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IYPT 2003 in Uppsala, Sweden
Local Website: http://www.fyrisskolan.uppsala.se/iypt/
Total ranking of all teams after round 5
|Team:||1st PF||2nd PF||3rd PF||4th PF||5th PF||Total||Rank|
1. Motion of a kite
On windy days one can see kites flying in the wind. Often, one-string kites move on a stable track, which looks like a number 8. Why does a kite move in such a way? Are there other stable tracks?
2. Water drops
Investigate and explain the movement of raindrops on a window pane.
3. Transparent film
If you cover printed text with a piece of transparent polyethylene film you can still easily read it. As you gradually lift up the film, the text becomes increasingly blurred and may even disappear. Study the properties of the film. On what parameters of the film is the phenomenon based?
4. Bright spots
Blow a soap bubble and allow it to rest on a liquid surface or a glass plate. When illuminated by sunlight, bright spots can be observed on the bubble. Investigate and explain the phenomenon.
5. Bubbles at an interface
Certain liquids can be layered one above the other with a sharp interface between them. If the surface tensions of the liquids are different, then an interesting phenomenon can be observed. Blow bubbles of different sizes into the lower liquid and observe their behaviour near the interface. Investigate and explain the phenomenon.
6. Freezing soft drinks
On opening a container of cold soft (carbonated) drink the liquid inside sometimes freezes. Study the relevant parameters and explain the phenomenon.
7. Oscillating box
Take a box and divide it into a number of small cells with low walls. Distribute some small steel balls between the cells. When the box is made to oscillate vertically, the balls occasionally jump from one cell to another. Depending on the frequency and the amplitude of the oscillation, the distribution of the balls can become stable or unstable. Study this effect and use a model to explain it.
8. Heat engine
Construct a heat engine from a U-tube partially filled with water (or another liquid), where one arm of the tube is connected to a heated gas reservoir by a length of tubing, and the other arm is left open. Subsequently bringing the liquid out of equilibrium may cause it to oscillate. On what does the frequency of the oscillation depend? Determine the pV diagram of the working gas.
9. Falling chimney
When a tall chimney falls it sometimes breaks into two parts before it hits the ground. Investigate and explain this.
10. Tungsten lamp
The resistance of the tungsten filament in a light bulb shows temperature dependence. Build and demonstrate a device based on this characteristic.
11. Light scattering
Construct an optical device for measuring the concentration of non-soluble material in aqueous colloid systems. Use your device to measure the fat content of milk.
12. Boiled egg
Construct a torsion viscometer. Use it to investigate and explain the differences in the 'viscous' properties of hens' eggs that have been boiled to different extents.
Develop a device that will dram wet sand, with the aid of an electrical voltage but without significant heating.
14. Rotating disk
Find the optimum way of throwing a 'frisbee' as far as possible. Explain your findings.
Make a box that has a hole in its front wall and a membrane as its back wall. Hitting the membrane creates a vortex that propagates out from the hole. Investigate the phenomenon and explain what happens when two vortices interact.
16. Pot and ice
It is sometimes argued that to cool a pot effectively one should put Ice above it. Estimate to what extent this is more effective than if the Ice is put under the pot.
17. Prometheus problem
Describe and demonstrate the physical mechanism, based on friction, which allowed our ancestors to make fire. Estimate the time needed to make fire in this way. | <urn:uuid:28cf6f99-9485-424a-833d-a346bd8e9c6d> | {
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Long considered to be a classic in its field, this was the first book in English to include three basic fields of the analysis of matrices - symmetric matrices and quadratic forms, matrices and differential equations, and positive matrices and their use in probability theory and mathematical economics. Written in lucid, concise terms, this volume covers all the key aspects of matrix analysis and presents a variety of fundamental methods. Originally published in 1970, this book replaces the first edition previously published by SIAM in the Classics series. Here you will find a basic guide to operations with matrices and the theory of symmetric matrices, plus an understanding of general square matrices, origins of Markov matrices and non-negative matrices in general, minimum-maximum characterization of characteristic roots, Kronecker products, functions of matrices, and much more. These ideas and methods will serve as powerful analytical tools. | <urn:uuid:bf0bc7c5-aa08-4209-bbfa-43f071d82e3a> | {
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Granville Craddock, December 25th , 2017.
This article examines the differences and similarities between ancient ethics and modern morality by analysing and comparing their main defining features in order to show that the two ethical approaches are less distinct than one might suppose. The first part of the article outlines the main ethical approaches in Ancient Greek ethics by focusing on the Cynics, the Cyrenaics, Aristotle's virtue ethics, the Epicureans, and the Stoics. This part also briefly outlines the two leading modern ethical approaches, that is, Kantianism and utilitarianism, in more general terms in order to provide a sufficient background. The second part provides a detailed table with the main defining features of the conflicting stereotypes of ancient ethics and modern morality. Three main issues – the good life versus the good action, the use of the term “moral ought,” and whether a virtuous person can act in a non-virtuous way – are described in more detail in the third part of the article in order to show that the differences have more in common than the stereotypes may initially suggest. The fourth part deals with the idea of the moral duty in ancient ethics.
Why it matters, I think we can all agree on one thing: your home should be comfortable, right? But how do you define and recognize a comfortable space? Is it just about how plush your sofa is? Not just! It's also about how comfortable you feel when you are moving around or through the room. So no matter how fluffy your cushions are, your room should also feel comfortable when you're not sitting down. And this is where negative space comes in. Do the exercise and sit in your sofa for a minute but close your eyes. Does it feel nice? Probably! Now open your eyes. Do you feel as relaxed? Well chances are, if you have lots of things on the walls and lots of decorative pieces on the furniture, it won't feel quite as peaceful. By giving your brain lots of things to look at, you get it to work which goes against any feeling of relaxation.
Any content, trademark/s, or other material that might be found on the Snokey website that is not Snokey’s property remains the copyright of its respective owner/s.www.tinydt.net
In no way does Snokey claim ownership or responsibility for such items, and you should seek legal consent for any use of such materials from its owner. | <urn:uuid:1fedb6ff-81ba-4a9e-b8ec-d0474055c740> | {
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This week, Year 10 students at Loreto Normanhurst participated in YCON, a week long program designed to challenge our students to consider how they can make the world a better place. The program seeks to give our students team building skills and opportunities to develop their leadership skills as they finish this stage of their schooling. It was inspiring to see students thinking creatively about issues like access to clean water, human trafficking and refugees and debating these issues in an informed and passionate manner. Below is a student article about the week and some photographs that give some insight into some of the activities involved in the YCON program.
Student report on YCON
Throughout the week, Year 10 participated in the YCON program. YCON, meaning “Youth Convention” aims to involve us in discussions about real world issues and empower us to see the change that we can make in the world with our Loreto education.
At the start of the week we were separated into countries – Papua New Guinea, the USA, South Africa, Brazil, China, Russia, Kiribati, Nigeria, Indonesia, Germany, Turkey and Mexico – and we began to decorate our spaces and start initial research on our country. Throughout the week, as alliances were formed and broken countries got more and more patriotic, sanctions and threats of war became a regular occurrence! All country groups got very involved, protecting their image and their allies as the convention progressed.
Within our countries, we had to vote on specific resolutions, just like in the real United Nations (UN). After a resolution was posed, countries could suggest amendments or new resolutions regarding the same issue. Then, countries would vote, with many choosing to honour their alliances.
Some of the resolutions discussed included:
- all countries with a very high or high human development index should increase their intake of refugees by 10%.
- all countries cease use of non-renewable sources of energy production within three years.
- each country should give 0.7% of their GDP to aid.
The other part of the week included being in “working groups” discussing broad issue areas with representation from each country. Some of the areas of discussion were ‘Women’, ‘First Peoples’, Environment’ and ‘Conflict and Security’. During the week, these groups decided on a specific focus within this issue and worked towards posing a resolution and creating a video. These resolutions were presented today, with many being debated heavily before being passed!
Another aspect of the week were the presenters. On Wednesday, we were spoken to by Jess Timmins about working in non-government organisations and the change we can make through this. Through her work she has been able to work across the country and the globe, most recently in Greece in a refugee camp, where Syrian, Afghani and Iraqi refugees currently reside. This was an immensely inspiring presentation with many girls feeling like they could truly make an impact in the world, myself included.
As the week drew to a close, we celebrated a liturgy, with musical and dramatic performances, as well as Prayers of the Faithful focusing the topics discussed in working groups. At the end of this beautiful celebration we were gifted these words by Ms Watkins regarding the impacts of YCON: “if you are not changed, you cannot create change for others”.
Throughout this week, while we have had to think like those who have significant power in our world to affect change, we have been able to develop our thinking – change our thinking – to see how we can create positive change. This week has been incredibly enjoyable, thought provoking and inspiring and I believe that it is this combination of values that makes the YCON process so valuable. As the final day of YCON ends, I feel that most of Year 10 will walk away feeling empowered to effect change with their newly developed mindsets, myself most certainly included in these ranks.
Isabella Mincher, Year 10
USA Representative, YCON week
Year 9 Laptops
On Tuesday Year 9 received their new laptop. The process went well and we hope this was the case from your daughter’s perspective as well. The girls were given a few tips which we provide here for your information:
- The girls received a start up document which we asked them to go through in the setting up of the new laptop.
- We reminded them of the basic principles of Laptop Care. The laptop needs to last to the end of Year 12 (2020). We suggested it is probably time to separate their personal music, videos and pictures from their school laptop – especially if they have another device at home. We reiterated they need to use a carry case and not remove the personalised cover on the laptop lid.
- Backing up their work is very important and we outlined the different process now set in place through Google. Google drive is now known as Google “Backup and Sync”. We also suggested it is also probably time to purchase an external hard drive as a double back up of their work.
- We have asked the girls to check all their files are up to date. In particular we reminded the girls to ensure they have all the OneNote sections and that word/PDF documents are available through checking the content of sub folders.
All students (and parents) are encouraged to contact Mr Pluss should they require any assistance.
Mr Martin Pluss
Dean of Learning
CAMPION Booklists – Years 7 – 11 2018
Booklists for 2018 are now available to order online at Campion Education, please use the following access code: “7C5F”.
Please ensure your orders are placed by the due date of 8th December so that your daughter receives her books in time for the commencement of the new school year.
Your order will be delivered to your nominated address during the week ending Friday 19 January 2018.
If you have any questions please contact the Learning Office.
Mrs Rachael Jarick
Upcoming Events for Term 4 2017
Creating Flexible Futures – LAUNCH
Monday 27 November – Thursday 7 December
|Years 7 – 11||
Years 7-11 Awards Ceremony
Thursday 7 December
4:30pm – 7:00pm
Compulsory attendance for all students
|Year 12 2017||
Principal’s Morning Tea
Class of 2017 HSC Results
Friday 15 December
10:00 – 11:00
Mary Ward Quad
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Professors who grade on a curve can be a blessing and a curse for college students. Depending on how well you perform in a class, a curve can mean passing a course you otherwise would have failed. However, if you did particularly well in a course, you may feel cheated if the instructor decided to grade on a curve and pass students who failed to study or do the work. If you’re a little confused about what grading on curve could mean for your grades, read on and see how to prepare yourself!
What’s a grading curve?
Grading on a curve means that the teacher or professor is distributing grades on a relative basis instead of on an absolute scale. Basically, when instructors grade on curves, they assign average grades (usually Cs) to a set number of students.
Then, they assign above and below averages grades to a smaller number of students. Each grade, then, has a certain percentage of students, forming a bell curve. This method can help account for potential shortcomings on the instructor’s behalf. For a more detailed description of a strict bell curve, see K12academics.
Some instructors intend to grade absolutely but end up adjusting by a curve if, say, an entire class does poorly on an exam. This is a more common approach, especially by professors who are hesitant to implement an absolute grading system.
The pros of grading on a curve
Grading on a curve automatically factors in the difficulty of the tests and/or assignments, and because instructors assign grades according to relative performance, you can still earn a good grade in a class you find extremely difficult—probably because your peers also find it very challenging.
When a professor curves a test or an assignment, he or she looks at the percentile scores in relation to the highest score in the class, and this ends up leveling the playing field for most students. Curved scores are higher than their actual numerical scores, and this can be tremendously beneficial for college GPAs.
The cons of grading on a curve
One of the drawbacks to this grading system is that students who perform slightly above or below the average can often miss out on a better grade. So, it is possible for a student who earned a straight B to end up with a C as a final curved score. Students may also feel less in control of how well they do in class, which can cause anxiety and stress levels to spike before tests and exams.
For professors, curved grading might make it more difficult to compare groups of students with each other in terms of performance. For instance, if all students perform poorly, even the highest-scoring students may fail to meet class standards. | <urn:uuid:61d52742-8bcd-4119-a658-9f63a0efcbcc> | {
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Definitions of dialysis
n. - Diaeresis. See Diaeresis, 1. 2
n. - Same as Asyndeton. 2
n. - Debility. 2
n. - A solution of continuity; division; separation of parts. 2
n. - The separation of different substances in solution, as crystalloids and colloids, by means of their unequal diffusion, especially through natural or artificial membranes. 2
The word "dialysis" uses 8 letters: A D I I L S S Y.
No direct anagrams for dialysis found in this word list.
Adding one letter to dialysis does not form any other word in this word list.Words within dialysis not shown as it has more than seven letters.
All words formed from dialysis by changing one letter
Browse words starting with dialysis by next letter | <urn:uuid:c2dc5a31-9b6e-435b-ad7d-c39c8c7e5321> | {
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Serratia marcescens is a bacteria that has earned a bad reputation for infecting people in hospitals. It may deserve an even worse reputation. It might have made people believe, for hundreds of years, that the blood of Christ was miraculously appearing in communion wafers.
Serratia marcescens used to be the workhorse of the biology laboratory. It was thought to be benign and saprophytic - scavenging only on dead or decaying tissue. Researchers used to put their hands in huge colonies of it and shake hands, then see how much bacteria had been transferred from one hand to another. In the latter half of the 20th century, people noticed that it was commonly involved in serious hospital infections. In 2004, it contaminated a company's entire stock of flu vaccines. The contamination was discovered early and the vaccines were never shipped, but there was a shortage of flu vaccines. | <urn:uuid:ebfa7738-402f-4a9b-8837-82c6974a8099> | {
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Building a Baby from the Foundation Upwards:
Neurological Issues Can Start From Conception If the Conditions Are Right
Genetics, nutrition, environmental toxins, vaccines, and their combined impact on the immune system, can all play a role in Autism spectrum disorders. Think of it as a pyramid with the child at the top and all the damaging features underneath starting in utero. Some children don’t need vaccines to tip them over the edge if the child was born at the top or near the top of the pyramid to begin with. Other children who are close to the top, all they would need is a major mineral imbalance combined with one or two vaccines to tip them over the edge.
Think about this quote in the United States Senate on May 12, 1999 by Dr. Bonnie Dunbar, a Professor of Immunobiology:
“I would challenge any colleague, clinician or research scientist to claim that we have a basic understanding of the human newborn immune system. It is well established in studies in animal models that the newborn immune system is very distinct from the adolescent or adult. In fact, the immune system of newborns in animal models can easily be perturbed to ensure that it cannot respond properly later in life.”
Children who have gone into an immediate regressive autism after vaccines are the ones who may have been able to cope, and not tipped over the edge, if they had more time to mature their immature immune systems. Others, without vaccines, were just too close to the top of the pyramid at birth or in utero.
Birth Control Pill Use:
Anything that affects hormones enough to stop a lining shedding could cause issues. The use of hormones disrupts mineral balance, and further disturbs the normal running of metabolic pathways. If enough are disturbed, then it could contribute to an unstable foundation for a baby. The pill can strip out magnesium, zinc, B6, folic acid and EFA’s from the body.
The pill can skew the hormone system long-term and changes vascular circulation permanently, and further trashes the body’s supply of magnesium, zinc, B vitamins, folic acid and essential fatty acids. All these things lay the foundation for a pregnancy in which fetal nutrient absorption comes from a deficit position right at the outset.
Dr. Ellen Grant wrote a book called Sexual Chemistry which explains it. She was involved in the original large trials on what the pill does to the body.
…”Our studies in 1981 and 1989 found significantly higher concentrations of copper and cadmium in hair in dyslexic children compared with matched controls.1,2 Sweat zinc was severely deficient in the dyslexic children, being 66% lower than that for control children. However, the control children in 1989 had much lower average zinc level than the children tested for laboratory reference range purposes 10 years before in 1979.2,3 Zinc deficiency allows accumulation of toxic metals which may be important causes of the increase in autism, asthma, dyslexia and hyperactivity in the past few decades.4,5
Biolab Medical Unit offers analyses of all toxic metal levels in blood, metal sensitivity tests and the effects of toxic metal substitution on proteins and some binding sites.6,7 Dr John McLaren- Howard presented the results of testing 61 autistic children at a Biolab Workshop for Doctors in June 2004, as he was attempting to find out which nutritional tests should be recommended. Among the 42 boys and 19 girls most were deficient in zinc and magnesium. Many were also deficient in copper, chromium, manganese, molybdenum and B vitamins. Therefore, essential fatty acids were also likely to be deficient. 16 children had DNA-adducts in leucocytes to malondialdehyde, 12 to cadmium, 9 to nickel. Three of the 61 children had DNA-adducts to mercury and one had DNA- adducts to lead. 37 children had antigliadin IgG antibodies, while 30 children had malabsorption detected by a D-xylose test. Malabsorption was most common in those with Asperger’s type syndrome, 16 out of 18 children.
The zinc and magnesium lowering effects of maternal use of progesterones and oestrogens, parental smoking and alcohol use and parental dental mercury and other dental metal levels like nickel and tin, need to be looked at in larger studies. Mercury is a toxic metal whether it is in dental amalgams or in vaccines. If 5% of autistic children show evidence of signs of mercury exposures, this still means large numbers of children have been adversely affected. Clearly the increasing incidence of childhood diseases needs proper biochemical scientific investigations.”
Toxic metals for vegetable fruit sprays, like Arsenate of copper and Arsenate of Mercury, DDT used to be used. Now, sprays are different, but are they really better? Our stolen future and Chem Trails.
The vaccine becomes the bullet for many children. They start out seemingly healthy, even with perhaps a shaky foundation. But once the bullet (vaccine) is injected, they begin to spiral downwards. Symptoms are pathway dysfunction, not illness.
Diet and Nutrition/Minerals:
Copper and zinc are important because if they are out of sync the enzymes that create neurotransmitters, that the brain cells use to transmit their messages from one brain cell to another, won’t work properly. B6 works with those. Proper balance is what is needed because if you get the copper and zinc right, you can modulate the brains regulation of mood and reaction to stress. These enzymes also need B6; as B6 often helps in treating depression. In women, low zinc and high copper can be linked to ‘rage’ episodes during PMS.
Suphur has a key interaction with selenium. Selenium is good for skin, hair, nails, to build certain amino acids in the cells and brain, and make sulfonated compounds for the joints. When there is a deficiency, there is a reduction in the activity of the enzyme gluthathione peroxidase. This results in reduced immune function, which has its greatest effect on the helper T dependent cells, and production of Ig.M is impaired. IgM is one of the front line Th1 antibodies which are made in the early stages of an infection. Children suffering from malnutrition fail to grow when given a recuperative diet, if it remains selenium deficient because selenium is necessary for protein synthesis. While it protects against the toxic effects of the pollutant cadmium, and mercury from all sources, it also increases the effectiveness of vitamin E, and it reduces the chances of all types of cancer. In communities where selenium intake is low, the cancer rate is high.
Maternal selenium nutrition and neonatal immune system development.
Skeletal muscle disorders associated with selenium deficiency in humans.
Deficiency in selenium or Vitamin E also shows reduced natural killer cell activity. With regard to the enzymes; Glutathione is essential for:
-detoxification and liver function
-effective immune response
-male fertility (low sperm counts)
-blood sugar metabolism
-blood pressure regulation
-inhibition of thrombus formation in diabetes
-prevention of neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson disease, Huntington’s chorea, stroke and brain trauma.
Effective Glutathione is important for T cell proliferation, development of large CD8+ T cells, cytotoxic T cell activity and production of CD16+ natural killer cells. Glutathione protects and repairs liver tissue under severe acute and chronic alcohol exposure.
Selenium protects against the toxic effects of the pollutants cadmium, and mercury. It helps prevent chromosome breakage in tissue culture. It is the basis of the unique enzyme system Glutathione peroxidase, which destroys peroxides before they can attack cellular membranes, while the vitamin E acts within the membrane itself preventing the oxidation of membrane lipids.
When discussing epigenetics; they know demethylation is carried down through the generations and they know it can be reversed.
This is the list of tests a DAN doctor may perform:
*Complete blood count w/ differential and platelet count
*Serum metabolic assay (complete)
*Thyroid profile (T3, T4 and TSH)
*Amino acid profile (plasma)
*Organic acid profile (urine)
*Lactic acid level
*Pyruvic acid level (pyruvate)
*Heavy metal profile (lead, mercury, arsenic and cadmium), blood
*Vitamin A level
*Zinc and copper (serum)
*Measles, mumps and rubella antibody IGG titers
*IgG, A, M, E
*T cell function tests
*Myelin basic protein and neural axon filament antibodies
But other minerals should be tested as well such as:
Immunologist have begun to test for a genetic variant in an enzyme called Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and Glutathione.
METALLOTHIONINE PROTEIN DYSFUNCTION
Diseases that can occur because of MT protein dysfunction include:
· Psoriasis and eczema
· ADD and ADHD
· Schizophrenia and Obsessive Compulsive disorder
· Chronic fatigue syndrome
Metallothionine protein disorder is thought to be a genetic defect involving more than one gene. This disorder results in a decreased ability of the MT protein to function normally. Metallothionine protein helps regulate zinc and copper levels in the blood, withdrawal heavy metals as they enter the body, help development and continued functioning of the immune system, help development and pruning of brain cells, (neurons), help prevent yeast overgrowth in the intestines, aid in the production of enzymes that break down casein and gluten, aid in the production of hydrochloric acid by stomach cells, help taste and texture discrimination by the tongue, and aid in the behavior control and development of memory and social skills.
In 2000, William Walsh, Ph.D. of the Pfeiffer Treatment Center discovered that the majority of autistic patient’s exhibit MT dysfunction and the classic signs of autism can be explained by a MT dysfunction. There are four primary types of MT proteins and each has an important role in the body.
MT-I and II are present in all cells throughout the body. They regulate copper and zinc, are involved in cell transcription, detoxify heavy metals, play a role in the immune function, and are involved in a variety of G.I. tract functions.
MT-III is found primarily in the brain and functions as a gross inhibitory factor in the brain. MT-III is located primarily in the central nervous system with small amounts present in the pancreas and intestines. It plays a major role in the development, organization and programmed death of brain cells.
MT-IV is found in the skin and upper G.I. tract. They help regulate stomach acid pH, taste and texture discrimination of the tongue and help protect against sunburn and other skin traumas.
Deficits in sulfur metabolism
Abnormal liver detoxification
A genetic weakness (C4B null allele) and/or predisposition, combined with one or more of the following:
1) Shortened or absent breast-feeding preventing the full development of transferred cellular immunity. (Fudenberg)
2) Early gluten (usually wheat) introduction prior to one year of age. Wheat has been genetically manipulated in the last 100 years to increase the gluten content.
3) Early use of cow’s milk or casein based formulas. (Allergenic and altered)
4) Immunizations with live viruses, especially the MMR after 1978. There is frequent regression after the MMR vaccine that has been observed and published (Wakefield). Other vaccinations and the resulting effects on interleukin or autoimmunity. (Singh) DPT (especially if whole cell pertussis is used) and HepB (not live viruses) may also play a role in immune alterations.
5) Use of antibiotics and resulting yeast and pathogenic bacteria infection or overgrowth, with resulting immune modification and toxic exposure. (Shaw, Fudenberg, Wuepper)
6) Maternal allergy, chronic fatigue syndrome, or leaky gut problems that caused the child to be pre-sensitized in the womb. (Fudenberg)
7) Leaky gut from any number of the above or also related to parasites or GI infections in the child that allow gluten and casein to leak into the bloodstream. Once in the body, the body alters them into toxic substances. Sucrose (table sugar) also leaks in and it is an abnormal sugar in the blood stream that causes a host of problems.
8) Defect in the detoxification pathway of the brain, Phenol Sulfur-Transferase or PST enzyme defect. Inadequate intake of sulfur compounds. (Rosemary Waring, Birmingham University, England).
9) They develop autoantibodies to Myelin Basic Protein (Singh, Fudenberg, and Gupta) and other brain components. Measles is known to induce MBP antibodies. I’ll talk about this a lot more later.
10) Defective cellular immunity, especially in the NK cell activity towards self and pathogens. (Fudenberg, Gupta). And the probable elevation of Interleukin-2 and 12.
Jeff Bradstreet, M.D., FAAFP
The International Child Development Resource Center
Let’s break each one above down…
1. Breast milk creates the right probiotics which absorb minerals the right way, and provide the foundation for cellular immunity and nutrient absorption. The gut makes up 70 % of the immune system. It also plays a role in e-coli endotoxin production.
2. It has nothing to do with the gluten. Salivary fluid has an enzyme in it, to break down grains when the molar teeth cut. Celiac for example isn’t caused by too much gluten. It’s caused by lack of the enzyme opening the pathway to those with epigenetic susceptibility. Before 1900′s, celiac was pretty much unheard of. More gluten isn’t good for some people.
3. Unpasteurized animal milk worked well versus pasteurized.
4. True, but you only know what you have looked at. What about the others?
5. Antibiotics cause immune modification all on their own, not necessarily as a result of the resulting yeast and pathogenic bacteria infection and overgrowth. What about e.coli?
6. What caused the maternal allergy? If you look at minerals and other, you may be able to eliminate the allergy.
7. Leaky gut would not be a problem if the foundation was laid right and a change in nutrition better understood.
8. If you have an inadequate intake of sulfur compounds and/or an inadequate intake of other minerals such as magnesium, zinc, selenium.
9. That is not the cause, but the end result. The cause needs to be worked out.
10. See # 9.
Fever reducers lower glutathione levels. When glutathione levels are reduced, you increase the level of the hormones. They also suppress the immune system further.
Filed under: Autism News, Questioning the Vaccine Decision | Tagged: autism, babies preconception, birth control pills, chem trails, METALLOTHIONINE PROTEIN DYSFUNCTION, minerals, Neurological Issues, nutrition, selenium, toxins, vaccines | Leave a Comment » | <urn:uuid:b8e83dd2-8a42-401a-afd0-8bc83bb9a646> | {
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Song of Wrath: The Peloponnesian War Begins
The Peloponnesian War was actually a series of wars, running hot and cold, that engulfed the fifth-century BC West for nearly 70 years. They began in 461 BC when Sparta and its Peloponnesian League fought Athens and its Delian League, and lasted, through intervals of peace and sporadic campaigning, until the final defeat of Athens at Aegospotomai in 404 BC.
The heart of this long conflict was the Ten Years' War (often called the Archidamian War after Sparta's King Archidamus II), fought from 431 to 421, and its presiding historian has always been and will always be Thucydides, who partook in the conflict as a general and determined to write its definitive history as a "gift for all time". The world had seen nothing like his history before: it was dry, dispassionate, reportorial, and entirely free of meddling gods. It was also magisterial, which makes JE Lendon's accomplishment in Song of Wrath all the more remarkable. Not only does he retell the story of the Archidamian War but he does so by taking a self-confessed "adversarial" stance towards his predecessor. If the modern philosophy of history has a single father, it is Thucydides; opposition to him seems almost unfilial.
But Lendon isn't really opposing him. His adversarial role consists mainly of clarifying and filling out. And the result is a brilliant work of history and ideological reconstruction. In 2005, Lendon's magnificent Soldiers & Ghosts examined how warriors of the ancient world fought; Song of Wrath concentrates on why they fought. Here Lendon's focus is timé, honour, which he sees as both highly individualistic and idiosyncratic, sometimes appeased by money, sometimes by bloodshed, sometimes by mercy or savagery. It's his contention that honour, the desire to keep or regain it, the desire to strip it from the enemy, lies at the heart of ancient military history to a degree that threatens to make it all but incomprehensible to a modern age of push-button warfare.
Take the moment when the Spartan hero Brasidas faced down the Athenian invasion force at Megara's port in 424 BC. "To us," Lendon writes, "the climactic encounter between Brasidas and the Athenians on the plains of Megara seems as strange as the confrontation between tribes of hooting apes or a standoff between feathered savages in a faded documentary. Its logic was not that of modern war, in all its glistening lethality, but that of drunks in a bar, eyes locked on eyes, shouting, 'What are you looking at?' and inching closer to each other, knuckles gleaming, until one drops his gaze and yields the victory." He supplements Thucydides by pointing out that the ancient historian would never have thought it necessary to explain such basic psychological components of his world as timé. As Lendon points out, Thucydides never conceived of an age in which his "gift" wouldn't be read by … well, ancient Greeks.
But times changed and military technologies, Lendon argues, altered military mind-sets. Wars between nations were no longer fought for personal reasons, and the vagaries of honour no longer dictated strategy (such assertions hint that the author, like most of his contemporary military historians, is unwilling to admit the Victorian age happened at all). Song of Wrath is his spirited, utterly captivating reclamation of that Homeric worldview in which generals and their soldiers were emulating not a tactical handbook but a poem, Homer's timé-riddled Iliad.
Along the way, we get a great deal of the vivid writing that made Soldiers & Ghosts so memorable, as when Lendon quips that "the Spartans never got to fight the war they wanted", or when he pauses to reflect on one of Athens' significant initial victories: "That was the time of Athens' greatest historical glory, and if Athens sought to be supreme in honor among the Greeks, that was the period of her past she must evoke now. What Athenian strategy after Sphacteria looks like, then - a grab for the past with both hands - is precisely what Athenian strategy after Sphacteria was."
Song of Wrath is an even richer work than its predecessor, revelatory in its historical recastings. Its deft reworking of Thucydidean ground will prompt the reader to reread the old master, but with new insights and a new appreciation.
And a new relevance, according to Lendon. Just as Thucydides predicted that his work would always be useful because mankind doesn't change its nature, so Lendon maintains that the Homeric age isn't quite done with us yet. The anarchic desperation of Bronze Age warfare, he claims, is appearing again among "the wrathful ones, those who seek symbolic victory regardless of consequence, those who seek revenge for ancient slights". It is these "nations and international actors" (Lendon seems wary of using the word "terrorist", no doubt for fear that it would derail his argument into demagoguery) that the present-day West finds most difficult to understand. Thucydides' ancient conflict provides a key: "It is not, therefore, only interesting to know how the Spartans and the Athenians once fought a great war over national rank by cycles of revenge and retribution. It may, alas, be useful as well."
There's a bit of simplification in this, inevitably. For example, those modern-day "wrathful ones" are motivated in large part by religious factors, after all, and the Peloponnesian War has nothing at all to tell us about religious conflict. There's also the fact that, despite his pioneering attempts at historical even-handedness, Thucydides was hardly impartial between the democracy of Athens and the warrior-oligarchy of Sparta: there are right (and righteous) nations, and wrong ones, in his book, just as such assumptions of right and wrong also underpinned the judgments of his contemporary and fellow general Sophocles.
Lendon's contemporary parallels are thought-provoking, but where Song of Wrath really excels is its dramatisation of how strange ancient warfare could be, especially to modern sensibilities shaped by the capacities of truly long-range weaponry. This book is a persuasive reminder, as is Homer, for all that, of how personal and even intimate most combat was for the 40 centuries before the refinement of gunpowder and artillery in the mid-19th century. For most of the Peloponnesian War, Athens and Sparta were locked into a dance of avoidance: the latter avoided the former's naval superiority, and the former avoided the latter's superior infantry on land. And in all encounters, the concept of timé, and its mirror image, shame, was crucial.
"This disparity in the abilities of Athens and Sparta," Lendon explains, "meant that determining who was winning the war over rank depended in large part on weighing against each other the values of different kinds of shaming. Athens' shame at a Peloponnesian invasion of Attica had to be weighed against Sparta's shame at Athens' reprisal raids from ships and the Athenian attacks on Sparta's allies." Today's armies, by contrast, "establish artificial,and often futile measures to gauge their progress, trying to count (as in Vietnam) enemy dead, or the volume of enemy equipment captured, or (as in Iraq) the frequency of enemy attacks on friendly forces". Throughout Song of Wrath, there is a faint but insistent hint of regret that this should be so. Lendon's passion makes this book compulsively readable, but underneath the learning it is very much a personal passion, perhaps akin to the animating force supplied to Thucydides' narrative by his great unnamed rival, Herodotus. This adds an extra irony to Lendon's determination to clear up the "doubtful netherworld" of Thucydidean opinionising: he is not one bit less present in his book's subtext than the old general was in his.
When writing about the ultimate origins of his Peloponnesian War, Thucydides claimed "the truest cause of the war was the growing greatness of the Athenians, and the fear this inspired, which compelled the Lacedaemonians to go to war." Song of Wrath mines these events for richer motivations, but it shares one thing with its predecessor: both are indispensable accounts of a war whose interest is undimmed by the years.
Steve Donoghue's work has appeared in The Columbia Journal of American Studies, The Historical Novel Review, and Kirkus. He is managing editor of Open Letters Monthly. | <urn:uuid:03edd2be-1670-47a3-ae26-b8ff7925465d> | {
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April 15th 1912 was the date of one of the best known disasters in history. Only two years later World War One began.
Moreover did the Titanic disaster predict World War One?
They Shall Not Grown Old
Especially relevant is a new movie in limited release by Peter Jackson. “They Shall Not Grow Old” features digitally enhanced film and audio. The result is a stunning film that brings the world of one hundred years ago to life. Hear Jackson talk about the movie in Disaster Predicting Future-Titanic-World War I-Bob Davis Podcast 790.
Unseen and Multiple Causes of Disaster
First of all the causes of disasters are almost always multiple and elusive. A coal bunker fire, inferior steel and an iceberg brought down the Titanic. Also poor leadership, the industrial revolution and secret alliances were just some of the causes of a disastrous war.
Europe Was The Ship That Could Not Sink
Most noteworthy the Elite of Europe seemed invincible in August of 1914. Europe was the ship that could not sink. By 1918, economies were destroyed. Kings abdicated. Great Britain never recovered its financial losses as the result of the first world war. Learn more in Disaster Predicting Future-Titanic-World War I-Bob Davis Podcast 790.
I believe disasters can be predictive because they reveal complex dangers we may not see.
Disaster Predicting Future-Titanic-World War I-Bob Davis Podcast 790 simply asks questions. Is the power structure in our world an elite similar to the European elite one hundred years ago? What kinds of new technologies harbor hidden dangers?
What Do We Not See?
Disaster Predicting Future-Titanic-World War I-Bob Davis Podcast 790 | <urn:uuid:477641c7-39dc-425d-89c9-baf04c60b172> | {
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New This Fall
Crediting Your Sources
A research paper is a kind of conversation. You are engaging others in a dialogue that's taking place in their absence. So, to recognize others' contributions to the discussion and to allow anyone reading your paper to join in this exchange of ideas, you need to acknowledge where you found their thoughts.
Moreover, when you take ideas and pass them off as your own, it's theft; you are stealing their intellectual property, in other words, plagiarizing. This is one of the worst crimes that you can commit in an academic community and it violates the University Honor Code, which, upon entering SMU, you have already signed a pledge to uphold.
Many of our databases will generate a citation for you. Ask a librarian (call, chat, email) if you would like to learn if the database you're using can do this. There are also FLC Reference books which willl help you cite information correctly.
This list of resources serves as a starting point. Please ask a librarian for help in using these tools, developing a search strategy, or in locating additional information. Hint: the Discover SMU search box is a good place to start, as it will automatically select and guide you toward the following resources according to the terms you enter. For a complete listing of SMU online resources for biology, visit the CUL online resources page for that subject.
Academic Search Complete SMU Only
An excellent source for journal articles on almost any topic. Especially useful for undergraduates. Provides full text for about 4700 journals online. Coverage: 1975 to present. Available via EBSCOhost. Tutorial
AGRICOLA (EBSCO) SMU Only
Over 2.5 million citations to journal articles, books, theses, patents, software, audio-visual materials, and technical reports covering all aspects of agriculture and allied disciplines including plant and animal sciences, forestry, entomology, soil and water resources, agricultural economics, agricultural engineering, agricultural products, alternative farming practices, and food and nutrition. Coverage dates back to 1970.
Consumer Health Complete SMU Only
This is a good place to begin a study of human diseases. Includes overviews and definitions, as well as relationships to other diseases, standard treatments, and much more.
GreenFILE SMU Only
Offers scholarly, government and general-interest information on all aspects of human/environment interaction.
ScienceDirect SMU Only
The ScienceDirect Freedom Collection from Elsevier provides full-text content for over 2,000 journals, including approximately 25% of the peer-reviewed scientific, technical & medical content currently being published throughout the world. Personalization options allow users to save, re-run, edit and combine searches, as well as set up alerts and RSS feeds for articles relevant to their research, and to tables of content of new journal issues of their choice. Tutorial
SciFinder Registered Users Only
You will need to register to use this comprehensive source for chemistry, biochemistry, chemical engineering, materials science, nanotechnology, physics, environmental science and other science and engineering disciplines. Registered users go directly to this link. SciFinder includes journal articles, book chapters, patents, conference proceedings, technical reports, substance database and dissertations covered in Chemical Abstracts as well as articles currently being indexed, book reviews and biographical information. Covers 1907 to present. Tutorials
1996- present. The most comprehensive journal article database for the sciences. Provides links to cited authors. Also includes the National Library of Medicines index to medical literature (Medline) and the USDA’s index to agricultural literature (Agricola). SMU also has earlier volumes in print or CD dating back to 1945. Tutorial
Here is the link to SMU Online Resources. Note that some of these are designated as SMU only; others are available free of charge.
This brief list of resources should be used only as a starting point. Please ask a librarian for help in using these tools, developing a search strategy, or in locating additional information.
PubMed comprises more than 19 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites. PubMed Central is a free digital archive of biomedical and life sciences journal literature developed and managed by National Institute of Health's National Center for Biotechnology Information in the National Library of Medicine. Although the articles in PubMed Central are available for free, most are still subject to copyright for purposes of downloading in bulk and distribution. PubMed Tutorial
This digitally-harvested and user-constructed site seeks to catalog of all the world's species--the 1.9 million already known and the millions yet unnamed--and to provide links to photos and other online resources, many of which are freely available. The list of Cornerstone institutions includes the Field Museum of Natural History, Harvard University, and the Smithsonian Institution. Be the first to identify, catalog, and register a new species! Access the project's digital component--known as the Biodiversity Heritage Library--here.
A clearinghouse of biological information generated by the federal, state, local, and international government agencies, nonprofits, industry, universities, and cross-sector organizations.
This interagency initiative of 18 U.S. government science organizations within 14 Federal Agencies provides a gateway to government science and research results. Users can search over 42 scientific databases and 200 million pages of science information with a single query. For images, select the Image Search link under Special Collections.
Resources from Baylor College of Medicine for biology teachers. Includes streaming video, Powerpoint lessons you can download and modify, complete courses, lesson plans, Texas teaching certification requirements, and much more. | <urn:uuid:af016336-2884-4f56-b369-8ce1cc5a129d> | {
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While a quick response is critical in a fire and other emergencies, we also believe in the importance of preventing such occurrences from ever taking place. Public Fire and Life Safety Education is another key service we provide. Our goal is simple: teach as many people as possible about how to prevent fire from occurring and, in the event of one, how to escape without becoming badly injured. The Auburn Fire Department offers a series of on- and off-site programs for the community.
You are invited to join us at the fire department to learn about potential fire dangers in the home and changes you can make to prevent these areas from causing a fire in the home or injury to the family.
Recommended for families/groups with older children.
Station tours offer a glimpse of what it is like to be a firefighter. We take you on a tour of the entire facility, including living quarters, training rooms and offices. And, of course, tours always include the apparatus bays and the fire trucks—a favorite of all ages.
Recommended for all ages.
The Survive Alive House behind the station offers hands-on learning about fire safety and what to do if you suspect a fire in your home. Groups are taken through a simulated fire condition and taught how to safely exit the home.
Recommended for school groups.
Small children often find firefighters dressed in full firefighting gear to be frightening. This program provides children with the opportunity to meet firefighters in a their everyday uniforms and talk with them abut the importance of their full gear and how each piece protects them.
Recommended for children ages 4-6.
What do you do if your clothing catches on fire? This program teaches children the different ways their clothes might catch on fire, and how to avoid them. Children also are taught the proper stop-drop-roll technique.
Recommended for children in pre-school.
During our Calling 9-1-1 program, we explain the difference between emergencies and non-emergencies. We also explain how 911 works, from the dispatcher to the firefighters, police officers and paramedics who come to help.
Recommended for children in the first grade.
Children are taught that matches are to be used by adults only. With the help of a video, the children understand the devastating effects of playing with matches.
Recommended for children in the second grade.
During this program, we emphasize the importance of having a fire drill in the home on a regular basis. Children and adults are taught the importance of a map with escape routes and meeting places.
Recommended for fourth grade children.
Taxpayers have the ability to view budget notices in one central online location at BudgetNotices.IN.Gov. A new email subscription option is provided to taxpayers to stay informed of submissions by their local units. Taxpayers will be able to view all local government units in DeKalb county, search by their address, or use an interactive map tool. This website has been designed to promote the importance of budget notices and the role that they play in the daily lives of Indiana taxpayers. Taxpayers that do not have Internet access or have difficulties with the website may contact the Indiana Department of Local Government Finance at (888) 739-9826 and request a paper copy of the notices for their local government units. | <urn:uuid:3ee82c0c-0ae6-446e-89a4-5d1b0bb50c27> | {
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Plasma is a complex mixture of over 700 proteins and other substances which are crucial for the smooth running of our bodies. When extracted, these proteins and substances become key ingredients in medical products designed to replace body fluids, antibodies and clotting factors. Plasma is quite simply a lifesaving resource that benefits thousands of people every day. As the largest single component of blood, plasma makes up about 55 percent of total blood volume. It's a clear, straw coloured liquid, mostly made up of water, in which platelets, red and white cells are carried. It provides a 'storage area' for fluids for the body, helping maintain blood pressure as well as cooling and warming the body.
Once separated from blood cells, plasma for patient use goes in one of two directions. It can be used for blood transfusion as fresh frozen plasma and other transfused plasma products. It can also be directed to a plasma fractionation plant to undergo a more complicated type of processing to separate out its many individual proteins.
In much the same way that crude oil is separated into its component parts to make different oils, a fractionation plant breaks down plasma into a vast array of substances that can be used to make all sorts of medical products. These products can be grouped into three main types: coagulation factors, human albumin solutions and immunoglobulins.
Coagulation is the name for the complex process of blood clotting. For this process to be successful a person needs all the clotting (coagulation) factors – proteins that work together with platelets to clot blood.
Missing one or more of these factors leads to blood clotting disorders. The best known of these is haemophilia, a hereditary disease that affects almost exclusively males, who are missing one of two clotting factors, either Factor VIII or FactorIX. The most common treatment for people with haemophilia is replacement therapy – literally replacing the missing clotting factor.
There are many other deficiencies such as von Willebrand disorder, and rare clotting disorders such as Factor VII, X, XI and XIII, that are also treated using plasma replacement therapies. Albumin is the most abundant protein in blood plasma and is responsible for helping to clean the blood, carry substances and maintain the right amount of fluid circulating around the body.
If circulation is functioning at the correct level, all vital hormones, cells, and enzymes are transported to the right parts of the body to do their job. If it's not at a correct level, the circulatory system starts to break down with serious consequences such as fluids being retained in the cells. The problem can be corrected by using human albumin solution to ensure the right amount of fluid is circulating in the blood stream. People with liver or kidney disease and patients who have lost fluid such as burns patients all benefit from albumin.
Immunoglobulins are part of our immune system. They are antibodies – proteins produced by the body to fight invading viruses or bacteria as they enter the body. Two different types of immunoglobulins are produced from plasma, specific and non-specific. Those containing high levels of a particular antibody (specific) can be given to people who have been exposed to a specific infection to give immediate though temporary protection. The antidotes to tetanus, rabies, chickenpox, hepatitis B, and Anti-D are all examples of such products.
Immunoglobulins containing a wide variety of antibodies (non-specific) are given to people who make faulty, or no antibodies of their own. They are also given to people having treatments (such as for cancer) that harm their ability to make antibodies. People who are born with a faulty immune system depend on these products for life. To make sure most of the everyday antibodies are contained in a single dose of the immunoglobulin product, 10,000 donations of plasma are pooled together.
Plasma is first tested for viruses to be sure that it's safe to use, in just the same way that whole blood is tested. Depending on the product to be made, it undergoes many chemical and physical processes, such as spinning and heat treatments to separate the individual proteins. The fractionation process takes place in huge Cohn vessels, named after the 'grandfather of fractionation' Dr Edwin Cohn. Cohn was the first person to break down blood plasma to isolate a protein called albumin in the 1940s. The fractionation process is a fully automated system and takes up to five days to complete. Solvent/detergent treatment, dry heat treatment, filtration and pasteurisation are also used to kill or remove any viruses that may be present. All of the finished products undergo further testing to make sure that they contain the right biological make-up. Once the processing and testing is complete, the products are labelled, coded and packed ready to be used by hospitals, clinics and GP surgeries. The total number of products that can be made with plasma fractionation runs into hundreds.
Our session search will find every public blood donation session in your area:
There are many ways we can help you:
Dedication is a selfless devotion; my story. | <urn:uuid:ef6162f2-8940-44a8-9048-f4423a80654f> | {
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The United Nations has been encouraging development of alternative crops in poorer drug-producing countries for more than a decade and a half as a way to reduce global supply. Results have been very much mixed, unfortunately. I looked why in the following feature for the latest issue of the New Zealand Drug Foundation's Matters of Substance magazine.
By the hit, by the gram, by the kilo reads the website of one local coffee company. It’s an old joke: cast the daily, socially sanctioned fix of caffeine in the spicy language of illicit drugs. But it has a real-life resonance in the fitful, difficult business of drug supply control.
In 1998, a special session of the United Nations General Assembly devoted to the global drug problem anointed a phrase that became a strategy: “alternative development”.
In one of the endless sentences characteristic of such consensus statements, the assembly defined the alternative development policy as:
A process to prevent and eliminate the illicit cultivation of plants containing narcotics and psychotropic substances through specifically designed rural development measures in the context of sustained development efforts in countries taking action against drugs, recognising the particular socio-economic characteristics of the target communities and groups, within the framework of a comprehensive and permanent solution to the problem of illicit drugs.
In real terms, that means giving farmers, often indigenous people, in Latin America and Southeast Asia and Central Asia viable, legal alternatives to the plants that economically sustain them, chiefly coca bush, opium poppies and cannabis. The hope is that cash crops such as cacao (the core ingredient of chocolate), coffee and palm oil can replace the crops that are turned into illicit drugs for the world market.
On the face of it, it’s a considered policy that recognises that the farmers at the foot of the drug ladder need economic alternatives that won’t simply appear on their own. Reduction of poverty, improvement of food security and general rural development all play a part in the strategy, which accounts for a significant part of the operational activity of the UN Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC).
Long before the General Assembly statement, the UN was actually working along these lines through crop substitution projects in Thailand in 1972. So has the strategy worked? If so, where, why and how?
A 2012 story in Time declared that “finally, one of Washington’s most frustrated drug-war priorities” alternative development, was “starting to bear fruit” in the Yungas Valley of Bolivia, where the local people had for years expanded their traditional cultivation of coca in service of the cartels that turn coca into cocaine.
Two things helped. One is that coca growers receive only a tiny proportion of the billions paid by western cocaine users – there is no fair trade in the drug business. The other was a sharp spike in the international price of coffee beans. If the farmers could get a fair share of the returns, it was more profitable to grow coffee than coca. Alongside the Bolivian Government, the American federal agency USAID showed farmers how to grow and prepare the high-quality beans that fetch a premium internationally.
There is no such good news, however, in Afghanistan, which produces 90 percent of the world’s illicit opium. In 2001, after a religious edict from the Taliban, the country’s opium production plummeted to only 185 tonnes. Since the US-backed invasion in that year, production has spiralled, reaching 8,200 tonnes in 2007 before subsiding somewhat. The 2013 Afghanistan Opium Survey, published in November, found “a worrying situation” with the area in cultivation up 36 percent and production up by nearly half on 2012, at 5,500 tonnes.
There seem to be two reasons for the surge. One is straightforward economics: opium is easier to transport and fetches far, far more than any other crop. The farm-gate price of fresh opium was $US181 per kilogram last year. The price for wheat was 44 cents. The other is security: a subsequent UNODC statement speculated that farmers “may have driven up cultivation by trying to shore up their assets as insurance against an uncertain future resulting from the withdrawal of international troops next year”.
Although the UNODC survey mentions crop eradication as a positive solution more than 30 times, forced eradication was officially halted – after a change of management at the White House – by then US Ambassador Richard Holbrooke in 2009. Holbrooke described eradication as a “failed” policy that “just helped the Taliban”, echoing a 2007 paper from the US Army’s Strategic Studies Institute, which said:
While the process of eradication lends itself well to the use of flashy metrics such as ‘acres eradicated’, eradication without provision for long-term alternative livelihoods is devastating Afghanistan’s poor farmers without addressing root causes. The United States should put less emphasis on eradication and focus more attention and resources on the other pillars of the counternarcotics strategy.
Yet it’s unclear how much has changed since then. Two-thirds of Afghan villages in cultivating regions received no development support last year. Without that support – particularly in processing and marketing – substitution with high value crops like saffron (where, as with coffee and illicit drugs, almost all the value is captured after it leaves the farm) remains little more than a nice idea.
In his book Opium: Uncovering the politics of the poppy, Pierre Arnaud- Chouvy suggests that, on its own, crop substitution has had relatively little impact – even in apparent success stories such as Thailand, where opium production has plummeted. He argues the elements of alternative development that did work were those that increased national cohesion and brought former drug-growing areas into the national mainstream. In other words, better schools and hospitals were more effective than crop substitution programmes. Eradication programmes, like those still active in Afghanistan, were generally counterproductive.
The Thai project “also had, very importantly, the royal blessing”, says Sanho Tree, Director of the Drug Policy Project at the Institute for Policy Studies, “which means tremendous mobilisation of resources which simply don’t exist or are politically unfeasible in other parts of the world.”
Tao Rattana, a Thai New Zealander who runs the specialty coffee supplier Papaya Salad, also emphasises the role of the Royal Family. As far back as the 1980s, he says, successful crop substitution programmes have been linked to royal initiatives. His own company handles high-value, organic specialty coffee, mostly from farms of less than two hectares.
“The Thais made a commitment to this in the way the US has never made a commitment,” says Tree. “We do it as an afterthought – it’s a sugar coating on the very bitter pill of eradication. USAID is very much in the back seat when it comes to international drug war policies. Law enforcement, the Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (INL), is very much in the driver’s seat.”
The key player in Asia is China, which has poured huge resources into Burma and Laos, where the export market for illicit opiates is not the West but China itself. But China’s version of alternative development– focused on large mono-plantations of rubber, sugar cane and tea – has resulted in both shifts and increases in opium production, according to the 2010 Transnational Institute (TNI) report Alternative development or business as usual? China’s opium substitution policy in Burma and Laos.
Such a strategy fails to benefit the people most likely to grow opium: the “poorest of the poor”, the report says. To the extent that new initiatives marginalise these communities, they achieve the opposite of their aims.
A subsequent TNI report in 2012 was withering: “China’s opium crop substitution programme has very little to do with providing mechanisms to decrease reliance on poppy cultivation or provide alternative livelihoods for ex-poppy growers. Financing dispossession is not development.”
TNI has also been sharply critical of efforts by the UN and the International Narcotics Control Board to bind Bolivia to the “unjust and unrealistic” requirement of the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs that the traditional practice of coca leaf chewing “must be abolished” – a confrontation the Bolivian Government won last year.
It was, says Tree, “a silly demand”.
“It’s been going on for thousands of years, and coca in its natural state, as used by Bolivians, is actually very healthy. There’s nothing negative about it. It’s full of nutrients, vitamins and minerals – things that are hard to find at 15,000 feet elevation. The US Embassy’s own website used to recommend travellers (at altitude) should have coca tea when they landed to avoid altitude sickness.”
Tree says the Bolivian region of Chapare, which underwent forced eradication of coca and an “annual cycle of violence” through the 1990s and 2000s, changed after the election of the Morales Government, which granted local families the right to grow a cato (an indigenous unit of measure, about 40 metres by 40 metres) of coca bush.
“What that does is give them food security and predictability,” he says. “If you don’t know what tomorrow will bring, you’re not going to expand and diversify. You’re not going to take risks. But if you guarantee them they’ll have that cato to sell, you free up a lot of mental space. For the first time, they’re able to think about diversifying their local economies – and I’ve watched this happen. You see a mechanic open, then a restaurant, then a little hotel. People start to take risks and they start to transition away from coca – which is what we’ve been wanting them to do for decades!”
Matt Graylee of Wellington company Flight Coffee, who has been working on a scheme to raise returns for coffee farmers in Colombia (see below), saw a similar dynamic when he met farmers in Ethiopia.
“Where people are growing other substances, generally they’re pushed that way because it’s economically viable,” says Graylee. “You can never hold that against them, because when you visit them, you find that their father grew coffee and his father before him and they’re not legally allowed to sell the land and they’ve only got 1 acre and they’re trying to get their children to university.
“If they choose to, say, grow khat in Ethiopia, where you can harvest several times a year – which is a matter of breaking off some branches and going down to the market and selling a bunch for the equivalent of $5 – the quick maths says that’s about 40 times what you can get for coffee. And it’s legal within the country. So why wouldn’t you? If I had to choose between khat, flowers, strawberries or coffee, I’d choose khat every time if I had to look after my family.”
Another problem with forced eradication, says Tree, is that it may cause farmers to adapt with unpredictable consequences. After visible coca crops in Colombia were repeatedly wiped out by US spray planes in the early 2000s, “farmers began to intercrop and shade-grown varieties of coca were introduced, along with new processing and extraction techniques with high yields. The varieties they were replanting with were more productive than the old ones – varieties that were suited to cocaine production rather than chewing.”
And then there are the basic economics of scarcity.
“When you’re talking about wide-scale eradication, what that does is act as a price support for drug producers. It’s a crop subsidy. We eradicate just enough to elevate prices, which is good for a lot of these farmers, as long as they’re not the ones that get hit.”
The 1998 General Assembly statement noted that poor farmers faced “the constant threat of forced eradication of their crops” and said that “suitable alternatives” must be offered. And yet, 15 years on, this lesson remains elusive, it seems – if you want marginalised people to quit drug cultivation, you must offer them the security to make that choice for themselves.
The Helena project
The aim was to demonstrate alternative ways of growing, processing and trading coffee through a new green coffee social enterprise called New Zealand Specialty Coffee Imports (NZSCI).
It wasn’t because no one knew how to grow coffee. Despite its chaotic reputation, the Colombian Government has, since 1927, marshalled the country’s producers into an effective, quality-controlled commodity coffee export business, via the National Coffee Growers Federation.
“But we saw an issue with the commodity market,” says Flight and NZSCI Director Matt Graylee. “For a long time, prices had been falling and farmers hadn’t been able to cover their costs of production through traditional markets.
“Helena was our opportunity to try out all the agronomic techniques we’d learned over the years and see if we could raise the quality of coffee into a specialty realm from a traditional Colombian farm, provide specialty market access, then include other farms.
The NZSCI project isn’t directly replacing coca crops, but by making coffee growing profitable, it is an incentive to choose coffee over narcotics. At its core is a spreadsheet.
NZSCI works backwards to figure out the price. The price people are willing to pay is stable and coffee quality it established by cupping scores, a standardised process that measures coffee quality on a scale of 1–100. A score above 80 is considered specialty.
“We buy at a set rate for an 85, and for every point above we add an extra 50,000 Colombian peso (COP$), above 90 comes with another COP$100,000 per point. Price predictability is of utmost importance.
“At 90 points, they’re up to a million COP$ for raw parchment coffee before any milling. This season, it costs about 612,000 COP$ to produce the highest quality coffees. We know the margins the farmers we buy from this season range between 42% and 71%. It’s actually better than ours or anyone else in the middle. There are not many primary-level industries than can boast this kind of margin.”
Graylee says the many fair trade labelling initiatives are “fantastic” but also “they are deliberately middle-of-the-bell-curve targeted programmes” having huge impact through focusing on commodity coffee. He’s chosen to target those most marginalised – farmers who can’t participate in fair trade schemes but produce amazing coffee.
And while fair trade generally sees farm earnings rise by about 25 percent over five years, the NZSCI model triples or quadruples earnings.
For Flight and NZSCI the payoff is being able to sell coffee that might normally be reserved for competition as part of its general range.
“All the money we’ve spent on the coffee actually exists inside the coffee. So the quality is through the roof.”
New Zealand Specialty Coffee Imports has already expanded to other regions in Colombia, and the next territory will be Mexico, before Graylee revisits Africa. In the meantime, he says, NZSCI’s system is available to anyone who wants to use it. | <urn:uuid:4ab8af9f-10dd-45b3-9d9c-587e89e49d10> | {
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India’s Commitment towards Children’s Right
- Author Alka Dahiya
- Country : India
- Subject : Law
Lots of Human rights treaties refer to Child Protection and Child Rights and are of their provisions apply to children. However, it was felt that children needed a separate convention and a clear definition of children’s legal rights under international law. The rights of child are such a broad topic that neither time nor space will permit to do full justice to the topic. This paper, therefore, shall limit itself to examining briefly how child rights have evolved over the years within the international community, and how all developments related to child issues were codified in a Comprehensive Universal Documents - the CRC, and it is to be implemented to national, regional and global levels thereby providing the protection to the rights of child. | <urn:uuid:70401c25-1ca4-4e4d-84a0-19be645edb21> | {
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Central air conditioners circulate cool air through a system of supply and return ducts. | Photo courtesy of ©iStockphoto/DonNichols.
Central air conditioners circulate cool air through a system of supply and return ducts. Supply ducts and registers (i.e., openings in the walls, floors, or ceilings covered by grills) carry cooled air from the air conditioner to the home. This cooled air becomes warmer as it circulates through the home; then it flows back to the central air conditioner through return ducts and registers. To learn how central air conditioners compare to other cooling systems, check out our Energy Saver 101 Infographic: Home Cooling.
Air conditioners help to dehumidify the incoming air, but in extremely humid climates or in cases where the air conditioner is oversized, it may not achieve a low humidity. Running a dehumidifier in your air conditioned home will increase your energy use, both for the dehumidifier itself and because the air conditioner will require more energy to cool your house. A preferable alternative is a dehumidifying heat pipe, which can be added as a retrofit to most existing systems.
Types of Central Air Conditioners
A central air conditioner is either a split-system unit or a packaged unit.
In a split-system central air conditioner, an outdoor metal cabinet contains the condenser and compressor, and an indoor cabinet contains the evaporator. In many split-system air conditioners, this indoor cabinet also contains a furnace or the indoor part of a heat pump. The air conditioner's evaporator coil is installed in the cabinet or main supply duct of this furnace or heat pump. If your home already has a furnace but no air conditioner, a split-system is the most economical central air conditioner to install.
In a packaged central air conditioner, the evaporator, condenser, and compressor are all located in one cabinet, which usually is placed on a roof or on a concrete slab next to the house's foundation. This type of air conditioner also is used in small commercial buildings. Air supply and return ducts come from indoors through the home's exterior wall or roof to connect with the packaged air conditioner, which is usually located outdoors. Packaged air conditioners often include electric heating coils or a natural gas furnace. This combination of air conditioner and central heater eliminates the need for a separate furnace indoors.
Choosing or Upgrading Your Central Air Conditioner
Central air conditioners are more efficient than room air conditioners. In addition, they are out of the way, quiet, and convenient to operate. To save energy and money, you should try to buy an energy-efficient air conditioner and reduce your central air conditioner's energy use. In an average air-conditioned home, air conditioning consumes more than 2,000 kilowatt-hours of electricity per year, causing power plants to emit about 3,500 pounds of carbon dioxide and 31 pounds of sulfur dioxide.
If you are considering adding central air conditioning to your home, the deciding factor may be the need for ductwork.
If you have an older central air conditioner, you might choose to replace the outdoor compressor with a modern, high-efficiency unit. If you do so, consult a local heating and cooling contractor to assure that the new compressor is properly matched to the indoor unit. However, considering recent changes in refrigerants and air conditioning designs, it might be wiser to replace the entire system.
Today's best air conditioners use 30% to 50% less energy to produce the same amount of cooling as air conditioners made in the mid 1970s. Even if your air conditioner is only 10 years old, you may save 20% to 40% of your cooling energy costs by replacing it with a newer, more efficient model.
Proper sizing and installation are key elements in determining air conditioner efficiency. Too large a unit will not adequately remove humidity. Too small a unit will not be able to attain a comfortable temperature on the hottest days. Improper unit location, lack of insulation, and improper duct installation can greatly diminish efficiency.
When buying an air conditioner, look for a model with a high efficiency. Central air conditioners are rated according to their seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER). SEER indicates the relative amount of energy needed to provide a specific cooling output. Many older systems have SEER ratings of 6 or less. The minimum SEER allowed today is 13. Look for the ENERGY STAR® label for central air conditioners with SEER ratings of 13 or greater, but consider using air conditioning equipment with higher SEER ratings for greater savings.
New residential central air conditioner standards went into effect on January 23, 2006. Air conditioners manufactured after January 26, 2006 must achieve a SEER of 13 or higher. SEER 13 is 30% more efficient than the previous minimum SEER of 10. The standard applies only to appliances manufactured after January 23, 2006. Equipment with a rating less than SEER 13 manufactured before this date may still be sold and installed.
The average homeowner will remain unaffected by this standard change for some time to come. The standards do not require you to change your existing central air conditioning units, and replacement parts and services should still be available for your home's systems. The "lifespan" of a central air conditioner is about 15 to 20 years. Manufacturers typically continue to support existing equipment by making replacement parts available and honoring maintenance contracts after the new standard goes into effect.
Other features to look for when buying an air conditioner include:
- A thermal expansion valve and a high-temperature rating (EER) greater than 11.6, for high-efficiency operation when the weather is at its hottest
- A variable speed air handler for new ventilation systems
- A unit that operates quietly
- A fan-only switch, so you can use the unit for nighttime ventilation to substantially reduce air-conditioning costs
- A filter check light to remind you to check the filter after a predetermined number of operating hours
- An automatic-delay fan switch to turn off the fan a few minutes after the compressor turns off.
Installation and Location of Air Conditioners
If your air conditioner is installed correctly, or if major installation problems are found and fixed, it will perform efficiently for years with only minor routine maintenance. However, many air conditioners are not installed correctly. As an unfortunate result, modern energy-efficient air conditioners can perform almost as poorly as older inefficient models.
When installing a new central air conditioning system, be sure that your contractor:
- Allows adequate indoor space for the installation, maintenance, and repair of the new system, and installs an access door in the furnace or duct to provide a way to clean the evaporator coil
- Uses a duct-sizing methodology such as the Air Conditioning Contractors of America (ACCA) Manual D
- Ensures there are enough supply registers to deliver cool air and enough return air registers to carry warm house air back to the air conditioner
- Installs duct work within the conditioned space, not in the attic, wherever possible
- Seals all ducts with duct mastic and heavily insulates attic ducts
- Locates the condensing unit where its noise will not keep you or your neighbors awake at night, if possible
- Locates the condensing unit where no nearby objects will block airflow to it
- Verifies that the newly installed air conditioner has the exact refrigerant charge and airflow rate specified by the manufacturer
- Locates the thermostat away from heat sources, such as windows or supply registers.
If you are replacing an older or failed split system, be sure that the evaporator coil is replaced with a new one that exactly matches the condenser coil in the new condensing unit. (The air conditioner's efficiency will likely not improve if the existing evaporator coil is left in place; in fact, the old coil could cause the new compressor to fail prematurely.) | <urn:uuid:2c05a95d-2c7a-4535-95b2-a34bb126a857> | {
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- OIL & GAS
A new OSHA Safety and Health Information Bulletin and companion Worker Alert recommend that employers use safety measures to prevent exposing workers to the potentially fatal health effects of butter flavorings and other flavoring substances containing diacetyl or its substitutes.
Diacetyl is a chemical used to add flavor and aroma to food and other products. Some workers who breathe diacetyl on the job have become disabled or have died from severe lung disease. Some diacetyl substitutes may also cause harm. OSHA strongly recommends that all flavoring and food manufacturers review and consider implementing applicable recommendations regarding engineering and work practice control measures, medical surveillance, workplace monitoring, and use of appropriate personal protective equipment to minimize each worker's exposure to these flavoring substances.
"Illnesses arising from diacetyl exposure continue to place workers at risk," said Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health Dr. David Michaels. "It is vital that employers use preventive measures to protect their workers from the harmful effects caused by these dangerous chemicals."
Currently, OSHA does not have permissible exposure limits for most flavoring substances, including diacetyl. However, flavorings manufacturing facilities are subject to other applicable OSHA mandatory standards including Respiratory Protection and Hazard Communication. Based on concerns for workers' safety and health, OSHA is updating its National Emphasis Program on Microwave Popcorn Plants to include diacetyl substitutes, and has initiated rulemaking on occupational exposure to diacetyl and food flavorings containing diacetyl.
For more safety and health information on diacetyl and other food flavorings, visit OSHA's Safety and Health Topics page on Lung Disease Related to Butter Flavorings Exposure and the Hazard Communication Guidance for Diacetyl and Food Flavorings Containing Diacetyl. | <urn:uuid:bd8ea067-2b61-4994-b029-c35af9454af4> | {
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Growing the Rural Communities through Sustainable Tourism
The responsibility to grow our rural communities is a shared one. In fact, majority of the tourism sites in Nigeria are located in most of the rural areas. Development in these areas are not as fast-paced as urban communities. Every year, rural development always finds its way to the government’s shopping list but somehow doesn’t make it to the priority list. Reasons for this might include, but not limited to, insufficient budget, lack of proper planning and measurable goals. Most of the tourism sites in the country domicile within these rural communities. It is therefore surprising why we are investing hugely to develop these communities, considering the fact that we are making conscious efforts to grow our tourism and travel industry into a melting pot.
Sustainable tourism implies that a tourist who visits a place tries to make positive impact on the environment, society and economy as well. There are a good number of ways to do this: respect the people who call the location home, their culture and customs and the socio-economic system in the area. While it is not surprising that often times people tend to confuse sustainable tourism with ecotourism, whereas ecotourism is actually an aspect of sustainable tourism; this article will focus on the economic importance of ecological tourism (ecotourism).
Tourism has many merits, no doubt. One of its demerits is that it causes damage on the environment. Ecotourism, on the other hand, seeks to promote responsible travel to natural areas that protect the environment and advance the prosperity of the local people. It aims to provide a fun, relaxing vacation while protecting the surrounding ecosystem. It often works to train and engage the participants in an eco-friendly lifestyle. The adverse effects of hotels, trails and other infrastructure are reduced through the use of either recycled supplies or abundantly existing local building materials, recycling, renewable sources of energy and safe disposal of waste and refuse. If well managed, ecotourism will contribute actively to the maintenance of natural and cultural heritage, namely, inclusion of local and indigenous communities in its planning, development and operation, which reduces poverty and enhances intercultural & environmental understanding.
As a responsible traveler who is interested in minimizing the negative impacts of his tour and if you take special interest in local nature and cultures, ecotourism should appeal to you. Remote areas, whether populated or unpopulated and are typically under some kind of environmental protection at different levels are destinations for ecotourism. Regulating the number of tourists and type of behaviour will ensure limited damage to the ecosystem as well as contribute to the minimization of its impact.
Tourists and residents of nearby communities need to be educated before departure through reading materials about the country they are visiting, location and the people, as well as a code of conduct for both the traveler and the industry. This information helps prepare the tourists.
Well-trained, multilingual naturalist guides serve to educate members of the neighboring community, students and the larger community in the host country. To do so, entrance and lodge fees for nationals must be reduced and free educational travels for indigenous students and those living near the tourist attraction should be encouraged.
In addition, it also helps increase funds for ecological protection, investigation and education through a selection of apparatuses, including park entrance fees, tour companies, hotels, hotel booking portals like Jumia Travel, airlines and airport taxes and voluntary contributions.
National parks and other conservation areas will only subsist if there are “happy people” around their borders. The inclusion and participation of the local community is critical to the success of ecotourism. These communities should receive proceeds and other physical benefits (potable water, roads, hospitals, etc.) from the conservation area and its tourist amenities. Campgrounds, hotels, chaperon services, restaurants and other enterprises should be run by or in partnership with communities surrounding a park or other tourist destinations.
For ecotourism to be seen as a tool for rural development, total economic and political control must be given to the communal, township, cooperative, or entrepreneur. This is the most challenging and time wasting idea in the economic equation and the one that foreign operators most often let it slip through the cracks or that they follow only partially or formally.
Tourism helps in building international understanding and world peace although this does not happen automatically; frequently in fact, tourism strengthens the economies of repressive and high-handed states. Mass tourism pays scarce attention to the political structure of the host country or struggles within it, unless civil unrest escapes into outbreaks on tourists. Ecotourism demands a more holistic method to travel, one in which participants try to respect, study about and profit both the local environment and local communities.
In many emerging countries, rural residents around national parks and other ecotourism attractions are sealed in contests with the government and transnational corporations for control of the assets. Eco-tourists should therefore be sensitive to the host country’s political environment and social climate and need to contemplate the merits of global boycotts called for by those supportive of democratic reforms. | <urn:uuid:01913d8c-3700-4a66-b8e1-bb563ab5cb5d> | {
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If an exam or assignment deadline is too close for comfort and your study session has become a brutal slog, you may feel you don’t have time for a workout. Chances are, though, a quick walk or 20 minutes on the basketball court is exactly what your brain needs.
Physical activity makes us smarter
Increasingly, research is indicating that exercise may give us a more powerful brain boost than anything else does. “Exercise is the single best thing you can do for your brain in terms of mood, memory, and learning. Even 10 minutes of activity changes your brain,” says Dr. John Ratey, author of Spark: The Revolutionary New Science of Exercise and the Brain (Little, Brown, 2008).
Have you noticed the effects on your grades?
Have you noticed the effects?
Getting moving can improve our mental functioning in the short term, helping us pass an exam (and throughout our lives, helping us stave off dementia). “If you are having a mental block, go for a jog or hike,” writes Dr. Justin Rhodes, who researches the effects of physical activity on the brain at the University of Illinois, in Scientific American.
If you tend to focus best in the class that immediately follows your game of Ultimate Frisbee, this could be why. In a recent survey by Student Health 101, 76 percent of respondents said physical activity had brought them mental or intellectual benefits, such as improved memory, focus, or efficiency. Another 17 percent were unsure.
Does your physical fitness predict your academic success?
In a 2009 study of young men, researchers were able to use changes in the men’s cardiovascular fitness through middle to late adolescence to predict their cognitive performance at 18 (after accounting for other influences). Physical activity could be an important tool for improving educational outcomes, the researchers concluded (PNAS: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2009).
Exercise makes us better at simple and difficult mind tasks
A 2003 analysis of multiple studies, published in the journal Acta Psychologica, found that physical activity can improve our mental performance in various ways:
- Physical activity can make us quicker and more efficient at certain mental tasks, and sometimes more accurate too.
- Aerobic exercise improves our working memory and concentration. It helps us switch between tasks without making errors.
- The benefits of exercise can be seen in simple tasks (for example, speedier reaction times) and complex problem-solving tasks (like creative brainstorming).
Students: “How exercise improves my academics”
“I find when I’m having trouble remembering facts I’m trying to learn, if I go for a run and think about something else for a while, studying comes easier.”
—Erin M., second-year undergraduate, Clemson University, South Carolina
Improved problem solving
“While exercising, I find that some of the roadblocks I’ve been dealing with in school/work are more easily solved. I’ve taken a step back and focused on something else and gained a fresher perspective.”
—Matt E., second-year graduate student, University of North Dakota
“Whenever I’ve exercised after studying I’ve seemed to do better on the exam or paper.”
—Layla G., third-year undergraduate, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
“After a workout or activity I feel tired, but after a quick shower I am always my most productive.”
—Drew S., third-year undergraduate, Grand View University, Iowa
“I went to the gym and exercised for about 30 minutes. Afterwards, I felt motivated and ready to sit down and study for an upcoming bio exam.”
—Julia D., first-year undergraduate, University of Delaware
For the biggest brain boost, go aerobic and get coordinated
The improvements in mental performance come from aerobic activity. That’s any workout that makes us breathless or sweaty, like running, cycling, basketball, or dance.
The brain boost is bigger when we’re doing complicated aerobic activities that require coordination, rhythm, strategy, and concentration, like playing tennis or taking a dance class.
Q&A: “How much cardio will help my brain?”
How hard to I need to work it?
You don’t have to exercise to the point of exhaustion, but you do need a little vigor. The brain benefits seem to be “in proportion with the intensity of the activity,” said Dr. Justin Rhodes, a psychologist at the University of Illinois who researches the effects of physical activity on the brain. “If you walk sluggishly, you get a little benefit. If you run, you get more.” (Quoted on the University of Illinois website).
Activities involving motor coordination (like dance) or strategy (like a team sport) are especially beneficial for the brain. “You’re challenging your brain even more when you have to think about coordination. Like muscles, you have to stress your brain cells to get them to grow,” says Dr. Ratey.
In most studies, participants exercised for 20–60 minutes. The effects of exercise may depend on how we work out and for how long. It’s not clear yet whether other forms of exercise, such as strength and flexibility training, also help us think more clearly or creatively.
Could exercise ever make me too tired to think straight?
Eventually, yes. When we work out to the point of dehydration, our cognitive function declines. Being so physiologically depleted compromises our speed of information processing and memory, according to Acta Psychologica (2003). In other words, it was wise of you not to run a half-marathon the morning of your exam.
Does my fitness level make a difference?
Does my fitness level make a difference?
Several studies suggest that people who are routinely active and physically fit may experience a bigger brain boost from exercise than sedentary people do, according to Acta Psychologica (2003).
Some brain effects may also be bigger for those who are experienced in sports that require rapid responses and decision making. For example, in one study, participants with fencing experience had the strongest performance improvements (e.g., quicker reaction time).
“Fencing; it’s both a very physical and mental sport. As a result of fencing, I can focus better and have improved problem-solving skills.”
—Brittany R., fourth-year undergraduate, Clemson University, South Carolina
“I play soccer and go to the gym a lot and try to be as active as possible. I have always found that after completing exercises I feel a bit more focused and mentally sharper.”
—Cole L., first-year undergraduate, Santa Clara University, California
“Running exploits my muscles and relaxes my mind. I’ve noticed I feel more comfortable during the test after my body has exercised. This speeds up my work performance in the classroom. I really enjoy exercising.”
—Daelynn H., first-year undergraduate, Utah State University
It works for mice too. Check this out.
Researchers compared the IQ gains of mice in four different living environments. Some had a running wheel; some had toys and highly flavored foods, with or without a running wheel; others had boring cages and dull diets.
Several months in, the mice that exercised had healthier brains and did better on cognitive tests than the sedentary mice—even the ones that had other sources of stimulation.
For mouse brainpower, “Only one thing had mattered, and that’s whether they had a running wheel,” said Dr. Justin Rhodes of the University of Illinois (speaking to the New York Times).
How to use exercise to raise your grades
- Incorporate aerobic (cardiovascular) activity into your regular schedule
- Try an activity that combines aerobic exercise with coordination or strategy, such as dance or a team sport
- For a quick brain break, do several minutes of jumping jacks, pushups, burpees, and other moves that get your heart pumping—or take a short walk or hit the stairs
- Circuit workouts will boost your brainpower while you work on strength or flexibility too
- If you’re physically fit, try high-intensity interval training (HIIT)
The following examples are methods that researchers have used in studies. Brain benefits are not exclusive to these activities. Try various forms of cardio and see what works for you.
For new ideas and a fresh perspective, take a walk
We think more creatively while walking than when we are sitting, according to a 2014 study involving college students. Walking helps with tasks requiring “a fresh perspective or new ideas,” according to researchers who published in the Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition. Walking works outdoors or on a treadmill.
For brainstorming, get a half-hour of moderate cardio
In a 2005 study, 60 college students got 30 minutes of moderate aerobic exercise. They followed that with creativity tests measuring their brainstorming skills. The brain boost was effective for at least two hours after exercising. (Creativity Research Journal).
For creative thinking and problem solving—dance!
Twenty-one young women took a 20-minute dance class, and 16 did not, before undergoing three tests measuring their creative thinking and problem-solving skills. In the study, the women who had danced scored higher on all three tests than the women who hadn’t, Acta Psychologica reported (2003).
For improved focus, dance, play a team sport, or do a martial art
In a 2008 study, 150 teens were assigned to either a 10-minute activity involving more complicated, coordinated exercise or to a regular sports lesson. Afterward, the teens who had been engaged in coordinated exercise had bigger improvements on a test of attention and concentration than the others, according to Neuroscience Letters.
For better memory, work out strenuously
In a 2011 study, sedentary male students took a memory test. Then half of them rode a stationary bike, revving up the pace until they were exhausted, and the others were inactive. When they retook the test, the students who had exercised improved on their scores while the rested students did not, according to Physiology & Behavior.
Students: “How these workouts worked for me”
“During breaks when studying, going for a walk helps your memory, and thus helps you do better in recalling and processing information.”
—Sagar P., fifth-year undergraduate, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
“Dancing—I can move around and gain a fresh perspective. I am able to regain focus and get more done.”
—Ashley S., fifth-year undergraduate, University of Alaska Anchorage
“Swimming helps me relax and rationally think about homework problems and how to work through them.”
—Taylor T., third-year undergraduate, Northern Illinois University
“Physical activity helps me be more energized and willing to learn. It also helps me remember concepts that I’m learning in my classes.”
—Name withheld, fourth-year undergraduate, California State University, Northridge
“Basketball and weight lifting help me with focusing and getting ‘in the zone.’ This enhances my ability to maintain my attention and strive to succeed. Basketball, since it is a team sport, helps my ability to adapt and communicate with others toward [the goal of] winning the game.”
—Anthony V., fourth-year undergraduate, California State University, Northridge
“I took a walk around campus on a Sunday morning when I was feeling worn out and overwhelmed. It rejuvenated me and I was able to do a great deal of work later with a clearer mind.”
—Karen P., second-year undergraduate, Ithaca College, New York
“In one of the dance classes I teach, when I know the kids have a big test coming up, I incorporate terms, definitions, and other things they need to know into the movements, which they seem to find helpful.”
—Laura B., second-year undergraduate, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Newfoundland and Labrador
Five ways physical activity boosts our brain
Exercise sends blood to the brain
Physical activity increases blood flow to the brain, delivering extra oxygen and generating more energy. “When our ancestors worked up a sweat, they were probably fleeing a predator or chasing their next meal. During such emergencies, extra blood flow to the brain could have helped them react quickly and cleverly to an impending threat or kill prey that was critical to their survival,” writes Dr. Rhodes in Scientific American.
“Physical activity will make the blood circulation good, [which brings] mental improvements as well.”
—Rabindra K., second-year graduate student, University of Massachusetts
Cardio boosts brain growth
Physical activity activates the hippocampus, a brain region involved in learning and memory. It increases our levels of brain chemicals called growth factors. These help stimulate new brain cell growth and build strong connections between those cells. The hippocampus is larger in people who exercise regularly than in people who don’t, research shows.
Perhaps most importantly, physical activity raises our levels of a protein known as BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor). “The one factor that shows the fastest, most consistent and greatest response [to exercise] is BDNF. It seems to be key to maintaining not just memory but skilled task performance,” says Dr. Ahmad Salehi, associate professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Stanford University, California (talking to the New York Times).
“Cardiovascular exercise seems to stimulate brain function and increases my energy level, which makes me more alert and receptive to learning.”
—David M., third-year online undergraduate, University of North Dakota
Exercise acts like medication
Physical activity influences the same neurotransmitters that are targeted by antidepressant and ADHD medication, says Dr. Ratey, a neuropsychiatrist at Harvard Medical School. This is why a workout “is akin to taking a mix of Prozac and Ritalin.” Among these effects, exercise helps us visually pick out relevant information from a confusing or chaotic scene, according to Acta Psychologica (2003).
“Whenever I can’t focus on a topic, I will indulge myself in extracurricular activities and it really helps me!”
—Sandeep R. P., first-year graduate student, University of Maryland, College Park
“If my mind is scattered or I’m overwhelmed with too many projects, going for a brief fast-paced jog helps me have better mental clarity when I go back to my tasks.”
—Elise B., third-year undergraduate, Berklee College of Music, Massachusetts
“In the mornings I participate in spinning class at my university and it seems to help me focus during the rest of my classes. Even though I am sometimes physically tired, I am mentally alert.”
—Katie N., third-year undergraduate, University of Maryland, College Park
Cardio regulates energy and sleep
Physical activity regulates our sleep and our energy through the day. In studies involving students, lower GPAs are associated with irregular sleep patterns, later bedtimes, and later wake-up times. Some evidence suggests that memory formation may be prompted by deep sleep and then consolidated by REM sleep, helping to explain why we need the sequential stages of the sleep cycle.
“Exercising the day before a test helps me to be well rested for the test.”
—Ryan S., recent graduate, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
“Working out in the morning made me more awake during the school day. In turn, this helped me pay more attention in my classes.”
—Samantha L., fourth-year undergraduate, Northern Illinois University
Physical activity relieves stress and improves mood
Working out alleviates our stress and anxiety, which are barriers to clear thinking. In addition, exercise lifts our mood, so we are more likely to feel energized and confident enough to tackle the topics we find difficult.
“When I’m stressed I go on really long mountain bike rides. They leave me exhausted and make it easier to focus on what’s important.”
—John K., first-year undergraduate, Colorado School of Mines
“I am a CrossFit coach and therefore do a lot of CrossFit exercises. Sometimes when I am stressed out, I can’t focus well on the information I am trying to study, and after working out I feel more clear-headed and can focus better on my work.”
—Yarelix E., fourth-year undergraduate, Johns Hopkins University, Maryland
“Whenever I do any form of exercise, but especially cardio, I feel happier throughout that day. This keeps me optimistic and helps me to be a higher achiever and get things done early.”
—Sam M., third-year undergraduate, University of North Dakota
Sonoma State University, California
“Cycling! Getting your heart pumping and blood flowing on the way up, and the rush and danger of coming down, make the mind and body better connected. I always feel better after a ride and feel like I could take on anything!”
Follow us on Instagram and don’t forget to use the hashtag #BrainBoost
SPARK: The Revolutionary New Science of Exercise and the Brain: John Ratey
Little, Brown and Company, 2008 | <urn:uuid:cc2e7d87-cf4a-4f9e-b480-0e1befce6a6d> | {
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Angela Kemp, one of our 8th grade English teachers, is using part of the library’s Moodle environment to have students discuss more in depth The Diary of Anne Frank. I just started following along and the student insights are amazing. I know that this does not come by accident but by laying out your expectations ahead of time.
Here are her guidelines, reprinted without her permission:
Anne Frank’s legendary diary didn’t start out that way; in fact, its purpose was merely to record the thoughts and feelings of someone who was once just an ordinary teenage girl. Anne Frank had no idea that the sentences she scribbled in her diary would become famous.
The purpose of this project is for you to take some time to explore the world around you in the written word. Instead of writing these thoughts in our journals, I’d like to give you the opportunity to communicate with your peers- especially some of those peers that you normally do not converse with in or out of school.
Before you being your blogging, please take note of some important assignment guidelines:
1) You should be prepared to respond to each prompt in well-developed paragraphs. Please try to elaborate your answers in at least two full paragraphs (5-7 complete sentences) in order to earn a grade of 10 points.
2) “Texting” language is completely unacceptable. Uz it n i will not grade ur work! K?
3) After you have answered a question (in two paragraphs) you are welcome to respond to your classmates. When responding to others, you do not have to write in complete sentences. You may add short comments or questions. For example: “Good point.”
4) Please keep all responses appropriate and respectful. Anything that would not be acceptable in class is unacceptable here.
5) Be brave! I know some of you are nervous about sharing your thoughts in a forum, but just remember that your input is valuable! I am always impressed with the amazing ideas in your journals; this is your chance to share that brilliance with the people you have sat with in class for the last six months! | <urn:uuid:1b5b3022-9248-4378-b7ad-0499d0d4b023> | {
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Process of making a seal and apparatus for sealing doublewide manufactured homes
A process for making a sealing material for sealing doublewide manufactured homes includes the steps of selecting an elongated seal core made of a foamed polymer and selecting a flexible polymer covering sleeve for loosely covering the selected seal core and covering the seal core with a loose fitting covering sleeve. The covering sleeve is then shaped to form a skin over the seal core by forming a pair of flanges from the slack material in the covering sleeve with a folded portion of the covering sleeve and attaching the folded portions together to form flanges. A seal for a doublewide manufactured home is formed by the process and has an elongated polymer foam core covered by an elongated flexible polymer sleeve and having a pair of elongated flanges formed with folded slack material in the flexible polymer sleeve which folded flange portions are attached together, such as by sewing. A predetermined density foam core material of a larger size is covered with a woven polypropylene material.
The present invention relates to a process for sealing doublewide manufactured homes and modular homes sections together and especially to a process of making a sealing material having a thick foamed polymer material wrapped with a flexible polymer material.
Manufactured homes are those in which a home or building is manufactured at a central location or factory where it can then be loaded onto a tractor-trailer and hauled to a purchaser's home site. At the home site, the manufactured home can be mounted onto a prepared foundation. Manufactured homes, in contrast to custom homes, have the advantages of mass production at one factory site where they can obtain the benefits of volume purchasing, more efficient assembly through standard jigs, fixtures, and machinery, and can have a more advanced engineering design. One of the problems with manufactured homes has been in making a home of a size and shape that can be hauled over a highway. This limits the width of the home and thus limited the homes to smaller elongated units. To overcome this limitation, double wide manufactured homes were developed which use a pair of manufactured home sections, each of which can be the same size as one manufactured home but without one wall so that doublewide manufactured home sections can be individually hauled to a home site where the two sections can be brought together and attached to form a manufactured home which does not have the customary elongated shape of a typical manufactured home. This allows for larger homes which can have additional design features to make the home look more like a custom home.
In recent years, doublewides have become increasingly popular but have also had various problems attached with them including the proper attachment of the doublewide sections together to form one unit which attachments must appear seamless and at the same time need to be well sealed from the exterior weather elements. Common doublewides today are attached together and are caulked around the perimeter of the attaching line or, alternatively, are shot with an expanding polymer caulk to seal the perimeter. One of the difficulties in sealing a pair of doublewides is that the seam around the attached sections tends to vary in width on the outside so that conventional caulk is not always satisfactory and expanding foam tends to weather and does not always give a weatherproof seal.
The present invention improves the sealing in doublewide manufactured homes along the perimeter of the attached sections which not only gives a good seal against the weathering elements but also will not deteriorate in the manner of other materials currently being used.
Prior art sealing strips for forming a variety of seals, but not seals for manufactured home doublewides, can be seen in the U.S. Pat. No. 4,084,348, to Hast, for a sealing strip which has a cylindrical shape having a resilient core of foamed plastic surrounded by a foil of PVC or polyethylene and an outer covering of textile fabric and in which the outer covering and the foil are attached together to form a flange which also has an adhesive strip attached thereto. The L. N. Williams et al. U.S. Pat. No. 3,170,967, and R. A. Footner U.S. Pat. No. 3,413,389, each teach a method of making a sealing strip using a polyvinyl foam having a polyvinyl resin skin outer layer. In the Burkhalter U.S. Pat. No. 2,827,280, a resilient bumper is made of a cylindrical rubber resilient core having a tubular sheath closure and which are attached together with a grommet therebetween. These prior art seals are not suitable for use in sealing doublewide sections which requires a much thicker sealing strip with greater flexibility and with a more flexible cover in order to be able to give a seal with wide variations in the spacing between the doublewide sections at different points around the perimeter of the assembled doublewide home.
It is accordingly an object of the present invention to provide a process of sealing doublewide manufactured home sections together with a selected sealing material custom formed for sealing doublewides which can be rapidly attached to one section of the doublewide before the doublewide sections are attached together. A polyurethane polymer of approximately 1.2 density is enclosed with a woven polypropylene which is attached with one edge folded over the other and sewn together to form the flange with one sewing strip giving greater strength to the flange.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A process for making a sealing material for sealing doublewide manufactured homes includes the steps of selecting an elongated seal core made of a foamed polymer and selecting a flexible polymer covering sleeve for loosely covering the selected seal core and covering the seal core with a loose fitting covering sleeve. The covering sleeve is then shaped to form a skin over the seal core by forming a pair of flanges from the slack material in the covering sleeve with a folded portion of the covering sleeve and attaching the folded portions together to form flanges. A seal for a doublewide manufactured home is formed by the process and has an elongated polymer foam core covered by an elongated flexible polymer sleeve and having a pair of elongated flanges formed with folded slack material in the flexible polymer sleeve which folded flange portions are attached together, such as by sewing. A predetermined density foam core material of a larger size is covered with a woven polypropylene material.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the written description and the drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a flow diagram of a process of attaching doublewide manufactured home sections in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a sectional view taken through the sealing material used in the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a roll of sealing material having the end being rolled off of a spool for measuring and cutting;
FIG. 4 is a side elevation of a doublewide manufacturing home section having the present sealing material attached thereto;
FIG. 5 is a partial side elevation of a pair of doublewide sections being brought together;
FIG. 6 is a perspective view of another embodiment of sealing material for sealing doublewide manufactured homes; and
FIG. 7 is a sectional view taken through sealing material of FIG. 6.DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring to the drawings, FIGS. 1-5, a process of sealing a pair of doublewide manufactured home sections together is illustrated in which the first step is selecting the sealing material 10 of FIG. 1. The selected material 11, as shown in FIG. 2, has a foamed polymer, such as polyurethane, having a 1.2 density to allow great flexibility in conforming to a sealing shape. In FIG. 2, the cross-section shows that the foamed polymer 12 has an approximately square shape and has a cover 13 wrapped therearound. The cover is made of a woven polypropylene, which may have an ultraviolet blocking material incorporated therein. The woven polypropylene has the advantages of being a very flexible material resistant to weathering elements and not subject to the break-up that might result to the polyurethane foam 12. In addition, it can be sewn together and provides the needed flexibility since the cover 13 is not attached to the foam 12 but is merely wrapped therearound with the edges attached together.
As seen in FIG. 2, one folded edge 14 of the material 13 has a second folder edge 19 and has been folded over and around the two edges 15 of the material 13, after being wrapped around the foamed polyurethane core 12. The attachment of the flexible wrapping material in this manner provides a flange 16 having six layers of woven polypropylene covering material which is sewn with the stitches 17 through the six layers which thereby seals the material around the foamed polymer core 12 and holds the flange together with one stitched line located adjacent the foamed core material 12. This material can advantageously be prepared in large or smaller quantities and can then be packaged on large spools or drums 18, as shown in FIG. 3, where the material 11 can be reeled off the drum 18 where it can be measured and cut in accordance with the step 20 of the process of FIG. 1.
Once the material is cut from the spool 18, the flange 16 can be stapled through the six layers of the flange to the attaching wall section 20 of a doublewide manufactured home section 22, which is shown in FIG. 4 supported on a pair of I-beams 23. The sealing strip 11 is attached around the perimeter of the doublewide section 22 so that when a pair of doublewide sections 22 and 24 are attached with the sealing material therebetween.
The doublewide sections 22 and 24 are brought together while supported on an I-beam 23 and are attached together to form one doublewide manufactured home. The attachment of the sealing material strip 25 to the doublewide section can be accomplished in any way desired but powered staplers provide a convenient means and, because of the strength of the woven polypropylene formed in six layers in the flange, a secure attachment can be accomplished.
The seal can be attached at the factory or on site during the assembly of the doublewide sections 22 and 24 where the seals are conventionally added to the doublewide sections. The attaching of the doublewide sections strip 26 can be rapidly accomplished and because of the thickness of the foamed polyurethane 12 forming the sealing material and because of the amount of air incorporated into the polyurethane to provide a density of 1.2. The polyurethane can be compressed and expanded with great flexibility over wide variations in the sealing gap. The polyurethane foamed material may be of a thickness of 2.54 centimeters or greater. The seal tends to seal any space between the doublewide sections from a very tight fit up to a 3.8 centimeter space to thereby tightly seal between the doublewide sections to prevent the intrusion of weather elements as well as to block the ingress of insects or the like.
Turning now to FIGS. 6 and 7, a second embodiment of the sealing material 30 is illustrated having a foamed polymer material 31, such as a polyurethane, having a 1.2 density to allow great flexibility in conforming to a sealing shape. The foamed polymer 31 is covered with a flexible skin 32 made of a woven polypropylene having an ultraviolet blocking material incorporated therein. The skin 32 is formed, such as to have a folded flange 33 on one side and a folded flange 34 on the other side thereof. The skin 32 has a base 35 forming the bottom of the folded flanges 33 and 34 and a top skin 36, a pair of side skins 37. The flange 33 has a top flange portion 38 and the flange 34 has a top flange portion 40. The folded flange portions 33 and 34 are held in the folded position by sewing the upper and lower flange portions together with a thread 41 but can also be held together with an adhesive which is flexible when cured. The seal 30 can then be stapled through both flanges for sealing the area between a doublewide and holding the foamed polymer 31.
The sealing material 30 can be easily manufactured by having a piece of foamed polymer material 31, which can be of a generally square shape as illustrated, covered with a loose flexible sleeve of woven polypropylene, which is considerably larger than the perimeter of the foamed core material 31, such that the material can be folded down to form a flexible but tight skin over the foamed polymer 31 and the slack material forming two equal flanges 38 and 40 of folded polymer material which can then be sewn together so that the flexible skin tightly fits around the foam center 31 while providing two reinforced flanges. The flanges can be used for stapling both sides of the seal to one side of a doublewide manufactured home.
It should be clear that the embodiment of FIGS. 6 and 7 improve the ease of manufacturing of a sealing material and, at the same time, provides a greater support of the material to the doublewide by having a reinforced flange on either side which can be stapled on both sides. However, the present invention should not be limited to the forms shown which are to be considered illustrative rather than restrictive.
1. A process for making a sealing material for sealing doublewide manufactured homes comprising the steps of:
- selecting an elongated seal core made of a foamed polymer having a generally square cross section;
- selecting a flexible polymer covering sleeve of flexible woven polypropylene sized for loosely covering said selected seal core;
- covering said selected seal core with said loose fitting covering sleeve to thereby leave slack material between said seal core and said polymer covering sleeve;
- shaping said loose fitting covering sleeve to said seal core by forming a pair of flanges with the slack in said covering sleeve with a folded portion of said covering sleeve; and
- attaching said folded portions of each said flange together; whereby a doublewide sealing material is formed with two flanges for sealing between doublewide sections of a doublewide manufactured home.
2. A process for making a sealing material for sealing doublewide manufactured homes in accordance with claim 1 in which the step of selecting an elongated seal core includes selecting an elongated polymer foam material at least 2.5 centimeters thick.
3. A process for making a sealing material for sealing doublewide manufactured homes in accordance with claim 2 in which the step of selecting an elongated seal core includes selecting an elongated seal core of polyurethane of approximately 1.2 density.
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3 week old
How your baby is growingYour baby's almost a month old already. Time flies when you're growing! Look out for him trying to lift his head when he's lying on his tummy. By the end of the week he may have succeeded and may even be able to turn his head from side to side. You'll also notice how his arm and leg movements become less jerky as he gains control of his muscles.
Although it's hard to tell, your baby's probably beginning to develop some eating and sleeping patterns. But don't expect anything to settle down for at least another month or so.
Let's playYour baby loves to gurgle and coo at you. Encourage her communication skills with two fun games to play this week.
Your life: coping with sleep deprivationWhy mince words? There's only one way to describe how you're feeling: exhausted. If it's any consolation, sleep deprivation is the bane of every new parent's life. So what can you do? Try to sleep, or at least rest, when your baby does. It's worth dropping everything for a few precious minutes of shut-eye.
While your exhaustion is probably caused by lack of sleep, it's also possible that you are lacking in iron.
Try to stay positive. Talk to parents of older children. They've been through it and will be happy to pass on any tips for coping with tiredness. Read up on encouraging healthy sleep habits if you want to. It's worthwhile even at this age. Knowing how and why babies sleep will help you get your baby settled into a routine that suits everyone.
As your baby grows, his sleep patterns will start to become more regular. Just keep in mind that some babies need more sleep, and some less. Good luck.
Tips for you this weekFeeling exhausted makes it harder to cope with your baby's crying. Sometimes it seems as if he cries all the time. Knowing some of the reasons why he is crying can help you cope.
Make the most of your health visitor. Talk to her or to a breastfeeding counsellor if you're having problems feeding. An overabundant milk supply, breast pain, cracked nipples or mastitis are all common problems, but they can be dealt with.
Here is more help for what may be concerning you:
- Perhaps you're under pressure to get your baby a dummy to help him sleep. Find out about the pros and cons of dummies before making up your mind.
- Don't neglect yourself. Try to make an appointment with your GP for a postnatal check-up six to eight weeks after the birth.
- Are you managing to fit in your postnatal pelvic floor exercises? They're essential to help your muscles to recover after birth.
- Some babies sleep with their eyes open, but it is normal? Find out what our expert has to say.
- Do you need to buy any equipment to help with breastfeeding?
Parent know-how: try this sleep trick"Wearing our son in a sling and walking him always worked when we wanted him to sleep. His head fitted perfectly under my chin. This position kept him snuggled tight and allowed him to hear my heartbeat. When he was having a really hard night we would hum as we carried him and the vibrations on his head seemed to work wonders!"
Check out five ways to keep your baby safe in a sling.
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Last reviewed: December 2011
Track your baby’s development
Join now to receive free weekly newsletters tracking your baby’s development and yours throughout your pregnancy. | <urn:uuid:0de5dbb3-99ed-4f1d-af92-ecb1c0fea6f8> | {
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Twins and Menopause
Are you a twin? If so, then you may be unhappy to hear that twin sisters are have a greater chance of undergoing premature menopause. Recent studies performed in Europe and North America seem to confirm that twins are more likely to go through menopause at a younger age than women who aren't twins. Though in the early stages of study, this information could prove helpful in determining at what age a woman might begin to lose her fertility.
What is Menopause?
Menopause is a stage of life that every woman must go through. You may have heard it referred to as "The Change" or "The Curse." Menopause is actually a hormonal change that occurs in all women. It causes you to stop ovulating and to lose your period. Menopause doesn't happen overnight. Instead, it is a slow and gradual change marked by various stages. Most women begin to go through menopause around the age of 50, though some women will enter into it at earlier or later ages.
What is Premature Menopause?
Premature menopause is defined as menopause occurring before the age of 40. It is often confused with early menopause, which is defined as menopause occurring before the age of 45. Many women experience premature or early menopause, and this can happen for different reasons. Common causes of premature menopause include:
- surgical menopause
- certain cancer treatments
- premature ovarian failure
The Twin Studies
Recently, various studies have been undertaken in an attempt to illustrate when menopause occurs in twins. These studies were spurred on by a number of reports of twin females around the world undergoing premature menopause. The studies aimed to find out when twins tend to begin the menopausal process and the reasons behind it.
Two major studies have recently presented information on twins and menopause. The first study was performed on British and Australian twins. 850 female twins participated in the study, including 418 identical twins and 432 non-identical twins. A separate study was also conducted at Cornell University in the United States, consisting of 1700 identical and non-identical twins.
What the Studies Found
The results of these two studies were actually quite startling for many in the medical field. Both studies concluded that female twins do seem to undergo menopause earlier than women in the general population. In fact, twins were up to five times more likely to undergo premature menopause than women who were not twins. The both studies found that:
- up to 5% of female twins had gone through menopause by age 40
- up to 15% of female twins had experienced menopause by age 45
Usually, by age 40, only about 1% of the general female population has experienced any menopause symptoms, and by 45, only 5% have begun menopause. Moreover, the studies also showed that both identical and fraternal twins were equally likely to undergo premature menopause. Yet, typically only one twin out of each pair involved in the studies actually experienced premature menopause.
Causes of Premature Menopause in Twins
You may be wondering why twins are more likely than women without a twin to undergo premature menopause. Well, researchers are also eager to find an answer to this question. Unfortunately, there has not been enough research into the topic to find a valid cause for this early menopause phenomenon. A number of possible factors influencing early menopause have been theorized, though, including:
- the lower weight of twins at birth
- a change in epigenetics (the way your body reads your genetic code)
- the unequal splitting of the embryo during division
What are the Complications of Premature Menopause?
Unfortunately, premature menopause come with its own set of obstacles. Women who undergo premature menopause generally have to deal with more severe menopause symptoms, like hot flashes and mood swings. Early menopause also puts you at increased risk for:
What About Male Twins?
With these findings of decreased fertility in female twins, questions as to whether the fertility of male twins also suffers an early decline have been raised. There has been no real evidence to show that male twins are at risk for losing their fertility earlier than men without twins. However, more studies need to be done to investigate this further.
How Can the Twin Study Information Be Used?
Though the twin study can seem like bad news for all you twins out there, it may actually prove helpful to you in the long run. Continued research in the area of twins and premature menopause could help researchers develop markers for women at risk of premature fertility loss. These markers may one day help to identify women who are at risk of premature menopause. These markers might also help women decide when to begin planning and adding to their families. | <urn:uuid:40abbf48-b3f2-49e6-9872-c37ba38fc377> | {
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Socrates and Athens
An exciting series that provides students with direct access to the ancient world by offering new translations of extracts from its key texts. Socrates is one of the ancient Greeks that everyone has heard of. He is responsible, more than any other individual, for adding a new urgency and vigour to the fundamental questions we ask about our own lives. Socrates, it turns out, was always rather mysterious, and intentionally so. He was more interested in making people think than in telling them what to think. Part of the Greece and Rome: Texts and Contexts series, this book helps readers to discover the original Socrates.
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Socrates and the sophists on ethics
accusers admirable Aeschines Agora agree Alcibiades Anaxagoras ancient Anytus Apology appears argument Aristippus Aristophanes Athenian democracy attack battle believe better callicles Chaerephon charge claim corrupt courage Critias Crito death defend democracy dialogues divine sign endurance exile fear friends gentlemen of Athens gods Gorgias Greek happened harm Heracles Homer’s hoplite impiety interlocutor jurors jury knowledge laches socrates laches live mean Meletus Memorabilia nature Nicias nicias socrates nicias nomos one’s oracle perhaps Pericles Phaedo Pheidippides philosophical Plato Plato’s Socrates pleasure poets political polus socrates polus Potidaea Presocratic Prodicus Protagoras question recognize refute rule seer self-control slander Socrates argues socrates laches socrates socrates nicias socrates socrates polus socrates Socrates says Socratic method someone sophists sort speaking speech strepsiades Symposium teach tell text box there’s Thirty Tyrants thought trial understand virtue vote what’s wisdom wise Xenophon Xenophon’s Socrates young youth Zeus | <urn:uuid:35e9db1a-d0ba-4dbe-ab8e-bb6d82749df3> | {
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FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
Washington, DC—A new analysis by the Institute for Women's Policy Research (IWPR) finds that the persistent gap in male and female poverty has been growing during the economic recovery, with 16.3 percent of females, and 13.6 percent of males living in poverty in 2012. The gender poverty gap reached an historic low in 2010 just after the official end of the recession, when 16.2 percent of females, and 14.0 percent of males lived in poverty. This was largely due to sharp year-to year increases in male poverty, which in 2010 was at its highest level in more than four decades.
Since 2010, male poverty has significantly declined, while women's poverty levels have stayed steady, leading to the growing gender poverty gap. This pattern may be due in part to continuing high unemployment rates among single mothers, whereas unemployment among men and married mothers has declined during the recovery.
Policymakers must consider the wisdom of proposals to cut supports to the poor at a time when the chasm between male and female poverty is widening, such that women and girls will disproportionately suffer the effects any cuts.
"To address the growing gender poverty gap, policy leaders must focus on interventions such as protecting and creating high quality public sector jobs, where women are disproportionately concentrated, and taking aggressive measures to promote equal pay," commented Barbara Gault, Vice President and Executive Director of IWPR. | <urn:uuid:261550ea-2137-4c7b-b19d-4794645e08eb> | {
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Scientists Suss Out the Secrets of Human Screams
Human screams vary enormously in quality and motivation according to researchers at Emory University, who will present new research at the 177th Acoustical Society of America meeting in Louisville.
Newswise — WASHINGTON, D.C. May 15, 2019 -- Humans may be the only species on Earth to build a whole industry off well-timed cinematic screams, but the act of screaming itself is common in many animals ranging from frogs and foxes, to birds, rabbits, goats, and nonhuman primates.
Screaming is well-studied in animals, where it’s thought the behavior has evolved as a way to startle an attacking predator and provide a chance to escape, or, in social animals, to recruit help when in trouble. Surprisingly, much less is known about how human screams function in communication, or how similar or different human screams are from those of other species.
To help unlock the secrets of human screaming, psychology professor Harold Gouzoules and his students at Emory University had 181 volunteers, mostly undergraduate students, listen to 75 human vocal sounds, representing both a broad acoustical range and array of emotional contexts, and classify each as a scream or a nonscream. To see what qualities make sounds more screamlike, Gouzoules, the head of Emory’s Bioacoustics Laboratory, and graduate students Jay W. Schwartz and Jonathan W.M. Engelberg analyzed the sounds with respect to 28 acoustic parameters that assess pitch, timbre, duration, frequency range, and roughness (or rapid amplitude modulation).
“Rough sounds are perceived as harsh, raspy, gravelly or buzzing. Some recent research has suggested that roughness might be a defining quality of screams, so one of our goals was to assess this idea,” said Schwartz, who will describe the work in a presentation at the 177th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, which takes place May 13-17, at the Galt House in Louisville, Kentucky.
The researchers found that the sounds most often classified as screams shared certain acoustic factors, including a high and sweeping/arcing pitch, as well as high roughness.
Strangely, there was one decidedly nonscream sound -- a whistle -- that 71% of participants labeled as a scream. “This made sense though, when we looked into the acoustic qualities of the whistle,” Schwartz said. “It exhibited many of the traits we found to generally be associated with screams,” such as a high and arcing pitch, and moderate-high roughness.
Surprisingly, the vocalizations people labeled as screams came from a wide range of emotional contexts, said Schwartz. “Some were fearful, while others were angry, surprised, or even excited,” he said. “In almost all other species, screams are reserved for a particular situation, like an attack by a predator or rival."
Gouzoules's team found a great deal of acoustic variation among human screams -- in other words, screams don’t all sound the same. This begs the question: Do humans use different-sounding screams in different situations, and can we discriminate those screams and interpret them? "In the future we plan to incorporate functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine the neurological underpinnings of people’s reactions to screams,” Gouzoules said.
“Screams are inherently interesting vocalizations but there are also potential human health applications of research on screams as there are multiple psychiatric disorders that involve screaming behavior,” Gouzoules said.
Presentation #3aABb2, "What is a scream? Acoustic characteristics of a human call type," will be given during a poster session that begins at 10:00 a.m., Wednesday, May 15, in Grand Ballroom C of the Galt House in Louisville, Kentucky.
----------------------- MORE MEETING INFORMATION -----------------------
Main meeting website: http://acousticalsociety.org/asa-meetings/
Technical program: https://ep70.eventpilotadmin.com/web/planner.php?id=ASASPRING19
Press Room: http://acoustics.org/world-wide-press-room/
WORLD WIDE PRESS ROOM
In the coming weeks, ASA's World Wide Press Room will be updated with additional tips on dozens of newsworthy stories and with lay language papers, which are 300-500 word summaries of presentations written by scientists for a general audience and accompanied by photos, audio and video. You can visit the site during the meeting at http://acoustics.org/world-wide-press-room/.
We will grant free registration to credentialed staff journalists and professional freelance journalists. If you are a reporter and would like to attend, contact the AIP Media Line at 301-209-3090 or [email protected]. Our media staff can also help with setting up interviews and obtaining images, sound clips or background information.
LIVE MEDIA WEBCAST
A press briefing will be webcast live from the conference Tuesday, May 14, in the Laffoon Room of the Galt House Hotel in Louisville, Kentucky. Register at https://aipwebcasting.com to watch the live webcast. The schedule will be posted at the same site as soon as it is available.
ABOUT THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA
The Acoustical Society of America (ASA) is the premier international scientific society in acoustics devoted to the science and technology of sound. Its 7,000 members worldwide represent a broad spectrum of the study of acoustics. ASA publications include The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America (the world's leading journal on acoustics), Acoustics Today magazine, books, and standards on acoustics. The society also holds two major scientific meetings each year. For more information about ASA, visit our website at http://www.acousticalsociety.org. | <urn:uuid:60b27689-6375-49c8-a73f-1b5d70ddff0b> | {
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Contact me via our online reference service citing my name and the title of this guide
This research guide provides details about Victorian government publications and explains where and how to find them.
Choose the tabs across the top of this page for more detailed information on each topic.
The general access point for Victorian government information is Victoria Online.
This is a perpetual work in progress. If you detect errors, or if you can suggest other information sources or approaches to the topic, please contact me.
We hope you find the guide helpful.
Government in Victoria
Until separation in 1851, Victoria came under the administration of New South Wales and was known as the Port Phillip District of New South Wales.
By 1842 the Port Phillip region was eligible to elect members to the New South Wales Legislative Council. For more on the history of the Port Phillip District up to separation try the research guide Victoria's early history, 1803-1851.
The push by the settlers of the Port Phillip District towards separation from New South Wales began as early as 1839.
Finally separation was achieved on 1 July 1851.
The new colony had a Legislative Council which was partially elected (on a restricted franchise) and partially appointed by the Lieutenant-Governor, Charles La Trobe. The official opening taking place on 13 November, 1851.
|Parliament House, H92.150/841
In 1855 Victoria gained responsible self-government. The new constitution established a parliament composed of a Legislative Assembly elected on a male-only but otherwise relatively democratic suffrage and a Legislative Council then still elected on a restricted franchise.
The first parliament with this composition met in 1856.
For more detail on the establishment of government in Victoria try this parliamentary information sheet.
State Library of Victoria
328 Swanston Street
Melbourne VIC 3000 Australia
+61 3 8664 7000 | <urn:uuid:9f394fcc-51fe-4d04-b44a-d9f3f0d12ddb> | {
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Using a new precision bonding process they developed, Penn State researchers have designed and fabricated tiny new piezoelectric microactuators -- the largest only a hair's breadth wide -- based on coupling commercially available materials with existing micromachining technology.
The new actuators promise to be low cost, and capable of providing controlled force, high resolution and large displacements appropriate for applications in RF switches for cell phones, for example, or optical switches for wide screen TVs. Other potential applications include microfluidic pumps and valves, micromanipulators for nanoscale handling and atomic force microscope drives.
Dr. Srinivas A. Tadigadapa, associate professor of electrical engineering and a developer of the bonding process and microactuator, says, "These new piezoelectric microactuators are the first realized using microfabrication methods, a mature technology used to make computer chips and micromachines from silicon-based materials. Our new low temperature wafer bonding techniques, which make the actuators possible, can also be used for precision integration of dissimilar materials in other micro-electro-mechanical systems."
The new actuators and bonding process are described in a paper, Fabrication and performance of a flextensional microactuator, which appears in the current online edition of the Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering (JMM). The paper will also be featured in the October print version of JMM.
The authors are Jongpil Cheong, who earned his doctorate at Penn State this year, Abhijat Goyal, a doctoral candidate in electrical engineering, Dr. Tadigadapa and Dr. Christopher D. Rahn, professor of mechanical engineering.
The new actuators are made from flat strips of bulk PZT, a commercially available piezoelectric material that shrinks slightly when a voltage is applied to it, and a precision micromachined silicon beam. Bonding the silicon beam to the PZT amplifies and converts the PZT shape change into a convex deflection when the silicon beam buckles as the PZT shrinks.
In operation in the actuator, the measured deflection of the silicon beam shows a gain factor of 20 with respect to the PZT dimensional change.
For the bonding process in fabricating the new actuators, the Penn State researchers use photolithography and low temperature solders to produce the distinctive bridge shape they need.
Dr. Tadigadapa notes, "The PZT depoles if you heat it too high. Therefore, the temperature is crucial. A low temperature solder bonding process at 200 C was used in this work."
Using their new approach, the researchers have fabricated actuators with dimensions ranging from 350 to 600 microns in length, 50 to 100 microns (about the width of a human hair) in width, and 5 to 6 microns in thickness.
In tests, the actuators showed good repeatability with a large amplitude stroke of about 8 microns when actuated using -100V to 100V. The bandwidth of the actuator was measured at 265 KHz.
Source: Eurekalert & othersLast reviewed: By John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on 21 Feb 2009
Published on PsychCentral.com. All rights reserved.
Affirmations are like prescriptions for certain aspects of yourself you want to change.
-- Jerry Frankhauser | <urn:uuid:59e0a700-208f-479a-be40-7fc96f568d45> | {
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A natural sweetener produced from the sap of maple trees, especially the North American sugar maple and the black maple. After the sap is collected from the trees, it is boiled to evaporate the water content of the sap. The boiling process is stopped at different stages to produce various forms of maple sugar. Maple syrup is produced when enough water has boiled off to produce a thick, syrupy sweetener. Maple honey is slightly thicker than the syrup and is the result of continued boiling. Maple cream is thicker still and can be spread like butter. When most of the water is removed, maple sugar forms, which is a somewhat sticky form of the natural maple sweetener. It has nearly twice the sweetening power of granulated white cane sugar, but it is not as dry and does not crystallize into fine grains. Maple sugar is often added to cereal, baked goods, and ice cream and is also used to produce maple candy.
Maple Sugar Reviews
There currently aren't any reviews or comments for this term. Be the first! | <urn:uuid:a31bcb27-9872-4917-96cb-2474b46c08de> | {
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Thanksgiving favourites trace origins to First Nations foods
In 2009, Sharon Bond and her husband started the Kekuli Cafe in Westbank, B.C. (THE CANADIAN PRESS/HO, Kekuli Cafe)
Susan Greer, The Canadian Press
Published Thursday, October 9, 2014 7:37AM EDT
Last Updated Thursday, October 9, 2014 7:42AM EDT
LONDON, Ont. -- Many family favourites on Thanksgiving dinner tables across Canada trace their origins to food made by First Nations peoples long before Europeans set foot in North America.
Besides fish and game such as buffalo, elk and caribou, native feasts held centuries ago at various times of year would have included roasted fowl such as pheasant, grouse and turkey, root vegetables such as turnips, potatoes and carrots, the "three sisters" of corn, beans and squash (including pumpkin), nuts and berries. In some locales, wild rice and cranberries might have been served, and on the coasts and in the far north seafood would have been a staple.
These foods were indigenous to the country, says chef David Wolfman, a culinary arts professor at George Brown College in Toronto for 20 years and executive producer and host of "Cooking with the Wolfman" on APTN for 15 years. Some may have been unfamiliar to European explorers and settlers but were all adopted of necessity.
As they were passed from generation to generation, they became "traditional," he says, explaining this sharing of knowledge and foods is very much in the spirit of First Nations culture.
He is a member of the Xaxli'p First Nation in British Columbia, but "I grew up as an urban native (in Toronto) so I had to learn my culture." He remembers as a boy trying to take notes as an elder shared stories and being admonished by an aunt to put the pencil and paper away. "You should be listening," she said.
Recipes to share
"Later on I realized (what she meant was) that the stories shared with you are given to you to share. They're not given to you to keep. That was one of the things that really stuck in my head. So a recipe I give you, it's not a secret recipe. It's to share. You're going to take it and add your own things to it and share it with other people and so on. It stays alive that way."
Of course, the recipes and cooking methods have changed.
Sharon Bond, of the Nooaitch First Nation outside Merritt, in B.C.'s Interior, once witnessed old-style pit cooking.
"They would dig out pits in the ground and smoulder rocks over the fire. Then they would put some type of green leaves over top and just keep layering it with food. Whatever took the longest to cook went on the bottom, so there would be a lot of stuff like deer and salmon. Root vegetables and potatoes would be closer to the top. It would be an all-day cooking process," she says and if many people were to be fed, the pit could be huge.
This obviously isn't practical for the two locations of the Kekuli Cafe she and her husband own in B.C. But her menu is definitely based on aboriginal traditions, she says.
Resurgence of interest
Her specialty is bannock, a flat or biscuit-type of bread and a staple of aboriginal cuisine that can be baked or cooked in a frying pan. There's some suggestion it was adapted from Scottish settlers. It's featured in breakfast fare, as bannock burgers and sandwiches and she even offers a berry-bannock pudding for dessert.
When she opened her first cafe in Westbank in 2009, "It was kind of scary," she says. She knew of only one other aboriginal restaurant, a high-end spot in Vancouver that has closed, although a few more have opened since.
"I didn't know what to tell people when they asked, 'What kind of food do you serve?' 'Well, we serve First Nations food.' 'Well, what is that?'
"The bannock was a theme. We had salmon, venison, buffalo, the classics, burgers and fries. We make all our own sauces and vinaigrettes so we really try to have an aboriginal twist to our foods."
Her success with both natives and non-natives allowed her to open a second location in Merritt in August.
Wolfman sees a huge resurgence of interest in aboriginal food reflected in the "eat local" and "100-mile diet" movements. Historically, natives may have had no choice, but now large numbers of Canadians see the wisdom, both economically and in terms of taste and freshness, of eating only locally grown and produced food, he says.
While there may not be a proliferation of restaurants with exclusively aboriginal-themed menus, more and more high-end establishments are introducing dishes featuring typically aboriginal ingredients. "They're serving bison, arctic char, those sort of things. The more people are aware of foods, the greater the demand will become."
For the man who calls his cooking "aboriginal fusion: traditional foods with a modern twist," it's fine if those dishes are updated.
"What I do is respecting and understanding traditional foods but serving them in a modern way."
Bond says that on a cross-country car trip with her husband in September, "I was thinking, 'what is Canadian food?' Everything that is Canadian is so simplistic, simple foods from the land, like the blueberries, the maple syrup from the trees, salmon from the river. It's that home-style comfort Canadians know."
That's a lot to be thankful for.
The first European Thanksgiving celebration in North America took place in Newfoundland when English explorer Martin Frobisher landed there in 1578 in his quest for the Northwest Passage. He wanted to give thanks for his safe arrival in the New World. This was 42 years before the Pilgrims landed in what is now Plymouth, Mass.
- Although many Thanksgiving holidays were subsequently celebrated, it was not declared a national holiday until 1879.
- From 1921 to 1931, Armistice Day (later renamed Remembrance Day) and Thanksgiving were marked on the same date. The two events were then separated, but the timing of Thanksgiving varied.
- In 1957, the second Monday of October was set as the consistent date for Thanksgiving Day in Canada.
- In 2012, Canadians consumed 142 million kilograms (312.4 million pounds) of turkey or 4.1 kilograms (nine pounds) per capita.
- About 35 per cent of all whole turkeys purchased in Canada in 2012 were for Thanksgiving, but 44 per cent were bought at Christmas.
- Fossils indicate wild turkeys have roamed North American for more than 10 million years. | <urn:uuid:7aae7bdd-9391-41e1-951f-4bc14a8954ab> | {
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Astrophysicists at the University of Kansas have actually found an exceptionally uncommon kind of galaxy for the very first time, basically altering our understanding of how galaxies pass away. At the 234 th conference of the American Astronomical Society on Thursday, Allison Kirkpatrick provided her discovery of “cold quasars”, extremely brilliant, passing away galaxies in the limits of the universes.
Quasars are generally massive supermassive great voids surrounded by substantial quantities of gas and dust, making them very brilliant– much brighter than a normal galaxy. They can be produced when 2 galaxies combine and their great voids clash. For example, our galaxy, the Galaxy, is on a clash with the surrounding Andromeda galaxy. This occasion, which will happen billions of years from now, will indicate completion of the 2 galaxies and the development of a quasar.
Ultimately, the gas and dust will begin falling under the center of the quasar and be burnt out into area. Astronomers have actually hypothesized that this point is generally completion of a galaxy’s life, when it has actually lost the capability to form brand-new stars and ends up being “passive”, however Kirkpatrick and her group found that a little portion of these cold quasars were still forming brand-new stars.
The scientists took a look at the sky with X-ray and infrared telescopes and discovered 22 quasars at a range of 6 to 12 billion light years away displaying uncommon signatures. They appeared like they remained in completion phases of their life when seen optically, nevertheless, they still discharged a brilliant, far infrared signature with a great deal of dust and cold gas in them.
Throughout journalism conference, Kirkpatrick postulated if we might focus and see among these quasars, it would be sort of like a donut. In the center of the galaxy we ‘d see a dead zone, where the quasar has actually blown away the majority of the gas and dust. Around the outdoors, we ‘d discover a star-forming area still abundant with the gas and dust.
” These galaxies are uncommon since they remain in a shift stage,” stated Kirkpatrick in a news release “We have actually captured them ideal prior to star development in the galaxy is satiated, and this shift duration ought to be extremely brief.”
Exceptionally strong winds would be moving through the galaxy, so this duration would just last for around 10 million years– a blink of an eye in deep space’s timelines. Hence, these cold quasars are extremely uncommon, and identifying one is a crucial action in exercising how galaxies develop, live and ultimately pass away.
Is this the supreme fate of our own galaxy? Kirkpatrick believes so. Nevertheless, that’s 3 to 4 billion years away and we’ll have other issues already, like a broadening sun prepared to swallow the Earth whole. | <urn:uuid:d7825b3a-9817-46ae-a725-0c67844250fb> | {
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Monday, February 28, 2011
Happy Birthday, Republican Party!
Meeting at a school house in Ripon on February 28, 1854, some thirty opponents of the Nebraska Act called for the organization of a new political party and suggested that Republican would be the most appropriate name (to link their cause with the Declaration of Independence). The group also took a leading role in the creation of the Republican Party in many northern states during the summer of 1854. While conservatives and many moderates were content merely to call for the restoration of the Missouri Compromise or a prohibition of slavery extension, the group insisted that no further political compromise with slavery was possible.
The February 1854 meeting was the first political meeting of the group that would become the Republican Party. The first meeting by a group that called itself "Republican" took place later in 1854 in Jackson, Michigan. Both cities, along with Exeter, New Hampshire and Crawfordsville, Iowa, bill themselves as the "Birthplace of the Republican Party," however, Jackson is most often associated with this idea, as the event taking place was the first official Republican Party meeting.
The modern Ripon Society, a Republican think tank, takes its name from Ripon, Wisconsin.
Fittingly, Publius writes today in Big Government: "Today, in 1854, the Republican Party was organized in Ripon, Wisconsin. Odd that today, in many ways, the future of the GOP - and the nation - rests on individuals from the same state."
It is high time this Party return to the "revitalized second party, raising a banner of no pale pastels, but bold colors, which make it unmistakably clear where we stand on all of the issues troubling the people" as Reagan spoke of, and as conservatives actively seek today!
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- See Barbut.
- Long cavalry sword.
- War hammer
- Also called martel and horseman's pick. A short-hafted hammer used mainly in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries…
- Ox mace
- Mace made of metal; head was shaped like that of an ox's and often had holes in the nostrils so that it whistled when swung. | <urn:uuid:b63b552e-24a3-498b-b4c3-a28732585639> | {
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The religious system - Simeon - The month of Av.
|Right click here to download audio or if you have an Iphone or an Ipad.|
This month falls in July or August.
The religious system - Simeon - stands for the 5th month called "Av" on God's calendar (the Hebrew calendar).
The 5th month called "Av" on the Hebrew calendar stands for the religious system, which represents Simeon.
Simeon who was the second born of Jacob.
The word religion means: practices or habits that reflects the spiritual belief of someone's life, which are handed down from one generation to the next generation. And through these practices a person nature is transformed into a character that
relates him or her to the trends (way of doing things) which comes from his forefathers. Read more about the word "Religion", click here.
Science and religion.
There are different types of religions (different patterns or customs) in the world, and each religious movement is a mindset of practiced customs, or repeated habits that can either affect the scientific elements (physical nature and the universe) in a negative way,
or these same customs can also become a vessel through which the physical science is transformed into something that will benefit the human race on the earth.
In Leviticus 18:24 says; Do not defile yourselves with any of these things; for by all these the nations (people of different tongues, traditions, customs, religions) are defiled which I am casting out before you.
In Leviticus 18:1-30 talks about the customs of evil behaviors that the nations had adopted through their own ways of doing things (customs, made up religions that justifies their own evil desires), and these same customs became the evil habits that defiled the people and the land upon which these people dwelt.
Leviticus 18:27 says; for all these a abominations the men of the land have done , who were before you, and thus the land (physical nature and the environment) is defiled or corrupted.
Leviticus 18:30 says; Therefore you shall keep My ordinance (My ways of doing things), so that you do not commit any of these abominable customs which were committed before you, and that you do not defile yourselves by them.
The word "defile" means: to corrupt, to make filthy, to make unclean or unfit for ceremonial use, to trigger or to activate the negative and evil elements of science, to release physical energies through your natural behavior that has the ability to corrupt nature.
The restoration of Science or nature back to its original spiritual purpose.
1 corinthians 15:45 says; the first Adam (father, DNA, religion) became a living being, but the last Adam (father, DNA,) became a life giving spirit.
Romans 8:19-22 says: For the earnest expectation of the creation (nature, science) eagerly waits for the revealing of the sons of God. For the creation was subjected to futility (fallen Adam's DNA, trends or behavior), not willingly,
but because of Him who subjected it in hope; because the creation itself also will be delivered from the bondage of corruption into the glorious liberty of the children of God, for we know that the whole creation (earth or nature) groans and labors with birth pangs together until now.
We are in the a spiritual season where we are going to see scientific discoveries, doctor medical prescriptions, food that people eat, moral behavior, nature, technology etc..., bearing witness and upholding God's moral standards Religion, and ways of doing things that God commanded the Jewish nation to keep in His word (Torah).
Read more about: Which month are you born ...
This month falls in July or August.
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Translated and Sourced from Bakemono Emaki, Japanese Wikipedia, and Other Sources
Hopping on one foot and eternally hunting for children to eat, the Yukinba is one of Japan’s most horrible snow monsters. While most snow monsters, like the Tsurara Onna and the Oshiroi Baba, bring some measure of cold comfort, the Yukinba is all bad. Yukifuriba may have a prettier name, but she is equally dangerous.
What Does Yukinba Mean?
Like most of Japan’s snow yokai, Yukinba’s name is straight forward. It combines the kanji雪 (yuki; snow) + 婆 (ba; hag). There are a few regional variations. In Yamagata prefecture she is known as the Yukinbanba (雪ばんば) with “banba” being a regional dialect for “hag.”
The related yokai, the Yukifuriba, has a much more poetic name. 雪降り(yukifuri; falling snow) + 婆 (ba; hag, old woman) makes for The Old Woman of the Falling Snow.
Names aside, the main difference is of appearance. The Yukinba looks like a nightmare; a giant, old woman’s head hopping on one leg, with sharp, biting teeth and grasping hands. The Yukifuriba looks like a regular old woman with pale, white skin and wrapped in a thin, white kimono. In fact, the Yukifuriba looks like an elderly version of the young and beautiful Yuki Onna. The Yukifuriba’s most distinguishing characteristic is the red rope she carries.
The Story of the Yukinba
Yukinba is a relatively obscure yokai, coming from town of Hirano in Ehime prefecture. She appears only in a single scroll, the Meiji period Bakemono Emaki by an unknown artist.
The story goes like this:
A man was talking a walk through the mountain where the pine trees grow, enjoying a fresh February snowfall. He heard the voice of a kindly old woman calling for help, and he dashed off to find her. Instead of an old woman, however, he saw a monstrosity hopping on one leg. That man ran away as fast as his feet could carry him
Old Lady Child Eaters
Both the Yukinba and the Yukifuriba are notorious child eaters. They hide in the mountains and call out to children in an old woman’s voice, preying on the trusting nature of children. They lure they children in close them capture and eat them. Parents in the frozen countries, and especially Echigo province (modern day Nigata prefecture), are warned not to let their children outside to play on nights when the Yukinba and Yukifuriba are hunting.
Child eating is a trait they share in common with the Yamauba mountain witch. In fact, the Yukifuriba is considered to be a “snow version” of the Yamauba in the same way that the yeti can be considered a snow version of sasquatch.
Why One Foot?
The Yukinba belongs to a wide class of one-footed yokai grouped under the general name of Ippon Datara. Most of these are snow monsters, like the Yuki Nyudo and the Yukibo. The legend comes from an uneven patter of snow melting. When snow melts in pockets, it looks like something with a single, large leg has been hopping around the forest. In the case of the Yukibo, this happens in tree wells. Ancient Japanese people saw these markings, and imagined a one-legged snow monster to account for them.
Why a Red Rope?
The exact reason behind the red rope of the Yukifuriba is lost to time. But there are two compelling reasons. The first, and most simple, is that she uses it to tie children up and eat them. The second, and most compelling, is that in ancient Japanese funerals corpses were bound up before being buried. This job was usually done by an outcast of some sort, as handling corpses was considered taboo and unclean. Old women with no other means of support sometimes took on these kind of jobs to survive. So the image of the Yukifuriba carrying her red rope might be an image of a poor old woman coming to bind up a corpse—certainly a frightening thing to think about.
Another snow monster for December! These ones are actual monsters, although rather obscure ones. Accounts of the Yukinba are rare, and there is only this single historical picture that I was able to find. I couldn’t find any pictures of the Yukifuriba. They didn’t even rate an entry in Mizuki Shigeru’s Mujyara, at least not in volumes I have. It is possible they appears in later volumes.
I wasn’t quite sure how to handle Yukinba and Yukifuriba, but finally decided to combine them into a single entry. They are similar enough, except for appearance. And I only had the one picture …
For more snow yokai from Japan, check out: | <urn:uuid:62bb3e73-cea6-40dc-b5bc-5255762ee270> | {
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1. Focus on teachers. Teachers are the primary change agents in the classroom. Empowereing teachers should be the fundemental guideline for any programme of using technology to enhance eduction. The same technology can work both ways: when interactive whiteboards were introduced in the UK they initially created a cinecmatic experience: the teacher had to darken the room and drag students through a pre-determained slideshow or movie. This resulted in an impofrished eductional experience, taking pedagogy back 40 years. Nowdays, teachers hardly use the boads directly: they send students to present their work or solve problems at the board, while they stay back and manage the whole class interaction. Teachers have approprited the tool to their needs, subjecting it to their expertese. This is the kind of process we want to support.
2. Focus on (techno-pedagogic) design. A good teacher does not deliver educational content – she designs an educational experience. There is an ubdundance of high-quility, open and free digital educational content. The critical resource is the knowlege of how to use it. Hewlett foundation invested vast sums in the UK open university’s openlearn project, pushing large portions of their excelant currucular resources to the web, using an open and robust platform that allows free use and even customisation and re-mixing of resoureces. Now Hewlett are funding research into why these rich resources are not being used.
Teachers (and educational leaders in general) need to be shifted from the position of consumers to that of designers. A consummer chooses among available immutable goods and makes do. A designer analyses a problem, in its context, and devises a solution. She then implements this solution using available resources. Teachers need learning design and development tools such as LDSE and LAMS, but they also need help in changing their mindset.
3. Open standards, open protocols, open market + guidance, quality contron and monitoring. There are many ways to learn and many ways to teach. Any centralist solution will be good for some and less so for others. Centralised design and implementation choices disempower school leadership and desolve their responsibility. School leaders need to be able to make their own technological choices, but the system needs to ensure that these choices are sound and that the local overhead is minimised. They way to achieve this is to define a set of techno-pedagogical standards for educational technology – from the generic level of operating systems and office suites to the particular tools used to teach specific subjects to specific age groups. Such standards should define the functions and qualities of the technology and their interfaces with other systems (e.g. handles for assessment), but should not dicatate any specific technology. These standards should be supported by a central regisration and management extranet. This system would work like the way Cisco manages its ecosystem: it would provide suppliers with clear specifications of the expected standards, allow them to register and certify their services and products, and offer these to school leaders. These, on their side, will have to document their choices and evaluate them.
4. Same stuff, new ways. Some topics don’t change, but the way we teach them should. Dr. Yifat Kolikant from the Hebrew university is using internet-based dialogue between Israeli and Palestinian students to teach history in a deep and provokative way. By confronting students with conflicting perspectives, they are driven to engage with and strive to understand their own national narrative. The WebLabs project used computer programming and on-line collaboration to drive to develop their a mathematical language and explore complex issues in science and mathematics. Technology enables teachers and students to make the curriculum their own, individually and collectivly, it allows them to draw on a multitude of resources and connect their educational experieces to their real life. The only advantage a computer has over a textbook is its ability to connect people and build networks of knowledge.
5. New stuff, new ways. Our children live in a world which is radically different than the one we grew up in. The skills they need to develop did not exist when we went to school. A common mistake is to interpret this statement in a technical, or rather – technophobic – manner. Children need no more help in learning to use powerpoint than they need in operating their cell-phone. They do need help in understanding what it is they want to tell the world, how to formulate this message, and how to reach their audience. Powerpoint may be a tool they use for this purpose, as may be FaceBook or YouTube. Using any tool is easy, but choosing the right one is hard. Our children have more opportunities and confront new dangers. We need to help them leverage the former and manage the latter.
6. Coding, a basic skill. Computer programming is wrongly perceived as an elite technical skill. In fact, good programmers specialise in one thing: solving problems. They analyse problems, creating abstract models of complex situations, and use whatever hardware, software and social conventions they can get their hands on to devise solutions. Programming is an art that combines analytic reasoning with creative innovation. We do not expect every student to become a master artist or noverlis or a professional sportsperson, yet we teach art, literature and sports from an early age. We see these subjects as essencial to children’s well-being and happiness. They provide them a rich perspective on the world and cognitive tools for dealing with the issues they encounter. Mathematical thinking, and its practical embodiment in computer programming, should be seen in a similar light. Computer programming is a tool, and it should be integrated as such across the curriculum. | <urn:uuid:6844adac-9a84-4fd8-a89c-6e74e1fc86bc> | {
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Story: Insects – overview
Page 1 – Insects in New Zealand
It is often said that New Zealand is dominated by birds, yet for every type of land bird in the country, there are more than 200 kinds of insects, with the total estimated to be about 20,000 insect species.
Insects are plentiful on sea coasts, forests and mountain tops, but in temperate climates like New Zealand’s, many are hidden underground, in rotten logs, or in places where you have to search for them. New Zealand’s insects also tend to be small and dull-coloured compared with the larger, brilliant tropical varieties, and can easily be overlooked.
A study of Cupola Basin, in Nelson Lakes National Park, showed that the mass of native grasshoppers above the treeline reached 32.5 kilograms per hectare. This was three times greater than the combined mass of introduced pests, deer and chamois. Even so, the grasshoppers did less damage to plants than the mammals.
Of the world’s 29 insect orders, 25 are represented in the New Zealand region. The four missing groups are restricted to very few localities worldwide, so their absence in New Zealand is not surprising. However, two of the most significant orders of winged insects – scorpionflies and alderflies – each have only a single species in New Zealand.
The number of species in the larger orders, such as the flies, beetles and moths, is what you would expect considering the country’s land area and temperate location. But the three freshwater groups – mayflies, stoneflies and caddisflies – are over-represented, meaning that their diversity exceeds predictions based on New Zealand’s size. This could be due to high rainfall during the islands’ evolutionary history, which has created a multitude of streams and rivers. By contrast, another aquatic group, the dragonflies, are relatively poorly represented, with 17 recorded species in New Zealand (of which 10 are found nowhere else).
Biters and stingers
There is an unwelcome abundance of small, black, biting sandflies (Austrosimulium species, called blackflies elsewhere) in wetter areas, their larvae breeding in swift, clear streams. Mosquitoes are also common in some places. New Zealand has no dangerous native stinging insects. Wasps and bees, introduced from Europe, can be a threat to some people. | <urn:uuid:f8a599e1-202b-4dd5-a2ca-78a9d3c3f3ab> | {
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8 Ways to Beat a Cold or Flu Fast:
Millions of cases of the common cold are reported each year. Adults on average are stricken by a cold 2 to 3 times annually with symptoms persisting for up to 10 days while kids may be sick from a cold up to 10 times each year (2, 13). The severity of seasonal influenza is unpredictable year to year. Officials from the CDC suggests that one-fifth of United States population can be protected from the flu if students and school staff work diligently to protect themselves from becoming sick (1).
As you contemplate the reason for the season these upcoming months, have you ever wondered why the cold and flu strikes so harshly during the fall and winter months? Why are there postings for signs around every corner reminding you to get your flu shot now? Cold weather and long winters bring on more attempts of pathogens to weaken your immune defenses.
Fortunately, there are natural ways you can overcome your symptoms of cold and flu and even prevent becoming ill. Follow the 8 ways listed below to help build a titanium immune system and protect your body from the pathogens that are circulating on and around you.
What is Cold and Flu Season?
Understanding the difference between the common cold and the flu can may help ease your mind when you ponder how long your kids will be out of school and thus how long you will be out of work. These facts that follow can help you understand the symptoms and causes of each.
Primarily associated with rhinoviruses, the common cold is amongst the most common illnesses in the world. The majority of treatments involve a trip to the pharmacy and at home remedies while a smaller percentage of only 28% showed individuals actually visit a practitioner for advice. (11)
Differences between Cold and Flu:
Although the differences in these two illnesses are distinct they may be mistaken for one another if you are uncertain of their symptoms. Typically a cold causes symptoms of cough, sore throat and nasal congestion. 200 known viruses are known to cause a cold (11).
Cold viruses infect the nose and throat. Kids pass along germs easily while playing and then touch their nose, eyes and even put things in their mouths making them more susceptible to infection. Poor hygiene practices such as the lack of washing their hands, sneezing and coughing into the air and mindlessly touching anyone or anything are all easy transit routes for viruses to spread. (13)
Symptoms of the Flu:
Unlike a cold, infection from the flu affects the nose, throat, as well as the lungs which makes it a more severe illness. Most commonly, drops of bodily fluid from sneezing, coughing and even talking spread the virus to others. (32)
As the old saying begs the question, should you eat a cold or starve a cold? Breaking the cycle of consuming your standard meals is necessary when your body should be focusing all of its energy to healing. Every time you ingest food you are taking resources away from your immune system from battling your illness. Instead it is working to protect you from the bacteria, viruses and other harmful agents that are present on your food.
The introduction of more bacteria to your gastrointestinal tract poses a threat to your gut microflora and also your immune system. Microbes in the gut interact or “communicate” with the immune system signaling several immune responses to occur and therefore promote inflammation and a longer recovery time. (14)
I am a huge fan of water fasting or broth fasting when you are feeling ill or if you are feeling like you are more immune susceptible. A simple 24 hour water fast can boost your human growth hormone by up to 2000% and give your immune system a significant boost!
If you are hungry while battling sickness, feed yourself foods that will boost immune defenses. Prebiotic and probiotic rich foods like Jerusalem artichokes, leeks, citrus fruits, as well as fermented dairy and vegetables will feed your gut beneficial bacteria and encourage a strong immune system.
2) Hydrate Well:
Your immune system relies on a well hydrated body to stimulate detoxification pathways needed to stimulate enzymes and other biological agents which help flush pathogens from the body and repair damaged tissue (3, 4). Polyphenols found in lemons, apple cider vinegar, herbal teas and even antioxidant rich broths repair the immune system and effectively destroy microbes along the digestive tract.
To help alleviate sore throat and cough symptoms, try hydrating with some of these polyphenol rich liquids:
- Add a splash of apple cider vinegar to a cup of water or drink herbal teas.
- Herbal teas provide antioxidant support that help fight against infection from viruses, bacteria and even fungus. Ginger tea boost glutathione activity and helps reduce inflammation and Echinacea is a long established Ayurveda herbal treatment that is loaded with supportive vitamins and antioxidants. (5, 6)
- Sipping on lemon water throughout the day can heal and help you combat the tiredness you are facing. Out of 300 participants in one research group, the use of lemon was most popular to treat cold and flu symptoms accounting for 73% of treatment uses (11).
- Bone broths prepared from pastured chicken or beef bones are high in amino acids proline and glycine critical to inhibiting bacterial and viral inflammation. They are also contain potassium and magnesium to calm muscle and joint pain.
3) Use Healing Herbs:
Even through the constant advancements of modern medical medicine, the use of medicinal plants has continued for their potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects on the human body (10).
Herbs are a powerful weapon to eliminate contaminants in the body including harmful microbes. European countries rely on commonly and effectively treating cold and flu with the following plants and herbs: (11)
- Purple Echinacea
- Sea buckthorn fruits
- Willow bark
Garlic and onions are some of the best foods you can eat to combat symptoms of cold and flu. Both of these flowering plants have long been used since Egyptian practices for their medicinal treatment of viruses, bacteria and fungus (8). Garlic and onions contain a compound called allicin that contains sulfur and provides countless ways of healing the body from inflammation (9).
4) Diffuse Essential Oils:
An abundance of clinical data and scientific research exists supporting the benefits of aromatherapy oils on the immune system and their topical uses to treat symptoms of cold and flu. Essential oils contain antiseptic compounds that combat bacteria, viruses, fungus and reduce inflammation that can help you feel better sooner and heal faster.
Studies support that essential oils lower causes of inflammation and sickness by reducing anxiety, promoting relaxation, regulating natural killer cell response and lowering cortisol levels (23, 24). Chemical messages are transmitted to the brain through inhalation and boost mood and can calm emotions (25).
The following oils have medicinal benefits and therapeutic effects on human health and can be indirectly inhaled via a room diffuser, directly inhaled to alleviate sinus pressure, massaged onto the skin or applied to baths and lotions:
Eucalyptus oil: A useful agent to regulate the immune response, eucalyptus oil supports cell-mediated pathways including their innate attack on pathogens (22).
Consider taking a steamy bath with a few drops of added eucalyptus oil for natural decongestant relief to help you breathe better and sleep sounder.
Frankincense oil: Frankincense contains Boswellic acids that have the healing potential to stimulate the immune system and serve as a potent anti-inflammatory compound (26). This oil is useful at reducing inflammation from stiff joints and sore muscles as well as alleviating symptoms of a sore chest and throat.
Oregano oil: Plant extract from oregano has been used as an alternative home remedy for its antibacterial properties. Oregano oil inhibits the growth of E.coli and pneumonia causing bacteria in clinical research (27).
Thyme oil: When used in combination with oregano oil, thyme oil exhibits powerful anti-inflammatory effects. When consumed orally, the benefits of thyme oil exhibited significant anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial responses in the gut increasing cytokines to help fight infection. Traditionally, thyme essential oil is used for antimicrobial, antiviral and antifungal properties and also exhibits free-radical scavenging abilities. (28)
Citrus oils: Citrus essential oils are great to help you combat fatigue and alleviate those winter blues. Not limited to lemons, limes and oranges, citrus essential oils also include grapefruit, bergamot, and neroli. These oils are best inhaled for their therapeutic properties to suppress abnormal cell cycle pathways that cause tissue damage and regulates cytokine activity (29).
Citrus oil compounds have been used in Ayurevic practices to prevent symptoms of arthritis and rheumatism and can be equally beneficial to helping your overcome a cold or flu. (30)
Clove oil: Clove oil has tremendous abilities to destroy bacteria that accumulate in the oral cavity creating inflammation and free radical damage. Clove oil has been shown to also effect multi-resistant strains of bacteria and exhibit strong free radical activity (31).
When battling infection with symptoms of a sore throat or cough, take simple measures like brushing your teeth with an added drop of clove oil to reap the benefits from this powerful astringent.
5) Sun Exposure:
The need for vitamin D to regulate the total health and healing abilities of the human body has long been underestimated until recent years. Vitamin D deficiency can be linked to any abnormal immune system complication. Vitamin D is required for detoxification pathways and healthy immune stimulating responses such as the generation of GcMAF, a type of protein responsible for activating macrophage activity and repairing body tissue (15).
Without adequate sunlight exposure, the body cannot produce the active form of vitamin D3 called cholecalciferol. Ideally, 10,000 to 20,000 IU of vitamin D3 should be produced from penetrating UVB rays beneath the epidermis. Sunbathing a minimum of 3 times a week is recommended with the following guidelines based on skin color:
- Light Skin = 15-20 minutes per day
- Medium Skin = 25-30 minutes per day
- Dark Skin = 40-45 minutes per day
When unable to receive the recommended sun exposure, boost your vitamin D levels with a supplement containing doses at 1,000 IU of vitamin D3. For every 25 pounds of body weight, supplement 1,000 IU vitamin D3 daily and best taken with a healthy fat such as olive oil for maximum absorption.
While sick you are probably also feeling blue and could use a mood booster. Grounding is a beneficial exercise that you can practice to relieve symptoms of depression, increase your energy, reduce stress, optimize healing and can be done while getting that necessary sun exposure (16).
Grounding consists of connecting your mind with your body while transferring Earth’s natural electrical energy through your body to reduce stress. Electromagnetic frequencies (EMFs) are present in the world all around us of which we can naturally absorb from the ground by walking barefoot on sand, dirt and grass. Getting in sync with these natural rhythms has been shown to decrease cortisol levels which helps remove interferences from the body’s immune system better allowing us to heal (17).
Practice grounding by reading a book beneath a tree, going for a light walk around your yard while barefoot, and performing meditative exercises outside such as yoga while also barefoot. You may also consider eating grounding whole foods farmed from the ground like radishes, sweet potatoes, beets and fruits.
7) Chiropractic care:
The cliché that “chiropractic adds life to years and years to life” is not just an old saying but stands on truth. Although the validity behind the claim that it can add years to life is still debated, research shows that receiving chiropractic care does boost the immune system response and does improve the quality of life. Chiropractic care can help prevent the frequency of sickness and help you recover from an illness.
Spinal manipulation has been shown to increase polymorpho-nuclear neutrophils (18). These circulating blood cells are one of the first lines of defense against infectious invaders. These leukocytes enhance the function of immune cell responses that protect the body against destructive agents.
When inhibition is present along the spine, the nervous system is unable to properly communicate with the immune system. Chiropractic care helps to remove this interferences or adjust subluxation so that the body is able to repair itself (19).
8) Vitamin C supplementation:
Vitamin C is an essential nutrient key to promoting human health and optimizing immune function in numerous ways. Vitamin C has been found to increase NADPH pathways which are required by biological agents that seek to destroy pathogens (20). It supports reactions which lead to both DNA and RNA synthesis, stabilizes white blood cell count to better handle oxidative stress and also prevents the depletion of glutathione from recycling old vitamin C (21).
Some of the highest sources of vitamin C per serving are found in spinach, leeks, chives, kale and sweet bell peppers (7). Other foods rich in vitamin C are lemons, limes and an abundance of green vegetables which also contain low concentrations of sugar. Add these vegetables to your bone broths and soups for a light and healthy meal to fight infection while sick and juice lemons and limes into your water frequently to maintain optimal hydration.
Try to avoid vitamin C supplements containing added sugars, artificial colors and preservatives which can inhibit immune defenses. We recommend Super C, which has a 1:1 ratio of vitamin C with citrus bioflavonoids for added immune and anti-oxidant benefits. Take 2 grams of a vitamin C supplement every hour that you are awake until you feel better. The following day supplement with 1 gram of vitamin C to restore your vitamin C levels.
Bonus– Zinc Supplementation:
While awake, supplement with 20mg zinc every 3 hours until you feel better. This essential mineral is vital to supporting the immune system but is largely depleted due to influences from our lifestyles. An unhealthy diet high in sugars and carbs inhibits zinc absorption as do phytic acids found in grains and legumes. The overuse of medications or NSAIDS (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) also increases the deficiency of zinc in the body.
Zinc increases the performance of powerhouse antioxidant systems like Sod (superoxide dismutase) that protects cells from viral infection and damage. Zinc increase the immune response to defend against pathogenic activity including viral replication and inhibits oxidative damage. It is especially helpful at reducing inflammation in the body by regulating the immune response to destructive activity. (12)
In combination with the 8 ways listed above, consider the benefits of supplementing zinc into your diet and you will be have fewer sick days in a year. Especially over the cooler holiday months when you are more confined in doors with others, add these foods to your meals for their zinc protection:
- 100% grass-fed beef
- Wild caught salmon
- Pasture raised chicken
- Dark chocolate
- Grass-fed dairy
For faster results, use a high quality zinc supplementation. The ideal form of zinc supplementation is zinc glycinate where zinc is connected to one or two molecules of the amino acid glycine. Glycine helps with liver detoxification and supports the immune system. I personally use Zinc Charge, which is in the zinc glycinate form. | <urn:uuid:2778f151-9f9a-47e0-a438-21c33438b0a3> | {
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Also known as "shares" or "equity," stock is a type of security issued by corporations to raise capital that entitles stock owners (shareholders) to partial ownership of the corporation. Most stocks are bought and sold on what is called an exchange. There are two main types of stock: common and preferred. Common stock usually entitles the owner to vote at shareholders' meetings and to receive dividends. Preferred stock generally does not have voting rights, but owners of preferred stock receive dividends before common shareholders and have priority in the event that a company goes bankrupt and is liquidated. | <urn:uuid:7fe23966-8533-4e98-ad60-0cb458e3b883> | {
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assortment method: The trees are cut to assortments of up to approximately 4 m in length in the stands and transported, usually by hand, to the skidding corridor or the haul road.
final cut: Removal of aged trees in different silvicultural systems (clearcut, shelterwood, selective cutting).
final cut area: Area, where final cut takes place.
full-length method: Delimbing and trimming take place in the stand, whereas bucking and final limbing are carried out only after skidding. Skidding itself can be either by the interrupted or by the continuous transport method.
harvesting method: The harvesting method is named according to the form in which the timber gets logged; e.g. whole-tree method, full-length method, assortment method.
harvesting system: The harvesting system is named according to its stage of mechanization; i.e. partially-, highly-, or fully-mechanized timber harvesting.
hauling: Transport of timber done by means of trucks on roads.
hoisting equipment: All kinds of equipment used to join the load to the hook (here: two ropes with log tongs at their ends and connected to a synthetic sling).
hook-block: Block with integrated hook.
logging: Transport of timber from the stand to the landing done by means of skidders or yarders.
modified full-length method: Delimbing and trimming take place in the stand; only bucking is carried out after skidding. Skidding itself can be either by the interrupted or by the continuous transport method.
processing: Delimbing, cross-cutting (= bucking) and storage are carried out by processors after skidding.
whole-tree method: Felling and trimming are done in the stand. Skidding is to the skidding corridor or the forest road, where processors are used for mechanical conversion.
FAO Forest Harvesting Case Studies
These publications are available in English from the FAO Forest Harvesting and Transport Branch, Viale delle Terme di Caracal-la, 00100 Rome, Italy.
Intermediate Technology in Forest Harvesting: Agricultural Tractor with Winch. Written by P. Alhojärvi. FOPH Publication 1988.01. 45 p. Produced under FAO/Finland Funds-in- Trust project GCP/INT/427/FIN. Country: Tanzania. Includes a set of colour slides. Language: English.
Intermediate Technology in Forest Harvesting: Agricultural Tractor and Forest Trailer with Mechanical Crane. Written by R. Jakobsson. FOPH Publication 1988.02. 40 p. Produced under FAO/Sweden Funds-in-Trust project GCP/INT/343/ SWE. Country: Ethiopia. Includes a set of colour slides. Language: English.
Plastic Log Chute in Steep Terrain Thinning Operations. Written by K. Leppänen. FOPH Publication 1989.05. 30 p. Produced with the cooperation of the Korean Forest Research Institute and the Korea-Germany Forest Management Project. Country: Republic of Korea. Includes a set of colour slides. Language: English.
Integrated Small-Scale Forest Harvesting and Wood Processing Operations. Written by O. Eeronheimo. FOPH Publication 1990.03. 27 p. Produced with the cooperation of the Forestry Commission of Zimbabwe. Country: Zimbabwe. Includes a set of colour slides. Language: English.
Forest Harvesting with Small-Scale Mobile Cable System. Written by O. Eeronheimo. FOPH Publication 1991.02. 16 p. Produced with the cooperation of the Korean Forest Research Institute. Country: Republic of Korea. Language: English.
Reduction of Wood Waste by Small Scale Log Production and Conversion in Tropical High Forest. Written by Risto Kilkki. FOPH Publication 1992.05. 33 p. Country: Papua New Guinea. Language: English.
Cosecha de Hongos en la VII Región de Chile. Written by Juan E. Donoso and Risto Kilkki. FOPH Publication 1992.10. 37 p. Country: Chile. Language: Spanish.
Uso de Bueyes en Operaciones de Aprovechamiento Forestal en Areas Rurales de Costa Rica. Written by William Cordero. FOPH Publication 1994.05. 44 p. Country: Costa Rica. Language: Spanish.
Use of Construction Crane for Wood Extraction in Mountainous Terrain. Written by Norbert Winkler. FOPH Publication 1994.06. 38 p. Country: Austria. Includes a set of colour slides. Language: English.
Use of construction
crane for wood extraction
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There are many books which mention ECC. Which one should you read?
The answer depends on who you are, and what you want to learn.
I have grouped the books into four piles, depending on the reader.
Introductory cryptography books written for Computer Science/Engineering students with a moderate mathematics background
- Cryptography, An Introduction by Nigel Smart. Free at this website. A great little introduction to all aspects of cryptography. Elliptic curves and ECC are briefly discussed. This is a good first choice for learning about cryptography in general, and ECC in particular.
- Cryptography: Theory and Practice by Doug Stinson. This is a very good introduction to all aspects of cryptography, from a relatively mathematical point of view. Elliptic curves are briefly discussed. The book is longer and has more detail than Smart’s book. It is an excellent place to start for anyone with a serious interest in learning ECC.
- Guide to Elliptic Curve Cryptography by Darrel Hankerson, Alfred Menezes, and Scott Vanstone. This book is written for computer scientists, engineers and security professionals who have some basic knowledge of cryptography. It gives a very thorough and detailed presentation of the implementation aspects of ECC. Many efficient algorithms for point multiplication etc are described. The book does not deeply discuss the mathematics behind ECC. This book is highly recommended for cryptographers who want to implement or use ECC in practice.
- Introduction to Modern Cryptography by Katz and Lindell. This is a fine book about theoretical cryptography. It mentions elliptic curves. The focus is on rigorous security proofs, rather than practical cryptosystems. The book is not suitable for beginners in cryptography, but is an excellent text for PhD students in theoretical computer science.
Introductory cryptography books written for Mathematics students
- A Course in Number Theory and Cryptography by Neal Koblitz. This is the best “easy” reference for ECC. It contains a nice presentation of the basic ideas. Unfortunately, the book is too elementary to cover many topics which are needed to understand the research literature in ECC. This book is highly recommended for beginners (e.g. undergraduate students in maths or computer science).
- An introduction to mathematical cryptography by J. Hoffstein, J. Pipher and J. H. Silverman. This book contains a good introduction to all sorts of public key cryptography, including elliptic curves, at an advanced undergraduate level. It covers most of the main topics in cryptography, and would be a suitable alternative to the books of Smart or Koblitz. This book is recommended for students of mathematics who want an introduction to the subject.
Books on elliptic curves and/or ECC for research students
Elliptic Curves and Cryptography by Ian Blake, Gadiel Seroussi and Nigel Smart. This book is useful resource for those readers who have already understood the basic ideas of elliptic curve cryptography. This book discusses many important implementation details, for instance finite field arithmetic and efficient methods for elliptic curve operations. The book also gives a description of the Schoof-Atkin-Elkies point counting algorithm (mainly in the case of characteristic two) and a description of some of the mathematics behind the attacks on the ECDLP.
This book is recommended for researchers in the field.
- Elliptic Curves: Number Theory and Cryptography by Lawrence C. Washington. This is a very nice book about the mathematics of elliptic curves. It contains proofs of many of the main theorems needed to understand elliptic curves, but at a slightly more elementary level than, say, Silverman’s book. This book would be an excellent next step after the book of Koblitz mentioned above. I recommend this book to all my students and I have not had any serious complaints yet. There is quite a lot of information about cryptographic aspects, including a discussion of the Weil and Tate pairings. This book is highly recommended for those who want to get a deeper understanding of the mathematics behind ECC.
The Arithmetic of Elliptic Curves (2nd Edition) by Joe Silverman.
Every serious researcher on elliptic curves has this book on their shelf. It is an excellent advanced textbook on the topic. The new edition has an additional chapter on algorithms for elliptic curves and cryptography. It is not the place to learn about how ECC is used in the real world, but is a great textbook for a rigorous development of the
theory of elliptic curves.
Advanced books on ECC
- Advances in Elliptic Curve Cryptography edited by I. Blake, G. Seroussi and N. Smart. This is definitely not an introductory text. Instead it covers recent developments in ECC. The intended reader is someone with a basic knowledge of ECC who wants to learn about the latest research developments without having to read all the papers in the subject. I think it is an excellent book, but I am a contributor so am completely biased. This book is highly recommended for researchers in the field.
- The Handbook of elliptic and hyperelliptic curve cryptography edited by H. Cohen and G. Frey. This is an excellent reference for researchers in the field. I increasingly use this book as a reference, and I increasingly find it useful. This book is highly recommended for experts in cryptography.
- Algorithmic Cryptanalysis by Antoine Joux. This book is about algorithms in cryptanalysis. The focus is mainly on symmetric cryptography, but it contains many topics of peripheral interest to ECC, as well as some discussion of pairings.
- Mathematics of Public Key Cryptography by Steven Galbraith. This is an advanced textbook, mostly about cryptography based on discrete logarithms. I am obviously totally biased, but I think it is pretty good. The book is not yet published, as it is not quite finished, but over half the chapters of the current draft are on the web.
— Steven Galbraith | <urn:uuid:a93b3b62-e724-47fe-917a-3eff55f28af8> | {
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This website is licensed under a Creative Commons License.
Data Visualization 2D series - π Study
Medium: various traditional media on drafting film
Dimension: 24” x 36”
Working with the infinite numerical digits of pi, the π study series encompassed a wide range of material and medium that explored the methods of display and representation for large data sets.
Here are hand-done 2D pieces that translate numerical data into design elements such as lines, values, circles, curves and colors. The randomness in the π sequence introduces chance operation in creating a visual composition that posses unity with variation. In 2012, “Values of was π” was adopted by Paul W. Hadley’s illustration in his paper, Evaluating “Hot Spots” of Soil Contamination, from the California Environmental Protection Agency. | <urn:uuid:3c13d96a-f44c-4a0a-b26f-1eeeee66ba8a> | {
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This week's Lesson Plan Wednesday is Mr. Senecio. Who doesn't love a great project about Paul Klee?!. I would suggest this project for Kindergartne/1st grade students (I prefer Kindergarten). This is a great way to review shape recognition AND to allow student an opportunity to play and discover color with paint. My Kinders really enjoyed getting to make there Mr. and Ms. Senecios.
**you are welcome to share this lesson plan on your website or blog but please credit Artful Artsy Amy as the source. Please do not re-publish this lesson plan for profit or for a grade.*
****Also, don't forget to comment on this post to have a chance at winning a copy of ALL the lessons in my lesson plan binder (near 300 at last count)!!!**** | <urn:uuid:b130a9d5-91a2-440d-af16-195f2553bbab> | {
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Sikh Sculpture: Father & Son
By Sonia Dhami
What did Maharaja Ranjit Singh look like?
Looking at this magnificent sculpture of the Maharaja, we see a face, which conveys exceptional charisma and power. His brows are furrowed probably by the burden of his vast empire, which stretched from the Khyber Pass to cold deserts of Ladhak. Through the penetrating gaze of the Maharaja’s single eye, the viewer feels a sense of awe and respect at the glorious achievements of this legendary Sikh Maharaja. All of these qualities are well documented by many dignitaries, both foreign and native, who met him.
This is a sculpture that reminds us for all that Maharaja Ranjit Singh stood for – A great leader who accorded freedom to all his people to practice their own religion. Whenever our gaze settles on this breathtaking sculpture, a deep pride is instilled in our glorious Sikh heritage and we are reminded of his legendary achievements
The handsome looks and personality of Maharaja Dalip is well documented in photographs and portraits painted during his lifetime. This sculpture is modeled on the portrait of the Maharaja done in London in 1854 by the artist F.X Winterhalter, a court painter of Queen Victoria.
Queen Victoria became very fond of Dalip Singh, right from the time he was first brought to England and introduced to her in 1854. She recorded in her journal on 10 July 1854 that ‘Winterhalter was in ecstasies at the beauty and nobility of bearing of the young Maharaja. He was very amiable and patient, standing so still and giving a sitting of upwards of 2 hrs’.
The young Maharaja is shown standing with his jewel-studded sword and wearing his Indian robes. He proudly supports his turban, mounted with a diamond sarpeech (aigrette) fastened with strings of pearls. On his neck is jewel framed miniature portrait of Queen Victoria.
Despite the difficult circumstances that formed his life, the Maharaja made various spirited attempts to regain his lost throne. After his tragic death in 1893, the Sikhs lost their last Maharaja and therein all hope to regain the lost glory of the Sikh Empire.
These elegant and beautiful art pieces are an attempt to keep alive the memory of these legendary father & son. | <urn:uuid:d94ce1ac-ef1b-4a12-8728-f3a9124af5f9> | {
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The Magic School Bus Spins a Web
Field Trip Notes
What do you do when a 50-foot praying mantis menaces your town? Run like the wind...unless youre in Ms. Frizzles class and shes taken you on a field trip inside a science fiction film, circa 1950. The movies main character, the power-mad General Araneus, is determined to destroy the mantis, but Phoebe wants to trap it and save it! Shrinking to the size of real spiders, the kids discover how spiders construct a variety of silky snares, making them world-champion trappers. Can the kids save the mantis - and stop Araneus before its too late?
Tap Into a Trapper
Time: 30 minutes initially, then 10 minutes a day for observation
Group Size: 4-6
Carlos is afraid of spiders — until he discovers they are would-champion trappers. Your kids observe spiders in their habitats, in spider hotels that you make, or in both.
What You Need
Talk About It
Ask: Where have you seen spiders or webs? Why do spiders live there? (insects, other prey are around) What would you like to know about spiders?
Ask: If I walked into your room, what could I discover about you from all your things? Would I know as much from just one thing?
What To Do
Challenge kids to devise a way to trap houseflies. Suggest they look to spiders for trapping tips. Ask: What kid of traps do spiders make? Where do they put them? Set out the taps, and observe over a period of time. What makes a successful trap?
This site contains information and advertising about Scholastic and third party products. | <urn:uuid:161b46ef-b1f0-4bda-a7ea-2a4fa5571e62> | {
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Massive breakthrough during RoboEarth week!
TU/e scholars forced a breakthrough in robot technologies! Scientists of Universities of Technology in München, Zaragoza, Zurich, Stuttgart and from Philips gathered in Eindhoven for the past week. Together with these institutions, the TU/e formes RoboEarth, a project that aims on developing a world wide web for robots. For five days in a row, a group of 35 people worked from early in the morning till late at night. Ultimate goal was to have Tech United healthcare robot AMIGO pick up a bottle of water and serve it to a patient who is waiting in a bed. Thursday night at half past two, the group managed to have AMIGO autonomously perform this task! Making it even more striking was the fact that the robot was able to download the required instructions from a RoboEarth database! Never before a robotics group was able to create this sort of 'wikipedia for robots'. René van de Molengraft, chief technology of Tech United and project coordinator of RoboEarth, speaks of 'a massive breakthrough'. Eventually the databases of RoboEarth will allow different types of robots to learn from each other. It will take a couple more years before robots will do this on a large scale but for now AMIGO performing the bottle of water task can be considered a memorable moment. | <urn:uuid:7964eb75-2ef0-4b0c-aa79-ee5a9df8b866> | {
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- Visitors & Friends
- About the University
Is making carbon 'SAFE' the answer?
30 November 2009
Mandating fossil fuel producers to sequester (bury) a steadily increasing fraction of the carbon they extract would be a simple, effective, and fair way of sharing out the pain of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, according to a leading group of climate researchers.
The concept, called SAFE (Sequestered Adequate Fraction of Extracted) carbon, is put forward by scientists from Oxford University and the University of Wyoming in a Commentary article published online today in a special issue of Nature Geoscience focusing on carbon sequestration.
The researchers suggest that fossil fuel producers could be mandated to sequester a steadily increasing fraction of the carbon they extract from the ground, with the fraction set to reach 100 per cent before total emissions into the atmosphere exceed an agreed total, with the costs passed on to fossil fuel consumers.
Their work explores the policy implications of research published earlier this year which showed that it is the total amount of carbon released into the atmosphere over all time that principally determines the risk of dangerous climate change, not the rate of emission in any given year.
'The neat thing about SAFE carbon is that is breaks the apparent conflict between short-term economic development and long-term climate protection,' said Dr Myles Allen of Oxford University's Department of Physics, an author of the paper with Dr David Frame, of Oxford University's Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment, and Chuck Mason, of the Department of Economics and Finance at the University of Wyoming.
Dr Allen added: 'We would no longer be asking a country like India to accept limits on their consumption. Instead, we would be saying that as long as you use SAFE carbon, you can go ahead and consume as much as you like. Of course, unlike a comprehensive emission permit or carbon tax regime, mandatory sequestration would not generate massive new government revenues or provide a mechanism for modifying consumer behaviour, but depending on your political perspective, that might be considered a good thing. We didn't save the Ozone Layer by rationing deodorant.'
For more information contact Dr Myles Allen on [email protected]
Alternatively contact the University of Oxford Press Office on +44 (0)1865 283877 or email [email protected] | <urn:uuid:29587a7c-ec0c-4e26-8411-8f895db8d02e> | {
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Chapter 13 Section 5
Terms in this set (13)
A Polish scholar credited with the heliocentric model of the universe. He published this belief in On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres.
The model of the universe in which earth and the planets rotate around the sun. It was created by Copernicus.
A Danish astronomer. He provided evidence that supported Copernicus's heliocentric model. He set up an astronomical observatory to examine the sky for proof.
A German astronomer and mathematician that uses Brahe's data to calculate the planet's orbital path. He proved that the plants orbit in an ellipse.
An Italian astronomer. He assembled a telescope that led him to discover Jupiter has moons that orbited much like the earth orbits the sun. After announcing this, he is condemned by the church. He is eventually tried before the Inquisition and is put in house arrest for the rest of my life.
The English giant of the scientific revolution. He rejected Aristotles assumptions and argued that truth is known at the end of inquiry, not the beginning.
The French giant of the scientific revolution. He rejected Aristotles assumptions and argued that truth is known at the end of inquiry, not the beginning. He emphasizes human reasoning in the Discourse on Method. "I think, therefore I am".
A precise process used confirm and prove/disprove hypothesis. It required scientists to collect and measure data.
An educated guess accepted for the purpose of scientific explanation. People would test them to further prove their observation or experiment.
An English chemist that refined the alchemists view of chemicals. He explained that all matter is made of predictable particles.
He theorized how the planets move and how gravity works using mathematics. He wrote books about his theories which still hold true today.
A force discovered by Newton. He allegedly discovered it by watching an apple falling from a tree. He says this is the explanation behind the planets and the orbit.
A form of mathematics discovered by Newton to explain his laws. It is still used today. | <urn:uuid:885345ba-7cff-4f2b-b6ad-d3eda9dae95a> | {
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Global Warming Predictions / Rising Sea Levels
Global warming has become a hot topic of debate since the past two decades. Each passing day brings yet new proof that we are now in front of a global climate emergency that needs immediate action to piercingly decrease carbon dioxide emissions worldwide in order to turn down the earth’s rising temperatures and avoid any catastrophe.
According to different assumption about the future behavior of mankind, a projection of current trends as represented by a number of different scenarios gives temperature increases of about 3° to 5° C (5° to 9° Fahrenheit) by the year 2100 or soon afterwards. A 3°C or 5° Fahrenheit rise would likely raise sea levels by about 25 meters (about 82 feet).
Global Warming Predictions / Starvation
The often predicted consequences of warming include large-scale shifts in atmospheric and oceanographic circulation patterns, melting of the polar ice caps, global sea-level rise, reorganization of the earth’s climatic zones, and establishment of new large-scale weather patterns.
Such changes in the distribution of heat, precipitation, and weather phenomena like storms and floods would affect the productivity and distribution of natural and managed vegetation. It will also lead to drought, severe storms and interrupted energy supplies.
Diminishing resources would lead to starvation and disease. This could then lead to warfare, which is the pattern of humans’ behavior whenever their resources become depleted.
Animals and microorganisms would experience dramatic changes in their habitats, and perhaps face much higher rates of species extinction. Most ecologists consider that global warming, if it occurred as predicted, would represent a serious threat to biodiversity and to the health of ecosystems worldwide.
Global Warming Predictions / The Ecosystem
Statistically, it is predicted that up to 38% of water may be unable to sustain coldwater fish because of rising temperatures whereas various other species, which prefer warmer waters, will increase tremendously. Snow levels may retreat by 500 feet in elevation for every rise of one degree Celsius (1.9 degree Fahrenheit).
Concentrations of carbon dioxide have increased 30% in the last century and are predicted to raise 2 to 3 times the levels since the late 1800’s.
Perhaps the most disturbing changes are expected in the coral reefs that are expected to die off as an effect of global warming. The global warming is expected to cause irreversible changes in the ecosystem and the behavior of animals.
Global Warming Predictions / Human Activities
It is not easy to attach any particular events to global warming, but studies prove the fact that human activities are increasing the earth’s temperature.
Even though most predictions focus on the epoch up to 2100, even if no further greenhouse gases were discharged after this date, global warming and sea level would be likely to go on to rise for more than a millennium, since carbon dioxide has a long average atmospheric life span.
With the probable exemption of one more world war, a huge asteroid, or a fatal plague, global warming may be the only prime threat to our planet earth.
For more information on Global Warming follow these links: | <urn:uuid:b3320bb5-a13b-4140-9133-be9df97198f8> | {
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The Church on the role of Latin. With a little surprise.
Below, some chosen lines out of a Vatican document of the past (feel free to skip at will😉 ):
The Church […] values especially the Greek and Latin languages in which wisdom itself is cloaked, as it were, in a vesture of gold.
But amid this variety of languages a primary place must surely be given to that language which had its origins in Latium, and later proved so admirable a means for the spreading of Christianity throughout the West.
And since in God’s special Providence this language united so many nations together under the authority of the Roman Empire — and that for so many centuries — it also became the rightful language of the Apostolic See. Preserved for posterity, it proved to be a bond of unity for the Christian peoples of Europe.
Of its very nature Latin is most suitable for promoting every form of culture among Peoples. It gives rise to no jealousies. It does not favor any one nation, but presents itself with equal impartiality to all and is equally acceptable to all.
Nor must we overlook the characteristic nobility of Latin formal structure. Its “concise, varied and harmonious style, full of majesty and dignity” makes for singular clarity and impressiveness of expression.
For these reasons the Apostolic See has always been at pains to preserve Latin, deeming it worthy of being used in the exercise of her teaching authority “as the splendid vesture of her heavenly doctrine and sacred laws.”
She further requires her sacred ministers to use it, for by so doing they are the better able, wherever they may be, to acquaint themselves with the mind of the Holy See on any matter, and communicate the more easily with Rome and with one another.
Thus the “knowledge and use of this language,” so intimately bound up with the Church’s life, “is important not so much on cultural or literary grounds, as for religious reasons”.
“For the Church, precisely because it embraces all nations and is destined to endure to the end of time … of its very nature requires a language which is universal, immutable, and non-vernacular.”
[..] Latin [..] is set and unchanging. It has long since ceased to be affected by those alterations in the meaning of words which are the normal result of daily, popular use. Certain Latin words, it is true, acquired new meanings as Christian teaching developed and needed to be explained and defended, but these new meanings have long since become accepted and firmly established.
[..] the Catholic Church has a dignity far surpassing that of every merely human society, for it was founded by Christ the Lord. It is altogether fitting, therefore, that the language it uses should be noble, majestic, and non-vernacular.
In addition, the Latin language “can be called truly catholic.” It has been consecrated through constant use by the Apostolic See, the mother and teacher of all Churches, and must be esteemed “a treasure … of incomparable worth”.
It is a general passport to the proper understanding of the Christian writers of antiquity and the documents of the Church’s teaching. It is also a most effective bond, binding the Church of today with that of the past and of the future in wonderful continuity.
I could go on, but I think that you get the gist: this is a passionate praise of the inestimable value of Latin and of its being the only possible preferred choice for the Universal Church.
Who is the author of this? The strong anti-modernist Crusader St. Pius X perhaps? The rigid Dobermann (said in a good sense) of Orthodoxy Pius XI? Or maybe the severe, solemn, saintly diplomatic Pius XII?
None of these, dear readers. This is all taken from Veterum Sapientia, the Apostolic Constitution “on the Promotion of the Study of Latin” authored by…. John XXIII and promulgated with great pomp just a few months before the beginning of the Second Vatican Catastrophe!
This Apostolic Constitution gives you all the scale of the subversion of traditional Catholic mentality (not talking of dogmas here, merely of the general outlook on life) perpetrated during and after Vatican II. The clear impression is that V II itself has been a subversion of the very traditional “Spirit of pre-V II” which had been the basis for the preparation of the very Council; and that after the conclusion of V II, a new wave of subversion started, with the forces of demolition now unleashed and determinedly bent on subverting V II itself.
Veterum Sapientia dates February 1962. Only five years later Vatican II itself was being happily demolished by the new orgy of renewal at all cost. The Aggiornamento was eating his own children.
In my eyes, this bears two lessons for us:
1) once you begin to play with ideas of Aggiornamento, you open a Pandora’s box of great devastating power.
2) If such a great amount of devastation could be executed in just a few years without leading to the disintegration of the Church, I can’t see why a comparable amount of restoration should not be possible within the same timeframe. The Church is not a fragile LibCon coalition government needing protection from every jolt. It is a rather stabile, rock-solid institution under the protection of the Holy Spirit.
The Church has survived a great amount of falsity and heretical infiltrations. There is no limit to the amount of Truth it can withstand.
Posted on July 28, 2010, in Catholicism and tagged "aggiornamento", Latin, Pope John XXIII, Veterum Sapientia. Bookmark the permalink. Comments Off on The Church on the role of Latin. With a little surprise.. | <urn:uuid:e438cb9f-b312-46ee-81a8-c9ed5c325720> | {
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|Biographical detail : ||Sultan of Malaca, Sumatra, from 1488 to 1511.
Malaca was an important centre of Southeast Asia because of its location on the Malay Peninsula. When Mahmud Shah inherited the throne, the Portuguese were trying to establish their empire there. In 1511 they succeeded in capturing Malaca under the leadership of Alfanso de Albuquerque.
Mahmud Shah then established his kingdom at Johore, which proved a rival to Malaca as a trading centre. He made his capital at Bintang, south east of modern Singapore. The Portuguese were afraid of his growing power and forced him to abandon his capital in 1526. But his successors made Johore a powerful centre of trade and commerce and ruled there till 19th century. | <urn:uuid:4508dc75-5844-4bba-989b-ef2e8679a09f> | {
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Dry weather has created a shortage of pasture and hay for many Iowa livestock producers. However, cornstalks are an abundant source of winter feed for beef cows in Iowa. When cornstalks are supplemented with protein, vitamins, and minerals, they can supply the nutritional needs of cows that are in moderately good body condition during fall and early winter.
The main advantages of using cornstalks as roughage for beef cows are their availability and low cost. Stalks can be used for livestock bedding as well. In some areas, a small but important market for cornstalks, both as a harvested feed and for grazing, has developed. As with any market product, though, a price must be determined.
Price for baled cornstalks
Cornstalks often are sold after they have been baled. The procedure below provides a method for estimating the price of baled cornstalks, based on their feed value.
Price per ton -- Cornstalks normally have about 80 to 90 percent of the energy of mixed grass and legume hay per pound of dry matter, but only 20 to 30 percent as much protein. A mixture of about 90 percent cornstalks and 10 percent soybean meal by weight can substitute for hay. Thus, cornstalks can be valued at 85 percent of the price of hay, minus the cost of 200 pounds (0.1 tons) of soybean meal per ton of stalks.
Example 1: assume the price of hay is $70 per ton and the price of soybean meal is $280 per ton:
$70 hay price x 85 % = $59.50 $280 meal price x 0.1 tons = $28.00 $59.50 - 28.00 = $31.50 price per ton of stalks
Price per bale -- It is not always convenient to weigh large round bales, so cornstalks are often priced by the bale instead of the ton. If a typical large round bale of cornstalks weighs 1,200 pounds (0.6 tons), multiply the value per ton by 0.6 to arrive at a price per bale.
Example 2: assume the price of cornstalks is $31.50 per ton:
$31.50 x 0.6 tons per bale = $18.90 per bale of cornstalks
The weight of a bale will vary considerably, depending on the type of baler used and the dryness of the stalks. Large round hay bales have a density of 10 to 12 pounds per cubic foot, but cornstalk bales contain only about 7 to 8 pounds per cubic foot. Using this factor, the weight of a large round bale of stalks can be estimated by multiplying the diameter of the bale (in inches) by itself. Then, multiply this number by the length of the bale (in inches) and .0035.
Example 3: assume a bale measures 78 inches across and 64 inches long, and the price of cornstalks is $31.50 per ton:
78 x 78 x 64 x .0035 = 1,363 lbs per bale
$31.50 per ton x 1,363 pounds per bale ÷ 2,000 pounds per ton = $21.47 per bale
Price for cornstalks not baled
Some corn producers have stalks to sell but do not have a baler. These producers may prefer to sell the stalks as a standing crop and let the buyer do the harvesting. In that case, the price should be reduced by the cost of harvesting.
Estimate the cost of chopping, raking, and baling stalks and subtract this total from the price per bale, for the baled stalks computed above. Custom rates for chopping, raking, and baling cornstalks are reported in publication FM-1698, Iowa Farm Custom Rate Survey (free).
Example 4: assume the following charges:
custom chopping = $ 6.50 per acre custom raking = $ 3.80 per acre custom baling = $ 8.25 per bale, three bales per acre baled cornstalk price = $21.47 per bale $6.50 for chopping + $3.80 for raking = $10.30 per acre $10.30 per acre ÷ 3 bales per acre = $ 3.43 per bale $3.43 + $8.25 for baling = $11.68 per bale $21.47 - $11.68 = $ 9.79 per bale
Establishing a price based on the number of bales harvested is probably more accurate than establishing a price by the acre because it reflects the actual feed value.
Price for grazing cornstalks
In some situations, it may be easier to bring the cows to the stalks than the stalks to the cows. If fences and water are adequate, stalk fields can simply be rented for grazing. Cows can typically graze for about 60 days at a rate of 3 to 5 acres per cow, although rates vary widely. Some phosphorus and potassium are removed when stalks are grazed but part of it is returned in the form of animal waste.
Cash rental rates for grazing cornstalks are reported in publication FM-1851, Cash Rental Rates for Iowa ($0.75 plus shipping). Although typical rental rates are $4.00 to $7.00 per acre, some regions in northern Iowa did not have enough responses to report a rate for cornstalks.
Crop share leases generally allow the tenant to graze or harvest stalks. Based on survey results, 44 percent of crop share tenants were allowed to harvest all the corn residue and 31 percent were allowed to harvest half of it. In return, tenants should take responsibility for maintaining fences and the water supply for grazing.
This article originally appeared on pages 160-161 of the IC-490(22) -- October 6, 2003 issue. | <urn:uuid:bc6c9669-fdfc-475f-a962-5656986c5d78> | {
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Great Barrier Reef
The Great Barrier Reef is a true wonder of the world and is an amazing place to visit. You really can't imagine its beauty until you actually see it for yourself. There are plenty of places from where you can explore the Great Barrier Reef, and whether you travel to the outer reef or visit some of the other reefs and Islands nearer the coast you are sure to be satisfied.
Although the reef is called the Great Barrier Reef, it is actually made up of around 2600 different reefs. The Great Barrier Reef is 2000km long, starting just south of the Tropic of Capricorn. The Great Barrier Reef stretches along the Queensland coastline from just north of Bundaberg (where you will find the Southern Reef Islands) right upto Far North Queensland and the Torres Strait. Due to the reefs amazing and spectacular natural beauty the Great Barrier Reef was declared as a World Heritage Area in 1981.
The reef is called the 'Barrier' Reef because it is an outer reef, situated along the Australian continental shelf with the channel between the coastline and the reef reaching a depth of about 60m. The other type of reef is a 'Fringe' reef, which is situated along the coastline of land and islands.
The coral on the reef dates back to around 18 million years old, and is thought to be about 500 metres in some places. Coral is made by Polyps which are marine animals from the Cindaria family. When the Polyps die, their skeletons turn white (which is how you know if coral is alive or dead) and then more Polyps grow on top of them
There are a few conditions that are required for healthy growth of coral. The water must be salty, clear and not lower in temperature than 17.5 degrees and lower in depth than 30 metres. An amazing sight is seeing the spawning of the coral, which happens in late spring/early summer and is often called an 'underwater snowstorm'.
There are nearly 400 types of coral in the reef and plenty of other species of fish, clams and other sea creatures. The islands are also popular with sea birds and turtles. The colours of all of the coral and sealife is wonderful, from pinks and greens to deep blues and silvers.
There are few dangerous creatures on the reef, although you may see reef sharks there are no noted attacks on visitors. The most dangerous things in the Barrier Reef is the coral itself (if you touch them you can cut yourself as well as damage the coral), Jellyfish and Scorpion Fish.
There are also a number of islands throughout the Great Barrier Reef. They all offer something special to the visitor and are made up of a variety of plantlife. To the south of the reef are a selection of continental islands including Dunk Island, Great Keppel Island, Hinchinbrook Island and several of the Whitsundays.
Further north are around 300 Cays, which are created when the reef lies above sea level causing the waves to ground the coral into sand. Cays include Green Island, Heron Island and the Low Isles. You can stay on several of the islands which are all truly beautiful. Accommodation ranges from exclusive resorts to camping.
Wherever you decide to go in the Great Barrier Reef, make sure you go somewhere. Once you get there, although many tours offer glass bottom boats and semi-submersible boats, the best way to see the reef is by snorkeling or diving. Even for those who don't feel brave enough, try. It is definitely worth it.
Featured Great Barrier Reef Activities
Enjoy a morning half day tour offering two hours on Green Island, an idyllic coral cay in paradise. Snorkel off the beach within the vivid aqua waters, over stunning coral reefs ablaze with underwater...
Visit Green Island in an afternoon half day tour, the tour offers 2 hours on Green Island - an idyllic coral cay in paradise. There is so much to see at Green Island, snorkel off the beach over stunni...
Green Island is an idyllic coral cay in paradise. Snorkel off the beach over stunning coral reefs, ablaze with underwater colours and teeming with myriads of coloured exotic reef fish. Explore the...
Great Barrier Reef Gallery (Visitor Photographs)
Destinations within Far North Queensland | <urn:uuid:1ac40cd7-d325-4978-94cc-c1d3b4e683d9> | {
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New research may offer people who have lost some of their vision due to a stroke renewed hope that they may regain it.
A stroke can affect different parts of the brain. When it occurs in the primary visual cortex, which is the region of the brain that processes visual information, the lack of oxygenated blood can mean that the neurons (brain cells) active in that region incur damage.
In turn, this will affect people’s ability to see, and they may experience various degrees of vision loss. While some people who experience vision loss after a stroke may spontaneously regain their sight, most individuals do not.
So far, specialists have believed that damage to the primary visual cortex neurons causes a set of cells in the eye’s retina called “retinal ganglion cells” to become atrophied, meaning that they lose their ability to function.
When retinal ganglion cells become atrophied, it is highly unlikely that a person will ever recover sight in the affected area.
However, a new study, the findings of which appear in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B, has uncovered more information about the brain damage mechanisms relating to impaired eyesight.
“The integration of a number of cortical regions of the brain is necessary in order for visual information to be translated into a coherent visual representation of the world,” explains study co-author Dr. Bogachan Sahin, Ph.D., who is an assistant professor at the University of Rochester Medical Center in New York.
“And while the stroke may have disrupted the transmission of information from the visual center of the brain to higher order areas,” he adds, “these findings suggest that when the primary visual processing center of the brain remains intact and active, clinical approaches that harness the brain’s plasticity could lead to vision recovery.”
Therapies should ‘encourage neuroplasticity’
In the new study, the researchers worked with 15 participants who were receiving care at Strong Memorial and Rochester General Hospital for vision damage resulting from a stroke.
The participants agreed to take tests assessing their eyesight. They also had MRI scans to monitor their brain activity and an additional test that looked at the state of the retinal ganglion cells.
First, the investigators found that the health and survival of the retinal ganglion cells were highly dependent on activity in the associated primary visual area. Thus, the retinal cells connected to inactive brain areas would atrophy.
At the same time, however, the team surprisingly noted that some retinal cells in the eyes of people who had experienced vision impairment were still healthy and functional, even though the person had lost sight in that part of the eye.
This finding, the researchers explain, indicates that those healthy eye cells remained connected to fully active brain cells in the visual cortex. However, the neurons failed to correctly interpret the visual information that they received from the corresponding retinal ganglion cells, so the stimuli did not “translate” into sight.
“These findings suggest a treatment protocol that involves a visual field test and an eye exam to identify discordance between the visual deficit and retinal ganglion cell degeneration,” notes the study’s first author Dr. Colleen Schneider.
“This could identify areas of vision with intact connections between the eyes and the brain, and this information could be used to target visual retraining therapies to regions of the blind field of vision that are most likely to recover,” Dr. Schneider adds.
In the future, the researchers hope that their current discovery will allow specialists to fine-tune current therapeutic approaches or develop better strategies that will stimulate the damaged brain-eye connections to “rewire” correctly.
“This study breaks new ground by describing the cascade of processes that occur after a stroke in the visual center of the brain and how this ultimately leads to changes in the retina,” says senior author Brad Mahon, Ph.D.
“By more precisely understanding which connections between the eye and brain remain intact after a stroke, we can begin to explore therapies that encourage neuroplasticity with the ultimate goal of restoring more vision in more patients.”
Brad Mahon, Ph.D.
Source Article from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324782.php | <urn:uuid:2b820735-251c-403d-9a90-9d50d5afa6ad> | {
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Visual Basic Database Tutorial - Part 1
Welcome to the very first part in this wizzy Visual Basic Database tutorial!
I'm your crackingly cool host, Karl Moore and over the next few weeks we'll be covering everything you ever wanted to know about databases, but were too afraid to ask.
Whether youre wanting a Christmas bonus or just need to boost your Visual Basic knowledge I'm here to help.
Don't forget that I love to hear feedback! Feel free to send me a message, abusive or otherwise by clicking on the "Post Feedback" link at the end of the page.
Now let's get that wizzo brain cap on as we prepare to answer the following searching questions:
- Erm so what's a database?
- Why don't those tables have any legs?
- What's Microsoft Access got to do with it?
- Why is the grass green?
- How do I build my own mini database program in VB?
- What is the meaning of life?
Well, let's get the philosophical stuff out of the way first. The meaning of life is 42 and grass is green 'cause all the other rainbow colours are absorbed and only the green reflected, a process known as subtractive colour mixing.
Ha - and they said this tutorial wasn't going to be interesting!
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How do you define fitness? Do you define it by how physically strong, flexible, agile, powerful, or graceful you are?
If so, you’re right..kind of. That is part of it, but that’s just the tip of the iceberg.
The reality is, your physical fitness is determined by your emotional well being, both consciously and unconsciously. Your conscious emotions connect to your mental focus in the moment and they are easily identifiable, like fear and embarrassment.
When you find yourself feeling less than perfect, too heavy, too skinny, or judging yourself in any other way, if you tap into the emotions, you’ll notice emotions like fear or embarrassment. You’ll also notice how they are connected to a mental focus of self-judgment.
What is self-judgment?
According to habitsforwellbeing.com, self-judgment is described as the result of the thoughts individuals have about themselves and the meanings they attach to those thoughts.” Your thoughts produce related feelings and often, they seem to come out of nowhere.
But why do we self-judge?
Self-judgement actually has a purpose in your unconscious mind, its goal is to protect your emotional well-being. It is a survival mechanism that we all originally employ in infancy to cope with the stress of our parents.
As an infant, a stressed parent can only mean one thing in that simple mind, ‘I am too much,’ or ‘I am not enough.’ You see, infants are appropriately narcissistic in this level of development, not yet able to perceive separation from mother.
In a culture that conditions us to be perfect in order to be acceptable, our parents struggle under unbelievable amounts of pressure to be ‘perfect parents’ with very little support to do so. A simple example of this is working mothers who must leave their newborns in order to make enough money to survive. Well-intentioned parents do what they need to do in order to provide for their families, yet critical brain development is stunted in all of us because that is the society we live in. It’s just practical, right?
So we all have self-judgment, unconsciously directing our conscious minds to shift our emotional states, and those states show up as body sensations, movement patterns, and ultimately, behavior.
When does self-judgment become a problem?
While it’s necessary when we are small, the problem with self-judgment as an adult is that it actually does not serve you anymore. It comes from an unconscious belief rooted in your early childhood development, but it stops serving you early in life.
As demonstrated in Dr. Gabor Mate’s work on mind-body connection in ‘biopsychosocial’ health in brain development, your brain needs three factors from pregnancy gestation through 2-3 years of age in order to develop fully:
A parenting caregiver who is:
- Emotionally available, and
- Constantly available.
Can you think of ANY parents who honestly fit those parameters from pregnancy through the first 2-3 years of their child’s life? I cannot, and it is likely rare, if not completely nonexistent in this culture.
However, this is not a ‘blame parents’ conversation. This is an ‘opportunity for healing’ conversation.
So, how can we heal self-judgment?
Here are the three ways you can step away from self-judgment and into healing:
- Practice a mindset of humility.
By taking a courageous step into authentically looking into your own habits and patterns on all levels, you will begin healing yourself. It helps us learn how our own perceptions are clouded from unconscious patterns.
- Collaborating with others.
It’s important to find trusted people to talk to openly. Honest dialogue with others starts a healing process in relationship, lending compassion for our collective pain rather than holding onto self-judgment.
- Take action.
Once you become clear on your disempowering beliefs, you can begin actively shifting your unconscious thought patterns through mindfulness, thought expression, and allowing complete self-acceptance.
The Mind-Body Connection
While physical exercise and diet need to be a part of the solution, it’s important to understand they are not the root of the solution. Your physical level is not the cause of your imbalances. Instead, think of your physical body as a GPS for your holistic health.
As Dr. Gabor Mate wisely teaches, the body is the final place where symptoms manifest in a way that is undeniable. The solution exists at the root cause, found in the unseen.
This is why unconscious integration work is so vital to overall health and wellbeing.
The Emotional State, Mental Focus, and Physical Fitness Connection
For years, my clients have been asking me what their emotional states and mental focus have to do with their physical fitness.
My answer: EVERYTHING.
The root cause of your unconscious habits and patterns align with your values. If your unconscious pattern is connected directly to your values, you experience holistic health and balance.
If your unconscious pattern is connected to avoiding your values, you experience ‘dis-ease’ of some sort. It starts with imbalance, moves to chronic pain or dysfunction, and eventually, if corrective habits are not employed, chronic disease.
Even with great intentions, the Holistic Fitness Lifestyle picture of living must include ALL levels of self: physical, mental, spiritual (I define your spirituality as your values, whether it’s religious or secular), and emotional. As daunting and challenging as it may seem, we must step into emotional awareness, expression, and holding non-judgmental space for one another in order to do so. | <urn:uuid:8057a136-1b09-474b-ac62-34ae0a7d5585> | {
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The main findings of this thesis are that the conditions for participation and agency change through the use of blogs in this class, and that there are indications of student authority strengthening at the discursive as well as linguistic level. Moreover, findings suggest that, contrary to common beliefs about teenagers being particularly skilled users of digital media and teachers being outdistanced, schools can make important contributions when it comes to introducing digital tools for literacy to the students.
Digital Literacy Practices in Education. An Investigation of the Use of Blogs in a Norwegian High School.
This thesis investigates ho students and their teacher use blogs in the classroom. The thesis is comprised of three articles each investigating different aspects of the blogging activities, from observations of the class’ activities during lessons and the students’ own account of the blogging activities to discursive and linguistic features of the blog texts. | <urn:uuid:157586a4-2e75-4c7a-9896-dda2841adad1> | {
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Dr. Arthur Bradley, Disaster Preparedness Expert and Author, Shares Today's Doomsday Lesson
YORKTOWN, Va., Dec. 21, 2012 /PRNewswire/ -- December 21st has finally arrived, and fortunately, the five-thousand-year-old Mayan prediction that the world would end in cataclysmic doom didn't come to pass. Numerous possible scenarios were cited including a massive solar storm, the sudden reversal of the Earth's magnetic field, a supervolcano eruption, or the collision with an unseen planetary body (a.k.a. Planet X). While scientists and scholars alike were right to scoff at such prophecies, it does provide an opportunity to ask, "What if the Mayans were right?" What if our world had experienced a serious and far-reaching disaster? How would we as a species have fared? Perhaps more important, how well would your own family have survived?
Dr. Arthur Bradley, author of the bestselling, "Handbook to Practical Disaster Preparedness for the Family" and the "Prepper's Instruction Manual," claims that in all but the worst-case scenarios, mankind would likely survive. He says, "We possess the intelligence, technologies, and medicines to help us adapt and survive under all but the most adverse conditions. People would die, civilizations might fall, and life would certainly be disrupted, but with careful preparations, and perhaps a bit of luck, some would live to rebuild."
What steps can be taken to ensure your place as one of the survivors? The Federal Emergency Management Agency suggests that people start with a simple set of supplies to help meet their needs for three days (see Ready.gov). Dr. Bradley agrees that this minimal preparation is a good place to start but points out that it falls far short of meeting an individual's or family's needs for an extended crisis. He suggests drafting a plan designed to carefully document how your family will address each of their 14 needs, which include: food, water, shelter, light, heating, air, sleep, hygiene and sanitation, medicine, communication, electricity, financial security, transportation, and protection (see Disasterpreparer.com). Addressing these needs requires setting up micro-infrastructures capable of supporting your family for an extended period of time. Dr. Bradley states that a reasonable first goal is to be self-sufficient for 30 days. This requires setting up a small food cache, ensuring access to clean water other than from your tap, having supplies to keep warm under the most adverse conditions, and being capable of generating a modest level of electricity using generators or inverters.
He goes on to say that most people are ill prepared for even mundane interruptions in the nation's most critical infrastructures (i.e., electricity, food and water distribution, emergency services). "People have become far too dependent on our nation's support systems. Like many events before it, Hurricane Sandy left millions of Americans scrambling to meet their most basic needs." He believes that generations before ours were far better prepared. "Not only did they feel the sacrifices required by world wars, they also experienced the hardships of a long-lasting depression. Food lines, gas shortages, and devastating unemployment were all very real threats."
"We should all be thankful that 2012 will be remembered for the catastrophe that it didn't bring. What shouldn't be forgotten, however, are the countless disasters that did occur, including Hurricane Sandy, the worst drought in our nation's history, and the numerous earthquakes, floods, typhoons, and wildfires experienced all around the globe. There is no doubt that disasters, both natural and man-made, will continue to challenge mankind. Whether it's an influenza pandemic, a deadly tsunami, or a radiological accident, the human race is constantly reminded not to become too complacent. Despite yet another failed doomsday prophecy, perhaps today's lesson is that now really is the time to get better prepared," concluded Dr. Bradley.
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A new study on how quickly Earth’s glaciers and ice caps are melting - a crucial piece of the sea level rise puzzle - has received quite a bit of press attention during the past week, some of it rather misleading. While the paper (technically a letter) published in the journal Nature, concluded that glaciers and ice caps worldwide lost about 4.3 trillion tons of mass between 2003-2010 - enough to cover the entire United States with water 1.5 feet deep, according to NASA - there were some regions where glaciers and ice caps did not lose as much ice as previously thought.
Naturally some media outlets and climate skeptics chose to focus on the exceptions to the rule, losing track of the main conclusions in the process.
The study, by scientists at the University of Colorado at Boulder and the National Center for Atmospheric Research, constitutes the first global observational measurements of ice mass loss from glaciers and ice caps, gleaned from a pair of satellites known as the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment, or GRACE.
The study found that the contribution to sea level rise from land ice other than the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets is about a third less than previously thought, at 0.4 mm per year between 2003 and 2010. However, these areas only comprised about 25 to 30 percent of the total global mass loss during that period, since most mass was lost from the polar ice caps. The study found that outside of Greenland and Antarctica, the glaciers of Alaska lost ice at the fastest rate between 2003 and 2010.
An animation shows the location of mountain glaciers and ice caps around the world with data from the GRACE mission to show recent trends in ice mass loss or gain. (NASA / Goddard Space Flight Center)
The GRACE satellites allow scientists to track changes in Earth’s gravity field by detecting regional variations in the planet’s mass. The satellites work as a team, discerning changes in the distance between them due to fluctuations in the planet’s gravitational field. According to NASA, they can detect changes in distance down to one-hundredth of the width of a human hair.
Study coauthor John Wahr of the University of Colorado said GRACE allows scientists to take stock of glacier systems and ice caps, but the space-based approach doesn’t allow for studies of individual glaciers.
“It’s sort of like looking down on a forest from an airplane,” he said via email. “You can easily see the extent of the forest without too much trouble, but you have a hard time identifying individual trees.”
As a commentary accompanying the Nature study noted: scientists have calculated the mass balances of very few glaciers and ice caps, and global mass loss rates come with a large amount of uncertainty.
“There are more than 160,000 glaciers and ice caps worldwide,” wrote Jonathan Bamber of the Bristol Glaciology Center in the U.K. “Fewer than 120 (0.075%) have had their mass balance (the sum of the annual mass gains and losses of the glacier or ice cap) directly measured, and for only 37 of these are there records extending beyond 30 years. Extrapolating this tiny sample of observations to all glaciers and ice caps is a challenging task that inevitably leads to large uncertainties.”
According to Wahr, researchers relying on sampling a limited number of glaciers and extrapolating the results from there have actually done a very good job. “The only place where things seem to break down, is high mountain Asia,” Wahr said.
Ah yes, the exception to the rule I noted earlier.
Contrary to previous studies, the new research found the glaciers and ice caps stretching across the high mountains of Asia (sometimes referred to as Earth’s “Third Pole”) have shown a high degree of variability from one year to the next, and did not lose much mass during the eight-year study period. In fact, they might have added some mass during that time.
The researchers found that glaciers and ice caps in the high mountains of Asia, including the Himalayas, Pamir, and Tien Shan, lost about 4 gigatonnes per year during the 2003-2010 period, with an uncertainty of about plus or minus 20 gigatonnes per year.
The fate of Himalayan glaciers has been a hot button topic in the media, especially since 2010, when the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change admitted that its 2007 Fourth Assessment Report had misstated when these glaciers might melt - the report stated 2035, when it should have said 2350.
Previous estimates showed more ice loss occurring in this region, which is a major concern given the large amount of ice in the area and its importance for supporting rivers that help nourish booming populations in India, Bangladesh, Pakistan and China.
Wahr said high mountain Asia is very challenging terrain for ground-based monitoring of glaciers, given the many microclimates, forbidding topography, and other factors. “There are tens of thousands of glaciers in that region, spread over a wide range of elevations and subject to many different kinds of weather patterns,” he said. “Those things strongly influence changes in temperature and snowfall, which are two of the primary factors in determining the rate of glacial mass loss.”
The British press, along with climate skeptics in the U.S., played up the Himalayan finding, and in the process implied that it undermines the basic conclusion that glaciers and the polar ice caps are melting and sea level is rising as a result. Even the Guardian, one of the bright spots in media coverage of global warming, got into the act with the headline: “The Himalayas and nearby peaks have lost no ice in past 10 years, study show]s]”.
As Charlie Petit of the Knight Science Journalism Tracker noted in response to these news reports, “It’s newsy enough to learn that Himalaya will keep its glaciers a good long while, but to package it as evidence that the same is true of, oh, Glacier National Park in Montana, is a stretch. So is to frame the letter generally as a blow against standard climate science’s ice-melt division. It makes climate science more robust and not precarious.”
Thankfully, a blog post by the Guardian’s “EcoAudit” man Leo Hickman provided crucial context by laying out other recent research findings on melting glaciers, and soliciting the views of other experts in the field to determine the state of the science on this issue. After exploring the topic in depth, Hickman concluded:
The surprising finding, reported in this new study, that satellite evidence shows that there wasn’t any loss in ice mass between 2003 and 2010 in the wider Himalayan region has, again, been welcomed with much delight by climate skeptics. However, the headline finding distracts somewhat from the rest of the data presented in the paper. It shows clear evidence that other regions, most notably Greenland and Antarctica, recorded a significant loss in ice mass over this same period. But, because this was largely expected, it didn’t become the headline.
There’s little comfort to be found, though, in the news that, in total, 536 gigatonnes (+/- 93Gt) of ice was “lost” globally between 2003 and 2010. What this study shows is that our understanding of how glaciers are affected by climate change can, as you would expect, be improved. For example, there are huge regional variations for reasons that scientists are still trying to fully understand. But to pin our hopes that climate change might be more benign than first feared on an unexpected finding in one region over a period of just eight years seems unwise when the wider global trend is clear, as the study clearly shows.
Wahr also cautioned against making predictions based on just eight years of data, calling such attempts “dangerous.” Instead, he described the study as a “comprehensive picture of present-day ice loss.”
In an email conversation, study coauthor Tad Pfeffer of the University of Colorado at Boulder also rejected the view that the study demonstrates that mainstream scientists had erred in previous estimates of ice mass loss. “... Our report shows that we (the mainstream) are actually trying to discover what is really happening out there in the world. If improved research tells us that High Mountain Asia is losing mass at a slower rate than we thought earlier, we say so.” Pfeffer noted that the study’s ice mass loss rates “match other reported estimates pretty closely in other parts of the world. | <urn:uuid:775c50cb-9450-4f6d-a84f-c1d2e905ad1a> | {
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In addition to painting houses, paints are used to give color to automobiles, underground storage vessels, road markings, ships and many more items.
The element in paints that is responsible for lending color to several applications is pigments. Pigments hold a place of great importance in the paint industry with huge quantities of the several varieties being used for different purposes. Pigments in paints act as colorants in commercial, industrial and decorative applications. The different type of pigments for paints can be listed as below:
Earth Colour Pigments: These are obtained from natural sources and are classified as inorganic pigments. They are weather resistant, light fast and chemical fast. Some examples under this category are Umber, Ocher, Swedish red, Bolus etc.
Mineral Pigments: These are classified as synthetic inorganic pigments. A few of the pigments included in this category are Chrome oxide green, Titanium dioxide, Ultramarine variety of pigment blue, Iron oxide yellow, Nickel titanium yellow etc.
Plant Colour Pigments: These are obtained from natural organic pigments available in plants. Some examples that come in this category are Saffron, Indigo, Alizarin red, Reseda, Woad etc.
Synthetic Pigments: Some synthetic pigments also find their way into the paint industry. Phthalocyanine, Azo, Dioxazine are just to name a few of them.
The pigment in paints not only acts as a colorant but also offers the underneath surface protection from weathering and corrosion. It is in fact responsible for holding the paint together. Special pigments are used in specific applications such as providing metallic finishes to automobile bodies or offering long lasting feature for road markings. In addition to pigments, paints contain binders and solvent.
The binder helps in holding the coating of paint to the substrate. Solvents also called as thinners act as a medium in which the binder, additives and pigments are dispersed as true solutions or as colloidal dispersion. The pigment, binder and the solvent have to be mixed in the right proportions so that the final finished output is a smooth, continuous and attractive coat of paint. The paint technologist and the paint technician work in conjunction to achieve the desired final product.
With industrial applications of paints ranging from aerospace, coil, automotive to architectural and decorative, paint formulations have to fulfill varied technical criteria besides offering durability, opacity and ease of application. It is the job of the paint technologist to formulate the paint as per pre-determined standards and the paint technician who is responsible for its manufacture to ensure the achievement of the features set down by the paint technologist. The equipment that is commonly used in the manufacture of paint includes ball or pebble mills, vertical and horizontal bead mills and top speed intensive stirrers. The paint manufacturer can make use of several other machinery that is available for the purpose. The efforts of all are however, directed towards obtaining top quality paints!
“To develop and nurture long lasting business relationships with our customers by increasing the ambit and application of our colors, providing ace quality and economical coloring solutions that meet the changing needs of our global clients”.
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New world culture
By definition, globalization is “the increasing interconnectedness of all parts of the world in terms of communication, trade, business, politics, travel, and culture” (Johnson). Many items are founded within western culture, predominantly American within pop culture. The historical basis of items such as fast food, movies, televisions, and music are often linked back to American culture. Although many different cultures and countries have their own music, mainstream music is often linked to what is popular in America. Since these modern elements of culture often begin in America and spread throughout a large portion of the world, it is easy to see how many people believe that an item’s history and origin label it as “American” (Johnson).
The origin of an item, such as the fast food restaurant McDonalds, is not overlooked even when the restaurants are spread throughout the world. In the 1970’s McDonalds began to spread to other countries, carrying with them the idea of American fast food service and products. Even though the menu may vary from location to location, the origin from which it was founded maintains consistent and does not go unnoticed. The logo itself is what people view as the spread of Americanization across the globe. Although the individual restaurants may be very different, the recognition of the Golden Arches is what makes people believe that America is spreading.
Not only food and restaurants carry over from American culture to other nations. Movies and television shows also carry over. The Simpsons, for example, are played in many other countries, predominantly in Western Europe. This is a show that has been long running and has significant American ties to it. Many of the newer episodes tackle American politics and social issues. Not only is the origin of The Simpsons tied to the US, but the ongoing messages throughout the shows also reminds the viewers that this is an American show and is part of America. And this is just one example of visual media that is shown worldwide that is linked to America.
Music is definitely a component that can be linked back to a specific part of the world. In the US, rap music is quite popular and has spread throughout the world. Other types of music have strong roots in other countries, such as pop in the UK and heavy metal in Germany. However, rap music has evolved from America. The spread of this style of music can be linked back to the difficulties minorities have faced within the American poverty-stricken subcultures, and even further roots into the dark slave days in America. This type of music is played across the world, with many concert tours going overseas.
Looking at food/dining, visual entertainment, and audio entertainment, it is easy to see how many believe that the American culture is the head of globalization. The financial support to push American products across the world is often unmatched by other companies founded in other countries. However, when looking at the specific data the facts show a different angel. American pop culture has spread rather rapidly across the world since the 1950’s. But we must look at how in the last decade “Europe’s top companies have beaten America’s by an often substantial margin” (Theil). The growth of European companies in regards to exports has increased approximately 17% while for the US exports have decreased 11%. “America’s roster of large global companies has been mostly static and declining” (Theil).
From a social aspect it appears that American culture is the leader of globalization. However, when looking at concrete data that is not the case. According to Marling, “globalization is not as American as we think it is. It’s just that everyone, especially Americans, recognizes American films, language, and logos when abroad, and draws the conclusion that the world is becoming Americanized.” Marling goes on to say:
“US logos are taken as evidence of cultural imperialism. WE all see Visa, McDonald’s, KFC, Coke, and Walmart. Mickey Mouse grins at us in France and Japan. Bruce Willis frowns from billboards and posters. CSI: Miami and Everybody Loves Raymond appear on the hotels’ cable channel. The taxi drivers and hotel employees speak a little English. All this seems part of a creeping ‘Americanization.’”
Essentially what Marling is trying to point out is that we associate certain logos, faces, titles, etc. with American culture, however there are many differences that make this spread of global culture not solely American. Modern culture is spreading across the globe, not just American culture. Modern culture is fueled by industrialized nations, such as those found in Europe, Australia, and North America. All of these geographical locations fuel globalization. However, it appears that most of the world sees America as the main fuel behind the spread.
one world culture
culture around the world
culture around the world
Johnson, June. “Global Issues: Local Arguments, Reading for Writing, Custom Edition.
New York: Custom Publishing, 2007.
Marling, William H. How “American” Is Globalization? Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins
University Press, 2006.
Theil, Stefan. (2010, April). “Why Europe Will Win :Forget the conventional wisdom.
European firms are faster-growing, more profitable, and better at globalization than their American rivals.” Newsweek, 155(17). Retrieved October 3, 2010, from ProQuest Health Management.
The Web directory services by SecWh, unless otherwise expressly stated, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. | <urn:uuid:085c7c55-2567-44f7-a0ed-59ea10bfa03c> | {
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Idempotence (/ˌaɪdɨmˈpoʊtəns/ eye-dəm-poh-təns) is the property of certain operations in mathematics and computer science, that can be applied multiple times without changing the result beyond the initial application.
About a month ago, I came up with a great example of idempotence which I want to share if anybody has confusion about what it means exactly, or has to explain it to someone outside of the realm of mathematics or computer science, like customer stakeholders.
It came to me when I was doing dishes one night. I had left a baby food jar on the counter waiting for my wife to get back down to the kitchen area since I didn’t know if it had been cleaned over at the in-laws or not. When she got back to the kitchen, after I asked if it had been washed, she gave me the perfect example of idempotence:
If you aren’t sure if it has been washed or not, just wash it; it won’t hurt anything if you wash it again.
So when you are trying to explain idempotence to someone, feel free to use this example found in every day life.
I hope you find this useful. | <urn:uuid:3f751a61-f585-4f2e-b76f-6153f4da63a3> | {
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This is the full version of my paper on “an historic” and “an historical.” Apologies for the poor fit of some of the tables. They look nicer in the PDF version.
One of the most regular and inflexible rules of English is the one governing which version of the indefinite article to use in a given context. It is a useful thing to have an understanding of the rule, and it would take less than an hour to learn a habit of choosing according to the sound of the following word: a before a consonant, as in habit, but also before a consonant sound written as a vowel, as in useful; an before a vowel, as in understanding, but also before a silent consonant (inevitably h) followed by a vowel, as in hour. Although in some dialects a is used before vowels as well, this usage is considered nonstandard and is generally looked down upon (notwithstanding which it has occasionally been predicted that this will be the ultimate use everywhere – see, for example, the editor’s note following Bolinger 1975). An before a consonant would be considered a mark of a nonnative speaker.
There is, however, a salient exception. Before a few words that begin with [h], and most notably historic and historical, an may often be seen and heard used in place of a, even by people whose dialect does not delete the [h]. It seems to have gained an air of greater correctness and formality in many circles. Although a is more common, an is widely seen, especially before historic. Google searches, worldwide and for .ca (Canadian) domain names only, give an indication:
|a historic||an historic||ratio a:an||a historical||an historical||ratio a:an|
The Canadian government’s websites (all sites in the .gc.ca domain) prefer a to an for historic by only 1.28:1, with 4,570 and 3,570, respectively, and for historical by 1.83:1, with 8,280 and 4,530.
Nor is this a casual matter of personal choice; it is much debated, and positions are often firmly held. There is no shortage of people who will assert quite flatly that “an historic is actually the correct pronounciation” (Urban Dictionary 2004) and even counsel those who prefer a to “look it up” (Yahoo Answers U.K. & Ireland 2007) – ironically, given that current British and American usage manuals almost without exception either explicitly prefer a or at least allow it. Some speakers will aver that “it sounds better to say ‘an historic’” (Yahoo Answers 2006; see also Opinion L.A. 2007); some will simply say “there’s a case to be made that an is the suitable article before historic” (Opinion L.A. 2007). Many will use it because they are certain that it is correct or more formal; others will chose it because, being uncertain, they choose the more marked version on the assumption that it would not be used by others if it were not correct. As Bolinger (1975) quotes Ralph Long as saying (in a personal communication), there is a tendency among “people who really know little or no English grammar…, when in doubt between two constructions, [to] pick the less usual and presumably more elegant.”
Those on the other side of the issue declare an historic to be “pretty much a sherry-sipping, bowtie-wearing thing” (City Comforts 2006) or “pedantic, fussy, and patronising” (Yahoo Answers 2006), fume “I hate that ‘an’ preceding ‘historic’ … it seems awfully pretentious” (Opinion L.A. 2007), or simply flatly declare it wrong: “Do you live in an house? I didn’t think so. A historic” (Walsh 2006). Some usage guides allow either usage, but the trend among authorities appears to be in favour of a. As Fee and McAlpine (1997) put it, “British usage guides are recommending against the unnecessary an. It is probably time for Canadians to let it go too.” And yet many seem loath to do so.
There are four questions that deserve answers in this regard: First, how did this state of affairs come to be? Second, what in fact do most people consider more correct and more formal? Third, why is this the case? And fourth, what is the trend for the future for this usage?
The dispute over which article to use with historic and historical is not new, although the restriction of the dispute largely to those two words is of more recent date. Hillhouse (1928) quotes a piece titled “Humble Petition of the Letter H” from the Grub-street Journal of January 24, 1733–4. In it, the letter H “begs leave to remonstrate against the prevailing custom of authors or printers, or both, who always set the particle An before a word that begins with H: by which method they injuriously deny that he is any letter at all, since, to be sure, they will not call him a vowel.” H continues by asserting that it is already “by a good custom settled for speaking” that words in which H is pronounced are preceded by a; “If men will write An house, an horse, an high-lander, they ought to read so, too. But if it be ridiculous to read so, it must be as ridiculous to write in this manner.” The case, then, was that although pronunciation had long since shifted to restore or add the pronounced [h] which had been dropped under French influence, printers and writers still often preferred the traditional usage (as they did with many points of spelling). Not always, however; Hillhouse observes that, although an before pronounced h could be found with many words in instances from some writers well into the 18th century, a had long since become the established norm, and had been appearing in print since the 16th century. Mark Liberman (2004) tracked usages of an hero using the literary database lion.chadwyck.com and tracked the death dates of the more than 60 authors who used it; he found that the first three authors cited were in the last half of the 17th century, that numbers increased to a peak around 1800, and that they then dropped sharply to 1900. Thus there seems to have been a vogue, and one that came about not in concert with the French influence but rather more in line, perhaps, with the late-18th-century flush of prescriptivism (however, the uprising arc before 1800 may also reflect the composition of the database).
The use of an came to be restricted to h-words with an unaccented first syllable, for example historian and historic. But even that had come to deprecation, though not disuse, by the late 19th century. Hillhouse quotes the 1888 New English Dictionary: “this is all but obsolete in speech, and writing a becomes increasingly common in this position.” He adds an admonition from the noted prescriptivist H.W. Fowler in his 1926 Dictionary of English Usage: “now that the h in such words is pronounced the distinction has become pedantic, and a historical should be said and written.”
The door was not closed on the issue, however. In 1929, Louis N. Feipel published a survey of 300 books, divided equally between American and British authors, examing their use of the indefinite article before h and vowels that are preceded by glides such, as “long u” [ju]. He found an assortment of instances of an before h in monosyllables and words accented on the first syllable – 11 each from American and British books. He found rather more instances when he turned to words starting with [h] not accented on the first syllable. The word most commonly preceded by an was, in fact, hotel – Feipel notes that “‘an hotel’ preponderated markedly over ‘a hotel’; but strangely enough, of the many ‘an’ instances only one was by an American writer.” Next after hotel was historic(al) – Feipel treated the two words as one. Here Feipel found usage “evenly divided between ‘a’ and ‘an,’ as also between British and American writers.” (The actual instances listed numbered as follows: a: 7 British, 4 American; an: 4 British, 4 American.) Following historic(al) was heroic, for which an preponderated, but especially among the British. Other words for which an was more common than a included hallucination, hysterical, horizon, hypothesis, habitué, hereditary, hermaphrodite (itic), hermetical(ly), and several that had only one instance each. On the other hand, a preponderated for hypnotic, harmonious (harmonium), Havana, and several words with one instance each, and there were also a few words that were evenly split.
Feipel’s article drew some responses. One (Byington 1929) noted that much of the variation in style could be attributed to the proofreaders and copy-preparers at the various publishing houses, and that they are more likely to be dogmatic and perhaps tradition-bound than the average user; the next (Palmer 1929) declared “it has long seemed natural to me to use an before an unaccented h. A historical, and a hypothesis offend my ear.” These were followed by a note from the editor (Kenyon 1929), who noted briefly the history and conventions and declared that the inconsistency was not surprising.
The inconsistency persisted for the following half century – but specifically with historic(al). In 1975 Dwight Bolinger declared an historical to be “another presitigious contagion” that was “spreading fast in both print and sound, these days.” In response to Bolinger, Bollard (1979) surveyed material collected by the pronunciation editors at the G. & C. Merriam Company. He found that an preponderated in the speech sampled, especially for historian, historic, and historical, by margins of 22:1, 28:3, and 24:1, respectively, and that it was preferred by smaller margins with several other h words. The totals in writing samples bore out the same result, with larger numbers of instances but smaller ratios (63:25, 85:51, and 194:98, respectively), and also with other words such as habitual, hereditary, and hallucination. More telling was the breakdown of the pronunciation variants: for historian, historic, and historical, in total, of 65 instances recorded, 25 pronounced the [h]. This means that the tradition prevailed even in the face of phonological contradiction of its original justification. There is also the matter of how many of the [h]-less instances were said by people who would say the [h] in the absence of the indefinite article. This practice has evolved as a “rule” that some users hew to. Bolinger adverts to this when he categorizes “h-droppers” in three groups: those who always pronounce the h, even with an (“the true phony h-dropper”); those who never pronounce the h (“the sincere h-dropper”); and those who drop the h just after an: “He writes an historical and says an ’istorical, but elsewhere does not spare his aspiration in the historical record, no historical justification, by historical methods. He is half-phony because he stands a rule of English on its head, which is that what follows determines the shape of the article; the article does not determine the shape of what follows.”
In the 21st century, an historic is still seen – and widely thought correct – and, even more notably, a historic is thought by many to be wrong. The situation is such that the more descriptivist New Fowler’s Modern English Usage (Burchfield 1996, 2) allows the choice of a or an as a matter of personal preference. Most modern style guides and expert writers on the subject disagree. Bill Walsh, who maintains a site for copyeditors called The Slot and is the author of a few books on English usage, surveyed (2004) several style guides and found that, while the London Times called for an in its stylebook (for hotel and heroic as well as historic), and two American dictionaries and two American usage guides allowed the user’s choice, the remainder of American guides sided firmly with an: Garner’s Modern American Usage, Patricia T. O’Conner’s Woe Is I, The Chicago Manual of Style, The Associated Press Stylebook, The United Press International stylebook, the Washington Post stylebook, the New York Times stylebook, the USA Today stylebook, and the U.S. News & World Report stylebook. One person taking the other side in debate with Walsh cited The Correct Word: How to Use It by Josephine Turck Baker: “when h is aspirated, a is required, unless the accent is on the second syllable, when an is used; as ‘a history;’ ‘an historian.’” However, Baker was writing in the first decades of the 20th century – at a time, in fact, when most authorities had already begun counselling users to prefer a in such contexts. Canadian style guides likewise counsel a rather than an (see Editors’ Association of Canada 2000, 211; Tasko 2005, 91; Fee and McAlpine 1997, 1).
Has an use peaked? Has it described, in the broad view of history, an arc like the one that Liberman discerned for an hero? A check of the same database as Liberman used, lion.chadwyck.com, shows parallel quantities of usage for both versions persisting from the 18th century to the 20th, with an usage holding about a 10:7 ratio over a usage. Authors with no birth or death dates listed (which in this database are usually living authors with recent works) are skewed to a by a 10:4 ratio, which may indicate a change in progress. However, the total number of authors cited, 49 for an and 34 for a, is too small to be conclusive.
A search of some Canadian, American, and British news media websites finds the following results:
|a historic||an historic||ratio a:an|
|Globe and Mail||766||142||5.39|
|New York Times archive 1981–||7,529||841||8.95|
|New York Times archive 1851–1980||8,138||1,575||5.17|
|Wall Street Journal||836||236||3.54|
|a historical||an historical||ratio a:an|
|Globe and Mail||258||38||6.79|
|New York Times archive 1981–||5,291||305||17.35|
|New York Times archive 1851–1980||11,381||1,687||6.75|
|Wall Street Journal||429||82||5.23|
Only one site has an more than a for historic, the Times of London, which calls for it in its style guide (and even still it has a nearly three-quarters as often as an). Its London competitor the Telegraph has a nearly twice as much as an. For historical, preference for a is universal though not absolute. Every North American news outlet surveyed preferred a for both words by a notable margin. And it is worth remembering that many of the instances will have been in quotations (though the search results show that some of the usages are by the organizations’ own writers).
A search of the same outlets for rations of a to an for habitual, hysterical, hotel, and hero finds interestingly varied results (n/a means that there were no instances of an at all):
|hysterical ratio||habitual ratio||hotel ratio||hero ratio|
|Globe and Mail||n/a||n/a||n/a||n/a|
|New York Times archive 1981–||9.07||18.77||2,641.33||7,116.00|
|New York Times archive 1851–1980||11.38||2.23||135.40||113.61|
|Wall Street Journal||n/a||24.00||536.67||n/a|
We can see that hysterical and habitual still get a fair amount of an usage in some quarters, but none at all in most Canadian news outlets surveyed, while hotel gets very little an usage and hero quite nearly none – but not absolutely none. Interestingly, the London Times also has a heavy preponderance of a hotel in spite of its style guide’s prescription. Most striking, perhaps, is the prevalence of an with habitual on Government of Canada websites – due to its standard use in legislation – and the prevalence of an with hysterical on .ca sites, something that might reward further study in a future research effort. Given its absence in the usage of Canadian media outlets, this latter would seem to be an anomaly. (We should also remember that .ca domains are used only by a subset of all Canadian websites.)
While a is winning, however, an still has a strong presence with historic and historical, and to a generally lesser degree with a few other similar words. Style guides tend to focus on historic and historical in this issue; the general consensus is that these words are the strongest survivors: “Nowadays the use of an before h survives primarily before the words historical and historic” (ITP Nelson Canadian Dictionary of the English Language 1998, 1). Certainly it prevails in terms of absolute numbers; while the a:an ratios may be similar for some other words in some sources, their frequency of usage is much less – typically two to three orders of magnitude less.
Why has an persisted with historic and historical? No doubt there has been some effect of linguistic ideology (see Wollard and Schieffelin 1994 and Kroch and Small 1978 for general discussions of the topic) – as Silverstein (1979) defines it, “sets of beliefs about language articulated by users as a rationalization or justification of perceived language structure or use”; Irvine (1989) calls it “the cultural system of ideas about social and linguistic relationships, together with their loading of moral and political interests.” The ideological aspect is manifested especially in the tone of some of the debate: the an usage is strongly associated with a British-style prestige model, one viewed by some as the truly correct model (deviation from which offends the ear) and by others as intolerably elitist (“sherry-sipping,” “patronising,” and “pretentious,” to reprise three quotations from above). Ideology tends to override other factors and can be used to justify many an exception – and many a vociferous exception to that exception! As Milroy (2004) says, language ideologies are typically “historically deep-rooted and thoroughly naturalized – hence their resistance to analysis or argument.” A usage may be justified with reasoning that may not reflect the speaker’s phonological reality – as witness this statement from Yahoo Answers 2006: “the h in ‘historic’ is not really acting like a consonant. It forms a sort of dipthong with the I.”
Another possible source of the current state of affairs is the context in which the word historic is often seen. It happens to be a word that is often associated with events that are, well, historic, and thus formal and exceptional. In 1949, Ralph H. Lane noted that “the American likes historic when the word denotes prestige or age, and he applies it somewhat indiscriminately, because of a national affinity for the adjective which dignifies events and objects connected with his rude forefathers.” After surveying the Washington Post for the first half of 1948, he observed that “at the present time historic (especially when it appears in the press) predominantly denoted prestige.” When we consider the importance and exceptionality that can be associated with historic, we may imagine that a more conservative “harking back to olden days” may be in operation some of the time.
Problem and hypothesis
The information we have just reviewed gives good historical, accessory, and anecdotal information about the matter at hand, but no detailed survey of actual current use. I therefore set out to determine what percentage of speakers in Canada today consider each of the usages correct or incorrect: a versus an with historic and historical. I also wished to determine whether there is a relationship between perceived formality and perceived correctness in these usages; I wished to test for an effect of a possible overall set of linguistic ideological beliefs; I wished to test the extent to which usage is determined by pronunciation or non-pronunciation of [h] at the beginning of words; and I wished to find out whether preference for one or the other related in any significant way to demographic details such as age or educational background.
I hypothesized that perceived formality would be a factor in choice of an over a but also that an would be found more formal even among those who thought it incorrect. I also hypothesized that there would be a relationship between preference for an and preference for certain favoured prescriptivist rules. As well, I hypothesized that there would be many people who pronounce the [h] who nonetheless use an with historic. And I hypothesized that respondents’ ages would have significant relationship with their views on the correctness of a and an with historic and historical.
I developed a web-based survey that asked for respondents to rate 20 sentences on formality and correctness and to give demographic information. See Appendix 1 for details of the survey used. The stimulus sentences and demographic questions were presented all on one page. This meant that respondents could change their response to a question at any time while filling out the form, up to when they clicked on “Send.” Respondents were randomized to one of two forms by means of the last digit of their postal code. The stimulus sentences on the forms were matched, in most cases offering two variants on a specific grammatical feature, and in some cases offering the same sentence on both forms.
Participants were solicited by means of email. The emails were distributed to four groups: a) employees of MediResource Inc., a Toronto-based web health information company; b) members of the Toronto Mendelssohn Choir; c) members of the Church of the Holy Trinity, which is in Toronto; d) acquaintances of my father, who lives in Cochrane, Alberta, but writes a weekly column that is read by email and on the web by people across Canada and elsewhere. The last group was the largest and also the oldest on average; its presence resulted in the median age being higher than it would otherwise have been. (The average age could have been reduced, and the response pool increased, by soliciting responses from two other groups with which I have connections, but these groups consisted of linguistics students and professional editors, and I felt that either of these groups would skew the results due to their unusual awareness of and focus on matters of English usage.) The emails also asked respondents to forward the email to family and friends to get their participation as well. In total, 214 responses were received: 103 for form 1 and 110 for form 2, and one discarded as an evident accidental duplicate of the immediately preceding one, probably by double-clicking rather than single-clicking the “Send” button.
Personal experience has indicated to me that when one asks people directly about a point of usage, they do not always give answers that reflect their actual usage; sometimes they are unable to remember, and sometimes they say what they think the questioner wants to hear. Thus, rather than asking directly whether a or an is correct before historic and historical, and how formal the usage is, I presented a set of sentences that they could rate on correctness and formality, without focusing on the grammatical feature of interest to me in the sentence, and I spaced the questions of most interest suitably far apart in the form so as not emphasize the focus. I used two forms so that I could test variants without calling attention to the variation being tested. Form 1 had a sentence containing a historic (“This is a historic occasion”) and a sentence containing an historical (“They conducted an historical survey”); form 2 had the same sentences but with the a and an reversed. Since I didn’t want to ask directly how the respondents pronounced words starting with h, because I didn’t want to turn their attention directly to what I was trying to find out, I used a sentence with an hotel to test this (“There was an hotel on the other side of the river”), reasoning that those who did not pronounce the h would generally find this correct and those who did would generally find this incorrect. The remaining 17 sentences were chosen to manifest “correct” and “incorrect,” and more and less formal, forms of certain usages. Some of the sentences used hinged on points of usage that have a certain prescriptivist shibboleth value: split infinitive, sentence-ending preposition, hopefully as a sentence adverb, and a few others. Some items were included with the expectation that the data gathered on them may be useful for future investigation of specific points of usage.
Some items were identical on both forms so as to provide stable points of comparison or to give a comparatively formal, informal, correct, or incorrect item for the sake of comparison (e.g., for informal, “You want me to do what?”). For most of the items, there were two variants, one expected to be thought more formal and/or correct, the other less formal and/or incorrect. The distribution of these items was balanced between the forms with the intent of making each form seem roughly equal. In the final results, the mean formality value for all items on form 1 was 2.6375, the total “no” (incorrect) was 911, and the total “yes” (correct) was 1036. For form 2, the mean formality was 2.664, the total “no” 861, and the total “yes” 1234. The difference in mean formality was not statistically significant; however, a chi-square test found that the difference in total correctness values, about 57 from predicted values (i.e., the values that would obtain if the overall proportions between rows and columns held for each individual item), was significant:
|form 1||form 2|
It is not known what effect, if any, this overall difference had on the judgements of individual items. The historic/al items naturally affected this total, but even with them excluded the difference was statistically significant, differing by about 41 from expected values:
|form 1||form 2|
The data from all responses were aggregated in tabular form and subjected to a variety of analyses to find relationships between sets of responses. Because of the small range of possible choices (five values for formality and effectively two values for correctness, since the number of “uncertain” choosers was too small to be useful statistically, so they were excluded), correlation and ANOVA tests were not considered suitable; chi-square tests were preferred for the correctness questions, while Student’s t-tests were best suited to the formality questions.
To aggregate orientations so as to produce more indicative results and larger groups of responses, I also grouped responses for some statistical tests. Two kinds of groupings were done:
- item grouping: Responses to a historic on form 1 were grouped with responses to an historic on form 2, and responses to an historical on form 1 were grouped with responses to a historical on form 2; this does not filter for other possible reasons for assent or dissent.
- four-way grouping: Respondents were classified according to whether they (1) said yes to an and no to a on the two historic/al questions on their form; (2) said no to both; (3) said yes to both; or (4) said no to an and yes to a on the two historic(al) questions on their form. Respondents who said uncertain to either question were put in group 0 and excluded. In the final calculations, the numbers in group 2 were too low to allow reliable calculations, and so they were excluded.
The total responses for the a/an items (including an hotel) were as follows (the number in parentheses after each indicates which form it was on):
|a historic (form 1)||an historic (form 2)||a historical (form 2)||an historical (form 1)||an hotel (form 1)||an hotel (form 2)|
Overall, it is clear that an historic is preferred to a historic by a clear margin (nearly two to one), and that an historical is preferred to a historical by a small margin, but an hotel is considered incorrect by a margin well over two to one. We see also that the an variants of historic and historical are considered more formal; however, a Student’s t-test reveals that the difference in perceived formality between a and an is statistically significant for historic (at p<0.001) but does not reach significance for historical (p=0.085). Likewise, there is a significant difference in perceived formality between an historic and an historical (p=0.002), but not between a historic and a historical (p=0.72). We also find that the an variant is seen as comparatively informal for hotel, significantly so (p≤0.001) for all variants.
Correctness choice relationships
There were significant relationships between individuals’ choices on the a/an items for three of the six possible pairings of responses (three pairings for each respondent: for form 1 respondents, a historic with an historical and an hotel, and an historical with an hotel; for form 2 respondents, the same with a and an reversed for historic and historical). There was no relationship in choice of correctness between a historic and an hotel. Likewise, there was no statistically significant relationship in choice of correctness between a historical and an hotel. The relationship between an historical and an hotel also failed to reach significance. However, the relationship between an historic and an hotel was significant, as were the relationships between a historic and an historical and between an historic and a historical. For the most part, these actual results differed from the predicted by about a 3:2 or 2:3 margin; all three of the relationships were significant at p<0.001 in chi-square tests.
Correctness and formality
For formality relationships, Student’s t-tests were used, since usable means and variances could be calculated from the 5-value scale. Chi-square analyses would have been less reliable due to the low number of data points in some of the cells.
|a historic||an historic||a historical||an historical|
|a historic||an historic||a historical||an historical|
|four-way group||1 (an)||4 (a)||1 (an)||4 (a)||1 (an)||4 (a)||1 (an)||4 (a)|
As we see, for historic, those who preferred an found it significantly more formal than those who preferred a, but, while there was a similar effect for historical, it did not reach significance at the p<0.05 level. When we look within the four-way groups at ratings of different a/an versions, we see small but statistically non-significant differences for most pairings; the notable exception is the difference in ratings of a and an for historic in group 1, which is a difference of almost a full point in average, significant at p=0.00006. Group 4 did not produce a statistically significant difference for this pairing. Differences in group 3 (both correct) averages were comparatively small and did not approach statistical significance:
|a historic||an historic||a historical||an historical|
As well, the hypothesis that an would be found more formal even among those who thought it incorrect did not hold up.
Relationships with other items
It was hypothesized that there would be a relationship between preferring an and preferring common prescriptive norms such as proscriptions on splitting infinitives, ending sentences with prepositions, and using hopefully as a sentence adverb. However, no such effects were found. There was, however, a small but significant relationship between a historic and She gave it to John and I:
|John and I|
We see a slight tendency for preference for a to go with preference for John and I, and for preference against the one to go with preference against the other. There was an apparent relationship of similar degree and implication between an historic and She gave it to John and me, but it failed to reach p<0.05 significance:
|John and me|
The other pairings were not available due to the distribution of the items on the forms. No other significant relationships were discerned.
Since correlation calculations were not possible due to the non-scalar choice in correctness judgement, respondents were put into four age groups, which were determined on the basis of age distribution among the respondents: 0–34; 35–51; 52–64; 65+. Other groupings were tried and did not produce clearer or significantly different results. Although age-related effects did not reach significance within individual questions, when grouping was applied (as described in the Methods section, above), significant age-related effects were found through both grouping techniques.
|1 (an)||3 (both)||4 (a)|
The results show a clear higher-than-predicted preference for an among those in age group 3, 52–64 years, and a clear higher-than-predicted preference for a among those in age group 1, 0–34. Age group 2 is slightly more varied, tending to prefer a historical by a small margin but not differing notably from predicted values for a/an historic; however, this age group is also more likely to choose both as correct rather than to side with a or an exclusively. Age group 4, 65+, also does not differ notably from predicted values.
There was no statistically significant age-related effect with an hotel.
There were no statistically significant age-related effects for formality in any of the a/an questions, regardless of the statistical means used (chi-square, Student’s t-test, or correlation).
There were no significant effects for any of the three a/an choices for level of education.
For place of education, Canada and the US were grouped together (due to the small number of US-educated respondents and the commonality between the two countries in pronunciation of [h] in the words in question) and Britain and “elsewhere” were grouped together (due to the small number of responses and the general tendency towards British-style dialects in other countries). Respondents who had been educated in both North America and Britain or elsewhere were put in the Britain/elsewhere group by reason of their at least having been exposed to a British approach, which those exclusively educated in North America would not be expected to have. There were no significant effects for any of the three a/an choices for place of education. Note that this was the case even for an hotel, which might have been expected to be an indicator of British education.
Respondents were asked whether English was their first language; as only 13 of 213 respondents said it was not (3 on form 1 and 10 on form 2), it was not possible to use this information to draw inferences.
There was no significant effect for gender (sex) for any of the a/an choices.
The clear relationship in correctness judgements between a and an on the historic(al) items shows that the judgements on those items was in fact focused on that specific variable and not on some other detail of the stimulus sentence. We see that there are three camps: those who consider only an correct (this is the largest group by a fair measure), those who consider only a correct, and those who accept both as correct. There were very few who considered neither correct. Thus the a/an grouping is valid and useful. The fact that I was only asking whether a specific sentence was correct or not led to different results than I would have gotten from recording the respondents’ own actual usage; we can see that nearly as many of them (43) fell into a/an group 3 (both are correct) as into a/an group 4 (a only; 46). But there were nonetheless nearly as many (87) in a/an group 1 (an only) as in the other two groups combined.
Although it would have been useful to know with some certainty which variant the respondent actually used, the difficulty with simply asking the respondents this is that the direct focus on the question might have had too much of a skewing effect on the results. In a study with more time and resources, eliciting a spoken sentence that included a or an historic before proceeding to the questionnaire would have been of use. If we take correctness judgement on an hotel to be an at least modestly reliable indicator of actual pronunciation, then we can postulate that there may have been an influence of pronunciation, but not an exceptionally strong one; only an historic showed a significant relationship with an hotel, and the difference was on the order of 6 to 7 respondents. As well, there was no significant effect for place of education with any of the items. It would thus seem that judgements on the correct article to use were split even among those who always pronounce [h] in these words. And the absence of a relationship between place of education and a/an correctness preference indicates that the split in preference is current in both regions, which matches what has been seen in the web searches (in the Background section, above).
One factor that should not be ignored is the possibility of a person considering an correct and a incorrect even though he or she knowingly uses a as a matter of course. Many people are used to speaking “incorrect” English much of the time – English which, to their knowledge, is not formally “correct” but is nonetheless the version they prefer to speak because it is the language of their peers and they are more comfortable with it. This possibility is bolstered by the fact that a few of the respondents commented to me after doing the survey that they were curious as to how many they “got right.” For many Canadian speakers, it is quite possible that an historic is a postvernacular usage. As Preston (2004) explains, “adult learners of their own language encounter syntactic (and other) characteristics that they learn in no substantially different way than the second- or foreign-language learner learns things…, and I have no reason to assume that they end up embedded in the underlying grammar in any significantly different way.” The possible disjunction between correctness judgement and actual usage is of considerable interest and would merit a subsequent study focused on it.
Perceived formality had an important relationship with correctness judgement. A/an group 1, those who considered an correct and a incorrect, considered an historic significantly more formal than a historic, while group 4, those who considered a correct and an incorrect, did not have a statistically significant difference in rating. The hypothesis that even those who found an historic incorrect would consider it more formal did not hold up. This suggests that for those who prefer an, the choice is a matter of formal correctness, and formality is important, whereas for those who prefer a, formality does not enter the issue in a significant manner. This may be seen to have a connection to the perception of an-preference as the territory of sherry-sipping, bowtie-wearing snobs: that is, it has a connection to an ideology of formal correctness. Note, however, that this is only the case for historic, not for historical – the formality focus is strongly on that specific word.
This strong formality effect for historic is reasonable, given that historic is more given to formal and momentous usages. The ITP Nelson Canadian Dictionary of the English Language (1998, 644) gives this usage note, which well characterizes the common distinction in usage: “Historic and historical are differentiated in usage, though their senses overlap. Historic refers to what is important in history: the historic first voyage to outer space. It is also used of what is famous or interesting because of its association with persons or events in history: a historic house. Historical refers to whatever existed in the past, whether regarded as important or not: a historical character. Historical refers also to anything concerned with history or the study of the past: a historical novel. The words are often used interchangeably: historic times or historical times.” One might be led to posit the existence of two perceived versions of historic, one more formal taking an, the other less formal taking a. This is supported by the facts that an historic was seen overall as significantly more formal than a historic and significantly more formal than an historical, while a historic was not seen as significantly more formal overall than a historical. However, some of this effect will certainly be due to choice among those who consider only one of the versions correct (and who therefore would not have an impression of two equally valid versions with differing formality). When we look only at the “both a and an” group (3), an historic was not rated significantly more formal than a historic or an historical.
We thus have something of an account for the special persistence of an historic and a possible suggestion of two versions of historic that may exist for many users: one that takes a and is neither formal nor properly “correct,” and the other that takes an and is formal and properly “correct.” The correctness judgements for historical may have been pulled along by the judgements for historic; if there had been a group of respondents large enough to allow for four forms, so that historical could have been tested without historic on the same page as a possible influence, there may have been different results. As it was, the correctness judgements for historical were not as strong as for historic. Nonetheless, we can see from the surveys of news outlets and websites in general that historical is still actively given an by many users independently of historic, so the ideology of formality, while it may have some effect, is clearly not the only determining factor; the history of this usage also plays a part. But it is not unreasonable to hypothesize that an historic, with its connections to an ideology of formality, is the anchor of this conservatism, and that an historical and, to a lesser degree, a few others are being maintained to a fair degree by the influence of an historic.
We cannot, however, posit a larger set of prescriptive norms that form a coherent unified standard including an historic. The hypothesized relationships between a/an historic(al) judgements and judgements on items that manifested characteristics subject to strong, often ideologically based prescriptive preferences simply did not manifest. This does not mean that there is no ideological basis, of course, only that such basis as may exist operates independently from other ideological orientations that may motivate the other judgements.
The sole important demographic effect identified was age-group related. There are different possible reasons for this effect. One possibility is that it is indicative of a sea-change in attitudes towards English and its teaching. The advent of “whole language teaching” in the late 1960s and 1970s, and its ascendancy in the 1980s and thereafter, may be of debatable merit overall, but it is clear that it de-emphasized rote learning and dogmatic approaches to English usage. We might note that those in age group 1 (34 and under) would have graduated from high school starting in about 1990, and thus would have begun their schooling in the late 1970s or later, just when “whole language” was reaching its ascendancy. Those in group 3 (52–64), on the other hand, would have finished high school no later than the early 1970s and would have done their schooling almost entirely in the 1950s and 1960s. As to those in group 2 (35–51), they were in school during the time that “whole language” was just coming and rote learning was on its way out. And it may be that a vogue for an historic passed through North American (and perhaps British) usage in the 1960s and 1970s, as Bolinger (1975) suggests; this is worth a further study.
On the other hand, it is possible that this age difference reflects standard sociological age-related norms of usage at least as much as it does any real change passing through the language; as Eckert (1997) notes, increased conservatism is an important linguistic change for those entering the adult phase of life, and a relaxation of conservatism is thought to be characteristic of those who have reached retirement age. This hypothesis is supported by the lack of a clear effect for group 4 (65 and over). Further study would be required to separate out the effect of increased conservatism in mid-life and to determine whether, in fact, a permanent change is passing through the language.
One possible effect on the difference between the generations may be the comparative absence of postvernacular learning of an with historic among the younger generation; another, converse, possibility is that the older generation tended to learn an in school as a more integral part of their language, and it is the younger generation, exposed to it in a more desultory fashion, who acquire it postvernacularly if at all. However, we need to take note of the absence of a relationship between age and formality judgement. While age and formality judgement both have relationships with correctness judgement, they operate independently. Thus, it does not appear that members of age group 3 learned that an historic is formal while members of age group 1 did not. It seems, rather, that they merely learned whether it is correct, and the formality perception is a separate (perhaps postvernacular) learning that we might imagine derives from the real-life contexts in which the usage has been encountered and from a given person’s own disposition towards the ideology of formality and correctness.
The predominance of a in style guide recommendations might be taken as some indication that there is indeed a permanent change in this usage gradually making its way through the population. But we have observed, in the Background section above, that a was already widely recommended over an by style guides before any of the respondents to my survey were born (the oldest respondent was 88 years old, meaning she was born in 1918 or 1919), and certainly long before most of them were in school. So why would they not have learned what usage manuals counsel? One likely reason is that, in general, they did not read the manuals and were not taught from them. A survey of school texts from the various decades of the 20th century and from different parts of the English-speaking world would be informative with regard to what people were, in fact, taught and when, but such a survey is far beyond the means available for this study. An even better, but even less possible, survey would be of the attitudes of the English teachers themselves from the course of the 20th century; personal experience tells me that many people will cleave barnacle-like to the dogmas propounded by their high school English teachers even in the face of contradiction by what one would think would be greater authority. On the other hand, many others will forget what they were taught and will conform their usage to what they are used to seeing and hearing. The question then remaining is, given that a historic definitely outweighs an historic in current Canadian usage and has been the prescribed standard in most quarters for nearly a century, how are respondents coming to prefer an historic? The formality connection suggests an answer to this: an historic is sometimes seen in formal contexts, and the presence of the marked an is inferred to be correct precisely because it is exceptional – else why would the expected a not be used? – and from this, to the extent that the person values the linguistic ideology of formality and correctness, a judgement of formality and correctness is formed, even in the face of a majority of usages of a historic, which are discounted as common but incorrect.
An historic and, to a lesser degree, an historical present us with an example of persistence of an exception to a very well-established rule of usage. Although the rule in English is that the choice of indefinite article is determined by the initial sound of the immediately following word, some users overtly discard this rule in this one instance, and others claim that this instance is a special case where a consonant becomes no longer a consonant. The history of this usage gives us a good sense of its origins, but we would expect the usage to have disappeared almost entirely by the present time as have most other similar usages. Instead, it persists. The survey of 213 mostly North American English speakers sheds some light on the phenomenon: there is special influence from the perceived formality of this word, and there is also an age-related effect. All age groups preferred an historic to a historic, but the youngest group somewhat less so and group 3 most so; only age group 3 preferred an historical to a historical by a significant margin. The age-related effect may be a static one whereby users move from a phase of a-preference in youth through a phase of an-preference in middle adulthood and back towards a in their older years, or it may be a real change that is gradually moving up through the populace, or both effects may be in operation. The surest way to determine which is the case would be to continue to survey users every several years. It does seem likely that styles of English education will have some bearing on the matter; perhaps the best way to guarantee solid dominance for a would be for English teaching to return to a more prescriptive style, specifically one in which a historic and a historical are taught as correct and an historic and an historical as nothing but a pair of mumpsimuses. Failing that, the current state of affairs, in which usage is learned much more through folk learning and inference, could allow the current common division to persist for a long time yet, with many, perhaps even a majority, judging an to be the correct version even as a may be more often spoken – and by far more commonly recommended in style guides and usage manuals.
Bolinger, Dwight (1975). “Are You a Sincere H-Dropper?” American Speech 50(3/4): 313–315.
Bollard, J. K. (1979). “A or An?” American Speech 54(2): 102–107.
Burchfield, R.W., editor (1996). The New Fowler’s Modern English Usage. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Byington, Steven T. (1929). “‘A’ and ‘An’ before ‘H’.” American Speech 5(1): 82–83.
City Comforts, temporarily known as Viaduct, The Blog (2006). “Department of Correct Usage.” Posting by “Chris Burd.” citycomfortsblog.typepad.com/cities/2006/05/department_of_c.html, accessed March 20, 2007.
Eckert, Penelope (1997). “Age as a Sociolinguistic Variable.” In The Handbook of Sociolinguistics, ed. Florian Coulmas, 151–167. Malden MA: Blackwell.
Editors’ Association of Canada (2000). Editing Canadian English. Toronto: Macfarlane Walter & Ross.
Fee, Margery, and McAlpine, Janice (1997). Guide to Canadian English Usage. Toronto: Oxford University Press.
Feipel, Louis N. (1929). “‘A’ and ‘An’ before ‘H’ and Certain Vowels.” American Speech 4(6): 442–454.
Hillhouse, J.T. (1928). “A or An?” Modern Language Notes 43(2): 98–101.
Irvine, Judith T. (1989). “When Talk Isn’t Cheap: Language and Political Economy.” American Ethnologist 16:248–267.
ITP Nelson Canadian Dictionary of the English Language (1998). Toronto: ITP Nelson.
Lane, Ralph H. (1949). “Modern ‘Historic’.” American Speech 24(3): 181–188.
Liberman, Mark (2004). “Hung Like a Hero.” itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/000463.html, accessed March 18, 2007.
Kenyon, J.S. (1929). “‘A’ and ‘An’ before ‘H’.” American Speech 5(1): 84–85.
Kroch, Anthony, and Small, Cathy (1978). “Grammatical Ideology and Its Effect on Speech.” In Linguistic Variation: Models and Methods, ed. David Sankoff, 45–55. New York: Academic Press.
Milroy, Lesley (2004). “Language Ideologies and Linguistic Change.” In Sociolinguistic Variation: Critical Reflections, ed. Carmen Fought, 161–177. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Opinion L.A. (2007). “Non-genuine article makes reader sic.” Postings by “Tim Cavanaugh,” “Rob McMillin,” and “Brady Westwater.” opinion.latimes.com/opinionla/2007/01/nongenuine_arti.html, accessed March 20, 2007.
Palmer, Francis L. (1929). “‘A’ and ‘An’ before ‘H’.” American Speech 5(1): 83–84.
Preston, Dennis R. (2004). “Three Kinds of Sociolinguistics: A Psycholinguistic Perspective.” In Sociolinguistic Variation: Critical Reflections, ed. Carmen Fought, 140–158. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Silverstein, Michael (1979). “Language Structure and Linguistic Ideology.” In The Elements: A Para Session on Linguistic Units and Levels, ed. Paul R. Clyne, William F. Hanks, and Carol R. Hofbauer, 193–247. Chicago: Chicago Linguistics Society.
Tasko, Patti, editor (2005). The Canadian Press Caps and Spelling, 17th edition. Toronto: The Canadian Press.
Urban Dictionary (2004). “an historic.” Posting by user “Kung-Fu Jesus.” http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=an+historic, accessed March 20, 2007.
Walsh, Bill (2006). “More on ‘A’ vs. ‘An’.” http://www.theslot.com/a-an.html, accessed March 18, 2007.
Woolard, Kathryn A., and Schieffelin, Bambi B. (1994). “Language Ideology.” Annual Review of Anthropology 23: 55–82.
Yahoo Answers (2006). “What is correct English: ‘a historic’ vs. ‘an historic’… What’s the difference?” Postings by users “James” and “DanielSay.” answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=1006020106262, accessed March 20, 2007.
Yahoo Answers U.K. & Ireland (2007). “A historic or an historic event? At school I was taught the article ‘a’ only precedes a consonant initial word.” Posting by “erindehart1”. uk.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070313134721AA31uVK, accessed March 20, 2007.
Appendix 1: Survey forms
When respondents went to http://www.harbeck.ca/ling/ as directed, they were presented with this page:
The Formality and Correctness Survey
Hello, and thank you for coming to the formality and correctness survey. This is a brief survey (20 study questions and eight demographic information questions) to gather information on the perceived formality and correctness of certain English usages. It is being done for an assignment for LING 3650, Sociolinguistics, at Glendon College, which is part of York University. It will most likely take you less than two minutes to complete.
This is an anonymous survey, so you are on your honour to complete it only once – please do not come back and do it again, as that will skew the data. But please do ask friends and family to complete it as well. All data gathered for this survey by March 7, 2007, will be included in the analysis. I will have no way of connecting a specific set of data with a specific respondent, because the form does not collect your name, address, IP address, or any other information sufficient to identify you personally. Clicking on “Send” when you have completed the survey indicates your agreement to participate in this study and your agreement with the terms and manner of its conduct.
If you would like to read the results and analysis of the survey, please email me, James Harbeck, at [email protected], and I will send them to you once the survey and assignment are complete.
To begin, please click on the last digit of your postal code. This will allow me to sort the results.
Clicking on their postal code took them to one of two forms. Form 1 was used for people with postal codes 0–4. Form 2 was used for people with postal codes 5–9. The questions on the forms were not numbered on the page the users saw; however, the responses relayed to me by the form were numbered (or, on form 2, lettered). These numbers, and other accessory information not visible to the users, are included below in square brackets. The responses were entered by clicking on “radio buttons” for the formality and correctness ratings and most of the other points of input, an input field for age, and checkboxes for country of education. To save space, I will not reproduce the formality and correctness input field after each item below; it was formatted in the following manner (the o’s represent radio buttons):
The forms were identical except for the 20 stimulus items; thus, the form is presented once below, with the stimulus items side-by-side in table format.
In the responses sent by the form, the formality ratings were part a of the question and the correctness ratings were part b; therefore, if a person rated item 5 as a 4 on formality and a “yes” on correctness, I would receive “5a: 4” and “5b: y”.
The Formality and Correctness Survey
Please rate the style and tone of each of the following sentences on a scale of 1 to 5, where 1 is informal and 5 is formal, and please indicate whether you consider the usage correct – whether the sentence is “good English” (click on “uncertain” if you’re not sure). Please do this for all of the phrases – don’t skip any.
|[form 1]||[form 2]|
| We want to aggressively pursue this opportunity.||[A] We wish to aggressively pursue this opportunity.|
| There are a lot of reasons to do so.||[B] There is a lot of reasons to do so.|
| This is something which we must address.||[C] This is something that we must address.|
| I think it’s fun.||[D] I think it’s fun.|
| This is a historic occasion.||[E] This is an historic occasion.|
| Program director, Margaret Wilson says that eleven courses will be offered.||[F] Program director Margaret Wilson says that eleven courses will be offered.|
| The move is misguided and, more important, it may do positive harm.||[G] The move is misguided and, more importantly, it may do positive harm.|
| You’ll love this atlas, published by the National Geographic Society.||[H] Published by the National Geographic Society, you’ll love this atlas.|
| The job was done by the director.||[I] The director did the job.|
| Hopefully, we will not need to repeat this exercise.||[J] Hopefully, we will not need to repeat this exercise.|
| I’m not going to do it.||[K] I ain’t going to do it.|
| She gave it to John and I.||[L] She gave it to John and me.|
| They conducted an historical survey.||[M] They conducted a historical survey.|
| I’m glad you came.||[N] I’m glad that you came.|
| You want me to do what?||[O] You want me to do what?|
| We thought it was done; however, it was not.||[P] We thought it was done, however it was not.|
| These kind are not so good.||[Q] This kind are not so good.|
| There was an hotel on the other side of the river.||[R] There was an hotel on the other side of the river.|
| That was the place I had heard of.||[S] That was the place of which I had heard.|
| Thank you for doing this.||[T] Thanks for doing this.|
Thank you! Now please give me some demographic information, as it may be relevant to differences in perception. (Remember, this is all anonymous.)
[age] How old are you?
[input field] years
[sex] Are you [button] male or [button] female?
[efl] Did you grow up speaking English?
[edu] What is the highest level of education you have completed?
[button] less than high school
[button] high school
[button] some university or college
[button] bachelor’s degree
[button] graduate or professional degree
Please put a checkmark beside the country or countries where you attended primary and/or secondary school:
Once you’ve answered all the questions, please click “Send.”
If a respondent failed to answer a question, the form would not allow him or her to submit it until a value had been entered in the field. Once the respondent clicked on “Send,” a page appeared listing the response values that were sent to me. This was a feature of the software that received the form and sent me the email; it was not something I was able to change. | <urn:uuid:67b5be21-6261-4539-bf8d-e37d5cfe2c20> | {
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Work Step by Step
n=1.24 mol (given) M, molar mass= 2$\times$1.008g+2$\times$15.999g = 34.014 g Using relation m= n$\times$M m $\approx$ 42.2 g
You can help us out by revising, improving and updating this answer.Update this answer
After you claim an answer you’ll have 24 hours to send in a draft. An editor will review the submission and either publish your submission or provide feedback. | <urn:uuid:04c47d4a-57e6-4c1d-b024-9027fc6af01b> | {
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Avvakum Petrovich, (born 1620/1621, Grigorovo, Russia—died April 14, 1682, Pustozersk), archpriest, leader of the Old Believers, conservative clergy who brought on one of the most serious crises in the history of the Russian church by separating from the Russian Orthodox church to support the “old rite,” consisting of many purely local Russian developments. He is also considered to be a pioneer of modern Russian literature.
In 1652 he went to Moscow and joined in the struggle against Patriarch Nikon, whose high-handed methods and brutal treatment of dissidents made unpopular his reforms of adopting Greek Orthodox church customs in an effort to unite the entire Orthodox church. Under Nikon’s regime, Old Believers were excommunicated and severely persecuted. Avvakum himself was twice banished and finally imprisoned. It was during his imprisonment in Pustozersk that he wrote most of his works, the greatest of which is considered to be his Zhitiye (“Life”), the first Russian autobiography. Distinguished for its lively description and for its original, colourful style, the Zhitiye is one of the great works of early Russian literature. A council of 1682 against the Old Believers condemned Avvakum to be burned at the stake, and the sentence was carried out. | <urn:uuid:c7f45df6-3240-49d9-a0d5-abb9863c4a4e> | {
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DARK matter – the mysterious substance thought to make up about 80 per cent of the universe’s matter – could be more mundane than thought. Inside balls of stars known as globular clusters, at least.
Unless we have misunderstood gravity, dark matter must be there – holding rotating galaxies together. But we don’t know what it is. Initially, it was thought to be planets and stars too dim to be seen directly. Such objects would reveal themselves when they pass in front of bright stars, distorting the image with their gravity, but the objects turned up by such “microlensing” searches in our galaxy have not revealed nearly enough matter. So it is assumed that dark matter is something more exotic, such as novel theoretical particles.
Now, Pawel Pietrukowicz of Warsaw University in Poland and colleagues have spotted a tiny star in the globular cluster M22 acting as a lens for a background star. At just 0.18 times the sun’s mass, it is the smallest star ever seen in a globular cluster. Because its effects on the larger star were seen after just 10 weeks of observations, the team says there are probably many more like it in the cluster, perhaps even enough to account for all the dark matter needed to hold the cluster together. The work will appear in The Astrophysical Journal Letters.
While exotic dark matter is still needed outside of globular clusters, knowing that it might not be needed in this one, and perhaps others like it, could give clues to the stuff’s properties. Turn to page 30 for more on dark matter | <urn:uuid:ad2bded6-8d96-408c-959b-c80311d186eb> | {
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get the correct arrangment of sentences.
i. This is.
ii.This is sentence with 4 references.
iii.This is to say that this sentence is a lonf sentence.
iv.This is not the last sentence of the paragraph.
v. The previous sentence to this is the longest sentence.
vi.This is first sentence of last paragraph.
vii.This refers to last sentence.
There were 2 more sentncs similar 2 this. For the correct soln look at the answers & get it. By lookin at the stmts u wont get anythin.
A third of this value is 1/2. What is the value. Ans: 3/2
How to measure 4 l by using 5 l & 3 l vessels only. Choices were 5 l - 520254 3 l - 032.....u will get it by look in at answers.
Ther are 10 red balls,6 white and 5 blue. How many balls should i pick to make sure that i have atleast 1 of each.
There are 1 way routes from A to G, Mto H, A to F....(A, G etc are given as some place)
Which is the shortest route from A to F.
A Fence was being erected by Jatin. The poles were to be 5 ft apart, but as Jatin(the fool that he is) forgot to bring 4 poles, he erected them 7 ft apart. The q is how much distance was the fence to cover.
Choice: 70 ft 92 ft 100 ft 75 ft....Ans: 70 ft.
a- this is first sentence of
b- this sentence follow second sentence
c- this sentence shows that this is logest among
all the sentences
f- this sentence is last sentence of the paragrahph
now arrange the above self descriptive sentences to form a paragraph.
there are this many numbers of i.___ a's, ii 1 b ,
iii ___ c's, iv i d's, v __ e's, vi __ f's, vii __
g's, viii___ h's, ix ___ i's in this sentence.
( all the numbers are in roman numerals )
ans- so u have to count number of a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i
in the sentence simple
some xyz has to fence his field , he planned to do it by putting the fences 5 ft apart, but when he actually started putting fences he found that he has got 4 no. of pole less so he put them 7ft apart to cover the whole boundary.
what is the total length of the boundary to be fenced.
ans: 5x = 7(x-4) x=14 .... implies boundary = 14x 5 = 70 ft
There r some code given for some company.like
P Q R S T G H J K J
4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 0 9
Due to some security reasons the codes r changed .
G O P E B Z X C V L
1 2 3 9 0 6 7 8 5 4
four ques based on it.. which can be simple solved by comparing alphabets to their corresponding numbers.
If there r five students ( A B C D E ) who can comunicate through emails.. then some routes r given
like A- B
A - E
B - D
que is to find how can B comunicate with c in min number of stoppages.( remebr if ther is direct route from b to c then that is not the one with min stoppage. min means atleast one, so don't consider as direct from b to c)
One was like that there r certain number wroitten to the base 3 ... then to identify some relations between no..
it was a question with 4 subparts n full page question. as 15 ques has to be done in 30 mins . so better leave such long ques .. as they can't be solved in less then 1.5 mins.
2 nos: , LCM=693 , GCM=11 one no: 77 find the other ? ans: 99
5 children,youngest 3yrs old and no 2 children hve the same age ,sum of their age is 26.Find the age of eldest.
Second no is twice the first no and first no is thrice the third no Their avg is 20. Find the greatest no: ans: 36
RS232 cable - bit transfer rate ?0-50000,5000-50000..
If CPU wants to stop the IO process and continue with main processing ,then which device it uses :
Control Unit,IO Divertor,Channel Divertor,None
Sunday, February 24, 2008
Satyam Placement Paper-4 | <urn:uuid:b74cb2d2-ceae-4ff3-b4b9-c716c3e177e5> | {
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by Staff Writers
Munich, Germany (SPX) Aug 01, 2011
Physicists at Forschungszentrum Julich and the universities of Kiel and Hamburg are the first to discover a regular lattice of stable magnetic skyrmions - radial spiral structures made up of atomic-scale spins - on a surface instead of in bulk materials. Such tiny formations could one day form the basis of a new generation of smaller and more efficient data storage units in the field of information technology.
The scientists discovered the magnetic spirals, each made up of just 15 atoms, in a one-atomic-layer of iron on iridium. They present their results in the current issue of the scientific journal Nature Physics (DOI: 10.1038/NPHYS2045).
The existence of magnetic skyrmions was already predicted over 20 years ago, but was first proven experimentally in 2009; a group of research scientists from the Technische Universitat Munchen (TUM) had identified lattices of magnetic vortices in manganese silicon in a weak magnetic field.
Unlike these structures, the ones now discovered by physicists at Julich, Kiel and Hamburg exist without an external magnetic field and are located on the surface of the materials examined, instead of inside them. Their diameter amounts to just a few atoms, making them at least one order of magnitude smaller than the skyrmions which have been identified to date.
"The magnetically-stable entities that we have discovered behave like particles and arrange themselves like atoms in a two-dimensional lattice", explains Prof. Stefan Blugel, Director at the Peter Grunberg Institute and the Institute for Advanced Simulation in Julich.
"This discovery is for us a dream come true". Already in 2007, the same scientific team had discovered a new type of magnetic order in a thin manganese film on tungsten and demonstrated the critical significance of the so-called Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction for the formation of its wave-like structure. The same interaction is also necessary for the formation of the spiral-shaped skyrmions.
The scientists did not discover the skyrmion lattice at first attempt. Originally, they wanted to prepare a one-atomic layer of chromium on iridium, in order to investigate the presumed existence of a different magnetic state.
As the experiments were unsuccessful, they then tried with other metals. Using spin-polarized scanning tunnelling microscopy in studies of iron on iridium at the University of Hamburg, the researchers noticed regular magnetic patterns that were not consistent with the crystalline structure of the metal surface.
"We were sure straightaway that we had discovered skyrmions", says Blugel. Intricate calculations undertaken by the Julich supercomputers subsequently proved him right.
The result is a model describing the formation of the spin alignment through a complex interplay of three interactions: the chiral Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction, the conventional interaction between spins plus a non-linear interaction involving four spins.
The model should help, in the future, to selectively influence magnetic structures on surfaces. "We are now planning to investigate the effect of electricity on skyrmions; how do the electron spins of an electric current "ride" the spirals, how do they influence resistance and how are the spirals affected?", says Blugel.
Original publication: Spontaneous atomic-scale magnetic skyrmion lattice in two dimensions; Stefan Heinze, Kirsten von Bergmann, Matthias Menzel, Jens Brede, Andre Kubetzka, Roland Wiesendanger, Gustav Bihlmayer, Stefan Blugel; Nature Physics, published online: 31.07.2011; DOI: 10.1038/NPHYS2045
LINKS Forschungszentrum Julich: http://www.fz-juelich.de/portal/EN/Home/home_node.html Link to the press release from 10.05.2007 "Supercomputer shows that nanolayers have turning sense" http://www2.fz-juelich.de/portal/index.php?index=163&jahr=2007&cmd=show&mid=480
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Material created at Purdue lets electrons 'dance' and form new state
West Lafayette, IN (SPX) Aug 01, 2011
A team of Purdue University researchers is among a small group in the world that has successfully created ultrapure material that captures new states of matter and could have applications in high-speed quantum computing. The material, gallium arsenide, is used to observe states in which electrons no longer obey the laws of single-particle physics, but instead are governed by their mutual i ... read more
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You shall not withhold the wages of poor and needy laborers, whether other Israelites or aliens who reside in your land in one of your towns. You shall pay them their wages daily before sunset, because they are poor and their livelihood depends on them; otherwise they might cry to the LORD against you, and you would incur guilt.”
In the opening stave of Charles Dickens’ A Christmas Carol, Ebenezer Scrooge is revealed as an unkind if not unjust boss. On a “cold, bleak, biting” Christmas Eve, Scrooge’s clerk, Bob Cratchit, shivered in the cold of his “tank,” having only one small coal to warm himself because Scrooge was guarding the coal box. In fact, Scrooge had threatened to fire Bob when he came seeking more coal. In Stave 3 of the Carol, we learn, not surprisingly, that Scrooge paid his clerk poorly, only fifteen “Bob” (shillings) a week, barely enough for the Cratchit family to survive. Thus, Mrs. Cratchit referred to Scrooge as “an odious, stingy, hard, unfeeling man.”
If Scrooge had been guided by Scripture in his relationship with his clerk, he would not have paid Bob so meagerly. Many passages in the Bible call employers to do justice in relationship to their workers. Deuteronomy 24:14-15, for example, exhorts employers to pay all of their workers on time, since they depend on what they make each day to live. In Isaiah 58, when the Israelites wonder why the Lord does not respond to their fasting, he says, “Look, you serve your own interest on your fast day, and oppress all your workers” (58:3).
Throughout Scripture, God calls us to do justice, with particular attention paid to those who cannot ensure justice on their own because they lack the power to do so. The workplace is a major context for justice. God expects those of us who have been given authority at work to treat our employees justly. This includes paying them fairly and in a timely fashion. (In our culture, just compensation for full-time workers would also involve benefits such as health insurance.)
Because Christ was born not only to save our souls but also to establish God’s just kingdom, we will keep Christmas well when we seek justice in our places of work. We will not be like Ebenezer Scrooge in the beginning of A Christmas Carol. Rather, we will be like Scrooge in the final stave. There, in one of the happiest scenes of the novella, Scrooge caught Bob Cratchit arriving late for work on the day after Christmas (perhaps because Bob’s celebration had been unusually joyful owing to the giant turkey Scrooge, unbeknownst to Bob, had sent to the Cratchit household). Scrooge pretended to be angry with Bob, saying, “Now, I’ll tell you what, my friend, . . . I am not going to stand this sort of thing any longer. And therefore,” he continued, leaping from his stool, and giving Bob such a dig in the waistcoat that he staggered back into the Tank again; “and therefore I am about to raise your salary!”
Bob was so shocked by this that he thought for a moment of clobbering Scrooge with a ruler and calling for city officials to haul Scrooge off in “a strait-waistcoast” as a crazy man. But before he could act on this thought, Scrooge explained his intention to pay Bob more fairly and extend additional care to his family. For Ebenezer Scrooge, keeping Christmas well was not simply a matter of special generosity at Christmastime. Rather, it involved treating those in his workplace with justice and even kindness. May it be so with us!
QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER:
Some of us have been given considerable authority over the state of affairs in our workplaces. We have the power to see that employees are treated justly. Others of us have not been given such authority. But almost all of us have an opportunity to treat our colleagues at work justly. What can you do to keep Christmas well by seeking justice for those with whom you work?
Gracious God, you are consistent in your call to us to do justice, especially for the powerless and marginalized, those who lack the ability to insure justice for themselves. Help us to seek your justice in every part of life, Lord. May those of us who have authority over others be sure to treat them justly. Give us wisdom to know what this means in our specific context. May we keep Christmas well in the everyday affairs of our work. To be you all the glory! Amen.
Image Credit: “Inglenook fireplace – geograph.org.uk – 298947” by Penny Mayes. Licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 via Wikimedia Commons.
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Definition of rubbing in English:
1 [mass noun] The action of rubbing something: dab at the stain—vigorous rubbing could damage the carpet
More example sentences
- Dry your skin by blotting or patting, but don't rub - rubbing may cause damage.
- Your child will have less access to their skin, and damage from scratching or rubbing can be avoided.
- Using a clean soft towel and gently washing instead of vigorously rubbing will lessen any discomfort of bathing.
2An impression of a design on brass or stone, made by rubbing on paper laid over it with coloured wax, pencil, chalk, etc.
- He has exhibited all over the world with creations that range from collages and sketches to stone rubbings and oil paintings of such richness and depth that the canvas takes one year to dry.
- He also discusses how the artist absorbed the methods of local craftsmen - such as making charcoal rubbings on paper, usually featuring decorative patterns taken from architectural fragments or reliefs.
- It is tempting to think that the craftsmen who produced the carvings might have been working from designs sourced from rubbings made at the Shengyin Monastery.
Words that rhyme with rubbingzorbing • probing • tubing
Definition of rubbing in:
- US English dictionary
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
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Thebes, known to the ancient Egyptians as Waset, was an ancient Egyptian city located east of the Nile about 800 kilometers south of the Mediterranean. Its ruins lie within the modern Egyptian city of Luxor. Thebes was the main city of the fourth Upper Egyptian nome and was the capital of Egypt mainly during the Middle Kingdom and the New Kingdom. It was close to Nubia and the Eastern Desert, with its valuable mineral resources and trade routes. It was a cult center and the most venerated city of ancient Egypt during its heyday. The site of Thebes includes areas on both the eastern bank of the Nile, where the temples of Karnak and Luxor stand and the city proper was situated; and the western bank, where a necropolis of large private and royal cemeteries and funerary complexes can be found. | <urn:uuid:33eee416-9e84-48c3-b8b8-36aa096120bd> | {
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April 12, 2012
Slaves and the Civil War
Join Sharon Zonker on April 17th to learn about the Underground Railroad and how Indiana participated.
Sharon is also a quilter and uses quilts to tell the stories she has gathered. While in Charleston she has attended many seminars, toured several plantations, and become acquainted with slave descendants. She shares their stories through her quilts. Sharon has shared her quilts and stories with groups in Charleston, as well as many quilt and historical societies throughout Indiana. This past year, she has spoken at the Honeywell Center in Wabash, Marion Library, Tippecanoe Quilters and at the Morton Center at Purdue University.
For more information, click here! | <urn:uuid:78729736-f9c8-452b-b865-f455d9776c40> | {
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|Keywords||Art of Medicine, History of Medicine, Professionalism|
A doctor sleeps in a sitting position, ensconced in an enclave next to what appears to be a hearth. His head rests against comfortable cushions and he is fully clothed. A demonic figure replete with teeth, claws, and wings occupies the upper right-hand corner of the frame and holds an accordion-style fan behind the doctor’s ear.
In the painting’s foreground, a nude woman faces her body forward towards the viewer but turns her head to look at the doctor. Her right arm extends her hand, which points lazily to the hearth. A garment that covers her genitalia is draped over her outstretched arm. At the base of the image, a winged cherub plays on homemade stilts. He does not appear to interact with the other figures in the print.
The Temptation of the Doctor, sometimes referred to as "The Dream of the Doctor," is a representative depiction of idleness. The languorous doctor who sleeps so comfortably against his soft pillow does so fully dressed, implying his sleep is one of pleasure--a nap--rather than a nighttime slumber. The Web Gallery of Art comments: "According to medieval codes of conduct such behaviour encouraged temptation, which is represented by the Devil, a demon who ’blows’ thoughts, presumably evil, into the sleeper’s ear. Probably the dream itself is represented by the nude Venus, voluptuous and inviting. She is accompanied, no doubt to identify her, by a playful Eros."
Whether or not she is indeed Venus, the nude woman nevertheless helps the viewer decode the reason behind the demon’s harassment of the doctor; she points to the hearth beside which the doctor indulges his laziness in order to make clear his transgression.
Dürer’s portrayals of the doctor(s) in Christ Among the Doctors, Steen’s in "The Lovesick Girl," and The Doctor’s Visit, or Dou’s The Dropsical Woman and The Quack are no more respectable or dignified ones. Contrast with more appreciative or heroic treatments: Goya Attended by Dr. Arrieta, Picasso’s Science and Charity, and even Fildes’s The Doctor (most are annotated in this database).
|Location of Original||Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York|
|Alternate Source||The Complete Engravings, Etchings and Drypoints of Albrecht Dürer, (New York: Dover Publications. 1972)|
|Miscellaneous||Executed circa 1498|
|Annotated by||Bertman, Sandra L.|
|Date of Entry||01/10/06| | <urn:uuid:7cfa221e-b952-4084-91b0-ee8d80dc8a57> | {
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Deccan Plateau is a region south of the
. The plateau touches
in the north and the
and Palni Hills in the south. It is bound by
. The Deccan Plateau has an undulating terrain, with elevations averaging about 600 m (about 2000 ft). However, some hills reach 1200 m (4000 ft). Many of the major rivers of the country, including the
, flow across the eastward-tilting plateau before reaching the
Bay of Bengal
. The Deccan Plateau has been the center of political turbulance since ancient times.
Updated on 7th June, 2005
Copyright 2014 by
Online Highways LLC
some India trivia.
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For centuries, the villagers who live around the Shennongjia forest of China's central Hubei province, a forbidding 1,000 square mile reserve of high mountains and deep forests, have believed that the Wild Man, or Yeren, lives among them.
Standing 6 foot 8 tall and covered in dark grey hair, this Chinese incarnation of Bigfoot has been spotted hundreds of times.
Improbable, at least by Chinese standards, size 12 footprints have been recorded; long thick strands of hair have been tested by scientists, who proclaimed that they did not belong to any of the known creatures inside the reserve.
But no one has ever proven its existence.
This weekend however, a new team of 38 researchers drawn from several different Chinese universities and research institutes will fan out across the Shennongjia reserve on an expedition to catalogue the region's unique ecosystem.
Their trip will continue throughout August, and the researchers will collect data on the 1,000 or so different types of animals that live in Shennongjia, including the Golden snub-nosed monkey and a white-furred bear that is only found in the reserve.
If the researchers manage to find concrete evidence of the Wild Man, they will have succeeded where two major previous expeditions, one in 1974 to 1981 and one in 2010, failed.
"I simply want to put an end to the argument that it exists," said Wang Shancai, at the Hubei Relics and Archaeology Institute, when he set out in 2010.
In 2005, Zhang Jiahong, a shepherd in Muyu, near the forest, told the Chinese state media he had seen two of the creatures, with "hairy faces, eyes like black holes, prominent noses and dishevelled hair, with faces that resembled both a man's and a monkey's.
Another explorer, Zhang Jinxing, spent years living as a hermit in the Shennongjia forest, and said he had seen footprints on 19 separate occasions, without ever finding the beast.
However, Zhou Guoxing, a former director of the Beijing Museum of Natural History and a paleontologist, has poured scorn on the idea that there may be a Chinese Bigfoot.
"There is no Wild Man in this world," he said, earlier this year.
"I've visited every place where the Wild Man was reported in China.
"I've studied everything related to the Wild Man including hair, skulls and specimens. All of them are dyed human hair or come from monkeys and bears."
He claimed the local government in Hubei is simply trying to drum up tourist revenue. And indeed the Shennongjia Nature Reserve has recently signed agreements with Beijing to help promote package holidays to the area for nature lovers and yeti hunters.
The name of the nature reserve comes from the Emperor Shennong and the word jia, meaning ladder. The emperor was said to use the ladder to climb up the area's mountains, and it subsequently transformed into a lush forest. | <urn:uuid:801f7e3a-8d54-4653-a37b-f872b8c074fb> | {
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William Stiebing has been influential in his attempts to single out three defining criteria: 1) an absence of scientific methodology and proof, 2) a tendency to seek simple answers to complex problems, and 3) an ambivalent and often hostile attitude toward the scientific establishment (Stiebing 1984). (p.127)Andersson categorizes the approaches using the following image (p.128):
Andersson then points out (p.131) the classical topics of alternative archeology, ranging from Giza and Stonehenge to Chichen Itza and Carnac in France. Equally there is range of artefacts, so called "OOPAs", i.e. "out-of-place artefacts" (p.133) that hold the attention of alternative archeology, such as the Antikythera Mechanism.
Much of alternative archaeology is based on presuppositions not shared by conventional archaeologists. (p.134)
Andersson, P. (2012). Alternative archaeology: many pasts in our present. Numen, 59(2-3), 125-137. doi:10.1163/156852712X630743 (UB Wien link) | <urn:uuid:5aae6aba-58a0-4d28-b4cd-373e0cf7498a> | {
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Cities of India: a list of the largest
Until the mid-twentieth century, India was considered a country with a low level of urbanization. Most of its citizens were villagers. The few cities, such as Allahabad, Varanasi, Delhi, Patna, were the focus of ancient culture, which arose at the dawn of civilization. In the 80s of the last century, an urban boom occurred in the country. Major cities have dramatically stepped over a million mark. New urban agglomerations have also appeared. What are the largest in size or population of the city of India? The list of such subjects we will consider in this article. Now we only say that in terms of the number of townspeople, India ranks second in the world. She is inferior in this indicator only to China.
Growth rate of urbanization
At the very beginning of the twentieth century, in a country of vast area, two thousand cities were not recruited. Now their number has more than doubled. In 1991 there were more than 4,700 of them. But not because of the number of cities, India “breathes in the back of the head” to China.Urban settlements themselves swell like a weed. Two thirds of the total population of the country live in large agglomerations. But in 1901 only one Calcutta could boast of a million inhabitants. But already in 1911, Bombay (the current Mumbai) crossed this line. In the middle of the century there were already five million people in India, in 1981 - twelve, and in another ten years - twenty-three. The country met the beginning of this century with 34 huge megacities, twelve of which had a population of over two million people. The number of cities in India, whose population exceeds 500 thousand, will soon exceed 300. Below we consider the top 5 largest metropolitan areas of the country.
The largest cities in India
The list of the greatest megacities of the country is headed by Mumbai. Previously, this city was located on seven small islands in the Arabian Sea. But now the former Bombay captures the vast mainland. The islands have long been soldered to each other with numerous jumpers. The rapid growth of the population laid the construction of the cotton factory in 1851 by the British. Then hired workers from the countryside came to the city and settled in it.Now the metropolis in the state of Maharashtra has (according to the 2011 census) 12,478,447 people. The remaining megacities, which are in the top-5 "largest cities of India", were distributed as follows. The second position is the capital of Delhi, with a population of eleven million. Then follow Chennai in Tamilnad (8,425,970), Hyderabad in Andhra Pradesh province (6,809,970) and Bangalore in Karnataka (5,570,585). Even in India there are more than fifteen megacities, where there are one and a half to five million inhabitants.
Mumbai is the most populated city of India
At first, seven islands in the Arabian Sea were captured by the Portuguese. It happened in 1534. But already in 1660 they entered the dowry of the Portuguese princess who married the British king Charles II. The British in every way contributed to the growth of the city. Earthen dams all the islands were connected to each other and to the mainland. The historical part of Mumbai is located in the south. There is an old fort and the famous “Gates of India” erected in Hindu-Muslim style. The administrative districts are located on the hill Malabar. The southern islands in appearance resemble a European metropolis.In the north, the traveler will find slums, narrow streets and a minimum of infrastructure. The mainland and port part is occupied by industrial enterprises. Together with the surrounding area, the agglomeration is inhabited by about twenty million people. Thus, Mumbai deservedly received the title of the largest city in India.
During the colonization of India, the British, as a rule, built a new European part, leaving a tangled labyrinth of ancient streets to the locals. It so happened that the major cities of India consist of two clearly different halves. In Delhi, this division is particularly pronounced. This city on the banks of the Jumna for many centuries was the capital of different states. The very fate he was destined to lead and the independent republic of India. Although in 1911 the population of Delhi together with the suburbs was only 214 thousand people. Now the agglomeration has about fifteen million. Old Delhi (Shahjahanabad) is a chaotic building with shops, handicraft workshops, bazaars, Hindu temples and mosques. The main street of this part of the city is Chandi Chowk (Silver).One end of it rests on the famous Lal-Kila (Red Fort). New Delhi was built to the south of the Old in 1911 according to the design of Edwin Lutyens. It was conceived and implemented as a "garden city". Radial-circular avenues radiate from Cannout Square. In New Delhi is the government quarter of Rushtra-pati Bhavan.
More familiar to Europeans, the name of this city of India is Calcutta. The metropolis is located in the Ganges delta, at the confluence of the Hugli. The city was formed in 1690 on the site of three villages by the worker of the East India British Company Jobe Charnock. Calcutta experienced rapid growth from 1773 to 1911. Then it was the capital of the colony of British India. When Bangladesh was formed in 1947, industry, previously closely associated with East Bengal, began to collapse. And with the transfer of the capital to Delhi, the growth of Calcutta slowed down altogether. Nevertheless, it still occupies the position of the second industrial city of India. It is also the most noticeable contrasts in the standard of living of the population. More than half a million people do not have a roof over your head.
Until recently, the name of this major city in India was different - Madras. It was founded in 1639 by the British as the southernmost fort of the East India Company.The city spread twenty kilometers along the Bay of Bengal. The local Marina beach is considered one of the best in the world. Chennai, like Kolkata, is a city of contrasts. Next to gorgeous skyscrapers, square kilometers of slums huddle in whole blocks. About thirty percent of the inhabitants of this megalopolis are deprived of any sanitary and hygienic conditions. Chennai is the capital of Tamil Nadu province. It produces cars, bicycles, cars.
Hyderabad and Bangalore
These major cities of India are not alike. Hyderabad is famous for its long history. The city has many temples (Hindu, Islamic, Christian), palaces and specimens of colonial architecture. It was once the capital of the Nizam rulers who became rich in the diamond trade. They say that even their clothes were woven of golden threads and covered with pearls. Hyderabad is a recognized center of Islamic culture in the country. Bangalore is its complete opposite. It was electrified earlier than other big cities of India. And now it houses centers of high-tech companies. Because of this, Bangalore got its second name - Silicon Valley of India. A large flow of tourists traditionally rushes to this city, which is why it is also called the pub capital. | <urn:uuid:3ba0869a-38a3-4091-9846-5ee3935976b3> | {
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As if global warming hasn't already done enough for us, guess what we're gearing up for now? That's right: "one of the worst, and longest, allergy seasons yet." Don't worry, we're here to help!
Why is allergy season going to be so bad? Well, because God hates you. But also for these more science-y reasons:
Thanks to a particularly wet summer, ragweed pollen levels are surging and standing water left over from summer flooding and Hurricane Irene has increased the amount of mold, a common year-round allergen, in the air.
Allergy season is expected to last a few weeks longer than usual this year [...] The season usually runs from mid-August until the first frost of the year, around early October, but if the frost is delayed, as is predicted for this year, the allergy season goes on indefinitely until it comes.
The culprit, as with all things, is global warming, which (duh) makes the weather warmer and delays the frost, keeping the dreaded ragweed (whose pollen is the chief cause of fall allergies) alive for weeks longer. Worse, "if you expose [ragweed] to greenhouse gases, it produces three to four times" as much pollen.
Because of this, it's important to "take extra steps to limit your exposure to the pollen." Try some of our helpful tips!
- Do not ever leave your house. Everyone entering your house from the exterior must strip down and burn their clothes.
- If you still get allergies in your house, burn your house down. Dig a hole in the smoldering ashes and live there.
- Try not to breathe in through your mouth or nose. See how long you can live without oxygen.
- Take antihistamines. If a single antihistamine doesn't work, take several. Take a few dozen! Who cares if you die; it's better than having allergies. | <urn:uuid:d9e0225c-a708-4778-bcf6-21062fa8dbd2> | {
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Uncannily Lifelike Roman Masks Recreated in Wax
2014 01 07
By Megan Gannon | YahooNews
Some 2,000 years ago, elite Roman families stuffed their closets with wax masks made in the likeness of their male ancestors so that during funeral processions actors could fill in for the missing links of the genealogical line.
Scholars know about the strange practice from ancient sources, such as the Greek historian Polybius, though none of the masks themselves survive.
Recently, however, a team of researchers at Cornell University made life-cast molds of their own faces to recreate these imagines maiorum, and they found that the wax masks were indeed uncannily lifelike.
The group’s work was presented here at the annual meeting of the Archaeological Institute of America this past weekend.
"I will tell you that I felt awful — simply awful — watching my friend’s face melting in the Crock-Pot," said doctoral student Katherine Jarriel.
With a limited wax supply, Jarriel had to melt down a botched mask she made of her colleague Carrie Fulton’s face, she explained to LiveScience. Her visceral reaction brought home the idea that Romans might have felt very emotionally attached to these ancestor masks, which would have been cast while the men were still living.
"After all, these were potentially masks of people they had known being brought back to life through re-enactment in funeral processions," Jarriel wrote in an email.
Funeral procession or zombie walk?
As the experimenters can attest, wax is a rather sensitive and unstable material. The mockup masks, which were made with a modern recreation of ancient beeswax, have been sitting inside a protected display case at Cornell. But even after a short time, the surface of the skin appears to have tiny pits and holes, Jarriel said.
In Roman times, the masks would have been constantly discolored and degraded by candle flames and smoke as well as the occasional handling during funeral processions and the copying process. (New households forged by marriage needed their own sets of ancestor masks.)
Wax also has quite lifelike properties, and in some ways could be a stand-in for the human body, Alexandridis noted. In ancient times it was used to close wounds and archaeologists have at least one example of a wax sculpture of a man’s head used to replace his decapitated one in his tomb.
Read the full article at: news.yahoo.com
READ: Black Death: Did the plague help finish off the Romans?
AND: Oldest Roman Hairstyle Recreated for First Time
5 reasons you should switch to beeswax candles
Need a filling? Stone Age dentists knew their beeswax
Napoleon death mask blocked from export
Legacy of the African Mask
The Venetian Mask Maker
Scary mystery figure in cloak and mask haunts Swiss woods
2,000-year-old ancient skeleton mask discovered in Turkey
Canadian ’Mask ban’ bill nears final stage : Disguise Yourself, Get 10 Years Prison
Mysterious Greenstone Mask Discovered inside Pyramid of the Sun
Man passes security, boards plane, in silicone-mask disguise
Is It Legal? Viking Funerals
"A Will for the Woods" and Eco-friendly funerals
The Mystery of 97 Dead Roman Babies
Latest News from our Front Page
Detekt: A New Malware Detection Tool That Can Expose Illegitimate State Surveillance
2014 11 21
Recent years have seen a boom in the adoption of surveillance technology by governments around the world, including spyware that provides its purchasers the unchecked ability to target remote Internet users’ computers, to read their personal emails, listen in on private audio calls, record keystrokes and passwords, and remotely activate their computer’s camera or microphone. EFF, together with Amnesty International, ...
New UK spy chief says tech giants aid terrorism, privacy not ‘absolute right’
2014 11 21
Robert Hannigan, the new head of GCHQ
The new head of Britain’s GCHQ, the UK equivalent of the NSA in the U.S., said he believes privacy is not an absolute right and that tech giants must open themselves up to intelligence agencies.
“GCHQ is happy to be part of a mature debate on privacy in the digital age,” Hannigan said. “But privacy ...
LOL: Atheist Feminist Pornographer Used as Moral Authority in T-shirt Row
2014 11 21
Dr. Matt Taylor was thrust into the headlines this last week, largely for his lead role in successfully landing a spacecraft on a comet 300 million miles from earth that travels at a speed of 85,000 mph. In short, Taylor and his colleagues pulled off one of the most amazing achievements in contemporary science and space exploration, and in a ...
Forty Years that Unmade France
2014 11 21
Eric Zemmour is a well-known French author and television personality. Of Algerian-Jewish origin, he may seem an unlikely spokesman for French tradition, but he has emerged in recent years as a prominent scourge of ideological orthodoxy. He is unquestionably the most prominent mainstream French commentator who speaks candidly about race.
This role comes with a price. In 2011 he was ...
Richard Spencer Under Fire
2014 11 21
The Flathead Beacon has a story on the mobbing of Richard Spencer consequent to the publicity over the Budapest conference. The city council is being asked to “an ordinance barring hate-group activities in the community.” As several of the comments note, the First Amendment seems to be of no concern to these activists. The article is interesting ...
|More News » | | <urn:uuid:9e88a092-f5e0-4d92-bc42-81f59b6e7e40> | {
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Sami National Day is held every year on the same date that the Swedish and Norwegian Sami united in 1917 to hold the first Sami congress in Trondheim, Norway. A host of events are planned in the Norwegian city this year to mark the 100th anniversary.
Confirmed as a holiday by the 1992 Sami Conference in Helsinki, the event has been celebrated officially since 1993, a year the UN General Assembly proclaimed as International Year of the World's Indigenous Peoples.
It is celebrated throughout Sápmi, the Sami language name for the region inhabited by the Sami people, which stretches across Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia.
Sweden's Culture Minister Alice Bah Kuhnke is in Trondheim to take part in the celebrations and meet Sami representatives. Norway's King Harald and Prime Minister Erna Solberg will also attend.
Last week The Local Sweden's editor attended Jokkmokk Winter Market, an over 400-year-old Sami tradition in northern Sweden which features dog sledding, handicrafts, and arguably the biggest attraction: reindeer races. You can watch one of the famous races in the video below. | <urn:uuid:390993cd-e84c-413c-8e8d-4305de2dad79> | {
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Image courtesy of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
The basic elements of laser plasma wakefield acceleration. The laser pulse, shown in red, ionizes the gas to produce a plasma. The electrons in the plasma collectively produce a wave-like phenomenon known as a wakefield, shown in blue, that trails behind the laser pulse much like the wake behind a boat. The wakefield accelerates the electron bunch, shown in green. Physicists rely on sophisticated computationally-intensive simulations in order to understand the physics of this system and optimize it for real world production.
Rapid computer simulations save computation time and help accelerator physicists understand and better design accelerator systems that may extend the physics reach of next-generation high energy accelerators.
Simulation programs often need to repeat millions of calculations in order to return meaningful results. These calculations can take thousands of hours and consume enormous computer resources. By changing the frame of reference in which a simulation program performs calculations, physicists at Lawrence Berkeley Lab have found a powerful technique to significantly shorten computation time. This makes these simulation programs powerful tools with rapid turnaround time that allows the accelerator physicist to better understand and optimize accelerator systems under development.
Accelerator physicists lean heavily on simulations to model complicated systems in order to better understand them. Through a novel technique, physicists at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory have significantly reduced the computation time for the modeling of plasma wakefield acceleration, a technique that may lead to the development of next-generation high energy accelerators. Imagine a meter-long beam pipe filled with a pre-ionized gas (i.e. a plasma) down which a single laser pulse and an electron bunch are sent. The pulse produces a periodically varying electric field—a wakefield--in the plasma trailing behind it that can be used to accelerate those electrons. As the pulse, electron bunch, and wakefield propagate along the length of the beam pipe they evolve due to their self-interactions and interactions with each other. The physicist’s goal is to understand how the energy of the electrons can be maximized without degrading their bunching. The traditional way to model the laser pulse transitting the beam pipe would be in discrete time steps. Unfortunately this approach is extraordinarily computationally intense. In a new approach, LBNL scientists shifted the frame of reference (called a Lorentz transformation) from the lab to the wakefield, a “boosted frame” in which the lab frame is moving near the speed of light. The relativistic effect of time dilation means that the evolution of the plasma electrons slows down relative to the electron bunch and laser pulse. Whereas in the lab frame millions of time steps are required for the calculation, thus leading to lengthy computation times, only hundreds of time steps are required in the boosted frame, providing a much better tool for these simulations.
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Basic research: Office of Science High Energy Physics program and the Office of Science SciDAC (Scientific Discovery through Advanced Computing) program.
J.-L. Vay, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 130405 (2007)
J.-L. Vay et al, Phys. Plasmas Lett. 18, 030701 (2011)
AFRD’s Jean-Luc Vay Wins Prestigious Accelerator Prize
USPAS Prize for Achievement in Accelerator Physics and Technology
SC User Facilities, ASCR User Facilities, NERSC | <urn:uuid:94a299f0-a36b-432c-aac6-be1e36c0d905> | {
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Flag and national anthem of the Philippines
Also the Philippine flag, belonging to the most beautiful flags, has a history and historical precursors. Some of these precursors – designed in time of the early Philippine independence movement – you will find below:
Before 1898 there was no standardized flag in general use. The three "KKK" are abbreviations letters for „Kataas-taasang Kagalang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan" (The highest and most respectable union of the sons of the people). This secretly operating movement operated under the leadership of Andreas Bonifacio, who propagated - unlike the Liga Filipina founded by Rizal - the armed resistance against the Spanish colonial regime. Later flags show no "KKK" anymore. Now a mythological sun in different forms – symbolizing the national awakening and progress – takes the place of the former letters. The eight sunrays represent the eight provinces (Manila, Bulacan, Tarlac, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Laguna, Batangas and Cavite), which rebelled against the colonial power and consequentially were submitted under the Spanish martial law. Today's flag of the Philippines has its birth hour in 1897, when General Emilio Aguinaldo stayed in exile in Hong Kong. May be that the designers have been inspirited by the triangle and blue color of the Cuban flag, which shows some similarities:
The three - in the vicinity of General Aguinaldo living – women needed five days to sew the embroideries in the silk flag. There are reports, that they needed a lot of patience to find the right proportions and lines. The flag was the first time shown to the public on May 28th, 1889. It is today’s day of flag. On June 12th, 1889 it was declared as the official flag of the first republic. There are two phases in the Philippine history, when the hoisting of flag – which was also a symbol for national resistance - was not allowed and was punished. Under the American colonial regime it was the time from 1907 – 1919. The Japanese troops prohibited the flag from 1941 – 1943. Because still deviations in form could still be found, president Quezon issued in 1936 a decree, which determined meticulously the proportions, lengths scales and angles of the flag.
Interpretation of the flag
The Philippine national flag shows in horizontal line two ribbons in blue and red color. In periods of peace -- and this is a peculiarity of the Philippine flag – the blue ribbon appears, in times of war the red ribbon is above. The last time the "war flag" was hoisted in 1987, when Gregorio "Gringo" Honasan instigated a vain putsch against the government.
The blue stripe symbolizes the unity of the country and ethical Principles like peaceableness, love of truth and justice. The specific color of blue varied over the years. First it was the "Cuban Blue" of the Cuban flag. In 1919 only the darker "Navy Blue" of the American flag was available. Then in time of president Marcos there was again a change to the brighter "Cuban Blue" and in 1998 Corazon Aquino opted after a long debate for "Royal Blue". The current flag shows the color of "Royal Blue". The red stripe stands for the patriotic courage and bravery of the population, while the white triangle symbolizes equality and fraternity. We mentioned already the yellow sun and its symbolism. The eight beams embody the eight rebellious provinces. In 1998 the province of Zambales claimed also a sunbeam in the flag. But this wish was refused. Historians investigated that the province of Zambales has not been submitted under martial law by the Spaniards. The three little corner stars represent the geographical areas of Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao.
The Philippine national anthem
In 1898 general Emilio Aguinaldo recognized the necessity for a national hymn and he assigned the music teacher and composers Julian Felipe to compose a hymn. He rejected a former proposal for a hymn, because this music was not solemn and majestic enough. Already after six days Felipe ended his work. At his première in June 1898 the march found an enthusiastic reception and standing ovations by the broader audience and the circle of political executives.
However a text for the hymn was missing for over a year. The 23-year-old soldier Jose Palma formulated the text in Spanish language. In his text the author praises the glowing patriotism, pride and desire for freedom of his compatriots. The text does not mobilize aggressive feelings against other countries, but its dramatic wording seems to be a little bit strange in our rational times. On the other side nearly all national anthems of the 19th century show dramatic emotions.
In the first decades of American colonial regime the singing of the anthem was not allowed. Later – in the twenties - the text was translated into the Tagalog and in the English language. The last revision of text was written in 1956 by representatives of the National Language Institute. Here the "English version" of the text by Camilo Osias and A. L. Lang:
Land of the morning
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Top 15 Children's Books for Black History Month
3 of 16
Whoever You Are
By Mem Fox
Recommended ages: 4 and up
This book doesn't directly address Black History, but it offers a preschooler-friendly introduction to the related concepts of diversity and equality. Award-winning author Mem Fox tells little ones that wherever they are, whatever they look like, and no matter their customs, there are other kids like them all around the globe: "Joys are the same, and love is the same. Pain is the same, and blood is the same." | <urn:uuid:84265b5b-440d-4a8b-b6bb-aff990ea248c> | {
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Native to Australia, Southeast Asia, India and China,
- Breed Colors/Varieties:
- Red, White, Gray and Blue
There are various of Button Quail but in the normal form males have a brown back with dark streaks.
The face is white outlined in black. Normal type hens are brown with dark streaking.
Both sexes have long slender black beaks, which curve downward, and red-orange tarsus.
- Breed Size:
- Large Fowl
They inhabit warm grasslands in Asia, Africa, Europe, and Australia. There are 16 species in two genera, with most species being found in the genus Turnix and only one being found in the genus Ortyxelos. | <urn:uuid:121b4bf4-ef0f-4125-97a9-17ef7fcb23e0> | {
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This undated photo provided by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service shows a gray wolf. Federal wildlife officials have drafted plans to lift protections for gray wolves across the Lower 48 states, which would end a decades-long effort that has restored the animals but only in parts of their historic range. (AP Photo/U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, File)
DETROIT (AP) — The state reports that three gray wolves were killed in the first day of Michigan's wolf hunt.
Friday was the start of the wolf hunt, which is the first in the state since the animal was placed on the endangered species list nearly 40 years ago. A total of 1,200 people are licensed to participate in the hunt taking place in three Upper Peninsula zones.
Michigan is the sixth state to authorize wolf hunting following the removal of federal protections in recent years, a testament to the strong comeback of a species that was close to eradication in the lower 48 states. The season runs through December, unless the maximum kill of 43 is reached beforehand.
The Department of Natural Resources estimates the state's wolf population at 658. | <urn:uuid:a0709015-3530-4e0b-b01b-d0be051271e0> | {
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On a recent school morning, Daire Gaj is perched next to his desk with a sly grin and flight plan.
"Here's my invention," he says as he proudly transforms a sheet of paper into an airplane and launches it across his classroom.
The stunt would normally earn a sharp reprimand or a ticket to the principal's office. But Daire's learning environment is far different from most: His mom calls the shots and his classroom has no boundaries.
"[We have] more of a congruence between play and school," says Daire's mother, Phoebe Wells, who has been home-schooling both her sons in Cambridge, Mass., for years. "He just finished reading a book on air and flight."
Frustration with large class sizes, low academic standards, and peer pressures at public schools has traditionally driven parents like Mrs. Wells toward private institutions, or more recently, the burgeoning charter-school movement. But increasingly, many adults are deciding they can go it alone, and their actions are fueling the fastest-growing entrepreneurial movement in alternative education: home schooling.
"It's happening in urban areas, suburban areas where parents aren't happy with school, and in rural areas," says Pearl Rock Kane, an education professor at Columbia University's Teachers College in New York. "I think that home schooling is part of the general movement away from traditional schools, whether it's charter schools or vouchers."
About 1.2 million - or roughly 2 percent - of school-age children are educated at home, say experts. But the number of those taught at home has increased by 15 to 20 percent a year since 1985.
For parents-turned-formal educators, it requires willingness to delve into new subjects and to innovate on the fly. Parents do much of their own research, seek out the growing networks of home-schooling families, and troll the Internet for new resources and connections. They create a classroom that blurs the line between forced learning and natural interest that typically doesn't impose rigid schedules or tests. And their offspring-students get one-on-one, focused attention that often shortens the average school day to three or four hours, allowing for baseball practice, violin lessons, or Girl Scouts.
"Semesters are an artificial way to end intellectual exploration," says Susan Sulcs of Cleveland, who has home-schooled her son, Peter, from second to eighth grade. She lets him explore topics to his heart's content.
Parents traditionally opted to teach kids at home for religious reasons or because they weren't pulling in good grades. But as more people desire to exercise greater control over their children's education, the approach is becoming more mainstream.
"It's very much a middle-class, urban phenomenon and always has been an upper-class one," says Mary Ann Pitman, an associate professor of education and head of educational studies at the University of Cincinnati, who has studied home schooling.
Until recently, many school officials and parents were skeptics about teaching kids at the kitchen table. Indeed, it became legal in many states only in the mid-1980s, says Scott Somerville, staff attorney for the Home School Legal Defense Association. Whereas 30 states prohibited it in 1980, home-schooling has been legal nationally since 1993.
Parents have largely driven the movement, creating their own education niche. They've pushed schools and libraries to add home-schooler programs: field trips or extracurriculars, such as sports or science fairs.
Further fueling the movement is evidence that home-schoolers perform better than expected. A recent study by the Home School Legal Defense Association says that those students scored significantly higher than their public- and private-school counterparts in every subject of the Iowa Test of Basic Skills. The study, based on 20,000 home-schooled students, said that home learners in Grades 1 to 4 perform a grade level higher than their public and private school peers, and that by eighth grade, the average home student performs four grade levels above the national norm.
"You get to go at your own pace," says Eoin Gaj, Wells's other son. "You don't have to wait for the slowest kid in the class." While Wells has never taught in a traditional classroom before, 1 in 4 home educators has, according to the Home School study.
Wells leans heavily on the Cambridge Public Library's home-schooler program and her library card. But extracurricular activities are the guts of her lesson plan: On a typical day her sons could play soccer, read books, rehearse for plays, or practice piano. These activities, her sons say, feed their social development.
Critics charge that children taught at home miss out on developing key social skills such as learning to share with others, taking turns, participating in group discussions, and meeting children from varied backgrounds. Parents don't always make the best educators because they lack objectivity or proper qualifications, they add.
"Sometimes it's lonely when [children] are home all day," Ms. Sulcs says, adding that one disadvantage in Ohio is that home students can't play on high school sports teams. "Younger kids can't lose out with home schooling, but I think there's a place for standard school at the high school level."
Measures are in place to track home-schoolers' performance, but they vary from state to state, Somerville says. Usually parents must notify their districts first, and their children need to take courses similar to those mandated in public schools. Wells, for example, submits a curriculum plan every year for each child to the Cambridge school district for approval, as well as last year's portfolio.
The process will only get easier as home schooling flourishes, predicts Ms. Pitman. "I think [it] will continue to grow until other alternatives start catching up," she says. "As the charter movement expands, that may attract back families who home-school and want more say."
The Internet will also spark more online schools and extension classes, she says. The Internet Home School, started in July 1997, offers K-12 math, science, and language programs for about $150 a month, says Frank McCollum, the school's education administrator. The school, which boasts a long waiting list and 85 students who range from gifted to special needs, lets children talk to teachers online.
"Education as we know it today is going to become obsolete just as the one-room schoolhouse became obsolete," Pitman says. "It's going to continue to change." | <urn:uuid:0fe032df-7b70-4677-bf75-fa3b584177d7> | {
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Synthetic resin is typically manufactured using a chemical polymerization process. This process then results in the creation of polymers that are more stable and homogeneous than naturally occurring resin. Since they are more stable and are cheaper, various forms of synthetic resin are used in a variety of products such as plastics, paints, varnishes, and textiles. There are various kinds of synthetic resins; acetal resins, amino resins, casein resins, epoxy resins, emulsion polymers, hydrocarbon resins, polyamide resins, polyesters rubber resins etc. The classic variety is epoxy resin, manufactured through polymerization, used as a thermoset polymer for adhesives and composites. Epoxy resin is two times stronger than concrete, seamless and waterproof. Polyamide resin is another example of synthetic resins. Polyamide resins are products of polymerization of an amino acid or the condensation of a diamine with a dicarboxylic acid. They are used for fibers, bristles, bearings, gears, molded objects, coatings, and adhesives. The term nylon formerly referred specifically to synthetic polyamides as a class. Because of many applications in mechanical engineering, nylons are considered engineering plastics. Resins are valued for their chemical properties and associated uses, such as the production of varnishes, adhesives, lacquers, paints, rubber and pharmaceutical uses. The applications of synthetic resins are seen in some important industries like paint industry, adhesive industry, the printing ink industry, the textile industry, the leather industry, the floor polish, paper, agricultural industry etc. As it can be seen that there is an enormous scope of application of resins hence it is one of the major field to venture.
The major contents of the book are properties, manufacturing process, formulae of synthetic resins and applications of synthetic resins, manufacture of emulsion polymers, polyesters, derivatives of resins, use of resins in polymer field, alkyd resin technology, epoxy resins, application of emulsion polymers, manufacture of polystyrene based ion-exchange, phenol formaldehyde reactions, polycarbonates resins, polyester coating compositions, synthetic rubbers, modification with synthetic resins, water-soluble polymers, cross-linking of water-soluble coatings etc. This book also contains the list of manufacturers and dealers of raw materials, list of chemical plant and equipment manufacturers and so on in the directory section.
The book is very useful for new entrepreneurs, manufacturers of synthetic resins who can easily extract the relevant formulation and manufacturing process from the book.
- Adhesives Formulary Handbook (Reprint) [NI41] by NIIR Board, Rs. 1,275.00, US$ 125.00
- Modern Technology of Petroleum, Greases, Lubricants & Petro Chemicals (2nd Revised Edition) [NI45] by NIIR Board of Consultants & Engineers, Rs. 1,875.00, US$ 150.00
- Modern Technology of Industrial Chemicals [NI80] by NIIR Board, Rs. 1,100.00, US$ 125.00
- The Complete Technology Book on Chemical Industries [NI89] by NIIR Board, Rs. 975.00, US$ 100.00
- Handbook on Speciality Gums, Adhesives , Oils, Rosin & Derivatives, Resins, Oleoresins, Katha, Chemicals with other Natural Products [NI149] by H.Panda, Rs. 1,275.00, US$ 125.00
- Synthetic Resins Technology Handbook [NI150] by NIIR Board of Consultants & Engineers, Rs. 1,100.00, US$ 125.00
- The Complete Technology Book on Synthetic Resins with Formulae & Processes [NI151] by NIIR Board of Consultants & Engineers, Rs. 1,150.00, US$ 125.00
- The Complete Book on Distillation and Refining of Petroleum Products (Lubricants, Waxes and Petrochemicals) [NI152] by NIIR Board of Consultants & Engineers, Rs. 975.00, US$ 100.00
1. ACETAL RESINS
Properties of Formaldehyde and Trioxane
Preparation of Polymers
New Polymers of Formaldehyde
Polymerization of Trioxane
Properties of Aldehyde Polymers
Polymers of Other Aldehydes
Processing of Formaldehyde Polymers
Uses of Polymers of Formaldehyde
2. ACRYLIC SOLUTION RESINS
Aqueous Solution Acrylics
Non-Aqueous Dispersions (NAD)
Machinery & Equipments
3. ACRYLONITRILE RESINS
Manufacture of Acrylonitrile
Acrylonitrile : styrene Copolymers
Acrylonitrile : butadiene-styrene
Uses and Economic Aspects
4. ALKYD RESIN TECHNOLOGY
The Nature of Alkyd Resins
Modifiers for Alkyd Resins
Formulation of Alkyd Resins
Calculation of Alkyd Formulations
Manufacture of alkyd Resins
Fatty Acid Process
Raw Materials Handling
Alkyd Manufacturing Plant
Corrective Measures During Processing
Applications of Alkyd Resins
5. AMINO RESINS
Formation of Amino Resins
Urea Formaldehyde Resins
Melamine Formaldehyde Resins
Other Amino Resins
Production of Amino Resins
Uses of Amino Resins
Machinery And Equipments
Economics of the Melamine-Formaldehyde
6. BHILAWAN NUT SHELL LIQUID RESINS
7. CASEIN RESINS
Casein Adhesves for Bonding Paper
Casein Adhesive for a Binding Dissimilar Materials
Lime-Free Glue Formulations
Methods of Application
8. CASHEWNUT SHELL LIQUID RESINS
Chemistry of Cashew nUt shell Liquid
Utilisation of Cashewnut Shell Liquid
Chemically Modified Cardanol Polymer
9. EPOXY RESINS
Epoxy Resin Manufacture and Characterization
Curing Agents For Epoxy Resins
Principles in Formulating with Epoxy Resins
Solventless coating for application by heated two
componentair less spray equipment
Water Dispersible Epoxy Coatings
Epoxy Baking Enamels
Water-Dispersible Epoxy Resin Coatings
Epoxy Aqueuos powder Suspensions (APS)
10. EMULSION POLYMERS: MANUFACTURE
Application of Emulsion Polymers
The Paint Industry
The Paint Industry
The Printing Ink Industry
The Textile Industry
The Leather Industry
The Floor Polish, Paper, Agricultural Industry
11. FURAN RESINS
12. HYDROCARBON RESINS
Resins from Pure Monomers
13. ION-EXCHANGE RESINS
Theory and Mechanism
Types of Ion-Exchange Resins
Types of Ion-Exchange Resins
Manufacture of Polystyrene Based Ion-Exchange
Alternative Method of Synthesis of anIon-Exchange Resin
Process of Manufacture
Methods of Analysis
Determination of Physcial Properties:
14. INDENE-COUMARONE RESINS
Raw Material and Source
Method of Preparation
Mechanism of Polymerization
Physical Chemical Properties and Type
Application in Adhesives
Coumarone-indene Resin Adhesives
Health and Hygiene Factors
Economics for Coumarone-indene Resin Plant
15. PHENOLIC RESINS
Phenol Formaldehyde Reactions
Modified Phenolic Resins
Fillers for Phenolic Moulding Powders
Modified and Thermal - Resistance Resins
Oil Soluble Phenolic Resin
Heat and Sound Insulation Materials
16. BISPHENOL-FURFURAL RESIN
17. PARA-TOLUENE SULFONAMIDE RESINS
18. POLYCARBONATES RESINS
Methods of Manufacture
19. POLYAMIDE RESINS
Methods of Manufacture
20. POLYMIDE RESINS
Adhesive and Bonding Technology
21. POLYURETHANE RESINS
Hazards of Isocyanates
Classification of Polyurethanes
22. POLYURETHANE RESINS
Commercial uses : Compounding and Formulating
Commercial uses : Processing Aids
Economics for Polyvinyl alcohol
23. POLYVINYL ACETATE SOLID RESINS
Vinyl Acetate Copolymers
Polyvinyl Acetate Emulsions
Laboratory Preparation of Polyvinyl Acetate
Special Formulation Acetate Adhesive
As Adhesives In the Building Industry
Economics for Polyvinyl acetate
Effect of Structure on Properties of Cured Products
The Effect of Unsaturated Monomers on Properties
of Cured Products
Polyester Coating Compositions
Match die moulding
25. RUBBER RESINS
Chlorinated Rubber Resins
Cyclized Rubber Resins
Application And Formulations
High Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Resins
Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Adhesives
Synthetic Rubber Resin Latexes
Nitrile rubber Adhesives
Butyl Rubber And Polysobutylene Adhesives
Processing for Butyl Polymers
Carboxylic Resin Polymers In Adhesives
Carboxylic elastoners in PSA
Carboxylic Functional Neoprenes as Contace Adhesives
26. SILICONE RESINS
Preparation of Silocones
Preparation and Formulation of Silicone-Resin
Other Silicone Resin Application
Other Silicones for Surface Coatings
27. SHELLAC RESINS
Commercial Forms of Lac
Modification with Synthetic Resins
28. SUCROSE RESINS
Sucrose modified resins
Sucrose acetate isobutyrate (SAIB)
29. USES OF ROSIN IN THE POLYMER FIEL
Hot Melt Adhesives
Flooring Materials (Vinyl Flooring)
Protective CoatingsProtective Coatings
30. ROSIN & ROSIN DERIVATIVES
Composition, Reaction and Derivatives, Isomerizatio
Oxidation, Photosensitized Oxidation
Hydrocaraking of Rosin
Preparations, Typical Uses
Chemical and Physical Properties of Amine D Aceta
Hydroxymethylation and Hydroxylation
31. TERPENE RESINS
Hot Melt Adhesives (HMA) and coatings
Terpene-phenolic Resin (TPR)
32. WATER-SOLUBLE POLYMERS
Applications of Starches
The textile industry
Properties of Cellulose Ethers
33. ALKYL AND HYDROXY
Cellulosic Ethers, General Information
Powder and Film properties
Physical and chemiclal properties
Commercial Uses : Compounding and Formulating
34. WATER-REDUCIBLE RESINS
Water Soluble Polymers
Cross-Linking of Water-Soluble Coatings
Additives For Coatings, Pigments
Formulation of water-soluble coatings
Trouble Shooting with water-soluble polymers
35. DIRECTORY SECTION
(Following is an extract of the content from the book)
In the plastics industry epoxy resins are classified as thermosetting resins, and they are used in the paint industry as convertible coatings. Epoxy resins are cured and converted to a thermoset state by chemical reaction between the resin and a curing agent. Depending on the curing agent this reaction can take place; either at elevated or at room temperatures. The cured resins are not soluble in solvents and cannot be melted by heating. This property is in direct contrast to thermoplastic products, such PVC, or polystyrene or non-convertible coatings, such as chlorinated rubber, acrylic or nitrocellulose lacquers which remain soluble in solvents and can be remelted by heating.
Epoxy resins became commerecially available in Australia in the early 1950s and since that time have become firmly established in many industries. Most commonly used types are based on epichlorhydrin and diphenylol propane and are available in range of molecular weights. The low molecular weight resins are liquid and the high molecular weight resins are solid.
What are the main properties of the epoxy-resin-based systems that influence the choice of epoxy resins from a wide range of plastics available at present? The important properties are listed below.
- The chemical structure of epoxy resins gives them high chemical resistance against a wide range of severe corrosive conditions. These properties are derived from the aromatic nature of the backbone and good chemical stability of the phenolic ether linkage.
- Epoxy resins have good adhesion to a wide range of materials, including metals, wood, concrete, glass, ceramic and many plastics. This is due to the presence of polar groups in the cured resin.
- Low shrinkage during curing results in good dimensional accuracy in construction of structural items and enables manufacture of high strength adhesives with a glue line of low residual stress.
- Ease of fabrication means that complicated shapes can be reproduced easily using liquid epoxy resins systems which can be cured at room temperatures.
- Good physical properties such as toughness, flexibility and abrasion resistance can be obtained.
- Although there are temperature limitations, epoxy resins are generally superior to almost all thermoplastics in elevated temperature performance.
One of the main users of epoxy resins is the paint industry, which produces special types of surface coatings which will be discussed in further detail below. The electrical industry was one of the first industries where epoxy resins became established during the early stages of commercial production. Epoxy resins are convenient to use in solvent-free liquid form which sets into a hard infusible solid after the addition of curing agent. They are used extensively, for example for potting, embedding or encapsulation of electrical components, for cable joining to make water proof joints, for manufacture of Telecom terminal pillars.
Another industry to recognize the value of liquid epoxy resins was the engineering industry. Low shrinkage and good dimensional stability in service are important properties utilized for manufacture of foundry patterns, vacuum forming moulds, press tools for prototype or short runs, drilling jigs, and checking fixtures. Adhesives are used in many applications in place of soldering, bolts or rivets, particularly in small parts assembly and in aircraft construction. Fibreglass reinforced plastics are manufactured from epoxy resins for applications where chemical resistance and good physical strength properties are the main requirements, for example piping and storage vessels in the chemical industry. In the civil engineering industry the use of epoxy resins has also become established as a standard practice. The rapid cure of epoxy adhesives as compared with cement and good adhesion to new and old concrete enables more rapid construction and repair of concrete structures.
EPOXY RESIN MANUFACTURE AND CHARACTERIZATION
By far the most important class of epoxy resins used at present on a large scale commercially is that based upon the reaction between diphenylol propane and epichlorhydrin in the presence of alkali. The basic reactions are shown below.
The basic reaction is formation under alkaline conditions of a chlorhydrin ether of DPP (b) followed by dehydrochlorination of the chlorhydrin group by alkali to form an epoxy group, thus giving the diglycidyl ether of DPP (c). An excess of ECH will favour a high proportion of the simple diglycidyl ether of DPP; higher DPP ratios will give higher molecular weight polymers. Commercial grades of resin can be represented by the following formula:
The pure diglycidyl ether of DPP with n=0 is a crystalline solid. The commercial low viscoity liquid resins are rich in this compound and the average n is approximately 0.2. Viscosity can be further reduced by addition of monoepoxide compounds such as aliphatic glycidyl ethers. In low melting point solid resins average n is approximately 2. The common commercial high molecular weight resins have average n up to 13. There are also very high molecular weight resins with molecular weights up to 200 000. These resins have mainly hydroxy groups and practically no epoxy groups and are used as thermoplastic resins for non-convertible coatings.
The commercial epoxy resins are characterized by specifying their main properties, as in sections 2.1 to 2.3.
Epoxide Group Content (EGC)
This is at present expressed as millimoles of epoxide groups per 1 kg of resin (m mol/kg). Previously this was expressed as Epoxy Molar Mass (EMM) in which case the unit is grams per mole of epoxide (g/mol). Conversion to EGC from EMM can be done by the following formula:
This is expressed as millimoles of hydroxyl groups per 1 kg of resin (m mol/kg). For esterification purposes, one epoxy group is equal to two hydroxyl groups and this must be taken into account when calculating esterification equivalents.
Commonly used metric viscosity unit is the Pascal second (Pa s), which has replaced the Poise unit (1 Poise = 0.1 Pa s).
Viscosity is normally measured at 250C on liquid low viscosity resins without dilution. A 70 per cent solution is used for high viscosity liquid resins and a 40 per cent solution is commonly used for solid resins in solvents such as glycol ethers. Properties of a typical range of epoxy resins are shown in table 1.
Selection of the resin grade depends on the application. Low molecular weight resins are rich in epoxy groups and are used for applications where the cross-linking reaction is through epoxy groups. In high molecular weight resins, hydroxy groups are predominant, and reactions involving both hydroxy and epoxy groups are selected for further polymerization and cross-linking.
CURING AGENTS FOR EPOXY RESINS
The reaction for cross-linking epoxies resins can be between epoxy resin molecules with the aid of a catalyst. However, a majority of uses of epoxy resins employ a reactive hardener (such as amines, acid anhydrides, phenolic resins) which combines with epoxy or hydroxy groups in the resin, to form a thermoset product.
Table 1 : Properties of a typical range of epoxy resins
|Resin Grade||App. n||App. EMM g/mol|| App. EGC m mol /kg.Typical viscosity range pa. s ||Solids % Mass|
|1.||Low viscosity liquid resins modified with monoepoxide diluents ||0.2||200||5000 ||0.6-1.8||100|
|2.||Low viscosity basic resins||0.2 ||200||5000||0.8-16.0||100|
|3.||High viscosity resins||0.5||250 ||4000||0.4-1.0||70|
|4.||Solid resins:|| |
|Durrans Melting point approx. 700C ||2||500||2000||0.1-0.2||40 |
|Durrans Melting point approx. 1000C||4 ||900||1100||0.5-1.0||40|
|Durrans Melting point approx. 1300C||9 ||1700||600||2.0-3.5 ||40|
|Durrans Melting point approx.1500C||13 ||2700||370||4.0-12.0||40|
The most commonly used curing agents for room temperature cured systems are polyfunctional amines and polymide resins. As shown below the active hydrogen atoms of primary and secondary amine groups react with epoxy groups.
A primary monoamine has a functionality of 2 for epoxy reactions, whilst the epoxy group has a functionality of 1. Thus a diepoxide reacted with a monoamine would give a linear polymer. Consequently, the useful curing agents are polyamines, such as:
|Ethylene diamine (EDA)||4||60|
|Diethylene triamine (DET)||5||103|
|Trietylene tetramine (TETA)||6||146 |
The reaction mechanism suggests that the curing agent should be used in stoichiometric proportions. For example resin having an EMM of 190 the amount of DET would be:
This is normally expressed as parts by mass of curing agent for 100 grams of resin (phr), that is 11 phr of DET. The use of incorrect proportions can lead to water sensitivity and poor physical properties if an excessive amount of amine is used. Quite small excess amine will adversely affect the water sensitivity. Low curing agent content would result in poor solvent-resistant and poor physical properties. With solvent-free systems this can be conveniently checked by determining Deflection Temperature (DT), that is, the temperature at which a standard sample begins to distort under load when determined by a standard method. The optimum curing agent ratio will show a peak in the DT curve plotted from a range of determinations using different curing agent proportions.
In practice, the use of free low molecular weight aliphatic amines is undesirable because of problems caused by objectionable volatility of such amines from an industrial hygiene point of view. This volatility can be eliminated by prereacting the amine with part of the epoxy resin forming a so-called amine adduct. Amine adducts are usually prepared by mixing one molecule of epoxy resin with two molecules of polymine.
Using solid epoxy resins, so-called 'isolated adducts' are prepared by reacting in solution and then distilling the excess amine and solvent. Isolated adduct is a solid, usually marketed in powder form. If solvent and the excess amine are not removed, the amine adduct is described as an 'in situ adduct'. The main advantages of adducts compared with straight amines are :
- reduced volatility,
- reduced toxicity,
- reduced blushing tendency during cure of films, and
- smaller mixing ratio with resins reduces chances of error.
Cycloaliphatic amines form another group of curing agents that are less volatile than linear aliphatic amines. They are slower in curing and require additions of accelerators, or must be cured at elevated temperture.
Another method for eliminating the problems associated with the use of free amines is the use of polyamide resins. These are produced from dimeric fatty acids and amine, and are available in several grades of different molecular weights. Polyamide resins react with epoxy resins through amine groups present in the resin. Because they have higher molecular weight than straight amines, their mixing proportions are much higher. The mixing ratio can be varied within comparatively wide limits depending on the properties desired in the end product. Higher proportions of polyamide resin give increased flexibility; a lower ratio imparts best water resistance, but caution should be exercised in adjusting the proportions to ensure that achievement in one desired property does not make too much sacrifice in another requirement. The main advantages and disadvantages of polyamide resins compared with amine or amine adduct systems are :
- volatility: non-volatile,
- mixing ratio with eposy resin: lower with polyamide resin,
- pot life: longer with polyamide resin,
- flexibility: lower with polyamide resin,
- hardness: lower with polyamide resin,
- water resistance: higher with polyamide resin, and
- chemical resistance: lower with polyamide resin.
Ketimines are used as curing agents for applications where longer pot life is required. Ketimines are described as latent curing agents, as they do not react with epoxy resins until free amine is released by contact with moisture in the air during and after application. The film thickness of these systems should not exceed 250 um to allow moisture penetration during curing.
One disadvantage with the curing agents described above is that the rate of reaction becomes too slow at lower temperatures. Below 150C ambient temperature, adequate cure is not obtained with most of the conventional curing agnets. However, several special curing agents are now available which cure at much lower temperatures. Some of these are based on aromatic amines such as 4, 4-diaminodiphenyl methane (DDM) containing modifiers and accelerators. These curing agents when mixed with liquid epoxy resins can be cured at 50 C and even below :
PRINCIPLES IN FORMULATING WITH EPOXY RESINS
Two-pack epoxy systems consist of a number of components which are selected to achieve desirable properties in the end product. A brief description of the components that may be used is given below.
Epoxy resins. Low molecular weight solid resins are used in solvent-based paints. Liquid resins are used in solventless systems.
- Amine and amine adduct-for best chemical resistance.
- Polyamide- for best flexibility and water resistance.
- Ketimines-for longer pot life in high solids systems.
- Modified aromatic amines-for low temperature cure.
Accelerators. Accelerators are often used in polymide cured solventless systems. Phenols, tertiary amines and triphenyl phosphate are typical accelerators.
Flexibilizers. Flexibilizers are often used with epoxy resins to increase flexibility and impact resistance. Typical products are polyamide and polysulfide resins. As mentioned previously, polyamides act also as curing agents. Other flexibilizers include ester plasticizers, epoxidised oils, and coal tar.
Reactive diluents. Monoepoxide diluents, such as n-butyl glycidyl ether, can be used in small proportions to reduce the viscosity of liquid epoxy resins in order to improve handling properties. As these diluents are of low molecular weight and are mono-fuctional, they reduce the physical strength and chemical resistance of the cured systems.
Pigments and fillers. Epoxy surface coatings use conventional pigments and extenders provided they meet chemical resistance requirements. Epoxy-resin-based adhesives and flooring compounds often use coarser fillers such as sand.
Thixotropic additives. Conventional types of thixotropic additives are used in epoxy systems and include synthetic silica (Aerosil*, Santocel'*), hydrogenated castor oil derivatives (Thixcin*) and Bentones.*
Solvents. Solubility of resins varies with their molecular weight. Liquid resins are soluble in hydrocarbons whilst solid resins are soluble in mixtures of aromatic hydrocarbons with alcohols, ketones and glycol ethers.
Two-pack epoxy systmes can be broadly classified into five groups, 1 to 5.
These systems are based on a solid epoxy resin solution, either clear or pigmented to give a desired colour. The resin is cured by addition of an amine adduct or polyamide.
Two-pack solvent-based paints have a long pot life (at least 6 hours) and can be applied by conventional methods, such as brushing or spraying. The normal paint film thickness per coat is about 50 pm. They have excellent adhesion to steel, concrete, asbestors cement and most other surfaces. They are tough and resistant to a wide range of chemicals and solvents. The chemical resistance of amine-adduct-cured systems is superior to the polyamide-cured formulations. Polyamide curing agents give a longer pot life, great flexibility, and superior water resistance. The choice between these two curing agents depends on the end use requirements.
Solventless and High Solids Coatings
High labour costs in applying the solvent-based paints to obtain high film thickness led to the development of solvent-free systems. Fox instance, it would be necessary to apply five to eight coats of conventional solvent based paint to obtain a minimum 250 to 375 pm film thickness required for good durability under immersion conditions. The use of solvent-free systems reduces labour cost, eliminates solvent hazards and simplifies ventilation problems in confined spaces.
Liquid epoxy resins are used in the manufacture of these coatings together with special types of low viscosity curing agents. The early problems of extremely short pot life of solvent-free systems have been overcome by development of latent curing agents or new specialized equipment for paint application.
Latent curing agents are based on ketimines. With this type of coating it is possible to apply by brush or spray up to 250pm film thickness in a single coat on vertical surfaces without sagging. Although these coatings are often described as solventless, they contain small amounts of solvents, and should be more accurately described as high solids coatings. They usually contain over 90 per cent of film forming material.
Another method of overcoming application difficulties with solvent-free systems and to obtain better results is by using specialized equipment. Two-pack heated airless spray rigs (capable of accurately metering the components and of controlling their temperature at suitable levels) are now available. The temperature drop immediately after application of preheated paint gives a setting-up effect similar to that obtained by solvent loss with conventional paints. Solventless paints applied by other methods usually remain liquid for 2 to 4 hours until gelation takes place.
The chemical resistancce and corrosion resistance of solventless coatings is very similar to that of the two pack solvent based paints. They are, however, less flexible and show a more pronounced tendency to yellow and lose gloss on exterior exposure. Some of the solvent-free types are only available in darker shades because of the colour of the modified aromatic amine used to obtain good cure at low temperatures.
Tar Epoxy Coatings
Two-pack epoxy paints can be modified with suitable grades of tar to produce tar epoxy coatings. The addition of a comparatively low cost tar to an epoxy resin system improves water resistance, but some loss in chemical and solvent resistance occurs. The colour of tar epoxy paints is generally black; tars of very light colour have also become available to enable formulation of paints in a fairly wide range of colours for special applications where black is not acceptable.
The tar epoxy paints are formulated in the same manner as the unmodified two-pack epoxy paints and are available as conventional solvent-based systems or in high solids or solventless types. They can be applied by brushing, roller coating, or spraying, and they are particularly suitable for airless spray. The film thickness per coat can range from 50 to 375 pm, depending on the type of formulation.
Concrete floors are often a cause of concern in industrial plants as conventional coatings are not always resistant to heavy wear or damage through the spillage of corrosive materials. For this applications, solventless liquid epoxy resin blends with a suitable aggregate can be used at a film thickness ranging from 3 to 6 mm applied in one operation. These compounds may be used in the construction of new floors or in resurfacing of old ones, and they may be laid on concrete, metal or wood substrates.
Several types of flooring compounds are available. One type consists of a compound heavily filled with sand or other aggregate, and it is applied by trowelling. Another method of application uses low viscosity compositions, which are poured directly onto the substrate and smoothed out to form a continuous level coating. Additional aggregate is then spread on the surface before the coating has set and is trowelled into the film to give a non-skid surface. A decorative appearance can be obtained by the use of conventional pigments. This type of flooring is used in chemical plants, dairies, breweries and other industries where a combination of chemical resistance, hard wearing surface, and skid resistant properties is required.
Fibreglass-reinforced epoxies have outstanding physical properties and are well established in electrical applications and in aircraft and rocket construction. In corrosion protection, epoxy laminates for cladding and structural uses are normally based on room temperature cured systems manufactured by hand lay-up techniques. In the production of chemically resistant piping and tank construction, filament winding techniques have been established and are extensively used overseas.
Cladding with fibreglass-reinforced epoxies gives a chemically resistant coating that can be built up to higher film thickness than conventional coatings with superior physical strength properties, particularly in resistance to impact. It is a most satisfactory method for the lining and repair of concrete and steel tanks, and for wrapping pipes for protection and repair of leaks, without necessitating a shutdown.
Examples of Formulations (parts by mass)
SOLVENT BASED PAINT (22.214.171.124.)
|Resin base :|
|Epikote* 1001 X 75 ||43.0|
|Flow control agent||2.3|
|Rutile titanium dioxide||33.4|
|Hardener amine adduct:|
|Epikote* 1001 X 75a||11.5|
HIGH SOLIDS COATING (126.96.36.199)
|Resin base :|
|Rutile titanium dioxide||23.0|
|Cresylic acid solution||6.0|
|50 per cent in alcohol|
|Ketimine Curing Agent||45|
SOLVENTLESS TAX EPOXY COATING (188.8.131.52.)
SOLVENTLESS COATING FOR APPLICATION BY HEATED TWO COMPONENTAIR LESS SPRAY EQUIPMENT
|Synthetic iron oxide||16.03|
|Asbestine 20 pm||10.79|
|Silicone resin R281||0.99|
|Hardener (aromatic amine):|
|Epikote||828||Aealdite GY 250||DER 331|
|815||MY 752||DER 334|
|Dx 215||LC 191||DER 324|
Single-pack Epoxy Maintenance Paints
The chemical structre of an epoxy resin molecule clearly shows its polyol nature. The secondary hydroxyl groups are spaced along the chain and each epoxy group is equivalent to two hydroxyl groups for the purposes of esterification.
The epoxy esters are generally manufactured from medium molecular weight epoxy resins with an EGC of approximately 1100, although lower and higher molecular weight resins are used. The properties of epoxy esters can be varied according to the degree of esterification with vegetable oil fatty acids, and the type of fatty acid used. Typical fatty acids are linseed, D.C.O., soya and tall oil. Short oil ester (30 to 50 per cent oil) are used for baking finishes and the medium and long oil esters are used for manufacture of air dry maintenance paints.
Epoxy ester maintenance coatings are used where comparatively mild corrosive conditions are encountered. They are similar to alkyd paints in drying properties, but show greater resistance to saponification and improved adhesion. They are widely used for interior and exterior protection of structural steel and exterior coatings for storage tanks in refineries and chemical plants.
Single-pack Thermoplastic Epoxy Systems
For some specialized applications, single-pack epoxy coatings are available, that differ from other types in that they are thermoplastic, non-convertible coatings. They harden purely by solvent evaporation and consist of epoxy resin of very high molecular weight dissolved in a suitable solvent.
Thermoplastic epoxies are of very high viscosity and are not as suitable for manufacture of finishing coats as the thermosetting epoxies. They are used mainly for the manufacture of highly pigmented primers, and they are particularly suitable as binders for zinc rich primers, as they give good resistance to settling on storage. The thermoplastic epoxies retain the high chemical resistance and the adhesion typical of epoxies, and have the advantage of being a one-pack formulation (similar to conventional paints). Their solvent resistance is limited, but the overcoating of primers on this resin is possible with practically all types of paints without danger of bleeding or lifting. Some softening of the paint film at elevated temperatures can be expected with thermoplastic epoxies and this should be kept in mind when considering practical applications.
Epoxy Industrial Baking Finishes
Solid epoxy resins of high molecular weight are used for manufacture of baking systems which are well known in the industrial finishing field. They are used for drum and tank linings, can coatings, domestic appliance finishes, and automotive primers.
Epoxy short oil esters are used in a similar way to alkyd resins in baking finishes, in applications when higher chemical resistance is required. High molecular weight resins with EGC lower than 600 are used for cross-linking through hydroxyl and epoxy groups using urea formaldehyde or phenol formaldehyde resins. These systems show extremely high toughness and are widely used for drum and can linings. They are baked at 2000C for 10 to 20 minutes to achieve full cure.
A new development in industrial coatings is epoxy powder coatings. The powders are manufactured by dispersing pigments and flow control additives and curing agent in a molten epoxy resin. On cooling, the blend solidifies to a hard, brittle mass, which is crushed and ground into a powder of the required particle size. Typical curing agents used for this application are based on dicyandiamide; they are solid and not reactive at room temperature. Another type of powder coating is based on a combination of epoxy and polyster resins. Powder coatings require baking at 1700 to 200 0C to form a thermoset finish.
The powders can be applied to articles by dipping the preheated object into a bath of the powder which is fluidized (by blowing air through a specially designed porous bottom of the bath) or by spraying the powder by flock gun. The most convenient method for application of powders is electrostatic spraying onto cold or preheated objects. The epoxy powder coatings have two main advantages compared with solvent-based systems:
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They are used for applications where severe corrosion conditions are encountered or where good electrical properties are important. They are becoming established in decorative coatings for application on articles of complicated shapes, such as tubular steel furniture and expanded metal articles, because of their toughness. Another use is for protection of pipelines for natural gas.
Many recent developments in industrial coatings are water-based systems. Most of the automotive primers are now applied by electrodeposition from a water dispersion of organic binder, which is negatively charged for anodic electrodeposition (or positively charged for cathodic electrodeposition). Suitably modified epoxy esters are used for both anodic and cathodic electrodeposition automotive primers. | <urn:uuid:4a9f05a3-2285-425a-953d-9c4195970e17> | {
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Slave Narratives of the Federal Writers' Project: A Major Help for Tracing African-American Ancestry,
Part 2, By Al Hester
Part 1 of my Blog of Dec. 28, 2013, on this topic discussed the "treasure trove" of information awaiting those who dig into the 1930's slave narrative interviews now online from the Library of Congress in American Memories (http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/snthml/.)
There are more than 2,300 interviews with ex-slaves discussing their memories of slavery.
These narratives, while having many short-comings, do possess a wealth of information about the slaves themselves, their family history, and where they lived in the late 1930s when they were interviewed. The interviewers used structured interview questions in their conversations with the ex-slaves. Some interviews are more complete and interesting, but all may contain helpful information for the study of black family history and culture. Some of the interviews reveal the backgrounds of white interviewers and what they thought would interest people about ex-slaves.
The ex-slaves frequently use the "N-Word," as they commonly did in referring to their own race generations ago. This term is not censored in the narratives. White interviewers did not use it in their own descriptions of African Americans.
For all their shortcomings these interviews can be of great help to African Americans wishing to hunt facts about their U. S. ancestors. Researchers, black or white, can find these narratives quite useful, even if their own families are not found. The best way to explore the materials is to go online and use the key-word search abilities involving the text to find out about specific persons or specific geographic areas. There are also hundreds of photos of aged ex-slaves, although most interviewers didn't take photos. A few interviews include audio interviews, although they are often difficult to understand, using primitive recording devices.
Content details aren't discussed here, but a list of some 62 ex-slaves from the Athens, Georgia, area is given, helping Internet users to find out about black ancestors. Print editions of the slave narratives are frequently found in major public libraries or university libraries. World Cat online (hthtttp://www.worldcat.org) lists these and their library locations.
To use the list, look at it on the Home Page of the Library of Congress American Memories Home Page, and find persons or subjects of interest to you. Then using the Library of Congress' slave narratives online, you can find the entire interviews, read them, and see photos or hear audios—if these are existing. The Gutenberg Project ((http://www.gutenberg.org/files/19446/19446-h.html, also has copies of these ex-slave narratives. Both the Library of Congress and Gutenberg's materials are in the public domain and free to use.
• • • •
Here is the alphabetical list of Athens area ex-slaves interviewed in the Federal Writers Project.
Name of Ex-Slave, Approx. Age, Athens or Area Address, if known , and Source of Information
Adams, Rachel 78 300 Odd St. Library of Congress Slave Narratives
Baker, Georgia 87 369 Meigs St. Library of Congress Slave Narratives
Battle, Jasper 80 112 Berry St. Library of Congress Slave Narratives
Bolton, James 85 Oglethorpe County GA Supplement, LOC slave narratives
Bradley, Alice 72 Hull St., near corner of Hoyt St. Library of Congress Slave Narratives
Brown, Easter 78 1020 S. Lumpkin St. Library of Congress Slave Narratives
Castle, Susan 78 1257 W. Hancock Ave. Library of Congress Slave Narratives
Cofer, Willis 78 548 Finley St.Library of Congress Slave Narratives
Colbert, Mary 84 168 Pearl St. Library of Congress Slave Narratives
Cole, John 86 On Billups St. (also photo) Library of Congress Slave Narratives
Cole, Julia 78 169 Yonah St. Library of Congress Slave Narratives
Colquitt, Kizzie 76 243 Macon Library of Congress Slave Narratives
Colquitt, Martha 85 190 Lyndon Ave. Library of Congress Slave Narratives
Davis, Minnie 78 237 Billups St. Library of Congress Slave Narratives
Derricotte, Ike 79 554 W. Hancock Ave. Library of Congress Slave Narratives
Dillard, Benny 80 Corner Broad & Derby Library of Congress Slave Narratives
Elder, Callie 78 640 W. Hancock Ave. Library of Congress Slave Narratives
Furr, Anderson 87 298 W. Broad St. Library of Congress Slave Narratives
Garey, Elisha Doc 76 258 Lyndon Ave. Library of Congress Slave Narratives
Green, Alice 76 156 Willow St. Library of Congress Slave Narratives
Harris, Dosia 78 159 Valley St. Library of Congress Slave Narratives
Hawkins, Tom 75 163 Bremen St. Library of Congress Slave Narratives
Heard, Bill 73 475 Reese St. Library of Congress Slave Narratives
Henry, Jefferson Franklin 78 Athens, but not specific Library of Congress Slave Narratives
Henry, Robert 82 Billups St. (also photo) Library of Congress Slave Narratives
Hill, John 74 1525 W. Broad St. Library of Congress Slave Narratives
Hudson, Carrie 75 258 Lyndon Ave. Library of Congress Slave Narratives
Hudson, Charlie 80 258 Lyndon Ave. Library of Congress Slave Narratives
Huff, Easter 80 125 Rockspring St. Library of Congress Slave Narratives
Hunter, Lina 90 270 Bailey St. Library of Congress Slave Narratives
Hutcheson, Alice 76 165 Rockspring St. Library of Congress Slave Narratives
Jackson, Mariah [Maria] no age given no address given From Al Hester's Memories of Athens book
Jefferson, Franklin Henry Rev. in Athens, but no specific address Library of Congress Slave narratives
Jewel, Mahala 76 177 Berry St. Library of Congress Slave Narratives
Johnson, Georgia 74 1537 W. Broad St. Library of Congress Slave Narratives
Kinney, Nicey 86 R. F. D. #3 Library of Congress Slave Narratives
Larken, Julia 76 693 Meigs St. Library of Congress Slave Narratives
McCommons, Mariam 76 164 Augusta Ave. Library of Congress Slave Narratives
McIntosh, Susan 87 1203 W. Hancock Ave. Library of Congress Slave Narratives
McWhorter, Pitt ? ? Thurmond's Story Untold book
McWhorter, William 78 383 W. Broad St. Library of Congress Slave Narratives
McCree, Ed 76 543 Reese St. Library of Congress Slave Narratives
Parkes, Anna 86 150 Strong St. Library of Congress Slave Narratives
Pope, Alec no age given 1345 Rockspring St. Library of Congress Slave Narratives
Raines, Charlotte no age given Oglethorpe County, GA Library of Congress Slave Narratives
Sheets, Will 76 1290 W. Broad St. Library of Congress Slave Narratives
Shepherd, Robert 91 386 Arch St. Library of Congress Slave Narratives
Singleton, Tom 94 1&1/2 mi. out of town; nr. Brooklyn area Library of Congress Slave Narratives
Smith, Georgia 87 286 Augusta Ave. Library of Congress Slave Narratives
Smith, Nancy about 80 129 Plum St. Library of Congress Slave Narratives
Smith, Nellie 78 660 W. Hancock Ave. Library of Congress Slave Narratives
Smith, Paul 74 429 China St. Library of Congress Slave Narratives
Telfair, Georgia 74 R. F. D. #2, Box 131 Library of Congress Slave Narratives
Thomas, Cordelia 80 150 Berry St. Library of Congress Slave Narratives
Upson, Neal 81 450 Fourth St. Library of Congress Slave Narratives
Van Hook, John F. 76 Newton Bridge Rd. Library of Congress Slave Narratives
Vinson, Addie 86 653 Dearing St. Library of Congress Slave Narratives
Virgel, Emma 73 1491 W. Broad St. Library of Congress Slave Narratives
Wilbanks, Green 77 347 Fairview St. Library of Congress Slave Narratives
Willingham, Frances 78 288 Bridge St. Library of Congress Slave Narratives
This photo is in the Slave Narratives of the Library of Congress. It's the dwelling of a "black Seminole" family in Brackettville, TX, taken in the 1930s-1940s. Seminole Indians had black slaves who sometimes became tribal members. While most photos in the narratives are of individual slaves, some show their churches, residences or other features. Photo: Library of Congress.
Slave Narratives of the Federal Writers' Project: A Major Help for Tracing African-American Ancestry, Part 1, By Al Hester
Thousands of African Americans have an ardent interest in finding out whether they may have slave ancestors in the United States prior to Emancipation during the Civil War. White persons have an easier time finding out about their family histories, since more records potentially refer to them.
In censuses prior to the 1870 federal census, African-Americans were "nameless" as far as government enumerations were concerned, with few exceptions. Historians and genealogists know that the 1850 federal census was the first enumeration which listed all members of each family, including the "head of the household" with names, ages, places of birth, occupations and separate listings for wives and children and others living in the household. Black slaves were generally recorded only on slave schedules, which named their owners, but with no slave names listed—only their sex, age, and whether they were black or mulatto.
This lack of information in our major records is a major hurdle to tracing slave ancestors. Free persons of color, however, are easier to trace, as they are recorded by name in the various censuses, even during slavery days.
A rich resource, however, are the ex-slave narratives that came to light in the widespread interviews of the Federal Writers' Project during the latter part of the Great Depression. The interviews and narrations were conceived as a way to make jobs available to hundreds of persons in many states, but especially in the Southern states. The interviewers had varying degrees of skill in gathering information and in recording it. Interviewers were almost all white, and they generally fashioned their interviews around a closed-end method, in which some questions they asked exposed pre-conceived white ideas of what slave life was like. Nevertheless, despite serious flaws in their work due to limitations of the questionnaire given to them and in their writing and interviewing talents, the 10,000 pages of more than 2,900 interviews give considerable insight into the lives of ex-slaves interviewed. The conversations took place between 1936 and 1939. The photos of hundreds of ex-slaves are included with the text, if interviewers took pictures. Some interviews also include audio recordings.
These narratives are in the public domain as Slave Narratives: a Folk History of Slavery in the United States. They are available online from the American Memory Website of the U. S. Library of Congress and you can use key-word searches for names or subjects, as well as narratives filed in each state. They can be read and used freely from the site: http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/snhtml/snhome.html.
The slave narratives are also available through Project Gutenberg. These are downloadable in various formats, including e-book formats, and can be used freely by the public. The Project Gutenberg specific narratives are more difficult to find than the American Memory narratives. See website: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/11255.
What types of information are common to the interviews of ex-slaves? Included are the names of ex-slaves, their place of birth, place of residence at time of interview, their age and their answers about slave life they experienced. Often, other family members of slaves and the names of slave owners and information about their plantations, farms, etc., are included. Some of the interviews are short and not very thorough. But other interviews are long and vivid and contain much valuable information. By inference, we can also find out much about prevailing racial and cultural attitudes of whites doing the interviews and responses made by the ex-slaves.
States where interviews took place were: Alabama (221), Arkansas (765), Florida (73), Georgia (194), Indiana (69), Kansas (3), Kentucky (57), Maryland (22), Mississippi (31), Missouri (92), North Carolina (218), Ohio (41), Oklahoma (79), Rhode Island (1), South Carolina (341), Tennessee (26), Texas (695), and Virginia (14). Indices are available with the narratives, listing each ex-slave interviewed.
Since this blog is mainly concerned with Civil War and Reconstruction Period history of the Athens, Georgia, area, Part 2 will focus on what is available for research in the slave narratives for this part of Georgia. It will include a listing of the ex-slaves and other African Americans who may have had memories of the period immediately after the Civil War.
It will be helpful to go to the slave narrative sites to get the "feel" of what you will find and to see by using the indices which may contain the names of ex-slaves among your ancestors.
(See Part 2 soon giving names and information about ex-slaves from the Athens area, interviewed for the slave narratives).
Joseph L. Hemphill, a prominent resident of Athens, Georgia, wasn't able "to bring home the bacon."
He made a claim to the Southern Claims Commission alleging the Yankees took 1,800 pounds of bacon from his family on May 15, 1865, in the last days of the Civil War. Union troops hunting for Confederate President Jefferson Davis took the Hemphill bacon without paying for it, he swore. They needed it to feed their troops passing through Athens. The Southern Claims Commission was set up to consider cases where Southerners loyal to the Union in the Civil War could be reimbursed for damages to their property caused by Union troops.
Joseph L. Hemphill, stating he was a Southerner loyal to the Union, inherited the claim from his father, William S. Hemphill of Athens, a prominent blacksmith. William S. Hemphill was the original owner the Union Army did not pay for the 1,800 pounds of bacon, valued at $360.00 (U. S.). But William S. Hemphill died in 1874 and his heirs tried to collect what they felt the Yankees had taken without any reimbursement.
Joseph L. Hemphill claimed he was a true-blue Union loyalist, although living in the South. After the war, a special commissioner came to Athens to take testimony from families and witnesses. But after getting evidence and deliberating, the Southern Claims Commission turned thumbs-down on the bacon claim. Joseph, like his father, was also a blacksmith in Athens, according to 1880 Clarke County federal census records.
The Commission, set up by the federal government, said there was absolutely no evidence that William S. Hemphill, the original claimant, was a loyal Union man. Without such evidence the Commission denied the claim in 1878. The claim took up 33 pages in commission testimony about the "stolen" bacon.
One witness told the claims commissioner that William S. Hemphill had "raised" part of the bacon and obtained the rest of it from others. We might wonder just how he had a stash of 1,800 pounds of bacon when much of Athens was going hungry in the last days of the Civil War. Witnesses to his claim in Athens agreed that the quality bacon was worth 20 cents per pound in U. S. money. They also said officers of Brevet General William Jackson Palmer's Union troops took the bacon over William S. Hemphill's protests.
Augustus Longstreet Hull in his Annals of Athens (Banner Job Office, Athens, GA, 1906), said that bacon toward the end of the war was selling for $7.00 (Confederate) per pound.
"It may be imagined what destitution prevailed among the poor and what suffering among those of the better class who could not labor and yet whose support was gone," Hull wrote, recalling the last year of the Civil War in Athens.
The record didn't explain just how the Hemphills obtained their meaty hoard. Fragmentary Confederate Quartermaster records, contained in Confederate citizen and business correspondence files digitized in Fold3.com on the Web, indicated the Hemphill men made more than $5,000 in business with Confederate military operations just during the year of 1864, for example. As blacksmiths they had lucrative jobs shoeing Confederate horses and repairing the Army's wagons, these records reveal. One bill paid by the quartermaster was to the Hemphills for furnishing 421 horseshoes.
• • •
The Southern Claims Commission was set up in March, 1871, to consider claims of damages caused by Northern troops to loyal Unionist Southerners as Yankee forces occupied Confederate territory. Often, the claims alleged taking food supplies, horses and other property from Southerners loyal to the Union without giving a receipt or paying for them. In the next two years, Southerners claiming they were loyal to the federal government filed 22,298 claims for more than $60 million for damages caused by the Yankees, according to Southern Claims Commission tabulations.
The Commission, however, approved paying only 7,092 claims or just 32 per cent of the claims for about $4.6 million. These figures come from an excellent summary of the work of the Southern Claims Commission, placed on-line by the St. Louis, Missouri, County Library. It also has produced a quality guide to doing your own research on-line from various sources containing statistics and testimony in Southern Claims Commission documents.
Such sources as Ancestry.com and Fold3.com on the Web contain the digitized copies of the claims, including all the testimony and findings. Most public libraries have free access to these on-line sources, or you can get them by subscribing for your personal use. To see the St. Louis County Library free guide to researching Southern Claims Commission cases, go to http://www.slcl.org/content/guide-researching-southern-claims-commission-records.
The approved claims are available for Alabama, Georgia, Virginia and West Virginia. The disapproved or barred claims are online for all 12 states from which complaints were taken. These states, in addition to the four above, are Arkansas, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas.
The Hemphill claim is the only one filed from Clarke County, Georgia. It was easy for Joseph L. Hemphill to declare he had not engaged in action against Union troops. He was born in 1854, making him about 11 years old when the bacon was taken by Union soldiers. Joseph, however, certainly knew his father and two brothers were patriotic Southerners and they were in a Confederate Artillery unit. The claim Joseph forwarded on Feb. 28, 1873, said his sympathies were "constantly with the cause of the United States for the entire war." (Claim No. 22092 in National Archives Publication M1407 and digitized on Fold3.com).
The Athens complaint alleged that the Hemphills' bacon was taken by members of the command of Brevet Gen. William Jackson Palmer on May 15, 1865 in Athens. The meat was taken to feed Union troops in or near Athens on that day, and no reimbursement was ever made, the Hemphills said. One of the witnesses was the mother of Joseph L. Hemphill, Sarah A. Hemphill. She was the wife of William S. Hemphill. She testified Joseph was loyal to the Union. She, or other witnesses, failed to say that her late husband and two of her sons served in the Confederate Army.
In a story about her 93rd birthday on Oct. 29, 1910, in the Athens Banner, Mrs. Hemphill said her husband, although over-age for service in Confederate forces, was allowed by special permission from Gen. Robert E. Lee to act as a substitute for William A. Hemphill, while their son remained home on furlough. Young Hemphill was very seriously wounded in his jaw at Gettysburg and was conspicuous for his bravery and endurance. Military records do show that he was later allowed to come home and serve only in or near Athens.
• • •
A record from the Confederate States Hospital at Petersburg, Virginia, indicated he was wounded on July 2, 1863. He was taken to Petersburg in an exchange of prisoners after being captured by Union troops at Gettysburg and cared for in a Union hospital and then paroled. [This information is available on William A. Hemphill in military records on the Fold3.com site].
The Confederate records for Moore's Artillery (earlier in the war called the Troup Artillery) indicate William S. Hemphill served as a private and a gunner. Joseph's brother, William A., ended the war a first lieutenant. Robert A., another brother, was a private. The Confederate military records indicate the father and two sons were on muster rolls for Moore's Artillery. The services of William S. Hemphill and William A. Hemphill were limited to the Athens area, the Confederate military records show.
Obviously many Athens residents knew the Hemphills' military service story, but those giving testimony to John Huggins, a special commissioner for the Southern Claims Commission, mentioned nothing about the Confederate patriotic activities of family members, including the Confederate military service of the Hemphill father, who was original claimant.
The father was about 47 years old when he enlisted in the artillery unit. Confederate military service would have barred the Hemphill complaint. The third son, Joseph L., was too young to have served the Confederacy. Perhaps this was a reason for his choice to carry the claim forward, rather than being made by either of his two older brothers.
In 1878, the Southern Claims Commission ruled on the claim first initiated by William S. Hemphill and then turned over and filed by his son, Joseph.
"When the property was taken it belonged to the father of the claimant [Joseph]. The widow and other heirs turned the claim over to Jos. L. Hemphill," the ruling read. "To allow the claim it must be shown that the father of claimant was loyal. There is no proof whatever that he was loyal." The claim was disallowed.
William A. Hemphill after the Civil War became the founder of The Atlanta Constitution, and was also mayor of Atlanta. His brother, Robert, was also active in administration of the Atlanta paper. William A. Hemphill became known as "Colonel" Hemphill. Confederate military service records indicate he was only a first lieutenant in the Confederate artillery, but later he was given the honorific title of "Colonel."
Joseph L. Hemphill continued being a successful blacksmith in Athens and lived on Prince Avenue for many years with his mother, Sarah. This house was one of the most attractive in Athens. He died in Fulton County, Georgia, in 1932.
The Mystery of A. Oluwole Snelson
By Al Hester, Ph.D.
Head, Gospel Pilgrim Cemetery History & Research Committee
The Grave of A. Oluwole Snelson is a lonely grave. It is far back in the historic African-American Gospel Pilgrim Cemetery in Athens, Georgia. I saw it for the first time about six years ago as I was identifying graves in this 9-acre cemetery founded in 1882 by the Gospel Pilgrim Society. I tallied its location and wondered whether the brief inscription was in error. What person could possibly have a name like that?
The Snelson grave seems set apart. I can see that A. Oluwole was a child, born in 1897 and dying in 1900. The epitaph, barely readable, says, "A Flower Too Soon Faded." No Snelson family members are buried near the grave or elsewhere in the cemetery at Fourth and Bray streets.
A tangle of brush, vines and trees makes it hard to identify graves in this cemetery placed on the National Register of Historic Places. As many as 3,500 African Americans may be buried in Gospel Pilgrim, preliminary research indicates. Only about a fifth have readable markers. Most burial sites are mere sunken places in the cemetery. About 20 per cent of the identified graves are graves of ex-slaves.
Some underbrush is cleared sporadically, but at least 25 per cent of Gospel Pilgrim has not been cleaned up in decades. Little money from Athens-Clarke County is available for Gospel Pilgrim, which is officially an abandoned cemetery, with a small amount of care given by the city-county. Despite Gospel Pilgrim's being on the National Register of Historic Places and having a Georgia State Historical Marker, now it is mostly neglected. Volunteers make forays to remove sticks and brush in small areas, but little overall care is being given.
Athens-Clarke County voters in 2004 did approve a $306,000 Special Purpose Local Option Sales Tax project, for improvement of pathways and sidewalks at the cemetery, but this money could not be used for maintenance and upkeep. Since then most of the pathways have suffered erosion and are overgrown with weeds.
Close inspection is necessary to see which graves still have readable tombstones. All of the Gospel Pilgrim records were lost when the last officer of the Society, Alfred Richardson Hill, died in 1977. The Gospel Pilgrim Society was a burial society and sold lots in the cemetery, designed to give African Americans a respectable and beautiful place for burial. In the last few years, only a handful of burials have taken place if descendants could present a lot certificate, but it is not really an active burial ground.
In June, 2013, I looked at an Internet Web site, Cenantua.wordpress.com, which deals with the Civil War period. It contains blogs by Robert Moore. I share an interest in Civil War and Reconstruction history. My own Web site alhester.author.com, is mainly about similar local Athens, Georgia, Civil War and Reconstruction topics. Many ex-slaves are buried at Gospel Pilgrim and sometimes I tell their stories on my Web site.
One of Mr. Moore's blogs was about the Emancipation Day celebration in 1869 at Andersonville, Georgia, site of the infamous Confederate prison. The presiding leader at that Jan. 1, 1869, event was Floyd Grant Snelson, born in 1847, the ex-slave child of a white father and black mother.
The surname Snelson seemed slightly familiar to me. Could it be that Floyd Grant Snelson, an ex-slave Georgia preacher, Republican political leader and educator named for Gen. U. S. Grant, was connected to Gospel Pilgrim's "A. Olewole Snelson"? Snelson, a Swedish name, is not very common in Georgia, but finally I did recall it was on the mysterious tombstone in Athens.
As I checked on the Internet and with various public records concerning the Floyd Grant Snelson family—I did find Athens connections. Rev. Floyd Grant Snelson, Jr., the son of the Emancipation speaker, turned out to be one of the most prominent church leaders and missionaries in the African Methodist Episcopal Church. His middle name of Grant was his preferred name, in honor of the Northern general. About seven years of his life were spent in Athens as a minister, principal and teacher.
Rev. Floyd Grant Snelson, Jr., was born Dec. 19, 1865. Both the father and son were ministers and important missionaries to West Africa. The elder went to Africa in the 1870s for the Congregational Church, taking with him his family including young Floyd Grant, Jr. His son became a member of the A.M.E. faith in 1874 and obtained his bachelor's degree from Atlanta U., as had his father. Rev. Snelson, Jr. was licensed to preach in 1889 and had churches in Atlanta, Warrenton, North Carolina, Cartersville, Georgia, and later in Athens. Later in his career, he would be a leader in the mission field and as a pastor of major A. M. E. churches in Cleveland, St. Louis, Pittsburgh and San Francisco.
He would follow his father's missionary lead, becoming head of A. M. E. Church mission work as superintendent and presiding elder in West Africa. A. M. E. Bishop Henry McNeal Turner had watched Rev. Snelson's development as a young preacher and educator and liked what he saw, choosing him to lead major efforts in several West African countries.
In 1895, Rev. Snelson Jr. was appointed principal and teacher at the East Athens Colored School in Athens. He had been the principal of the Mitchell Street black school in Atlanta before coming to Athens. In Athens, he also became editor of The Negro Educational Journal, the publication of a statewide organization for black teachers.
His wife, Waterloo Bullock Snelson, also an Atlanta U. grad, took a job as first-grade teacher in the East Athens School. We have no information about why she was named "Waterloo." Her parents were Green and Sarah Bullock. Rev. Snelson Jr. would add a master's degree and two doctorates, becoming one of the most highly educated African Americans in the United States. He was principal of East Athens Colored School between 1894 and 1896., after being a principal in Atlanta. He was also made a church deacon in Athens in 1894 and preached in Athens. After his African mission work, 1894-1900, he returned to Athens as pastor of the Bethel A.M.E. Church in Athens for 1901-02, according to official publications of the A.M.E. Church.
Bethel at first was a very small church at Billups and West Broad streets, which would later become the larger Greater Bethel A. M. E. Church on Rose Street, just off West Broad.
Late in 1896, Rev. Snelson became head of A. M. E. mission work for four years in West Africa, headquartered in the country of Sierra Leone. In its January, 28, 1897, issue, The Christian Recorder, official newspaper of the A. M. E. Church, carried a long story about his abilities and characteristics:
"He is a young man of medium height but well proportioned and full of nervous energy," the article said. "He wears side whiskers which conceal his square jaw, but his strong, yet nervous chin is exposed. His eyes are deep-set but expressive. His voice is full and resonant, but has been somewhat injured by the unrestrained energy with which he has evidently become accustomed to speak. His postures are full of manifestations of decision of character, mingled somewhat with obstinacy."
As the minister and educator resigned his jobs in Athens in 1896 to go to Africa, Mrs. Snelson was making a name for herself in her own right. She was an excellent educator, outstanding speaker and organizer of various social services. She organized the first colored women's club in Georgia, according to The Crisis, magazine of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
"In fact, Mrs. Snelson was in many ways the ideal wife for the itinerant Methodist preacher, the article said. "She lectured, sang and worked. She even occupied her husband's pulpit, and she brought up a family of four children; with all this work and her own restless nervous energy she was personally charming, full of humor, and one of the most beautiful women in America," the article in the August, 1914, issue said.
• • • •
But nowhere in any record could I find a child named A. Oluwole Snelson. I did learn that Oluwole is a fairly common name for boys in West Africa. One translation from Yoruba is "The king has entered the house."
There were three other black Snelsons enumerated in the 1900 federal census in Clarke County, but none seemed related to the Floyd Grant Snelsons. No child named Oluwole turned up in the federal censuses.
In 2013, I couldn't locate any person in Athens who knew the Floyd Grant Snelson family. John Davis, a longtime member of Greater Bethel A.M.E. Church, said the Rev. Snelson is not listed in a Greater Bethel church history as an early pastor.
"A 97-year-old woman member of Bethel might have known about the Snelsons, but she died about a month ago," he said in August, 2013.
There are, however, ample mentions in national A. M. E. records of Floyd Grant Snelson and his wife living in Athens and his being pastor at Bethel Church on the west side of Athens. Fifteen years after Rev. Snelson left, Bethel officially became Greater Bethel AME Church of Athens, when a cornerstone for a new building was laid at the corner of West Broad and Billups, according to the Greater Bethel, Athens, GA, history on its Web site.
The 1900 federal census for Clarke County indicated the Snelsons lived in East Athens at 614 Third St., which was about a block from the East Athens School. In February, 1900, Mrs. Snelson bought the 4-room house on the half-acre lot in her name, paying $400. She sold the property in Athens for $520 in 1907, when the Snelson family was living in Massachusetts.
Rev. Snelson was in the enumeration on June 6, 1900, with his other family members after he came back from his missionary service. The Clarke County federal census enumerator mistakenly listed the family surname as "Nelson."]
• • • •
The Snelsons married on Christmas Day, 1890, in Atlanta. Their first son, Floyd Grant Snelson, Jr., was born in September, 1891. A daughter, La Ursa, was born in May, 1893. A second daughter, Blydena, was born in November, 1895. Their youngest son, Strathana or Strathcona, would be born in 1903. The youngest daughter, Arnetta, was born in 1907.
A. Oluwole Snelson was born on July 29, 1897, according to his tombstone. The year of death is also clear on the marker, 1900, and the date of the month appears to be March 1.
We do know in the 1900 federal census for Clarke County, Waterloo Snelson is listed as having three living children—Floyd Grant, La Ursa and Blydena. But she is enumerated as having had a total of four births, indicating one child who was not living by June 6, 1900. It seems likely that this child was A. Oluwole.
On Jan. 12, 1897, Rev. Snelson, boarded the ship Majestic to go to Sierra Leone, according to a long account in The Christian Recorder. "Upon the pier as the stately ship. . . glided away, stood a band of more than fifty, among whom were Bishop Turner, Bishop Derrick, Secretary Parks and the heroic wife of the departing missionary," the article in the Jan. 28, 1897, issue said.
Before the Majestic's embarkation, a large congregation at Bethel A. M. E. in New York City said goodbye to Rev. Snelson, giving him their support and approval.
"Bishop Turner introduced Mrs. Snelson, who made a brief but remarkable speech," the article said. "Everyone realized the burden of the sacrifice laid upon the wife who was giving up her husband to the cause of God and the Church. Next to his God, every true man holds in reverence a pure and noble woman. Between true hearts the vast ocean may sweep without abating love or dimming the untarnished lustre of loyalty. At the altar, side by side, husband and wife, so soon to be separated, knelt together while forth from hundreds of hearts went up a pray[er]. . . . Then with bowed heads the people sang in tones soft and low, 'God be with you till we meet again."
The Christian Recorder account ended by saying: "Secretary Parks placed in the hands of the departing missionary a through ticket and about five hundred dollars and assured him that a loyal church would care for him and would soon send to him his wife and three little ones."
Mrs. Snelson, however, never went to West Africa to be with her husband. We have information from the Athens Banner newspaper indicating in several stories that she was teaching in 1898 and 1899. We also know that before his return from Africa, she was going to Atlanta on business. She also had her children to look after.
And Waterloo Snelson would also have been pregnant with A. Oluwole Snelson, who, as pointed out, was born July 29, 1897. By that time, Rev. Snelson was running the extensive West African mission program of his church. His supervision included traveling thousands of miles to many mission outposts under very primitive conditions in several countries. A recognition, which he obviously relished, came when he was made a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society (F. R. G. S.) of London during his time of mission work and exploration in Africa, according to many newspaper accounts. He became a specialist in cultures and languages of West Africa. He always included "F. R. G. S." along with his degree credentials in letters and information given to the press.
We have no private letters written between Rev. Snelson and his wife. He doesn't mention his family in his official correspondence, reports, or in newspaper accounts of his missionary work. We know for certain that Mrs. Snelson had to care for Floyd, La Ursa and Blydena—and A. Oluwole if he were the fourth living child.
We do know that her "little boy" had been in a serious fire, but supposedly was recovering in 1900, according to the story in the Feb. 4, 1900, Atlanta Constitution. It seems likely that the "little boy" hurt in the fire would not be Floyd, who would be about nine years old. A. Oluwole, less than three years old, would be more likely. We also know that Waterloo's mother was listed as a member of the household of the Snelsons in the 1900 Clarke County federal census. Sarah Bullock was probably able to help considerably in caring for the children. But A. Oluwole was dead by March 1, 1900, according to his marker inscription in the cemetery.
Rev. Snelson returned from Africa to Athens on April 18, 1900, according to the Athens Banner. "He built three churches in Freetown [Sierra Leone] and five in the interior, and received 500 members into the African M. E. Church," the article said, announcing his lecture in Athens at Pierce Chapel A. M. E. Church upon his return. "He traveled 400 miles into the interior and 5,000 miles along the coast of Africa studying the languages and customs of the people."
It seems quite possible that Rev. Snelson himself named A. Oluwole Snelson, while he carried out his mission duties in Africa. He was quite familiar with African names. Looking at the names of their children, we can see that Rev. Snelson and his wife had no hesitation in choosing unusual names. Surely Rev. Snelson's grief would have been acute, so soon after his return from Africa. It is possible he may not have received word about the death until he arrived in the United States.
Soon, the Snelsons were also shocked by the tragic case of the Rev. Floyd Snelson, Sr. In 1902, he was placed in the Milledgeville, Georgia, Insane Asylum. After being dismissed from the asylum, he was run over by a train near Blackshear, Pierce County, Georgia, in 1904. He was "... killed by a freight train near Blackshear," a brief article in the Feb. 14, 1904, Atlanta Constitution said. "Snelson only recently returned from the Milledgeville asylum and for several days past has been crazy in his actions," the article said.
Strathana or Strathcona [both names are used] McKinley Snelson, the youngest son, died Aug. 30, 1911, in an accident involving rail cars. His death ". . . occurred last Wednesday evening while he with some other boys were playing on the street while the cars were switching, ran in front of one, running directly into another going in opposite direction," the Pittsburgh Courier newspaper reported. "The pallbearers were six playmates of the deceased." Rev. Snelson was pastor at St. Paul's A.M. E. Church in Pittsburgh at the time.
Floyd, the eldest son of the Snelsons, became a well known newspaper writer, columnist and editor for black newspapers. He also would die in a major accident. He was killed in a stove explosion and fire while staying in a friend's apartment in France in 1956.
• • • •
Rev. Snelson would be appointed pastor of Bethel A. M. E. Church in Athens, Georgia, from 1901 to 1902, according to A. M. E. official reports. But he left Athens when appointed minister at Bethel A. M. E. Church, a large church in San Francisco. Throughout the rest of his life, Rev. Snelson, who died in 1932, had numerous important preaching appointments. He had a reputation for overcoming church mortgage difficulties, and helped pay off the debts of several A. M. E. churches.
On May 3, 1914, Waterloo Snelson died unexpectedly after surgery of an undisclosed nature at the age of 44, in Columbus, Ohio, where Rev. Snelson was pastor of Mt. Vernon A. M. E. Church.
"Only a week ago Mrs. Snelson was requested to take charge of the women's suffrage movement among the colored women in Ohio, and at the same time was appointed by Governor Cox to represent the state at the national education congress which will convene in Oklahoma next July," the Ohio State Journal said in her obituary.
In October, 1914, , he married Blanche Ward, a widow, who also took major leadership positions in the church. She died in 1923. After that, he married his last wife, Trenna O. Banks Snelson, who also had been a strong church leader.
In 1924, he campaigned at the general conference of the A. M. E. Church to make him a special "Bishop of Africa" to further mission work there. The Topeka (Kansas) Plaindealer newspaper, reprinted his long announcement and request for votes. In the May 2, 1924, issue, the paper endorsed him. In his campaign for bishop, his seventh point for election was: ". . . My age is ripe; my health is perfect, my habits with religious scrutiny, and I do not SMOKE, CHEW, DRINK, nor CAROUSE, my personal character stands untarnished, the joy of my family, friends and fellow citizens." Although he was endorsed by several A. M. E. leaders, he was never made a bishop. He had sought the bishop's office as early as 1900, but was not successful.
Failing health, due in part to his service abroad, caught up with him, but he did have a last pastoral assignment from 1927 to 1931 as a minister in Barbados. He returned to the United States to try to regain his health, but died on Feb. 28, 1932, at the home of his sister in Washington, D. C. "Prominent churchmen from all parts of the country" were present at his funeral, The Chicago Defender newspaper reported in its March 6, 1932, issue .
• • • •
There are no signs of visits to the grave of A. Oluwole Snelson, 113 years after his death. The grave appears starkly unadorned in Gospel Pilgrim Cemetery. Surely his family and church friends did mourn for him. But the Snelson family soon moved away from Athens for prominent activities all over the country in the African Methodist Episcopal Church.
No flowers are set in pots by the grave. At the plot, no lilies bloom in the spring, as by other graves. There are no conch shells or quartz crystals placed there as remembrances, as is common at many Gospel Pilgrim burial sites. Truly, A. Oluwole Snelson, was "A Flower Too Soon Faded."
In the springtime, thoughts of many Southerners turn toward the "Lost Cause" when the Confederacy lost the long and bitter armed conflict between the North and the South. Some know of the war as The War Between the States. Others term it the Civil War. Some Northerners term it The War of the Rebellion.
With Gen. Robert E. Lee's surrender at Appomattox , VA, in April, 1865, most of the fighting ended. What followed was mainly a mop-up operation and a long military occupation of much of the South by the victorious Yankees.
Confederate Memorial Day still draws thousands in the South to commemorate the gallantry of a rag-tag, last-stand army, fighting bravely for an independent South. The day is celebrated at various times in the South, but typically includes visits to cemeteries where the Confederate dead lie by the thousands. The United Daughters of the Confederacy and the Sons of Confederate Veterans lead in the ceremonies and rituals to keep their history of the war alive and vivid. Typically, the fighting qualities of Confederate officers and enlisted men are remembered.
But south of Watkinsville, Georgia, in the well-kept Huff Family Cemetery at 3071 Colham Ferry Road, the Laura Rutherford Chapter of the UDC and other patriotic groups on April 21 honored a civilian couple—Green A. and Nancy Ann Pilgrim. The Pilgrims were residents in what was then the southern part of Clarke County, not far from the Huff Cemetery. Later that part of Clarke County would become Oconee County. Green Pilgrim was born in South Carolina. He moved to Georgia and married Nancy in 1855 in nearby Greene County. Green was born in 1818 and Nancy in 1831. By 1858, the Greens had a baby girl and named her Mary E. Pilgrim. In 1859, a son was born, Isaac Bartow Pilgrim.
In just a few years, war would turn the lives of the Pilgrim family upside down. Green was about 43 years old when the Civil War started. During the war, the Confederacy could have conscripted him for military service. Green was on the muster roll of the 16th Regiment, 2nd Brigade of the 3rd Division of the Georgia Militia. But he was exempted in 1862 from military service to work at the Roswell Mills in Roswell, GA. Nancy was also a mill worker. The mills on Vickery Creek were a big operation and made cloth for military uniforms, tents and other materials desperately needed by the Confederate troops. Basically, the Confederacy took over these mills at Roswell and mills at New Manchester, Georgia, about 15 miles west of Atlanta, and the ruins are in the Sweetwater Creek State Park.
On April 21, Confederate Memorial Day was celebrated at the Huff Cemetery, bringing together about a hundred persons. The highlight was the dedication of a large grave marker for Nancy and Green Pilgrim. On the front side is an account of what happened to them and their children in July, 1864, when they were among about 400-600 workers arrested for "treason" by Gen. William T. Sherman and forced to leave Roswell for the North for the duration of the Civil War. On the rear side of the Green's attractive grave stone are their names and dates of birth and death. Previously the only marker was a rugged field stone with Nancy's initials crudely carved on it. The Laura Rutherford Chapter of the UDC erected the tombstone. Most of the workers were women, sometimes accompanied by children. A few men also were employed because of rare skills, disabilities or old age which limited their use as soldiers.
Workers at the New Manchester Mills were similarly engaged in producing goods for the Confederate armies. All told, probably about 600 workers were mill hands at the Roswell and New Manchester establishments.
Led by General Sherman, the Union troops were on the verge of capturing Atlanta. He sent Brig. Gen. Kenner Garrard and his cavalry on a flanking movement , and Kenner burst into undefended Roswell on July 5, 1864. Mill hands had been instructed to work until the last possible moment to turn out military necessities. General Garrard saw the strategic value of the Roswell Mills. After removing workers, he burned the entire operation, with General Sherman's approval. The New Manchester mills were likewise destroyed.
General Sherman took a highly unusual step, giving orders that all the mill workers and supervisors and their families should be rounded up and arrested for treason.
"The women, their children, and the few men. . . were transported by wagon to Marietta and imprisoned in the Georgia Military Institute which had been abandoned," wrote Caroline Matheny Dillman for The Civil War in Georgia: A New Georgia Encylopedia Companion." The prisoners were then given nine days' rations, ". . . loaded into boxcars that proceeded through Chattanooga and Nashville en route to Louisville, Kentucky, the final destination for many of the workers. Others were sent across the Ohio River to Indiana," she wrote.
Thus General Sherman not only destroyed the mills but dispersed the workers so they could do no harm to Union operations. Information differs as to what exactly happened to the displaced mill employees. Some apparently were forced to be indentured servants, and some worked for farmers. None were tried for treason. But women workers were separated from their husbands fighting in the Confederate armies, and from their other family members, unless they were all herded together in the North as mill workers.
One-eyed Green Pilgrim and his wife Nancy were in the forced move, along with their children. Both Green and Nancy got small pox but survived.
"First housed and fed in a Louisville refugee hospital, the women later took what menial jobs and living arrangements could be found," said writer Dillman. "Those in Indiana struggled to survive, many settling near the [Ohio] River, where eventually mills provided employment.
Not only Southern newspapers, but also Northern publications reflected outrage against General Sherman's actions. Union General George H. Thomas had written to General Sherman about what to do with the mill employees. "The Roswell factory hands, 400 or 500 in number, have arrived in Marietta. The most of them are women. I can only order transportation to Nashville where it seems hard to turn them adrift. What had best be done with them," he asked General Sherman.
Sherman replied: "I have ordered General Webster at Nashville to dispose of them. They will be sent to Indiana."
Author Mary Deborah Petite has written a well documented book about the Roswell mill workers' ordeal, The Women Will Howl: the Union Army Capture of Roswell and New Manchester, Georgia, and the Forced Relocation of Mill Workers.
"It is difficult to rationalize the arrest and deportation of innocent women and children, but there can be no rationalization or justification for sending them to the fate that awaited them north of the Ohio River. The mill workers were not spies or traitors, nor did they pose a serious threat to the Federal army, particularly now that the mills were destroyed," she wrote.
Many of the displaced workers never made it back to Georgia, marrying in the North and bearing children there. But quite a few made their way at the end of the war. Petite's extensive research turned up a number of their names, stories and photographs. At the end of the war, the Pilgrims were fortunate to return to Marietta, Georgia, on the train, but they had to walk back to what is now Oconee County and renew normal lives. In 1866 they had a third child, George Thomas Pilgrim. Green Pilgrim took the loyalty oath to the federal government in 1866 and farmed in the county. He was a respected citizen and was elected several times as county coroner. He died in 1893, but Nancy lived until 1931, when she died at 100.
• • •
At the ceremonies in the Huff Cemetery, the Pilgrims were honored. Trumpeter James Edwin Bush, Jr. of the 37th Regiment, Washington, GA Confederates, played "Bonnie Blue Flag" and twice played "Dixie."
Presentations by members of the Roswell Mills Camp #1547, Sons of Confederate Veterans, and the Brig. Gen. T. R. R. Cobb Camp #97, Sons of Confederate Veterans were made. The colors were presented by the 18th Georgia Volunteer Army Color Guard dressed in Confederate uniforms. They led the Pledge of Allegiance, and fired a salute to honor the Pilgrim family. Elaine Collier Neal, president of the Laura Rutherford Chapter, played a leading role in organizing the unusual ceremony honoring civilians and in obtaining the memorial stone for the graves of Nancy and Green Pilgrim, survivors of the "Roswell incident." Dozens of other lovers of Civil War history helped organize the marker dedication and included cemetery officials, a minister and many members of several organizations
Participants and spectators ended the ceremony by joining hands and singing "Blest Be The Tie That Binds."
Part 1 of this article explains that U. S. military veterans are entitled to a free headstone at the cemetery if they were honorably discharged and have no grave marker. At least 57 veterans' headstones are listed on applications from 1925 through 1963, indicating the headstones were ordered for placement in Gospel Pilgrim Cemetery, Athens, GA. This list is in Part 1 of this article.
The Gospel Pilgrim Cemetery is at Fourth and Bray streets in East Athens and was founded as an African-American burial place in 1882. Most of its approximately 800 identified burials took place prior to the 1960s. Although the headstone applications available on Ancestry.com are not a complete list, they do include most of the headstones erected in Gospel Pilgrim.
The headstone applications are a rich source of genealogical and historical information, including the name of the veteran, who applied for the headstone, dates of the vet's birth and death and what was his military unit and rank. There are official lists of enlistments and casualties in National Archives files. some of these files are online and give additional information about some veterans. Ancestry.com contains many of these records.
Gospel Pilgrim's headstones listed on the applications haven't all been found in Gospel Pilgrim. Some probably are hidden by undergrowth or soil. Some of the marble markers are flat markers that are easily covered with soil, leaves and plants. Not all of the nine-acre cemetery has been cleared as of 2013.
Part 2 will deal with more details about some of the veterans with military markers at Gospel Pilgrim. The markers were issued for veterans serving from the Spanish-American War period, World War 1, World War 2 and Korea. The headstone list is almost exclusively made up of male enlisted men, although one marker was given to an officer, Capt. William Walter Saphloe of Athens, of the 64th Quartermaster Battalion in World War 2.
No women veterans are in the Gospel Pilgrim headstone applications from 1925 to 1963. Capt. Saphloe's enlistment papers indicate he joined the Army in April, 1941, in New York City, although he said he was born in Georgia. He enlisted as a private. He had four years of college and was a clerk in publishing and printing. He was divorced with no dependents. A Willie W. Sapp was one of several Sapp family members living in Athens with Richard and Laura Livingston at 540 W. Hancock Ave. in the 1930 census.
Capt. Saphloe of Athens was born in 1911 and died in 1948. His headstone is in the Sapp family plot. Applicant for Capt. Saphloe's headstone was Katherine Saphloe, living at 540 W. Hancock Ave. in Athens. In the 1940 census a "Kate Sapp" is listed as a lodger at that address, but no other Saphloe is enumerated. Apparently Captain Saphloe changed his name from Sapp to Saphloe. He was not listed in the Athens, 1940 federal census. A photo of his grave is included with this blog. Capt Saphloe enlisted in New York City, and documents indicate he had four years of college and worked in publishing and printing.
We find headstone applications for two black Athenians who were killed in action and buried at Gospel Pilgrim. One was PFC Edward D. Burns. He enlisted in World War 2 in 1941 and died while fighting the Germans in Italy in November, 1944. He was in Co. D of the 371st Infantry Regiment, 92nd Infantry Division, the only African-American division seeing heavy combat during World War 2. A younger brother of PFC Burns, James L. Burns, applied for Edward's headstone in 1949. James lived at 290 Vine St. in Athens. A photo of PFC Burns' headstone may be found with this article.
A Korean War veteran from Athens, PFC Jessie Odom, was killed in action fighting as a member of Co K, the 8th Cavalry, as a light weapons infantryman. His death occurred on Oct. 4, 1951, in what is now North Korea. He was born Feb. 2, 1933. PFC Odom's headstone application was made by his older brother William Lanier Odom. His mother was Sarah Laster Odom. His military marker hasn't been found yet in Gospel Pilgrim Cemetery, although we know the marker was ordered.
Many of the veterans with headstones at Gospel Pilgrim fought in World War 1 in segregated military units. Frequently their military service involved harsh labor in support groups hauling supplies and ammunition to front lines—their work was absolutely essential in supporting combat troops.
One of the most unusual veterans receiving a headstone at Gospel Pilgrim was Ulysses S. A. Hawkins, sometimes known as Eula Hawkins. I have searched without luck to find all his military service records, but we do know he served in the famous 9th Cavalry, a regiment of the famous Buffalo Soldiers. These black soldiers fought against Indians in the West and gave a good account of themselves in the Spanish American War and the Philippine Insurrection. Hawkins was a private in Co. G of the Ninth Cavalry Regiment. Records available to me don't show whether he fought in Cuba or the Philippines or had duty elsewhere.
We do know from the May, 1902, returns of the regiment that he was discharged honorably on Valentine's Day, 1902, at Fort Walla Walla, Washington. His conduct as a soldier was evaluated as "good." His widow was Mattie M. Hawkins, who received a pension for his Cavalry services. He and his wife lived in the 500 block of Hull Street in Athens.
The military service of African Americans from Athens was seldom a matter for big stories in the local newspapers, although we occasionally do see short articles about them. For instance, Willie Ed Binns lived with his grandparents, the Lees on Hull Street, and served in World War 1. His headstone application indicatied he served as a private in the 514th Engineers. So far I haven't found his military records, other than the headstone application, and his grave in Gospel Pilgrim has not been located. We do know he was a veteran, from a story in the April 16, 1919, issue of The Athens Banner, which follows:
"Colored Discharged Soldiers Honor Wm. Ed Binns of Athens
Willie Ed Binns, a well known young colored man of this city who enlisted in the army during the war and who saw active service in France, died while enroute home on the high seas, and the funeral services were held at the Pierce Chapel Sunday morning at eleven o'clock.
Over one hundred and fifty honorably discharged colored soldiers as well as the Negro Boy Scouts under command of Captain R. E. Smith acted as an honorary escort in paying respect to this young soldier."
No cause of death on the troop ship was indicated.
A rather mysterious veteran is Wakefield C. Brunt, a sergeant in World War I, who saw service in France, according to members of the Veterans of Foreign Wars post in Athens, named for him. An unreadable military marker is partially visible at his Gospel Pilgrim gravesite, and another plain marker is there, too. The military headstone applications for Gospel Pilgrim Cemetery veterans' markers don't list Wakefield C. Brunt. The VFW post, however, has kindly given us a photo of him in his uniform. Some persons have indicated he died in France in the war, but his non-military tombstone indicates he died in 1927, as does his death certificate. His photo is included here.
It becomes obvious that Athens African Americans fought hard to defend their country, even when the military units were segregated, as was life at home. The defense forces weren't integrated until 1948, but many thousands of African American found ways to fight the nation's wars long before that.
By Al Hester
Gospel Pilgrim Cemetery, an African-American cemetery in Athens, Georgia, contains the graves of many black veterans who served their country from the Civil War, the Spanish-American War period, World War I, World War II to later combat periods.
More than 50 Athens African Americans are buried in Gospel Pilgrim with military markers for their honorable service in the U. S. military. Many served in the segregated armed forces before integration took place in World War II.
Gospel Pilgrim was founded as a beautiful cemetery for African Americans in 1882 and contains some 3,500 graves. Of this number about 800 or so have been identified. Most are unmarked. The cemetery is at Fourth and Bray streets in East Athens, near Springfield Baptist Church. It is under the administration of the East Athens Development Corporation, Inc., Winston Heard, director.
Ancestry.com, one of the best-known genealogical services online, now has placed on the Web the applications for military headstones between the years of about 1925 through 1963. These applications offer families trying to trace their history important information about the military service and genealogical facts of their ancestors. The nation furnishes free official military head stones to honorably discharged veterans who have no private markers on their graves. Once you find your veteran ancestor received a headstone, you can use the information to trace his military career, frequently with the name of unit served in. This can lead to finding out pension information and sometimes a wealth of service record data.
The Georgia online applications show that the marble markers were prepared at Tate, Georgia, from native Georgia marble. Although the Ancestry.com application files are not nearly complete, the records online cover the most active burial periods in Gospel Pilgrim's history. Few burials were made at Gospel Pilgrim after the 1960's. Online applications also cover the same time period for many other Athens cemeteries where headstones were furnished. For African-American families, the applications for headstones in Brooklyn Cemetery, another African-American cemetery in Athens, match Gospel Pilgrim's listings in genealogical value.
The headstone listings, however, DO NOT contain the specific location of burial in the cemetery. The author of this article has a spreadsheet of all identified graves at Gospel Pilgrim. Please, note, however, that not all veterans' graves with headstones have been found at Gospel Pilgrim. About a quarter of the cemetery is still uncleared, and other markers may have been knocked over or covered with shrubs or soil. I'll be happy to run a check for you if you want information on a grave location at Gospel Pilgrim, or if you wish to visit an ancestor's site. This information is also available online at http://www.gospelpilgrimcemetery.com/burial-records/ If you have a veteran relative who served honorably in the services, he or she may still be eligible for a beautiful government-furnished military marker. These markers come as flat marble or bronze varieties. Funeral homes or veterans' groups can give details, or look on the Web for military headstone application instructions. The markers are free.
Information on the applications include the unit of military service, birth and death dates, when the headstones were furnished and where they were to be installed. The headstones themselves give brief information including the name of the deceased veteran, type of service and a symbol of what religious affiliation the person had. The applications also give the name of the family member applying for the headstone and their address. If you want to find out whether your Athens veteran ancestor got a headstone, applications from 1925-1963 may be viewed online at http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=QGHeadstoneApps&rank=1&new=1&MSAV=0&msT=1&gss=angs-d&msdpn__ftp=Athens,+Clarke,+Georgia,+USA&msdpn=18082&msdpn_PInfo=8-|0|1652393|0|2|3245|13|0|634|18082|0|&uidh=ca9&gl=&gst=&hc=50&
(The above website address was accurate as of March, 2013.) Ancestry.com furnishes service by subscription, but you can use it free at many libraries.
If you want to check on headstone applications in other areas, you can specify the cemetery location and get a listing for areas desired other than Gospel Pilgrim.
What follows is a list of the veterans buried with headstones from 1925 to 1963 at Gospel Pilgrim Cemetery, their name, date of birth and death and military unit and the war in which they served. If there is an asterisk by the name, it means the veteran's grave hasn't been found yet at Gospel Pilgrim, but the burial should have taken place there. There are a few military headstones at Gospel Pilgrim without supporting application records online. These applications may have been made outside the 1925-63 period.
Part 2 of this blog will go into detail about some of the more unusual or interesting facts obtained from studying the headstone applications at Gospel Pilgrim Cemetery.
Veterans Buried with Military Headstones, Gospel Pilgrim and Hillcrest Cemetery, Athens, GA
Name Birth Death Military Unit War
Armour, Edward R.* 1909 1952 Pvt 774th AirMaterielSquadron WW2
Armour, Willie B.* 1909 1957 3707thAAF Base Unit, Army WW2
Austin, Henry L. ? 1940 Pvt 157 Depot Brig. WW1
Barksdale, Andrew D. ? 1933 317 Supply Bn. WW1 Binns, William Ed* ? 1919 Pvt 514th Engrs. WW1
Bolton, Clark 1919 1950 Pvt US Army, Unassigned WW2
Bolton, Earl* 1921 1955 Tec5 4368QMBakeryCo.(Mobile) WW1
Bonner, John* 1901 1944 Pvt, CoB 2ndReserveTrainingBn WW1
Brunt, Wakefield 1893 1927 Sgt. Army (Mil. Mrkr unreadable) WW1 Burns, Edward D. 1917 1944 CoD371stInfRegt, 92InfDiv WW2
Campbell, John B. 1877 1944 U.S. Volunteer Inf. WW1
Campbell, Miller L. ? 1936 Pvt. 101 Hosp. Corps WW1
Collins, Isaac 1876 1927 Draft Reg. exists, no othr record WW1
Davenport, Arthe(u)r* 1916 1959 PfcCoA1813EngrsAvn Bn WW2
Davis, Clifford L*. ? 1920 Pvt 157DepotBri.,Army WW1
Gilbert, Robert 1890 1953 Pvt Co C 157thDepBrig WW1
Greene, Augustus C. 1909 1941 Sgt. Maj. US Army WW2
Harden, Edgar 1892 1954 Cpl. Co D 346 Svc Bn WW1
Hawkins, Ulysses S. A.* 1875 1914 PvtCoG, U.S.9thCavalry Span.Amer.
Hicks, Charles [note] 1841 1916 Pvt 138thRegtCol.Troops Civil War Hill, Marion A.* 1917 1955 Tch5, Port Co,TransCor WW2 Hill, William Walter* 1882 1947 Pvt44TransBn, 157Brig.,
63rd Pioneer Inf. WW1
Jordan, William P. 1914 1954 Tch5 271st PortCo Army WW1
Lumpkin, Daniel ? 1927 Cpl 12thCo ForestEngrs WW1
Maddox, Frank 1896 1944 Pvt. 157th DepotBrig. WW1
Marable, John ? 1955 811th Pioneer Inf. WW1 Milner, Ellis* 1892 1962 PvtCoB403rdLaborBn WW1
Mines, John, Jr.* 1917 1945 Pvt., 297PortCo TC WW2
Moore, Jesse B. 1891 1962 Cpl. CoD 315 Svc Bn WW1
Morton, Charlie C. 1895 1948 MedDepBase2CampHosp WW1
Morton, Frank B.* ? 1934 Sgt, 157thDepotBrigade WW1
Milner, Ellis* 1892 1962 PvtCoB403rdLaborBn WW1
Mines, John, Jr.* 1917 1945 Pvt., 297PortCo TC WW2
Newings, John Evin 1932 1956 Pvt. US Army Korea
Odom, Jesse* 1933 1951 PFC(KIA)CoK 8thCavReg Korea
Owens, Alphonso A. 1900 1930 Pvt. SATC Meharry Med WW1
Owens, Jesse ? 1930 Pvt. 403rd Labor Bn WW1
Patrick, Lyon 1907 1952 Pfc. 403rd Res Labor Bn WW1
Payne, Henry Jr.* 1919 1946 Pfc953AAFBaseUnit WW2
Pitt(s), Willie ? 1946 Pvt. 157th Depot Brig. WW1
Poyner, Thomas 1896 1967 Bugler?, 315thLaborBn WW1
Reid, Willie 1894 1938 QtrmasterCorps WW1
Rucker, Monroe ? 1919 Pvt. 530th Engrs. WW1
Sanders, Edward O.* ? 1921 Pvt. 55th Depot Brig. WW1
Saphloe, William W.* 1911 1948 Capt. 64thQMBnGermany WW2
Shanks, Otis ? 1957 Cook, 15th Depot Brig. WW1
Shaw, Willie A.* ? 1927 48thCo 157DepotBrig. WW1
Smith, Robert ? 1925? 313th Svc Bn. WW1
Stanton, Curtis W.* 1911 1956 No headstone application Korea
Stephens, Peyton S. 1911 1958 Sgt. Hq41stEngr. Regt. WW2
Stewart, Vance W.* 1906 1960 Tch5, 213PortCo. Army WW2
Stovall, Claude 1912 1949 Pfc. Qtrmstr Corps WW2
Strickland, George H. 1908 1954 Army, no headstone rec. WW2
Strickland, John A.* ? 1919 Pvt45thCo 12Bn157Dep WW1
Tate, Son* ? 1940 Pvt842ndCo845thRegt WW1
Terrell, Burnett ? 1944 Sgt. 3768 QM Trk Co. WW2
Willingham, Frank* ? 1934 PvtCoD3085Bn WW1 Winkfield, Walter P. ? 1932 Pvt. 304 Svc Bn. QMC WW1
Wood, Miles 1888 1947 Pioneer Inf. WW1
*Burial site in Gospel Pilgrim not yet found.
Hicks note: Descendants expected to apply for military marker.
General Note: A few of these burials are in Hillcrest Cem., adjacent to Gospel Pilgrim Cem., on the side by the apartment complex on 4th St.
This painting by Laura Era shows Lincoln reading the Emancipation Proclamation with members of his cabinet and Anna Ella Carroll occupying one chair. Artist Era was commissioned to re-do the original painting by Francis B. Carpenter which showed one chair empty. There is evidence that Carroll aided Lincoln in war activities. It is thought that her chair was left empty, but with an identifying map and case used by Carroll. We can speculate it would have been impolitic to show Lincoln being advised by a woman. For more on this intriguing and vital story, see information online at the Maryland Women's Hall of Fame.
The 150th Anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation is Jan. 1, 2013
As 2013 begins in Athens, Georgia, there are Watch Night church services where the Emancipation Proclamation is read and celebrated. African Americans don't forget what happened 150 years ago. Thousands commemorate the Emancipation Proclamation throughout the country. Other African Americans, however, celebrate a traditional New Year's Eve Watch Night religious service without delving into the Civil War past, preferring to look toward the future of the New Year.
As early as Fall, 1862, Athens residents black and white, knew Lincoln was moving toward an Emancipation Proclamation. The world's press carried stories about the proclamation freeing the slaves. Apparently, however, little direct mention was made about emancipation in the Athens area in white-controlled newspapers. A digitized search of the years of newspaper files immediately before and after the Emancipation Proclamation's Jan. 1, 1863, date found only a few articles discussing the Emancipation Proclamation in the Athens press. These articles seem selected to reflect disapproval of the Proclamation in various foreign and non-Georgia papers and didn't put in writing the Proclamation's contents.
A leading Athens citizen, Augustus Longstreet Hull, however, confirmed the town's knowledge about coming emancipation in his basic history, Annals of Athens, Georgia, 1801-1901. Hull treats the matter at some length and will be discussed later.
Today is the day we note Abraham Lincoln's signing and release of his Emancipation Proclamation to free Confederate slaves. With the release of the proclamation, the Civil War became unabashedly the instrument to liberate the country's four million slaves, although this process wouldn't be completed until the 13th Amendment to the U. S. Constitution went into effect in December, 1865. More than two bloody years of fighting still remained before the South surrendered. The Emancipation Proclamation could not free millions of slaves until the Union Army wrested a victory and controlled the entire South.
Lincoln, after much struggle with himself, finally realized that freeing the slaves was absolutely necessary as an action by the nation's commander-in-chief to win the war. He had delicately edged around the question of immediate and non-compensated freedom for slaves for several years, as he tried to woo the Border States and the Confederate South to give up on slavery. Finally he knew that no diplomatic or soft-handed effort was going to give him victory as commander-in-chief. He also needed African-American soldiers, and the Proclamation embraced this need. More than 200,000 black soldiers did join the ranks of the Union Army before the Civil War ended and aided greatly.
Eric Foner, a highly noted Civil War, Reconstruction and Lincoln historian, discusses Lincoln's anguish wrestling with the questions of slavery and freedom in his noteworthy book, The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery.
"One hundred and fifty years ago, on Jan. 1, 1863, Abraham Lincoln presided over the annual White House New Year's reception. Late that afternoon, he retired to his study to sign the Emancipation Proclamation," Foner wrote today in an op-ed piece in the New York Times.
"When he took up his pen, his hand was shaking from exhaustion. Briefly, he paused—'I do not want it to appear as if I hesitated,' he remarked. Then Lincoln affixed a firm signature to the document," Foner writes.
"In essence, Lincoln asked the nation to confront unblinkingly the legacy of slavery. What were the requirements of justice in the face of this reality? What would be necessary to enable former slaves and their descendants to enjoy fully the pursuit of happiness? Lincoln did not live to provide an answer. A century and a half later, we have yet to do so," he writes.
Obviously Athens residents knew that Lincoln had written a preliminary emancipation proclamation, but had not officially released it. For example, in its Oct. 29, 1862, issue, the Athens Southern Watchman without any comment passed on a story from England, relayed from the London Times but obviously quoting the foreign item with approval:
"The London Times says that the emancipation proclamation of Lincoln is a political concession of the Abolitionists, that when the Union existed the Constitution gave no right to the President or Congress to free the slaves. Emancipation was the bolt in the hands of the President to destroy the social organization of the South—a blow which Lincoln has assumed the right to launch, without the power to enforce his decrees. The North must conquer every square mile of the South before it can make the proclamation of more effect than merely a waste of paper."
In the same issue of the Southern Watchman, another item running in the London Post, was repeated: "The London Post says: It is not easy to estimate how utterly contemtible [sic] a government must have become which could sanction, with its approval, such insensate trash."
The Watchman ran a third article in its Nov. 26, 1862, issue, upholding the freedom of expression of a Missouri judge, who was arrested for questioning the wisdom of the preliminary emancipation proclamation. The Watchman showed its anger with the judge's arrest under a headline "More Specimens of Freedom under Lincoln Rule." Several articles published in the Athens papers after Jan. 1, 1863, followed the technique of quoting disapproval of the Proclamation abroad and in the North.
Hull in his Annals wrote that the preliminary emancipation proclamation, which Lincoln composed in September, 1862, after the Battle of Antietam, was not kept secret. We know that Lincoln was advised not to release the proclamation until a more opportune time. Several newspapers wrote articles about this preliminary document.
"The emancipation proclamation of Mr. Lincoln had no effect on the [Athens] negroes at the time, although they were generally told of it," Hull wrote, discussing the Jan. 1, 1863, proclamation.
As the Union Army conquered and occupied Georgia in 1864 and 1865, Georgia slaves began to exercise their freedom. They already knew that it existed on paper, but only armed might of the Union Army made possible the beginning of their emancipation. Many joined the Union army marching through Georgia.
Hull recounted the breakdown in Athens society: "After the surrender of General [Joseph] Johnston there came a brigade of Federal cavalry in search of Mr. [Jefferson] Davis. It was the signal for the disruption of the old regime." By May, 1865, federal troops occupied Athens.
Hull wrote that his father ". . . called up the hands on the plantation and told them they were now free and must take care of themselves; if they chose they might remain on the place until they should decide what to do. The effect was curious. The younger men left at once to enjoy their new-found freedom with a happy-go-lucky lack of forethought, not knowing where they were to get their suppers. The men with families remained."
The Jan. 1, 1863, Emancipation Proclamation formally proclaimed "the freedom of all slaves held in areas still in revolt," the National Archives said in opening its special 150th anniversary of the proclamation on New Year's Eve. "The issuance of this Proclamation clarified and strengthened the position of the Union government, decreased the likelihood of European support of the Confederacy and, as the Union armies extended their occupation of the southern states, brought freedom to the slaves in those states."
By Al Hester, PhD
Finding Information about ex-slaves is hard work. Many who visit this site on the Web know from personal experience that their efforts are frequently frustrating and time-consuming. The major difficulties include the lack of listing slaves' names in the U. S. federal censuses from 1790 through 1860. Between 1790 and 1840 only the white heads of households were listed by name. Beginning with the 1850 census, all white individuals as well as minorities including Chinese, Latinos, and American Indians were enumerated by name. It was only after Emancipation, that African Americans were enumerated by name. They were also counted as being "black" or "mulatto."
Some genealogical searchers are lucky enough to find slaves listed in private records, such as plantation inventories, probate documents of slave owners, or bills of sale or wills of white owners. Newspaper advertisements often included the names of runaway slaves or sales of slaves. Frequently, only the first names of slaves were mentioned.
After slaves became free, other records began mentioning them, frequently giving valuable information about African Americans after the Civil War, during the 1860's and 1870's during Reconstruction came into being. One of the most useful records giving family information about former slaves are the lists of deposit applications for African Americans wanting to start savings accounts with the Freedman's Savings Bank, a government effort to encourage saving. These records are on-line at ancestry.com, the well known genealogy and history site. See search.ancestry.com › Search › Tax, Criminal, Land & Wills.. It is freely available at many libraries and for a subscription fee for use by individuals at home. The ancestry.com site also has Freedmen's Bureau field office records, which contain thousands of the names of newly freed slaves (see link above). These records are also available on microfilm at the Athens Regional Library.
Tax records also are of some help in tracing the lives of former slaves and are available in the Georgia State Archives (it will be open two days a week to the public. Check the Archives site before going.) and in most Georgia counties. Marriage, probate and will records also are readily available at the court house in most counties.
But Athens area readers may also want to know where their ex-slave ancestors are buried in the local Athens area and their birth and death dates. Black cemeteries are especially sources of information inscribed on tombstones of ex-slaves. Sometimes finding out the birth dates or death dates of the African Americans you are researching can lead to finding many other pieces of information. Military records on-line at ancestry.com and elsewhere on the Web can be very helpful. Often, the entire military service records can be ordered from the National Archives in Washington, with indexes often published on-line by Ancestry. com or other genealogical sites. Some Georgia ex-slaves left slavery to enlist in the Union Army, especially as Gen. W. T. Sherman marched from Atlanta to the Sea. Hundreds of Georgia slaves also enlisted in newly formed black regiments in the wake of Union Gen. James Wilson's large, destructive cavalry raid from Atlanta to Macon in spring 1865.
In my work as history and research chairperson for the Gospel Pilgrim cemetery at Fourth and Bray Streets in East Athens, I have put together what may be a useful list for local Athens residents who are researching their ex-slave ancestors.
The cemetery was founded in 1882 as a 9-acre cemetery by the Gospel Pilgrim Society and contains graves of perhaps 3,500 African Americans. Of this number, the majority of graves are unmarked, and we don't know who is buried in these graves. The list of burials and lots was lost many years ago. There are about 800 graves of African Americans, however, which are identified by a readable marker.
Among the identified graves, or from information given to us mentioning Gospel Pilgrim as a burial site, there are more than 100 graves we know are of ex-slaves. In several cases I have been happy to help African Americans or interested white persons find the graves of a specified person in whom they were interested. We have a rough spread sheet with as much information as possible on the graves with identification at Gospel Pilgrim, and I am glad to "look up" persons sought by descendants or friends. We hope to have soon an on-line spreadsheet of the known burials—a spreadsheet which will be searchable by first or last names. When this Web site for Gospel Pilgrim goes on-line, I'll mention it and link to it on this site.
Below is the list of African Americans ex-slaves buried at Gospel Pilgrim. This list includes the best birthdates and death dates we can find. Many times, especially among ex-slaves, they simply didn't know for sure when they were born. Once you know their birthdates and death dates, you can frequently find more information, for example if these ex-slaves lived to be recorded in post-Civil War censuses, wills, deeds, or tax records.
In a handful of cases on this list, you will see an asterisk by the specific death date. This calls attention to an online image of a death certificate from the site begun by the Georgia State Archives and Secretary of State. Currently it is searchable for the years from the beginning of compulsory birth and death registrations, 1919 through about 1927. If this site is malfunctioning, this information is also available at Family Search.com on the Web.
Name Born Died
Adams, Charlton 1856 or 57 ?
Adams, Obadiah, Rev. 2-13-1828 11-19-1892
Adams, Mrs. Mete? 856 or 57 3-31-1903
Allen, Gwen [Owen?] Dec. 1829 12-28-1900
Austin, Nicey 1843 1935
Bacon, Edward 12-25-1854 12-13-1906
Bacon, Marenia 10-17-1849 11-27-1917
Bacon, Mary 10-17-1849 11-27-1917
Bass, E. W. 8-23-1860 6-20-1903
Barker[?], Sam[?] 1847[?] Jan. 1927[?]
Bates, William 1865 1942
Billups, Betty McRee 1860 1938
Brown[?] 1862 1942
Brydie, Camilla 1851[?] ?
Brydie, Daniel H. 1829 1894
Carey, Fannie L. 7-8-1854 12-9-1938
Cox, Mrs. Mollie 1863 12-3-1935
Davis, C.[?] H. 7-8-1845 6-11-1895
Davis, Madison 1833 1902
Davis, Minnie H.[?] 1859 1940 or 1950?
Deadwyler, Mattie 1844 1935[?]
Derricotte, Bernard[?] 1858 1890
Derricotte, Charlotte L. 4-13-1863 11-5-1927*
Derricotte, Edward 1863 1927
Derricotte, Isaac Thomas 1860? 1951?
Derricotte, Laura B. 1865? 1951
Derricotte, Randle 3-8-1812 ?
Derricotte, Savannah 11-17-1852 9-25-1900
Dillard, William 1838? 6-7-1908
Downer, G. T. 1862 2-2-1915
Drake, Laura L. T. 1862 5-24-1905
Dukes, Mary 1833 or 1843 1908
Favors, Tom 1806 1931
Fields, Eldon 1849 1-29-1925*
Fields, Susie 1859[?] 9-29-1927*
Fisher, Lula 1859 1904
Foster, Emma Shropshire 5-20-1860 1-6-1949
Gilham, Laura 1863 1943
Harris, Elizabeth (Lizzie) 8-10-1857 1920*
Harris, Henrietta 1857 1932
Harris, Robert 1836 8-6-1914
Hawkins, Ida 5-12-1861 3-11-1909
Hawkins, S. H. 1859 1937
Heard, --et 1832? 8-28-1890
Heard, Bartlett 1832 7-26-1890
Heard, J. A.[?] 1855 1908
Heard, J. H. 6-6-1855 12-30-1908
Heard, Mattie Oct., 1865 11-13-1943
Heard, William Apr. 1865 9-26-1939
Hicks, Charles 1841 12-8-1916
Holt, Carolyn 1-21-1839 or 49 10-8-1902
Houston, Charlie 1858 10-29-1942
Hudson, Charlie 858? 10-29-1942
Hunter, Richard 1857 1929
Jackson, Alfred 10-5-1824 2-14-1884
Jackson, Louisa 12-9-1825 11-3-1895
Johnson, Alice V. 1857 4-4-1918
Johnson, W. D., Rev. 1842 4-1-1909
Jones, --- 1814 1903
Jones, Georgia 2-7-1849 12-9-1923
Jones, John W. 1832?] 1917
Jones, Louisa Beale, Mrs. 1854 10-11-1910
Jones, Luvenia 3-20-1852 9-14-1922*
Jones, Tena, Mrs. 1843 or 1848 1888
Jones, Lula, Mrs. 3-18-1859 4-3-1930
Jones, Sallie, Mrs. 1860 7-25-1885
Jones, Thomas 1825 10-13-1900
Jones, Vinnie 12-25-1825 11-7-1887
Jones, W. A. 1855 11-5-1905
Jones, W. A., Jr. 1855 1905
Jones, Willis A. Sr., Rev. 2-28-1814 3-3-1913
Lawrence, Carrie Aug. 1850 12-15-1924
Livingston, Emmaline 1828 1912
Mack, Charlotte M. or H. 1862 1933
Mack, John R. 1856 1918
Mason, Mattie Shaw Apr. 1854 ?
McCleskley, Edward 1865 1932
McClesky, James 1857 1944
McCray, Laura 6-7-1818 12-5-1913
McQueen, Amanda 3-26-1858 12-31-1916
McQueen, W. M. 11-15-1850 3-19-1905
McRee, Edward 1860 1955
Morton, Amanda 1850 1885
Morton, Elizabeth, Mrs. 1834 1885
Morton, Elizabeth 1836 1-10-1886?
Morton, Monroe B. 1855 1919*
Morton, Tallulah 1862 or 1867? 1941
Nesbitt, John 1853 10-13-1895
Owens, Isabella 1859 11-8-1919*
Pinckney, Mrs. Hopie 1862 1888
Pledger, William A. 1849 or 1850? 1-8-1904
Pope, Celie 1780? 1895
Powers, Armstead D. 11-24-1834 ?
Powers, Harriet 12-9-1837[?] ?
Pure, Mrs. Ossie 1857 1925
Randolph, Susan 1854 1929
Reid, Lorenzo W. 1863 1947
Rhodes, Bessie 1865 1935
Sanders-McGee, Sarah 1854 7-21-1934
Scott, Samuel S. 1862? ?
Sheppard, Anna M. H. 8-17-1862 4-25-1885
Smith, Candace C. Wiley 1845 1929
Smith, Martha 1864 5-30-1922*
Spaulding, Amanda McQueen 1858 1916
Stephens, Mrs. Nancy 1856 ?
Stephens, Oliver 1849 9-8-1880
Stevens, Julia 1844 1941
Virgil, Emma 1860 1944
W. J., Mr. 1855? 1932
Whitfield, W. M. 1865 1939
Williams, Harriet 10-11-1853 2-24-1930
Williams, Jane 1837 1-13-1891
Wiley, Candace 1845 1929
Young, Agnes, Mrs. March 1837 1-10-1898
114 Total slaves in G. P. + many, many more in unmarked graves or in uncleared portions of the cemetery.
Dates with question marks indicate difficulties in reading the date on the tombstone.
Below is an example of the death certificate of Charlotte L. Derricotte of Athens, Georgia. In addition to date and cause of death, we also find the name of her spouse, her age, her occupation [cateress], her address where she died, where she was born, and the names of her father and mother--a rich bonanza for her descendants. | <urn:uuid:dc01458c-af0b-43fb-a1d1-583cda141666> | {
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Joseph Veverka, Cornell professor emeritus of astronomy, who studied the many crannies, crevices, clefts and comets within our solar system, has become the second faculty member to win one of astronomy’s most distinguished awards – the Gerard P. Kuiper Prize. The award was announced July 12.
The late space sciences professor Carl Sagan won the award posthumously in 1998.
Given by the Division for Planetary Sciences of the American Astronomical Society (AAS), the Kuiper Prize was awarded to Veverka for his “outstanding contributions to the field of planetary science during a career that now spans five decades.” The society explained that his contributions represent “a monumental increase in our understanding of planets and, in particular, small bodies – the moons, asteroids and cometary nuclei in our planetary system.” As a planetary scientist, Veverka has defined the field of quantitative study of small bodies in the solar system for a generation – a generation populated by his students and many associates, the group said.
Veverka earned his bachelor’s degree in physics from Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont., in 1964 and his doctorate from Harvard in 1970, where he was a protégé of the noted astronomer Fred Whipple. Veverka joined the Cornell faculty in 1970, serving as astronomy chair 1999-2007. Veverka worked as a scientist on many NASA planet missions, including Mariner 9, Viking, Voyager Mars Observer and Mars Global Surveyor, Galileo, the Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) mission and as the principal investigator on NASA’s Discovery mission CONTOUR and a co-investigator of the Deep Impact mission.
Peering into the cosmos, Veverka focused on high-resolution imaging and photometry of planetary, asteroid and comet surfaces. He was one of the first to demonstrate that asteroids have well-developed regoliths (loose rock and dust that covers cosmic surfaces) and that Saturn’s moon Titan has a thick, cloudy atmosphere.
Other award winners include: James Van Allen (1994), Whipple (1985) and Gene Shoemaker (1984). Peter Goldreich, Cornell ’60, Ph.D. ’63, won the Kuiper Prize in 1992, while a professor at the California Institute of Technology. Goldreich’s graduate adviser was the late Cornell astronomer Tommy Gold. | <urn:uuid:1fd67f93-897f-4f40-8b0e-4d027a3a1605> | {
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Africa in World War I (1914 – 1918)
The war in Europe was carried into Africa, where the territories governed by Britain, France, Belgium and Portugal provided soldiers and supplies to fight against the colonies ruled by Germany.
The Machine Gun Section of No. I Company, Gold Coast Regiment. The Gold Coast Regiment was part of the West African Frontier Force and numbered altogether 9,980 Black soldiers in the ranks. They played an important role in the conquest of the German colonies of Togoland and of the Cameroons and in the war in East Africa.
photographs left and below courtesy of the Imperial War Museum
Fighting men and followers came from all over Africa, as well as men to serve as carriers and porters, who helped transport ammunition and wood, build trenches and bridges. Honours were awarded, including 39 Distinguished Conduct Medals, and 24 Military Medals.
Right: 28th Cape Coast detachment (volunteers)
On 21 February 1917 the SS Mendi was transporting 823 members of the 5th Battalion, South African Native Labour Corps, to France.
She had sailed from Cape Town to Plymouth, before proceeding towards Le Havre. At 5am, while under escort of the destroyer HMS Brisk, she was struck and cut almost in half by the SS Darro, an empty meat ship that was bound for Argentina. 616 South Africans (607 of them black troops) plus 30 British crew members died in the disaster.
Left: Men of the 3rd Nigerian Battalion on board a transport ship (courtesy of the Imperial War Museum)
Their chaplain, Reverend Isaac Dyobha, is reported to have calmed the panicked men by raising his arms aloft and crying out in a loud voice:
“Be quiet and calm my countrymen. What is happening now is what you came to do. You are going to die, but that is what you came to do. Brothers, we are drilling the death drill. I, a Xhosa, say you are my brothers. Let us die like brothers. We are the sons of Africa.”
Their names are listed on the Memorial at Hollybrook Cemetery in Southampton.
The Gold Coast Constabulary was renamed in 1901 as the Gold Coast Regiment, following the foundation of the West African Frontier Force, under the direction of the Colonial Office of the British Government.
The regiment raised a total of five battalions for service during the First World War, all of which served during the East Africa campaign.
Photograph courtesy of the Imperial War Museum | <urn:uuid:d1b111db-119a-4002-a8a1-81b1613f2a84> | {
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The stride of an arthropod can be thought of as the distance between successive footfalls of the same leg, and is made up of the propulsive backstroke (remotor), and the recovery forward stoke (promotor). During the remotor the foot is in contact with the substrate, and during the promotor it is raised, one promotor/remotor sequence is known as a step cycle. The remotor can be worked out from measurements of the stride from a trackway, and knowledge of the arthropod producer's morphology. Once this is known a promotor (p): remotor (r) ratio is calculated as a ratio out of ten, this is known as the gait ratio, and can tell us a lot about the walking techniques employed by a particular arthropod.
For example a high geared gait such as 7:3 means that only 30% of the animal's legs were in contact with the ground at any one time, this indicates a fast speed. Lower geared gaits indicate a slower speed or some obstruction to movement, for example pushing through vegetation. All arthropods have a preferred gait but will change their gait patterns to suit the substrate they are walking on, whether they are walking sub-aerially or sub-aqueously etc. A giant myriapod (millipede) 1 metre long from the Carboniferous Period of Scotland was found to be employing a gait of 5.5:4.5 using measurements of a trackway it produced2
|The three gait parameters:|
As well as the gait ratio, an arthropod's walking style is defined by its opposite and
successive phase differences, or the time difference between moving legs on opposite
and the same sides of the body. Arthropods walking in phase move the same leg on each
side of the body at the same time. This walking technique is less stable than out-of-phase
walking, and is generally practised by arthropods walking sub-aqueously.
Fossilised trackways sometimes display a switch by the producer from an in-phase to an out-of-phase technique. For example a eurypterid trackway (eurypterids are an extinct group of chelicerates) from the Carboniferous of Wales demonstrates just this kind of switch from in-phase to out-of-phase walking by the producer. This has been interpreted as the animal changing from a swimming to a walking style of locomotion as it emerged from shallow water.3
As a consequence of this kind of interpretation, the appearance of out of phase trackways in the fossil record is taken as good evidence for the terrestrialisation of land by arthropods 4. | <urn:uuid:621e96e5-0750-48f3-9028-b7393e04f04a> | {
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Essay/term paper: love essay, term paper, research paper: english composition the character of macbeth is discovered to be a classic example of a tragic hero. Free term papers on macbeth available at planetpaperscom, the largest free term paper community the following statement can be applied, macbeth is a butcher. Macbeth free essays, term papers and book reports character flaws in macbeth it can be argued that the characters of the first thane of cawdor, duncan, banquo.
The disorder within the character of macbeth - if the term 'character' can be applied to someone so fundamentally lacking in a fixed identity - is only one of the many disorders that shakespeare examines in this play. Essay, term paper research paper on macbeth the dead butcher and the fiend like queen does this describe macbeth and lady macbeth some characters from. Video: macbeth literary criticism shocking violence, and unforgettable characters like macbeth and lady macbeth adelman's 1987 essay 'born of woman:. Okay so i have an essay on macbeth in macbeth and napoleon in animal farm contrast in character: macbeth-changes from hero to 'butcher king' 2. Is lady macbeth a fiend like queen like malcolm suggests what do you thinkthis essay was done after a lesson on developing my own personal voice so although the structure isn't so much back and forth as usual, there is still ao3 by developing my own personal voice as well as giving some alternative interpretations.
Despite his fearless character in battle, macbeth is concerned by the prophecies of the witches, essay questions practice projects cite this literature note ×. Essayoneday provides students with professionally written essays, research papers, term papers, reviews, theses, dissertations and more once you use essayoneday for your paper writing needs, you won't need to try any other services. The tools you need to write a quality essay or term paper saved essays macbeth is one of the weaker characters, but has the chance to have power in his hands. The term butcher used in this way describes macbeth to some extent during the play, macbeth is involved in the murder of many people, including king duncan, banquo, and macduff's wife and children a fiend can be described as a very wicked or cruel person, or one who causes mischief and annoyance. Thus, this statement is not an entirely accurate description of macbeth and lady macbeth's actions and characters throughout the play firstly, macbeth can be seen as a butcher through his actions in the play.
Macbeth literature essay during the play macbeth was influenced by numerous characters namely the three witches and lady macbeth he was a victim of manipulation and trickery to a certain extent by them but his ambition and paranoia also played a big role and contributed as well to his downfall. Macbeth critical essays william shakespeare the term tragic hero refers to a central character who has a authoritative status in the drama, but through a flaw in his or her character brings. Macbeth - final essay word count: 558 need to write a quality essay or term paper to what extent i agree or disagree with this view of macbeth's character.
Is macbeth a typical tragic hero english literature essay the term tragic hero this quote shows that macbeth's character has now gone through a major. Get instant access to this essay paper and 15,000 term papers, essays, and book reports for only $1299 if you wish to view the free essay of macbeth - a dead butcher and his fiend-like queen, you must donate an original essay to our web site so that we can grow our collection of free essays, book reports and term papers. Macbeth - a dead butcher and his fiend-like queen how accurate an analysis is this of the two main characters look at their development throughout the play. The term authority read more words: 997 - pages: 4 macbeth as a dead butcher essay an interview with the main character of macbeth essay essay about. | <urn:uuid:beaa5e1a-00b3-4b79-8c5b-2fe9c07c8d5a> | {
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The following resources are helpful for those who want more information about testing:
The ACT Assessment is a college entrance exam designed to assess high school students' general educational development and their ability to complete college-level work. The tests cover four skill areas: English, mathematics, reading, and science. The ACT Assessment is administered at several schools in the Roanoke Valley.
Blue Ridge Literacy (BRL) provides one-on-one and small group tutoring services as well as classroom educational experiences, all custom designed to help adults learn to read and write English. Adults learn individually, within family systems, within ethnic groupings, or through professional classroom instructors, as is appropriate for each situation. BRL has over 26 years of success working with both American-born basic literacy learners and immigrants from a wide range of nationalities. BRL also offers special classes to assist students in preparing for and passing community college COMPASS testing. For more information, contact Blue Ridge Literacy at 265-9339, or check their website at www.brlit.org.
Blue Ridge Literacy
706 South Jefferson Street
Roanoke, VA 24011
The College-Level Examination Program® (CLEP) provides students of any age with the opportunity to demonstrate college-level achievement through a program of exams in undergraduate college courses. CLEP examinations cover material taught in courses that most students take as requirements in the first two years of college. Colleges usually grant the same amount of credit to students earning satisfactory scores on the CLEP examination as it grants to students successfully completing that course.
In the Roanoke area, the Roanoke Higher Education Center, serves as the CLEP testing center for the Roanoke Valley. For more information, please call (540) 767-6010 or send an e-mail to [email protected].
Educational Testing Service is the world's largest private educational testing and measurement organization. ETS's primary purpose has been the development of tests and other assessment tools to provide information (including test scores and interpretative data) to test takers, educational institutions, and others who require this information.
The GED exam is designed for people who did not complete high school. By passing the GED test, adults may meet educational requirements for employment, job promotion, or admission to college.
The city of Roanoke serves as a regional testing center for the GED exam. For more information, contact the testing center:
Regional Testing Center
3601 Ferncliff Ave.
Roanoke, VA 24017
The SAT I is a three-hour test that measures verbal and mathematical skills. SAT I scores are used for college admission purposes because the test predicts readiness for college work. There are also SAT II: Subject Tests, which are one-hour tests in specific subjects. Many colleges require or recommend one or more of the subject tests for admission or placement. For more information on SAT tests, please visit the Collegeboard web site. To have test scores sent to Virginia Western Community College, select CEEB Code: 5868.
The TOEFL measures the ability of nonnative speakers of English to use and understand North American English as it is used in college and university settings. Scores on the test are required by more than 4,300 two- and four-year colleges and universities, professional schools, and sponsoring institutions.
Prometric testing centers administer many computer-based tests, including the GRE and Praxis I. For more information, contact the Roanoke area testing center:
2149 Electric Road
Roanoke, VA 24018
Contact 540-767-6010 or e-mail [email protected]
The Center serves as an official test center for several standardized tests. For a listing of available tests please consult their website.
We use VW Alert to immediately contact you during a major crisis or emergency. | <urn:uuid:58634721-a6d7-4a27-8b30-25899932c496> | {
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More than four decades ago I rendered a pen-and-ink sketch of a charming wild creature with which I enjoyed a near-magical encounter while living at 7,000 feet in the folds of a Wasatch Mountain pine forest. I later penned an essay titled The Ghost that Flies at Midnight telling the story. The secretive nocturnal “creature” happened to be the North American Flying Squirrel, and my connection with this tiny and mysterious wild animal was short-lived and singular; I have never met anyone else who has even seen one in the wild.
Recently I have been considering the claim by a segment of environmental scientists that modern professionally-managed forests cannot replace what is lost with the removal and disappearance of natural, undisturbed old growth forests. Coincidentally, I have been reading a book about the world of American owls – including the environmental changes which have challenged – and even threatened the survival of – the “world” inhabited by these fascinating birds-of-the-night. The connective tissue between these two subjects lies in the realization that these same “cute” flying squirrels constitute the principal food source for the rapidly-disappearing North American Spotted Owl, both of which species live almost exclusively and entirely in old growth forests.
The flying squirrels themselves depend for food upon the false truffle which they find attached to the roots of certain trees, which they in turn help to propagate as they scatter its spores in their own activities. The truffles benefit the trees by supplying specific nutrients not readily synthesized naturally. As a further step in this cycle of inter-dependency, the pellets excreted by the owls after consuming a squirrel further spread the truffle spores throughout the forest floor. This arboreal drama is but one example of the kind of symbiosis which is a hallmark of natural old growth forests – among a small remnant of which – I was apparently blessed to live for 40 years without realizing it.
The argument between the timber industry and environmentalists just a few years ago made the spotted owl an iconic, half humorous (and ill-chosen) central figure. Those arguing for the preservation of old growth forest remnants were not merely concerned about one species of owl, nor were they trying to put an end to all timber cutting. The spotted owl became a symbol because it was discovered to be one obvious casualty of a thoughtless (but profit-driven) wholesale clear-cutting strategy. In the process of defending its case the giant timber companies put forward the argument that the “managed” forest – re- planted and cultivated forests such as those they proposed to fill the giant open spaces left behind after their mechanized harvests – would in the end be more productive and just as beautiful – as the primal forests, they would in time replace. And they point to living examples to prove it.
The term old growth has a very specific and well-established definition. It refers to stands of ancient groves of mature, never-before disturbed integrated species of trees, together with the supporting communities of flora and fauna which have developed and matured with them over long periods of time; hundreds of years.
What we know now but might not have fully understood just a few ago is that once “disturbed” or destroyed these priceless pieces of natural history cannot be renewed or “managed” back into existence. The complex combinations of inter-related life forms – from snails and salamanders to nesting birds, migrating animals and insects by the millions will not return. On my annual visits to the Pacific Northwest I am exposed to visual reminders of every side to this unfolding story: vast stretches of decades-old ugly scrub land left behind by mindless clear-cutting, new replacement forests of baby conifers of identical size and geometric spacing reflecting the sense of responsibility to the future on the part of the modern timber industry, and the soldier-like stands of middle-age trees in “managed” mountain-side “regiments” awaiting the chain saws of some carefully planned future harvest.
And I continue to experience the heart-stopping thrill of walking beneath forest giants that are 300 and 400 years old, in the midst of the lushness of a green-and-growing biodiversity, the un-measurable dimensions of which boggle the mind of the thinking visitor. Here, even the dead standing, and supine and decaying trees are important citizens of the primal system, supporting the birthing of new growth, nesting sites for myriad forest creatures and thousands of kinds of fungi, lichen and molds – all contributors to the whole. I can only hope that we will always have a sufficiency of thinking, caring people in our society to insure the survival of our disappearing old growth forests. | <urn:uuid:fb4b49ca-c44b-4c6c-a3c9-77773a856a0c> | {
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Stuff You Should Know
USS Vermont was a Connecticut-class battleship laid down on May 21, 1904 and launched on August 31, the following year. It was commissioned on March 4, 1907 under Capt. William P. Potter’s with the hull number BB-20 and served in the US Navy for 13 years until it was decommissioned on June 30, 1920. During its activity, the ship carried a complement of 827 men on board and had the main missions in Hampton Roads, Sydney, Tongoy, Callao, the Philippines, Astoria or San Diego. After the decommissioning, the ship was struck from the Navy Register on November 10, 1923 and subsequently sold for scrapping. | <urn:uuid:54f5395a-7650-4189-b95b-bb7409ae8641> | {
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a special calendar used to count down the days to Christmas and which usually has small doors you can open for each day.
a vertical pipe that allows smoke from a fire to pass out of a building up into the air,
Santa Claus traditionally enters a house through the chimney
to show that an event is important by doing something special
People celebrate Christmas by giving each other gifts and eating a big turkey dinner.
a joyful traditional song sung at Christmas. Singers visit people's houses at Christmas to sing carols and collect money, usually for charity.
a decorated cardboard tube wrapped in paper that makes a big noise (crack) and releases a small gift when two people pull it apart.
A small green flower which is hung from the ceiling around Christmas time. When two people walk under the mistletoe at the same time, they have to kiss each other.
a decoration such as a small ball, toy or piece of chocolate that people hang on a Christmas tree.
a container ( usually in a barn or a stable) from which cattle or horses feed. According to the Bible, Jesus was born in a stable and slept in a manger.
a long sock which children leave in their house on Christmas Eve to be filled with presents
an imaginary old man with a white beard, and a red suit who brings presents to children on Christmas Eve. ( also called Father Christmas )
a person who chooses a name from a hat and keeps the name secret, but who buys a gift for that person. The person who receives the gift does not know the name of the "secret" gift giver.
a bitter and/or greedy person; from Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol, an elderly stingy miser who is given a reality check by 3 visiting ghosts
Auld Lang Syne
a traditional Scottish song, customarily sung on New Year's Eve; the title means "Old time past."
happy news about something specific, especially used at Christmas to announce Jesus' birth | <urn:uuid:20f36b74-48f5-4464-948c-7ac821b36148> | {
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Old Greek Stories
Page: 32IV. THE CITY.
While Cadmus was still weeping he was surprised to hear some one calling him. He stood up and looked around. On the hillside before him was a tall woman who had a helmet on her head and a shield in her hand. Her eyes were gray, and her face, though not beautiful, was very noble. Cadmus knew at once that she was Athena, the queen of the air-she who gives wisdom to men.
Athena told Cadmus that he must take out the teeth of the dragon and sow them in the ground. He thought that would be a queer kind of seed. But she said that if he would do this, he would soon have men enough to help him build his city; and, before he could say a word, she had gone out of his sight.
SOON THEY BEGAN TO FIGHT AMONG THEMSELVES.
The dragon had a great many teeth-so many that when Cadmus had taken them out they filled his helmet heaping full. The next thing was to find a good place to sow them. Just as he turned away from the stream, he saw a yoke of oxen standing a little way off. He went to them and found that they were hitched to a plow. What more could he want? The ground in the meadow was soft and black, and he drove the plow up and down, making long furrows as he went. Then he dropped the teeth, one by one, into the furrows and covered them over with the rich soil. When he had sown all of them in this way, he sat down on the hillside and watched to see what would happen.
In a little while the soil in the furrows began to stir. Then, at every place that a tooth had been dropped, something bright grew up. It was a brass helmet. The helmets pushed their way up, and soon the faces of men were seen underneath, then their shoulders, then their arms, then their bodies; and then, before Cadmus could think, a thousand warriors leaped out of the furrows and shook off the black earth which was clinging to them. Every man was clothed in a suit of brass armor; and every one had a long spear in his right hand and a shield in his left.
Cadmus was frightened when he saw the strange crop which had grown up from the dragon's teeth. The men looked so fierce that he feared they would kill him if they saw him. He hid himself behind his plow and then began to throw stones at them. The warriors did not know where the stones came from, but each thought that his neighbor had struck him. Soon they began to fight among themselves. Man after man was killed, and in a little while only five were left alive. Then Cadmus ran towards them and called out:
"Hold! Stop fighting! You are my men, and must come with me. We will build a city here." | <urn:uuid:6099227f-3a29-4cc5-87f3-02d91e027e5d> | {
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The pictures of the war-ravaged city of Aleppo, brought tears to the eyes of many, the visual evidence of the humanitarian crisis sent chills straight to our souls, appealing to even a small shred of humanity left in our hearts. But there is another crisis, though at the back burner right now, but crucial enough. It is the systematic destruction of a legacy. Staring at the pictures of many historic sites that have been destroyed in the past few days before and after such attacks, I felt a lump rising in my throat. As an ardent lover of ancient architectural sites, I knew what these ruins meant, as every other, that no one will see its glory again. The irony was stark, the monuments created to immortalize the splendor of a flourishing civilization, now lay cold and damaged with neither the signs of prosperity nor civilization. Had time and tide done this to the place, I would have been less touched that fate was such, but this subversion was man-made. And to think that this could be stopped is a fool’s prayer because if these men could kill so many in cold-blood, to blow up a building is a cinch.
In 2001, Taliban bombed the Buddhas of Bamiyan, a UNESCO world heritage site in Afghanistan. The reason for this is disputed as while Taliban claims that huge amounts of money was going into the maintenance of the structure, the Afghan foreign minister claims that it was a result of Islamic religious iconoclasm. A better example of cultural cleansing would be the bombing of Hamburg by the British air force, the death toll of which was so great that it is called the Hiroshima of Germany. They could have chosen any city, but they chose a city whose historic and cultural importance was tremendous. The latest example of is the damage done to the ancient architectural structures in the Syrian Civil War. ISIS bombed Temple of Bel in Palmyra, Syria in August 2015. Palmyra’s culture was a blend of Greek, Roman and Mesopotamian culture. Another important city looted and ruined in the Syrian Civil War was the city of Dura-Europos. This city was a Hellenistic, Parthian and Roman city. It was even called the Pompeii of the desert. Inscriptions in Greek, Latin, Aramaic, Hebrew, Syriac, Hatrian, Palmyrene, Middle Persian, Parthian, and Safaitic have also been found in the city. The famous Assyrian Lion Sculpture was also destroyed. Syria’s capital, Damascus is the world’s oldest continuously inhabited city and Aleppo comes third in the very same list.
This method of wiping out any signs of the prestige of a religion, a kingdom or a country is nothing new. Kings, invaders, chieftains have raided and defaced the important monuments and idols of the attacked places in a bid to assert their authority. The same approach has been followed by contemporary terrorist groups like Taliban and ISIS among others. The drive for world domination in the form of imposing their religion through much bloodshed and destruction has not spared these monuments too. It is ironic how the motive of terrorism is to cause chaos as they want people to acknowledge the wrongs against them and want someone to be accountable, but in the long run, they are expecting conformity to something (in this case, a religion) that is not accepted by people in unison, which was exactly their predicament. In this day and age, when more and more people are touring around the world to see heritage sites, the implications of such wreckage are great.
Syria contains so many ancient and medieval architectural edifices. The people of Syria should take pride and honor that they have been receptive to so many cultures, religions and ethnicities. Its expeditious position in the trade routes linking Europe to Asia has led to these cultural developments. Instead, these people are seeing destruction of these structures and their ancestral homes right in front of their eyes. Even if they recover from the war, and even if they save themselves and their families, these ruins will always bear testament to their loss and their ordeal. Their future generations will not see these monuments the same way, with pride. These ruins will be nothing but a painful reminder of their defeat. Their heroes will be forgotten, but their conquerors shall always be remembered. These structures were the embodiment of their culture.
Culture is important in individual, social and a country’s perspective. In an individual’s perspective, it is crucial as it gives one an identity. We are who we are because of our culture. Culture is so inherent to our character because it is multi-dimensional aspect. It includes everything and anything from ideas, languages, folklores, clothing, architecture and so much more. It is important from the societal perspective because it gives solidarity. Here, ethnocentrism comes into picture. A group can only survive if its members feel that this group is superior to all others, that their culture is the most superior of them all. And these monuments are a reminder of that. Man cannot exist without society and to build that up, solidarity is a must. For a country, not only does it flag the message of “unity among diversity” and that one should take pride in being the citizen of this country for the very same reason, that is, it’s accommodating nature, it also provides income. Tourists from all over the world come to see these marvelous sites and thus boost the economy each time they visit. Thus, these monuments symbolize culture, pride, an attractive, foreign wonder and so much more. I realize in times of war and conflict, it is trivial and ridiculous to address the destruction of buildings when people are suffering so much, but it is also critical to address a question: What happens when the war ends? How will the survivors begin again amongst the rubble of their dying legacy?
The author, Shivani Karnik, is a student of Law at HNLU, Raipur. | <urn:uuid:889226d3-f97b-4c6e-a228-a6598dcb1baf> | {
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Wittenberg was one of the earliest colleges to be founded in what was at the time a frontier region of the United States. In the early 19th century a movement known as American Lutheranism was breaking at many points with the tradition of the Old World. In 1836, pastors adhering to the use of the English language separated from the Joint Synod of Ohio and organized the English Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Ohio.
In 1842, this new synod voted unanimously to establish a theological and literary institution that would teach in English and serve American students. The Ohio group was joined by the Synod of the West, which included Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan and Illinois. Wittenberg was named after the German university in Wittenberg, Germany, where Martin Luther posted his famous 95 theses and where William Shakespeare, in his play, sent the young Hamlet for his early schooling.
Founding President Ezra Keller was interested in locating Wittenberg in a central location of the state, near the National Road, over which German and other immigrants moved westward through Springfield. On March 11, 1845, the Ohio Legislature issued a charter to the board of directors to open a new college in Springfield.
When Wittenberg began, it offered the traditional classical curriculum of Latin, Greek, Hebrew, moral philosophy, religion and mathematics but also included an emphasis on geology and other emerging sciences. Its founders were opposed to slavery and to undue foreign influences in education and religion.
In the past century the university has more than doubled in size and facilities and has greatly enlarged its endowment. In addition, continued curricular reforms have resulted in greater attention to the breadth of the liberal arts and a stronger sense of responsibility to the community.
Wittenberg’s mission is to develop the whole person – intellectually, spiritually, aesthetically, socially and physically.
Wittenberg University strives to educate students by developing in harmony the intellectual, spiritual, aesthetic, social and physical qualities that characterize wholeness of person. Wittenberg's primary purpose is to provide a learning environment and a teaching faculty of superior quality committed to liberal arts education and designed to impart knowledge, inspire inquiry and encourage independent thought so that Wittenberg men and women will live responsibly, think critically and creatively, judge rationally, communicate effectively, appreciate the aesthetic, and develop a commitment and enthusiasm for learning that will last throughout their lives.
Wittenberg, related to the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, seeks to manifest its Christian commitment and Lutheran heritage. For academic and social integrity, Wittenberg encourages an environment of respect for all people and diverse beliefs. However, the university also encourages critical assessment of personal faith, beliefs and ethics. The university community challenges its members to perceive themselves as servants in society through clarification, assessment, and development of their spiritual beliefs and ethical values as these are manifested in academic, personal and social pursuits.
Wittenberg encourages an understanding and appreciation of the fine and performing arts – music, literature, theatre, dance and the visual arts – to enrich life’s aesthetic experience. It believes that the rewards from such study and performance significantly enhance the lives of its students. It believes that developing their ability to communicate through the arts and to respond to the arts sensitizes them to the human condition.
Wittenberg teaches moral responsibility, social consciousness, vocational commitment, and constructive social change as the foundation of citizenship in the world’s human community and in each person’s particular society. The university emphasizes learning that prepares its students for the many occupations and professions necessary for society’s well-being.
Wittenberg teaches respect for and appreciation of the physical world and the place in nature for humanity, and recognizes the obligation to care for the human body and to nurture, conserve and protect natural resources.
The Objectives of a Liberal Education at Wittenberg
A liberal education imparts a broad base of knowledge, and understanding, that enables the individual to discover his or her own interests and potentialities in a life that will likely extend well past the middle of the 21st century. To that end, the Wittenberg program sets broad, general requirements designed to enable the student to explore as many frontiers of knowledge as possible while becoming acquainted with the continuing traditions of society, thus preparing the student for the continuity and change that he or she will experience. In addition, the student is expected to pursue a particular field or fields in greater depth by means of the major and minor areas of concentration.
Wittenberg University’s mission finds expression in a liberal arts curriculum that seeks specifically to develop persons who: | <urn:uuid:26042d5a-9548-422d-8b61-d7f4b93f28eb> | {
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C. J. Katz writes about raw milk and Michael Schmidt’s recent visit to Saskatchewan, on her “Savour Life” blog titled “The Raw Milk Debate”:
Raw Milk. Canada is the only G8 country to have a total ban. British Columbia has declared it to be a hazardous substance. The raw milk debate is heating up in Canada and driving the issue is Michael Schmidt, the German dairy farmer from Durham, Ontario who has been taking his fight to allow the sale and distribution of raw milk to the courts of the land. In mid-January, a Newmarket court acquitted him of 19 charges of distributing raw milk and raw milk products. This was after he lost 500 of his 600 acre farm, all his machinery and 42 of his 45 cattle.
Schmidt was in Saskatchewan last week and we sat in on a talk he presented at St. Mary’s Church in Regina. He is passionate about the right to drink raw milk – a product he says is safer to drink then pasteurized milk. That’s a tough idea for the Canadian public and particularly health officials to swallow. Is raw milk safe? We’ve been told since we were children that it’s not.
In 1938 Canada endured a tuberculosis epidemic and milk was fingered as the cause. Schmidt however says that it wasn’t cows that were the problem it was people carrying TB who were milking the cows. Also, water, often contaminated, was added to the milk. There was no refrigeration. “Swill” dairies existed where cows were fed mash from whiskey distilleries. In addition to causing intestinal problems for the cows, the milk was bulked up with flour or plaster to make it appear fresh. It was not. A swill milk outbreak in Brooklyn in 1858, for example, killed thousands. Today the milking process is completely different – completely sanitary with the milk going directly from the cow to the holding tank without touching the human hand.
Schmidt maintains that pasteurized milk is causing more health problems than most of us realize. Health issues such as milk intolerance, rashes, bloating and increases in childhood asthma and ear infections can be linked to the consumption of pasteurized milk. Also, he estimates that 30% of Canadian dairy cows carry Johne’s Disease, a bacteria that has been linked to Crohn’s disease and survives the high temperatures of pasteurization. According to Crohns Canada “this bacterium is called MAP (Mycobacterium avium Paratuberculosis)… and has been found in the breast milk of breastfeeding mothers with Crohns. It has been found in the resected tissues of the intestinal tract of Crohn’s sufferers and it has been found in milk after pasteurization.”
A look at the food safety recalls in Canada in recent months listed by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency shows numerous food recalls for pasteurized cheese products and products manufactured by other companies that use these cheeses. There were also food recalls for sandwiches containing cold cuts, as well as recalls for fresh herbs, meat products, BBQ chicken and chicken pot pies. We did a search of the CFIA site for raw milk recalls and found none.
It is not illegal in Canada to consume raw milk but it is illegal to sell and distribute. As a result, cow share programs are cropping up across the country to circumvent the law – legally. The premise is simple. Cow owners are permitted to drink unpasteurized milk. If you’re keen on drinking raw milk then become a part owner of a cow. The cost will run you roughly $300/year for the ownership plus a fee (about $2.50/litre) that you pay the farmer to care and milk the cow for you. Schmidt is working on setting up Cow Share Canada, which would train and certify farmers, educate the consumer, institute guidelines for testing and quality control of raw milk, and provide farmers with legal support.
Is raw milk safe? I don’t have a clear answer for that. What I can say is that I drank it for years with no ill effects. Many farmers who sell their milk to the Milk Marketing Boards admit to drinking raw milk from their tanks. The Queen drinks raw milk and there is a large black market for the product. In the U.S. it is estimated that about 500,000 are drinking raw milk, and roughly 50,000 in Ontario.
But I’m more concerned about my right to choose. Raw milk is legal in most countries around the world. The government should relax the regulations and let the consumer decide if they want to drink raw milk…or not. | <urn:uuid:b4f07614-f11d-4132-8d34-a440406f35c3> | {
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