solving complicated problems, according to Edward J. Sweeney, Stanford University research psychologist. It took Dr. Sweeney two years and multitudes of tests given to male and female students to arrive at this conclusion.
Intelligence is a combination of many special abilities, says Dr. Sweeney, and problem-solving is only one of them. As for general intelligence, he adds, there has never been any demonstrable superiority of either sex at any age.
To give the sexes an even-up start, Dr. Sweeney first gave intelligence tests to a large number of men and women students. Using the scores, he selected groups of 50 to 100 matched in general intelligence.
The matched-intelligence groups then took a new battery of tests. Men won out in problem-solving, though women—as expected—showed superiority in verbal abilities.
At this point the sexes were re-matched for mathematical, mechanical, or visualization abilities—those in which men have previously shown themselves superior to women.
The ensuing tests demonstrated that these re-matched groups were about equal in problem-solving ability as long as the problems were simple and straightforward. But as the problems grew more complicated, the men once more took a commanding lead.
The problem complications involved “restructuring,” as psychologists put it. In such a problem the obvious means of solution won’t work, and an entirely new way must be found.
Sex differences in problem-solving have been reported previously as byproducts of other psychological experiments. But Dr. Sweeney’s experiments were the first ever designed specifically to test men’s problem-solving abilities against women’s. | <urn:uuid:a14edc27-10dd-4913-a47f-8c8e8dbb3bcb> | {
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By the Old Sarge
I lost a friend a couple of summers ago.
Joe was a fit middle-aged man and an avid golfer. He died as he was finishing a solo practice round on a local course.
A group playing behind Joe found his body on the tee box of the final hole. The cause of death was a massive heart attack. The word around the clubhouse was that Joe died with a smile on his face because he was doing something that he loved.
I don’t know about that because I wasn’t there. I do know that his wife wasn’t smiling at his funeral.
Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the U.S., and it’s responsible for 1 in 4 of all deaths. Joe was one of the 2,200 people who die every day from a heart attack or stroke.
Doctors offer the following early signs of heart disease that demand immediate action.
- Chest discomfort. Most heart attacks involve discomfort in the center of the chest that lasts more than a few minutes, or that goes away and comes back. It can feel like uncomfortable pressure, squeezing, fullness or pain.
- Discomfort in other areas of the upper body. Symptoms can include pain or discomfort in one or both arms, the back, neck, jaw or stomach.
- Shortness of breath with or without chest discomfort.
- Other signs may include breaking out in a cold sweat, nausea or lightheadedness.
February is American Heart Month. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) offers the following tips for heart health:
- See your doctor. Schedule regular check-ups even if you don’t think you are sick.
- Add exercise to your daily routine. Begin by walking 15 minutes, three times each week. By mid-month, increase to 30 minutes, three times each week.
- Eat healthy. Cook heart-healthy meals at home at least three times each week.
- Quit smoking. This can cut your risk for heart disease and stroke.
- Take your medication. Talk to your doctor if you have trouble taking your medicines on time or if you’re having side effects.
I didn’t know Joe well enough to know if he had experienced early warning signs of a heart attack, or even if he followed the CDC’s health advice. I do know that it’s never too late to make small changes that can improve your heart health. American Heart Month is a good time to start. | <urn:uuid:f662366f-0bf6-4195-91c1-46dca1d4dc30> | {
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Janelle is a 3rd grade student at a West Atlanta public school
In the video below, Janelle describes her Big Build. The Big Build is a final project for the students, one where they get to delve into a build and see a larger-scale project from beginning to end.
Her bubbly personality brought a real energy to STE(A)M Truck. One of the first builds that Janelle encountered with STE(A)M Truck was the Brick Build. Students worked in crews with a Maker Mentor and were given various challenges. Janelle and her team built the second tallest brick tower, applying their knowledge of post and beam structures. Janelle was especially proud of the snake mascot that they built during their final challenge.
A few days later, students were challenged to create a structure that would support a person and span a kiddie pool full of water... using only cardboard and duct tape. "I learned about the strength of a triangle and how using triangles in bridges makes them stronger." says Janelle.
Janelle's class was then presented with five options for their Two Day Build. She chose to do Stop Motion Animation. She and her group created their very own LEGO Movie style animation. "It tricks your brain into thinking that still pictures are actually moving!"
Lamar is a 3rd grade student at a West Atlanta public school
He is interested in becoming an engineer when he's older, he hadn't considered engineering prior to STE(A)M Truck's visit to his school. When he and his class did the Cardboard Bridge Build challenge he got really excited about the science behind everyday structures.
Given a choice of five different STE(A)M related activities, Lamar chose to learn about and create his own stop motion animation during the Two Day Build. He and two of his classmates made their very own wild west themed short film in less than an hour.
The next part of Lamar's time with STE(A)M Truck was the Big Build. The Big Build is a five to seven day project that allows the young makers to invest themselves a little further into a project. Lamar and his group made a variety of candy products from scratch, branded them, and sold them at STE(A)M Truck's science-fair-style Share Day.
Ariyae is a 3rd grade student at a West Atlanta public school
One of the first activities that Ariyae participated in when STE(A)M Truck came to her school was the Brick Build. Students work in teams to complete a variety of challenges using 100 bricks. When asked about the Brick Build a few days later, it was clear that she saw right to the heart of the activity and said, "It's about sharing your ideas with your friends. And teamwork, definitely teamwork." All STE(A)M Truck activities are centered around our core competencies such as collaboration, perseverance, and curiosity.
For her Two Day Build, Ariyae chose the Toy Hack. She worked with one of our Artists in Residence to reimagine some old toys in new and interesting ways. The project is about form and structure, fine motor skills, and a creativity. When asked why she chose the Toy Hack over the other options, she replied, "Because I like to express myself in art. I knew that if I chose the Toy Hack then I could express myself through the art I create."
Given an opportunity to chose a second Two Day Build, Ariyae found another way to express herself through her art, this time with some math incorporated into the activity. With one of our Maker Mentors and a few classmates, Ariyae created an original tessellating mural in the style of MC Escher. This activity required precise measurement, spatial thinking, and again, a good dose of creativity.
With not only a creative drive, but a business mind as well, Ariyae chose do the DIY Candy Making Business for her Big Build. In this build, the makers made a variety of candy products from scratch, branded them, created packaging, and sold them at the STE(A)M Truck Share Day.
For each activity that makers participate in during their time with STE(A)M Truck, they have the opportunity to earn a badge. Ariyae earned the Change Maker badge with the DIY Candy build. "We learned about the changes in matter. You have syrup and sugar and water. When they're mixed you can't get them back to their original state. And we made change when we sold our candy!" | <urn:uuid:18824a73-f546-4c5c-a98d-d8e59bea832b> | {
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Each week Albany Herald researcher Mary Braswell looks for interesting events, places and people from the past. You can contact her at (229) 888-9371 or [email protected].
As families gather for the traditional Thanksgiving meal all across this country (and others), here is a look at some of the foods that will be on many plates.
• The estimated number of turkeys raised in the United States in 2011 is 248 million.
• Minnesota tops the states in turkey production with 46.5 million. Other states with high turkey production numbers are North Carolina, 30 million; Arkansas, 30 million; Missouri, 18 million, and Indiana, 16 million.
• The turkey was initially considered as a possible national symbol of America, especially by Benjamin Franklin, but lost to the bald eagle.
• In 1970, the average live weight of a turkey was 17 pounds. By 2010, the average reached 28 pounds.
• Age of the turkey is the determining factor in taste. Old, large males are preferable to young toms, as tom meat is stringy. The opposite is true for females.
• Turkeys have great hearing, but no external ears. According to experts, they can also see in color, but have a poor sense of smell.
• Domesticated birds cannot fly, but wild turkeys can fly for short distances up to 55 mph.
• Turkeys have been known to have heart attacks, especially near military installations. The birds have been known to drop dead from shock because of passing jets.
• Researchers have identified at least 20 different vocalizations of turkeys. The birds recognize one another by their unique voices.
• Turkeys have excellent geography skills and can learn the details of a specific area up to 1,000 acres.
• Despite a physical similarity and a frequent confusion with their names, sweet potatoes and yams are not even distantly related. The two are, in fact, from separate botanical families.
• Native Americans were growing sweet potatoes when Columbus arrived in 1492.
• George Washington Carver developed 118 different products from the sweet potato. Among those products : a mucilage for postal stamps, dyes, wood filler, candy and library paste.
• In 1918, during World War I, when the supplies of wheat flour were diminishing, the USDA utilized sweet potato flour to stretch wheat flour in all baked goods.
• In 1943, the per capita consumption of sweet potatoes in the U.S. was 21.7 pounds. By 2007, the per capita had fallen to less than five pounds.
• North Carolina leads all other states in sweet potato production with 2.4 billion pounds in 2010.
• Sweet potatoes are among the most nutritious of all vegetables. The tubers are loaded with calcium, potassium and Vitamins A and C.
• Another name for cranberries is “bounceberries” because they bounce when ripe.
• Wild cranberries were very likely a part of the first Thanksgiving meal. It is known that Native Americans used the berries for food, dye and wound medication.
• The first recorded use of the word “cranberries” appeared in 1647 in a letter by missionary John Elliot.
• Sailors ate cranberries, a good source of Vitamin C, to prevent scurvy.
• The first commercial cranberry sauce was marketed in 1912 by the Cape Cod Cranberry Company.
• The Great Cranberry Scare of 1959 occurred when it was revealed that cranberries from Oregon and Washington had been contaminated with carcinogenic weed killer. The berries were pulled from the shelves just before Thanksgiving, causing a disaster in the business that lasted several years.
• Wisconsin is the nation’s top producer of cranberries with an expected 430 million pounds for 2011.
• One cup of fresh cranberries contains about 50 calories. One cup of cranberry sauce contains about 400 calories.
• Green beans, snap beans and string beans are interchangeable names for the same basic vegetable.
• Consumed in excess uncooked or improperly cooked, green beans can be harmful due to the high concentration of lectins.
• Green beans are a true American food. Native Americans planted them in corn and allowed them to grow up the stalks.
• There are at least 130 varieties of green beans. In addition to green, they can be white, purple, golden or red.
• The first stringless beans were bred in 1894 by Calvin Keeney.
Macaroni and cheese
• Although the definitive origin of macaroni and cheese is not known, the first known recipe for the dish is from 13th century Italy. The recipe calls for lasagna sheets and fermented cheese.
• Macaroni and cheese is the No. 1 cheese recipe in the U.S. and the most popular cheese for the dish is cheddar.
• The first recipe for macaroni and cheese on a box of pasta appeared in 1802. The recipe was actually printed on a piece of paper and wrapped around the pasta inside the box.
• Kraft introduced its boxed version of macaroni and cheese in 1937. During the first year, 9 million boxes were sold. Today, Kraft sells more than 1 million boxes per day.
• In 1993, Crayola named a crayon “macaroni and cheese.”
• The name “pumpkin” originated from “pepon,” the Greek word for large melon.
• Native Americans flattened strips of pumpkin, dried them and made mats.
• Colonists sliced off the pumpkin tops, removed the seeds and filled the insides with milk and spices. These were baked in hot ashes — the original pumpkin pies.
• Pumpkins were once recommended for removing freckles and treating snake bites.
• Illinois led the nation in pumpkin production with 427 million pounds in 2010.
• Pumpkin flowers are edible and roasted pumpkin seeds make an excellent snack.
• The pecan is the only major tree nut that grows naturally in North America.
• In the late 1980s, the Albany/Moutrie area and Okmulgee, Okla., had annual back-and-forth battles for baking the world’s largest pecan pie. The last salvo was in 1989 when Omulgee produced a 40-foot diameter behemoth still recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records. Okmulgee also bested Moultrie on the world’s largest pecan cookie.
• The Southern Nut Growers Association, later known as the National Nut Growers Association, was established in Albany in 1901.
• Dougherty County has 15,500 acres of trees with Mitchell County second in the state with 11,478 acres. “Georgia is the nation’s leading pecan producing state,” Commissioner Gary Black says. “Albany and Dougherty counties are known as the ‘Pecan Capital of the World’ because of the high number of pecan trees in these areas.”
• Native Americans used the nuts as a major food source. The nuts were easy to store, nutritious and delicious.
• In the late 1770s, colonists along the Gulf of Mexico began to realize the economic potential of pecans.
• George Washington planted pecan trees in 1775 and Thomas Jefferson did so in 1779.
• An ad in a London newspaper in 1805 stated that the pecan was “a tree meriting attention as a cultivated crop.”
• Texas adopted the pecan tree as its state tree in 1919. Texas Gov. James Hogg liked the trees so much that he asked that one be planted at his graveside.
• Some of the larger pecan shellers in the country process as many as 150,00 pounds of nuts per day ... enough to make 300,000 pies.
One last thing ... OK, two
Whether the dish that is a must-serve with turkey is called “stuffing” or “dressing” depends primarily upon the individual ... or what his or her mother and grandmother called the dish. It is known that the term “stuffing” appeared in print as early as 1538. After about 1880, it seems the term was not appealing to the propriety of the Victorian upper crust, who began referring to it as “dressing.”
It is not the turkey that makes you sleepy! Turkey has a natural chemical called tryptophan, which humans need to build proteins for the production of serotonin. which does help with sleep. But all meats have this chemical. It is over-indulgence of carbohydrates that makes a person sleepy. | <urn:uuid:b9a3c755-f5e9-4a6c-8913-6255e193b8d6> | {
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1.a flow of electricity through a conductor"the current was measured in amperes"
definition of Wikipedia
electric current (n.)
Electric current is a flow of electric charge through a medium. This charge is typically carried by moving electrons in a conductor such as wire. It can also be carried by ions in an electrolyte, or by both ions and electrons in a plasma.
The SI unit for measuring the rate of flow of electric charge is the ampere, which is charge flowing through some surface at the rate of one coulomb per second. Electric current is measured using an ammeter.
The conventional symbol for current is , which originates from the French phrase intensité de courant, or in English current intensity. This phrase is frequently used when discussing the value of an electric current, especially in older texts; modern practice often shortens this to simply current but current intensity is still used in many recent textbooks. The symbol was used by André-Marie Ampère, after whom the unit of electric current is named, in formulating the eponymous Ampère's force law which he discovered in 1820. The notation travelled from France to England, where it became standard, although at least one journal did not change from using to until 1896.
|This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.|
In metallic solids, electric charge flows by means of electrons, from lower to higher electrical potential. In other media, any stream of charged objects (ions, for example) may constitute an electric current. To provide a definition of current that is independent of the type of charge carriers flowing, conventional current is defined to flow in the same direction as positive charges. So in metals where the charge carriers (electrons) are negative, conventional current flows in the opposite direction as the electrons. In conductors where the charge carriers are positive, conventional current flows in the same direction as the charge carriers.
In a vacuum, a beam of ions or electrons may be formed. In other conductive materials, the electric current is due to the flow of both positively and negatively charged particles at the same time. In still others, the current is entirely due to positive charge flow. For example, the electric currents in electrolytes are flows of positively and negatively charged ions. In a common lead-acid electrochemical cell, electric currents are composed of positive hydrogen ions (protons) flowing in one direction, and negative sulfate ions flowing in the other. Electric currents in sparks or plasma are flows of electrons as well as positive and negative ions. In ice and in certain solid electrolytes, the electric current is entirely composed of flowing ions. In a semiconductor it is sometimes useful to think of the current as due to the flow of positive "holes" (the mobile positive charge carriers that are places where the semiconductor crystal is missing a valence electron). This is the case in a p-type semiconductor.
A solid conductive metal contains mobile, or free electrons, originating in the conduction electrons. These electrons are bound to the metal lattice but no longer to an individual atom. Even with no external electric field applied, these electrons move about randomly due to thermal energy but, on average, there is zero net current within the metal. Given a surface through which a metal wire passes, electrons move in both directions across the surface at an equal rate. As George Gamow put in his science-popularizing book, One, Two, Three...Infinity (1947), "The metallic substances differ from all other materials by the fact that the outer shells of their atoms are bound rather loosely, and often let one of their electrons go free. Thus the interior of a metal is filled up with a large number of unattached electrons that travel aimlessly around like a crowd of displaced persons. When a metal wire is subjected to electric force applied on its opposite ends, these free electrons rush in the direction of the force, thus forming what we call an electric current."
When a metal wire is connected across the two terminals of a DC voltage source such as a battery, the source places an electric field across the conductor. The moment contact is made, the free electrons of the conductor are forced to drift toward the positive terminal under the influence of this field. The free electrons are therefore the charge carrier in a typical solid conductor.
For a steady flow of charge through a surface, the current I (in amperes) can be calculated with the following equation:
More generally, electric current can be represented as the rate at which charge flows through a given surface as:
Electric currents in electrolytes are flows of electrically charged particles (ions). For example, if an electric field is placed across a solution of Na+ and Cl− (and conditions are right) the sodium ions move towards the negative electrode (cathode), while the chloride ions move towards the positive electrode (anode). Reactions take place at both electrode surfaces, absorbing each ion.
Water-ice and certain solid electrolytes called proton conductors contain positive hydrogen ions or "protons" which are mobile. In these materials, electric currents are composed of moving protons, as opposed to the moving electrons found in metals.
In certain electrolyte mixtures, brightly-coloured ions form the moving electric charges. The slow migration of these ions means that the current is visible.
In air and other ordinary gases below the breakdown field, the dominant source of electrical conduction is via relatively few mobile ions produced by radioactive gases, ultraviolet light, or cosmic rays. Since the electrical conductivity is low, gases are dielectrics or insulators. However, once the applied electric field approaches the breakdown value, free electrons become sufficiently accelerated by the electric field to create additional free electrons by colliding, and ionizing, neutral gas atoms or molecules in a process called avalanche breakdown. The breakdown process forms a plasma that contains enough mobile electrons and positive ions to make it an electrical conductor. In the process, it forms a light emitting conductive path, such as a spark, arc or lightning.
Plasma is the state of matter where some of the electrons in a gas are stripped or "ionized" from their molecules or atoms. A plasma can be formed by high temperature, or by application of a high electric or alternating magnetic field as noted above. Due to their lower mass, the electrons in a plasma accelerate more quickly in response to an electric field than the heavier positive ions, and hence carry the bulk of the current. The free ions recombine to create new chemical compounds (for example, breaking atmospheric oxygen into single oxygen [O2 → 2O], which then recombine creating ozone [O3]).
Since a "perfect vacuum" contains no charged particles, it normally behaves as a perfect insulator. However, metal electrode surfaces can cause a region of the vacuum to become conductive by injecting free electrons or ions through either field electron emission or thermionic emission. Thermionic emission occurs when the thermal energy exceeds the metal's work function, while field electron emission occurs when the electric field at the surface of the metal is high enough to cause tunneling, which results in the ejection of free electrons from the metal into the vacuum. Externally heated electrodes are often used to generate an electron cloud as in the filament or indirectly heated cathode of vacuum tubes. Cold electrodes can also spontaneously produce electron clouds via thermionic emission when small incandescent regions (called cathode spots or anode spots) are formed. These are incandescent regions of the electrode surface that are created by a localized high current flow. These regions may be initiated by field electron emission, but are then sustained by localized thermionic emission once a vacuum arc forms. These small electron-emitting regions can form quite rapidly, even explosively, on a metal surface subjected to a high electrical field. Vacuum tubes and sprytrons are some of the electronic switching and amplifying devices based on vacuum conductivity.
Superconductivity is a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic fields occurring in certain materials when cooled below a characteristic critical temperature. It was discovered by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes on April 8, 1911 in Leiden. Like ferromagnetism and atomic spectral lines, superconductivity is a quantum mechanical phenomenon. It is characterized by the Meissner effect, the complete ejection of magnetic field lines from the interior of the superconductor as it transitions into the superconducting state. The occurrence of the Meissner effect indicates that superconductivity cannot be understood simply as the idealization of perfect conductivity in classical physics.
Current density is a measure of the density of an electric current. It is defined as a vector whose magnitude is the electric current per cross-sectional area. In SI units, the current density is measured in amperes per square metre.
where I is current in the conductor, J is the current density, and A is the cross-sectional area. The dot product of the two vector quantities (A and J) is a scalar that represents the electric current.
Instead of conductivity, a reciprocal quantity called resistivity ρ, can be used:
with being the elementary charge and the electron density. The carriers move in the direction of decreasing concentration, so for electrons a positive current results for a positive density gradient. If the carriers are holes, replace electron density by the negative of the hole density .
In linear materials such as metals, and under low frequencies, the current density across the conductor surface is uniform. In such conditions, Ohm's law states that the current is directly proportional to the potential difference between two ends (across) of that metal (ideal) resistor (or other ohmic device):
where is the current, measured in amperes; is the potential difference, measured in volts; and is the resistance, measured in ohms. For alternating currents, especially at higher frequencies, skin effect causes the current to spread unevenly across the conductor cross-section, with higher density near the surface, thus increasing the apparent resistance.
The mobile charged particles within a conductor move constantly in random directions, like the particles of a gas. In order for there to be a net flow of charge, the particles must also move together with an average drift rate. Electrons are the charge carriers in metals and they follow an erratic path, bouncing from atom to atom, but generally drifting in the opposite direction of the electric field. The speed at which they drift can be calculated from the equation:
Typically, electric charges in solids flow slowly. For example, in a copper wire of cross-section 0.5 mm2, carrying a current of 5 A, the drift velocity of the electrons is on the order of a millimetre per second. To take a different example, in the near-vacuum inside a cathode ray tube, the electrons travel in near-straight lines at about a tenth of the speed of light.
Any accelerating electric charge, and therefore any changing electric current, gives rise to an electromagnetic wave that propagates at very high speed outside the surface of the conductor. This speed is usually a significant fraction of the speed of light, as can be deduced from Maxwell's Equations, and is therefore many times faster than the drift velocity of the electrons. For example, in AC power lines, the waves of electromagnetic energy propagate through the space between the wires, moving from a source to a distant load, even though the electrons in the wires only move back and forth over a tiny distance.
The ratio of the speed of the electromagnetic wave to the speed of light in free space is called the velocity factor, and depends on the electromagnetic properties of the conductor and the insulating materials surrounding it, and on their shape and size.
The magnitudes (but, not the natures) of these three velocities can be illustrated by an analogy with the three similar velocities associated with gases.
This analogy is extremely simplistic and incomplete: The rapid propagation of a sound wave does not impart any change in the air molecules' drift velocity, whereas EM waves do carry the energy to propagate the actual current at a rate which is much, much higher than the electrons' drift velocity. To illustrate the difference: The sound and the change in the air's drift velocity (the force of the wind gust) cross distance at rates equaling the speeds of sound and of mechanical transmission of force (not higher than rate of drift velocity); while a change in an EM field and the change in current (electrons' drift velocity) both propagate across distance at rates much higher than the actual drift velocity. You can hear wind much earlier than the force of the gust reaches you, but you do not observe a change in an EM field earlier than you can observe the change of current.
Electric current produces a magnetic field. The magnetic field can be visualized as a pattern of circular field lines surrounding the wire.
Electric current can be directly measured with a galvanometer, but this method involves breaking the electrical circuit, which is sometimes inconvenient. Current can also be measured without breaking the circuit by detecting the magnetic field associated with the current. Devices used for this include Hall effect sensors, current clamps, current transformers, and Rogowski coils.
The theory of Special Relativity allows one to transform the magnetic field into a static electric field for an observer moving at the same speed as the charge in the diagram. The amount of current is particular to a reference frame.
A flow of positive charges gives the same electric current, and has the same effect in a circuit, as an equal flow of negative charges in the opposite direction. Since current can be the flow of either positive or negative charges, or both, a convention for the direction of current which is independent of the type of charge carriers is needed. The direction of conventional current is defined arbitrarily to be the direction of the flow of positive charges.
In metals, which make up the wires and other conductors in most electrical circuits, the positive charges are immobile, and the charge carriers are electrons. Because the electron carries negative charge, the electron motion in a metal conductor is in the direction opposite to that of conventional (or electric) current.
When analyzing electrical circuits, the actual direction of current through a specific circuit element is usually unknown. Consequently, each circuit element is assigned a current variable with an arbitrarily chosen reference direction. When the circuit is solved, the circuit element currents may have positive or negative values. A negative value means that the actual direction of current through that circuit element is opposite that of the chosen reference direction. In electronic circuits the reference current directions are usually chosen so that all currents flow toward ground. This often matches conventional current direction, because in many circuits the power supply voltage is positive with respect to ground.
Natural examples include lightning and the solar wind, the source of the polar auroras (the aurora borealis and aurora australis). The artificial form of electric current is the flow of conduction electrons in metal wires, such as the overhead power lines that deliver electrical energy across long distances and the smaller wires within electrical and electronic equipment. In electronics, other forms of electric current include the flow of electrons through resistors or through the vacuum in a vacuum tube, the flow of ions inside a battery or a neuron, and the flow of holes within a semiconductor.
Current can be measured using an ammeter.
At the circuit level, there are various techniques that can be used to measure current:
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Lettris is a curious tetris-clone game where all the bricks have the same square shape but different content. Each square carries a letter. To make squares disappear and save space for other squares you have to assemble English words (left, right, up, down) from the falling squares.
Boggle gives you 3 minutes to find as many words (3 letters or more) as you can in a grid of 16 letters. You can also try the grid of 16 letters. Letters must be adjacent and longer words score better. See if you can get into the grid Hall of Fame !
Change the target language to find translations.
Tips: browse the semantic fields (see From ideas to words) in two languages to learn more. | <urn:uuid:63bacc55-0e2f-45d4-a676-b70e14399510> | {
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Recently I provided a nutrition assessment for a mother of a young child. The two year old liked apples and ate 1/2 an apple every day. I asked the Mom if she had a source of Vitamin C in her child's diet and she insisted that the apples had Vitamin C in them.
Was she right?
Vitamin C needs (DRI) are 15 mg per day in a 2 year olds and go up to 90 mg per day in an adult male.
A whole Macintosh Apple in Canada has 6.3 mg of Vitamin C.
This is why local fruit juices in Canada are fortified with Vitamin C.
If you are not willing to use juice in your child's diet or your diet then you should take an orange a day. For all families adults and children I recommend 4-8 ounces of orange
juice per day which will provide Vitamin C, folic acid and
potassium. Orange juice is also the most tummy friendly juice being low
in fructose compared to other juices.
The Dietitians of Canada discusses food fortification.
Fortification means adding vitamins and minerals to foods. The
government regulates the addition of certain nutrients to foods to
ensure Canadians do not fall short. Some examples include: | <urn:uuid:8754da81-c032-44b5-9a6b-5504013538b5> | {
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In a breakthrough that could one day yield important clues about the nature of matter itself, a team of Harvard scientists have succeeding in measuring the magnetic charge of single particles of matter and antimatter more accurately than ever before.
As described in a March 25 paper in Physical Review Letters, the ATRAP team, led by Gerald Gabrielse, the George Vasmer Leverett Professor of Physics, and including post-doctoral fellows Stephan Ettenauer and Eric Tardiff and graduate students Jack DiSciacca, Mason Marshall, Kathryn Marable and Rita Kalra was able to capture individual protons and antiprotons in a "trap" created by electric and magnetic fields. By precisely measuring the oscillations of each particle, the team was able to measure the magnetism of a proton more than 1,000 times more accurately than an antiproton had been measured before. Similar tests with antiprotons produced a 680-fold increase in accuracy in the size of the magnet in an antiproton.
"That is a spectacular jump in precision for any fundamental quality," Gabrielse said, of the antiproton measurements. "That's a leap that we don't often see in physics, at least not in a single step."
Such measurements, Gabrielse said, could one day help scientists answer a question that seems more suited for the philosophy classroom than the physics lab -- why are we here?
"One of the great mysteries in physics is why our universe is made of matter," he said. "According to our theories, the same amount of matter and antimatter was produced during the Big Bang. When matter and antimatter meet, they are annihilated. As the universe cools down, the big mystery is: Why didn't all the matter find the antimatter and annihilate all of both? There's a lot of matter and no antimatter left, and we don't know why."
Making precise measurements of protons and antiprotons, Gabrielse explained, could begin to answer those questions by potentially shedding new light on whether the CPT (Charge conjugation, Parity transformation, Time reversal) theorem is correct. An outgrowth of the standard model of particle physics, CPT states that the protons and antiprotons should be virtually identical -- with the same magnitude of charge and mass -- yet should have opposite charges.
Though earlier experiments, which measured the charge-to-mass ratio of protons and antiprotons, verified the predictions of CPT, Gabrielse said further investigation is needed because the standard model does not account for all forces, such as gravity, in the universe.
"What we wanted to do with these experiments was to say, 'Let's take a simple system -- a single proton and a single antiproton -- and let's compare their predicted relationships, and see if our predictions are correct," Gabrielse said. "Ultimately, whatever we learn might give us some insight into how to explain this mystery."
While researchers were able to capture and measure protons with relative ease, antiprotons are only produced by high-energy collisions that take place at the extensive tunnels of the CERN laboratory in Geneva, Gabrielse said, leaving researchers facing a difficult choice.
"Last year, we published a report showing that we could measure a proton much more accurately than ever before," Gabrielese said. "Once we had done that, however, we had to make a decision -- did we want to take the risk of moving our people and our entire apparatus -- crates and crates of electronics and a very delicate trap apparatus -- to CERN and try to do the same thing with antiprotons? Antiprotons would only be available till mid-December and then not again for a year and a half.
"We decided to give it a shot, and by George, we pulled it off," he continued. "Ultimately, we argued that we should attempt it, because even if we failed, that failure would teach us something." In what Gabrielse described as a "gutsy" choice, graduate student Jack DiSciacca agreed to use this attempt to conclude his thesis research, and new graduate students Marshall and Marable signed on to help.
Though their results still fit within the predictions made by the standard model, Gabrielse said being able to more accurately measure the characteristics of both matter and antimatter may yet help shed new light on how the universe works.
"What's also very exciting about this breakthrough is that it now prepares us to continue down this road," he said. "I'm confident that, given this start, we're going to be able to increase the accuracy of these measurements by another factor of 1,000, or even 10,000."
- J. DiSciacca, M. Marshall, K. Marable, G. Gabrielse, S. Ettenauer, E. Tardiff, R. Kalra, D. W. Fitzakerley, M. C. George, E. A. Hessels, C. H. Storry, M. Weel, D. Grzonka, W. Oelert, T. Sefzick. One-Particle Measurement of the Antiproton Magnetic Moment. Physical Review Letters, 2013; 110 (13) DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.130801
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Choosing safe colours
Choosing colours for a web site is made more complex if one takes into consideration the needs of colour-deficient users. This page offers some guidelines to designers, so they can apply their design skills in the context of the limitations inherent in the problem.
The simplest approach to selecting a colour scheme is to limit oneself to only 3 or 4 colours (in addition to black and white), using a primarily monochromatic scheme.
Choose a base colour for the main scheme, and find one or two other shades of the same colour family to tone with it. Determine whether the selected colours come from the yellows group (generally warmer colours) or the blues group (cooler colours). Make sure that the chosen shades contrast enough to be readable when used as text on top of another shade, or on white.
Then select an accent colour (as may be used for followed links) from the 'other' group of colours.
For example, a light green can be chosen for the navigation panel, perhaps with the addition of a lighter shade for edging. Text can be done in a darker green which is dark enough to contrast with either the light green or the white background.
The greens translate to shades of yellow/ochre/brown in the transformed palettes, so for an accent colour choose a shade from the blue side. When using colours for text links, choose from opposite sides of the palette to indicate followed and unfollowed links.
Figure 1 - Example choice of colours, and relative appearance for dichromats. (Full size image here)
The web-safe palette has been divided here into two colour groups, according to the main confusion groups of colour-blind users. These will be referred to as the Yellows group, and the Blues group. Several colours go to neutral, rather than blue or yellow, but I've redistributed them into the first two groups, for simplicity. Each of these groups has been subdivided into columns, according to the apparent luminosity levels of the colours in the transformed palettes (not the standard palette). These are the colours likely to seem very similar, in both colour and luminosity.
For colours that need to be differentiated, ensure there is at least one column between the values. For large areas of text on a coloured background, aim for three columns between, generally. Colours used for 'trim' or accents do not necessarily require the same degree of differentiation as the colours being used as visual cues. If you test the choices you've made by using the transformation palettes, you'll see whether the colours are safe to use together.
Figure 2 - Image table of colours grouped by luminosity of the transformed values (Full size image here)
There is also a Word document with a table of RGB values for these colours.
As in any design project, there will be a level of trial and error in making one's selections. This palette is intended to help to simplify the selection process, and reduce the number of iterations, but is still far from automatic.
or see Simple schemes, Grouped
colour palette or Example palettes ]
Bob Stein has created an interactive version of the web-safe palette, allowing one to select a number of colours to see how they work together as areas and with text. When translated to the protan and deutan versions, it offers a very clear comparison of the colour groupings and probable confusions. Figure 3 shows his palette, alongside translated versions. Click on one to open it in a new window, to use alongside the Color Lab.
Figure 3 - Bob Stein's Color Lab layout, with translated equivalents
or see Simple schemes, Grouped
colour palette or Alternative selection
Figure 3 and 4 show example selections of colours for particular applications. Figure 3 was for an application that needed to have 10 differentiable colours, for small objects which were grouped by colour parameters represented by colour. Note that one would not normally use so many colours within an interface, especially not for navigation, as it is difficult to ensure that they have a great enough luminosity contrast. Data display is an exceptional situation, and user control over the total number of colours used is an important feature of the example given.
Figure 3 - Sample selection of 10 distinguishable colours
Figure 4 was a selection of colours for a system requiring alarms. Note that the clear state has no colour (reducing the total number) and the indeterminate is nearly clear. The shades were chosen to enable black text to also be readable against the coloured backgrounds, and to reduce strong contrasts.
Figure 4 - Sample selection of colours for a set of alarms | <urn:uuid:1b7bbe65-f3a4-4ad2-882c-4ca3d22086d1> | {
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The Scottish Clan Alexander, which I am Chief of, is a small but important branch clan of Clan Donald, the largest clan in
. We have “been there at the beginning” and played vital roles at the formation of three nations. Scotland
The first Earl of Stirling, Sir William Alexander of Menstrie, was the Secretary of State for
Scotland shortly after King James VI of Scotland became King James I of thus uniting the Crowns of the two close neighbors and often bitter enemies. At that time the England Union of the Crowns was personal ~ that is the union was in the person of the King, not a formal union of the parliaments. However, it was the beginning of the united kingdoms that first were known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain in the early 18th Century with the political union of the Crowns of England and Scotland and a joint Parliament in London; then as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland early in the 19th Century when Ireland was formally added to the mix; and in the 20th Century the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
The first Lord Stirling was instrumental in the founding of English-speaking
in the early 1600s. Canada Canada, unlike the United States was not founded as a part of England (hence the term New England), but was founded as a part of the . The Providence of Nova Scotia was founded by Lord Stirling and the very words Kingdom of Scotland are Latin for New Scotland. The then Sir William came up with the idea of selling off large estates in Canada to men of wealth in Scotland and along with the real estate (and a requirement to fund and send over so many settlers) the owners of the estates were created Baronets of Nova Scotia (later the term Baronets of Nova Scotia and Scotland was used) with a rank higher than that held by feudal barons in Scotland. Nova Scotia
This was a matter that upset many feudal barons at the time, and one sometimes stills hears complaints over the issue, but what most people forget is that the baronets were also barons of their Canadian lands. The acquiring of baronial rights until modern times required a ceremony whereby the new baron received rights to his land, held in baronium of the Crown, upon his lands. At this ceremony the new baron was presented with a small amount of earth and stone from the caput of his barony. Since the lands in
Canada were so very far away, it was decreed that the escapade below was Nova Scotian land and did contain the caputs baronium of each barony in New Scotland/Canada. Thus the 17th and 18th Centuries baronets/barons could take formal possession (called sasine) of their estates and titles on the Scottish side of the Edinburgh Castle Atlantic.
In ancient days all Scots peers were considered to be but barons with a higher personal dignity. The King was considered to be the chief of chiefs and he was crowned on what was called “Boot Hill” at Scone Abbey. The small hill was actually a man made mound created over the centuries by the earth and stones (from their own caputs) carried to the spot, at each crowning, by the barons, chiefs and peers of Scotland in a spare set of boots, hence the title “Boot Hill” ~ making Boot Hill the “caput of caputs” of Scotland. Today Scone Abbey is known as
(for the former home of the Abbot) and the residence of the Earl of Mansfield and Mansfield (Earl of Mansfield in the Peerage of Scotland and also Earl of Mansfield in the Peerage of England). Boot Hill now has a nice small chapel upon it. Scone Palace
Sir William was “Sir” due to holding a knighthood but also became “Sir” on the basis of being a Baronet of Nova Scotia as that is the style taken by baronets. Scottish/Nova Scotian Baronetage Law does allow for female succession and there is at present one baronetess in her own right, she is allowed the styles of both “Lady” (which is what wives of baronets use) and “Dame” (as a woman who is knighted is called) and may also be addressed as “Madam” (a style used by wives of Chiefs and female Chiefs in their own right). Americans always snicker at “Madam” since the term is generally linked to a woman running a whorehouse in American history/culture.
Sir William was given title to all of Canada ~ of course the French King with his possession of New France/Quebec did not agree with this ~ and the land patent read “from the islands offshore in the Atlantic, to the islands offshore in the Pacific, down to that land held by the King of Spain known as California”. Thus we Alexanders became the largest land owners in history (outside of crown heads who at various times of history and in various places claimed ownership of all land in their domains). It also meant that Sir William was both an “outside of the box” thinker (his idea of selling land with baronetcies to colonize Canada) and a real estate promoter/developer, as well as being a well educated religious man, in fact he was one of the translators of the King James Edition of the Bible ~ three things which I, his successor as Earl, value greatly.
The land grant to Sir William formed the basis for the British claim to several northwest American states as well as to the west and northwest of Canada.
America and the almost fought a third war over this area (the first war being the Revolutionary War; the second being the War of 1812), but the matter was settled by negotiations and compromise instead of arms. United Kingdom
Sir William also owned some land near what became
. It was an island actually, and was originally known as the New York City and renamed the Isle de Stirling in the early days (grant dated to January 1635 from the Council of New England). Today it is known as Island of Matowack Long Island. Unfortunately neither Long Island, nor Oregon, nor Washington State, nor North or , etc. went with the titles that I successfully called out of dormancy in 1999. In this case, not even close, and certainly no cigar. South Dakota
My late father (and his father before his death over 80 years ago) and I spend a great deal of time researching our ancestry and heritage. One of the interesting things that we discovered was that we are also Edwards and that our Edward ancestors owned a farm on the outskirts of early
, about 40 acres or so. The Edwards leased this land to the Crown before the Revolution and never were able to secure its return after the Revolution. Later some buildings were built on the farm….the New York City and a few others. Empire State Building
It is simply too late to obtain clear title to the land now. Damn, I could have made The Donald (Donald Trump) look like a poor man. Again, not even close and no cigar.
The fifth Earl of Stirling, in the early 18th Century acquired some land in the Hudson Highlands in
New York State, it is today Sterling Forest (yes they use the English spelling of Stirling not the Scottish spelling) and a fantastic preserve with the most diverse and largest amount of animal and plant life in the state of . New York
The famous wine growing area of
California known as was named after an Alexander who managed a massive Spanish land grant and was paid for his troubles by being gifted with some of the land. Until sometime in the 20th Century his descendents still lived on part of the estate. Alexander Valley
The Alexander and Baldwin Sugar Company was founded by Samuel Timothy Alexander and his in-laws the Baldwins. This Samuel was from
Vincennes, Indiana and went to as a Christian missionary. His family ended up owning vast amounts of one of the most beautiful islands on Earth. His great-granddaughter (she and her husband sit on the A& B Board of Directors) and I call each other cousin; however we are really more distant kinsmen. Maui, Hawaii
The third nation that the Alexanders played a key role in founding was the United States of America. About a year before the American Declaration of Independence on July 4th, 1776, my kinsmen in
(from the Scot-Irish branch of the Clan) were the ringleaders in a forerunner declaration ~ the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence signed on May 20, 1775. The later and much better known American Declaration of Independence, dated July 4th 1776, incorporated many of the terms in the earlier declaration. Of the 27 signers of the Mecklenburg Declaration 6 were Alexanders (Col. Abraham Alexander, Col. Adam Alexander, Charles Alexander, Ezra Alexander, Hezekiah Alexander and John McKnitt Alexander). Mecklenburg County, North Carolina
A William Alexander, who was the Surveyor-General of the Providences of New York and New Jersey (his father had held the position in New York before him) went about claiming the then dormant Earldom of Stirling and related titles and great offices-of-state after the fifth Earl died without male issue. This William had Scottish law courts declare him to be the successor to the Earldom due to a descent from a common ancestor of the first Earl. This is something allowed under Scots Peerage Law, but totally unknown under English Peerage Law.
He moved to
London and voted in the then representative election by Scots Peers for 16 members to sit and vote in the United Kingdom Parliament in . However, he was connected to those around King George II and when King George II died and George III took over this William Alexander got caught up in the backstabbing. The House of Lords ruled that he could not take up his title “until he had successfully made out his claim” as he had been challenged in a proper legal venue over his assumption. He eventually went back to the Colonies, somewhat mad one might expect. London
He became an early supporter of the Revolution and served first as a Colonel, then as Brigadier General, and finally as a Major General in the American Revolutionary Army. He was a close friend to Major General George Washington and perhaps the most important financier behind
and the Revolution. When Washington Washington would take leave and briefly return to his estate at , Major General Lord Stirling would assume command of the Revolutionary Army. Mt. Vernon
At the Battle of Long Island, he personally saved General Washington and his Army from a trap by holding a key bridge allowing the American Army to escape from General Lord Cornwallis. Eventually, as he kept allowing more and more of his men to leave, after the Army had gotten over the bridge, he was taken prisoner of war with only a few men remaining from his brigade.
Lord Cornwallis paid his enemy a great honor by saying, “Lord Stirling fought like a wolf”. Eventually, he was released as part of a high level POW exchange during the war, but, unfortunately, he died before the war was over. It is believed that his imprisonment was a contributing factor to his health’s decline and to his eventual death.
Major General Lord Stirling had been a very wealthy man, but almost bankrupted himself in the fight to make
a free nation. He died without living male issue. America
There were three famous noblemen who fought as generals on the American side in the Revolutionary War, Major General Lord Stirling was one and Major General the Marquis de Lafayette was another. One of
’s direct descendents, Jeff DeVillez, is one of my oldest and best friends. Our friendship dates back to grade school. I am godfather to Jeff’s sister Claudia’s son, Ian Samples, who is, of course, also a direct descendent of Lafayette . Jeff is a record producer and we have often joked about cutting a record, “ Lafayette Lafayette and Stirling ~ Back Together Again”. The original Lafayette and Stirling were neighbors at the Valley Forge encampment.
A very important group of Alexanders were those who lived in
. These Alexanders owned a plantation next to what is now Virginia . Eventually this plantation was sold to George Washington’s stepson, his wife Martha’s grandson who was adopted and raised as a son by George and Martha and whom they named George Washington Parke Custis. Washington DC
The Custis estate was eventually taken into a branch of the famous Lees of Virginia by the marriage of the daughter of George Washington Parke Custis to Robert E. Lee. This was the famous General Robert E. Lee, leader of the Confederate Army during the American Civil War. This officer had been offered command of both the
Union and Confederate Armies and chose to fight for Virginia and the South and took command of the Confederate forces.
Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy was born into a branch of this family. During the Civil War the union army crossed the
Potomac River and seized the Lee Plantation. In order that the Lee family never again use the estate, President Lincoln ordered that union war dead be buried on the grounds of the estate. Before the Alexanders and before the Custises owned the plantation it was known by the old pre-revolutionary name “ ”. It is today known as Arlington . The Pentagon today sits on reclaimed swampland once a part of the Alexander/Custis/Lee Plantation. The 9/11 attacks took place on part of once was key Alexander land (the Pentagon) and close to land (in Arlington National Cemetery ) owned by my Edwards ancestors. Manhattan
Originally when the states of
Maryland and Virginia donated the land that was to become the District of Columbia they retained the right to take back, at a future date, any of the land that had not been incorporated into the City of by a process known as retrocession. In the early 19th Century Washington Virginia elected to reclaim, via retrocession, some of the unused land it had donated to the . This land was located in the District of Columbia County of Alexander; there being two counties within District of Columbia at that time ~ Washington County and . That land which underwent retrocession to Alexander County now forms the City of Alexandria, Virginia. Congress allowed General Washington to select the site for the capital of the Virginia . The primary reason, that many historians feel that he selected the site that became United States , was the fact that his stepson’s plantation, the former Alexander plantation, could overlook the new capital. Washington DC | <urn:uuid:dab8d715-0129-429d-bb3e-267756486909> | {
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Synonyms for essay at thesauruscom with free online thesaurus, antonyms, and and if they essay to do so, why should not my word be at least as weighty as. A number is a mathematical object used to count, measure and also label the original in common usage, number may refer to a symbol, a word, or a mathematical abstraction in mathematics, the notion of number has been extended over. This may seem straight forward, but you might be surprised at the number of incomplete in other words, your sentence seems to change subject midstream.
In the context of a formatted manuscript, the word count isn't the precise number of words, nor is it directly inferred from the number of pages. Tips and advice for the first certificate writing test - how to write essays, reports, reviews, the first text will always be an essay and should be 140-190 words long a - if you do the task properly you will write the correct number of words. Plagiarism takes a number of forms and the following are essays and dissertations that are above the word limit will be deducted as follows. Text analysis online program finds most frequent phrases and words, gives overview about text style, number of words, characters, sentences and syllables.
Use a header with your last name and the page number, a title block, your word processor comes with default settings (margin, line height, paragraph spacing. Often, within a section, you'll have a number of paragraphs discussing the same an essay where the same word or sentence structure is repeated time and. By basing the grade, even in part, on the number of words a paper me think of what i should put in my 500 word essay and i was hitting a. Avoid filler (added words to bulk up an essay) to reach the required number of words because this usage will always be apparent to your.
Students often obsess over how long the gre essay length should be increase in the number of words from a 50 graded essay and a 60 graded essay. Write at least 250 words in your essay and at least 150 words in task 1 part of that is you need to write a certain amount of words you'll find more info. There are an almost limitless number of linking phrases and words one can use paragraphs and/or sections of your essay during your introductory paragraph. As seniors diligently work to submit their college essays on time, a number and shaving words, you may find that when you upload your “500 word” essay, it is. Insert the word count (and more) into a document note: you can also add the number of pages or characters by clicking numpages or numchars in the field.
Numbers spell out most whole numbers below 10 use figures for 10 and above: don't use either a hyphen or the word and when spelling out numbers in the. Discover the ins and outs of how word count impacts the number of pages with paragraphs and pages instead useful metrics for blog posts, articles, essays,. Key words in essay titles 6 example, that says you must plan an essay before writing it work out how many words per page you write in your handwriting. One prominent issue is whether numbers should be written using words (eg to write out months as a word if a date appears in the main text of your essay. You should limit the length of the title to no more than 12 words the marketing of your proposed paper needs to be done within the word limit of 300 - 350.
When he was asked to deliver sessions on the art of essay-writing, he decided to publish a comprehensive (and brilliant) but quality matters more than quantity ” you should be able to encapsulate it in 100 words or so. Whether 4 pages or 10 pages, single spaced or double spaced, here's how you can quickly figured out the word count to any essay or term. After writing what they feel is a nearly perfect essay the student finds out that their 800-word essay is longer than the 500-word maximum.
Use your text editors word count tool to determine how many words are in your script then use the simple table or line chart to get a good. Outline the method of your argument or the structure of your essay with that done author, the work, the book, and line/section number where you read it that way elision is what happens to words when we speak them (casually) in written. Although usage varies, most people spell out numbers that can be expressed in one or two words and use figures for numbers that are three or. Many times an instructor will tell you how long an essay or a research paper should be or give you a page number range, such as saying the paper should be .
Click on the statistics tab the word count (and other statistics) will appear in the dialog alternate method: choose tools word count. Knowing the word count of a text can be important for example, if an author has to write a minimum or maximum amount of words for an article, essay, report,.Download | <urn:uuid:251cd1c9-870c-459b-9286-2edc34bd243d> | {
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How, in a nation brimming with crops and surrounded on all sides by teeming seas, could the Irish people have starved in their millions in the middle of the 19th century?
The answer, according to noted Irish historian Tim Pat Coogan, is as unsettling as it is direct.
The biggest contributing factor to the Great Irish Hunger was that because of conquest, Ireland was a dependency with no government of its own between 1845 and 1852. It’s a dangerous and isolating scenario that Coogan suggests may be playing out still.
“As I wrote The Famine Plot I got an increasingly bad feeling. The reason that most of what occurred during the famine happened to the Irish was because we didn’t have a government,” he told the Irish Voice during a phone interview last week, not long after his highly publicized visa battle with the U.S. Embassy in Dublin was settled.
“We’re back to that now. We have lost our sovereignty and are depending on doles from Brussels, the IMF and so on. And we’re back to unemployment, emigration and suicide – and of course, to learned helplessness.”
That last condition, which arises from the long-term legacy of colonization and from the despair of never being able to master your own fate, has characterized so much of the Irish response to political and social challenges since the great hunger, Coogan contends.
For decades now Coogan, 77, one of Ireland’s most prominent historians and the former editor of The Irish Press, has studied the impact and consequences of the Great Hunger on the nation, and his research has now led to his new work The Famine Plot, his hard-hitting exploration of the most traumatic event in Irish history.
Perhaps the first and most remarkable thing about the legacy of the Great Hunger is the silence that immediately followed it. For almost a 100 years Irish historians and Irish officialdom were reluctant to address it because they were leery of its enormous emotive and political power.
Interestingly, Coogan was himself prevented from undertaking his own U.S. book tour to promote The Famine Plot due to being twice refused a visa by the American Embassy in Dublin last month. On his personal website he spoke of his unease over the unprecedented decision.
“Somebody, somewhere it appears did not want me to visit the United States to publicize my book on the Famine. It was suggested to me that some securicrats in the U.S. Embassy had decided to do a good turn for their buddies in the British ‘spookdom’ by blocking my attempts to enter the United States on a book tour,” he said.
If this is true then the Great Hunger (and British officialdom’s response to it) has lost none of its power to unnerve. But how can you really postpone an honest telling of how upward of two million Irish people died without that being an insult to their dignity as people?
“I had been applying fruitlessly for a visa since September but inexplicably had two separate visa waivers turned down and finally after much unhelpful gobbledygook from the U.S. Embassy, had to apply for a non-immigrant visa,” Coogan explains.
At 77, now an undisputed elder statesman, it’s baffling that he could be considered a security risk.
If it turns out to be true that the British exerted political pressure on the U.S. to block or at least postpone Coogan’s book tour, they needn’t have worried. Coogan is at pains to point out it in his book that it was not the British public who were responsible for the Great Hunger.
Instead he lays the blame at British officialdom and the often absentee land owning classes which pursued a reckless or opportunistic course of action that exacerbated or exploited conditions on the ground.
For decades, Coogan contends, both British and Irish historians skirted the question of where to lay blame. He also knows why.
“I used to argue a lot about it because of the revisionist historians. It was as if they wanted us to consider the Famine as a sort of 19th century precursor to the Scarsdale Diet (a low fat, low calorie weight loss diet) and not a famine,” he said.
Eyewitnesses of the period like Earl Gray, the then colonial secretary, were in no doubt where the buck stopped.
“We have a military occupation of Ireland,” he told the House of Lords in March 1846, “but in no other sense can it be said to be governed. It (is) occupied by troops, not governed like England.”
It was apparent to Coogan that this central fact, Britain’s misgoverning of an otherwise ignored and dependent colony, was the lynchpin of the crisis.
“But I found that the angle that’s given in most of the studies, is that academics will try to break it down into those who favor the nationalist cause and those who favor – I’m not quite sure who the other side are meant to be.
“The nationalists have been portrayed as ravening nuts compared with the measure gentlemen who take the Scarsdale approach. It’s a kind of colonial cringe that happens, derived from the fact that most historians until recently were trained in England. They had their eyes on their careers, too, of course.”
The better studies on the Great Hunger have all been written by Irish Americans, Coogan contends, since they are outside the British tenure track loop and don’t have to bow the knee to this kind of shibboleth.
“Christine Kinealy, James Donnelly Junior, Bob Scally – all these guys have written about the Famine in a moving way and are above reproach. They don’t follow a hidebound path.”
Unlike their illustrious predecessors, these Irish American historians don’t give credence to the idea that it didn’t matter that food was exported from Ireland during the Famine. Nor have they shied away from examining the impact and legacy on the people who experienced it and their descendents.
“Two million died. It is two million by the way because modern scholarship shows that the loss to the birth rate was more than just a million. Whole families perished and there’s no records. The fevers were devastating and then there were all the diverted births, of children born on ships or born in America,” Coogan explains.
“We lost through death and emigration three million out of a population of nearly nine. There was a psychological aspect to it too, a condition called learned helplessness where the experience is so overwhelming that you simply accept your fate. That learned helplessness has played itself out in all the decades that have followed.”
It didn’t help that a chorus of high-handed British officials saw the subsequent death of millions of Irish paupers as “God’s lesson” for their supposedly shiftless neighbors, Coogan says.
In The Famine Plot Coogan underlines how a toxic stew of anti-Irish sentiment, amoral economic opportunism and longstanding religious discrimination, led – he maintains – to one of the earliest examples of how an engineered food shortage became a covert policy of ethnic cleansing.
Whether you accept this claim or not, that British officialdom pursued a premeditated policy to let Irish paupers die, or whether you believe that laissez-faire economics and political indifference (which is in some ways worse) led to mass starvations, there’s no question that it’s the darkest chapter in Britain’s colonial past.
Many Irish readers will be familiar with the details of the Irish Famine, the numbers who died, the dangerous voyages on coffin ships in search of relief, and the legacy of that crisis on the Irish diaspora of nearly 80 million people.
But nothing can prepare you for the book’s emotional wallop, as Coogan vividly recreates the hell on earth conditions that our ancestors navigated and then were haunted by after the fact. Their voices, the needless horror they witnessed, have rarely been so passionately expressed.
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The results about carbon dioxide emissions are out and the news is far from pleasant. Scientists have found that he amount of heat-trapping pollution the world secreted last year was up by 3%. In turn, this latest statistic confirms for scientists that the international goal of curbing global warming to a couple of degrees is unachievable.
According to the most recent international calculations on global emissions published Sunday in the journal Nature Climate Change, the nation’s in the world cumulatively spewed 38.2 billion tons of carbon dioxide into the air via fossil fuels. If you can’t quantify the gravity of this news then consider this: That’s more than 2.4 million pounds of carbon dioxide being released into the air every second. It’s also one billion tons more than what was pumped into the air in 2010.
Of the the top ten polluters on our planets—China, US, India, Russia, Japan, Germany, Iran, South Korea, Canada, South Africa—the United States and Germany were the only two countries who successfully reduced their carbon dioxide emissions. The main increase was seen from the world’s largest carbon dioxide polluter, China, who was up 10% followed by the world’s third largest polluter, India, who was up by 7%.
The study’s lead author, Glen Peters of the Center for International Climate and Environmental Research in Oslo, Norway, states that with the steady rise of greenhouse gases, it would be a “rather optimistic” notion to believe the world can limit future temperature increases to 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit)—a goal set by 200 nations three years ago in a nonbinding agreement.
While negotiators are currently in Doha, Qatar, at a conference trying to find ways to reach that target, Peters believes the only way to achiever that goal is to focus on reducing world emissions now and make that our sole focus.
The Associated Press writes:
In 1997, most of the world agreed to an international treaty, known as the Kyoto Protocol, that required developed countries such as the United States to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by about 5% when compared with the baseline year of 1990. But countries that are still developing, including China and India, were not limited by how much carbon dioxide they expelled. The United States never ratified the treaty. The latest pollution numbers, calculated by the Global Carbon Project, a joint venture of the Energy Department and the Norwegian Research Council, show that worldwide carbon dioxide levels are 54% higher than the 1990 baseline.
The 2011 stats for the world’s biggest polluters:
- China, up 10% to 10 billion tons.
- United States, down 2% to 5.9 billion tons
- India, up 7% to 2.5 billion tons.
- Russia, up 3% to 1.8 billion tons.
- Japan, up 0.4% to 1.3 billion tons.
- Germany, down 4% to 0.8 billion tons.
- Iran, up 2% to 0.7 billion tons.
- South Korea, up 4% to 0.6 billion tons.
- Canada, up 2% to 0.6 billion tons.
- South Africa, up 2% to 0.6 billion tons. | <urn:uuid:6fbbd996-5b81-42f6-b040-782f096a6fd0> | {
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Earth and Saturn appeared together in an evocative photo released yesterday by NASA/JPL. The highly anticipated picture by the Cassini spacecraft was snapped on July 19.
It represents an extremely rare shot of Earth and Saturn in the same frame, made possible by Cassini’s wide-angle camera lens. The moon is also in the shot, but you really have to squint to see it.
But I think you can understand that, since the Cassini craft was an amazing 900 million miles from the Earth-Moon pair when it grabbed the shot.
The Cassini-Huygens craft has been studying Saturn and its satellites since it arrived in the region in 2004. One of its most important missions is to study Titan, Saturn’s largest moon and the only known planet or moon other than Earth that supports liquid bodies of water.
Strangely enough, on the very same day, the Messenger craft that is currently searching the space around the planet Mercury for moons also grabbed a snapshot of Earth and its companion moon.
That picture too was released on Monday. That craft was a pea-pickin’ 61 million miles away — hardly any distance compared to Cassini. So our so-called double planet was easy to see in that image.
Because Messenger was hunting for small and potentially faint objects, its camera aperture was wide open to let in as much light as possible. That means that the Earth and its moon are over-exposed.
And that created the evocative image of the very bright pair seemingly floating in black space only distantly flecked with very faint stars.
The two pictures are very different views of our Earth in space. And yet somehow they create much the same feeling of awe that one tiny planet can be lost in so much space.
Were you amazed to see Earth and Saturn in the same photo?
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One of the Foundation’s priorities is:
Improving practical capability – especially that which relates to designing and making, to innovation and to manufacturing
A number of the ventures we support aim, in different ways, to provide opportunities for young people in schools (as well as people in wider communities across the UK), to experience designing and making and through this process to improve their practical capability.
These ventures provide opportunities to engage with makers in a range of contexts and to promote designing and making as a special way of learning.
This may mean learning by innovating in response to a real world need by designing and making a three-dimensional artefact – or it may mean designing and making an outcome such as a presentation. Importantly, it represents a way of interacting with the world that the Foundation has consistently supported for over forty years.
The Foundation has endorsed this kind of work through facilitating a network of those involved in the ‘maker movement’ and supporting related developments such as:
The Science and Engineering Education Research and Innovation Hub(SEERIH) at the University of Manchester. (This work is in partnership with the Primary Science Teaching Trust and the Royal Academy of Engineering.) The Hub works with a range of primary and secondary schools “to fascinate young people and their communities about the wonders of science and engineering.” It has been exploring the process of ‘tinkering’ as a foundation stone of the process of designing and making. Explore their work on a selection of their Video-Links
Stoke Engineering Project (StEP) which aims to encourage greater numbers of young people in Stoke-on-Trent to study STEM subjects and equip them for careers as engineers and technicians. StEP is a Royal Academy of Engineering project which builds on approaches first developed in the Academy’s Barrow Engineering Project and the London Engineering Project. It currently involves five secondary schools and two colleges.
The Creative Education Trust – a Multi Academy Trust with 13 academies- in the Midlands and Great Yarmouth. The Trust works to promote a vision of a liberal education informed by a number of concepts drawn from the worlds of design, architecture and engineering: structure, pattern, meaning, performance, human interaction and practical making/doing. The Foundation has supported some focused professional development for their teachers.
Maker Assemblies – for several years now we have been facilitating communication between makerspaces in the UK and others involved in the growing Maker Movement, both here and internationally. The Foundation currently supports this interaction across makers, academics and others through the work of the Maker Assembly. One significant development has been the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) research project at the Royal College of Art. Explore their work on a selection of their Video-Links
Fixperts – began its work with undergraduates with the Foundation supporting them in adapting their approach for use in schools. The approach focuses on user-centred design emhasising the relationship between the needs of the potential user and the designer/maker. Explore their work on a Video-Link
RSA – having worked with the Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce (RSA) to promote some early activities among UK makers we are now working in partnership with them to develop the RSA Pupil Design Awards which the RSA is developing into a national programme in which pupils in schools across the UK will be able to participate.
Designers in Residence – with Manchester Metropolitan University and the Ideas Foundation we have developed an approach which places post-graduate design students in schools for short internships, where they work with students to design and develop legacy products which live on with the schools.
Corelli College, South London was supported in some early explorations focused on integrating digital technologies across the art and design field. The approach used both higher education students and an outside expert to work with classes and their teachers. Explore their work on a Video-Link.
The Centre for Real World Learning at the University of Winchester, which was commissioned by the Royal Academy of Engineering to produce the report: Thinking like an Engineer: implications for the education system. Other Foundation projects have been using this work and its ‘thinking like an engineer’ approach.
The Crafts Council – the Foundation is supporting one of the three areas of the Crafts Council ‘Make Your Future’ project which encourages the reinstatement or reinvigoration of making skills in schools. It is also aimed at connecting traditional craft with digital technologies. The Foundation is supporting the the metals based component in the West Midlands. Explore their work on a Video-Link.
At the invitation of the JCB Academy, the first University Technical College, where the main focus is engineering, a Comino Foundation team undertook an evaluative case study of the Academy. The findings were presented to the Royal Academy of Engineering in January 2016. The text of the Case Study is available here.
Made Here Now is addressing the needs of young people who need to know what manufacturing and engineering occupations involve and how to access them. The Foundation is supporting the development of a website over several years to service these needs. | <urn:uuid:61dcf49c-da3e-4234-ab78-0449628de964> | {
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On February 9, Turkey's ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) passed two constitutional amendments legalizing a specific women's headscarf on college campuses. The Turkish turban -- not to be confused with the South Asian male turban -- first emerged in the country in the 1980s and has long represented an extremely divisive political issue. Turkey's European-style secularism, which keeps religion and its symbols out of government and education, considers the headwear a political symbol -- a sentiment with which AKP prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan seemed to agree in public remarks he made on January 15. For nearly two decades, the secular view had led Turkish courts to ban the turban in certain public contexts. Now that the headwear is permitted on campuses, what will happen next in Turkey? And what implications might this legislation hold for the United States?
The Legal Process
The two constitutional amendments are now in the hands of President Abdullah Gul, the AKP's former foreign minister. He has until February 26 to either sign them into law or send them back to parliament for a second vote. If the amendments are fully passed, the opposition Republican People's Party (CHP) has stated that it would take them to the Constitutional Court to judge whether appropriate procedures were followed in their creation. Technically, those procedures have in fact been followed, but the CHP and some jurists argue that legalizing the turban would affect the secular nature of the Turkish state as defined in article 2 of the constitution. Since the constitution defines article 2 as unalterable, they argue, the content of the amendments should be viewed as a challenge to Turkey's secular nature.
The last time the Constitutional Court reviewed the turban issue was in 1989, when it struck down a similar proposal by stating that it would violate the constitution. Yet, although the court has the power to prevent such a change again, the political environment has changed dramatically over the years. In spring 2007, for example, the court attempted to prevent the AKP from electing Gul as the country's president, but failed. The AKP successfully upstaged the court by lambasting its maneuvering as a step against popular will, then calling for early elections and winning a landslide 47 percent of parliamentary seats in July 2007 -- and subsequently electing Gul as president.
Win-Win for the AKP
Regardless of the court's decision on the amendments, the AKP will benefit. If the court annuls the proposal, the party would be able to rally more voters around its claim of representing the popular will against the secular courts. This would almost certainly lead to another victory in the next nationwide local elections -- currently scheduled for April 2009, though the AKP might call for early elections -- perhaps even stronger than in July 2007. If the courts let the amendments pass, the AKP would have made a significant accomplishment, in terms of both satisfying its core constituency's demands and successfully defending its claim to be the party that stands for a religiously more conservative Turkey. This outcome could also result in another strong electoral victory.
Decreasing Liberal and European Support
Although Turkey's liberal opinionmakers, academics, and business elite -- a small but influential electoral constituency -- have supported the AKP for its pro-business and pro-European Union policies for many years, they have criticized the party of late. Ever since Ankara began EU accession talks in 2005, they argue, the AKP's willingness to promote reforms has diminished -- an assertion that some European bureaucrats have confirmed.
The AKP claims that new reforms have become difficult because of public opposition. Yet, the passing of the turban legislation at a time when EU reforms lie fallow has led the liberals to contend that the party is willing to pursue some changes but not others. This perception might cost the AKP liberal and EU support, but the party probably feels comfortable in its current near-majority support to ignore this loss. Moreover, the opportunity to cross the 50-percent popularity threshold in the next local elections may outweigh the benefits of continued liberal support.
Is There a Way Forward?
If the turban amendments become law, there will be significant changes in Turkey. Although there would be little change in metropolitan western Turkey, daily life would be visibly altered in vast parts of the country, such as conservative central Anatolia and eastern Turkey. The turban is seen as a sign of virtuous Muslim practice, and in those areas where there is less tolerance for lack of religious practice, women would feel uncomfortable without the turban. And in the conservative southeast, most women would feel compelled to wear one. Instead of providing further freedom for Turkish women, then, lifting the turban ban would create a new problem for the many who choose to not wear it.
There is, however, a way forward for the AKP. If the party hopes to retain liberal and Western support while still passing the amendments, it should take steps to convince the Turkish population that it is ready to protect women who choose not to wear the turban, and that it is genuinely interested in women's freedom. For instance, the government could pass legislation that protects women who do not cover their heads as well as those who do (according to a recent poll, 10 percent of women who cover are forced to do so by their families and husbands). And to go one step further, the AKP could prove its claim that it is not a single-issue party by passing the turban legislation as part of a broader package of freedoms related to EU accession. Finally, since the turban amendments passed parliament after only three weeks of public discussion, the AKP should allow more room for debate.
Implications for the United States
Although Turkey would not become a fundamentalist state overnight if the amendments become law, it would become a country in which one symbol of religious practice -- the turban -- is enforced in many areas. Involuntary homogenization of religious practices would ensue, resulting in court interventions and protests by secular Turks. The United States can navigate these stormy waters by keeping the key sensitivities of Turkish secularism in mind.
Specifically, given the European nature of Turkish secularism -- that is, emphasizing freedom from religion rather than freedom of religion -- the U.S. government should be careful not to impose any American understanding of secularism on Turkey. Accordingly, Washington must remember that the turban is a controversial issue with iconic force among Turks, despite the fact that turban wearing in public institutions would not necessarily raise eyebrows in America. Given the divisive and sensitive nature of the issue, it would best be left as an internal Turkish debate. Instead of addressing it head on, Washington could instead develop a carefully worded, brief statement to describe its position on Turkish secularism. This statement could be used by all U.S. government officials as a mantra of sorts when discussing Turkey.
Soner Cagaptay is a senior fellow and director of the Turkish Research Program at The Washington Institute. | <urn:uuid:58fe39dc-60cc-4da3-9df9-02d7c1fdeaed> | {
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One of the mysteries of the English language finally explained.
Training to help people with speech and language problems to speak more clearly.
- ‘In addition, it trains paramedical workers in occupational therapy, speech therapy and physiotherapy to broaden its outreach.’
- ‘Some types of treatment are speech therapy, drugs, or electronic devices.’
- ‘Restorative dentistry, speech therapy and dietary counselling may be required for those whose mouths have been altered by the treatment.’
- ‘Children with this condition often require many other services, including complex dental care and speech therapy.’
- ‘Behavior modification and speech therapy also are necessary.’
- ‘As healing progressed, I began speech therapy and was assured, ‘You will speak again.’’
- ‘The pain subsided gradually, and he received speech therapy and physiotherapy.’
- ‘Some of the speech problems can be solved with speech therapy alone and some require a combination of speech therapy and surgery.’
- ‘However, after cleft palate repair, most children eventually catch up and develop normal speech, although some will require speech therapy or additional surgery.’
- ‘Consequently, treatment of lisps is best accomplished by speech therapy.’
- ‘She was offered a referral for speech therapy, which is a widely used treatment for vocal cord dysfunction.’
- ‘Other therapies that have a crucial role in managing and coping with Parkinson's disease include physiotherapy, speech therapy, and occupational therapy.’
- ‘Cash will also go towards giving him all the medical care he needs such as speech therapy and hydrotherapy.’
- ‘I had speech therapy, it's still an effort to talk actually.’
- ‘Participants in both groups referred to rehabilitation as including physiotherapy, speech therapy, and occupational therapy.’
- ‘Recovery can be aided by speech therapy, physiotherapy, occupational therapy and counselling.’
- ‘Many people with Down's Syndrome benefit from specialised education, occupational therapy, physiotherapy, speech therapy and a dietician.’
- ‘They were encouraged to continue speech therapy with the help of the linguist.’
- ‘The facility also offers primary schooling, occupational therapy and speech therapy on both an in-patient and out-patient basis.’
- ‘I insisted on a referral for speech therapy when he was 2.’
Top tips for CV writingRead more
In this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot-on CV. | <urn:uuid:bf1a3675-1e14-4327-ba17-16226cb36c6c> | {
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Nagging is often exhausting for a parent and is frustrating for the teen, as suggested by Psychology Today. Repeating the requests until the job is done is often so tiresome that the parent completes the task herself. This is because doing so requires less effort on her part. Getting your teenager to cooperate without relentless nagging requires perseverance. Patience and consistency are also key to bringing about the desired change in attitude with your teen.
Sit down with your teen in a family meeting. Tell him clearly that his attitude needs to change. Explain that you do not enjoy nagging him. State that as a member of the family, he has responsibilities, just like everyone else. When he disregards what you tell him, it is disrespectful and that you will no longer put up with it without him reaping consequences of his actions.
Write down the task if you feel you may forget that you asked your teen to do a chore or another task. Do this on a bulletin board or a dry erase board somewhere visible in your house. Knowing that his chores are listed daily ensures that the teen won't forget his responsibilities. Busy parents often forget they instructed the teen to do something and this results in the teen scoring a win. His procrastination resulted in an avoidance of the chore, making him determined to wear his parents down in the future to avoid other duties. This builds resentment in the family unit as well.
List consequences of failing to comply with the chore list and stick to it no matter how much your teen whines, bargains or complains. Ask him for his input on the consequences. This gives him a sense of control in the discipline. If an individual knows that he probably will not reap consequences if he doesn’t act responsibly, he is unlikely to do them, according to the Family Education website. It is also important to praise your teen when he does cooperate. This provides positive reinforcement.
The American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry suggests that appropriate consequences for a teenager who refuses to cooperate include grounding and loss of privileges. Although your teen may balk at your audacity in taking away his cellphone or mode of transportation, he will soon learn that to enjoy these privileges, he must cooperate. | <urn:uuid:4e3728dd-9bdb-432e-8bb5-e28c305c8e5d> | {
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Robot Dives Deep for Sinkhole Slime
In May, researchers successfully conducted the third and final field test of the autonomous underwater robot, DEPTHX. Their objective was to explore Cenote Zacatón, the world’s deepest water-filled sinkhole.
Zacatón lies near one end of a chain of sinkholes stretching nearly half a mile across Rancho La Azufroza (Sulfur Ranch), located in northeastern México, roughly 20 miles from the Gulf Coast. Even without the sinkholes, the biology of the region would make a fascinating subject of study. The landscape is dotted with a muddle of tropical deciduous trees and bromeliads growing side-by-side with agaves and cacti typical of desert climates. Each day, as dawn approaches, a flock of green parrots takes wing, shrieking and squawking as they circle the rim of Zacatón. Later in the day, the air grows thick with butterflies, more than a dozen different species, some with wingspans exceeding six inches. It is a languid, sun-drenched setting.
But what lies below ground, in the dark waters of Zacatón, where only microbial life can survive, is what has piqued the interest of scientists and engineers from Stone Aerospace, the University of Texas at Austin, Carnegie Mellon University’s Robotics Institute, the Colorado School of Mines, and other institutions, who make up the DEPTHX team.
The DEPTHX project was funded by NASA’s ASTEP (Astrobiology Science and Technology for Exploring Planets) program. ASTEP projects typically involve both technology and science components. The robot incorporates a number of innovative technologies. It is the first underwater vehicle that can be placed in an enclosed water-filled space and, without any previous knowledge, safely navigate its way around, build a three-dimensional map of its environment, and collect samples of scientific interest — all without human intervention.
Mapping and sampling Zacatón was DEPTHX’s most challenging task to date. In March of this year, the craft explored Poza La Pilita, a smaller sinkhole near Zacatón.
DEPTHX enabled investigators to explore an otherwise inaccessible ecosystem that extends far below the Earth’s surface. The robot had a mechanical arm that could be extended 2 to 3 meters (6.5 to 10 feet); at its end was a spring-loaded penetrator that could sense when it came within a few inches of the cenote’s wall. Once in position, it grabbed a gob of the microbial biofilm that coats the entire interior surface of the sinkhole, and brought it back to the surface for later laboratory analysis. Positioning the 1.5-ton robot precisely — not too far from the uneven surface of the cenote wall to obtain a sample, but not so close that the penetrator slams into rock and gets bent — was challenging, particularly when the robot was doing its own navigation. But DEPTHX successfully obtained half a dozen samples of microbial Zacatón wall slime. The deepest of these came from close to the bottom of the cenote, at a depth of 272 meters (892 feet).
Finding the bottom of Zacatón was another of DEPTHX’s accomplishments. Previously, no-one had been able to determine for certain how deep the cenote was. As it turns out, the bottom is sloped, ranging from 315 meters (1033 feet) at its high end down to 320 meters (1050 feet). And it may go even deeper. At the low end of the cenote, the robot found what appeared to be a narrow tunnel that extended outward, and perhaps farther downward. Because the research team was pressed for time, however, and because they wanted to make sure they could safely get the craft back to the surface, they told DEPTHX to come home without exploring the tunnel.
John Spear, the lead microbiologist on the DEPTHX team, speculates that this deep channel is connected to an underground system of thermally heated water. About one million years ago, geologists believe, the Zacatón region was a site of intense hydrothermal activity, not unlike Mammoth Hot Springs in present-day Yellowstone National Park. Although thermal activity around Zacatón has calmed down considerably since those fiery days, there are clear signs that something is still stirring underground: a pervasive scent of sulfur hovers around the cenote, and Zacatón’s water is a constant 30 degrees C (86 degrees F). In fact, says Spears, one of the surprising discoveries made by DEPTHX is that the temperature in Zacatón is constant all the way through its thousand-foot water column. He expected to find temperature variation with depth, a more common scenario.
“If we stuck DepthX in a place like Yellowstone Lake, for example, you would see gradients of change in temperature. It would probably be warm on the surface, cold in the middle, and then down at the thermal vents warm again,” Spear said. But something is keeping Zacatón unusually well-mixed. I asked Spear what caused the mixing. “Don’t know,” he replied, but in a later email he added that “there is a large amount of geothermally heated water flowing through the system.”
Whatever its cause, the unexpected uniformity put a kink in the research team’s sample-collection plans. They had hoped to use gradients in the water’s temperature, in its salinity and in its level of dissolved oxygen to guide DEPTHX toward the best sampling locations. Places where such changes occur are interesting because they are often accompanied by an ecological change. Different types of organisms thrive in cooler water than in warmer water, for example.
Often, there is also a visual indicator of such changes. In Yellowstone, where Spear has worked extensively, “I could walk up to a hot spring and say, ‘I want a sample right there,’ mainly because of my visual interpretation of it, what I see,” he says. Green, for example, indicates the presence of photosynthetic organisms, which can survive only in relatively cool water. Yellow-, orange- and red-hued organisms dominate in hotter waters.
“You’d like the robot to do the same thing, use a visual cue to understand a place,” Spear says. He was hoping to be able to use “color changes on the walls of the cenote,” which “might correlate with chemistry,” to guide the robot toward good places to collect samples. But, apart from a shallow oxygenated zone near Zacatón’s surface, the microbial life that clung to the cenote walls was visually uniform, from top to bottom.
Nevertheless, Spear expects the DNA analysis that his lab will perform over the next few months on the Zacatón samples to yield valuable results. Preliminary analysis of samples collected a couple of years ago by a diver, at a depth of 85 meters (280 feet), turned up “six new groups of bacteria.” And by “six new groups” Spear emphasized, he didn’t mean six new species. “The bacteria domain [one of the three main branches on the tree of life] has about 100 different divisions or phyla in it. So we found six new ones, from here,” he explained. “That’s kind of equivalent to walking out your door in the morning and finding plants for the first time.” To be fair, Spear points out that “you can often find new groups” even in places as pedestrian as common garden soil. “It could even be something that’s living between your teeth.” Still, six is a pretty good haul for one sinkhole. “And we think we can find more,” he adds.
The samples that Spear’s lab will analyze were collected while DEPTHX was under human control. Because the robot’s time in Zacatón was limited, DEPTHX engineers had to choose between pursuing science goals or technology goals, and they decided to tell the robot where to collect its samples, rather than to let the craft’s onboard computers make autonomous choices.
But the robot’s software-engineering team, which hails from Carnegie Mellon’s Robotics Institute, also got a chance to put the robot’s sophisticated technology to the test. In Poza Verde (Spanish for “Green Pool”), a wider but shallower cenote near Zacatón, DEPTHX was tested in “exploration mode." In this mode, the robot is not given any instructions about where to go or what to do. It’s dropped into the water and simply told to go find interesting stuff. It is responsible both for navigating its way around and for deciding what is interesting. The engineering team judged this test a success.
That is promising, because exploration mode will have to work well for the next phase of the robot’s life. Later this year, DEPTHX will morph into ENDURANCE, the same robot but with a slightly different configuration, and will transition from exploring balmy semitropical waters to swimming about in chilly ice-covered lakes.
The first such cold-water test will take place in February 2008, in the Midwest. That will be a trail run for an even more challenging mission late in 2008: autonomous exploration of the waters of Antarctica’s Lake Bonney, an ice-covered lake about 3 km (1.8 miles) long and 1.5 km (0.9 miles) wide.
To date, very little is known about Lake Bonney. Peter Doran, a University of Illinois at Chicago associate professor and the principal investigator for the ENDURANCE project, and his colleagues have been studying the lake for several years, measuring its temperature, salinity and a handful of other parameters. But those measurements have all been made “in the center of the lake,” Doran says. “We go back to the same spot every year.” ENDURANCE, he says, will enable researchers for the first time to develop a portrait of the lake – its temperature, its chemistry, and its microbial ecology – in three dimensions. | <urn:uuid:16e5fd95-93b7-469f-acaf-2c1465712453> | {
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The symptoms of menopause are different for every woman.
The word meno- comes from the Greek word for “month”, while the word -pause comes from the Greek word pausis meaning “stop,” or “pause.” Menopause is characterized by the cessation of a woman’s menstrual cycles for at least one year, and although the average age is 51, menopause can occur in the 30s for some women, and for others, it won’t happen until much later, in their 60s.
Every woman experiences menopause differently: she might experience hot flashes for a while, and they may disappear. She may experience a whole range of symptoms or hardly any at all. This list includes the more typical symptoms of menopause, but is by no means exhaustive.
Be sure to check with your doctor if you have questions.
Menopause is something that doesn’t happen overnight. When a woman begins to experience symptoms, but still has menstrual cycles, she is in perimenopause; a gradual process leading up to menopause itself.
Women in perimenopause may experience symptoms that can last up to ten years before the true onset of menopause. Since every woman is different, this process could be much shorter or even longer.
Irregular Menstrual Cycles
One of the hallmark symptoms of perimenopause is that menstrual cycles become irregular. Within those cycles, bleeding can be very light or very heavy, and can change from month to month. A woman might not have periods every month.
If you are suddenly experiencing irregular periods, it’s a good idea to check with your doctor to be sure it is, in fact, perimenopause and not another underlying medical condition.
Many women will experience hot flashes in their perimenopausal years: these are sudden sensations of feeling very warm that can last from around 30 seconds to several minutes. As these flashes generally occur around the face and chest area, sometimes women will also perspire and/or blush as they happen.
So far, doctors are unable to pinpoint what exactly causes them or what makes women susceptible to their occurrence. They do usually happen less frequently over time, with most women reporting they no longer get them after five to ten years.
Just as a woman can experience hot flashes, she might also wake up suddenly in the night drenched in sweat. When this occurs, it can be difficult to go back to sleep or get comfortable, and that can contribute to fatigue and irritability the next day.
The vaginal area may become less elastic, accompanied by a sensation of dryness due to lower levels of estrogen. Painful intercourse can also occur, as well as itching and general discomfort in that area. Unfortunately, these conditions can also make a woman more prone to vaginal infections.
Symptoms in the Urinary Tract
Changes with the urinary tract happen in a similar manner: the urethra (the tube connecting the bladder to the outside of the body), gets drier and tighter, and as a result, a woman might feel like she needs to use the restroom more frequently. She might even experience a certain amount of urinary incontinence, where she “leaks” while standing, laughing or sneezing. These factors contribute to an increased risk of urinary tract infections.
A number of women will experience mood swings ranging from contentedness all the way to emotional upset, and it’s the changes in hormone levels that are to blame. Accompanying the mood swings, many women feel fatigued, due in part to the other symptoms of menopause, which can then lead to more severe mood swings.
Changes in Memory and Thinking
Because hormone levels are changing, women sometimes report they can’t remember things as well and feel downright forgetful. They may feel groggy or unable to concentrate, especially if they are already feeling tired or exhausted.
Other women experience physical changes such as tender breasts, achy or sore joints, itchy skin, weight gain, depression, thinning hair, hair growth in undesirable areas, tingling in the hands or feet, ringing in the ears, chronic indigestion, headaches, and more.
Also, once menopause occurs, women need to watch out for osteoporosis in the years following. Low hormone levels accelerate bone loss and it’s important to be proactive about maintaining healthy bone density. Heart disease is another symptom that can creep up in post-menopausal women. Regular medical checkups are crucial to help prevent both osteoporosis and heart problems.
While it’s important to know and understand menopausal symptoms, you don’t have to endure them in silence. Enlist the help of your physician and talk to friends or family about your experiences. In this way, you can approach menopause armed with information and reduce bothersome symptoms that might otherwise interfere with your life. There are many treatments out there that can really improve any symptoms you may have.
The following is a list of 20 foods you can eat to improve your eye-sight, improve your performance, energize your brain and keep your day on track.: 20 Foods To Snack On For Enhanced ProductivityFeatured photo credit: An image of girl with headache via Shutterstock
Love this article? Share it with your friends on Facebook | <urn:uuid:e5c6a2db-5106-4759-a079-4c7cbf0bfda9> | {
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Risk factors and causes
Scientists continue to study the genes responsible for familial ovarian cancer. This research is beginning to yield clues about how these genes normally work and how disrupting their action can lead to cancer. This information eventually is expected to lead to new drugs for preventing and treating familial ovarian cancer.
Research in this area has already led to better ways to detect high-risk genes and assess a woman’s ovarian cancer risk. A better understanding of how genetic and hormonal factors (such as oral contraceptive use) interact may also lead to better ways to prevent ovarian cancer.
New information about how much BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations increase ovarian cancer risk is helping women make practical decisions about prevention. For example, mathematical models have been developed that help estimate how many years of life an average woman with a BRCA mutation might gain by having both ovaries and fallopian tubes removed to prevent a cancer from developing. Studies have shown that fallopian tube cancers develop in women with BRCA gene mutations more often than doctors had previously suspected. However, it is important to remember that although doctors can predict the average outcome of a group of many women, it is still impossible to accurately predict the outcome for any individual woman.
Recent studies suggest that many primary peritoneal cancers and some ovarian cancers (such as high-grade serous carcinomas) actually start in the fallopian tubes. According to this theory, the early changes of these cancers can start in the fallopian tubes. Cells from these very early fallopian tube cancers can become detached and then stick to the surface of the peritoneum or the ovaries. For reasons that are still not understood, these cancer cells may grow more rapidly in their new locations.
This theory has important implications for preventing ovarian cancer because having the ovaries removed early can cause problems from lack of estrogen, such as bone loss, cardiovascular disease, and menopause symptoms. Some experts have suggested recently that some women who are concerned about their ovarian cancer risk (especially those with a strong family history and/or BRCA gene mutations) consider having just their fallopian tubes removed first. They then can have their ovaries removed when they are older. This approach lets women keep their ovaries functioning for longer, but because of that, it might not help breast cancer risk as much. This is an active area of research.
Other studies are testing new drugs for ovarian cancer risk reduction.
Researchers are constantly looking for clues such as lifestyle, diet, and medicines that may alter the risk of ovarian cancer.
Accurate ways to detect ovarian cancer early could have a great impact on the cure rate. Researchers are testing new ways to screen women for ovarian cancer, and a national repository for blood and tissue samples from ovarian cancer patients is being established to aid in these studies. One method being tested is looking at the pattern of proteins in the blood (called proteomics) to find ovarian cancer early.
From time to time, lab companies have marketed unproven tests to look for early ovarian cancer. Because these tests had not yet been shown to help find early cancer, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) told the companies to stop selling them. So far, this occurred with 2 different tests looking at protein patterns: OvaSure and OvaCheck. Both were taken off the market at the request of the FDA.
Two large studies of screening have been completed. One was in the United States, and the other was in the United Kingdom. Both studies looked at using the CA-125 blood test along with ovarian (transvaginal) ultrasound to find ovarian cancer. In these studies, more cancers were found in the women who were screened. Some of these were found at an early stage. But the outcomes of the women who were screened were not better than the women who weren’t screened. – the screened women did not live longer and were not less likely to die from ovarian cancer.
A test called OVA1 is meant to be used in women who have an ovarian tumor. It measures the levels of 4 proteins in the blood. The levels of these proteins, when looked at together, are used to put women with tumors into 2 categories − low risk and high risk. The women labeled low risk are not likely to have cancer. The women called “high risk” are more likely to have a cancer, and so should have surgery by a specialist (a gynecologic oncologist). This test is NOT a screening test − it is only meant for use in women who have an ovarian tumor.
Treatment research includes testing the value of currently available methods as well as developing new approaches to treatment.
New chemotherapy (chemo) drugs and drug combinations are being tested. The drugs trabectedin (Yondelis®) and belotecan have shown promise in some studies.
When the drugs cisplatin and carboplatin stop working, the cancer is said to be platinum resistant. Studies are looking for ways (like other drugs) to make these cancers sensitive to these drugs again.
Although carboplatin is preferred over cisplatin in treating ovarian cancer if the drug is to be given IV, cisplatin is used in intraperitoneal (IP) chemotherapy. Studies are looking at giving carboplatin for IP chemo.
Another approach is to give IP chemo during surgery using heated drugs. This, known as heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy or HIPEC, can be effective, but is very toxic. It still needs to be studied and compared with standard IP chemo to see if it actually works better.
Targeted therapy is a newer type of cancer treatment that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack cancer cells while doing little damage to normal cells. Each type of targeted therapy works differently, but they all attack the cancer cells’ inner workings − the programming that makes them different from normal, healthy cells. Bevacizumab (Avastin) is the targeted therapy that has been studied best in ovarian cancer, but other drugs are also being looked at, as well.
Pazopanib (Votrient®) is a targeted therapy drug that, like bevacizumab, helps stop new blood vessels from forming. It has shown some promise in studies.
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) are enzymes that have been recently recognized as key regulators of cell survival and cell death. Drugs that inhibit PARP-1 help fight cancers caused by mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2. In one study, the PARP inhibitor olaparib was also able to shrink tumors in ovarian cancer patients who did not have BRCA mutations. Clinical trials of this type of drug are being done to see who will benefit most from them.
Vintafolide (EC145) is a newer drug that targets the folic acid receptor. This receptor is found on some ovarian cancers. In one study, it helped stop the growth of cancers that had the folic acid receptor.
Another approach is to develop tumor vaccines that program the immune system to better recognize cancer cells. Also, monoclonal antibodies that specifically recognize and attack ovarian cancer cells are being developed. These antibodies are man-made versions of the antibodies our bodies make to fight infection. They can be designed to home in on certain sites on the cancer cell. Farletuzumab is a monoclonal antibody that is directed against the folic acid receptor, which is on the surface of some ovarian cancer cells. It has shown promise in treating ovarian cancer in early studies. Another monoclonal antibody being studied in ovarian cancer is called catumaxomab. It binds to a protein that is in some cancer cells and some immune system cells. When it is administered into the abdominal cavity, it can help treat fluid buildup (ascites) that can occur when cancer is present. | <urn:uuid:db41167f-40fb-43d7-8681-d9f11905ebe9> | {
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This article is taken from a series of teachings given by Bardor Tulku Rinpoche on the Bodhicharyavatara by Shantideva. This teaching is based on the first part of the chapter on the cultivation of patience, which describes why it is necessary to give up anger. Rinpoche uses the Tibetan commentary on the Bodhicharyavatara by Khenpo Kunpal.
Anger is the foremost obstacle to bodhichitta. In the sutra of the display of Manjushri, the Buddha said, “Manjushri, what we call anger destroys all of the virtue accumulated in one hundred kalpas.”
A kalpa, or aeon, can have two meanings. One is called a great kalpa, and the other is called an intermediate kalpa. A great kalpa is the duration of the universe and generally can be divided into four periods: the arising of the universe, the period during which it abides, the period of its destruction, and the period of its absence. Each of these periods consists of twenty intermediate kalpas, making a total of eighty intermediate kalpas to one great kalpa. It is said that one moment of anger can destroy all of the virtue that you have accumulated throughout a hundred such great kalpas, in other words a hundred times the duration of the entire universe. Because virtue can be destroyed in one moment of anger, anger must be abandoned. What is meant by virtue are all the good things we do: giving what is needed to sentient beings, going for refuge and making offerings to the Three Jewels – the Sugatas or Buddhas, the Dharma, and the Sangha – and all such acts of virtue, including the maintenance of moral discipline. In short, all the good you have done throughout a hundred great kalpas through any kind of virtue is all destroyed in a moment of strong anger.
Old commentaries on the avatara in either the Bodhicharyavatara or the Madhyamikavatara explain that if you get angry at an ordinary sentient being for one moment, that destroys all of the virtue that you have accumulated for one hundred kalpas, and if you get angry at a bodhisattva, it destroys all the virtue that you have accumulated for one thousand kalpas. The sutras further describe what happens if a bodhisattva who has not received prophecy gets angry at a bodhisattva who has. A received prophecy is one given at a certain point by a buddha to a bodhisattva, stating the time, place, and name of the bodhisattva’s future buddhahood. If a bodhisattva who has not received this prophecy gets angry at a bodhisattva who has, then he or she destroys the merit from an equal number of kalpas for however many instants or moments he or she is angry. For example, if a bodhisattva who has not received prophecy gets angry for ten moments at a bodhisattva who has received prophecy, then he destroys the merit of ten kalpas; if he remains angry for a thousand moments, he destroys the merit for a thousand kalpas, and so on. This was taught by the Buddha in both the long and intermediate Prajnaparamita sutras.
Some commentaries on the Bodhicharyavatara discuss and dispel various objections that are likely to arise. You might doubt that one moment of anger could destroy all the virtues accumulated through generosity and moral discipline for a hundred or a thousand kalpas. If that were so, then it would be impossible for any being ever to achieve liberation, since there is no ordinary being who does not give rise to moments of anger. That is the possible objection, and there are several responses to it. First of all, we have to be precise in our definitions. For example, the term “moment” can be used in several different ways, and typically is used in two ways in the Buddhist teachings. Sometimes a moment is defined as a specific unit of time, in which case it refers to 1/60th of the duration of the sound of a finger snap – the sound made by a youthful person in good health who snaps his or her fingers. The other definition is “moment” as we normally understand it – not an objective unit of time, but an instant or an occasion. In this case, it does not mean 1/60th of a finger snap, but a moment of completed action. If you understand that, then it becomes less difficult to accept. Some have said, in responding to the objection, that there are specific details that need to be understood about what virtues can and cannot be destroyed by anger. What is it about anger that destroys virtues, how are virtues are destroyed, and what does it mean to say they are destroyed?
There are three types of virtue. First there is the virtue that is not embraced by either means or discernment, and this is called merely meritorious virtue. Then there is virtue that is embraced by the discernment that is realization of selflessness, and this is called virtue that is merely conducive to liberation. Finally, there is virtue that is embraced by both means and discernment, and this is called the virtue of the Mahayana. The virtue that is merely meritorious is that which engages in a virtuous action such as generosity or moral discipline without being motivated by bodhichitta and without the recognition of selflessness. Because there is no recognition of selflessness, that virtue is not a cause of liberation; because there is no bodhichitta, it is not a cause of buddhahood. The second type of virtue is not motivated by bodhichitta, but it is motivated by the wish to achieve liberation, and it is embraced by the recognition of selflessness. That virtue is not a cause of buddhahood, but it is a cause of liberation. The third and best type of virtue is endowed with both means and discernment. Means refers to the aspect of compassion focused on all sentient beings, and discernment refers to the aspect of discernment that is focused on full awakening; in other words, it is motivated by bodhichitta.
According to some, of these three types of virtue only the first type – virtue that is merely meritorious – can be destroyed by anger, and the other two types cannot. Some also point out that if anger could destroy all virtue, then no being could ever attain enlightenment. They say that the anger must be directed at specific individuals, be extremely strong, and not be regretted afterwards. The type of anger that can destroy virtue is focused on an extraordinary object, such as a superior or a bodhisattva who has achieved the path of seeing; or it is very intense anger; or there is no remedial mind state, no regret even after the anger has passed. The third qualification some commentators make is that when it is said that anger destroys virtue, “destroy” means “delay.” If you generate an intense karma through anger, you will delay experiencing the results of your virtue simply because the intensity of your anger is greater than the intensity of your virtue. It is said about karma that the order of the results of actions are: the heaviest first, the closest first, and the most strongly habituated first. Otherwise they ripen in order.
In summary, there are three responses given by some commentators to the statement: “If it were true that one moment’s anger destroyed a hundred or a thousand kalpas worth of generosity and moral discipline, it would be impossible for any sentient being to ever attain enlightenment.” The first response is that a moment means an occasion, not a tiny unit of time. Second, the virtue destroyed is only that which is merely meritorious, and the anger is directed at an extraordinary object, is intense, and is not regretted. Finally, “destroyed” here means “delayed.”
At this point what is going on is that a statement made by Shantideva is followed by an objection to that statement, then a response to that objection. Then in Khenpo Kunpal’s commentary what we have are objections to the objection. This is not to say that he agrees with the objection, because obviously he believes that what Shantideva said is true. However, he thinks that the statement is excessively narrow; what he says is that it is not just anger at bodhisattvas that can destroy virtue.
The third response mentioned to the objection was the deferral of karmic ripening – the qualification that “destroy” does not mean to eradicate virtue, but to delay the karmic ripening. However, this contradicts the statement that anger only affects meritorious virtue, because we know that the deferral of karmic ripening can also affect virtue concordant with liberation and even virtue concordant with full awakening. Therefore those two qualifications do not fit together. There is a contradiction there, because if you allow the third qualification then you cannot hold onto the first qualification. In addition, the third qualification is uncertain because in the sutra called the Arya Sarvasta, the Buddha says: “Upali, even the greatest roots of virtue can be reduced, can be utterly removed, can be exhausted. Therefore do not even get angry at a piece of metal in a forge when it burns you.” If the Buddha could tell his close disciple Upali that a moment of anger at an inanimate object can destroy virtue, he clearly intended “destroy” to mean lessen, remove, and exhaust. He clearly meant to say that anger at another sentient being can destroy virtue, and not merely delay it. Therefore, not only is the third objection contradictory to the first one, but also, in and of itself, it contradicts other statements of the buddhas. On the other hand, Khenpo Kunpal writes that Gyaltse Rinpoche does not give any positive quote from the Buddha that virtue concordant with liberation can be destroyed by anger. According to Khenpo Kunpal, he did not come to a final conclusion. He was just saying, “There’s the objection, there’s the response, there’s the objection to the response, and there’s the questionable character of that objection to the response.”
Although the commentaries give no special description of who you have to be angry at to destroy virtue, we can infer from the Buddha’s statement that if it is problematic to get angry at an inanimate object, then it is uncertain that the object of your anger has to be a bodhisattva. In other words, if the Buddha said you could destroy virtue by getting angry at an inanimate object, then it would contradict that statement to say that you could only destroy virtue by getting angry at a bodhisattva. Now we have the whole question of what virtue can and cannot be destroyed by what kind of anger, and how long does the anger have to last? What is it that makes anger destroy virtue, and what does “destroy” mean anyway? If we put all of this together in the context of the words that Shantideva and Khenpo Kunpal use, it comes down to this: Shantideva said that virtue includes veneration of the Three Jewels, so we can infer that it is not merely ordinary virtue but also special or dharmic virtue that can be destroyed; otherwise, Shantideva would not have said it. Well, what can and cannot be destroyed? Khenpo Kunpal writes that anger can destroy the virtue that is accumulated by actions of body and speech, but it seems it cannot destroy the mental virtues. It can destroy the karmic result of virtuous actions of body and speech, but not the initial imprint of the virtuous state of mind that generated those actions.
The rest of this part is available in the printed version of Densal
©2006, Karma Triyana Dharmachakra. All rights | <urn:uuid:78c39dec-b5c0-4dd7-ae46-735509701457> | {
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He's been called a "national treasure" in Britain, he's made numerous and well-remembered European TV appearances, and the BBC aired a documentary in 2006 to celebrate the 10th anniversary of his most famous song. In America, however, Jarvis Cocker is mostly known as a relic of the 90s Britpop era, but a closer look at his career reveals his quiet and persistent influence on fashion, the arts...and even historic preservation.
Jarvis Cocker was born in the 1960s in Sheffield, an industrial city in South Yorkshire, England. The area was largely working class, and in 1984, local coal miners went on strike to protest the mine closures and job losses that were happening at the time. Over 25 years later, the strikes are still understood as an example of Britain's endemic class struggles. When Jarvis Cocker formed the band Pulp in 1978, he may not have been particularly interested in politics, but his songs would eventually reference and respond to issues of class that played out in the background of his Yorkshire childhood.
Pulp's most famous song, Common People (released in 1995) is a highly stylized narrative about the culture gap between working class and wealthy people. It's also an icon of mid-90s Britpop, a musical movement that diverged from the decade's overriding grunge style and rather favored slick, catchy melodies and sarcastic, witty lyrics. As a pop star, Jarvis Cocker's style was individualistic — he wore skinny suits and extra-large glasses. "He's eccentric, he's a complete one-off, totally idiosyncratic," Alex Kapranos of Franz Ferdinand told the BBC during the making of The Story of Common People.
His charismatic personality and imperfect, gangly appearance appealed to interviewers and TV producers, and after his career with Pulp ended in 2002, Cocker went on to record solo albums and participate in projects related to art, culture, and design. Eurostar enlisted him to be their "cultural ambassador," promoting museums and arts venues in major European cities. He's hosted a television program on Outsider Art, he has a Sunday BBC radio show, and he's made cameos in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire and Wes Anderson's Fantastic Mr. Fox.
This year, he recorded an album (downloadable for free here) for Britian's National Trust. National Trust: The Album features a series of soundscapes recorded at historic sites, from a 17th-century house that's rumored to be haunted to the 1930s-era billiards room of a historic mansion. He told The Independent, "I hope it has the feel of one continuous journey and conjures up an image in the mind's eye of the places featured. I also hope it could inspire the listeners to then visit the sites for themselves."
Respect for history and cultural heritage is a thread that can be followed from the lyrics of his Pulp songs to his recent work with organizations like Eurostar and the National Trust. Cocker has used his distinct style, as well as the force of his personality, to draw attention to everything from cross-cultural art "happenings" in London to the formal gardens at Powis Castle in Wales. For more on the projects mentioned above, click through the links below.
• The Story of Common People from TripWire
• Jarvis Cocker Curates National Trust Album from The Independent
• Jarvis Cocker Launches Eurostar Culture Connect
• Jarvis Cocker's Sunday Service on BBC6
• Jarvis Cocker Talks About Outside Art from The Times
Photos: Screenshot from video for Common People by Pulp (1), Subterranean Tourist Board used under Creative Commons License 2.0 (2), Pulp Promotional Image via Wikipedia (3), Pulp Different Class Album Cover via Wikipedia (4), Jarvis by Jarvis Cocker from Amazon.com (5), James Long used under Creative Commons License 2.0 via Wikimedia Commons (6), Olaf Tausch used under GNU Free Documentation License via Wikimedia Commons (7), Boaz Sachs used under Creative Commons License 2.0 (8), Fantastic Mr. Fox via IMDB (9), Mike Mantin used under Creative Commons License 2.0 via Wikimedia Commons (10) | <urn:uuid:df53d634-e608-4ddd-90e2-59f99957f1f2> | {
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10,000 steps a day (which equals about 5 miles) is a goal recommended by Shape Up America!, the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, and the American College of Sports Medicine. Studies have shown that walking 10,000 steps a day is the right ball park to be in.
How many steps do you walk each day?
A sedentary person may have 1,000 to 3,000 steps a day. The following chart provides an idea about steps and different activity levels. (Tudor-Lock, C. & Bassett, D.R. Jr. How many steps/days are enough? Sports Medicine, 34 (1): 1-8, 2004)
|Steps per Day||Activity Level|
|5,000 - 7,499||Low Active|
|7,500 - 9,999||Somewhat Active|
What is a reasonable goal for you to be “active”?
If your current average steps is <3,000 steps, add 500-1,000 steps per day everyday for a week. Then, add an extra 500-1,000 steps per day the following week. The idea is “Take it slowly”. Try to increase your steps about 20% a month.
If you are strong walkers, within 10,000 of the steps, 2,000-4,000 steps, should be done at a brisk pace (that means you cannot sing when you are walking!) to maximize health benefits (Harber et al, 2006).
Note: These recommendations are only a guide and do not provide medical advice. You should always consult with your doctor or healthcare professional before starting a physical activity program.
How do you measure you steps?
READ MORE: PEDOMETER AND NEW TECHNOLOGY - CELL PHONE AND GOOGLE MAPS (PDF) | <urn:uuid:6dc9b7d0-d1f3-42e9-ad7b-6acb5061a873> | {
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Evolution oF APUHF
The importance of housing worldwide cannot be overstated. Housing is a critical social necessity. Shelter has been historically equated with a basic human right alongwith food and clothing. Housing not only provides shelter, it is the also cornerstone of community life, the center of family activities and a reference point for societal esteem, and above all the most important financial asset of the poor. Of the three basic social needs i.e., the food, clothing and shelter, shelter is often beyond the reach of the poor of many societies around the globe.
While the poorest somehow manage to procure food and clothing, still there are hundreds of millions of shelter-less poor around the globe.
In South Asia, which is home to one in four people on the planet, every second person is below the poverty line.
Over the years housing shortages have become a pervasive problem, where issues are well known and answers are yet to be found. In India alone, more than 25 million families have no home, and nearly all of this shortage is in low income category. Major metropolitans in South Asia have millions of shelter less poor. This massive urban housing shortage is hiding itself behind high persons per room density (over 3.5 persons per room density in India and Pakistan), and the pervasiveness of slum dwelling areas and squatter settlements, people living on footpaths or even in abandoned sewage pipes. Nearly half of the major metropolitan areas in the region are taken up by slum dwellings. In Afghanistan, about 36 percent of people are not able to meet their basic needs. In Kabul city alone, nearly two-thirds of the housing stock has been damaged or destroyed during the last three decades of war.
The World Bank Housing Initiative in South Asia:
In May, 2008 the World Bank initiated a dialogue (GDLN) between countries of the South Asia region to address the issue of housing and housing finance. For this purpose, a global dialogue was initiated through a video conference at the World Bank headquarters in Washington. The World Bank officials behind this initiative were Tatiana Nenova, Olivier Hessler, Mehnaz Safavian and Zaigham Mahmood Rizvi.
The countries which participated in the video conference were Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Indonesia. The conference highlighted the challenging issues confronting housing and housing finance in the South Asia region. As a result of this deliberation, the World Bank decided to prepare reports on the status of housing and housing finance starting with five countries of the region namely Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. The report titled “Expanding Housing Finance to the Underserved in South Asia” is expected to be released soon as a World Bank publication.
The region’s housing institutions and central banks, aware of the importance of the issue of housing, have taken important steps in this regard. In addition to the many ongoing national housing initiatives, a regional initiative called the Asia Pacific Union for Housing Finance Forum is a key milestone. On May 27-29, 2009 the World Bank Group (World Bank and IFC) jointly organized a regional Housing Conference in Jakarta, Indonesia. At the Jakarta Ms Tatiana Nenova presented the findings of the above study. Inspired by the papers presented at the conference, Mr. Zaigham Mahmood Rizvi proposed the idea of setting up a more permanent regional platform in the name of South Asia Housing Forum (APUHF) with its Secretariat in Delhi, India. The purpose was to promote better understanding and cooperation between the countries of the region on issues relating to housing and housing finance. The proposal was endorsed by Mr. Abdul Qadeer Fitrat, Governor, DA Afghanistan Bank, Mr. R.V.Verma of National Housing Bank of India, and other participants. Mr. Verma, on behalf of the National Housing Bank (NHB) offered the services of NHB as Secretariat of the Forum for the interim period. The members of Advisory Board of APUHF are Mr. Abdul Qadeer Fitrat (Da Afghanistan Bank), Mr. Kamran Shahzad (State Bank of Pakistan), Mr. R.V.Verma (National Housing Bank India), Mr.Mohammad Abul Quassem (Bangladesh Bank), Mr.P.D.J.Fernando (Central Bank of Sri Lanka) and Zaigham Mahmood Rizvi. Mr. Abdul Qadeer Fitrat is the Chairman, and Mr. Zaigham Mahmood Rizvi being the Secretary General.
The Asia Pacific Union for Housing Finance Forum started functioning with its Secretariat at National Housing Bank, Delhi, India as a platform for knowledge-sharing and networking between different countries, which in turn will help in policy design, strategic intervention, the design of different instruments for low income housing, and ongoing research on housing and housing finance markets in the region. The Forum planned to use both a Virtual Platform (e-Portal) and a Physical Platform (conferences, seminars and publications. The e-Portal was formally launched by the Chairman, HE Abdul Qadeer Fitrat.
UNESCAP and UNHABITAT Pro-Poor Housing Initiative:
Around the same time the UNESCAP and UNHABITAT, in collaboration with National Housing Bank of India (NHB), had launched an initiative on Pro-Poor Housing in Asia-Pacific region. Under the initiative a study titled “Regional Project on Pro-Poor Housing Finance in Asia and Pacific -A Compendium of Seven Countries”, was launched by UN-ESCAP. The project comprised of Country Reports and a Compendium of Seven Countries. The countries covered in the study were India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Mongolia, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Afghanistan
At the Regional Policy Dialogue on Pro-poor Housing Finance held in New Delhi, India on 30 – 31 January, 2008 the summary findings of the report on Pro-Poor Housing Initiatives was reviewed by the participants.
The main findings and recommendations of the Compendium were:
- Creation of an Affordable Housing Fund
- Channeling Loans through Community Savings Groups
- Strengthening of Laws related to Recovery of Loans
- Need for Exclusive and Intermediate Institutions
- Need for continuous Dialogue and Dissemination
- Need for Risk Mitigants like Credit Guarantee Programs
- Mortgage Insurance, Title Insurance and Credit Bureaus
- Alternative Forms of Collateral
- Mortgage Counseling and Consumer Education
- Technical Assistance for low cost construction technologies and construction materials.
The report emphasized the need to share common wisdom and experience on Low Cost Construction Technologies, Low Cost Construction Material, Builders with technical and financial expertise, Promoting Networking and Joint Ventures, Issues and answers in Long Term Funding, Product innovation and experiences, Policy Initiatives and Programs in different countries, Provision of Affordable Serviced Land and Land Banking, promotion of Housing Micro-Finance Institutions and correct Use of Subsidies.
The other important area that needed to be focused was making available long term funding for housing finance through mechanism like securitization, more so for housing finance companies serving the low income segment. The study had further emphasized that product innovations in pro-poor housing finance should include innovations both on the Liabilities as well as the Assets side. Housing Microfinance could provide pro-poor housing solutions but at the same time it required a different mindset. The existing housing finance institutions need to innovate in terms of product, delivery, personnel managing the product etc. It was felt that the creation of a regional network or forum would provide a base from where knowledge sharing about innovative approaches and networking between different institutions could be accomplished.
Joining the two initiatives at one platform- Asia Pacific Union for Housing Finance ( APUHF):
Discussions on the nature and shape of the network were also continued at the Asia Pacific Union for Housing Finance Forum (APUHF) meeting in New Delhi in January 2010. During this meeting it was decided that the APUHF network and the UN-ESCAP/UN-HABITAT/NHB initiatives on Pro-Poor Housing Finance would be merged into a single Regional Network. It was strongly felt that the creation of a regional network or forum would provide a base from where knowledge sharing about innovative approaches and networking between different institutions could be accomplished.
Subsequently, another meeting was held in Bangkok on March 25, 2010 to further discuss the modalities of creating the network. The first draft of a Concept Note, prepared to discuss the institutional and operational modalities of the network was presented and discussed at the meeting
At the Regional Symposium on Pro-Poor Housing Finance held in New Delhi, India during April 19 – 20, 2010, a presentation on the Concept Note was made for enabling discussions on different aspects of the Network. There were wide range discussions on different aspects of creating the Network ranging from its name, its vision and mission, activities and objectives, structure and other modalities, membership and financial resources etc. Following the discussion, it was decided that the members of the Network would be divided into Working Groups, who would work on finalizing different aspects of the Network, before its informal launch during the October meeting of the International Union for Housing Finance (IUHF).
Three Working Groups are presently working to finalize the following;
- Charter of the APUHF
- Members & Membership Fee Structure
- Programs/Activities Calendar
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He is without question the most popular figure on Michigan State University's campus: the Spartan, better known as " Sparty," a three-ton, 11-foothigh colossus. You can find his face on cups, sweatshirts and jackets, and meet him in person as a full-bodied mascot at MSU celebrations and football games. Since he was erected in 1945, university officials proudly call him the largest freestanding ceramic figure in the world. Today, green-and-white clad students guard Sparty through the night on the eve of the MSU-UM game, and devoted alumni praise him with religious fervor.
At first glance, the stone-faced MSU symbol impressed me as a Rambo-like warrior, with oversized muscles and a shocking emptiness of expression. Hadn't ancient Sparta been a state system, which intentionally raised children as war machines? And weren't the Spartans reputed as intellectually and artistically barren, since they limited reading and writing to an absolute minimum? Strangely, Sparty reminded me of the artwork of Nazi Germany, back when "Aryan" race body aesthetics were celebrated. Where did this guy come from?
In the middle of the World War II, sculptor Leonard D. Jungwirth, an MSU assistant professor, decided to create a statue of "The Spartan." Jungwirth was born in Detroit in 1903, the son of an Austrian wood-carver and modeler who had immigrated to America in 1882. His mother was born in Germany. And he studied in Germany during the rise of Adolf Hitler.
It remains unclear why Jungwirth sacrificed three years of his spare time to create Sparty without receiving any apparent compensation. Jungwirth's oldest daughter, Sandra Ayers, who lives in DeWitt, said that her father hadn't been a big sports fan. She also remembers that he didn't believe the statue was his greatest work of art. He often told her, "I hope I don't get to be known as the creator of Sparty when I die." But when he died in 1963, that is exactly what happened. Ayers believes her father's stay in Germany from 1929 to 1933 had an influence on his artwork. He'd told her about running into SA troops and about the Nazi leader Adolf Hitler, whom he'd seen on two occasions. She told City Pulse about a Nazi knife he'd brought back from Germany. "He told me it had dried blood on it, but I don't know if it did. I guess it was rusty."
In 1929, Jungwirth attended the Academy of Fine Arts in Munich. As Jungwirth arrived, [Nazis] had just started to rally in the city, which they would later call "Capital of the Movement." A 1996 MSU exhibition about Sparty and the Figurative Tradition in Sculpture acknowledges that "Jungwirth's Munich years may have been significant in the development of his idea of 'The Spartan.'"
The Nazis considered certain kinds of nakedness, including people with war injuries, physical handicaps, or in the process of lovemaking, "degenerate" and banned from exhibitions. The skin had to be hairless, smooth, and bronzed. The body had become an abstract symbol of Aryan beauty, as it was in Leni Riefenstahl's film of the 1936 Olympic Games.
Jungwirth might have been at least unwittingly influenced by this style. Sparty stands, invincible, at the intersection of Kalamazoo Street and Red Cedar and Chestnut roads, a figure to be worshipped, but neither desired nor loved. | <urn:uuid:978fc9c0-9838-4d29-9a2d-aa66d27a8573> | {
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Introducing new evidence from more than 600 secret Ottoman documents, this book demonstrates in unprecedented detail that the Armenian Genocide and the expulsion of Greeks from the late Ottoman Empire resulted from an official effort to rid the empire of its Christian subjects. Presenting these previously inaccessible documents along with expert context and analysis, Taner Akçam's most authoritative work to date goes deep inside the bureaucratic machinery of Ottoman Turkey to show how a dying empire embraced genocide and ethnic cleansing.
Although the deportation and killing of Armenians was internationally condemned in 1915 as a "crime against humanity and civilization," the Ottoman government initiated a policy of denial that is still maintained by the Turkish Republic. The case for Turkey's "official history" rests on documents from the Ottoman imperial archives, to which access has been heavily restricted until recently. It is this very source that Akçam now uses to overturn the official narrative.
The documents presented here attest to a late-Ottoman policy of Turkification, the goal of which was no less than the radical demographic transformation of Anatolia. To that end, about one-third of Anatolia's 15 million people were displaced, deported, expelled, or massacred, destroying the ethno-religious diversity of an ancient cultural crossroads of East and West, and paving the way for the Turkish Republic.
By uncovering the central roles played by demographic engineering and assimilation in the Armenian Genocide, this book will fundamentally change how this crime is understood and show that physical destruction is not the only aspect of the genocidal process.
Taner Akçam, the first scholar of Turkish origin to publicly acknowledge the Armenian Genocide, holds the Kaloosdian and Mugar Chair in Armenian Genocide Studies at Clark University. His many books include A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility (Metropolitan Books).
"Akçam has long courted controversy in Turkey, where he was jailed as a student activist in the 1970s before claiming asylum in Germany, but his intellectual courage is beyond question. Moreover, while Turkey's official account of what happened in 1915 is unchanged, Turkish public and intellectual opinion is now much more open to debate. This dispassionate, scholarly study is a valuable contribution to help that debate move on."--Delphine Strauss, Financial Times
"[T]he fact that a Turkish historian with access to the Ottoman archives has written this book is of immeasurable significance."--Foreign Affairs
"Akçam has long been the most vocal Turkish scholars regarding the Ottoman participation in genocidal acts against Armenians. Here, using Ottoman archival sources, the author makes his case that the Young Turk government had planned prior to WWI to remove the empire's Christian and no-Turkish Muslim population. . . . The author's discussion of the removal and execution of the Armenians is extremely detailed and well documented, and his usage of Ottoman sources, although questioned by Turkish nationalist scholars, is a very important addition to the study of this issue."--Choice
"[A] major breakthrough in the our understanding of the social engineering that led to the near destruction of the Armenians of Anatolia, and of the dual-track mechanism for organizing it that the Young Turks employed. . . . [A] must for serious scholars of the Armenian Genocide."--John M. Evans, former U.S. Ambassador to Armenia (2004-2006), American Diplomacy
"Taner Akçam's study represents a giant step forward. He produced a most important book, all the more so because the ideology of Islamism has endured, and most recently some of its outstanding proponents have seized power in the Middle East."--Dr. Wolfgang G. Schwanitz, Scholars for Peace in the Middle East
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Simply Out of School - Childcare Service
For parents considering primary schools for their children and after school childcare. There is a fantastic service being held in Llanilltud Faerdref Primary providing care for pupils from 3.30pm-5.30pm! Use the link for more information!
Please scroll down to find information, and useful links which will help parents and the school to work together to protect children online.
E-Safety refers to child protection and safeguarding of both children and adults in the digital world. It is about learning to understand and use technologies in a safe, positive way, also about supporting children and adults to develop safe online behaviours (both in and out of school).
The internet is a wonderful resource for the children but at the same time we have to teach the children how to stay safe on line. The children’s safety is of paramount concern to us and as part of our safeguarding commitment we have developed an e-safety committee of staff and governors. As a group we review information and develop safe practices within the school. Part of our role is also to ensure parents are kept informed of school policy. (For a really useful parent magazine on e-safety click here and scroll down to the bottom of the page, where you can find both current and previous issues.)
As part of the pupils' curriculum, Llanilltud Faerdref Primary provides supervised access to the Internet. Pupils are regularly given opportunities to use websites designed to support their learning. They are also taught research and evaluation skills to help them use the Internet effectively and efficiently.
The following are useful child friendly search engines:
To reduce the possibility of children accessing undesirable materials our Broadband provider operates a filtering system that restricts access to inappropriate materials. All of our computers are in public view and access is supervised. Children are also taught the SMART rules for using the Internet, in order to help them to stay safe wherever they use the Internet.
The SMART rules:
SAFE - stay safe, don't give out personal information
MEETING - only meet someone from the internet with your parents
ACCEPTING - emails, IM, texts from strangers can lead to problems
RELIABLE - information on the Internet may not be true
TELL - a trusted adult if anything online makes you feel uncomfortable
Childnet International is a non-profit organisation working with others to “help make the Internet a great and safe place for children”. The site includes ‘Kidsmart’ with lots of fun activities for Primary children and also ‘Know IT All’ which is described below.
Know IT All is Childnets award winning suite of educational resources to support teachers, parents and children. Their advice for parents includes information on social networking and cyberbullying and some really useful family resources.
South West Grid for Learning (swgfl) is North Somerset’s broadband provider for schools and they provide our security and filtering systems. They also provide some very useful e-safety resources (search for 'parents').
This website is supported by the Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre (CEOP) and demonstrates some of the risks children face online, including grooming, and provides information about how to protect your child.
www.saferinternet.org.uk - e-safety tips, advice and resources to help children and young people stay safe on the internet.
http://ceop.police.uk - to report abuse or grooming to CEOP (Child Exploitation and Online Protection)
Minecraft - information for parents
Minecraft is a 3D virtual world that has been around since 2009, it is often described as an online version of Lego. However, given the fact that it is virtual, online and not a traditional game/toy, understanding its attraction to our children can cause difficulties within the family home. It is also a concern that it was never intended for use by children and was originally designed as an adult gaming experience.
One of the main worries parents express when discussing Minecraft is the safety of their children whilst online. Your children are no more at risk online playing Minecraft than any other form of online gaming. It is down to us as parents to monitor our children’s internet activities and discuss with them their online experiences and achievements. This will require us to understand and take part in the game as we would when helping to construct a Lego set or similar and then playing with the toy.
It is possible with a little research (perhaps using some of the links on this document) to set up a Minecraft account and restrict who your child can play with online. You will also need to be aware of public servers for Minecraft which allows players to talk with complete strangers.
A generally safer option would be to pay to use Minecraft Realms this allows you to set up an online world that only authorised players can join i.e. giving you control over who your children can play with. Visit https://minecraft.net/realms for more information.
Parental Control Settings
Currently in Minecraft, there are no parental control or privacy settings. However, there is a way to stop your child from being able to play with others.
Minecraft has two main player options:
Single player: Single player is entirely safe, as no one can join the player’s game and no one can contact you through the Minecraft chat.
Multi player: This is the mode that you need to be careful of, as players can join any game they want, public or private, and can contact any player, whether they are friends or strangers.
LAN: You can also play together with friends in the same location or room, if you are all sharing the same modem via Ethernet or via WiFi. Log into Single Player and the click the “esc” button out to the ‘Game Menu’ screen and click ‘Open to LAN’ and then ‘Start LAN World’ Others then can join you if they are playing the same version of Minecraft. They go to ‘Multiplayer’ and the game then searches for local games, they should see an pop up to join your game. For more information, see this link http://minecraft.gamepedia.com/LAN#Local_area_network
In Minecraft, there are many different modes. (These are for both Single Player and Multi Player):
Survival: In survival mode, the player must survive against monsters and hunger. However, the monsters can be turned off by pressing escape, going into settings and turning the difficulty to ‘peaceful’.
Creative: In creative mode, the player is free to do whatever they want, and monsters cannot attack them.
Adventure: In adventure mode, the player is not allowed to break any blocks, but can only kill monsters and animals, or be killed by monsters.
If your child is playing in a mode that you are happy with remember to check the settings regularly they may be aware of cheats that can cause the modes to be changed i.e. Turn creative mode into Survival mode with Monsters. The monsters are animated but have been known to cause nightmares especially in younger children particularly when they have been watching an older sibling’s gameplay.
As with most areas of the internet there are several non-official sites claiming to provide downloads of the Minecraft game. It would be wise to avoid these sites even though they sound tempting by offering a free version. Many such sites will use the downloading process for minecraft to deliver a virus onto your computer, stick to the official sites for all your downloads and mods it won’t be as costly as a new computer. It is also advisable to regularly back up your computer to an external drive, then if your computer does contract a virus you can completely wipe your device and reboot it from the drive to the exact image at the time of your last back up.
If your child wants to make modifications to Minecraft these will likely be unofficial ones, you will need to ask your child where they heard about the mod and research it yourself. If it is a popular mod you will be able to find out how to download it with minimum risk and establish from other users whether it has caused the download of any viruses. It would be a good idea to carry out a backup of your computer prior to the mod download.
There are many servers in Minecraft that have been set up exclusively for families and children to play on safely. The servers have strict rules on language and behavior, which is guaranteed by the moderators. They are also whitelisted, meaning it is impossible to connect unless your name has been added to the list, preventing random strangers from joining the server. Some of these websites include:
Kids Safe YouTube Minecraft Channels:
http://www.cleanminecraftvideos.com where only child friendly Minecraft videos are shown.
Playing on Minecraft Realms, chatting in Scrolls, making purchases, or changing settings on the Mojang account site, is not possible now unless you have parental consent which includes verification via a credit card.
Minecraft Realms is a paid subscription service where you can host a server for friends simply without having to set up I.P addresses, ports and LAN networks.
The information found in this article was retrieved from the following sites which are recommended for further reading in relation to Minecraft and general internet safety.
Parents have asked how to spot cyberbullying. These are a selection of sites with information on what cyberbullying is and what it looks like.
More useful links for parents
- Digital Parenting magazineThe latest edition of this popular and useful publication, available in a choice of online formats for different devices.
- Ask About GamesA site aimed at families, with information about parental controls and making playing video games a more collaborative and creative experience.
- A Parent's Guide to TechnologyA guide to some of the most popular devices used by children.
- Cyber Streetwise OnlineA government campaign which aims to change the way people view online safety and provide the public and small businesses with the skills and knowledge they need to take control of their cyber security. Although aimed at adults and older children (KS2 upwards), the information will be useful to all parents and carers.
Use the videos/links below to make yourself aware of the benefits of using ICT and the safety precautions you should take. | <urn:uuid:5bd40202-0022-4171-8368-87c40a7e5ecb> | {
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Know how to use "fewer" and "less"? Find out.
A system of obligations that bound lords and their subjects in Europe during much of the Middle Ages. In theory, the king owned all or most of the land and gave it to his leading nobles in return for their loyalty and military service. The nobles in turn held land that peasants, including serfs, were allowed to farm in return for the peasants' labor and a portion of their produce. Under feudalism, people were born with a permanent position in society. (See fief and vassal.)
Note: Today, the word feudal is sometimes used as a general term for a set of social relationships that seems unprogressive or out of step with modern society. | <urn:uuid:3a83f861-2676-4510-bda5-7a262061bf3e> | {
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BHARAT DARSHAN – DINOSAUR – INDIVIDUAL WITH INDIVIDUALITY
To students of Biology, extinction of dinosaurs is a subject of great interest. Dinosaurs describe a large group of reptiles that dominated Earth for nearly 150 million years in the Mesozoic Era. They came in different sizes, ranging in length from 2 feet to nearly 90 feet and varied in weight up to 75 ton. Their eating habits were varied and are thought to be egg-layers.
Certain life forms on Earth suddenly perished while life on Earth continued to survive without showing any significant damage or alteration of corporeal substance called protoplasm or cytoplasm. The same kind of biomolecules operate living functions and living process involves same oxidation-reduction chemical reactions while individual life forms have their own lifespans. When Dinosaurs lived, each one of them lived as Individual with Individuality even if they all perished as a group. Volcanic eruptions in India may have caused demise of dinosaurs and I am sharing this story as this subject needs careful interpretation of natural events. Every Cause may have its own Effect. If Asteroid Impact and Volcano eruption is the Cause, Dinosaur extinction is the Effect, I want to know as to What is the Cause that compels living things to always exist as Individuals with Individuality while they seem to share a common destiny?
Ann Arbor, MI 48104-4162, USA
|Bhavanajagat.orgBhavanajagat.org, Ann Arbor, MI. BhavanaJagat is a private organization devoted to the study of man’s status in Nature….|
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Did a massive volcanic eruption in India kill off the dinosaurs?
By JOEL ACHENBACH December 11, 2014
(Mark Garlick/Getty Images)
There’s a solid consensus among scientists about what happened to the dinosaurs 66 million years ago: A mountain-sized meteorite crashed into the planet and triggered a mass extinction. The debris from the impact has been found in hundreds of locations around the world. Geologists have also found signs of the giant crater, centered around the tip of Yucatan Peninsula.
But there has long been an alternate theory, espoused by a rump caucus of researchers who think they’ve never been given a fair hearing. They believe the extinction was caused, at least in part, by an extraordinary volcanic eruption in India.
This eruption created the Deccan Traps, a geological formation that covers nearly 200,000 square miles of western India. It was created by a flood of basaltic lava, the kind of eruption seen today on the Big Island in Hawaii. But the eruption that formed the Deccan Traps was unusually prolonged and prodigious. All told, the eruption produced about 1.3 million cubic kilometers of lava, which is about 1.3 million times as much material produced by the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. The eruption pumped enormous, climate-changing quantities of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere.
Now scientists have found a way to date more precisely the Deccan Traps eruption, and the results are a boost, potentially, for the volcano-did-it camp.
The main pulse of the lava flow began about 250,000 years before the mass extinction event, and ended about 500,000 years after, according to a paper published online Thursday in the journal Science. Thus if the eruption is not a significant factor in the mass extinction, it’s a remarkable coincidence. Earlier attempts to date the Deccan Traps, using less precise methods, had a much larger margin of error, on the order of plus-or-minus one million years.
The lead author of the paper, Blair Schoene, a professor of geosciences at Princeton, said the results indicate that both the catastrophic impact and the more gradual, but extraordinary, volcanic eruption could have been factors in the end-Cretaceous mass extinction.
“Both are potentially really important,” Schoene said. “I don’t know if we can say the extinction would have or would not have happened without both of them.”
One obvious scenario: Climate change caused by the eruptions could have stressed the biosphere and set the conditions for a greater die-off when the asteroid smashed the planet.
“I sort of favor the one-two punch idea,” Schoene said.
Stronger words come from one of the paper’s co-authors, GERTA KELLER, another Princeton professor who has been among the most outspoken proponents of the hypothesis that the Deccan Traps caused the mass extinction. Keller has long maintained that the asteroid impact happened earlier than the die-off and couldn’t have been the trigger. Her work has been controversial, and she has long been viewed as a maverick in the scientific community.
“I think this is a game-changer,” she said of the new results. She said the new dating of the Deccan Traps strengthens the case for volcanism as the “primary cause” of the mass extinction.
“The data is so strong at this point that the momentum is entirely on my side,” she said.
The researchers took rock samples in India and scrutinized them for crystals containing uranium and lead. Crystals of zircon form in magma with trace amounts of uranium inside. The uranium gradually decays into lead. Because the rate at which uranium decays is well-known, the ratio of uranium and lead isotopes in the crystals serves as a kind of clock, revealing how long it has been since the crystals formed.
Lava leftovers may offer clues to dinosaur extinction
Eruptions in India could have contributed to their extinction. Researcher Mike Eddy uses a rock hammer to scrape out fine-grained material from a rock layer within the Deccan Traps, step-like hills formed by lava in India that cover roughly the sizes of the states of Washington and Oregon combined. Around the end of the Cretaceous period, there was a massive volcanic eruption in India. Photo image by Gerta Keller.
Another co-author of the Science paper, Sam Bowring of M.I.T., said what’s important is that everyone now knows more accurately when the Deccan Traps eruptions began and ended.
“I do not think for a minute that this denigrates the role of the impact in the extinction, and I don’t think it proves that the impact didn’t have anything to do with the extinction. But what I think it does, for the first time, is establish with high precision and accuracy that the Deccan Traps began just prior to the extinction and continued throughout the extinction,” Bowring said.
“Whether or not you can say it played a role in the extinction is quite another matter. But at least now we can have a conversation on good temporal grounds,” Bowring said.
The fundamental problem for the hypothesis that volcanism caused the mass extinction is that it doesn’t seem to be necessary. The mass extinction, including the demise of the non-avian dinosaurs, was for a long time among the greatest mysteries in science, but few people view it as a mystery anymore.
Until 1980, scientists struggled to understand why so many life forms abruptly went extinct. Not only did the tyrannosaurs disappear, so did many species in the seas, including most of the species of tiny marine organisms called foraminifera. The Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, usually referred to as the K/T boundary (the K is from the German word for Cretaceous), is clearly marked in marine sediments by the sudden drop in the size and diversity of foraminifera. Below the boundary, in older sediments, the forams are relatively large. Above, there are only small forams. The evidence points to a sudden, planet-wide extinction event.
Historical explanations included some kind of disease, or the drying up of inland seas putting stress on the dinosaur population, or a supernova irradiating the Earth. But then came the stunning discovery by Luis and Walter Alvarez, father and son scientists, who while studying a clay layer marking the K/T boundary in Italy found striking amounts of iridium.
That iridium, the Alvarezes concluded, came from an object from space that collided with the planet. In the decade that followed, scientists zeroed in on the “crater of doom” at the tip of the Yucatan. Residue from the impacting asteroid, which is believed to have been about seven miles in diameter, has been found in roughly 300 locations around the planet. There are also signs of a tsunami that inundated coastal Texas.
Scientists prefer parsimonious explanations — the simpler the better. Thus many appear reluctant to add the Deccan Traps to a tidy K/T extinction narrative. The asteroid impact appears to be the smoking gun, and any additional element to the narrative could potentially have a grassy-knoll quality to it.
“It’s a remarkable event, it’s a huge impact, and it lines up exactly with the extinction,” said Kirk Johnson, director of the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History and an expert on the mass extinction. “You don’t need anything else.”
David Fastovsky, a geoscientist at the University of Rhode Island, said a coincidence in the fossil record doesn’t imply causation. Asked whether the volcano-plus-impact could have been a one-two punch, he said, “Possibly, but why do we need to do that? We have enough already with this asteroid.”
But volcanoes will not be ignored: The largest extinction event in the planet’s history, about 250 million years ago at the end of the Permian, appears to have happened at the same time as another massive volcanic eruption in Siberia — the Siberian Traps. There was also a huge volcanic eruption in what is now the northern Atlantic Ocean that was coincident with a mass extinction at the end of the Triassic, Bowring said.
“The idea that flood basalts and extinctions are related is not a new idea,” Bowring said. “Easy to say, difficult to prove.”
Another conjecture circulating among geophysicists is that the impact of the asteroid might possibly have sent such a powerful jolt of energy through the planet that it exacerbated the already-occurring Deccan Traps eruption on the far side of the world, and incited volcanic activity in other locations as well. That idea remains in the category of speculation.
The broader lesson here is that science is not a business in which anyone can ever safely say “case closed.” Knowledge is always contingent upon the next batch of data, which could be coming along any day now.
Joel Achenbach writes on science and politics for the Post’s national desk and on the “Achenblog.”
© 1996-2015 The Washington Post | <urn:uuid:e009f82f-1eef-47e1-a90e-06507607c19d> | {
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On the Yamoto Plain in the Western Honshu region of Japan, the ancient city of Nara remains one of the few places left in Japan to see original wooden buildings from the imperial era. Once called Heijo-kyo, or citadel of peace, the 8th century city was the first capital of Japan. Spared with its neighbor Kyoto from the bombs of World War II thanks to opposition by U.S. Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson, Nara is a living museum highlighted by the 1,300-acre Nara Park, a collection of temples, shrines and gardens that evokes tranquility and peacefulness.
Wandering freely among the complex are about 1,000 tame deer, regarded by the Shinto religion as messengers of the gods. You can buy small packs of crackers (shika senbei) to feed the deer, and they will bow until you feed them. If you don't give up the cracker, they will butt you with their antlers until you do.
Safety Tips: 1. Do not put a cracker in your pocket as you may be bitten in a sensitive area by a sacred deer. 2. Smacking a sacred deer, even if it is hanging on to said sensitive spot, is frowned upon. Until the 17th century, killing a sacred deer was punishable by death.
The deer will follow you, hoping to score more crackers, as you pass through the 60-foot-high Nandaimon gate into the Todai-ji (Great Eastern Temple) complex.
Finished by the Emperor Shomyo in 752, Todai-ji is a collection of historically significant temples, gates, halls and pagodas that once represented the center of the Buddhist world.
The Daibutsuden, or Buddha Hall, of Todai-ji was, until recently, the largest wooden building in the world, even though the 1709 structure is only two-thirds the size of the buildings that came before it that burned down. Inside, you will find the massive bronze statue of the Great Buddha Vaircano, the largest of its kind in the world at more than 52 feet tall. Over the centuries, the statue has been recast and repaired several times after being damaged by earthquakes and fires. It is said its construction used up most of the bronze in Japan.
The statue is flanked by two early-18th century Bodhisattvas, or enlightened beings. Near the right-hand one of these is a large wooden pillar drilled with a hole the same size as the bronze Buddha's nostril. Legend says if you can pass your body through the hole, you will attain Nirvana. (I made it, barely, so, you know, I got that going for me.)
As you leave, you will have the opportunity to buy omamori, small charms intended for very specific purposes, such as luck in love, the protection of your health or loved ones, or for success in academics. Unfortunately, there is not one for protection from biting deer.
Getting there: Train service to Nara is available from Osako and Kyoto. Trains leave from Kyoto for Nara twice an hour for the 30-minute trip. Nara Park is about a 30-minute walk from Kintetsu Nara Station or 45 minutes from JR Nara Station. Bus service to the park is also available from the two train stations. | <urn:uuid:7953d1e5-930f-4932-8c96-3cbea1d8c10e> | {
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Like the race-torn country of their birth, South Africans in the Washington area regard the continuing antiapartheid demonstrations at the South African Embassy with emotions that are as different as the racial classifications they grew up with in their homeland.
For Shirley Lue, who is light-skinned and considered "colored" or of mixed race by white-ruled South African government standards, the protests have heightened American concerns about apartheid while pressuring the South African government to end it.
"As a South African, it is a tremendous experience just to see the strength of commitment and the perseverance the people are showing to this issue," said Lue, a 34-year-old consultant who lives in Northwest Washington. She calls the embassy picketing and arrests -- which began Nov. 21 and are now a weekday afternoon ritual -- "the first visible sign that there are people in America who care about black South Africans."
But John Chettle, white director of the South Africa Foundation in North and South America, an organization that represents South African business in the United States, fears the protests could detract from the progress he sees under way in South Africa's race relations.
"I understand the commitment of the people out there [at the embassy], but I personally believe that they're wrong and that the way they're going about it can lead to some backlash," he said.
Opinions about the protests and on what is happening -- or should be happening -- in South Africa vary among Washington area South Africans, a loose-knit community of undetermined size that includes students, embassy personnel, journalists, South Africans married to Americans and others who call or once called South Africa home.
There are about 16,000 South Africa-born residents in this country, according to the 1980 U.S. census, including 128 in the District. There are no figures on South Africans in the Washington suburbs.
Interviews with a dozen South Africans here revealed divergent reactions to apartheid protests and proposed U.S. sanctions against the South African government. Viewpoints generally were shaped by firsthand experiences -- experiences that, for the most part, depended on race.
Most whites, for instance, tended to argue for gradual reforms, and even whites who support the protests stopped short of endorsing the withdrawal of U.S. investments.
Black South Africans, however, had little patience with change through gradual means and strongly support economic sanctions. Blacks, too, were less optimistic than whites about whether reform could be accomplished soon enough to avoid a civil war.
Despite recent riots in some black ghettos and a new government crackdown against black political leaders, Chettle was upbeat about the changes he said are taking place in South Africa. He cited several desegregation actions taken by the government, including the integration of most public places.
And though he called Pretoria's new crackdown "an overreaction," he said proposed economic sanctions are opposed by most South African blacks because they would be the first to be hurt.
Stephen Mncube, a representative of the Council for Black Education and Research of South Africa, supported such sanctions, arguing that black South Africans "have never really been integrated in as human beings to the mainstream of the country's economy. So another degree of suffering does not matter."
Mncube, who has been in the United States for 20 years, said he is gratified that Americans are beginning to think about the plight of his nation.
At the South African Embassy, however, Ambassador Bernardus G. Fourie, 68, is more than a little annoyed that the arrests outside his office are drawing so much attention and that anyone should think they are having an impact on South African policies.
"In the beginning it was a novelty, a news item, but it has had no influence whatsoever," Fourie said.
Supporters of the apartheid protests, which have been carried out at the embassy and in 22 other cities, resulting in more than 1,700 arrests, call most of the recent reforms "cosmetic." New changes in the South African constitution, which granted limited political power to coloreds and Indians but not to blacks, have been denounced as attempts to fragment the nation's black majority.
Yet some who support the demonstrations often disagree about what should be done in South Africa and what its future holds.
In separate interviews, two women friends -- one white, the other colored, according to South African definitions -- lashed out at apartheid, having both seen it up close but from different vantage points. Neither woman wanted to be quoted by name.
The white South African, 27, a midwife here for the past three years, grew up in Swaziland, where there is no color bar, but she saw the effects of apartheid while working as a nurse in Cape Town
"In Cape Town, I worked with colored and black nurses who were paid one-third of my salary even though we had the exact same training," she said.
Her friend, a 32-year-old student and administrative aide who has lived here for the past four years, felt the effects of racial separation firsthand. There were segregated schools, segregated transportation, segregated housing. And something else.
"I've been stopped and insulted by white policemen," she said, remembering when she attended evening functions and white male coworkers gave her rides.
"And the white men with me were too afraid to say anything," she said.
The woman bitterly ticked off the racial stratification in South Africa, describing it as a pecking order, with whites at the top, blacks at the bottom, and coloreds and Indians in between. Orientals, she said, are given "honorary white" status, which means they can attend white schools but can't marry whites.
The white midwife opposed economic sanctions, fearing they would put blacks out of work. Her friend favored some selective sanctions, arguing that multinational companies "are propping up the last bastion of white supremacy."
Recently back from a month's visit to her former home, the white woman found that tension among South African blacks had "definitely accelerated." Though she has applied for U.S. citizenship, she held out hope that the situation in South Africa "is going to end peacefully."
Her friend was pessimistic.
"South Africans, especially the young people, are very, very angry, and very despairing, and conditions are so bad that dying is not as bad as continued oppression," she said. "I think the white minority has dug their own graves -- they are right to be fearful."
It is no small irony that South Africans here are watching a Free South Africa Movement unfold in a nation that has experienced its own racial strife and in a city where the black majority now enjoys the political and social rights South Africa has yet to share with its black majority.
"It's easy to draw comparisons," said Ambassador Fourie, who predicted that blacks in South Africa's urban areas "will shortly have virtually the same rights" as their counterparts in the District.
There is one major difference. The District's black majority, they say, belongs to a nation with a white majority: There was never that in-grown fear where black majority-rule was seen as a national threat.
On a personal level, though, most South Africans here find race relations vastly different. Whites talk of having black neighbors but say people in South Africa would find this strange. Most blacks talk of feeling free -- "free from fear" -- to walk about the city and to go to public places without harassment.
"You walk around the District, and it feels the same as Soweto," said Mpho Tutu, 21, the daughter of Nobel Peace Prize winner Bishop Desmond Tutu. A junior at Howard University, majoring in electrical engineering, Tutu said racism is present in South Africa, where it is institutionalized, and in the United States, including the District, where it is less overt.
Tutu disputed Fourie's contention that the protests have not swayed Pretoria, saying, "The South African government never likes to admit it's being influenced by what goes on outside its borders."
The latest ghetto riots and arrests of black political leaders show an increase in fear on the government's part, she said. But such actions only add "more fuel" for the antiapartheid demonstrations."
The embassy protests, according to all the South Africans interviewed, have definitely increased interest in their country, and they are happy to explain the situation from their point of view.
"You literally can't be at a party in this town 10 minutes without the subject coming up," said Chettle, of the South Africa Foundation. He said he has encountered curiosity but never criticism.
Mpho Tutu agreed the protests have caused "a very great upsurge" in the number of people who ask questions about her country. "But they're asking intelligent questions -- something other than, 'Where is it?' " | <urn:uuid:669f3d21-3203-446f-a6ca-3789dd97285e> | {
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The World Shipping Council (WSC) estimates that the average number of containers lost each year has dropped since 2014 by 48 percent.
Based on the most recent survey results, an average of 568 containers are lost at sea each year, not including catastrophic events. If catastrophic events are included, that average more than doubles to 1,582. In 2014, these figures were 733 containers and 2,683 containers respectively.
The larger number of losses in 2014 was due primarily to the complete loss in 2013 of the MOL Comfort in the Indian Ocean and all of the 4,293 containers on board and, in 2011, the grounding and loss of the M/V Rena off New Zealand, which resulted in a loss overboard of roughly 900 containers.
WSC data consistently demonstrates that container losses in any particular year can vary quite substantially based on differences in weather and other unusual events. The data also consistently shows that the majority of containers lost at sea result from catastrophic events. For example, in 2013, there was a total loss of 5,578 containers – 77 percent of which occurred with the sinking of the MOL Comfort in the Indian Ocean.
The total loss of vessel El Faro occurred two years later in 2015. All containers on the El Faro were lost and this event alone accounted for almost 43 percent of the total containers lost into the sea in 2015.
In 2016, the international liner shipping industry transported approximately 130 million containers packed with cargo, with an estimated value of more than $4 trillion. | <urn:uuid:7095aa54-9a91-454b-841d-d8fa7bc0c5eb> | {
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Captain Richard Wright
d.aft 15 Mar 1667/8 Podunk, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
Facts and Events
Richard Wright was born abt 1598 in England and came to New England with the Winthrop fleet in 1630. He was accompanied by three of his daughters and his mother, Margaret Wright. (His two daughters in depositions made seventy-one years later, said that they had come with "their father," with no mention of a mother.)
Harris and Prittie (1994) state that Richard Wright married a woman named Margaret in Stepney, Middlesex, England on Jan. 8, 1625/26, though they claim she was not the mother of his five daughters.
Research has shown that there were probably two Richard Wrights living in New England at the same time: Richard Wright the tailor of Plymouth, and Richard Wright the millwright of Rehoboth. Richard Wright of Rehoboth may have been the son of a Rev. Richard Wright, a Fellow at Eton and rector of Everdon, Northampton from 1613-1638. The reverend had a wife named Frances and children named Richard (born 1598), Theodore, John, Samuel, Nathaniel, and Anthony. However, Harris and Prittie imply that Richard of Rehoboth's parents have yet to be substantiated by solid research. The first positive separation of the two men is on 5 June 1638, when at an inquisition at the General Court, held at Plymouth, Richard Wright was one of the fifteen "honest and lawful men of the colony." At this time there was a Richard Wright known to be in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. From this date on the records of the two men are distinct and separate. The Plymouth man, married in 1644 and died in 1691, was young enough to have been a son of the Massachusetts man.
Richard Wright of Rehoboth emigrated from Stepney, Middlesex, England. He was a "captain" who arrived in Boston in 1630 on the Winthrop Fleet as an agent to Col. Sir John Humphrey, establishing Humphrey's grant in Saugus (which then included Lynn, Nahant, Saugus, Swampscott, and Marblehead).
Life in New England
Savage and Pope knew little about him.
In 1629 Colonel Humfrey was chosen deputy governor of the Massachusetts Company, but, as he decided to remain in England, Thomas Dudley was elected to fill his place. Richard Wright proceeded to take up the lands at Saugus (Lynn) granted Colonel Humfrey and develop into the "plaine farme," erecting the houses and buildings, and getting the place ready for the arrival of the owner. In 1634 Colonel Humfrey came to New England and established himself at Saugus.
Capt. Wright's duties included "perambulating" the Salem-Swampscott border with Salem representatives, to make sure the boundary markers were in good condition. He evidently later moved to Braintree, then Rehoboth in 1641. His name appears frequently in early Rehoboth records. On May 28, 1645, he and son-in-law William Sabin were appointed to collect taxes. A 1648 record reveals that William Sabin was operating a mill previously owned by Richard. On Dec 2, 1672, William Sabin registered a deed selling land to Anthony Perry on Sept. 18, 1654, "16 acres of salt marsh" that Sabin purchased from his father-in-law.
There is a Richard Wright listed as #8 in Lists of purchases, settlers and inhabitants about 1643 in Vital Records of Rehoboth, Supplement, p. 910. Him or a son? There is also a Richard Wright listed as one of the firsr Board of Selectmen, chosen 9th of 10th month (December), 1644.
One daughter married William Sabin of Rehoboth abt. 1639 and she died about 1661. The other two daughters married Robert Sharpe and James Clarke, both of Rehoboth, Massachusetts. All four families had adjoining properties in Rehoboth.
Richard Wright was a staunch member of Samuel Newman's church, and when he went to England he may have carried to the printer the manuscript of Mr. Newman's new 1650 concordance to the Bible. There is no record of anyone else from Rehoboth going to England at this time.
There are two recorded deaths for the name Richard Wright: on July 9, 1691 a Richard Wright died at Muddy River, Brookline, MA, and a second Richard Wright (born 1608) died in Plymouth the same year. Neither of them is definitively known to be the father-in-law of William Sabin. | <urn:uuid:d25140f6-bee6-4066-8341-7a837e1047c5> | {
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On this day in 1821, Union General Francis Preston Blair Jr. is born in Lexington, Kentucky. The colorful Blair was instrumental in keeping Missouri part of the Union during the early stages of the Civil War.
Blair’s father served as an advisor to several presidents. His namesake and youngest son was privileged and rebellious as a youth. As a college student, the younger Blair was expelled from the University of North Carolina and Yale for misconduct. He finally finished his degree at Princeton, butwas denied graduation for participating in a wild party in his final week.Blair’s degree was bestowed a year later after an influential friend intervened on his behalf.
Blair studied law in Kentucky andwent onto practice in Missouri with his brother, Montgomery, who would later serve as U.S. postmaster general under President Abraham Lincoln. During the 1850s, Francis ran an anti-slave newspaper in St. Louis and served in the Missouri legislature. He was elected tothe U.S. House of Representativesin 1856. Blair was opposed to the extension of slavery, even though he owned a few slaves himself. His stance led to his defeat for re-election in 1858.
In 1860, Blair campaigned for Abraham Lincoln and also regained his congressional seat. When the Civil War erupted, he organized Missouri’s Unionist forces and helped save the federal arsenal in St. Louis from the Confederates. Blair personally organized seven regiments from Missouri, andbecame a brigadier general, winning the respect of his superiors, Ulysses S. Grant and William T. Sherman. Blair commanded a corps during Sherman’s March to the Sea in Georgiain 1864.
After the war, Blair served in the U.S. Senate, but a stroke ended his political career. He died in 1875. | <urn:uuid:6cd911ce-f47f-4a66-a6f2-e74ce27db39b> | {
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Black People have always been into music for millions of years. But, the Black Man & Woman in America—took music to another level. We have always played music on instruments, with our voices, or—on anything we could get our hands on. We make beautiful music from all kind of sources.
In the 20th century, the Black Man & Woman in America did something kind of different. Music for many millions of years have been used as entertainment.
In the 1930’s and 40’s—certain Black Jazz & Blues Musicians & Singers took the Mathematics of Music to another level. The music was not used for entertainment, making people dance, get up and have a good time. This time, the music was used for the people to sit down and listen, to wake the world up to the fact that the Black Man & Woman was not going to be copied so easily this time by imitators.
Charlie Parker would make sure of that, Dizzy Gillespie would make sure of that. Miles Davis would make sure of that, Max Roach, Art Blakely, Dexter Gordon, Coleman Hawkins, Clifford Brown, Chick Webb, Duke Ellington, Billie Holiday, Sarah Vaughn, and many others would make sure of that. This music craft set the trend like never before.
Bringing the music on up to present times with Rap or stories over the top of hard hitting beats from the 60’s-70’s with Curtis Mayfield, the Impressions, Gil Scott-Heron, Marvin Gaye, Donny Hathaway, Steve Wonder, Bob Marley, The Last Poets.
Then, the 80’s Rakim, KRS-1, Public Enemy, and other Conscious Rappers, the 90’s—Nas, Common, Mos Def, Dead Prez, Lauryn Hill, Killah Priest, Immortal Technique, and many other MC’s. This type music was not for dancing, but passing the light (Knowledge). | <urn:uuid:9f056154-f3ff-45c9-bae0-cc526a27d9e7> | {
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Scientists at The University of Auckland’s Centre for Brain Research have succeeded in converting human skin cells directly into immature brain cells (or neural precursor cells).
The team, assisted by funding from the Neurological Foundation of New Zealand, the Auckland Medical Research Foundation, and the Maurice and Phyllis Paykel Trust , has led the world in developing a fast and efficient means of accomplishing this without having to go through the intermediate stage of conversion to embryonic stem cells.
“This is an advance of huge significance to stem cell research on a global level,” says Principal Investigator, Associate Professor Bronwen Connor, who is head of the Neural Repair and Neurogenesis Laboratory at the University. “It has the potential to lead to a new understanding of neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington’s, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s. “We are all very excited about it.”
First, it is the only group to have reprogrammed adult human skin cells. Other groups using this technique are working with cells taken from animals’ skin. Second, the Auckland team is using just two genes for the process of reprogramming from skin cells to neural precursor cells. Other international groups are using between five and 11 genes. The direct conversion also overcomes a problem of tumor formation which can arise when embryonic stem cells are used. The elimination of this risk through direct conversion from skin cells to neural precursor cells therefore gives a strong boost to the prospect of cell replacement therapy in the future. | <urn:uuid:aebbc002-c93b-46cc-b530-e20c352a3dca> | {
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Greater Philadelphia’s office buildings reflect the aspirations of individuals, companies, and municipalities. Once clustered in cities and later spreading to suburbs throughout the metropolitan area, office buildings have mirrored changing architectural styles and economic patterns. While many celebrated office buildings have been demolished, others (new, restored, or adapted) stand as integral features of the built environment and objects of civic pride.
Prior to the nineteenth century, business and professional activities occurred in an array of locations, including taverns, churches, meetinghouses, squares, or private homes. The first buildings in the Philadelphia area devoted exclusively to business appeared in the early 1800s, primarily along Chestnut and Walnut Streets from the Delaware River west to Seventh Street. Chestnut Street emerged as a banking center, predating New York’s Wall Street, while Walnut Street earned the nickname Insurance Row. Notable additions to the streetscape included the Pennsylvania Fire Insurance Co. building constructed in 1838 at 508 Walnut Street, a four-story Egyptian Revival office building designed by John Haviland (1792-1852). Although the building was demolished in the 1970s, its façade was incorporated into the twenty-two-story Penn Mutual Life Insurance Company office tower addition built on the same site in 1975.
Philadelphia’s office buildings became larger in size in the middle decades of the nineteenth century as firms sought to communicate their wealth and power through architecture. In 1849, the ten-story Jayne Building, designed by William Johnston (1811-49), opened at 242 Chestnut Street. Soaring to a Philadelphia-record 133 feet and housing the patent medicine company of David Jayne (1799-1866), the Gothic-inspired office building was the country’s most elaborate in the pre-skyscraper era. In this time before elevators, a hoist system allowed equipment (though not workers) to reach higher floors. Other new office buildings incorporated Italianate elements, including the Lehigh Valley Railroad Building (built 1856, Willings and Third Streets); the Wilson Brothers’ Trust Company of North America building (built 1857 near Fifth and Chestnut Streets); and the Pennsylvania Company for Insurances (built 1886, 517 Chestnut Street) designed by Addison Hutton (1834-1916).
Work Begins on City Hall
As modern corporations took shape in the Gilded Age, office buildings again grew higher and more ornate. When construction began in 1871 on Philadelphia’s new City Hall on Penn (Center) Square, Philadelphia’s business district gradually moved west. The Victory Building (built 1875, 1001 Chestnut Street), designed by Henry Fernbach (1829-83) in the French Second Empire tradition, was home to Mutual Life Insurance of New York. In the late 1880s, both the Philadelphia Record and the Philadelphia Times moved from the old business district close to the Delaware River into larger quarters. The Times’ Wilson Brothers-designed building (800 Chestnut) and the Record’s building, designed by Willis G. Hale (1848-1907), one block west, added new clock towers to the city’s streetscape. Reflecting the Victorian style of British architect Charles Eastlake (1836-1906), they also featured curved archways, pitched roofs, and rectangular windows. In the older business district closer to the Delaware River, meanwhile, outmoded buildings were joined by new towers, notably the Hewitt Brothers’ Gothic-like Bullitt Building (built 1886, 131 S. Fourth Street) and the sand castle-like American Life Insurance Building (built 1888, Fourth and Walnut), designed by Thomas P. Lonsdale (1855-1900).
After 1890, steel-frame construction and faster elevators made skyscrapers possible in the region’s cities. Around Philadelphia’s Penn Square and along South Broad Street, new office buildings included the Betz Building (built 1892), the Witherspoon Building (1895), the Land Title Building (1898), the West End Trust Building (1898), the Widener Building (1914), and the Atlantic Building (1923). Wilmington, Delaware, then developing into a mercantile center, saw its first modern office building, the six-story Equitable Bank tower, erected in 1890 at Ninth and Market Streets. With DuPont Chemical’s growth after 1900, the Delaware-based company in 1906 erected Wilmington’s then-largest office building on Rodney Square. The twelve-story DuPont Building, also housing the Hercules and Atlas chemical companies, later included the DuPont Theater, which hosted black-tie galas and film screenings. In New Jersey, Camden’s twelve-story Wilson Building, that city’s first skyscraper, opened in 1926, the same year that the Delaware River Bridge (later renamed the Benjamin Franklin Bridge) linked the city to Philadelphia.
Office building construction largely halted during the Great Depression. An exception was Philadelphia’s thirty-six-story PSFS Building, built in 1932 at Twelfth and Market Streets. Designed by George Howe (1886-1955) and William Lescaze (1896-1969), it was the country’s first International-style tower and upon completion was regarded as the most modern office building of its time. The PSFS Building inspired skyscraper design from Mexico City to Hong Kong. Perhaps best known locally for its crowning red neon letters, “PSFS,” it was converted into a Loews Hotel in 1998 while retaining the distinctive neon letters of its earlier identity.
Refashioning Center City
Office building construction resumed after World War II as a new generation of urban reformers and city planners including Edmund Bacon (1910-2005) sought to refashion Center City with new commercial space. In keeping with a new vision for the city advanced by the Better Philadelphia Exhibition staged in 1947 at Gimbels Department Store, a new Penn Center complex at Fifteenth and Market Streets, chiefly designed by Philadelphia architect Vincent Kling (1916-2013), was Center City’s first office project in nearly twenty-five years. Built on the site of the Broad Street Station, demolished in 1952, the complex ultimately grew to twelve buildings. Penn Center created a more modern business setting west of City Hall, but at the same time its underground connections to adjacent Suburban Station and self-contained dining, retail, and other services for office workers drained activity from streets and sidewalks. In Old City, meanwhile, the creation of Independence Mall and Independence National Historical Park in the 1950s and 1960s led to demolition of many older but distinctive buildings, including the Provident Life and Trust Building designed by Frank Furness (1839-1912), built in 1890 at 409 Chestnut Street, and the Drexel Building (built 1885, Fifth and Chestnut).
In the 1970s, “Brutalist” architecture (unadorned, exposed concrete construction) characterized new construction of “Class A” office space (newest and highest quality) in Philadelphia and Wilmington. In Philadelphia, 1700 Market Street (1968), One Meridian Plaza (1972), and Centre Square (1973) rose south and west of City Hall. One Meridian stood only until 1999, when it was demolished following a deadly fire in 1991. In Wilmington, the twenty-two-story Wilmington Tower designed by I.M. Pei (b. 1917) and built in 1971 at 1105 Market Street, was city’s tallest office building until the addition of the Chase Manhattan Centre (1201 Market Street) in 1988.
Beginning in the 1980s, new office towers sheathed in glass departed from mid-century tastes and buildings reached ever larger heights and footprints. The 680,000-square-foot, fourteen-story Hercules Building, Delaware’s largest office building of the decade, opened in 1983 at the edge of the residential Midtown-Brandywine neighborhood, viewed by some Wilmingtonians as a controversial setting for such a “big glass box.” In Philadelphia, Rouse and Associates’ Liberty Place, built in 1987 at Sixteenth and Chestnut Streets, broke the longstanding “gentlemen’s agreement” that no structure should stand taller than the brim of the hat on the statue of William Penn atop City Hall. Despite controversy over the breaking of tradition, a new high-rise office corridor subsequently developed along or near west Market Street in the vicinity of Liberty Place. By the mid-1990s these new towers included Commerce Square (1987 and 1992), Mellon Bank Center (1990), Two Liberty Place (1990), and the Bell Atlantic Tower (1991). They were topped yet again after Comcast, one of the nation’s largest cable providers, broke ground in 2005 for a headquarters designed by Robert A.M. Stern (b. 1939). The fifty-eight-story Comcast Center became the city’s tallest building when it opened in 2008, but was to be surpassed in 2016 by a second Comcast office tower under construction at Eighteenth and Arch Streets.
While office buildings rose to new heights in cities during the decades following World War II, they also expanded into the suburbs as Greater Philadelphia’s economy decentralized into areas with more plentiful and less expensive land. By the 1970s, suburban areas in the vicinity of Malvern, Pennsylvania; Cherry Hill and Mt. Laurel, New Jersey; and Christiana, Delaware, became home to major automotive, pharmaceutical, and financial firms. Their low-rise office parks and campuses, accessible from area expressways, clustered along suburban thoroughfares and created new centers of commerce. Avoiding Philadelphia’s high corporate taxes and hoping to reduce employees’ commute times, companies in the 1980s leased new offices in Exton, Conshohocken, Radnor, and in the many office buildings constructed along City Avenue (U.S. Route 1), one of Philadelphia’s western boundaries. Celebrating the move to suburban locales, in 1985 President Ronald Reagan (1911-2004) visited Malvern’s Great Valley Corporate Center (built in 1974) and called the campuslike setting the “workplace of the future.” A generation later, however, a new “lifestyle trend” of blending office, retail, and residential space had taken hold, and in 2015 Liberty Property Trust, the owner of the Great Valley campus, planned to raze nine office buildings and construct a “walkable, mixed-use community.”
In the early 2000s, adaptive reuse and the redevelopment of former industrial land brought new office space to the region, including Wilmington’s Justison Landing (leased by MBNA Financial, ING Direct, and Barclays Bank) and the Philadelphia Navy Yard (leased by Urban Outfitters and Tastykake). Moreover, as millennial workers repopulated one-time working-class neighborhoods, adaptive reuse and green technologies allowed tech start-ups, film producers, and public relations firms to lease new office space in buildings such as South Kensington’s Oxford Mills dye works and the Schmidt’s brewery in Northern Liberties. At the same time, some older office buildings in Center City that had outlived their appeal to commercial tenants gained new life as residential apartments and condominiums. New plans also emerged to counteract the “canyon effect” of skyscrapers near and along west Market Street and allow more engagement with streets and sidewalks. In April 2015, Philadelphia-based DAS Architects planned a new three-story façade for the office tower at 1700 Market Street, including floor-to-ceiling windows and a roof deck open to the public.
Since the early nineteenth century Greater Philadelphia’s office buildings, adapting to economic needs, architectural tastes, and geographic changes, exemplified the relationship between people and commerce. While many of the region’s older examples survived into the twenty-first century through historic preservation and adaptive reuse, new office buildings continued to rise throughout the metropolitan area.
Stephen Nepa received his M.A. from the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, and his Ph.D. from Temple University and has appeared in the Emmy Award-winning documentary series Philadelphia: the Great Experiment. He wrote this essay while an associate historian at the Mid-Atlantic Regional Center for the Humanities at Rutgers University-Camden in 2015.
Copyright 2015, Rutgers University
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Saval, Nikil. Cubed: A Secret History of the Workplace. New York: Doubleday, 2014.
Thomas, George E., et. al. Buildings of Pennsylvania: Philadelphia and Eastern Pennsylvania. Charlottesville, Va. : University of Virginia Press, 2010.
Wright, Robert E. The First Wall Street: Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, and the Birth of American Finance. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005.
Office Buildings: multiple collections and holdings, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1300 Locust Street, Philadelphia.
Office Buildings: collection and images, Urban Archives, Special Collections Research Center of Temple University Libraries, Samuel L. Paley Library, 1210 Polett Walk, Philadelphia. | <urn:uuid:4f8ef82d-f148-4078-8f48-286ac09329dc> | {
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The following conceptual diagram illustrates the components of Oracle's Java Platform Products:
Click the preceding illustration to go to the Java Conceptual Design documentation. Click the following technology links to go either to a hub page on that technology, if available, or to the documentation.
Description of Java Conceptual Diagram
Java Virtual Machine
Java Runtime Environment (JRE)
The Java Runtime Environment (JRE) provides the libraries, the Java Virtual Machine, and other components to run applets and applications written in the Java programming language. In addition, two key deployment technologies are part of the JRE: Java Plug-in, which enables applets to run in popular browsers; and Java Web Start, which deploys standalone applications over a network. It is also the foundation for the technologies in the Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE) for enterprise software development and deployment. The JRE does not contain tools and utilities such as compilers or debuggers for developing applets and applications.
Java Development Kit (JDK)
The JDK is a superset of the JRE, and contains everything that is in the JRE, plus tools such as the compilers and debuggers necessary for developing applets and applications. The conceptual diagram above illustrates all the component technologies in Java SE platform and how they fit together.
Java SE API
The Java SE application programming interface (API) defines the manner by which an applet or application can make requests to and use the functionality available in the compiled Java SE class libraries. (The Java SE class libraries are also part of the Java SE platform.)
The Java SE API consists of core technologies, Desktop (or client) technologies, and other technologies.
The Java Virtual Machine is responsible for the hardware- and operating system-independence of the Java SE platform, the small size of compiled code (bytecodes), and platform security.Java Platform Tools
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Anthrax engineered to fight cancer
Anthrax can be disabled and turned into a cancer-fighting weapon that shows real promise against some types of the disease, scientists have announced.
Researchers led by Shihui Liu and Hannah Aaronson at the U.S. National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, said the anthrax bacteria - often considered a biological weapon - can be turned from a military killer into a potential cure. Their paper is published this week in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Science.
In it, the authors describe how a modified form of anthrax, injected into mice, killed three types of tumours with no apparent toxic effects on other tissue. After only one treatment, the toxin reduced the size of tumours in the mice by between 65 and 92 per cent.
Two treatments completely abolished 88 per cent of fibrosarcomas, or malignant tumours, and 17 per cent of melanomas (skin and peripheral organ tumours). The anthrax was so lethal, tumour cells began dying just 12 hours after treatment first began.
Normally, the toxin produced by a bacterium, Bacillus anthracis, is activated when it comes into contact with furin, an enzyme found in all living cells.
To render it safe, the scientists genetically engineered the furin activation sequence out of the toxin, and replaced it with an artificial peptide sequence that is activated by urokinase. This is a protein found in very high levels in human tumour cells, making it an ideal target for cancer treatment.
Based on the results so far, researchers say that melanoma, colon and breast tumours would be the most susceptible cancers to the anthrax toxin. The team found that the toxin did not damage skin cells or hair follicles surrounding the tumour, suggesting the treatment may not have the same severe side effects as current cancer therapies.
However, given the potent toxic effects of anthrax, it will be several years before any treatment involving the toxin is likely to be trialled in humans.
Professor Richard Kefford, a cancer specialist with Sydney's Westmead Hospital, was interested in the results but not overly excited, saying it's far easier to cure cancer in mice than humans. "We've seen it many times with different treatments - curing cancer in mice is a snap, but regrettably, when you get into humans, it's a lot more complicated."
Kefford said other anti-cancer agents had proved problematic, such as the Onyx virus which targets cells with a mutation in the p53 gene, a gene commonly found in cancer cells.
"There are lots of problems and the treatment can have all sorts of unforeseen side effects on non-specific targets [such as other tissues]," he told ABC Science Online. "But having said this, it's still a very interesting new aspect of a potential therapeutic agent." | <urn:uuid:4524bf95-4600-416f-8e27-f68d489e902c> | {
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Military history is rich with tales of warriors who return from battle with the horrors of war still raging in their heads. One of the earliest examples was enshrined by Herodotus, who wrote of an Athenian warrior struck blind "without blow of sword or dart" when a soldier standing next to him was killed. The classic term--"shell shock"--dates to World War I; "battle fatigue," "combat exhaustion," and "war stress" were used in World War II.
Modern psychiatry calls these invisible wounds post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). And along with this diagnosis, which became widely known in the wake of the Vietnam War, has come a new sensitivity--among the public, the military, and mental health professionals--to the causes and consequences of being afflicted. The Department of Veterans Affairs is particularly attuned to the psychic welfare of the men and women who are returning from Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom. Last July, retired Army General Eric K. Shinseki, secretary of Veterans Affairs, unveiled new procedures that make it easier for veterans who believe they are disabled by wartime stress to file benefit claims and receive compensation."[Psychological] wounds," Shinseki declared, "can be as debilitating as any physical battlefield trauma."
This is true. But gauging mental injury in the wake of war is not as straightforward as assessing, say, a lost limb or other physical damage. For example, at what point do we say that normal, if painful, readjustment difficulties have become so troubling as to qualify as a mental illness? How can clinicians predict which patients will recover when a veteran's odds of recovery depend so greatly on nonmedical factors, including his own expectations for recovery; social support available to him; and the intimate meaning he makes of his distress? Inevitably, successful caregiving will turn on a clear understanding of post-traumatic stress disorder.
One of the most important and paradoxical lessons to emerge from these insights is that lowering the threshold for receipt of disability benefits is not always in the best interest of the veteran and his family. Without question, some veterans will remain so irretrievably damaged by their war experience that they cannot participate in the competitive workplace. These men and women clearly deserve the roughly $2,300 monthly tax-free benefit (given for "total," or 100 percent, disability) and other resources the Veterans Administration offers. But what if disability entitlements actually work to the detriment of other patients by keeping them from meaningful work and by creating an incentive for them to embrace institutional dependence? And what if the system, well-intentioned though it surely is, does not adequately protect young veterans from a premature verdict of invalidism? Acknowledging and studying these effects of compensation can be politically delicate, yet doing do is essential to devising reentry programs of care for the nation's invisibly wounded warriors.
What Is PTSD
The most recent edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM IV) of the American Psychiatric Association defines PTSD according to symptoms; their duration; and the nature of the "trauma" or event. Symptoms fall into three categories: re-experiencing (e.g., relentless nightmares; unbidden waking images; flashbacks); hyper-arousal (e.g., enhanced startle, anxiety, sleeplessness); and phobias (e.g., fear of driving after having been in a crash). These must persist for at least 30 days and impair function to some degree. Overwhelming calamity--or "stressor," as psychiatrists call it--of any kind, such as a natural disaster, rape, accident, or assault, can lead to PTSD.
Notably, not everyone who confronts horrific circumstances develops PTSD. Among the survivors of the Oklahoma City bombing, for example, 34 percent developed PTSD, according to a study by psychiatric epidemiologist Carol North. After a car accident or natural disaster, fewer than 10 percent of victims are affected, while among rape victims, well over half succumb. The reassuring news is that, as with grief and other emotional reactions to painful events, most sufferers get better with time, though periodic nightmares and easy startling may linger for additional months or even years.
In contrast to the sizeable literature on PTSD in civilian populations and in active-duty soldiers, data on veterans are harder to come by. To date, the congressionally mandated National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study (NVVRS) remains the landmark analysis. Data were collected during 1986 and 1987 and revealed that 15.2 percent of a random sample of veterans still met criteria for PTSD. Yet, a number of scholars found those estimates to be improbably high (e.g., if roughly one in six Vietnam veterans suffered from PTSD, as the NVVRS suggests, this would mean that virtually each and every soldier who served in combat--a ratio of 1 combatant to every 6 in support specialties--developed the condition). To help clarify the picture, a team of researchers from Columbia University undertook a reanalysis of the NVVRS. After their results appeared in Science in 2006, it became impossible for responsible researchers to consider the original findings of NVVRS as definitive.
According to the Columbia reanalysis, the psychological cost of the war was 40 percent lower than the original NVVRS estimate--that is, 9.1 percent were diagnosed with PTSD at the time of the study. The researchers arrived at this prevalence rate by considering information--collected by the original NVVRS investigators but not used--on veterans' functional impairment (i.e., their ability to hold a job, fulfill demands of family life, maintain friendships, etc). However, the Columbia team used a rather lenient definition of "impairment," stipulating that even veterans with "some difficulty" but who were "functioning pretty well" despite their symptoms had PTSD. This spurred yet another reanalysis. In a 2007 article in the Journal of Traumatic Stress, Harvard psychologist Richard McNally took the definition of impairment up a notch so that only veterans who had at least "moderate difficulty" in social or occupational functioning could qualify as having PTSD. In doing so, he further reduced the estimate of affliction to 5.4 percent. If nothing else, this analytic sequence--from the NVVRS, to the Columbia reevaluation, and to the McNally recalibration--serves as an object lesson in the definitional fluidity of psychiatric syndromes.
From the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, researchers have collected data on thousands of active-duty servicemen, but very little on veterans of those conflicts. The most rigorous evaluation to date appeared in the Archives of General Psychiatry last summer. It was conducted by investigators at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research who applied rigorous and uniform diagnostic standards. This distinguished their work from other studies on the current Gulf wars, which were deficient in one or more ways: failure to perform in-depth diagnostic assessments; use of broad sampling that did not distinguish combat from support personnel; or assessment by snapshot rather than longitudinal follow-up. The Walter Reed team assessed over 18,000 army soldiers in infantry brigade combat teams at three points: pre-deployment (to establish a baseline); three months after deployment; and at twelve months post-deployment. After three months the rate of PTSD (symptoms accompanied by "serious impairment") was 6.3 percent higher than the pre-deployment baseline. At a year, it was 7.3 percent higher.
The New VA Rule
On July 12, 2010, General Shinseki penned an op-ed in USA Today ("For Vets with PTSD, End of an Unfair Process") announcing a new Veterans Administration rule making it easier for veterans suffering from PTSD to file disability claims. Part of the rule was straightforward: The VA would no longer require that a veteran provide documentation of his exposure to combat trauma, seeing how such paperwork is often very difficult for veterans to obtain. Streamlining the lumbering claims bureaucracy is one thing, and welcome it is, but the new rule does not end there. It also establishes that noninfantry personnel can qualify for PTSD disability if they had good reason to fear danger, such as firefights or explosions, even if they did not actually experience it. "[If] a stressor claimed by a veteran is related to the veteran's fear of hostile military or terrorist activity, he is eligible for a PTSD benefits," according to the Federal Register. This is a strikingly novel amendment. The idea that one can sustain an enduring and disabling mental disorder based on anxious anticipation of a traumatic event that never materialized is a radical departure from the clinical--and common-sense--understanding that traumatic stress disorders are caused by events that actually do happen to people. However, this is by no means the first time that controversy and ambiguity have swirled around the diagnosis of PTSD.
During the Civil War, some soldiers were said to suffer "irritable heart" or "Da Costa's Syndrome"--a condition marked by shortness of breath, chest discomfort, and pounding palpitations that doctors could not attribute to a medical cause. In World War I, the condition became known as "shell shock" and was characterized as a mental problem. The inability to cope was believed to reflect personal weakness--an underlying genetic or psychological vulnerability; combat itself, no matter how intense, was deemed little more than a precipitating factor. Otherwise well-adjusted individuals were believed to be at small risk of suffering more than a transient stress reaction once they were removed from the front.
In 1917, the British neuroanatomist Grafton Elliot Smith and the psychologist Tom Pear challenged this view. They attributed the cause more to the experiences of war and less to the character or fiber of soldiers themselves. "Psychoneurosis may be produced in almost anyone if only his environment be made 'difficult' enough for him," they wrote in their book, Shell Shock and Its Lessons. This triggered a feisty debate within British military psychiatry, and eventually the two sides came to agree that both the soldier's predisposition to stress and his exposure to hostilities contributed to breakdown. By World War II, then, military psychiatrists believed that even the bravest and fittest soldier could endure only so much. "Every man has his breaking point," the saying went.
The story of PTSD, as we know it today, starts with the Vietnam War. In the late 1960s, a band of self-described antiwar psychiatrists--led by Chaim Shatan and Robert Jay Lifton, who was well known for his work on the psychological damage wrought by Hiroshima--formulated a new diagnostic concept to describe the psychological wounds that the veterans sustained in the war. They called it "Post-Vietnam Syndrome," a disorder marked by "growing apathy, cynicism, alienation, depression, mistrust, and expectation of betrayal as well as an inability to concentrate, insomnia, nightmares, restlessness, uprootedness, and impatience with almost any job or course of study." Not uncommonly, the psychiatrists said, these symptoms did not emerge until months or years after the veterans returned home. Civilian contempt for veterans, according to Messrs. Shatan and Lifton, further entrenched their hostility and impeded their return.
This vision inspired portrayals of the Vietnam veteran as a kind of "walking time bomb," "living wreckage," or rampaging loner, images immortalized in films such as "Taxi Driver" and "Rambo." In the summer of 1972, the New York Times ran a front-page story on Post-Vietnam Syndrome. It reported that 50 percent of all Vietnam veterans--not just combat veterans--needed professional help to readjust, and contained phrases such as "psychiatric casualty," "emotionally disturbed," and "men with damaged brains." By contrast, veterans of World War II were heralded as heroes. They had fought in a popular war, a vital distinction for understanding how veterans and the public give meaning to their wartime hardships and sacrifice.
Historians and sociologists note that the high-profile involvement of civilian psychiatrists in the wake of the Vietnam War was another feature that set those returning soldiers apart. "The suggestion or outright assertion was that Vietnam veterans have been unique in American history for their psychiatric problems," writes the historian Eric T. Dean Jr. in Shook over Hell: Post-Traumatic Stress, Vietnam, and the Civil War. As the image of the psychologically injured veteran took root in the national conscience, the psychiatric profession debated the wisdom of giving him his own diagnosis.
PTSD Becomes Official
In 1980, the American Psychiatric Association adopted post-traumatic stress disorder (rather than the narrower post-Vietnam syndrome) as an official diagnosis in the third edition of its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. A patient could be diagnosed with PTSD if he experienced a trauma or "stressor" that, as DSM described it, would "evoke significant symptoms of distress in almost everyone." Rape, combat, torture, and fires were those deemed to fall, as the DSM III required, "generally outside the range of usual human experience." Thus, while the stress was unusual, the development of PTSD in its wake was not.
No longer were prolonged traumatic reactions viewed as a reflection of an individual's constitutional vulnerability. Instead, stress-induced syndromes were a natural process of adapting to extreme stress. With the introduction of PTSD into the psychiatric manual, the single-minded emphasis on the importance of one's pre-morbid state in shaping response to crisis gave way to preoccupation with the trauma itself and its supposed leveling effect on human response. Surely, it was wrong of earlier psychiatrists to attribute war-related pathology solely to the combatant himself, but the DSM III definition embodied an equal but opposite error: It obliterated the role of an individual's own characteristics in the development of the condition. Not surprising, perhaps, this blunder served a political purpose. As British psychiatrist Derek Summerfield put it, the newly minted diagnosis of PTSD "was meant to shift the focus of attention from the details of a soldier's background and psyche to the fundamentally traumatic nature of war."
Shatan and Lifton clearly saw PTSD as a normal response. "The placement of post-traumatic stress disorder in [the DSM] allows us to see the policies of diagnosis and disease in an especially clear light," writes combat veteran and sociologist Wilbur Scott in his detailed 1993 account The Politics of Readjustment: Vietnam Veterans Since the War. The diagnosis of PTSD is in the DSM, Mr. Scott writes, "because a core of psychiatrists and Vietnam veterans worked conscientiously and deliberately for years to put it there . . . at issue was the question of what constitutes a normal reaction or experience of soldiers to combat." Thus, by the time PTSD was incorporated into the official psychiatric lexicon, it bore a hybrid legacy--part political artifact of the antiwar movement, part legitimate diagnosis.
Over the years, the major symptoms of PTSD have remained fairly straightforward--re-experiencing, anxiety, and phobic avoidance--but what counted as a traumatic experience turned out to be a moving target in subsequent editions of the DSM. In 1987, the DSM III was revised to expand the definition of a traumatic experience. The concept of stressor now included witnessing harm to others, such as a horrific car accident in progress. In the fourth edition in 1994, the range of "traumatic" events was expanded further to include hearing about harm or threats to others, such as the unexpected death of a loved one or receiving a fatal diagnosis such as terminal cancer oneself. No longer did one need to experience a life-threatening situation directly or be a close witness to a ghastly accident or atrocity. As long as one experienced an "intense fear, helplessness, or horror" in response to a catastrophic event (e.g., after watching the September 11 terrorist attacks on television, or being in a minor car accident) he could conceivably qualify for a diagnosis of PTSD if symptoms of re-experiencing, arousal, and phobias persisted for a month.
There is pitched debate within the field of traumatology as to whether a stressor should be defined as whatever traumatizes a person. True, a person might feel "traumatized" by, say, a minor car accident--but to say that a fender-bender counts as trauma alongside such horrors as concentration camps, rape, or the Bataan Death March is to dilute the concept. "A great deal rides on how we define the concept of traumatic stressor," says Richard J. McNally. In the civilian realm, he says, "the more we broaden the category of traumatic stressors, the less credibly we can assign causal significance to a given stressor itself and the more weight we must place on personal vulnerability." In the context of war, too, while anticipatory fear of being thrust in harm's way could conceivably morph into a crippling stress reaction, this will almost surely be more likely among individuals who struggled with anxiety-related problems prior to deployment. Surely, their distress merits treatment from military psychiatrists, but the odds that such symptoms persist after separation from the military, let alone harden into a serious, lasting state of disablement, are probably very low.
The Troubled VA Disability System
Secretary Shinseki's move to reduce the bureaucratic hurdles to the VA disability system and broaden eligibility for PTSD will add to the already accelerating stream of veterans who are applying to enter it. Thus, it is imperative that the VA turn its attention to that system itself. Two overarching problems need remedies. The first is the culture of clinical diagnosis. Some disability evaluators now use a detailed interview checklist to gauge the degree to which daily function is impaired, but its implementation is uneven across medical centers. Thus, it is still easy for clinicians--especially those whose diagnostic skills were honed during the Vietnam era--to label problems such as anxiety, guilt over comrades who died, and chronic sleep disturbance mental illnesses. This is facile, of course, as symptoms splay out along a continuum ranging from normal, if painful, readjustment difficulties to chronic, debilitating pathology. Further, not all symptoms of distress in someone who has been to war reflexively signal the presence of PTSD, as some clinicians seem to think. Among veterans whose problems are indeed war-related, however, the distinction between reversible and lasting incapacitation matters greatly when the veteran is seeking disability status. And this brings us to the second matter: the inadvertent damage that disability benefits themselves can sometimes cause.
Imagine a young soldier wounded in Afghanistan. His physical injuries heal, but his mind remains tormented. Sudden noises make him jump out of his skin. He is flooded with memories of a bloody firefight, tormented by nightmares, can barely concentrate, and feels emotionally detached from everything and everybody. At 23 years old, the soldier is about to be discharged from the military. Fearing he'll never be able to hold a job or fully function in society he applies for "total" disability (the maximum designation, which provides roughly $2,300 per month) compensation for PTSD from the VA. This soldier has resigned himself to a life of chronic mental illness. On its face, this seems only logical, and granting the benefits seems humane. But in reality it is probably the last thing the young soldier-turning-veteran needs--because compensation will confirm his fears that he is indeed beyond recovery.
While a sad verdict for anyone, it is especially tragic for someone only in his twenties. Injured soldiers can apply for and receive VA disability benefits even before they have been discharged from the military--and, remarkably, before they have even been given the psychiatric treatment that could help them considerably. Imagine telling someone with a spinal injury that he'll never walk again--before he has had surgery and physical therapy. A rush to judgment about the prognosis of psychic injuries carries serious long-term consequences insofar as a veteran who is unwittingly encouraged to see himself as beyond repair risks fulfilling that prophecy. Why should I bother with treatment? he might think. A terrible mistake, of course. The months before and after separation from the service are periods when mental wounds are fresh and thus most responsive to therapeutic intervention, including medication.
Told he is disabled, the veteran and his family may assume--often incorrectly--that he is no longer able to work. At home on disability, he risks adopting a "sick role" that ends up depriving him of the estimable therapeutic value of work. Lost are the sense of purpose work gives (or at least the distraction from depressive rumination it provides), the daily structure it affords, and the opportunity for socializing and cultivating friendships. The longer he is unemployed, the more his confidence in his ability and motivation to work erodes and his skills atrophy. Once a patient is caught in such a downward spiral of invalidism, it can be hard to throttle back out. What's more, compensation contingent upon being sick often creates a perverse incentive to remain sick. For example, even if a veteran wants very much to work, he understandably fears losing his financial safety net if he leaves the disability rolls to take a job that ends up proving too much for him. This is how full disability status can undermine the possibility of recovery.
What To Do: Treatment First
For many veterans, the transition between military and civilian life is a critical juncture marked by acute feelings of flux and dislocation. Recall the scene in The Hurt Locker (one of the few scenes, incidentally, that former soldiers have deemed realistic) in which Sergeant William James stares at the wall of cereal boxes in the supermarket, disoriented by the tranquil and often trivial nature of the civilian world. As Sebastian Junger wrote in his powerful book War, "Some of the men worry they'll never again be satisfied with a 'normal life' . . . They worry that they may have been ruined for anything else."
Returning from war is a major existential project. Imparting meaning to the wartime experience, reconfiguring personal identity, and reimagining one's future take time. Sometimes the emotional intensity can be overwhelming--especially when coupled with nightmares and high anxiety or depression--and even warrants professional help. When this happens, the veteran should receive a message of promise and hope. This means a prescription for quality treatment and rehabilitation--ideally before the patient is even permitted to apply for disability status. However, under the current system, when a veteran files a disability claim, a ratings examiner is assigned to determine the extent of incapacitation, irrespective of whether he has first received care.
As part of the assessment, the examiner requests a psychiatric evaluation with a psychiatrist or a psychologist to obtain a diagnosis. If the veteran is diagnosed with PTSD by the clinician, the ratings examiner then assigns a severity index to his disability. The Veterans Benefits Administration recognizes different levels of disability. As detailed in the Code of Federal Regulations, a ten percent severity rating for a mental illness denotes "mild or transient symptoms which [affect] occupational tasks only during periods of significant stress." A patient assigned 30 percent disability has "intermittent periods of inability to perform occupational tasks although generally functioning satisfactorily." A 50 percent rating begins to denote significant deficits including "difficulty in understanding complex commands" and reduced reliability and productivity. The most severe level, 100 percent, corresponds to "total occupational and social impairment."
Something is terribly wrong with this picture. To conclude that a veteran has dismal prospects for meaningful recovery before he or she has had a course of therapy and rehabilitation is premature in the extreme. To be sure, the VA is trying hard to make treatment accessible, but administrators, raters, and clinicians cannot require patients to accept it as a condition of being considered for disability compensation. Absent a course of quality treatment and rehabilitation, evaluators simply do not have enough evidence to make a determination. Unwittingly, this policy has set in motion a growing dependence on the VA and disincentive to meaningful improvement. In 2008, former Senator Richard Burr of North Carolina, then the ranking member of the Senate Veterans Affairs Committee, sought a limited remedy. He introduced the Veterans Mental Health Treatment First Act. The purpose of this bill was to induce new veterans to embark upon a path to recovery. Any veteran diagnosed with major depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, or other anxiety disorders stemming from military activity would be eligible for a financial incentive (which Burr called a "wellness stipend") to adhere to an individualized course of treatment and agree to a pause in claims action for at least a year or until completion of treatment, which ever came first. The bill died in committee.
Don't Fight the Same War Twice
Mental health experts have learned a lot about how not to treat veterans from our experience during the Vietnam era. I speak from my experience as a psychiatrist at the West Haven Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Connecticut from 1988 to 1992, a time of blossoming interest in PTSD within both the VA and the mental-health establishment. Good intentions were abundant, but, in retrospect, much of our treatment philosophy was misguided. For example, clinicians tended to view whatever problem beset a veteran as a product of his war experience. In addition, therapists spent too much time urging veterans to experience catharsis by reliving their war experiences in group therapy, individual therapy, art therapy, and theatre reenactments. Groups of twenty or so veterans were admitted to the hospital and stayed together, platoonlike, for four months. This practice took them out of their communities and away from their families. I remember some of the men coming back from a day's leave from the hospital ward with new war-themed tattoos and combat fatigues--not exactly readjustment! It is clear, in retrospect, that instead of fostering regression, we should have emphasized resolution of everyday problems of living, such as family chaos, employment difficulties, and substance abuse.
The good news is that most of these inpatient programs are now shuttered. Studies showed them to be largely ineffective. What followed over the years was a wholesale shift away from cathartic reenactment of war trauma and a growing emphasis on forward-looking rehabilitation and evidence-based treatments such as cognitive therapy, behavioral desensitization (some techniques involving virtual reality recreations of combat scenarios), and medication if needed. The VA does appear to be making serious efforts to ensure that all mental health clinics are equipped to offer state of the art treatment for PTSD.
Some clinicians, myself included, would even like to see the diagnosis of PTSD downplayed altogether in favor of trying to understand patients' symptoms in context. As Texas psychiatrist Martha Leatherman puts it, "behaviors such as easy startling, hypervigilance, and sleep disturbance that are common in combat situations are normal, survival mechanisms," she says. Unfortunately, when they return, veterans are told that these symptoms mean PTSD. "This stirs up visions of Vietnam veterans living under bridges," Leatherman says, "and then, in a panic, they apply for disability compensation for PTSD so that they won't end up homeless too." Regrettably, the legacy of Vietnam era PTSD haunts the current generation of veterans. "It has been very troubling to me to see OEF/OIF veterans who truly need mental health treatment refuse it because it would mean having an illness that is associated with Vietnam-era chronicity and thus is incurable." The clinicians' job, of course, is not to incite morbid preoccupations, but to dispel misconceptions about Vietnam veterans (the vast majority of whom went on to function well) and steer veterans, as early as possible, to healthier interpretations of their symptoms. Early intervention also leverages the well-established fact that prognosis after trauma greatly depends on what happens to the individual in its immediate wake. That is why serious attention must be paid to the everyday problems that beset many veterans during the readjustment period, such as financial stress, marital discord, parenting strains, occupational needs.
Finally, the balkanization of the veteran's services complex demands attention. The federal Veterans Benefits Administration (VBA) and the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) tend to operate in separate universes. The VBA is geared toward helping veterans maximize benefits and gives little to no attention to improving their clinical situation. On the other hand, the VHA is focused on treatment, as it should be, but doesn't extend its expertise to helping veterans with the financial hardships they face. (These can be the kinds of problems that might lead a patient to turn to disability compensation--not because he is incapable of work but because the reliable check is a rational solution to his financial woes.) County-based Veterans Service Officers actively help veterans file for disability--not necessarily a bad thing at all, but because they are advocates, their job is to get a veteran what he wants, which is not necessarily in his best clinical interest. Lastly, the Veteran Service Organizations which, as a matter of principle, are driven to funnel largesse to their constituents, tend to be extremely suspicious of proposed reforms of the disability system, as they were of Senator Burr's proposal. With the missions of both agencies and the agendas of pressure groups all working at cross purposes, disability reform is a daunting challenge indeed.
Anyone who fights in a war is changed by it, but few are irreparably damaged. For those who never regain their civilian footing despite the best treatment, full and generous disability compensation is their due. Otherwise, it is reckless to allow a young veteran to surrender to his psychological wounds without first urging him to pursue recovery.
Over the last hundred years or so, psychiatry has taken very different perspectives on war stress: from an overly harsh, blame-the-soldier stance in World War I, to the healthy recognition in World War II that even the most psychologically healthy individual can develop war-related symptoms, to the misguided expectation in the wake of Vietnam that lasting PTSD was routine. The new VA rule, which expands PTSD disability eligibility to noncombatants who have experienced the dread of harm but have not had an actual encounter with it, alters the meaning yet again. What should have been a welcome bureaucratic reform by the VA--waiving documentation that might be difficult or impossible to obtain--ended up distorting the diagnosis. Add to this the practice of conferring disability status upon a veteran before his prospects for recovery are known, and the long journey home will now be harder than it already is.
Sally Satel, M.D., is a resident scholar at AEI.
1. The new rule is actually quite confusing. See the Federal Register, 75:133 (July 13, 2010), 39847, available online at http://www.thefederalregister.com/d.p/2010-07-13-2010-16885. (This and subsequent weblinks accessed December 13, 2010.) While the Federal Register states that a diagnosis of PTSD cannot be made "in the absence of exposure to a traumatic event," in keeping with the formal psychiatric conception of PTSD, it also says, apparently contrarily, that "constant vigilance against unexpected attack" can constitute a stressor and that PTSD can result from "veteran's fear of hostile military or terrorist activity.
2. Studies of Vietnam veterans have found that 68 to 94 percent of claimants seeking treatment for the first time are also applying for PTSD disability benefits; for review see B. Christopher Frueh, et al., "Disability compensation seeking among veterans evaluated for posttraumatic stress disorder," Psychiatric Services 54 (January 2003), 84-91. According to Nina Sayer and colleagues, "most claimants reported seeking disability compensation for symbolic reasons, especially for acknowledgement, validation and relief from self-blame; see Nina Sayer, et al., "Veterans seeking disability benefits for post-traumatic stress disorder: Who applies and the self-reported meaning of disability compensation," Social Science & Medicine 58:11 (June 2004), 2133-43. I could not find comparable studies on oie and oif veterans, but the Compensation and Pension examiners I interviewed suggest that the "disability first" approach is not uncommon.
3. The problem of fraud, too, cannot be overlooked. See B. Christopher Frueh, et al., "US Department of Veterans Affairs disability policies for PTSD: Administrative trends and implications for treatment, rehabilitation, and research," American Journal of Public Health 97:12 (December 2007), 2143-2145; see also Gail Poyner, "Psychological Evaluations of Veterans Claiming PTSD Disability with the Department of Veterans Affairs: A Clinician's Viewpoint," Psychological Injury and Law 3:2 (2010), 130-2. Poyner, who had received praise from VA personnel for her careful diagnostic evaluations, was told by the VA in 2009 that her services were no longer needed after she began using approved psychological tests to distinguish between veterans who were claiming to have PTSD when they did not and those whose complaints were clinically authentic. | <urn:uuid:08fd8274-d7ec-40a2-a842-f3dfb7e1148a> | {
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I am hopeful that one of the things this Administration will prioritise is a substantial reduction in CO2 emissions to help us halt the onset of global climate change. BUT, the changing climate has already begun to have a serious impact on wildlife and plant species and sadly we now have no choice but to adapt to these changes.
The warming temperatures, for example, have caused caterpillars to be born weeks earlier in the year than previously. That may not sound so bad, but baby birds rely on them as their main source of food. Some bird species are starting to experience mass starvation of thier chicks, who are now being born weeks after the caterpillars on which have passed their peak.
In fact, birds generally appear to be in serious trouble:
The May, 2008, International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) assessment concluded that “climate change—and even some attempts to tackle it—are pushing one in eight species of birds towards extinction.” In the past year alone, 26 of the 1,226 species on their “Red List” of threatened bird species became more endangered, while only 2 species improved in status...
In the United States bird populations have also shrunk, and nearly a third of the bird species living in the eastern Midwest and Great Lakes areas could be lost. (Emphasis mine)
The Department of the Interior has for decades been responsible for managing public lands and ensuring the preservation of wildlife. However, the methods they use for species conservation are likely to need a major overhaul in light of the changing patterns in nature. And you don't have to be an animal lover to be concerned about this - mass species extinction can lead to devastating consequences for human populations. For instance, without birds to contain them, insect populations can swell, leading to crop blight. Fish extinctions could destroy the fishing industry, and with it countless local economies that rely on it.
To prevent these potentially costly and devastating outcomes, we need to make a modest investment in rejigging our land management in line with visible and measurable impact that climate change is having on the landscape today (as well as preparing for the likely future). This budget increases the funding for such work by $140 Million, $40 Million of which will be shared with the states to support their local conservation efforts. It also grants $10 Million to North American Wetlands Conservation Act (NAWCA) activities to acquire, restore, or protect wetlands used by migratory waterfowl and other birds
Money well spent. | <urn:uuid:75439be8-5025-4a83-b887-78066f9e0c2c> | {
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The President initiated a series of
tariff negotiations to stimulate exports and proposed a
federal tax cut to help the economy internally. John F.
Kennedy was known as one of the few presidents in
history who made his own personality a significant part of
his presidency and a focus of national attention... displayed 300 characters
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illustrated this more clearly than the reaction to the tragedy
of November 22, 1963. Kennedy was driving through the
streets of Dallas. The streets were full of cheering people
watching him drive by. The President was surrounded by
loud motorcycles driven by the Secret Service. One
onlooker, looking into a sixth floor window, noticed
another man with a rifle... displayed next 300 characters
The manufacturing financial system of the North, insisted high tariffs to defend its goods from inexpensive overseas competition.
Prior to the Civil War, the North's government key resource of profits was the tariff...
Embargoes are and outright ban of a certain good thus completely stopping trade of a certain good/country. Subsidies, rather than increasing the price of the traded good, they decrease the price of the domestic good...
Therefore, for every surplus, there will be a deficit somewhere down the line. Countries with Current Account Deficits would require another country to reduce its surplus in order to remove its debt...
The following figure shows overall annual exports measured in billions of US dollars from 1948 to 2005. Recognizing that one country's exports are another country's imports, one can see the exponential growth in trade during the past 50 years...
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Direct and Inverse Problems for Optical Gratings
- Dr. Johannes Elschner
- Dr. Rainer Hinder
- Dr. Andreas Rathsfeld
- Dr. Gunther Schmidt
DiPoG is a program package to compute the diffractive efficiencies of periodic structures. In the simplest case, this periodic structure is an optical grating (cf. the cross section on the right picture), i.e. a structural component is bounded by a planar surface which is processed (etching, laser beam writing) in order to improve the optical properties. This is done such that the resulting surface is constant in one of its direction and periodic in the other. E.g. parallel grooves are uniformly attached to the surface of the element. Additionally, the surface can be coated. If light is incident in a direction contained in the plane perpendicular to the grooves, the scenario is called classical diffraction. Incidence in an oblique direction is called conical diffraction. In the case of more complicated gratings, the surface can be curved and the ``periodic'' structure can vary continuously, such that the case of a simple grating still can serve as a local model. Other gratings are periodic in both directions of the surface or completely aperiodic.
- Direct Problems
- As is well known, in the case of a simple grating, a plane wave of light incident to the grating is split into a finite number of reflected and transmitted plane waves. Though the directions of the reflected and transmitted waves do not depend on the surface, the portion of light energy sent into the several directions (efficiencies) and the phase shifts depend strongly on the surface. The direct problem consists in determining the efficiencies and phase shifts numerically. This is realized by a generalized finite element method. Classical and conical diffraction are computed. The infinite domain and the radiation condition are handled by coupling with boundary elements. Note that the most challenging problems concern large periods and small wave lengths. For these, the generalization of the finite element approach is needed.
- Inverse Problems
Beside the direct computation, gratings optimal with respect to a certain target can be determined. In other words, certain parameters describing the geometry of the grating (e.g. depth and width of the grooves) are to be determined such that the resulting efficiencies and phase shifts approximate a prescribed set of numbers. The numerical codes utilize optimization algorithms based on gradient calculations.
see also the project: Applications of diffractive optics
- Programs for the computation of energy, efficiencies and phase shifts of the diffraction by binary gratings. Programs for the optimization of binary gratings:
- Programs for the computation of energy, efficiencies and phase shifts of the diffraction by polygonal gratings. Programs for the optimization of polygonal gratings:
User guide DiPoG-2.1
- The most popular method is based on Fourier mode expansions. It is called RCWA (rigorous coupled-wave analysis) or FMM (Fourier modal method). Using this approach, the solution of a global system of linear equations can be avoided. The RCWA is very efficient for cross-section geometries composed of a small number of rectangles, A modification for more general geometries is the so-called C-method (coordinate transformation method) introduced by Chandezon.
- For optical gratings, the cross-section geometry of which is determined by a small numer of profile curves (or a larger number of profile curves separated by horizontal lines), the boundary element method or integral equation method can be recommended (cf. e.g. the software package PCGrate).
last modified: Jan. 6, 2009 by [email protected]
Tel.: 030 20372-457
- WIAS-ALEA - Framework for high-dimensional functional Uncertainty Quantification
- awc - Adaptive weights clustering
- aws - Adaptive weights smoothing
- BALaser for the simulation of dynamics in broad-area semiconductor lasers
- BOP - A Simulator for Large-Scale Process Engineering Problems
- ClusCorr98 ® for exploratory data analysis
- ddfermi - drift diffusion simulation tool
- DiPoG - Direct and Inverse Problems for Optical Gratings
- WIAS R-packages for imaging / neuroscience
- LDSL-tool for the simulation of longitudinal dynamics in semiconductor lasers
- WIAS-MeFreSim - 3D-Simulation of Multifrequency Induction Hardening
- ParMooN - Mathematics and object-oriented Numerics
- pdelib - a FVM and FEM toolbox for PDEs
- WIAS-TeSCA for two and three dimensional semi-conductor analysis
- TetGen - a Delaunay Tetrahedral Mesh Generator | <urn:uuid:cc5f6b82-f954-49c2-a871-a2b028bb78b7> | {
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Cryptocurrency is an emerging phenomenon that is still unknown to most, and somewhat scary to some – like the credit card looked in its early days. Unlike credit cards, individuals cryptocurrencies are digital and cannot be counterfeited, used without private keys, or reversed arbitrarily like credit card charge-backs.
A global network of computers use blockchain technology to jointly manage the database that records Bitcoin transactions. That is, Bitcoin is managed by its network, and not any one central authority. There is no other electronic cash system in which your assets are not owned by someone else, thus subject to being frozen or misused as a result. With cryptocurrency, you own the private key and the corresponding public key that makes up your cryptocurrency address. No one can take that away from you.
That said, cryptocurrencies have a long way to go before they can replace credit cards and traditional currencies for global commerce. But the appeal of cryptocurrencies to ensure ultimate control over one’s money is driving new systems that will fundamentally change our global economic system. Early adopters and investors in the crypto-space stand to profit greatly. | <urn:uuid:ea0de4a5-1ce7-4a92-af76-69f949d74766> | {
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Titan's volcanoes ooze cold slurry rather than molten lava
Titan, the haze-shrouded moon of Saturn, displays tantalising evidence of ice volcanoes.
Two regions of Titan have been seen recently, by the Cassini spacecraft, to undergo clear changes in brightness.
This activity, and radar images hinting at flow-like structures, suggest the presence of volcanoes, scientists say.
Rather than erupting molten rock, Titan's "cryovolcanoes" are thought to ooze a slurry made of water ice, ammonia and methane.
There are suggestions that these frigid lava flows could be as much as 200m thick.
"Cryovolcanism is a process that many people have modelled in theory and shown to be viable in the outer Solar System on an object of Titan's size," said Bob Nelson from the US space agency Nasa's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
Researchers working on the Cassini mission argued their case here at the American Geophysical Union's Fall Meeting.
Early flybys of Titan by the US-European spacecraft spotted intriguing surface features that suggested the presence of cryovolcanism, but the thick atmosphere that shrouds this enigmatic world has always made definitive statements tricky.
The evidence, however, is mounting.
Cassini scientists can now point to distinct changes in brightness and reflectance at two separate locations in Titan's equatorial region.
The changes were picked up by Cassini's Visible and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer instrument on flybys from July 2004 to March 2006.
In one of the two regions, the reflectance of the surface surged upward and remained higher than expected. In the other region, the reflectance shot up, but then declined.
The Cassini spacecraft spotted the suspected volcanoes in different regions
Cassini's radar - an instrument that can pierce the thick atmosphere to map the surface, at low resolution - sees lobe-like features at the two locations. Their thickness, about 200m, is consistent with a cyrovolcanic flow interpretation.
"These flows would come out as a thick slurry," said Dr Rosaly Lopes, a Cassini radar team investigation scientist. "They can be thick because cryomagma would be viscous, similar to lava flows on Earth."
Scientists say they also have evidence that ammonia frost is sometimes present at one of the two sites. The ammonia was evident only at times when the region was inferred to be active.
"Ammonia is a material that many thought would be in Titan's interior but not found on the surface," explained Dr Nelson.
"So the finding of ammonia on the surface for temporary periods of time strongly implies materials from the interior are being transported and fused on to the surface."
Titan's thick atmosphere makes observing the planet's surface difficult
Scientists like the idea of cryovolcanism because it is one way to explain why so much methane is retained in Titan's atmosphere.
Without some means of replenishment, the moon's original methane content should have been destroyed long ago by the Sun's ultraviolet light.
Not all scientists are convinced by the latest assessment, however.
Jeffrey Moore, a Nasa planetary geologist independent of the Cassini mission, told the meeting: "The flow-like features we see on the surface may just be icy debris that has been lubricated by methane rain and transported down-slope into sinuous piles like mudflows."
Dr Nelson countered: "Scepticism is part of the evolution of a scientific finding but logic dictates that we start looking at things in certain ways when certain patterns start falling together."
This page is best viewed in an up-to-date web browser with style sheets (CSS) enabled. While you will be able to view the content of this page in your current browser, you will not be able to get the full visual experience. Please consider upgrading your browser software or enabling style sheets (CSS) if you are able to do so. | <urn:uuid:707e55f7-db71-44c5-9b27-7b92cce3e7da> | {
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Based on this expanding body of knowledge, here are a few breast cancer myths that can be put to rest:
You may have heard: Having a big chest puts you at greater risk.
Truth: Research has shown that the cells in which breast cancer grows are unaffected by the amount of tissue or fat a breast contains. In other words, the size of her breasts is unrelated to a woman’s chances of developing breast cancer.
Women over 50 whose bustiness is due to being overweight, however, do have reason for concern. According to the American Cancer Society, obesity is linked to a long list of cancers, including breast cancer, in women past menopause.
You may have heard: If breast cancer doesn’t run in your family, you’re probably safe.
Truth: Many women are surprised to learn that having no genetic connection to the disease only decreases your odds of developing breast cancer by 5-10 percent. Most cases of breast cancer—even those in women who do have a family history of the disease—are not caused by mutations in the breast cancer genes BRCA1 and BRCA2.
You may have heard: Taking birth control pills increases your chances of developing breast cancer.
Truth: Birth control pills do contain hormones that are linked to breast cancer. But the doses in today’s pills are considerably lower than 20 years ago, when some studies showed a small increased risk of developing breast cancer in women who took birth control.
Research continues on the potential relationship between the pill and the disease, however enough recent studies have shown no measurable connection that doctors presently do not consider birth control to be a breast cancer risk factor in most women.
You may have heard: Using deodorant can lead to breast cancer.
Truth: The lymph nodes, where some breast cancers develop, are located beneath the underarm, a fact that has inspired several rumors about a link between underarm products and the disease.
Researchers studying claims that deodorants and antiperspirants contain cancer-causing toxins, or prevent the release of toxins from the body, however, have found no evidence for either. Some deodorants and antiperspirants (as well as many lotions, cleansers, and cosmetics) contain parabens, which have been found in breast cancer tissue, but as yet there is no evidence of causation between the ingredients and cancer.
You may have heard: Breast cancer is an older woman’s disease.
Truth: The fact that most cases of breast cancer occur in women over 50 often overshadows the reality that a full 25 percent of breast cancer patients are younger than 50. Doctors recommend women begin performing monthly breast self-exams when they turn 20, along with a clinical exam every three years. Most women should begin getting annual mammograms at 40, but if breast cancer runs in your family, your doctor may suggest scheduling your first at 35 or even 30.
For the truth about more breast cancer myths, see the full list at Prevention.com. | <urn:uuid:90450a3e-ae2d-4e70-a2aa-72757d2567e6> | {
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Over the centuries diverse cultures have observed that planting during certain phases of the moon has affected the germination and growth rate of plants.
The tilt of the Earth’s axis regulates the seasons as we journey our way around the Sun. Distance from the equator (latitude) is the prime determinant of the growing seasons that combines with altitude, distance from the sea and other regional factors to create a diverse mosaic of climates and micro-climates across the globe. Any seasonal planting calendar must be regional if not local.
The Moon provides a more subtle influence on growing conditions, its light and gravitational force affecting plant growth that has informed traditional gardening rhythms through the centuries. Unlike the seasonal cycle, this lunar cycle is more universal so can be incorporated into a calendar with global relevance. This basic guide to gardening by moon phases can help improve health and yield from our efforts.
The 29½ day lunar cycle is divided into four phases, each lasting around seven to eight days. The transition, from one phase to the next, is where sowing, planting and pruning is best avoided for 12 hours before and after the change. Use this time instead to improve your soil.
Waxing Moon – increasing in light, sap flow drawn up
The new moon and first quarter phases are the most suitable time for sowing and transplanting flowering annuals (and biennials), grains, melons, annual grasses and green manure crops. It’s also a good time for applying liquid fertilisers, pruning and grafting as increased saps flows produce new growth more quickly. If you want to speed up lawn growth then consider mowing during this period.
Waning Moon – reducing light, sap flow drawn down
The full moon and last quarter phases are a good time for applying solid fertilisers, pruning dormant plants, harvesting crops and seed for storage or drying – as they are less likely to rot. Perennials, plants that live for more than two years, have root systems that are able to store sugars and nutrients in a similar way that root crops do. If you want to slow lawn growth then consider mowing during the waning moon.
New Moon phase
Sow or transplant leafy annuals – where we value or eat the leaves or stem. Eg: lettuce, spinach, cabbage and celery.
First Quarter phase
Sow or transplant fruiting annuals – where we value or eat the fruit or seed bearing part of the plant. Eg: tomato, pumpkins, broccoli and beans.
Full Moon phase
Sow or plant out root crops, decorative and fruiting perennials – take cuttings and divide plants. Eg: apple, potatoes, asparagus and rhubarb.
Last Quarter phase
Time to improve your soil – weeding, mulching, making compost and manure teas, digging or ploughing.
If you miss the planting windows, try it anyway and see how it grows
For those of you who are looking for an easy way to remember and apply these garden activities, then look to the 2017 Permaculture Calendar. It includes these daily icons and moon phase times to guide your planting, along with an example of a design principle for each month. | <urn:uuid:c3714802-2024-4f78-a2bd-41eb644c719e> | {
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About this book
The Nibelungenlied (Middle High German: Der Nibelunge liet or Der Nibelunge nôt), translated as The Song of the Nibelungs, is an epic poem from around 1200 written in Middle High German. Its anonymous poet was likely from the region of Passau. The Nibelungenlied is based on an oral tradition that has some of its origin in historic events and individuals of the 5th and 6th centuries and that spread throughout almost all of Germanic-speaking Europe. Parallels to the German poem from Scandinavia are found especially in the heroic lays of the Poetic Edda and in the Völsunga saga. | <urn:uuid:5a6ffb6d-8f7d-42d8-b275-147afc1950c8> | {
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Whether you turn to acupuncture or allopathic medicine for healing, choosing the right foods for your constitution will speed your progress.
According to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), health is a state of balance in which food choice is key. As a longtime nutritionist I can report profound positive changes when people get their food selections right.
Nutritional balance from a TCM perspective is far different from that of Western nutrition. Modern nutrition science is based on knowing the chemical composition of foods and the biochemical pathways of the body. Western nutritionists quantify nutrients such as protein, carbohydrates, and fat, then group foods accordingly, with a one-size-fits-all serving recommendation.
The Food Pyramid, for example, groups bread, pasta, grains, and potatoes together as “carbohydrates” and suggests 5 to 8 servings. According to TCM, however, bread and pasta are damp and cooling, and thus are not recommended for someone overweight, bloated, or suffering sinus congestion. Sprouted grains, rye, and wild rice, although also carbohydrates, do not contribute to dampness because they have energetic properties different from flour and can actually be helpful for people with such yin conditions.
Understanding Yin and Yang Foods
According to Eastern traditions the forces of yin and yang are energetic qualities that shape everything in the universe, including our health. The Chinese symbol for yin is the shady side of a hill, while the symbol for yang is the sunny side. Thus yin qualities include coolness, dampness, and darkness, relative to the yang qualities of warmth, dryness, and light. Winter is yin, while summer is yang, and night is yin while day is yang. Arthritis made worse by cold weather is a yin condition. A red, inflamed rash brought on by heat is a yang condition. A ruddy-faced, irritable man with high blood pressure is relatively yang. An anemic, melancholy woman is relatively yin.
Yin foods tend to be cooling and/or moistening for the body. Yang foods tend to be warming and drying. This has less to do with the actual temperature or moisture of the food and more to do with its “energetics.” Boiled spinach for example, is cooling and moistening, as is baked tofu. Chilled wine is warming, as is roast beef. Toast, while dry to touch, actually moistens the body. The effects of such food qualities on health have been observed for thousands of years.
Your acupuncturist is trained to balance your body’s constitution. By observing your body and understanding the energetics of food, you can make food and activity choices to speed your body’s healing progress. Imbalance can come from an excess, or deficiency, of yin or yang. Although more complex than this, the following is an overview of yin and yang patterns of imbalance and the food choices that can help restore balance. Your constitution is ever changing, so be sure you adjust with the seasons and your life situation.
Yin Patterns of Imbalance
- Tendency to feel chilled
- Urine tends to be clear
- Dresses warmly, likes heat
- Tendency toward loose
- Pale complexion stools
- Preference for warm food/drinks
- Slow metabolism drinks
- Soft, fleshy muscles
- Rarely thirsty
- Often tired, sleeps a lot
- Tendency to feel depressed
- Health worse in cold pressed weather
- Quiet, withdrawn
A cold pattern often occurs in vegetarians or those who eat primarily raw foods, especially when they live in the cold. Cold can also set in with age and may be combined with dampness. Regular, warming aerobic exercise is essential. Healing food choices include warm lamb or beef dishes, dark poultry, meat-based soups and stews, free-range eggs, eel, trout, and wild salmon. Beneficial vegetables include cooked root veggies, baked winter squash, onions, and mustard greens. Nuts and seeds are warming, as are butter, cinnamon, garlic, ginger, turmeric, and pepper. Helpful grains include oatmeal, quinoa, and buckwheat. Food and drinks are best eaten cooked and warm. Salads, raw fruits, frozen desserts, pasta, white flour, and iced beverages should be minimized.
- Strong dislike of humidity
- Stuffy nose, postnasal drip
- Health worsens in dampness
- Mentally “foggy”
- Abdominal bloating
- Retention of fluids
- Little thirst or hunger
- Overweight, soft fat
- Urine tends to be cloudy
- Puffy eyes or face
- Easily short of breath
- Feeling of heaviness especially in lower body
Dampness can be associated with cold or heat and is exacerbated by damp living conditions. Chronic dampness is brought on by eating on the run, excessive worry, or from a diet rich in fried foods, breads, pasta, commercial dairy, ice cream, and other sweets. Too many salads and raw fruits weaken digestion and lead to dampness. Aerobic exercise is essential for balance.
Helpful foods include lightly cooked greens including broccoli, turnip greens, asparagus, and kale. Fish and grilled or roasted meats and poultry are balancing. The best grains for a damp pattern are rye, jasmine, and basmati rice as well as sprouted grains. Radishes, turnips, pumpkin seeds, green tea, and bitter foods and herbs help to dry dampness.
Sweets, dairy, and starchy foods contribute to dampness. Ice cream, lasagna, white bread, and milk should be avoided.
Yang Patterns of Imbalance
- Tendency to feel warm
- Tendency to be talkative
- Uncomfortable in hot weather
- Urine tends to be dark
- May suffer fever blisters, canker sores
- Dresses in short sleeves
- Tends toward ruddy complexion
- May suffer headaches, nose bleeds, bleeding
- High blood pressure gums
- Often thirsty, craves cold drinks
- Sleep often restless, disturbing dreams
- Tendency toward impatience, irritability or anger
- May be constipated
A heat pattern often shows up in hot weather or with stress. Overwork, alcohol, and sugar heat the body. Meditation, walks in nature, swimming, and/or yoga are ideal for balancing the agitated nature of a heat imbalance. Ideal foods are salads, cucumbers, and lightly cooked green leafy vegetables especially spinach and watercress. Vegetables of all kinds are helpful whereas meats should be limited.
Other cooling foods include melons, pears, bean dishes, mung beans, sprouts, sushi, non-spicy soups, and lots of water. Alcohol and sugar are best avoided. Mint is a beneficial cooling herb whereas pepper, garlic, ginger, and onions should be reduced.
- Dry skin, dandruff
- Cravings for sweets
- Dry stools, constipation
- Preference for warm liquids in small sips
- Dry throat or eyes
- Night sweats
- Can easily become both hot or cold
- Thin body type
- Easily stressed, irritated or frustrated
- Rosy cheeks, especially after exercise
A dry pattern is a deficiency of yin, or fluids. Hormones, skin oils, saliva, digestive juices and secretions provide us our yin element. Fluids are akin to a car’s antifreeze; when low you can easily overheat or freeze. We see dryness at menopause, or as we age and skin becomes dry. Although hot flashes feel like heat, they are a sign of diminishing yin, which allows the normal heat of the body to go unchecked. Stress also depletes yin.
Remedies include meditation, yoga, walks in nature and gardening. Beneficial fats are critical. Healthful choices include fatty fish, free-range eggs, grass-fed butter, goat and sheep cheeses, olive and coconut oil, dark poultry meat, pork, nuts, and avocado. Soups and stews rich with grass-fed animal fats are very helpful. Other moistening foods include black beans, green beans, Napa cabbage, winter squash, yams, sea vegetables, millet, whole wheat, fermented soy, and shellfish.
All types benefit by choosing foods according to the seasons.
Summer foods such as salads, cucumbers, and melons are ideal for hot weather. Conversely meats, root vegetables, hot soups, and stews are most nourishing in winter. Pay attention to your body and choose the foods that naturally seem balancing. | <urn:uuid:c04dbe14-96e9-4926-8eaa-792c88327bb7> | {
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Russian Portrait: Richard M. Nixon Fellow Holds History In Her Hands
Spending a semester cataloging hundreds of photos related to the Richard M. Nixon presidency Melissa Samarin ‘11 found that each of these historical images was a piece to the larger puzzle illustrating his administration.
"They say ‘a picture holds a thousand words’ and I've literary handled hundreds of these [images] so I feel I have a very complete history of Nixon's presidency by now."
Samarin, the 2010-11 Nixon Fellow, worked as an intern at the Nixon Presidential Library in the fall just as the library received boxes upon boxes of new material from Washington D.C. that needed to be sorted, filed, and put away.
Fortunately for Samarin, her cataloging allowed her to add visual images to research she had been conducting on Nixon’s legacy on human rights in the former Soviet Union.
Samarin points to photos of Nixon and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger meeting with then-Soviet general secretary Leonid Brezhnev in both Washington, D.C. and Moscow. According to Samarin, these historical meetings between the White House and the Kremlin, where various nuclear arms and mutual collaboration agreements were signed, were a predecessor to the Helinski Accord – a wide ranging series of agreements of on economic, political, and human rights issues signed in 1975.
“There is an actual correlation between Nixon's foreign policy and human rights negotiations during the Cold War," explains Samarin, who spent more than a year researching this topic.
"It was because of his détente policy and foreign policy [in general] that this chain reaction of positive relations followed. This in turn enabled a series of negations to happen, and essentially allowed for human rights to be put on the radar of the international agenda during the Cold War."
Samarin’s research really began across the Atlantic the summer before her senior year, where she spent a packed two months in the country that served as the nexus of her research. Immersing herself in the language, she took political science classes in Russian, taught English, interned at the Hermitage museum, and did research at the National Library of Russia.
Traveling one hour each way from her host family home to the historic campus of St. Petersburg State College, Samarin was able to soak as much of the city as she could. Moreover, her ingenuity and basic Russian language skills put her at the information desk of the Hermitage Museum – the location of her internship – allowing her to become well-acquainted with the works of art within this, one of the largest and oldest museums of the world.
Self-starter that she is, Samarin also surpassed the notorious Russian red-tape to gain access to important documents at the National Library.
“It would literally take about 30 minutes to get copies of any document,” said Samarin, who patiently waited, relishing the access to such unique documents.
"This was an amazing way to spend my senior year,” said Samarin. "Traveling and living in Russia was just the best part for me, living in a foreign country, being able to blend in and experience the lifestyle is unforgettable.”
Graduating as a Whittier Scholars international studies and Russian studies double major, Samarin plans to continue her studies on Russian and Eastern European politics at the University of Birmingham in England in the fall.
The Nixon Fellowship was created and endowed through gifts from friends, colleagues, and admirers of President Richard M. Nixon '34. For further information or to contribute to the Fellowship program, contact the Office of Advancement at 562.907.5219 or go to www.whittier.edu/supportwhittier.
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Department of Geography and Environment Student Learning Objectives (SLOs)
- Understands the core geographic lexicon and basic concepts in the human, environmental and geospatial information science disciplinary streams (GEOG 101, 102/151, 104).
- Demonstrate the ability to understand and apply quantitative and qualitative data for geographic inquiry (GEOG 380).
- Possesses advanced knowledge of the geographic lexicon and core knowledge of a disciplinary stream (GEOG 325 and other 300 level course requirements).
- Human Geography: able to explain relationships between the environment, society, and culture.
- Environmental Geography: able to explain the relationships between biosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmospheric systems.
- Geospatial Information Science: able to interpret human and environmental geospatial information
- Demonstrates mastery of knowledge in a disciplinary stream (400 level course requirements).
- Human Geography: able to conduct basic analysis of how economic, political, and cultural processes are shaping human experiences at different geographic scales.
- Environmental Geography: able to conduct basic analysis of how environmental change is occurring at different geographic scales.
- Geospatial Information Science: able to produce maps in a professional manner and utilize advanced geospatial techniques to analyze spatial patterns or change in human and environmental systems.
- Demonstrates the ability to employ appropriate oral and written techniques to communicate geographic research effectively (GEOG 493). | <urn:uuid:6c32d022-b7fe-4328-8362-6c2fcaa0aff3> | {
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James Ford Rhodes (18481927). History of the Civil War, 18611865 1917.
the fords of Bull Run and crowded the Warrenton turnpike, a confused mass of disorganized frightened men. The Confederates pursued them only a short distance;1 and McDowell intended to make a stand at Centreville. That was found to be impossible nor could the disorderly flight be arrested at Fairfax Court-House. The larger part of the men, telegraphed McDowell from there, are a confused mob, entirely demoralized. They are pouring through this place in a state of utter disorganization. The flight of the troops was not stopped until they reached the fortifications on the southern side of the Potomac, and many of the soldiers crossed the Long bridge into Washington. All were soon to learn that they had been fleeing before an imaginary foe, as the Confederates made no effective pursuit.
Lincoln in Washington was a prey to the same anxiety as Davis in Richmond. After his return from church, he scanned eagerly the telegrams sent to him from the War Department and from the army headquarters. These despatches were from the telegraphic station nearest the battle-field and toward three oclock became more frequent and reported the apparent course and progress of the cannonade. Impatient as he was to talk over the news, he repaired to Scotts office, where he found the aged and infirm general taking his afternoon sleep. On being waked Scott told him that such reports as had already been received possessed no value but, expressing his confidence in a successful result, he composed himself for another nap. Despatches continued to come with cheering news. It was reported that the Confederates had been forced back two or three miles. One of Scotts aides brought to the President a
Note 1. As far as Cub-run. Had the pursuit continued, McDowells reserve stationed near Blackburns ford and Centreville would have protected the rear of the fleeing troops. [back] | <urn:uuid:38babe8f-ccf1-413d-bd7b-a5be05eaa6ab> | {
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With the addition of these new states, 58% of american women of four states found ways your support enables the guttmacher institute to advance. Us women's amateur four-ball us amateur four-ball curtis cup us girls' junior u 2018 usga championships the usga conducts 14 national united states of. American civil war, also called war between the states, four-year war (1861–65) between the united states and 11 southern states that seceded from the union and formed the confederate states. The territory of wyoming was the first to give women the vote in 1869 other western states and territories followed states granting women the right to vote prior to. Nearly 25% of women go back to work within two weeks of having a baby, meanwhile among the four states with active paid leave policies in place,.
Here are some of the names of asian-american women that students in the united states may not learn about in school. Employment protections for workers who are pregnant or nursing federal law requires that women affected by pregnancy, forty-six states,. When secretary of state bainbridge colby affixed his signature to the 19th amendment on august 26, 1920, women across the united states gained full voting rights.
Three states have never sent a woman to congress three states have never sent a woman to congress four years before women officially won the right to vote. Where are states today medicaid and chip eligibility levels for children, pregnant women, and adults published: mar 28, 2018. Residents in four states will have the opportunity in november to legalize either medical or adult-use [email protected] workday brandvoice money.
In all but four states, a higher percentage of women have a bachelor’s degrees than men one of the exceptions is utah,. On a night when voters in four states went to the but they are sure to dog his general election bid at a moment when more women are speaking out. The four stages of social movements the four stages of social movement development are emergence, throughout the history of the united states alone there.
Women (22d, 17r) have served as governors in 28 states 22 d 17 r and the first state to have had four women governors of the 39 women governors,. Women in state government: past, present, future by to have had four women governors as well as the only three senate and four house seats in six states. 1 in 5 women and 1 in 71 men in the united states has been raped in their lifetime 1 almost half of female additional sources for statistics on domestic violence.
Women with bright pink hats and the women whose bids were successful will account for one-third of the major party nominees for the house from these four states. Aauw policy guide to equal pay in the states but regardless of a state’s legal framework, it is a daunting task for women to secure their basic legal right to. We are the nation’s most respected bipartisan organization providing states support, this series of four publications focuses on the unique women in state. | <urn:uuid:1da94598-74fa-4ef6-bd91-8f157e300b66> | {
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The Populist Party, also called the People's Party, led a dramatic and temporarily successful revolt against Democratic Party rule in North Carolina during the 1890s. Its origins can be traced to the growth of the Farmers' Alliance and the rise of anti-Alliance sentiment within the state Democratic Party. Prior to the spring of 1892 the Farmers' Alliance, led in North Carolina by Leonidas L. Polk and his Progressive Farmer , worked primarily within the Democratic Party to advance its agenda, including regulation of railroad rates, fairer taxation of railroads, and increased aid to public education. Thwarted attempts by the Farmers' Alliance to dominate the state Democratic convention in May 1892, however, proved disappointing to many Alliance members. Their failure prompted the first manifestation of organized Populism in North Carolina: on 18 May 1892, at a meeting in Raleigh, adherents selected delegates to the upcoming national Populist convention.
In July, after a national convention of Democrats nominated Grover Cleveland for president, some North Carolina Alliancemen who did not participate in the earliest meetings of the party declared their intention to vote for the Populist presidential nominee, James B. Weaver. However, these men planned to remain Democrats for political purposes. Their plan collapsed in early August, when the state Democratic Party chairman, Furnifold M. Simmons , banned Cleveland's opponents from receiving nominations for state and local offices. With support for Cleveland as the measure of Democratic loyalty, the bond between the party and many former Alliance members, sorely tested since May, was broken.
North Carolina Populists held their first nominating conventions in early and mid-August 1892 and developed a full slate of candidates for state office. They adopted national Populism's Omaha Platform, which endorsed government ownership of railroads and a federally controlled money supply. On state matters, the party demanded a 6 percent limit on contract interest rates, full taxation of railroad property, and encouragement to education, agriculture, and manufacturing. Together, financial, transportation, and educational reforms-the leading tenets of Alliance ideology-became the rallying cry of North Carolina Populists.
The Populists' first campaign ended in disappointment. The party captured fewer than 50,000 votes, about 17 percent of the total, and won more than 35 percent of the vote in only six counties, all in the east or eastern Piedmont. This setback resulted from two factors: the decision by many Alliance members to remain in the Democratic Party and the failure of the state's strong Republican Party , the overwhelming majority of whose members were black, to support the Populists. Although the first problem proved impossible to reverse entirely, the balance of power in state politics shifted in early 1893, when Populist and Republican leaders began to plan a cooperative strategy for the next election. The goals of the union were to forge a new majority with Populist votes, repeal Democratic laws restricting access to the ballot, and give the General Assembly control over local government.
The leading Populist behind "Fusion ," as Democrats termed the Republican-Populist agreement, was Marion Butler of Sampson County. In 1893 and 1894 Butler conducted repeated negotiations for cooperation. By the 1894 Populist nominating convention, practically all party members endorsed cooperation with Republicans for legislative offices and continued support of traditional Populist reforms. The so-called Fusion was successful, as the 1894 election sent 60 Populists, 56 Republicans, and 54 Democrats to the 1895 General Assembly. Three Populists won election to Congress. During the 1895 session Butler and Jeter Pritchard , a Republican, were elected to the U.S. Senate. The Populist state representatives also achieved demonstrable change. Various Populist-inspired reforms were enacted, including a new election law, local government democratization, and a 6 percent interest law. The 1895 General Assembly was the legislative high-water mark of Populism.
After 1896 the party began to decline. A major reason was growing internal factionalism between Populists and Republicans, which was exacerbated in the 1897 General Assembly and undermined much of the Fusionist administration of Republican governor Daniel L. Russell Jr . According to the party's 1896 platform, all Populists stood for financial reform, public control of railroads, free elections, and better schools. However, some lawmakers, who were very attached to Republican allies, failed to use their power in the General Assembly to achieve their party's goals. The Fusionist legislature of 1897 was an unmitigated disaster, as Populist members split into pro-Republican and anti-Republican camps.
In addition, Populists were not ideologically or politically prepared to meet the violence of the Democrats' white supremacy campaign. Although Populists had always claimed that Democrats used racist rhetoric to stifle reform, the party was composed primarily of former Democrats committed to white supremacy. Many eastern Populists were uncomfortable cooperating with black men and left the party because of the issue. Although Populists managed a respectable campaign in 1898, it was overshadowed by the well-orchestrated brutality of their opponents. Democrats, partly through the employment of terrorist groups known as Red Shirts , physically assaulted and intimidated Populists before and on election day. Their strategy worked, ending Populist-Republican rule in the General Assembly.
In 1900 Democrats resurrected the violence of 1898, passed the disfranchisement amendment, and once again gained control of state government. The state Populist organization collapsed immediately, although some local units persisted for a short time. Bitterness toward Democrats among Populists was so strong that a large faction of the party faithful, partly attracted by the reform rhetoric of Theodore Roosevelt, defected to the Republican Party after 1901. Many former Populists became third-party members again in 1912, joining Roosevelt's Progressives. These ex-Populists were always a minority among North Carolina Republicans in the first decades of the twentieth century, and they never fully controlled party policy. Some historians believe that a form of Populism endured in Randolph County , Sampson County , and other places, evidenced by "islands" of strong Republican support throughout much of the Democrat-controlled twentieth century.
Jeffrey J. Crow and Robert F. Durden, Maverick Republican in the Old North State: A Political Biography of Daniel L. Russell (1977).
Durden, The Climax of Populism: The Election of 1896 (1965).
Helen G. Edmonds, The Negro and Fusion Politics in North Carolina (1951).
James L. Hunt, Marion Butler and American Populism (2003).
Lala Carr Steelman, The North Carolina Farmers' Alliance: A Political History, 1887-1893 (1985).
"Politics and populism." LearnNC.org. http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-newsouth/7.0 .
"The North Carolina election of 1898." The North Carolina Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. http://www.lib.unc.edu/ncc/1898/1898.html .
Wormser, Richard. "Populist Party." The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/stories_org_populist.html.
Butler, Marion. Addresses of Marion Butler, President, and Cyrus Thompson, Lecturer, to the North Carolina Farmers' State Alliance, at Greensboro, N.C., Aug. 8, 9, and 10, 1893, at its Seventh Annual Session . Raleigh, N.C.:Barnes Bros, 1893.
Beeby, James M. Revolt of the Tar Heels: The North Carolina Populist Movement, 1890-1901 . Jackson:Univ. Press of Mississippi, 2008.
Delap, Simeon Alexander. "The Populist Party in North Carolina ." Historical Papers Published by the Trinity College Historical Society Series XIV. Durham, N.C.:Seeman Printery, 1922.
Thompson, Cyrus. "Dr. Thompson's Great Speech: a large and representative gathering of Populists of Sampson and adjoining counties at Clinton, N.C., Aug. 19, 1898, to hear the opening of the Populist campaign." [s.n.] 1898. http://digital.ncdcr.gov/u?/p249901coll37,17251 (accessed December 6, 2012).
Photograph of Marion Butler. Image from the State Archives of North Carolina. Call number N_70_6_33.
Title page of the People's Party Hand-Book of Facts. Campaign of 1898. Raleigh [N.C.]: Capital Printing Co. 1898.
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Note: Specific medications are mentioned in this article. These medications are safe for most patients, however, they may not be appropriate for some patients due to health conditions, allergies, or interactions with other medications. Please consult your physician before starting a new medication, and always read all package insert materials. Dr. Jeansonne is not affiliated with any pharmaceutical company or medical device company.
Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (also known as GERD, acid reflux, or heartburn) affects 40% of Americans. In most cases, the symptoms can be controlled with lifestyle choices and medication. Anyone who experiences heartburn symptoms twice a week or more should discuss this with their physician. However, mild or less frequent heartburn can be managed by the patient. This should be done in the following order:
Step 1: Lifestyle Changes
These mainly involve avoiding factors that cause reflux or increase the amount of acid produced by the stomach.
- Avoid tobacco, caffeine, and alcohol. These all increase the amount of acid produced in your stomach.
- Avoid NSAIDs. This is a group of medications that includes ibuprofen (Advil), naproxen (Aleve), aspirin, and certain other pain medications. Acetaminophen (Tylenol) is not in this category and will not cause acid reflux.
- Decrease stress. Obviously if this were possible we would all do it, but some patients find that if their life changes in a way that leads to decreased stress, their heartburn may go away.
- Dietary modification. Eat smaller, less spicy meals. Try to decrease pepper and acidic foods such as orange juice and tomatoes.
- Elevate head of bed. Putting small blocks under the top two legs of a bed creates an angle that may decrease reflux.
Step 2: Medications
Most of these medications are available over the counter. I have included brand names for reference, but the generic versions work just as well. For generic medications, check the name of the active ingredient on the label.
- Antacids. These include medications like Tums, Rolaids, and Maalox. They are fast-acting but are also fairly weak and do not last very long. They are the first choice for mild, infrequent heartburn.
- Histamine-2 blockers. These are the next medications you should try if your heartburn is not relieved by antacids. These medications are fast-acting but work best if taken before meals, and last up to 12 hours. They include:
- ranitidine (Zantac)
- famotidine (Pepcid)
- cimetidine (Tagamet)
- Proton Pump Inhibitors. Also known as PPI’s, these are the strongest medications available. They almost completely block the production of stomach acid. They do not work immediately, but they last up to 24 hours. They may have side effects if taken long term, which you should discuss with your doctor. They include:
- omeprazole (Prilosec, Zegerid)
- lansoprazole (Prevacid)
- esomeprazole (Nexium)
- rabeprazole (Aciphex)
Step 3: Surgical procedures
If your GERD persists for a long time or if it is unresponsive to medication, your doctor may recommend one of the following procedures.
- Transoral incisionless fundoplication (Esophyx procedure): a procedure done under anesthesia where a device is inserted through the mouth and into the stomach, which places stitches at the area between the stomach and esophagus to tighten it and prevent reflux. To learn more about this procedure, click here.
- Laparoscopic fundoplication (Nissen procedure): a surgical procedure done through small incisions, where the top of the stomach is wrapped around the lower esophagus to create a barrier to reflux.
GERD is a common and irritating problem for many Americans, but in most cases it can be successfully treated. If you suffer from frequent GERD and would like a consultation with an Ochsner physician, call 225-761-5200 or contact a physician in your area. | <urn:uuid:4db9e17c-6a6a-4568-8f8c-d476591ad98a> | {
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We only ever see one side of the Moon but it does in fact rotate - as captured in the amazing video.
And it was no easy feat.
Obviously, to capture a fully illuminated moon would require the rather impossible task of moving the Sun.
The problem lies in the fact that the perceived reflectance of the Moon changes as the view angle changes, so the surface appears to be most reflective in the centre of the image and less so at the edges.
To get around this required 36 nearly complete global mosaics - that's an epic 110,000 images - combined in a way that overcame the changes in the Sun's angle.
This required some serious computing power which used "existing knowledge of lunar reflectance, many iterations, and a variety of classes of mathematical solutions".
The work was done with help from a team at Arizona State University. | <urn:uuid:ce0a85a4-21e6-4f92-ba19-4ec1ce104665> | {
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All over the world the season is changing. The northern hemisphere is going into summer and the southern hemisphere into winter. Some regions are going into a time of heavy rainfall, others may experience cold and even snow, some will experience heat, while others could face the threat of storms which could bring hail, wind or lightening.
So is your construction project ready for the changing season?
In the northern hemisphere many are packing away their cold gear after a prolonged winter, which has often hampered production, and they are now looking forward to some sunshine. But are you prepared to make the most of the good weather before the season inevitably, and often too soon, changes again?
So why do we need to be thinking about the changing seasons?
Changed weather conditions can have a big influence on safety.
Heat brings the risk of heat exhaustion and bush fires.
Dry conditions increase the risk of bush fires, dust and a shortage of water for construction.
Wet conditions pose flood risks, slippery conditions on walkways and roads. It can also make project access roads impassable and ground conditions could become soft, even resulting in cranes toppling should their outriggers settle in the softer ground. Sides of excavations may become unstable and buildings could become undermined.
Wind creates dust, flying debris, unsafe lifting conditions for cranes and the risk of poorly stacked materials being blown over. Partly completed structures could be toppled in high winds. I’ve even had people blown off their feet into excavations or off access platforms. Cranes can be blown over.
Storms bring lightening, heavy rain and high winds which cause damage to buildings and injury to people.
The changing season could also bring a decrease in the hours of daylight which could reduce construction productivity and cause safety concerns. Even the changed position of the setting sun could make driving conditions unsafe on some site access roads.
During poor weather production may be slowed or even have to stop for safety reasons. Construction materials may not be lifted in high winds.
Workers have to take more frequent rest breaks when working in extreme temperatures and their movement could be hampered by cold weather or rain clothes.
Concrete could take longer to set and reach sufficient strength to strip forms, while in hot conditions there could be the risk of cold joints forming.
Equally important is to review procedures and set new targets when weather conditions improve. Often people become used to doing tasks in a certain manner, taking numerous breaks as required by the weather conditions and achieving certain targets. When weather conditions improve they continue to do the tasks as done to suit poor weather conditions without modifying their actions to achieve the better productivity they should in the good weather conditions.
Damage to the work
Stormwater can flood excavations, damaging equipment, cause excavations to collapse and generally delay work.
Rain can penetrate partly completed buildings damaging finishes and equipment.
Dust can enter equipment and damage it.
High winds can tear away objects and materials not fully installed.
Stormwater flowing from the construction site can erode away neighbouring properties or deposit silt or contaminated material from your project site onto neighbouring properties.
Dust created by the construction work could be blown onto neighbouring property, causing damage, irritation and a safety hazard.
Heat, wind and cold all impact curing of concrete.
Some materials can be damaged when exposed to extreme heat or cold, or if they get wet or covered in dirt.
So what can we do to prepare our projects for the new season?
Over and above the changing seasons there seem to be more freak weather events. How prepared is your project for sudden and unexpected ferocious weather events? Well we can’t be prepared for all of these, however, it may be worth thinking about them, and at least formulating an emergency plan in case your project is about to be hit by a freak storm.
Is your construction project ready for the new season’s opportunities and challenges?
Other useful articles by the author:
The importance of planning your project
Understanding the real cost of delays on your project
How useful is your construction schedule on your project
Will your construction project be completed on schedule?
(Written by Paul Netscher the author of the acclaimed books ‘Successful Construction Project Management: The Practical Guide’ and ‘Building a Successful Construction Company: The Practical Guide’. Both books are available in paperback and e-book from Amazon and other retail outlets. This article is adapted from information included in these books. To read more about Paul Netscher go to, or find out how Paul Netscher can help you go to )
© 2015 This article is not to be reproduced for commercial purposes without written permission from the author.
Copyright 2016 - The attached articles cannot be reproduced for commercial purposes without the consent of the author.
The opinions expressed in the attached articles are those of the writer. It should be noted that projects are varied and different laws and restrictions apply which depend on the location of the contractor and the project. It's important that the reader uses the supplied information taking cognisance of their particular circumstances. The writer assumes no responsibility or liability for any loss of any kind arising from the reader using the information or advice contained herein.
"I have what I consider some of the best books on construction management."
Books are available from:
Other retail stores
Available in paperback or on Kindle
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http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1 ... 710.x/full
The city of Washington, District of Columbia (DC) will face flooding, and eventual geographic changes, in both the short- and long-term future because of sea level rise (SLR) brought on by climate change, including global warming. To fully assess the potential damage, a linear model was developed to predict SLR in Washington, DC, and its results compared to other nonlinear model results. Using geographic information systems (GIS) and graphical visualization, analytical models were created for the city and its underlying infrastructure. Values of SLR used in the assessments were 0.1 m for the year 2043 and 0.4 m for the year 2150 to model short-term SLR; 1.0 m, 2.5 m, and 5.0 m were used for long-term SLR. All necessary data layers were obtained from free data banks from the U.S. Geological Survey and Washington, DC government websites. Using GIS software, inventories of the possibly affected infrastructure were made at different SLR. Results of the analysis show that low SLR would lead to a minimal loss of city area. Damages to the local properties, however, are estimated at an assessment value of at least US$2 billion based on only the direct losses of properties listed in real estate databases, without accounting for infrastructure damages that include military installations, residential areas, governmental property, and cultural institutions. The projected value of lost property is in excess of US$24.6 billion at 5.0 m SLR. | <urn:uuid:7b141640-e64a-41f7-891f-b48972102043> | {
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Sergie, Mohammed Aly. Hydraulic Fracturing (Fracking). Oct 2013. Council on Foreign Relations.
“Geologists have known about vast reservoirs of natural gas and oil trapped in shale formations across the United States for decades, but extraction techniques weren’t available and the resources remained untapped. Shale didn’t factor into most serious analyses of U.S. energy prospects until the combination of two old technologies—horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing, known colloquially as fracking—was perfected. A drilling renaissance over the past five years has transformed the United States into a leading natural gas producer and potential energy exporter, reversing a decades-long trend of increasing reliance on foreign sources of oil and gas. Shale production helped reduce net imports of energy by one-third between 2011 and 2013, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, heralding a new era of U.S. energy security with broad implications for global markets and international relations.” | <urn:uuid:91b315f7-efcc-41a2-b324-49cd7be84f7d> | {
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Concussions Linked to Lou Gehrig's Disease?
Lou Gehrig earned the nickname the Iron Horse for good reason. The baseball player took the field no matter what—with a broken thumb, with a broken toe, while suffering from lumbago or even a concussion. During his career, the slugger experienced at least three concussions, a common injury for professional athletes. Oftentimes athletes continue to play while suffering from a concussion and in recent years former pro athletes frequently have been diagnosed with neurological conditions such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig's disease. A recent study published in Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology finds a link between concussions and a disease similar to ALS.
ALS is a rare, rapidly progressing neurological disorder that cripples motor neurons, which tell the body what muscles to move. Impaired motor neurons fail to communicate, leading to an inability to walk, gesture, talk, and eventually breathe. Teammates of Gehrig first noticed a problem when he dragged his feet instead of lifting them to walk. Most patients die from respiratory failure within three to five years of the onset of symptoms.
Ann McKee, associate professor at Boston University School of Medicine, and her colleagues looked at the brain and spinal cord of two former professional football players and one boxer—all of whom had been diagnosed with ALS prior to death. The researchers discovered that all three had very high amounts of a protein TDP-43. The protein lives in the nucleus of nervous system cells, but in the three patients TDP-43 seeped out of the cells, flooding the brain and spinal cord. The excessive amounts of TDP-43 caused symptoms like ALS, but also indicated to researchers that the athletes did not suffer from the disease.
McKee cannot speculate as to whether Gehrig actually suffered from Lou Gehrig's disease, because she has not examined his body (and there are no plans to do so). But the results confirm a suspicion that repeated head trauma leads to serious neurological conditions, which mimic serious diseases such as ALS or Alzheimer's.
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A Patient's Guide to Lumbar Disc Herniation
Although people often refer to a disc herniation as a slipped disc, the disc doesn't actually slip out of place. Rather, the term herniation means that the material at the center of the disc has squeezed out of its normal space. This condition mainly affects people between 30 and 40 years old.
This guide will help you understand
- how the problem develops
- how doctors diagnose the condition
- what treatment options are available
What parts of the spine are involved?
The human spine is formed by 24 spinal bones, called vertebrae. Vertebrae are stacked on top of one another to form the spinal column. The spinal column gives the body its form. It is the body's main upright support. The section of the spine in the lower back is known as the lumbar spine.
The lumbar spine is made up of the lower five vertebrae. Doctors often refer to these vertebrae as L1 to L5. These five vertebrae line up to give the low back a slight inward curve. The lowest vertebra of the lumbar spine, L5, connects to the top of the sacrum, a triangular bone at the base of the spine that fits between the two pelvic bones. Some people have an extra, or sixth, lumbar vertebra. This condition doesn't usually cause any particular problems.
Intervertebral discs separate the vertebrae. The discs are made of connective tissue. Connective tissue is the material that holds the living cells of the body together. Most connective tissue is made of fibers of a material called collagen. These fibers help the disc withstand tension and pressure.
A disc is made of two parts. The center, called the nucleus, is spongy. It provides most of the disc's ability to absorb shock. The nucleus is held in place by the annulus, a series of strong ligament rings surrounding it. Ligaments are connective tissues that attach bones to other bones.
Healthy discs work like shock absorbers to cushion the spine. They protect the spine against the daily pull of gravity. They also protect it during strenuous activities that put strong force on the spine, such as jumping, running, and lifting.
Related Document: A Patient's Guide to Lumbar Spine Anatomy
Why do I have this problem?
Herniation occurs when the nucleus in the center of the disc pushes out of its normal space. The nucleus presses against the annulus, causing the disc to bulge outward. Sometimes the nucleus herniates completely through the annulus and squeezes out of the disc.
Although daily activities may cause the nucleus to press against the annulus, the body is normally able to withstand this pressure. However, as the annulus ages, it tends to crack and tear. It is repaired with scar tissue. This process is known as degeneration. Over time, the annulus weakens, and the nucleus may begin to herniate (squeeze) through the damaged annulus. At first, the pressure bulges the annulus outward. Eventually, the nucleus may herniate completely through the outer ring of the disc.
Related Document: A Patient's Guide to Lumbar Degenerative Disc Disease
Vigorous, repetitive bending, twisting, and lifting can place abnormal pressure on the shock-absorbing nucleus of the disc. If great enough, this increased pressure can injure the annulus, leading to herniation.
A lumbar disc can also become herniated during an acute (sudden) injury. Lifting with the trunk bent forward and twisted can cause a disc herniation. A disc can also herniate from a heavy impact on the spine, such as falling from a ladder and landing in a sitting position.
Herniation causes pain from a variety of sources. It can cause mechanical pain. This is pain that comes from the parts of the spine that move during activity, such as the discs and ligaments. Pain from inflammation occurs when the nucleus squeezes through the annulus. The nucleus normally does not come in contact with the body's blood supply. However, a tear in the annulus puts the nucleus at risk for contacting this blood supply. When the nucleus herniates into the torn annulus, the nucleus and blood supply meet, causing a reaction of the chemicals inside the nucleus. This produces inflammation and pain. A disc herniation may also put pressure against a spinal nerve. Pressure on an irritated or damaged nerve can produce pain that radiates along the nerve. This is called neurogenic pain.
What does the condition feel like?
Many cases of lumbar disc herniation result from degenerative changes in the spine. The changes that eventually lead to a disc herniation produce symptoms gradually. At first, complaints may only be dull pain centered in the low back, pain that comes and goes over a period of a few years. Doctors think this is mainly from small tears in the annulus. Larger cracks in the annulus may spread pain into the buttocks or lower limbs.
When the disc herniates completely through the annulus, it generally causes immediate symptoms, with sharp pain that starts in one hip and shoots down part or all of the leg. Commonly, patients no longer feel their usual back pain, only leg pain. This is likely because painful tension on the annulus releases when the nucleus pushes completely through.
Disc herniations produce inflammation when the nucleus comes in contact with the body's blood supply (mentioned earlier). The inflammation can be a source of throbbing pain in the low back and may spread into one or both hips and buttocks.
A herniated disc can press against a spinal nerve, producing symptoms of nerve compression. Nerve pain follows known patterns in the lower limbs. It can be felt on the side of the upper thigh, in the calf, or even in the foot and toes.
Pressure on the nerve can also cause sensations of pins, needles, and numbness where the nerve travels down the lower limbs. If this happens, a person's reflexes slow. The muscles controlled by the nerve weaken, and sensation in the skin where the nerve goes is impaired.
Rarely, symptoms involve changes in bowel and bladder function. A large disc herniation that pushes straight back into the spinal canal can put pressure on the nerves that go to the bowels and bladder. The pressure may cause low back pain, pain running down the back of both legs, and numbness or tingling between the legs in the area you would contact if you were seated on a saddle. The pressure on the nerves can cause a loss of control in the bowels or bladder. This is an emergency. If the pressure isn't relieved, it can lead to permanent paralysis of the bowels and bladder. This condition is called cauda equina syndrome. Doctors recommend immediate surgery to remove pressure from the nerves.
How do doctors diagnose the problem?
Diagnosis begins with a complete history and physical exam. Your doctor will ask questions about your symptoms and how your problem is affecting your daily activities. These will include questions about where you feel pain and whether you have numbness or weakness in your legs. Your doctor will also want to know what positions or activities make your symptoms worse or better. Doctors rely on your report of pain to get an idea which disc is causing problems and if a nerve is being squeezed.
Then the doctor examines you to determine which back movements cause pain or other symptoms. Your skin sensation, muscle strength, and reflexes are also tested.
X-rays are of minor help in diagnosing disc herniations. The discs don't actually show up on X-rays. However, doctors can tell if the space between the vertebrae is smaller than normal. This can be an indication that wear and tear on one or more discs is causing problems. However, many peoples' X-rays show degeneration of the discs. This is because degeneration in the discs is part of aging, like skin that wrinkles with time.
Computed tomography (a CT scan) may be ordered. This is a detailed X-ray that lets doctors see slices of the body's tissue. The image can show if a herniated disc is putting pressure on a spinal nerve.
Doctors may combine the CT scan with myelography. To do this, a special dye is injected into the space around the spinal canal, called the the subarachnoid space. When the CT scan is performed, the dye highlights the spinal cord and nerves. The dye can improve the accuracy of a standard CT scan for diagnosing a herniated disc.
When more information is needed, your doctor may order magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The MRI machine uses magnetic waves rather than X-rays to show the soft tissues of the body. It gives a clear picture of the discs and whether a herniation is present. Like the CT scan, this machine creates pictures that look like slices of the area your doctor is interested in. The test does not require special dye or a needle.
Doctors sometimes order a specialized X-ray test called discography. In this test, dye is injected into one or more discs. The dye is seen on X-ray and can give some information about the health of one or more discs. This test may be used when surgery is being considered to determine which disc is causing problems.
Doctors may also order electrical tests to locate more precisely which spinal nerve is being squeezed. Several tests are available to see how well the nerves are functioning, including the electromyography (EMG) test. This test measures how long it takes a muscle to work once a nerve signals it to move. The time it takes will be slower if a herniated disc has put pressure on a spinal nerve. Another test is the somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) test. The SSEP is used to measure nerve sensations. These sensory impulses travel up the nerve, informing the body about sensations such as pain, temperature, and touch. The function of a nerve is recorded by an electrode placed over the skin in the area where the nerve travels. Doctors will often run these tests before performing surgery for a lumbar disc herniation.
What treatment options are available?
Unless your condition is causing significant problems or is rapidly getting worse, most doctors will begin with nonsurgical treatment.
At first, your doctor may want your low back immobilized. Keeping the back still for a short time can calm inflammation and pain. This might include one or two days of bed rest. Lying on your back can take pressure off sore discs and nerves. However, most doctors advise against strict bed rest and prefer their patients to do ordinary activities using pain to gauge how much is too much. In rare cases in which bed rest is prescribed, it is usually used for a maximum of two days.
A back support belt is sometimes used for patients with lumbar disc herniation. The belt can help lower pressure inside the problem disc. Patients are encouraged to gradually discontinue wearing the support belt over a period of two to four days. Otherwise, their trunk muscles begin to rely on the belt and start to atrophy (shrink).
Doctors prescribe certain types of medication for patients with lumbar disc herniation. At first, you may be prescribed anti-inflammatory medications such as aspirin or ibuprofen. Severe symptoms that don't go away may be treated with narcotic drugs, such as codeine or morphine. But narcotics should only be used for the first few days or weeks because they are addictive when used too much or improperly. Muscle relaxants may be prescribed if the low back muscles are in spasm. Pain that spreads down the leg is sometimes relieved with oral steroids taken in tapering dosages.
You may work with a physical therapist. Therapy treatments focus on relieving pain, improving back movement, and fostering healthy posture. A therapist can design a program to help you prevent future problems.
Some patients who continue to have symptoms are given an epidural steroid injection (ESI). Steroids are powerful anti-inflammatories. In an ESI, medication is injected into the space around the lumbar spinal nerves where they branch off of the spinal cord. This area is called the epidural space. Some doctors inject only a steroid. Most doctors, however, combine a steroid with a long-lasting numbing medication. Generally, an ESI is given only when other treatments aren't working. But ESIs are not always successful in relieving pain. If they do work, they often provide only temporary relief.
Most people with a herniated lumbar disc get better without surgery. As a result, doctors usually have their patients try nonoperative treatments for at least six weeks before considering surgery. But when patients simply aren't getting better, or if the problem is becoming more severe, surgery may be suggested.
If the symptoms you feel are mild and there is no danger they'll get worse, surgery is not usually recommended. However, if signs appear that pressure is building on the spinal nerves, surgery may be required, sometimes right away. The signs doctors watch for when reaching this decision include weakening in the leg muscles, pain that won't ease up, and problems with the bowels or bladder.
Surgical treatment for lumbar disc herniation includes
Laminotomy and Discectomy
- laminotomy and discectomy
- posterior lumbar fusion
The lamina forms a roof-like structure over the back of the spinal canal. In this procedure, a thumbnail-sized piece of the lamina is removed (laminotomy) so the surgeon can more easily take out the problem disc (discectomy). This procedure is mainly used when the herniated disc is putting pressure on a nerve and causing pain to spread down one leg.
Related Document: A Patient's Guide to Lumbar Discectomy
Microdiscectomy is becoming the standard surgery for lumbar disc herniation. The procedure is used when a herniated disc is putting pressure on a nerve root. It involves carefully taking out part of the problem disc (discectomy). By performing the operation with a surgical microscope, the surgeon only needs to make a very small incision in the low back. Categorized as minimally invasive surgery, this surgery is thought to be less taxing on patients. Advocates also believe that this type of surgery is easier to perform, that it prevents scarring around the nerves and joints, and that it helps patients recover more quickly.
Related Document: A Patient's Guide to Lumbar Discectomy
Posterior Lumbar Fusion
Lumbar disc herniation causes mechanical pain, the type of pain caused by wear and tear in the parts of the lumbar spine. Fusion surgery is mainly used to stop movement of the painful area by joining two or more vertebrae into one solid bone. This keeps the bones and joints from moving, easing mechanical pain.
In posterior lumbar fusion, the surgeon lays small grafts of bone over the problem area on the back of the spinal column. Most surgeons will also apply metal plates and screws to prevent the problem vertebrae from moving. This protects the graft so it can heal better and faster.
Related Document: A Patient's Guide to Posterior Lumbar Fusion
What should I expect as I recover?
Even if you don't need surgery, your doctor may recommend that you work with a physical therapist. Patients are normally seen a few times each week for four to six weeks. In severe cases, patients may need a few additional weeks of care.
The first goal of treatment is to control symptoms. Your therapist will help you find positions and movements that ease pain. Treatments of heat, cold, ultrasound, and electrical stimulation may be used in the first few sessions. Lumbar traction may also be used at first to ease symptoms of lumbar disc herniation. In addition, your therapist may use hands-on treatments such as massage or spinal manipulation. These forms of treatment are mainly used to help reduce pain and inflammation so you can resume normal activity as soon as possible.
The therapist shows you how to keep your spine safe during routine activities. You'll learn about healthy posture and how posture relates to the future health of your spine. You'll learn about body mechanics, how the body moves and functions during activity. Therapists teach safe body mechanics to help you protect the low back as you go about your day. This includes the use of safe positions and movements while lifting and carrying, standing and walking, and performing work duties.
Next comes a series of strengthening exercises for the abdominal and low back muscles. Working these core muscles helps patients begin moving easier and lessens the chances of future pain and problems.
Aerobic exercises such as walking or swimming are used for easing pain and improving endurance.
Your therapist will work closely with your doctor and employer to help you get back on the job as quickly as reasonably possible. You may be required to do lighter duties at first, but as soon as you are able, you'll begin doing your normal work activities. Your therapist can do a work assessment to make sure you'll be safe to do your job. Your therapist may suggest changes that could help you work safely, with less chance of re-injuring your back.
A primary purpose of therapy is to help you learn how to take care of your symptoms and prevent future problems. You'll be given a home program of exercises to continue improving flexibility, posture, endurance, and low back and abdominal strength. The therapist will also discuss strategies you can use if your symptoms flare up.
Rehabilitation after surgery is more complex. Some patients leave the hospital shortly after surgery. However, some surgeries require patients to stay in the hospital for a few days. Patients who stay in the hospital may visit with a physical therapist in the hospital room soon after surgery. The treatment sessions help patients learn to move and do routine activities without putting extra strain on the back.
During recovery from surgery, patients should follow their surgeon's instructions about wearing a back brace or support belt. They should be cautious about overdoing activities in the first few weeks after surgery.
Many surgical patients need physical therapy outside of the hospital. They see a therapist for one to three months, depending on the type of surgery. At first, therapists may use treatments such as heat or ice, electrical stimulation, massage, and ultrasound to help calm pain and muscle spasm. They provide reassurance to help patients deal with fear and apprehension about pain. Then they teach patients how to move safely with the least strain on the healing back. Exercises are used to improve flexibility, strength, and endurance.
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The artist's concept depicts Kepler-62f, a super-Earth planet in the habitable zone of a star smaller and cooler than the sun, located about 1,200 light-years from Earth in the constellation Lyra. Image released April 18, 2013.
The recent discovery of three potentially life-supporting alien planets has caught the eye of Congress, which will hold a hearing about exoplanet discoveries today (May 9) on Capitol Hill.
The space and research subcommittees of the U.S. House of Representatives' Science, Space and Technology Committee will meet at 10 a.m. EDT (1400 GMT) Thursday for a joint hearing titled "Exoplanet Discoveries: Have We Found Other Earths?"
The proceedings will be webcast live; you can follow the House exoplanet hearing here on SPACE.com.
The hearing's charter states that its main purpose is to review the April discovery of Kepler-62e, Kepler-62f and Kepler-69c, three "super-Earth" exoplanets that may be capable of supporting life as we know it. As their names suggest, all three were spotted by NASA's prolific Kepler space telescope.
"The hearing will also assess the state of exoplanet surveying, characterization, and research; NASA’s Exoplanet Exploration Program; National Science Foundation’s (NSF) Division of Astronomical Science; as well as coordination within the government and with external partners," the charter states.
In addition, the hearing will address three overarching questions, according to the charter:
- How is exoplanet research conducted and why is it important?
- How do NASA and the NSF support exoplanet research?
- What does future exoplanet research hope to discover?
Three experts will take questions at the hearing: NASA science chief John Grunsfeld; James Ulvestad, director of the Division of Astronomical Sciences at the NSF; and Kepler team member Laurance Doyle, principal investigator of the Center for the Study of Life in the Universe at the SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) Institute in Mountain View, Calif.
Astronomers have discovered more than 800 exoplanets since spotting the first alien worlds orbiting a sun-like star back in 1995. A number of these planets orbit in their star's habitable zone, that just-right range of distances where liquid water could exist on a world's surface.
The Kepler mission has been a big player in this ongoing exoplanet revolution, detecting more than 2,700 planet candidates since its March 2009 launch. While just 132 of these candidates have been confirmed to date by follow-up observations, mission scientists expect that more than 90 percent will end up being the real deal. | <urn:uuid:e59d50a4-9e57-41eb-8bf1-d7bc2b34ac87> | {
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Improve preparedness plans to respond to and recover from disasters and other public health emergencies. Will the next threat be a cyclone, an earthquake, a bioterrorism event, the rapid spread of MRSA through a community – or the emergence of a rare disease?
Visual Diagnostic Decision Support –
Be ready for anything, any time.
As trusted recognition and bioterrorism experts, we designed and executed the CDC's Smallpox Vaccination web site and pocket guide to educate physicians across the United States about the smallpox vaccine, vaccination method and normal and adverse reactions to the vaccine. In addition, a similar smallpox vaccination pocket guide has been commissioned by the Public Health Agency of Canada. | <urn:uuid:99c653f4-7105-4293-89b0-cae04b4d0576> | {
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Giant African Land Snails Return To South Florida
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CORAL GABLES (CBS4) – They’re back. Giant African land snails which once took a decade to eradicate from South Florida have returned.
Giant African land snails, considered to be one of the most damaging snails in the world, have been found in the Coral Gables area of Miami-Dade County, according to the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services.
The Giant African land snail is one of the most damaging snails in the world because they consume at least 500 different types of plants, can cause structural damage to plaster and stucco on houses, and can carry a parasitic worm that can lead to meningitis in humans. The snails transmit diseases to humans through consumption of raw or improperly cooked meat or by contact with human mucous membranes such as eyes, nose and mouth.
“Florida faces constant challenges from invasive pests and diseases that arrive through cargo, travelers’ luggage, air currents, and plant and animal agricultural products,” said Agriculture Commissioner Adam Putnam. “Enlisting the help of the public in the early detection of these pests and diseases is critical to containing and ultimately eradicating them in our state.”
For the last several decades, there was no known giant African snail in Florida. However, the state is no stranger to this massive mollusk. In 1966, a Miami boy smuggled three snails into South Florida from a trip to Hawaii as pets and his grandmother subsequently released them into her garden. Seven years later, more than 18,000 snails were found. It took 10 years and more than $1 million to eradicate this pest from Florida. This is the only known successful giant African snail eradication program on record.
The Giant African snail is one of the largest land snails in the world growing up to 8 inches in length and 4.5 inches in diameter. When full grown, the shell consists of seven to nine whorls (spirals), with a long and greatly swollen body whorl. The brownish shell covers at least half the length of the snail. Each snail can live as long as nine years and contains both female and male reproductive organs. After a single mating session, each snail can produce 100 to 400 eggs. In a typical year, every mated adult lays about 1,200 eggs.
Jason Kesser saw the snails for the first time near his mother’s house in Miami.
“It was like a dream or something. It was like a mythic creature,” he said.
He says it wasn’t long before he saw many more of the snails “there’s a tremendous amount of them all over all of our plants.” But agriculture experts say the snails don’t just damage plants. Dr. Paul Skelley of the Florida Department of Agriculture says the snails “can actually become so numerous it becomes traffic hazards. I’ve heard of the shells puncturing tires. You get them in your lawn you run your lawn mower over it you’ve got shrapnel.”
Teams from the Florida Department of Agriculture and USDA are going door to door in areas where the snails have been found, collecting and quarantining them.
The snails are originally from East Africa and established itself throughout the Indo-Pacific Basin, including the Hawaiian Islands. This pest has also been introduced into the Caribbean islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe with recent detections in Saint Lucia and Barbados.
Giant African land snails are illegal to import into the United States without a permit and currently no permits have been issued.
Anyone who believes they may have seen a Giant African land snail or signs of its presence should call the Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services toll-free at 888-397-1517 to make arrangements to have the snail collected.
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The solar eclipse of January 15, 2010 is an annular eclipse of the Sun with a magnitude of 0.9190. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partially obscuring Earth’s view of the Sun. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon’s apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun, causing the sun to look like an annulus (ring), blocking most of the Sun’s light. An annular eclipse will appear as partial eclipse over a region thousands of miles wide.
It will be visible as a partial eclipse in much of Africa, Eastern Europe, Middle East and Asia. It will be seen as annular within a narrow stretch of 300 km (190 mi) width across Central Africa, Maldives, South Kerala(India), South Tamil Nadu(India), North Sri Lanka, parts of Burma and parts of China.
At approx 13.20 hrs IST, the annular solar eclips enters India at Thiruvananthapuram(Trivandrum), Kerala and exits India at Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu. The eclipse is viewable for 10.4 minutes in India. The best place from India is Dhanushkodi in Pamban Island off Tamil Nadu coast. Dhanushkodi is about 18 km South east from Rameshwaram and 18 Km West of Mannar Island in Sri Lanka.
Note: The total eclipse will begin at about 5:13 GMT and ends at 8:59 GMT – The greatest eclipse view is expected at 7:07 GMT. | <urn:uuid:51a73a31-0950-442e-8a1d-46d3901bb535> | {
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Twitter Lessons in 140 Characters or Less
The Twitter feed for Lucas Ames’ class in American history has shown some lively exchanges of ideas and opinions among students at the Flint Hill School. One day this month, 11th graders at the private school in Oakton, Va., shared articles on the separation of church and state, pondered the persistence of racism, and commented on tobacco regulation in Virginia now and during the Colonial period—all in the required Twitter format of 140 or fewer characters.
Those are exactly the kinds of interactions Mr. Ames had hoped for when he decided to experiment with the microblogging tool in his classroom this school year.
He and other teachers first found Twitter valuable for reaching out to colleagues and locating instructional resources. Now, they’re trying it out in the classroom as an efficient way to distribute assignments and to foster collaboration among students.
But as more teachers sample the uses of popular social-networking tools like Twitter as part of their lessons and classwork, some observers are cautioning that the educational effectiveness of such tools, or the implications those quick, short-form communications may have for students’ thinking and learning are not known.
“It’s not a research-based tool,” said Daniel T. Willingham, a professor of psychology at the University of Virginia, in Charlottesville. “The most important thing to remember is that we have no idea what impact these tools have on learning, and it will take a decade to answer that question.”
Twitter is defined as a “real-time short messaging service” on the Web site of the San Francisco-based company of that name, which was founded in 2006. Users subscribe to the blog feeds of others on the site and send out messages—called “tweets”—to their own “followers” within the allotted number of characters.
The site is used extensively by businesses to market products and spread messages related to their work.
It has created its own celebrity class of microbloggers as well. Some famous and previously not-so-famous users have gained thousands or even millions of followers who read their tweets and send—or retweet—them to others.
teacher great job finding and sharing resources guys
7:05 PM Oct 8th from web in reply to ZachH1212
teacher From slavery 2 White House, Michelle Obama’s slave roots revealed. Comments please!
7:46 PM Oct 8th from web
student 1 @fhsush this is really shocking that they traced it back that far and found a tie it really just amazing
8:07 PM Oct 8th from web
student 2 @fhsush thats AMAZING. times have really changed.
that is amazing that they can trace back that far.
8:11 PM Oct 8th from web in reply to fhsush
student 1 @fhsush WOW! i would have never guessed
that. its awesome to see such a connections to slavery
in our own White House. amazing
8:19 PM Oct 8th from web in reply to fhsush
Nearly 10,000 users, for example, follow Georgia teacher Vicki Davis, who uses the login name @coolcatteacher to share resources and suggestions about educational technology. (Education Week and several of the paper’s reporters send out daily tweets under names like @educationweek, @kmanzo, and @Teacherbeat.)
Twitter has not caught on among school-age children as quickly or universally as other Web 2.0 tools, such as Facebook or MySpace: Only about 1 percent of the estimated 12 million users in the United States are between the ages of 3 and 17, although young adults are the fastest-growing group of users, according to recent reports. Still, some teachers are hoping that, given the appeal of social networking, Twitter can be used to get students engaged in the content and processes of school.
“For a lot of teachers who started off using Twitter as a professional-development tool, they’ve been building a professional learning community and using information that’s been shared,” said Steve Dembo, the online-community manager for the Discovery Educator Network, or DEN, which encourages collaboration among its more than 100,000 members across the country. “The more they’ve seen the value in making connections with each other, [the more] they’re realizing the same process might be valuable to students as well.”
In discussions on the DEN, which is hosted by the Silver Spring, Md.-based Discovery Education, Mr. Dembo has noticed a significant uptick in questions and recommendations among teachers about using Twitter, mostly addressing how to simplify administrative tasks or encourage students to conduct research or collaborate with classmates and their peers across the country.
Mr. Ames, the history teacher, has already seen some results in classroom participation by students, who are given the choice of participating in the Twitter feed or writing an extra research paper.
“These students are not always sure about how to use the Internet to find and filter information, so this is forcing them to do that,” said Mr. Ames, who requires students to submit only school-related tweets. “It’s getting kids who aren’t necessarily engaged in class engaged in some sort of conversation.”
Dorie Glynn, who teaches a bilingual 2nd grade class at Kirk Elementary School in Houston, has been preparing students for conversations of their own on Twitter. The students have started following other classes at the school, and across the country, as they get ready to share data on regional cultures, weather, and to play a virtual I Spy game, in which they will hunt for geometric shapes in maps and photos sent from Twitter followers in other places.
“I see a huge amount of potential for connecting with another classroom, asking regional questions, comparing and contrasting areas,” Ms. Glynn said.
Pros and Cons Debated
With scant research on the efficacy of social-networking tools such as Twitter, and few clear insights into the best (and worst) uses for them, there is little agreement among researchers and educators about how or whether Twitter-like technologies could or should be used in schools.
“There are generally two camps on this issue: One says how terrible all this is, and the other talks about all the things you can learn using social-networking tools,” said Pamela B. Rutledge, the director of the Media Psychology Research Center at Fielding Graduate University, an online degree program.
But, she added, “there are many different ways, because of those media, that you can engage students” in content.
Today’s students, she added, are going to need to have highly developed critical-thinking skills, be able to digest large amounts of information, and determine what’s important and what’s not. Those are the very kinds of skills they tend to use with Web 2.0 tools, she argued.
Research in related areas might have some answers to questions about the usefulness of such tools, according to Mr. Willingham.
A few studies have found some positive correlations between text-messaging aptitude and literacy. Research on gaming and educational multimedia programs have also shown some positive impact on learning. But few scientific experiments can show a direct link between the use of such technology and student achievement.
A recent study, however, renewed concerns about the potential negative impact of the latest technological applications. The study, published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, found that adults who attempted multiple tasks while using a range of media simultaneously had difficulty processing the information or switching between tasks.
Few teachers, though, need definitive studies to tell them that social media can be a problem in the classroom if not carefully planned for and controlled.
“The thing about new technology that I’ve observed is that it’s an enormous distraction, and it varies from classroom to classroom how successful teachers are in controlling usage,” Mr. Willingham said. “Kids are often seen texting and carrying on a conversation at the same time, but they’re almost certainly not doing them as well as they think they are.”
The study on multitasking adults provides some evidence for that argument.
Even so, Mr. Willingham said, tools such as Twitter may have utility in helping students communicate, stay organized, and learn research and analytical skills.
The anecdotal evidence among Twitter fans, however, has been positive, Mr. Dembo of the Discovery Educator Network said.
“Most of the people expressing concerns are not the people who’ve found value in Twitter in their professional or personal lives,” he said. “That’s not to say their points about the potential downsides are not valid.”
Those downsides include the mundane or pointless tweets that some users submit, such as what they are having for lunch, and other messages that could prove distracting if access to student or class Twitter accounts isn’t controlled. Teachers, though, can choose which users to follow, or to limit access to students only, an approach many take to ensure Internet safety as well.
At the Flint Hill School in Virginia, Mr. Ames has been carefully considering how he might control usage before expanding Twitter use in his class. Right now, students contribute to Twitter outside the classroom, although tweets are mostly related to conversations and content from class.
“As we prepare students for college, we tell them it’s not always just about how hard you work, but how smart you work,” he said. “These collaborative tools can help them become smarter students, and to use collaborative knowledge versus going through these classes on your own and never talking to anyone about them.”
As with any tool, Mr. Willingham said, the medium should not be the primary concern for teachers. The way students receive information—through Twitter, via e-mail, or in a printed handout—may not have a dramatic effect on how they use it.
“Like any other tool, the way we make it useful is to consider very carefully what this particular tool is very good at, rather than simply say, ‘I like Twitter, so how can I use it?’ ” said Mr. Willingham, who is the author of the new book, Why Don’t Students Like School?: A Cognitive Scientist Answers Questions About How the Mind Works and What It Means for the Classroom.
“The medium is not enough,” he added. “People talk about the vital importance of Web 2.0 and 3.0, and that kids have got to acquire those skills. But we can’t all just be contributing to wikis and tweeting each other. Somebody’s got to create something worth tweeting.”
Vol. 29, Issue 08, Pages 1,14
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- Science Teacher
- Cle Elum-Roslyn School District, Cle Elum, WA
- Richland School District One, Columbia, SC
- Fort Worth Independent School District, Forth Worth, TX
- Director of Special Education
- Reading School District, Reading, PA
- Director of Math and Science
- Reading School District, Reading, PA | <urn:uuid:039ad6c2-4ea6-4982-b753-a77af2f7c8d6> | {
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Computer and other kinds of video games are now outselling physical toys. Many children prefer to computer and video games due to the increased interactivity and complexity, although actually lack the physical connections. The computer gaming industry is a multi-billion dollar business and there are reasons for parents to be somewhat concerned. Many experts agree that parents should be somewhat concerned with the kind of games that their children are playing. Even in the best of situations, these games could take kids away from physical activities and school works.
These games may provide less than ideal values and messages, related to violence and other improper society-related issues. In fact, many of these games have little to no educational benefits. Games may also contribute to significant physical issues in children. Health experts believe that computer games cause an increased rate of overweight problems and obesity among children. Also, children who play games intensively could run the risk of having RSI or repetitive strain injury. Parents could reduce the possibility of RSI by limiting gaming sessions to only an hour each day.
They could enforce this limitation by putting gaming devices in visible areas of the house. It is a bad idea to let children play in their room, because this could cause game addiction and other problems. If we allow children to play games on their computer, the computer station should be ergonomically correct. So, even if children need to use the computer for a few hours a day, they won’t feel discomfort due to ergonomic issues. It is also important for parents to suggest educational games for their children, because some smaller children could play violent games due to the lack of options.
Some educational games are exciting enough, but could help children build skills, such as writing, vocabulary, math, mapping, geography, science, investigative methods and others. In fact, proper games could encourage children to learn even during their playtime. There are many benefits of educational computer games and many of them are quite affordable. These games could actually help children learn more about difficult topics in school. As an example, many children have a hard time learning match and these games could help children improve their arithmetic skills.
However, there are also problems in choosing proper educational games. Many of them are designed for basic level of learning, such as writing, reading and rudimentary math. There could be very few educational games for larger children and this could cause them to play conventional games due to the lack of options. In this case, parents could help children to find other kind of entertainment, such as outdoor sports and music playing. In order to set up a home-based learning system, we should have a rule that can work. First of all, we should know what make children become much more excited. If children are interested in music, we could invest on musical instruments and they are particularly athletic, we could bring them to sports centers. | <urn:uuid:f79dc880-0b1d-4bf3-acff-d5670b4fcca5> | {
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