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EXPRESSING HOPES & DREAMS
Hopes and dreams
Hope is something that we want to happen and we work very hard for it to happen. But we are not sure whether it will happen or not and sometimes we can’t do anything about it. Hopes and dreams signal future intentions (Ben, 2012).
The verb ‘hope’ is to express:
- An event that possibly happened (past)
- A event that will possibly happen (future)
To say what you hope about the past, you use the simple past:
- I hope she found the restaurant.
- I hope he passed his class last semester.
To say what you hope about the present, you use the present:
- I hope he‘s all right.
- I hope he knows where the clinic is.
- I hope he‘s having a good time in Florida.
- I hope he likes Italian food.
To say what you hope about the future, you use the present (or the future, although it is less common)
- I hope he has a good time in Florida next month. (I hope he’ll have a good time in Florida next month.)
- I hope she comes to see us when she passes through New York.(I hope she’ll come to see us when she passes through New York.)
How to express our hopes:
a. Sentence structure to express hope using ”ing verbs”.
|I||am hoping||for some good weather tomorrow|
|I||am hoping||for a good grade in English.|
b. Sentence structure to express hope using “to” and “that”.
|I||hope||to study in America next year.|
|I||hope||to do something beneficial for my country|
|I||hope||that there is enough food for everyone in the party.|
c.Sentence structure to express hope using verb tenses.
|I||hope||Rahmat found the place.|
|I||hope||my brother passed the test.|
|I||hope||Dessy finds my wallet.|
|I||hope||Iwan is having a good time in Bali.|
|I||hope||my brother will have a good time in Jakarta|
|I||hope||Yanti will not see us when she passes by.|
Examples to express hope:
– I want to become a doctor.
– I am hoping to finish all my work on time.
– I hope I will realize all my dreams.
– I hope that I will always be honest.
– I hope that I will never lie.
– I hope that I will never smoke.
– I want to get my homework done.
source: Buku Siswa Bahasa Inggris Kelas X, Kemendikbud RI 2014 | <urn:uuid:2ae8c0ad-d82f-4a8d-b641-d788fd2c7b06> | {
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Britain is famed for having a mild climate, but in recent years the weather has been erratic and unpredictable. We recently experienced one of the hottest summers on record in 2018, which followed on from the Beast from the East snowstorm a few months previous. 2019 looks set to bring even more extreme weather, with scientists at UCL predicting one of the coldest winters in decades. It will become even harder to ignore the realities of climate change as we attempt to commute through the black ice and snow on our way to work and school. And it’s not just snow that can bring British infrastructure to a halt; heatwaves and flooding can also cause unprecedented damage. Will our infrastructure be able to support these extreme weather issues? Or have we failed to plan for the inevitable?
We see the results of climate change on a global scale every day, and it is becoming impossible to ignore. Another direct result of global warming, floods are becoming more and more common in the UK, and the Environmental Agency has told flood planners to “prepare for the worst”. In a recent consultation on flood strategy, the agency claimed that “for every person who suffers flooding, about 16 more are affected by loss of services such as power, transport and telecommunications.” Evidently, the UK’s infrastructure needs to keep improving, as floods are only going to worsen in the future.
The Environmental Agency has outlined that all public infrastructures need to be made to withstand flooding by 2050. We also need to start considering the long-term rather than the immediate future. As part of this advice, they encouraged people to start considering potential flooding while building new homes, rather than just reacting to the damage when it occurs. When constructing something new, whether in the public or private sector, a flood risk assessment should always be carried out. These assessments identify flood mitigation measures and provide advice on what actions should be taken in the event of a flood.
2. Ice and snow
Brits have had to deal with a lot more snow and ice than usual over the past few years. During the harsh winters of 2018 and 2019, the UK transport system faced extreme difficulties. From icy roads to exposed direct current indicators and flashover faults, the cold weather can cause severe damage. In response to this, a cold weather plan was established in order to outline what to expect and how best to prepare over the increasingly cold winters. Local authorities are now better equipped than ever to grit roads and prevent black ice as a result of this. For the transport sector, forward planning is key. Transport planning advice plays a major part in ensuring that infrastructure schemes take into account all environmental considerations at the design stage to help to mitigate risks.
3. Extreme heat
People in the UK aren’t used to experiencing a lot of sunshine. But in recent years, the temperature has been on the rise and these pockets of sun seem more common. Although we love the opportunity to get outside, the hot and dry weather actually has a damaging effect on our infrastructure.
Drivers are also at-risk during heatwaves, as the dry conditions can cause potholes and fissures in roads. In addition, heatwaves can cause railway systems to overheat, as the temperature of steel rails can reach 20 degrees higher than the air around them. Therefore, consistent temperatures of 30 or even 40 degrees could lead to extreme over-heating of rail tracks. As a result, the metal on the tracks will expand, which puts them at risk of buckling. In extreme circumstances, this could derail trains.
Extreme heat can also damage electricity lines, causing erosion and sagging. This is yet another factor that could cause serious disruptions to train services, and the lines might even be pulled down. The only way that the rail systems can combat these dangers is to impose more severe speed restrictions. Although this may cause delays over hot periods, it is the safest way for the transport system to operate.
"During the harsh winters of 2018 and 2019, the UK transport system faced extreme difficulties"
DISCLAIMER: The statements, opinions, views and advice expressed in this article are those of the author/organisation and not of ENTIRELY. This article should represent information correct at the time of publication however whilst every care has been taken to present up-to-date and accurate information, we cannot guarantee that inaccuracies will not occur. ENTIRELY will not be held responsible for any claim, loss, damage or inconvenience caused as a result of any information within this article or any information accessed through this site. The content of any organisations websites which you link to from ENTIRELY are entirely out of the control of ENTIRELY, and you proceed at your own risk. These links are provided purely for your convenience and do not imply any endorsement of or association with any products, services, content, information or materials offered by or accessible to you at the organisations site. | <urn:uuid:1be974e8-3091-4f1d-b1a9-376020a8095f> | {
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The article below is from Diamonds in the Ruff (www.diamondsintheruff.com), a website with terrific articles and tip sheets on all sorts of behavior issues.
Looming, leaning, reaching, showing teeth and staring – that’s how most humans greet dogs.
The dog at left is showing his discomfort at this child’s greeting by lowering his head, flattening his ears, licking his lips,squinting his eyes, tucking his tail and lifting a paw. These are appeasement signals, not aggressive signals, but he is clearly saying to the child, “I’m really not enjoying this.”
Too much, too fast, too close.
If the same child had turned sideways, squatted to the dog’s level and invited the dog into her own space, the dog’s response to the child would have probably been quite different.
Humans show their teeth when they are friendly! We lean forward and make direct eye contact which in dog language is a challenge. We kiss dogs on the face. How strange they must think we are!
Leaning over and looming is a threatening posture – even if you don’t mean it to be.
It causes the dog some distress which results in displays of calming signalsto diffuse your perceived aggression. Lowered head and ears, lip licking, averted squinting eyes. In dog-to-dog body language, standing over and putting paws on shoulders is a very assertive, space invasive challenge. A dog might show appeasement or a frightened or defensive dog might respond by freezing, growling, lunging, snapping or biting.
In general, most dogs don’t like hugs.
They can learn to tolerate them and even welcome them from people they know and trust – and many dogs learn to enjoy it so much they may elicit hugs from their owners. But this doesn’t mean they will welcome the same from all family members and certainly not from total strangers – any more than you would want a stranger in an elevator to crowd you into a corner and get in your face.
Wrapping your arms around a dog’s neck is dangerous, not only because it is usually viewed as an unwelcome and threatening behavior when it comes from a stranger, but because it puts your face right near the dog’s pointy teeth! Another common and dangerous behavior of children: laying on a dog, gives the dog no avenue for escape – she’s trapped by the scary thing.
“My daughter was just trying to hug the dog and it BIT her! It was totally unprovoked!” Perhaps from the child’s point of view, but certainly not the dog’s!
It’s actually a tribute to dogs that they humor us and our erratic children-and that more of them don’t use their teeth to ward away our rude human advances.
Parents should instill a “no hugging any dog” rule for their children. If you make sure the children respect all dogs’ personal space, including their own family pet’s, they will be less likely to be bitten as the dogs they interact with won’t have to correct them.
For some reason we humans have a hard time remembering that even we have rules of intimacy, whom we allow to invade our personal space and when and how. We might slap someone for being too friendly. Why is it so difficult to imagine that our dogs would feel the same?
Most bites to children occur on the face, not because dogs fly off the ground and attack kid faces, but because kid faces are attached to hug monsters.
This is how a dog prefers to be greeted:
Turned sideways, body language soft and relaxed, shoulders and head slightly lowered, weight shifted away, not towards, with soft squinty eye contact. Everything is inviting and non-threatening. Once a comfortable and trusting relationship has been built, a dog may love a hug!
Soft squinty eye contact, leaning away, scratching his chest, not reaching over his head. Notice the dog is returning the squinty eyes and soft facial expression.
Cheek to Cheek! | <urn:uuid:decea25a-02d6-47ae-a89a-3eb2191e8ec5> | {
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For today’s assignment, write a scene at the park. Up for a twist? Write the scene from three different points of view.
A man and a woman walk through the park together, holding hands. They pass an old woman sitting on a bench. The old woman is knitting a small, red sweater. The man begins to cry. Write this scene.
Today’s twist: write the scene from three different points of view: from the perspective of the man, then the woman, and finally the old woman.
If point of view was an object, it would be William Carlos Williams’ infamous red wheelbarrow; everything depends on it.
Consider a car/pedestrian accident: the story differs depending on whether you’re the driver, the pedestrian, or the woman across the street who witnessed the horror. Everyone will tell a different story if asked to recount the event.
Shifting point of view can be your best friend if you’ve got writers’ block. If you’re stuck or you feel your writing is boring and lifeless, Craig Nova, author of All the Dead Yale Men, suggests shifting the point of view from which your story is told:
Take point of view, for example. Let’s say you are writing a scene in which a man and a woman are breaking up. They are doing this while they are having breakfast in their apartment. But the scene doesn’t work. It is dull and flat.
Applying the [notion] mentioned above, the solution would be to change point of view. That is, if it is told from the man’s point of view, change it to the woman’s, and if that doesn’t work, tell it from the point of view of the neighborhood, who is listening through the wall in the apartment next door, and if that doesn’t work have this neighbor tell the story of the break up, as he hears it, to his girlfriend. And if that doesn’t work tell it from the point of view of a burglar who is in the apartment, and who hid in a closet in the kitchen when the man and woman who are breaking up came in and started arguing.
Need a helping hand? Head to The Commons. | <urn:uuid:de9b99c6-9bed-49db-ad0c-c8d2b50ad1a4> | {
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- Education and Science»
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- Legendary Creatures & Cryptids»
- Forest Creatures
Searching for Bigfoot is Bigfoot in the Bible?
Cain or Esau...What do you think?
I have read it all now...Bigfoot is claimed to be Cain!
I was talking to my husband about his research with Bigfoot when he showed me an article he found. (I have eagerly named it Lielas Pedas Bipedal, meaning large bipedal foot.) The article suggested that Bigfoot was actually Cain from the bible. Proof to this could be found in a book called “The Journal of Mormon History”
I started at my husband in disbelief. Then I made him email me a copy of the story so I could read it myself.
The story states that a manuscript dating back to 1919 tells of a missionary being attacked by a huge hairy creature. The missionary claimed he drove the beast off in the name of Christ. This led to talk of another piece of the puzzle by another Mormon missionary named David W. Patten who had also encountered the Lielas Pedas in Tennessee in 1835. According to David Patten, the hairy creature wanders the Earth homeless, miserable, unable to die and seeks the souls of lost men. He too claims he rebuked the beast in the name of Christ, telling him to leave.
Supposedly this belief is derived of God telling Cain that his punishment for slaying his brother was to become a vagabond, a fugitive that shall wander the earth. Cain claimed that his punishment was greater than he could bear. He claimed that anyone that crossed his path would slay him. God placed upon Cain a mark that should anyone slay him, vengeance would be taken upon him sevenfold. (For more information on this look up Genesis 4:9-16)
This is where the wow factor for me came in. Cain is Bigfoot? A big hairy beast? Hmm, I think upon a closer look into the bible, one would come to think that Esau fit the description better than Cain.
Who was Esau?
Esau was the son of Isaac and the twin brother to Jacob. Isaac was the son of Abraham. Before Esau and Jacob were born, it was prophesied that the elder shall serve the younger. The Lord had told Rebekah that she was carrying twins; two nations and two manner of people. One shall be stronger than the other. When Esau was born, he came out red, like he was covered in a hairy garment. Jacob came next holding on the Esau's heel. Esau became a hunter while Jacob tended to the fields. Isaac favored Esau while Rebekah favored Jacob.
Here is the where the story gets interesting...
In those days, the eldest son inherited everything from the father. When it came time for Esau to claim his inheritance, he was tricked out of it by Jacob, with the help of Rebekah.
In order to pass Jacob off to his blind father as his brother, he was first covered in goat's skin and hair. Then his mother helped him cook up venison and lentils how his father liked it. When he confronted his father, he pretended to be Esau claiming Esau's birthright as his own. Esau distraught over the news cried to his father in a bitter cry and many claim that this is the sound that people hear when they are confronted by Bigfoot.
So, to make a long story a little shorter, there are scholars that believe that Bigfoot is human named Esau that began the bloodline of what we call Bigfoot. Esau was a mountain dweller that ate meat and lentils, crying a bitter cry. He had amazing strength, were tall and hairy, with a bad smell. Thus resembling an Ape. (For those that are curious for more information, the story of Esau and Jacob can be found in Genesis 25:20-30,34, Genesis 27:16,22-27)
I still sit here in awe...giggling....please tell me what you think...is Bigfoot a descendant of Cain or Esau? Or...none of the above...I really want to know what you think.
Do you think bigfoot is real or not? Listen to the video below to hear one man's story.
This is a video posted on YouTube by crypticmedia about a man calling 911 to report a bigfoot sighting. He is clearly distraught over what he is witnessing.
YouTube of Bigfoot 911 Call
Read the Mormon Bigfoot Theory...
- The Mormon Bigfoot Genesis Theory - 10 Zen Monkeys
Meme commentary webzine from the MondoGlobo Network. | <urn:uuid:42224535-7e9f-4244-bb9e-0ff8c644d7c9> | {
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The circus is a word which is derived from the Latin term circus which means circle or ring. Circus rose to its popularity in the Victorian period. Circuses were prior to its growth as a commercial form of entertainment, would travel from town to town and showed their acts and tricks in parks or public places.
Victorian era circuses were a part of its culture as it was regarded as a form of entertainment. By the mid-Victorian period, there were numerous circuses which were running their shows in England.
The rise of the circus from mere a performance of artists to being a form of entertainment for the Victorian people was because of its demand. During the Victorian period, only a certain class of society would watch the circus, but after its popularity all the classes watched it.
Common circus acts
The impact of these circuses was so powerful that even the 19th-century theaters included circus acts like jugglers, aerial acts, etc. Trapeze wires were strung from the roofs of these theaters and the artists would show their acts above the crowd of people sitting in the stalls.
The Victorian circuses included skilled artists who performed the dangerous tricks and the basic goal of these circuses was to create excitement amongst the audience. The circuses in the Victorian period showed the performances of their artists either inside a small tent or in the open air.
In the event of the circus being in the open air, only a ring of rope was placed on the floor within which the entertainers performed their acts. A wooden barrier was kept from where the audience enjoyed the performances. If the circus was in the evening or night, candles were stacked on the wooden barriers to enable the spectators to watch the circus.
The earliest circuses which operated in Britain comprised of small groups of entertainers which performed their acts and were normally seen at fairs. This small troupe of artists included an equestrian clown, a tightrope walker, and a couple of horses which helped in pulling the wagon when these artists would be traveling.
The circus during the Victorian period would include a performance of artists of an actual battle scene, Chinese jugglers, clowns, female acrobats and even child performers. The trick riding was an important performance which was a part of every circus which operated in Britain and the other acts changed from circus to circus. The aquatic circus was one of the acts developed during this time.
In this act, the circus ring would be flooded with water. However, although these acts provided the audience with entertainment, it should be taken into account that the performances acted out by the performers were extremely dangerous. The famous circus proprietors during the Victorian period were Banister and West, Price and Powell, Abraham Saunders, Lord George Sanger, Frederick Charles Hengler, etc.
The Industrial Revolution of the 19th century brought along new inventions and developments which proved to be very useful to the circuses. With the help of these inventions, the circuses in Victorian England could develop new skills and techniques which mesmerized the audiences.
However, carrying on with the circus business was not easy. The circus industry was always torn between appeasing the regulator and the audience and at the same time trying to build some reputation for the circus.
One of the key factors that helped circus become so appreciated was the fact that the entertainers or artists who performed at these circuses traveled from place to place for their audience, even if it was the smallest town. This touring circus was also known as Tenting circus, which became popular in the 19th century.
The circuses with a large number of artists were known to announce their arrival in a town with the help of circus parade which was successful in drawing the attention of a larger population.
With the growth of railways, these performers were able to travel to the remotest areas which were earlier cut-off from the rest of the places. Thus, it can be seen that the circus which began as an act performed only in fairs became a popular form of commercial entertainment for the people during the 19th century.
Here are some more circus images | <urn:uuid:f5074a75-db53-4bb4-b32f-967b762e1271> | {
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Earth Day is quickly approaching, and I find myself not being very green and recycle savvy. The other day I remember throwing a water bottle into the garbage and my mom went over to the garbage can got the bottle and then lectured me on the importance of recycling. According to my mom, she recycles because she wants to save the earth.
Could you really save the earth by recycling one plastic bottle?
The answer? Why yes, yes you can. By recycling one bottle you are lowering the 80% of bottles that end up in landfills. According to National Geographic, “The recycling rate for those 29 billion bottles of water is low; only about 13 percent end up in the recycling stream where they are turned into products like fleece clothing, carpeting, decking, playground equipment and new containers and bottles. In 2005, that meant approximately 2 million tons of water bottles ended up in U.S. landfills, according to the National Resources Defense Council (NRDC) (see References 3, Question 7). Plastic bottles take centuries to decompose and if they are incinerated, toxic byproducts, such as chlorine gas and ash containing heavy metals, are released into the atmosphere.”
We should really keep recycling in mind as Earth Day comes and goes. We want to save our planet… don’t we?
What are YOUR ideas for Earth Week? | <urn:uuid:fc731cdc-59a6-4af7-bfc6-e6947c1e4092> | {
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A tool for evaluating exposure and the potential for adverse health effects resulting from exposure to lead in the environment.
LeadSpread was created to run on Microsoft Excel®
Background: Historically, LeadSpread has been a tool used by DTSC to estimate blood lead concentrations resulting from exposure to lead via dietary intake, drinking water, soil and dust ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact. In past versions of LeadSpread (through the LeadSpread 7, January 2009 Update), each of these pathways was represented by an equation relating incremental blood lead increase to a concentration in an environmental medium, using contact rates and empirically determined ratios. The contributions via the five pathways were added to arrive at an estimate of median blood lead concentration resulting from the multi-pathway exposure. Ninetieth (90th), ninety-fifth (95th), ninety-eighth (98th), and ninety-ninth (99th) percentile concentrations were estimated from the median by assuming a log-normal distribution with a geometric standard deviation (GSD) of 1.6.
In 2007, CalEPA’s Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) developed a new toxicity evaluation of lead replacing the 10 µg/dL threshold blood concentration with a source-specific “benchmark change” of 1 µg/dL (http://oehha.ca.gov/public_info/public/kids/pdf/PbHGV041307.pdf). One ug/dL is the estimated incremental increase in children’s blood lead that would reduce IQ by up to 1 point. In light of the updated CalEPA lead toxicity criterion, as well as the need for revision to ensure that the model is adequately protective of women of child-bearing age, a new version of the DTSC LEAD RISK ASSESSMENT SPREADSHEET (LeadSpread 8; 2011) has been developed.
DTSC LeadSpread 8: DTSC LEAD RISK ASSESSMENT SPREADSHEET
(LeadSpread 8; 2011) is a Microsoft Excel® workbook. It is designed as two self-contained worksheets. Worksheet 1 (DTSC PB8 [child]) is a revision of LeadSpread 7, and should be used for evaluating residential land use scenarios. Worksheet 2 (Modified USEPA ALM [adult]) is a modified version of USEPA's 6/21/09 Adult Lead Model (ALM) which incorporates DTSC recommendations for evaluating industrial worker exposures to lead in soil. Worksheet 2 is not DTSC’s LeadSpread model, but has been included as a separate worksheet of the DTSC LeadSpread 8 Excel® file for convenience. Please consult the “LeadSpread 8 User’s Guide and Recommendations for Evaluation of Lead Exposures in Adults” (which can be downloaded below) for additional information. Detailed information on USEPA’s ALM can be accessed at: http://www.epa.gov/superfund/lead/products.htm.
The risk-based soil concentration developed in LeadSpread 8, based on the OEHHA incremental blood lead criterion, is meant to be implemented as an estimate of the Exposure Point Concentration (EPC) usually based on the 95 percent confidence limit on the arithmetic mean, not as a 'not to exceed' soil concentration. Please see the User's Guide on this web page. Background exposures to lead, and media other than soil/dust which may be impacted by lead are not considered in either worksheet. If lead is present at levels above background in media other than soil (e.g. water, air) or if the home grown produce pathway is anticipated at the site, please contact the HERO toxicologist. DTSC’s LeadSpread model is currently undergoing additional revision, and we hope to incorporate additional exposure pathways and environmental media in the near future.
Download the LeadSpread 8 Microsoft Excel® workbook (bloodpb8.xls) using the link below. Documentation for Worksheets 1 and 2 is contained as comments for various cells within each worksheet. For convenience, major comments and notes are also contained in the “LeadSpread 8 User’s Guide and Recommendations for Evaluation of Lead Exposures in Adults” which can be downloaded using the separate link below.
NOTE: If you have comments on LeadSpread 8 or evaluation of lead exposures, please include them in an e-mail message to Michael Wade at [email protected] | <urn:uuid:83a92db0-4d75-4add-bf97-78a05c00b80e> | {
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Since childhood consists of plenty of change and development, it can be difficult to pinpoint podiatric problems and not mistake them for typical growth and development. Seeing an experienced podiatrist can help ease your mind about your child’s development and bring your attention to issues that require further intervention.
If your child’s pediatrician suggests that you get an opinion from a podiatrist, or if you are unsure about your child’s foot and ankle development, contact our office today.
What are the most common foot and ankle issues in kids?
You may notice that your child is flat footed, which means that he or she does not have an arch. This is actually quite common, because children are born with flat feet and the arch develops later. However, if your child has been walking for several months and still has no arch, it can result in pain.
Another common problem among children is toe walking. If your toddler learns to walk and is only walking on his or her toes, rather than the whole foot, it could require a look from the podiatrist. However, usually toe walking corrects itself after your toddler has some practice with walking.
Pigeon toes are another common foot condition among children. This is characterized by walking with your toddler’s feet turned inward. This practice is normal for the first two years, so it should also adjust after some practice. If you are unsure whether your child’s foot problems are resolving on their own or not, contact your pediatric foot doctor in Rancho Santa Margarita.
How will I know if my child has foot problems?
It is difficult to pinpoint the exact symptoms you should keep an eye on when it comes to your child’s feet. This is because there is a big range of normal for children of every age and in every stage of development.
If there are any troubles with your child’s feet at birth, his or her pediatrician will notice shortly after and will be able to recommend next steps. As your child grows older, certain problems like toe walking and flat feet can be concerning at first, but eventually resolve after a certain amount of time. However, if these problems are growing more severe or worsening over time, you should contact Dr. Salma Aziz, a pediatric foot doctor in Rancho Santa Margarita for advice. Keep in mind that even if your child is dealing with a developmental foot or ankle issue, extensive treatment is not always needed. In many cases, it is an easy fix to get your child’s feet and ankles healthy and in good shape. | <urn:uuid:fec33850-ec07-46f2-adf1-8a8d4e1bed02> | {
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Issue 23 Fruits Fall 2006
On the corner of Finley and Dearing Streets in Athens, Georgia, grows a white oak tree that belongs to no one but itself. William H. Jackson’s love for this tree was so great that in 1820 he deeded it to itself, and it grows on a protected corner island to this day. To be precise, this is not the same tree. The original died at the approximate age of 400 in 1942, at which time the horticulture students at the local university planted an acorn from the original tree on the same plot of land. This “son,” the legal heir of the original tree, was featured in the original Ripley’s Believe It or Not series and has become one of the oddities on the tourist map. Its popularity may lie in the set of questions it provokes about humans’ relationship to the natural world: Can something we consider property own itself? What is the purpose of public space and who controls its use? Does nature serve us or do we serve it?
A corollary of these questions is another vexing area of property law: What happens when your neighbor’s tree grows over your land? Common law holds that you cannot destroy the tree, but you can prune or control any part that encroaches upon your airspace. Legal precedents are even more complicated when it comes to the ownership of the tree’s fruit. One interpretation holds that the tree’s owner also owns all the fruit, though he may have no legal access to harvest portions hanging outside his land, while another holds that the fruit, like the branches and leaves, may be disposed of as the lucky or unlucky neighbor sees fit. Many a homeowner has known this dilemma as he gazes upon a neighbor’s bounteous crop of apples or pears overhanging his fence.
What if the tree hangs over public space, a sidewalk, street, or alley? The status of this “public fruit” is even more unclear. Los Angeles is a good case in point. In a city of moderate density spread over a large area peppered with lawns, shrubs, trees, and even survivors of long-gone fruit orchards, public fruit is to be found on almost every block. Bananas, peaches, avocados, lemons, oranges, limes, kumquats, loquats, apples, plums, passion fruits, walnuts, pomegranates, guavas, and more grow year round in every neighborhood in the city. Urban public fruit, whether deliberate or accidental, is more efficient to grow than farmed fruit because it eliminates the cost of transport. Since it is not a mono-crop, as in an orchard of a single variety of apple, there are fewer pests and less chemicals required to treat them. A further irony is that most public fruit in Los Angeles is organic, blessed by neglect.
The question of food, property, and social responsibility is not a modern one. The Old Testament contains several injunctions to farmers and growers not to “reap all the way to the edges of your field, or gather the gleanings of your harvest ... or gather the fallen fruit of your vineyard; you shall leave them for the poor and the stranger.” (Leviticus 19:9–10) Today’s gleaners collect leftover crops from farmers’ fields after they have been mechanically harvested or from fields where it is not economically profitable to harvest. Gleaning was a legal risk until the 1996 passage of the Bill Emerson Good Samaritan Food Donation Act, which promotes food recovery by limiting the liability of donors to instances of gross negligence or intentional misconduct. National food salvage programs work within the legal definitions of this act to regularly deliver surplus food from restaurants and shops to emergency food centers.
Gleaners also refers to those who live outside the conventional world, nomadic and without property, living without working and surviving on only the cast-off food they find. The Brahmin of India are likewise ascetics, but also rigorous vegetarians whose beliefs come through Hinduism’s equation of meat-eating with violence and with the karmic belief that such violence would be returned; certain sects of Brahmins are renowned for not harvesting and only eating fallen fruit. Today’s “fregans,” coined from free and vegan, are similar to gleaners, though they embrace more anarchistic notions of rejecting capitalism, labor, property, and the obligation to work and be productive. Their lifestyles are an active critique of the economics and values of modern life.
Our project, Fallen Fruit, began in response to a call for submissions in the summer of 2004 from the Journal of Aesthetics & Protest for work addressing urgent social and political questions, not in the form of critique or negation, but by proposing generative solutions. The problems of urban life seem obvious enough: disengagement, alienation from neighbors, and ignorance of the often grave needs of others, such as the homeless. Our approach was to address these problems through the coupling of waste and need by coining the term “public fruit,” and surveying our neighborhood to inventory this underlooked resource. Los Angeles is a particularly fertile city with an “artificial” ecology of great variety, as well as a fading past of agrarian values that mirror all American cities and especially their suburbs, with a fruit tree in every yard. Fresh fruit holds a poignant place in the mythology of California; early postcards often depict houses with swimming pools and orange trees against a backdrop of snow-covered mountains.
Fallen Fruit’s first project was to produce a map of all the public fruit within a five-or-so block radius of the homes of its three members (David Burns, Austin Young, and myself). The desire to map one’s neighborhood fruit has its seed in the wish to be in a fantastical California resembling the Garden of Eden. But in a city as auto-centric as Los Angeles, the simple mandate to either map or follow a map also obliges you to take to your feet and see the neighborhood from a very different angle, akin perhaps to learning about the strata of pipelines, tunnels, and subterranean wiring under all cities. Additionally, a fruit map suggests that the separation of city and farm is not real or absolute, and that all neighborhoods possess far more secrets than we know. The map of the Silver Lake neighborhood has spurred others to map their own neighborhoods, and the goal is to keep mapping, building a kind of unending, Borgesian fruit map that covers the world.
As with many activist-oriented projects whose purpose is to spur change, it soon became apparent that mapping or describing the world one would like to see is no substitute for actually making it happen. Fallen Fruit began to generate “propaganda” material urging property owners to plant trees on their perimeters and to generate a culture of public sharing. We organized a series of nocturnal fruit tours, both following the maps and looking for more public fruit. All of the residents we met while surveying and leading the fruit walks were not only curious about the crowd admiring their fruit, but invariably invited them to pick some, indicating that for a variety of reasons they never ate any or that they had far more than they needed. In a city with such great contrasts of wealth and poverty, the quantity of already existing public fruit is remarkable. This would be even greater but for the fact that many residents are reluctant to plant fruit trees because of the litter, or fallen fruit, that has to be disposed of; and it also needs to be pointed out that pedestrians are often reluctant to pick food within their grasp because they perceive it to be private property.
Fallen Fruit has proposed two public fruit parks, which would include only fruit or nut-yielding plants whose bounty is to be shared communally. They include demonstration areas, fruit-sharing depositories (so people can trade their excess fruit for other people’s), and informative plaques with thoughts about public fruit. One park was originally proposed for Griffith Park, the largest urban park in America. Most fruit-producing trees are not native to California, which means our park contravenes Griffith Park’s current policy only to plant natives; the park authorities have agreed, however, to consider siting the project in marginal land, probably by the LA River, that can be reclaimed. This park would be planted with the drought-tolerant varieties catalogued around the city’s neighborhoods: figs, loquats, walnuts, carob, avocados, and pomegranates.
The second park that Fallen Fruit has proposed is called the Endless Orchard, to be located in the park between the Music Center and City Hall in downtown Los Angeles, currently a hodgepodge of outdated and underused “green space” slated for renovation. The Endless Orchard is a ten-by-ten grid of fruit trees spaced twenty feet apart, the size of two city lots, enclosed on three sides by perfectly mirrored walls and open on the fourth side facing City Hall. The visitor to the orchard will experience the boundless vista of fruit trees that once characterized much of California, whose agrarian bounty was the state’s first engine of economic growth. The mirrors on three sides reference the state’s current economic investment in the business of creating illusions. The trees in the Endless Orchard will be 5-in-1 grafted fruit trees, with plums, peaches, apricots, nectarines and pluots, for example, all ripening at different times. Visitors are asked to take no more than they can hold in their hands—to sample, not hoard.
Fallen Fruit also engages in guerilla fruit plantings in which unwanted private fruit trees are “liberated” and replanted on public land. The volunteers are found through craigslist.org, where homeowners list their unwanted goods under “Free Stuff.” The fruit plantings generally take place in the evening with members of Fallen Fruit wearing their work clothes—brown worker’s outfits that resemble UPS uniforms.
There is a growing community garden movement in America, which has a kinship to the great popularity of farmers’ markets, and to the artisanal, organic, and slow food movements. All are responses not only to urbanization and to a perceived ecological crisis, but also to a globalized model of food production in which every step has been industrialized and monetized. Chez Panisse chef, Alice Waters, in Berkeley has founded a community school program called the Edible Schoolyard, which provides urban middle school students with a one-acre organic garden and classes in nutrition and cooking; the goal is to foster environmental stewardship and to revolutionize the school lunch program. Earthworks, a community organization in Boston, has had an Urban Orchards project since 1990. Funded by a grant from the US Forest Service, it is a greening and food production program that operates with local groups to plant, maintain, and harvest fruit- and nut-bearing trees, shrubs, and vines on public land. South Central Farmers, a collective of 350 or so low-income and largely Latino immigrant families in South Central Los Angeles, has received national publicity in its struggles to hold on to the fourteen-acre farm that the city has sold from underneath them. One of the largest urban and communal farms in the US, its occupants were forcibly removed by the sheriff in June 2006; forty people were arrested.
The ejection of the community gardeners conjures a much older event in the history of property and its use—the enclosure of the commons that began after the Renaissance and took full steam during the Industrial Revolution. Commons were found in many pre-industrial societies and were used for grazing, communal farming, woodcutting, and fishing. The principle was that though common land might be owned by towns or individuals, the right to its resources or its use was shared by the community. Examples of rights of common are common piscary (the right to fish), estovers (the right to take sufficient firewood) and common pasture (to graze one’s animals); communal plantings were necessary because plowing and farming were so labor-intensive. The legal position concerning the commons is ambiguous, as most commons were based on ancient rights that predate formal law and any form of government. Most Scandinavian countries still permit public lingonberry and cowberry harvesting on uncultivated private land, and hunting game on private land is permitted (with a license) in countries all over the world.
Food has always provided the most ancient forms of communion among people. Hunters and gatherers banded together for survival, and gatherers became farmers; farming laid the ground for humans’ connections to the earth, and farms became the first communities. Among all the foods, fruit holds a special place as a symbol of bounty, fertility, beauty, and hospitality, which is perhaps why of all foods we most like to give fruit as a gift. The gift model—giving without expectation of return—forms the basis of the public fruit project, re-territorializing urban space with a sort of residual slippage of control and restrictions.
Matias Viegener is a member of Fallen Fruit, a Los Angeles-based artist collective.
Cabinet is published by Immaterial Incorporated, a non-profit 501(c)(3) organization. Cabinet receives generous support from the Lambent Foundation, the Orphiflamme Foundation, the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, the Opaline Fund, the New York City Department of Cultural Affairs, the National Endowment for the Arts, the New York State Council on the Arts, the Danielson Foundation, the Katchadourian Family Foundation, and many individuals. All our events are free, the entire content of our many sold-out issues are on our site for free, and we offer our magazine and books at prices that are considerably below cost. Please consider supporting our work by making a tax-deductible donation by visiting here.
© 2006 Cabinet Magazine | <urn:uuid:7dedc070-15da-41ca-96d1-a864f2a3e357> | {
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This machine is the preparative machine of rebar connecting in
construction. Its main function is upsetting and thickening the end
part of rebar to raise the rebar area.
1: The ends of the bars to be joined are cut square and enlarged by
cold forging to increase their core diameter and so ensure that the
joint is stronger than the bar. The couplers are usually supplied
attached to the reinforcing bar.
1. First use the upsetting machine to thicken the end of the rebar
2. Then use the steel bar threading (cut) machine to make thread on
the end of rebar
3. Connect the two rebar end with the upsetting rebar couplers. | <urn:uuid:bd108cf5-2bcb-459a-91a4-d4fffb89413c> | {
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Forest and Climate News
The Human Element
People play a crucial role in conservation
Bringing More Voices to Indigenous Territorial Governance
Participation numbers alone could illustrate the desire for this kind of information and support
The Indigenous People who joined Traditional and Western Wisdom to Study their Territory
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“Yo Prefiero el Agua”
It’s dusk when we rumble down the dirt road on the way back to Doña Blanca’s house.
El retorno de la Selva
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The Rainforest’s Comeback
Applying new scientific and technological methodology to reverse some of the major impacts of ...
Crowdsourcing a Better Way to Detect Oil Palm
However, the simple presence of green in a landscape can unintentionally obscure our ability to ...
Advancing knowledge of “jurisdictional approaches” to responsible commodity production
Jurisdictional approaches are exciting the global agriculture and conservation communities.
Pandas in the Wild
Traveling the globe for forests and climate
Interview with Arief Data Kusuma, WWF-Indonesia | <urn:uuid:cc701366-c0d3-4411-9e47-eff512480a49> | {
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The Jews are one of the most ancient people groups in the world today. Their history has been extensively recorded in the Bible, by historians outside of the Bible, and with the discovery of archeological artefacts. We have more facts about their history then any other nation and these data provide a continuous account going back about 4000 years. To make the history of the Israelites (an earlier Old Testament term for Jews) easier to follow, I will build a series of timelines showing their history based on the Bible and facts from these other sources.
Abraham: Family Tree of the Jews begins
The timeline starts with Abraham, one of the most recognized characters in ancient history. He was given a promise of nations coming from him and had encounters with God culminating in a symbolic enactment of sacrificing his son Isaac. This sacrifice is still mysterious to many today but it was a sign of future events. The timeline continues in green when the Israelites were slaves in Egypt. This period of time started when Joseph, grandson of Isaac, led the Israelites to Egypt, but they subsequently became slaves there.
Moses: The Jews become a Nation under God
Moses led the Israelites out of Egypt by inaugurating the equally mysterious Passover Festival, allowing their Exodus from Egypt and their arrival at the land of Israel that had been promised to Abraham hundreds of years before. Moses pronounced Blessings and Curses on the Israelites at the end of his life as he finished the writing of the Torah – when the timeline goes from green to yellow. These Blessings & Curses have followed the Jews ever since – as one can see by learning their history.
For several hundred years the Israelites lived in this land but they did not have a King, nor did they have a capital city of Jerusalem – it belonged to other people in this time period. However, with David about 1000 BC this changed.
David establishes a Royal Dynasty at Jerusalem
David conquered Jerusalem and made it his capital city. It was he who received the promise of a coming ‘Christ’ and the anticipation of this title started with him. His son Solomon ruled as his successor and built the First Jewish Temple in Jerusalem. The descendants of King David continued to rule for about 400 years and this period is shown in green-blue (1000 – 600 BC). This was the glory period for the Israelites – they started to see the Blessings promised. They were a world power, had an advanced society, culture, and their Temple. But the Old Testament also recounts their descent into social and religious corruption and idol worship during this time. Many of the Old Testament books written in this period were warnings that the Curses of Moses would come upon the Jews if they did not change. But these warnings were not heeded. A series of prophecies of a coming ‘Branch’ from David started in this era.
The First Jewish Exile to Babylon
So finally around 600 BC the Curses came true. Nebuchadnezzar, a powerful King from Babylon came – and just like Moses had predicted in his Curse when he wrote:
The Lord will bring a nation against you from far away … a fierce-looking nation without respect for the old or pity for the young. … They will besiege all the cities throughout the land. (Deuteronomy 28: 49-52)
Nebuchadnezzar conquered Jerusalem, burned it, and destroyed the Temple that Solomon had built. He then took the Israelites and deported the majority across his vast Babylonian Empire. Only the poor Israelites remained behind. This fulfilled the predictions of Moses that
You will be uprooted from the land you are entering to possess. Then the Lord will scatter you among all nations, from one end of the earth to the other. (Deuteronomy 28:63-64)
So for 70 years, the period shown in red, the Israelites lived as exiles outside the land promised to Abraham and his descendants.
Return from Exile under the Persians
After that, the Persian Emperor Cyrus conquered Babylon and Cyrus became the most powerful person in the world. He issued a decree that permitted the Israelites to return to this land.
However they were no longer an independent country, they were now a province within the vast Persian Empire. This continued for 200 years and is shown in pink in the timeline. During this time the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem was rebuilt (known as the 2nd Temple). Also, the ‘Branch’ theme develops further by identifying the name of the coming Branch as ‘Jesus’.
The period of the Greeks
Then Alexander the Great conquered the Persian Empire and made the Israelites a province in the Greek Empires for a further 200 years. This is shown in dark blue.
The Period of the Romans
Then the Romans defeated the Greek Empires and they became the dominant world power. The Israelites again became a province in this Empire and it is shown in light yellow. This is the time when Jesus lived and this explains why there was a Roman Governor and Roman soldiers throughout the gospels – because the Romans ruled the Jews in the Land of Israel during the life of Jesus.
The Second Jewish exile under the Romans
From the time of the Babylonians (600 BC) the Israelites (or Jews as they were called now) had never been independent as they had been under the Kings of David. They were ruled by other governments of other people. The Jews resented this and after Jesus they revolted against Roman rule. In this war the Romans came and destroyed Jerusalem, burned down the 2nd Temple and deported the Jews as slaves across the Roman Empire. This was their second exile. Since this Empire was so vast the Jews were effectively dispersed across the whole world.
And this is how they lived for almost 2000 years: dispersed, fragmented, living in foreign lands and never accepted in these lands. As they lived in these different nations they periodically suffered great persecutions. This was the same period where Christianity spread and the persecution of the Jews was particularly true in Christian Europe. From Spain, in Western Europe, to the pogroms in Russia the Jews lived often in a precarious state in these Christian kingdoms. These specific pronouncements of Moses back in 1500 BC became vivid and accurate descriptions of how they lived.
… Among those nations you will find no repose, no resting place for the sole of your foot. There the Lord will give you an anxious mind, eyes weary with longing, and a despairing heart. (Deuteronomy 28:65)
The Curses against the Israelites were given to make peoples ask:
All the nations will ask: “Why has the Lord done this to this land? Why this fierce, burning anger?”
And the answer was:
“ … the Lord uprooted them from their land and thrust them into another land…” (Deuteronomy 29:24-25)
The timeline below shows this 2000 year period which follows after the history of the Jews from the time of the Bible. This period is shown in a long red bar.
You can see that through their history Jews went through two periods of exile but the second period of exile was much longer than the first period of exile (which was only from 600 – 530 BC).
The 20th Century Holocaust
Then the persecutions and pogroms against the Jews reached their peak. Hitler in World War II, through Nazi Germany tried to exterminate all the Jews living in Europe. And he almost succeeded by creating a mechanized system of exterminating them in gas ovens. However he was defeated and a remnant of Jews survived.
Modern Re-birth of Israel
And then in 1948 the Jews, through the United Nations, saw the remarkable re-birth of the modern state of Israel. It is remarkable just in the fact that there were people still around who identified themselves as ‘Jews’ after all these millenia without a homeland. But this reality allowed for the final words of Moses, written down 3500 years ago, to come true. There was a “Jewish’ people around to see this final prediction fulfilled in our time.
…then the Lord your God will restore your fortunes and have compassion on you and gather you again from all the nations where he scattered you. Even if you have been banished to the most distant land under the heavens, from there the Lord your God will gather you and bring you back. (Deuteronomy 30:3-4)
It was also remarkable in that this state was founded in the teeth of opposition. Most of the surrounding nations in that region waged war against Israel in 1948 … in 1956 … in 1967 and again in 1973. Israel, a very small nation, often found itself at war with five nations at the same time. Yet not only did they survive, but their territories increased. In the war of 1967 the Jews regained Jerusalem, their historic capital city David had founded 3000 years ago. The aftermath of the creation of the state of Israel, and the fallout from these wars has created one of the most intractable conflicts and political problems of our world today. Strange how Moses’ words so long ago echo still today even though very few are even aware of what he wrote. | <urn:uuid:b082690d-4ffc-4795-ac86-96f58b699d33> | {
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On June 17, the Sisters of St. Ursula celebrated the closing of the 400th Anniversary year of their founding in 1606 with a Liturgy at Linwood, Rhinebeck,New York. More than 350 alumnae, family and friends were in attendance.The Mayor of Kingston, James Sottile, an alumnus of John A. Coleman High School, read a Proclamation honoring the sisters for their work in education in the Hudson Valley.
The Sisters of St. Ursula were founded in Dole, France on June 16, 1606 by Anne de Xainctonge who wanted to form a group of women primarily for the education of girls and women who at that time did not have the opportunities open to boys and men. She insisted on being non-cloistered -- unheard of in the 17th Century - so that her sisters could be among the people sharing their lives and being available to them. In 1901, France issiued an edict of expulsion forcing all religious houses in France to close.
At that time, three sisters came to New York City with the intention of opening a school for girls. After seeking several possibilities, they started a school in 1902 at Our Lady of Lourdes Parish at 144th St.This later becme the Academy of Our Lady of Lourdes. In 1942, Msgr. McIntyre invited the sisters to teach at Cathedral High School. Six sisters joined the staff there in Septemmber, 1942.Some sisters were members if the Cathedral Staff until 1964. In 1943, Our Lady Of Lourdes Academy moved to West 79th Street. The name was changed to Notre Dame School.In 1989, the school moved to St. Mark's Place in Greenwich Village, and then to its present location at East 13th St. In 1943, the sisters also took charge of St. Joseph's school in Kingston. Since 1963, the Sisters have ministered at Linwood Spiritual Center in Rhinebeck, N.Y. which is also the site of their Regional Center. In 1925 the sisters had opened St. Ursula Academy in Kingston, N.Y. In 1966, Cardinal Spellman asked the sisters to take responsibility for John A. Coleman High School, a new Co-Educational High School in the Kingston Area.
Story submitted by Sr. Mary Walsh, s.u. (Sisters of St. Ursula) | <urn:uuid:83e9eabd-95ec-4038-aad9-2239c1eb5f57> | {
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Most of the economic systems want their economic growing to travel up while they have some large jobs which ca n’t instantly cover with, like: unemployment, rising prices, trade spread, and so on. Viet Nam economic system has besides had the same state of affairs. Before 1986, Viet Nam had still been in the subsidy period and it was a low developed state. Since the Government applied the unfastened door policy in 1986, everything had changed and the Viet Nam economic system had kept increasing and making the highest growing rate in 2008.
In fact, there is a batch of grounds to do the rising prices addition in Viet Nam. They can be the pecuniary policy of the authorities, impact on the fiscal crisis. The rising prices makes the devaluation of Vietnam currency and it besides is the chief ground makes the economic growing low developed. Furthermore, the high rising prices rate causes more hard for everybody, exceptional for concerns. They will non afford to pay for their employees so they will fire more. That consequence explains why the unemployment rate additions in Viet Nam in the recent old ages.
Because the state with the high unemployment rate shows its economic system is so bad, Viet Nam authorities wants to maintain this rate is around 5 % . Overall, this rate is control rather good comparison with the other economic systems although the authorities lose to command about rising prices. And Viet Nam become one of the states have the highest velocity of economic growing all over the universe.
THEORY PAGE 4
Viet Nam, a really hapless state has risen up after 24 old ages implemented the “ open-door ” policies since 1986. It was a large alteration from the bid market ( the economic system under a 100 per centum control by Vietnamese ‘s authorities ) into free market and planetary integrating economic ( with 40 % control by authorities ) . Vietnam ‘s economic system is a assorted economic system. The current authorities of Vietnam has the undermentioned economic sectors: State economic system, corporate economic system, private economic system ( single, little proprietors, private capital ) , economic system foreign-invested. The State ‘s intercession still remains at high degrees such as adjust gasolene monetary values, monetary value controls on steel, cement, and wood coal to guarantee the people ‘s benefits.
In the general tendency of the planetary fiscal crisis in 2008, Viet nam has besides less suffered some certain influences to the economic growing by FDI poured in Viet Nam was low, export fell, the fluctuation exchange rate between VND and USD every bit good as the cause of high rising prices. On the other manus, a assortment of concern invested overseas belly-up lead to increased unemployment.
However, Vietnam was still a taking agricultural exporter and the 2nd attractive foreign direct investing finish next to China in Asia- Pacific. Which achieved 6,2 % Gross Domestic Product ( GDP )[ 1 ], the increasing of standard life with mean gaining per capita attained 1,024 USD[ 2 ], and entire gross national income was 1,436,955 billion USD in 2008[ 3 ]. Vietnam ‘s economic prognosis continues to travel with high economic growing rate, indexs of unemployment and low rising prices under dual figures in the old ages in front.
THEORY PAGE[ 4 ]
The significance of “ unemployment ”
An economic status marked by the fact that persons actively seeking occupations remain unhired. Unemployment is expressed as a per centum of the entire available work force. The degree of unemployment varies with economic conditions and other fortunes.[ 5 ]
Number unemployed ( economic expert ‘s definition ) : those of working age who are without work, but who are available work at current pay rates.
Labor force: the figure employed plus the figure unemployed.
Unemployment rate: the figure unemployed expressed as a per centum of the labour force.
Claimant unemployment: those in reception of unemployment -related benefits.
Standardized unemployment rate: the step of the unemployment rate usage by the ILO and OECD. The unemployed are defined as individual of working age who are without work, available for work and actively seeking employment.
The rising prices:
The overall general upward monetary value motion of goods and services in an economic system ( frequently caused by a addition in the supply of money ) , normally as measured by the Consumer Price Index and the Producer Price Index. Over clip, as the cost of goods and services addition, the value of a dollar is traveling to fall because a individual wo n’t be able to buy every bit much with that dollar as he/she antecedently could. While the one-year rate of rising prices has fluctuated greatly over the last half century, runing from about zero rising prices to 23 % rising prices, the Fed actively tries to keep a specific rate of rising prices, which is normally 2-3 % but can change depending on fortunes.[ 6 ]
Demand- full rising prices: rising prices caused by relentless rises in aggregative demand.
Cost – push rising prices: rising prices cause by relentless rises in cost of production ( independently of demand ) .
The relationship between rising prices and unemployment
Full -employment degree of national income ( existent GDP ) : the degree of national income ( existent GDP ) at which there is no lack of demand.
Recessionary or deflationary spread: the deficit of aggregative outgo below national income ( and injections below backdowns ) at the full-employment degree of national income.
Phillips curve: A remedy demoing the relationship between ( monetary value ) rising prices and unemployment. The original Phillip curve plotted pay rising prices against unemployment for the old ages 1861- 1957.
Accelerationist theory: The theory that unemployment can merely be reduced below the natural rate at the cost of speed uping rising prices.
Accelerator theory: The degree of investing depends on the rate of alteration of national income, and as a consequence tends to be capable to significant fluctuations.
Real concern rhythm theory: The new classical theory which explains cyclical fluctuations in footings of displacements in aggregative supply, instead than aggregative demand.
Steady- sate national income: The long -run equilibrium degree of national income. The degree at which all investing is used to keep the bing capital stock at its current degree.
Endogenous growing theory: A theory that the rate of economic growing depends on the rate of technological advancement and diffusion, both of which depend on intuitions, inducements and the function of authorities.
Standard of Life:
Income: GDP per capita
GDP per capita has grown rapidly and steadily over the last two decennaries, yet it is at a low absolute degree. ( Vietnam ‘s fight study 2010 ) | <urn:uuid:81f6106b-5706-43db-82ce-5a65181d06b3> | {
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Once a familiar sight in grassland areas of southern Britain, the Great Bustard was hunted to extinction in Britain in the early 19th Century.
But, as part of a pioneering reintroduction programme, begun on a shoestring budget, the first of several clutches of rescued chicks from Saratov in southern Russia were introduced to Salisbury Plain, seven years ago.
Standing up to 3ft tall and with a wingspan of more than 8ft, some Great Bustards have been known to weigh as much as 21kg (46lb).
But with males taking up to five years to reach maturity – and facing threats ranging from foxes to electric power lines – they are considered one of the most difficult wild birds to breed.
In 2009 the first three native British chicks were hatched in nests at a secret site on Salisbury Plain, with more following last year.
It is hoped that some of the British born chicks could also breed as early as next spring – establishing a truly native population for the first time.
Now the Great Bustard Group, the RSPB-backed charity leading the reintroduction scheme, has documented evidence of birds roaming widely across south western England.
Although most stay within about 10 miles of the original release site, there have been sightings as far away as northern France.
One female – originally thought to have been lost or killed – has recently established herself near Salcombe in Devon, more than 140 miles from the centre of Salisbury Plain.
David Waters, director of the group, said: “There are some individuals which will regularly move down from Wiltshire to the Somerset levels.
Certainly within a day to fly 80km or so isn’t challenging for a Great Bustard, they fly well.
“They do tend to wander, they give every impression of being lost.
“They will do that until they are old enough to breed and then they seem to come right back into the release site when the breeding starts.”
After securing new EU finding, the group has recently established a second release site in Wiltshire and next year hopes to bring eggs directly from Russia to hatch in England for the first time.
There are also discussions under way about the viability of reintroducing the Great Bustard to other areas including East Anglia.
“We need to see a healthy self-sustaining population in Wiltshire to demonstrate that it really is worthwhile," said Mr Waters.
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Osteoporosis is a bone disease that literally means ‘porous bones.’ In this condition, your body loses the bone mass and doesn’t produce enough bone.
Low bone mass or osteoporosis is one of the significant public health threats in the U.S.A.
According to a survey, more than 55% of the American population, over 50 years of age suffer from weak bones and osteoporosis.
A deficiency of vitamin D, essential nutrients and minerals – calcium, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, Vitamin K, side effects of certain medications, lack of exercise, etc. may cause osteoporosis. There are no evident signs or symptoms of osteoporosis. When you have a fractured bone, you may experience disability or limited mobility, intense or mild bone pain, stooped posture, loss of height, etc.
Researchers suggest that the monoterpenes in some of the essential oils are effective in preventing bone loss. Essential oils may be beneficial in inhibiting osteoporosis in humans and treat the symptoms of broken and fractured bones.
This article reviews the efficacy and uses of essential oils for osteoporosis.
4 Best Essential Oils for Osteoporosis
1. Ginger Essential Oil
Ginger root is an essential spice in various cuisines all over the world. The root comes from a flowering plant belonging to the Zingiberaceae plant family.
Ginger is a home remedy for various health conditions. Ginger essential oil contains all the therapeutic properties of the spice roots.
Numerous research shows the potent anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects of ginger essential oil. A 2016 study conducted in The University of Kansas, U.S.A, confirms the efficacy of gingerol in reducing arthritic pains and increasing total bone mineral density in rats.
The researchers suggest that the potent phenolic components such as gingerols may treat symptoms of broken bones-pain and inflammation and rheumatoid arthritis.
2. Sage Essential Oil
Sage or Salvia officinalis herb is also known as Garden Sage, True Sage, Common Sage, and Dalmatian Sage. Sage essential oil is steam distilled from the leaves of the medicinal plant.
Numerous scientific research confirms the potential therapeutic effects of sage oil monoterpenes in treating bone disorders. A 2017 study published in Phytotherapy Research journal states that sage essential oil could increase mineral density in bones. Herbal extracts from rosemary, thyme, and sage have been used as a natural remedy for osteoporosis in ancient Chinese and Ayurvedic medicinal practices.
Another clinical research conducted in Switzerland in 2003 confirms the efficacy of sage oil monoterpene components in inhibiting bone resorption or bone loss in rats. Hence sage oil may be an effective natural cure for osteoporosis.
3. Rosemary Essential Oil
Rosemary herb grows abundantly in the Mediterranean region. The aromatic herb was considered sacred in the ancient Greek, Hebrew, and Roman civilizations. Rosemary essential oil comes from the flowering tops of the herb. The essential oil has analgesic (pain-relieving), stimulating, and soothing properties.
4. Thyme Essential Oil
Thyme or thymus vulgaris is a perennial herb. Thyme essential oil has many therapeutic values. Thyme oil contains monoterpenes components that are beneficial for optimum bone health. Especially borneol, thymol, and thujanol may be useful in treating osteoporosis, bone loss, and weak bone health.
How to Use Essential Oils for Osteoporosis
You may use essential oils for osteoporosis treatment in several ways — topical application and consuming with food or drink.
A topical application of essential oils may repair the affected bone, relieve osteoporosis pain, and increase bone density.
Here’s how to do it.
Combine 2-3 drops of ginger, thyme, rosemary, or sage essential oil with a tablespoon of carrier oil and massage on the affected bone area three times daily.
When to Seek Medical Attention
Essential oils are not the ultimate treatment options for osteoporosis. You need to visit a doctor for proper diagnosis and upon his/her recommendation may use these natural remedies along with conventional treatments. You should consider visiting a doctor if you experience the following:
- A broken or fractured bone
- Persistent pain in the affected bone
- Stooped or hunched back
Your doctor may diagnose the condition thoroughly and find out the risk factors associated with your osteoporosis condition.
Osteoporosis is a common bone disorder among aged people. When you have osteoporosis, your body gradually loses bone density and doesn’t produce many bones.
Osteoporosis weakens your bones silently until you experience a broken or fractured bone. Usually the bones in the wrist, hip, spine, ankles, knees, and legs are most vulnerable to osteoporosis.
Several medical research suggests that essential oils such as thyme, sage, rosemary, ginger, eucalyptus, etc. may be an effective natural remedy for osteoporosis. The bioactive components in these aromatic oils may relieve the pain, repair fractured bones, and increase bone density.
You need to avoid the over-consumption of certain food items that may contribute to bone loss. These foods and drinks are alcohol, sugar, sweetened beverages, processed or red meat, caffeine, nicotine from smoking, etc.
Some other home remedies for osteoporosis include — herbal supplements, healthy diet, regular exercise, acupuncture, stress relieving massage, etc. | <urn:uuid:bc878236-13b0-40fd-abe5-6bbd06c653a3> | {
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Net turnover is a general term that is used in business and accounting to refer to the net value of either combined income over a given time period, or the “turn over” of an asset or other valued item during the same time frame. A technical definition for net turnover, from an accounting perspective, is net income before value added tax (VAT), and after trade discounts. Similar definitions govern the use of this variable in modern business and accounting.
In the most general sense, net turnover in accounting is the net income for a business. This figure often gets marked into book-keeping systems periodically. A slightly different definition, which still assesses income, is the amount of income that the business has made on one asset or service class. For example, net turnover on an asset will be the number of times, during the year or other time frame, that the asset has provided its own value, or “turned over.” This leads to turnover figures expressed in percentages, where, for example, an asset worth $2000 that yields $3000 will be said to “turned over” 1.5 times.
Other definitions for turnover relate to services or inventory for a business. Accountants can also assess how many times during a given period an inventory has “turned over.” While this still addresses value, it only addresses value relative to the volume of inventory, not assessing value strictly on the basis of total income. For example, if an inventory of ten widgets was replaced 1.5 times over a year, the annual net turnover would be 1.5, again, after any applicable mitigating factors.
The word “net” in the term distinguishes this value from “gross” turnover, which would be the turnover number before any taxes or discounts have been applied. These two different terms provide ways for accountants to show “real values” in ways that business leaders can understand and use in different ways. The net value often provides the more “real” value because it takes more factors into account. Accountants might also clearly mark the difference between gross turnover and net turnover to show how changing factors affect value.
Turnover, can also apply to the loss and gain of employees. The net value for turnover might apply here as well, though commonly, employee turnover does not include gross or net valuations. In general, employee turnover also helps businesses assess cost.
One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK! | <urn:uuid:32273a33-4e2a-4612-b4e8-4368d9a68e5e> | {
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Coconuts reproduce by dropping their fruit on the ground. When the coconut ends up in the ground, in the right environment, it produces a seedling that eventually grows up to become a coconut tree on its own, assuming that the conditions are favorable.Continue Reading
One side of the coconut features a point, and while people and other animals pick up quite a few of the coconuts that fall out of trees, others remain on the ground, and the point eventually is at the lower end of the coconut, thanks to the work of gravity. As cycles of rain and sun continue, and the soil shifts, the coconut eventually ends up with the point below the ground and at least half of the coconut below the level of the soil.
At this point, the growth process starts inside the coconut, and eventually a seedling appears from the top. Over time, the seedling grows, turning into a tree over the course of weeks and months. The coconut tree reproduces in a manner similar to many other fruit trees, dropping the instruments of later generations each time a coconut ends up breaking off from the branches and making the long fall to the ground below.Learn more about Botany | <urn:uuid:0e7fc419-fc5a-48e4-a8d1-c55149a228e4> | {
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Nootropics (/noʊ.əˈtrɒpɨks/ noh-ə-trop-iks), also referred to as smart drugs, memory enhancers, neuro enhancers, cognitive enhancers, and intelligence enhancers, are drugs,supplements, nutraceuticals, and functional foods that improve one or more aspects of mental function, such as working memory, motivation, and attention. The word nootropicwas coined in 1972 by the Romanian Dr. Corneliu E. Giurgea, derived from the Greek words νους nous, or "mind," and τρέπειν trepein meaning to bend or turn.
Availability and prevalence
At present, there are only a few drugs which have been shown to improve some aspect of cognition in medical reviews. Many more are in different stages of development. The most commonly used class of drug is stimulants.
These drugs are used primarily to treat people with cognitive or motor function difficulties attributable to such disorders as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and ADHD. However, more widespread use is being recommended by some researchers. Many drugs are marketed heavily on the Internet as having a variety of human enhancement applications as well. Nevertheless, intense marketing may not correlate with efficacy; while scientific studies support the beneficial effects of some compounds, the marketing claims by manufacturers of over-the-counter products are not formally tested.
Main article: Academic doping
In academia, modafinil has been used to increase productivity, although its long-term effects have not been assessed in healthy individuals. Stimulants such as dimethylamylamineand methylphenidate are used on college campuses and by younger groups. One survey found that 7% of students had used stimulants for a cognitive edge, and on some campuses use in the past year is as high as 25%.
The use of prescription stimulants is especially prevalent among students attending academically competitive colleges and students who are members of a fraternity or sorority.
Surveys suggest that 3–11% of American students and 0.7–4.5% of German students have used cognitive enhancers in their lifetime.
Several factors positively and negatively influence the use of drugs to increase cognitive performance. Among them are personal characteristics, drug characteristics, and characteristics of the social context.
The main concern with pharmaceutical drugs is adverse effects, and these concerns apply to cognitive-enhancing drugs as well. Cognitive enhancers are often taken for the long-term when little data is available. While certain racetam compounds are suspected to have nootropic qualities, few side-effects, and a wide therapeutic window (low overdose risk), other cognitive enhancers may be associated with a high incidence of adverse effects or a narrower therapeutic window (higher overdose risk). While addiction to stimulants is sometimes asserted to be a cause for concern, a very large body of research on the therapeutic use of the "more addictive" psychostimulants indicate that addiction is fairly rare in therapeutic doses.
In the United States, unapproved drugs or dietary supplements do not require safety or efficacy approval before being sold.
Certain stimulants will enhance cognition in the general population, but only when used at low (therapeutic) concentrations. Relatively high doses of stimulants will result in cognitive deficits.
Amphetamine pharmaceuticals (Adderall, dextroamphetamine, and lisdexamfetamine [a prodrug]) – TAAR1 agonists that mimic the effect of endogenous phenethylamine. Benefits in cognitive control and working memory are evident in the general population, and especially in individuals with ADHD. It also improves performance on tedious tasks that require a high degree of effort.
Methylphenidate – a substituted phenethylamine that improves working memory and cognitive control. It also improves performance on tedious tasks that require a high degree of effort. At above optimal doses, methylphenidate has offtarget effects that can decrease learning by activating neurons not involved in the task at hand.
Eugeroics – wakefulness promoting agents; increase alertness, particularly in sleep deprived individuals. They are clinically prescribed for narcolepsy, shift work sleep disorder, and daytime sleepiness remaining after sleep apnea treatments.
Xanthines – most notably, caffeine – shown to increase alertness, performance, and in some studies, memory. Children and adults who consume low doses of caffeine showed increased alertness, yet a higher dose was needed to improve performance. | <urn:uuid:cf1be307-e54c-4a5b-832c-9f7aa84a71d7> | {
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Persistent, recurrent problems with sexual response, desire, orgasm or pain — that distress you or strain your relationship with your partner — are known medically as female sexual dysfunction.
Many women experience problems with sexual function at some point. Female sexual dysfunction can occur at any stage of life. It can be lifelong or be acquired later in life. It can occur only in certain sexual situations or in all sexual situations.
Sexual response involves a complex interplay of physiology, emotions, experiences, beliefs, lifestyle and relationships. Disruption of any component can affect sexual desire, arousal or satisfaction, and treatment often involves more than one approach.
Your symptoms will depend on the type or types of female sexual dysfunction you have:
- Low sexual desire. This most common of female sexual dysfunctions involves a lack of sexual interest and willingness to be sexual.
- Sexual arousal disorder. Your desire for sex might be intact, but you have difficulty with arousal or are unable to become aroused or maintain arousal during sexual activity.
- Orgasmic disorder. You have persistent or recurrent difficulty in achieving orgasm after sufficient sexual arousal and ongoing stimulation.
- Sexual pain disorder. You have pain associated with sexual stimulation or vaginal contact.
When to see a doctor
If sexual problems affect your relationship or worry you, make an appointment with your doctor for evaluation.
Sexual problems often develop when your hormones are in flux, such as after having a baby or during menopause. Major illness, such as cancer, diabetes, or heart and blood vessel (cardiovascular) disease, can also contribute to sexual dysfunction.
Factors, often interrelated, that contribute to sexual dissatisfaction or dysfunction include:
- Physical. Any number of medical conditions, including cancer, kidney failure, multiple sclerosis, heart disease and bladder problems, can lead to sexual dysfunction. Certain medications, including some antidepressants, blood pressure medications, antihistamines and chemotherapy drugs, can decrease your sexual desire and your body's ability to experience orgasm.
Hormonal. Lower estrogen levels after menopause may lead to changes in your genital tissues and sexual responsiveness. A decrease in estrogen leads to decreased blood flow to the pelvic region, which can result in needing more time to build arousal and reach orgasm, as well as less genital sensation.
The vaginal lining also becomes thinner and less elastic, particularly if you're not sexually active. These factors can lead to painful intercourse (dyspareunia). Sexual desire also decreases when hormonal levels decrease.
Your body's hormone levels also shift after giving birth and during breast-feeding, which can lead to vaginal dryness and can affect your desire to have sex.
Psychological and social. Untreated anxiety or depression can cause or contribute to sexual dysfunction, as can long-term stress and a history of sexual abuse. The worries of pregnancy and demands of being a new mother may have similar effects.
Long-standing conflicts with your partner — about sex or other aspects of your relationship — can diminish your sexual responsiveness, as well. Cultural and religious issues and problems with body image also can contribute.
Some factors may increase your risk of sexual dysfunction:
- Depression or anxiety
- Heart and blood vessel disease
- Neurological conditions, such as spinal cord injury or multiple sclerosis
- Liver or kidney failure
- Certain medications, such as antidepressants or high blood pressure medications
- Emotional or psychological stress, especially with regard to your relationship with your partner
- A history of sexual abuse
If you have ongoing sexual difficulties that distress you, make an appointment with your doctor. You may feel embarrassed to talk about sex with your doctor, but this topic is perfectly appropriate. A satisfying sex life is important to a woman's well-being at every age.
You might have a treatable, underlying condition, or you might benefit from lifestyle changes, therapy or a combination of treatments. Your primary doctor will either diagnose and treat the problem or refer you to a specialist.
Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.
What you can do
Gather information about:
- Your symptoms. Take note of any sexual difficulties you're having, including when and how often they occur.
- Your sexual history. Your doctor likely will ask about your relationships and experiences since you became sexually active. He or she also might ask about any history of sexual trauma or abuse.
- Your medical history. Write down any medical conditions you have, including mental health conditions. Jot down the names and doses of medications you take or have recently taken, including prescription and over-the-counter drugs.
- Questions to ask your doctor. Create a list of questions to make the most of your time with your doctor.
Some basic questions to ask your doctor about your sexual concerns include:
- What might be causing my sexual difficulties?
- Do I need medical tests?
- What treatment do you recommend?
- If you're prescribing medication, are there possible side effects?
- How much improvement can I reasonably expect with treatment?
- Are there lifestyle changes or self-care steps that might help?
- Do you recommend therapy?
- Should my partner be involved in treatment?
- Do you have printed material you can give me? What websites do you recommend?
Don't hesitate to ask other questions that occur to you.
What to expect from your doctor
Your doctor might ask a number of personal questions and might want to include your partner in the interview. To help determine the cause of your problem and the best course of treatment, be ready to answer questions such as:
- What problems are you having?
- How much do these problems bother you?
- How satisfied are you with your relationship?
- Do you become aroused during sexual interactions with your partner?
- Do you have orgasms?
- If you've had orgasms in the past but no longer can, what's different?
- Do you have pain with intercourse?
- What form of birth control, if any, do you use?
- Do you use alcohol or recreational drugs? How much?
- Have you ever had surgery that involved your reproductive system?
- Have you been diagnosed with other medical conditions, including mental health conditions?
- Have you ever had an unwanted sexual experience?
What you can do in the meantime
Keep the lines of communication open with your partner. Be honest about your dissatisfaction or the problem you have. Consider alternatives for intimacy and engage in sexual activities that are rewarding for both of you.
To diagnose female sexual dysfunction, your doctor will:
- Discuss your sexual and medical history. You might be uneasy talking with your doctor about such personal matters, but your sexuality is a key part of your well-being. The more forthcoming you can be about your sexual history and current problems, the better your chances of finding an effective approach to treating them.
- Perform a pelvic exam. During the exam, your doctor checks for physical changes that affect your sexual enjoyment, such as thinning of your genital tissues, decreased skin elasticity, scarring or pain.
Your doctor may also refer you to a counselor or therapist specializing in sexual and relationship problems.
Keep in mind that sexual dysfunction is a problem only if it bothers you. If it doesn't bother you, there's no need for treatment.
Because female sexual dysfunction has many possible symptoms and causes, treatment varies. It's important for you to communicate your concerns and understand your body and its normal sexual response. Also, your goals for your sex life are important in determining treatment and evaluating progress.
Women with sexual concerns most often benefit from a combined treatment approach that addresses medical as well as relationship and emotional issues.
Nonmedical treatment for female sexual dysfunction
To treat sexual dysfunction, your doctor might recommend that you start with these strategies:
- Talk and listen. Open communication with your partner makes a world of difference in your sexual satisfaction. Even if you're not used to talking about your likes and dislikes, learning to do so and providing feedback in a nonthreatening way sets the stage for greater intimacy.
- Practice healthy lifestyle habits. Go easy on alcohol — drinking too much can blunt your sexual responsiveness. Be physically active — regular physical activity can increase your stamina and elevate your mood, enhancing romantic feelings. Learn ways to decrease stress so you can focus on and enjoy your sexual experience.
- Seek counseling. Talk with a counselor or therapist who specializes in sexual and relationship problems. Therapy often includes education about how to optimize your body's sexual response, ways to enhance intimacy with your partner, and recommendations for reading materials or couples exercises.
- Use a lubricant. A vaginal lubricant may be helpful during intercourse if you have vaginal dryness or pain during sex.
- Try a device. Arousal may be enhanced with stimulation of the clitoris. Use a vibrator to provide clitoral stimulation. Although some women find clitoral vacuum suction devices helpful for enhancing sexual arousal, those devices can be expensive and no more effective than a vibrator.
Medical treatment for female sexual dysfunction
Effective treatment for sexual dysfunction often requires addressing an underlying medical condition or hormonal change. A prescription medication for premenopausal women with low sexual desire, known as flibanserin (Addyi), also offers a treatment option.
To treat sexual dysfunction tied to a medical condition, your doctor might recommend that you:
- Adjust or change medication that has sexual side effects
- Treat a thyroid problem or other hormonal condition
- Optimize treatment for depression or anxiety
- Try strategies for relieving pelvic pain or other pain problems
Treating female sexual dysfunction linked to a hormonal cause might include:
- Estrogen therapy. Localized estrogen therapy comes in the form of a vaginal ring, cream or tablet. This therapy benefits sexual function by improving vaginal tone and elasticity, increasing vaginal blood flow and enhancing lubrication.
- Androgen therapy. Androgens include testosterone. Testosterone plays a role in healthy sexual function in women as well as men, although women have much lower amounts of testosterone.
Androgen therapy for sexual dysfunction is controversial. Some studies show a benefit for women who have low testosterone levels and develop sexual dysfunction; other studies show little or no benefit.
The risks of hormone therapy may vary, depending on whether estrogen is given alone or with a progestin, your age, the dose and type of hormone, and health issues such as your risks of heart and blood vessel disease and cancer. Talk with your doctor about benefits and risks. In some cases, hormonal therapy might require close monitoring by your doctor.
Originally developed as an antidepressant, flibanserin (Addyi) is approved by the Food and Drug Administration as a treatment for low sexual desire in premenopausal women.
A daily pill, Addyi may boost sex drive in women who experience low sexual desire and who find the experience distressing. Potentially serious side effects include low blood pressure, sleepiness, nausea, fatigue, dizziness and fainting, particularly if the drug is mixed with alcohol. Experts recommend that you stop taking the drug if you don't notice an improvement in your sex drive after eight weeks.
Potential treatments that need more research
More research is needed before these agents might be recommended for treatment of female sexual dysfunction:
- Tibolone. Tibolone is a synthetic steroid drug used in Europe and Australia for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Due to concerns over increased risk of breast cancer and stroke in women taking tibolone, the drug isn't approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in the U.S.
- Phosphodiesterase inhibitors. This group of medications has proved successful in treating erectile dysfunction in men, but the drugs don't work nearly as well in treating female sexual dysfunction. Studies looking into the effectiveness of these drugs in women show inconsistent results.
One drug, sildenafil (Viagra), may prove beneficial for some women who have sexual dysfunction as a result of taking selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), a class of drugs used to treat depression. Don't take sildenafil if you use nitroglycerin for angina — a type of chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart.
Issues surrounding female sexual dysfunction are usually complex, so even the best medications aren't likely to work if other emotional or social factors remain unresolved.
To boost your sexual health, find ways to be comfortable with your sexuality, improve your self-esteem and accept your body. Try practicing these healthy lifestyle habits:
- Avoid excessive alcohol. Drinking too much blunts sexual responsiveness.
- Don't smoke. Cigarette smoking restricts blood flow throughout your body. Less blood reaches your sexual organs, which means you could experience decreased sexual arousal and orgasmic response.
- Be physically active. Regular aerobic exercise increases your stamina, improves your body image and elevates your mood. This can help you feel more romantic, more often.
- Make time for leisure and relaxation. Learn ways to decrease stress, and allow yourself to relax amid the stresses of your daily life. Being relaxed can enhance your ability to focus on your sexual experiences and may help you attain more satisfying arousal and orgasm.
More research is needed, but promising therapies for improving sexual satisfaction include:
- Mindfulness. This type of meditation is based on having an increased awareness and acceptance of living in the present moment. You focus on what you experience during meditation, such as the flow of your breath. You can observe your thoughts and emotions but let them pass without judgment. Some research shows that mindfulness practiced during the course of group therapy improved many aspects of sexual response and reduced personal distress in women with desire and arousal disorders.
- Acupuncture. Acupuncture involves the insertion of extremely thin needles into your skin at strategic points on your body. Acupuncture may have positive effects on women with certain sexual dysfunctions, but more study is needed.
- Yoga. During yoga, you perform a series of postures and controlled breathing exercises to promote a flexible body and a calm mind. Certain subsets of yoga aim to channel the body's sexual energy and improve sexual functioning. Very little data exist on the benefits of yoga on sexual functioning. However, the practice of yoga is associated with improved psychological well-being and overall health.
At each stage of your life, you may experience changes in sexual desire, arousal and satisfaction. To better adapt:
- Understand your body and what makes for a healthy sexual response. The more you and your partner know about the physical aspects of your body and how it functions, the better able you'll be to find ways to ease sexual difficulties.
- Gather information. Ask your doctor or look for educational materials to learn how issues such as aging, illnesses, pregnancy, menopause and medicines might affect your sex life.
- Communicate openly with your partner. Be flexible in your approach to intimacy with your partner. Continue to engage in the areas of intimacy that are working well for the two of you.
- Accept changes that occur. Explore new aspects of your sexuality during times of transition to improve your sexual experiences.
Sexual response often has as much to do with your feelings for your partner as it does with physical sexual stimuli. Reconnect and discover each other again.
March 05, 2016
- Shifren JL. Sexual dysfunction in women: Epidemiology, risk factors, and evaluation. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed July 4, 2015.
- Shifren JL. Sexual dysfunction in women: Management. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed July 4, 2015.
- McCool ME, et al. Prevalence and predictors of female sexual dysfunction: A protocol for a systematic review. Systematic Reviews. 2014;3:1.
- Fact sheet: Female sexual dysfunction. Hormone Health Network. http://www.hormone.org/questions-and-answers/2012/female-sexual-dysfunction. Accessed July 4, 2015.
- Effective treatments for sexual problems. The North American Menopause Society. http://www.menopause.org/for-women/sexual-health-menopause-online/effective-treatments-for-sexual-problems. Accessed July 10, 2015.
- Overview of female sexual function and dysfunction. Merck Manual Professional Version. https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/sexual-dysfunction-in-women/overview-of-female-sexual-function-and-dysfunction. Accessed July 10, 2015.
- Khamba B, et al. The efficacy of treatment of sexual dysfunction secondary to antidepressants. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2013;19:862.
- Laughlin-Tommaso, SK (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. July 16, 2015.
- FDA approves first treatment for sexual desire disorder. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm458734.htm. Accessed Aug. 18, 2015.
- Addyi (prescribing information). Raleigh, N.C.: Sprout Pharmaceuticals Inc.; 2015. http://www.addyi.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/addyi-pi-8-18-15-FINAL2.pdf. Accessed Aug. 18, 2015.
- Jaspers L, et al. Efficacy and safety of flibanserin for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in women. JAMA Internal Medicine. In press. Accessed March 2, 2016. | <urn:uuid:b74584c8-631e-4c66-be89-7f8725073203> | {
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On March 10, 2006, seven months after an Atlas rocket boosted it into space from Cape Canaveral, Florida, the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter fell into place in the Red Planet’s orbit. Since then, the $720 million spacecraft has been hovering 150 to 200 miles above the surface of Mars, surveying for suitable landing sites for future missions and any evidence that water once flowed there.
On board the MRO is one of the heftiest and most adept cameras ever to document a planet’s terrain. The HiRISE, short for High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment, has captured more than 29,000 insanely-detailed images—of a highly-concentrated 1.8 percent of the surface of Mars—in seven years.
“The images taken by HiRISE…reveal all of the beauty of Mars,” writes Alfred S. McEwen, a planetary science professor at the University of Arizona and principal investigator for HiRISE, in This is Mars, a new book published by Aperture. “While their quality and precision are indispensable for the scientific success of the MRO’s mission, they also faithfully capture the planet’s mysterious splendor.”
“Physical processes have produced pleasing patterns on its surface, such as polygons, stair-stepped layers, flowing sand dunes, meandering river deposits, lava flows with spiraling coils, explosive impact craters with dramatic radial patterns, eroded mesas with vertical cliffs, layered ice deposits over the poles, icy flows over the middle latitudes, dust deposits with strange textures, and,” he continues, “sharp-rimmed gullies that look like they formed just yesterday (some of them did).”
The wonder was certainly not lost on French photographer, designer and editor Xavier Barral. Barral grew up in the shadows of the Paris Observatory and has been interested in space for decades. For the purposes of compiling This is Mars, a half-art, half-science glossy coffee table book, he approached NASA and was granted access to a massive archive of Mars images.
Barral scanned multiple times the roughly 30,000 photographs taken by the MRO—an equivalent of more than 300,000 miles were he to have walked the distance represented by each photo by foot. Along the way, he consulted with McEwen and other scientists, including astrophysicist Francis Rocard and geophysicist Nicolas Mangold, who helped identify and explain the geological features he saw. But, first and foremost, Barral sought compellingly composed photos—he hand-selected about 150 images to feature in his book.
Each black-and-white photograph in the book covers a swath of Mars 3.7 miles wide, and yet no two are alike in their swirls, ridges, pock marks, blotches and striations.
“I can’t prevent myself from seeing references to all of art history,” says Barral. “It is all intertwined. All these geological shapes have artistic qualities.”
The designer extracted the most surprising points of view, in his opinion, from the MRO’s collection. “What surprises me in these observations of Mars is the unsuspected shapes of the landscape, showing 4.5 billion years of history,” he says. “These observations bring us closer to the remote—in time and in space—and fuel our imagination.”
In his book, Barral wanted to replicate his experience of coming to these enigmatic compositions, unversed in the geology of Mars, for his viewers, and so reproduced the photographs at a fairly large scale, nearly 13 inches by about 9 inches, without any labels. Only in the back of the book does he provide a key, detailing the actual landmarks and their geographic coordinates.
“At the end of this voyage, I have gathered here the most endemic landscapes. They send us back to Earth, to the genesis of geological forms, and, at the same time, they upend our reference points: dunes that are made of black sand, ice that sublimates,” writes Barral in the book. “These places and reliefs can be read as a series of hieroglyphs that take us back to our origins.” | <urn:uuid:e77cb776-9a70-4e11-8ab0-dea5bfa333fc> | {
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Mansfield, until the middle of the eighteenth century, was an isolated Market Town set in Sherwood Forest. Its transformation into an industrial urban area is the result of the effects of five crucial industries. The earliest industry noted is stone quarrying which is documented from about 1227 when King Henry 3 granted a Monday market and fair. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries there was a growth in farming activity in the local area following the founding of the great estates known as the Dukeries in Sherwood Forest.
This led to the development of two crucial industries, malting and framework knitting, using wool from the Forest sheep, Mansfield's isolation was eased by the turnpiking of the roads, the first Trust coming in 1760, followed in 1819 by the Mansfield and Pinxton Railway.
Prior to the building of this railway malt was exported on pack-horses who returned with coal required for the malt production from the Erewash valley pits.
The railway was built to carry this coal. By the middle of the eighteenth century there were 36 maltings in the town, the majority being owned by William Broadhurst. The only surviving one, built circa 1740, is now a bar and stands in Midworth Street having ceased production in 1975. Broadhurst died in 1846, the maltster in 1844 being loseph Gilstrap. A significant remnant of the malting industry is Mansfield Brewery. It was founded in 1855 on a site in Littleworth where it has remained and expanded to the present day. Some old buildings can still be seen in the current complex.
After malting the other four crucial industries are coal, cotton, iron and quarrying. Quarrying has been for three varieties of stone.White freestone is found to the south of the town in 50 to 60 foot irregular beds. It was used in 1337 during the building of Southwell Minster. Red sandstone, also in 50 foot beds, was worked in Rock Valley and along Chesterfield Road north of the town centre. The Lower Magnesian Limestone (Dolomite) has been worked in the Mansfield Woodhouse area. Actually a Dolomitic sandstone it was used in the building work at the Houses of Parliament. Charles Lindley, the quarry owner, named that particular quarry Parliament Quarry. Redstone has been used at Belton House, Grantham, and White for Mansfield Town Hall.
Parliament Quarry has now been filled in. In 1967 these quarries were reopened during the building of the M1 motorway producing 20,000 tonnes of roadstone per week. A remaining quarry, Gregory Quarry, was opened prior to 1823 by Charles Lindley, who died in 1861. He was the major quarry owner during this period, also working Chesterfield Road and Rock Valley quarries. In the early years of the twentieth century the Gregory Family took over, followed, in 1953, by the King family. Gregory Quarry has just closed. The other quarrying activity, which still survives, is for building and moulding sand worked from the Bunter Sandstone beds. It was being worked before 1851 as it won a gold medal in the 1851 Great Exhibition for the Mansfield Sand Company Ltd. It is thought to have been worked prior to 1819.
In 1907 the Abraham family formed the Standard Sand Co. Ltd. and commenced working the same material as the Mansfield Standard Sand Co. Ltd. The firm still operates in a major way with three branches - building sand, moulding sand and calcium-silica te brick making.
This local supply of excellent moulding sand inevitably led to the establishment of iron founding in the area. Luke Abbot was ironfounding in 1788, Stanford and Burnside in 1790 and possibly Sherwood Foundry as early as 1759. By the late nineteenth century there were in excess of 10 companies in the town, by the 1940s the number was 5 and currently only 2 still operate, the major firm being James Maude & Co. Ltd., who were probably active in 1753. Certainly in 1775 they were building Foundry Cottages which remained occupied until 1950. Over the years their output has been very varied. The Dolphin lamposts on The Embankment, The Mall, and Regents Park in London were made by them. At one time they had the sole contract for producing pillar boxes for the Post Office. The agents names cast on them are Colin Ching and W.T. Allen. Other items made have been fireplaces, balconies, railway castings and rainwater goods. Since 1945 they have used air setting sands for moulding and currently are making machin e tool castings, 40% of which are exported to the U.S.A.. Stokes Castings, founded in 1862, is the only other firm still active and currently market under pressure castings. Other major late nineteenth and twentieth century firms have ceased production, e xamples being Meadow Foundry who operated 1852-1980 and S.Walker & Son 1847-1987.
Coalmining, arrived towards the end of the nineteenth century and brought with it the large growth in the local population. The earliest deep mines were sunk to the west of the town and the first in the Mansfield area was that at Warsop, sunk in 1890 by the Staveley Coal and lron Company.Thc adjacent housing was built to house the miners. The Ellis family from Hucknall sank Sherwood Colliery in 19O2-3. The Bolsover Colliery Company sank Mansfield (Crown Farm) colliery in 1905-6, and, as for their other collieries, built a village to house the miners and their families.
It consisted of 320 houses in eighteen 200 foot terraces leading off to the east of a main drive and seventeen to the west. This village became Forest Town. The colleries employed about 2000 men each and closed in the 1990s.
The other critical industry in Mansfield's development is textiles. In the seventeenth century it began wilh framework knitting, a basically cottage industry. In 1727 there were 40 framework knitters in the town. By 18OO there about 700 frames rnaking stockings, and cotton and silk gloves. Later on many frames were converted into lace frames. In the late eighteenth century Mansfield was suffering an economic depression and the construction of five water-powered cotton spinning mills along the River Maun were financed by the Duke of Portland to create employment. He also financed the conversion to cotton spinning of the Old Town Mill (now a public house) which had been built circa 1744 as a corn and malt mill. This conversion was completed by 1795.
The furthest west of the five new mills was Hermitage Mill, leased from the Duke of Portland in 1782 and currently occupied by a builders merchants. Reed Mills, in Bleakhills, was operating by 1708 and demolished in 1971.
Little Matlock Mill was another late eighteenlh century mill, and is still extant. Field Mill was also leased in 1788 and was demolished in 1925. Bath Mill was built in 1792 and still survives, albeit in a derelict condition.One other late eighteenth century mill survives, now in mult iple occupancy, and that is Stantons Mill. This was built for Charles Stanton in 1795: he also had Carr Bank House built at about the same time. In the middle of the nineteenth century framework knitting gradually changed to machine hosiery and the cotton spinning mills generally to changed hosiery production. Most are still standing along with other later steam powered works, although most are no longer being used for textiles which have been relocated to more modern buildings.
lndustrial development led to better transport facilities. This is exemplified in two railway viaducts. The Mansfield and Pinxton Railway was constructed in 1019 as an ox-hauled railway. In 1849 the line was bought by the Midland Railway Company and up graded to take steam trains. This meant smoothing out some of the sharper curves ol the old line and so isolated the eight-arched Kings Mill Viaduct - an early example of preserved railway architecture. When the railway was extended northwards towards Worksop in 1871 the viaduct that splits the town centre was built. The industrial development of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries saw many inventions and Mansfield is well represented in its fields of activity. For example in 1764 John and William B etts of Mansfield together with John and Thomas Morris of Nottingham invented an improved framework knitting machine, while in 1885 Lorenzo Tindall, a partner in Sherwood Foundry, invented the hand mangle. In the eighteenth century ]ames Murray, working in an old bobbin shop in Rock Valley, is credited with inventing the circular saw. | <urn:uuid:44171de1-05c1-4722-b3f4-48096f2af356> | {
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Chapter 1 THE MACROECONOMICS OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION
A Comparative Approach
To understand the Great Depression is the Holy Grail of macroeconomics. Not only did the Depression give birth to macroeconomics as a distinct field of study, but alsoto an extent that is not always fully appreciatedthe experience of the 1930s continues to influence macroeconomists' beliefs, policy recommendations, and research agendas. And, practicalities aside, finding an explanation for the worldwide economic collapse of the 1930s remains a fascinating intellectual challenge.
We do not yet have our hands on the Grail by any means, but during the past fifteen years or so substantial progress toward the goal of understanding the Depression has been made. This progress has a number of sources, including improvements in our theoretical framework and painstaking historical analysis. To my mind, however, the most significant recent development has been a change in the focus of Depression research, from a traditional emphasis on events in the United States to a more comparative approach that examines the experiences of many countries simultaneously. This broadening of focus is important for two reasons: First, though in the end we may agree with Romer (1993) that shocks to the domestic U.S. economy were a primary cause of both the American and world depressions, no account of the Great Depression would be complete without an explanation of the worldwide nature of the event, and of the channels through which deflationary forces spread among countries. Second, by effectively expanding the data set from one observation to twenty, thirty, or more, the shift to a comparative perspective substantially improves out ability to identifyin the strict econometric sensethe forces responsible for the world depression. Because of its potential to bring the profession toward agreement on the causes of the Depressionand perhaps, in consequence, to greater consensus on the central issues of contemporary macroeconomicsI consider the improved identification provided by comparative analysis to be a particularly important benefit of that approach.
In this lecture I provide a selective survey of our current understanding of the Great Depression, with emphasis on insights drawn from comparative research (by both myself and others). For reasons of space, and because I am a macroeconomist rather than a historian, my focus will be on broad economic issues rather than historical details. For readers wishing to delve into those details, Eichengreen (1992) provides a recent, authoritative treatment of the monetary and economic history of the interwar period. I have drawn heavily on Eichengreen's book (and his earlier work) in preparing this lecture, particularly in section 1 below.
To review the state of knowledge about the Depression, it is convenient to make the textbook distinction between factors affecting aggregate demand and those affecting aggregate supply. I argue in section 1 that the factors that depressed aggregate demand around the world in the 1930s are now well understood, at least in broad terms. In particular, the evidence that monetary shocks played a major role in the Great Contraction, and that these shocks were transmitted around the world primarily through the working of the gold standard, is quite compelling.
Of course, the conclusion that monetary shocks were an important source of the Depression raises a central question in macroeconomica, which is why nominal shocks should have real effects. Section 2 of this lecture discusses what we know about the impacts of falling money supplies and price levels on interwar economies. I consider two principal channels of effect: (1) deflation-induced financial crisis and (2) increases in real wages above market-clearing levels, brought about by the incomplete adjustment of nominal wages to price changes. Empirical evidence drawn from a range of countries seems to provide support for both of these mechanisms. However, it seems that, of the two channels, slow nominal-wage adjustment (in the face of massive unemployment) is especially difficult to reconcile with the postulate of economic rationality. We cannot claim to understand the Depression until we can provide a rationale for this paradoxical behavior of wages. I conclude the paper with some thoughts on how the comparative approach may help us make progress on this important remaining issue.
1. Aggregate Demand: The Gold Standard and World Money Supplies
During the Depression years, changes in output and in the price level exhibited a strong positive correlation in almost every country, suggesting an important role for aggregate demand shocks. Although there is no doubt that many factors affected aggregate demand in various countries at various times, my focus here will be on the crucial role played by monetary shocks.
For many years, the principal debate about the causes of the Great Depression in the United States was over the importance to be ascribed to monetary factors. It was easily observed that the money supply, output, and prices all fell precipitously in the contraction and rose rapidly in the recovery; the difficulty lay in establishing the causal links among these variables. In their classic study of U.S. monetary history, Friedman and Schwartz (1963) presented a monetarist interpretation of these observations, arguing that the main lines of causation ran from monetary contractionthe result of poor policy-making and continuing crisis in the banking systemto declining prices and output. Opposing Friedman and Schwartz, Temin (1976) contended that much of the monetary contraction in fact reflected a passive response of money to output; and that the main sources of the Depression lay on the real side of the economy (for example, the famous autonomous drop in consumption in 1930).
To some extent the proponents of these two views argued past each other, with monetarists stressing the monetary sources of the latter stages of the Great Contraction (from late 1930 or early 1931 until 1933), and antimonetarists emphasizing the likely importance of nonmonetary factors in the initial downturn. A reasonable compromise position, adopted by many economists, was that both monetary and nonmonetary forces were operative at various stages (Gordon and Wilcox 1981). Nevertheless, conclusive resolution of the importance of money in the Depression was hampered by the heavy concentration of the disputants on the U.S. caseon one data point, as it were.
Since the early 1980s, however, a new body of research on the Depression has emerged which focuses on the operation of the international gold standard during the interwar period (Choudhri and Kochin 1980; Eichengreen 1984; Eichengreen and Sachs 1985; Hamilton 1988; Temin 1989; Bernanke and James 1991; Eichengreen 1992). Methodologically, as a natural consequence of their concern with international factors, authors working in this area brought a strong comparative perspective into research on the Depression; as I suggested in the introduction, I consider this development to be a major contribution, with implications that extend beyond the question of the role of the gold standard. Substantivelyin marked contrast to the inconclusive state of affairs that prevailed in the late 1970sthe new gold-standard research allows us to assert with considerable confidence that monetary factors played an important causal role, both in the worldwide decline in prices and output and in their eventual recovery. Two well-documented observations support this conclusion.
First, exhaustive analysis of the operation of the interwar gold standard has shown that much of the worldwide monetary contraction of the early 1930s was not a passive response to declining output, but instead the largely unintended result of an interaction of poorly designed institutions, shortsighted policy-making, and unfavorable political and economic preconditions. Hence the correlation of money and price declines with output declines that was observed in almost every country is most reasonably interpreted as reflecting primarily the influence of money on the real economy, rather than vice versa.
Second, for reasons that were largely historical, political, and philosophical rather than purely economic, some governments responded to the crises of the early 1930s by quickly abandoning the gold standard, while others chose to remain on gold despite adverse conditions. Countries that left gold were able to reflate their money supplies and price levels, and did so after some delay; countries remaining on gold were forced into further deflation. To an overwhelming degree, the evidence shows that countries that left the gold standard recovered from the Depression more quickly than countries that remained on gold. Indeed, no country exhibited significant economic recovery while remaining on the gold standard. The strong dependence of the rate of recovery on the choice of exchange-rate regime is further, powerful evidence for the importance of monetary factors.
Section 1.1 briefly discusses the first of these two observations, and section 1.2 considers the second.
1.1. The Sources of Monetary Contraction: Multiple Monetary Equilibria?
Despite the focus of the earlier monetarist debate on the U.S. monetary contraction of the early 1930s, this country was hardly unique in that respect: The same phenomenon occurred in most market-oriented industrialized countries, and in many developing nations as well. As the recent research has emphasized, what most countries experiencing monetary contraction had in common was adherence to the international gold standard.
Suspended at the beginning of World War I, the gold standard had been laboriously reconstructed after the war: The United Kingdom returned to gold at the prewar parity in 1925, France completed its return by 1928, and by 1929 the gold standard was virtually universal among market economies. (The short list of exceptions included Spain, whose internal political turmoil prevented a return to gold, and some Latin American and Asian countries on the silver standard.) The reconstruction of the gold standard was hailed as a major diplomatic achievement, an essential step toward restoring monetary and financial conditionswhich were turbulent during the 1920sto the relative tranquility that characterized the classical (1870-1913) gold-standard period. Unfortunately, the hoped-for benefits of gold did not materialize: Instead of a new era of stability, by 1931 financial panics and exchange-rate crises were rampant, and a majority of countries left gold in that year. A complete collapse of the system occurred in 1936, when France and the other remaining "Gold Bloc" countries devalued or otherwise abandoned the strict gold standard.
As noted, a striking aspect of the short-lived interwar gold standard was the tendency of the nations that adhered to it to suffer sharp declines in inside money stocks. To understand in general terms why these declines happened, it is useful to consider a simple identity that relates the inside money stock (say, M1) of a country on the gold standard to its reserves of monetary gold:
M1 = (M1/BASE) x (BASE/RES) x (RES/GOLD) x PGOLD x QGOLD (1)
M1 = M1 money supply (money and notes in circulation plus commercial bank deposits),
BASE = monetary base (money and notes in circulation plus reserves of commercial banks),
RES = international reserves of the central bank (foreign assets plus gold reserves), valued in domestic currency,
GOLD = gold reserves of the central bank, valued in domestic currency = PGOLD x QGOLD,
PGOLD = the official domestic-currency price of gold, and
QGOLD = the physical quantity (for example, in metric tons) of gold reserves.
Equation (1) makes the familiar points that, under the gold standard, a country's money supply is affected both by its physical quantity of gold reserves (QGOLD) and the price at which its central bank stands ready to buy and sell gold (PGOLD). In particular, ceteris paribus, an inflow of gold (an increase in QGOLD) or a devaluation (a rise in PGOLD) raises the money supply. However, equation (1) also indicates three additional determinants of the inside money supply under the gold standard:
(1) The "money multiplier," M1/BASE. In fractional-reserve banking systems, the total money supply (including bank deposits) is larger than the monetary base. As is familiar from textbook treatments, the so-called money multiplier, M1/BASE, is a decreasing function of the currency-deposit ratio chosen by the public and the reserve-deposit ratio chosen by commercial banks. At the beginning of the 1930s, M1/BASE was relatively low (not much above one) in countries in which banking was less developed, or in which people retained a preference for currency in transactions. In contrast, in the financially well-developed United States this ratio was close to four in 1929.
(2) The inverse of the gold backing ratio, BASE/RES. Because central banks were typically allowed to hold domestic assets as well as international reserves, the ratio BASE/RESthe inverse of the gold backing ratio (also called the coverage ratio)exceeded one. Statutory requirements usually set a minimum backing ratio (such as the Federal Reserve's 40 percent requirement), implying a maximum value for BASE/RES (for example, 2.5 in the United States). However, there was typically no statutory minimum for BASE/RES, an important asymmetry. In particular, sterilization of gold inflows by surplus countries reduced average values of BASE/RES.
(3) The ratio of international reserves to gold, RES/GOLD. Under the gold-exchange standard of the interwar period, foreign exchange convertible into gold could be counted as international reserves, on a one-to-one basis with gold itself) Hence, except for a few "reserve currency" countries, the ratio RES/GOLD also usually exceeded one.
Because the ratio of inside money to monetary base, the ratio of base to reserves, and the ratio of reserves to monetary gold were all typically greater than one, the money supplies of gold-standard countriesfar from equalling the value of monetary gold, as might be suggested by a naive view of the gold standardwere often large multiples of the value of gold reserves. Total stocks of monetary gold continued to grow through the 1930s; hence, the observed sharp declines in inside money supplies must be attributed entirely to contractions in the average money-gold ratio.
Why did the world money-gold ratio decline? In the early part of the Depression period, prior to 1931, the consciously chosen policies of some major central banks played an important role (see, for example, Hamilton 1987). For example, it is now rather widely accepted that Federal Reserve policy turned contractionary in 1928, in an attempt to curb stock market speculation. In terms of quantities defined in equation (1), the ratio of the U.S. monetary base to U.S. reserves (BASE/RES) fell from 1.871 in June 1928, to 1.759 in June 1929, to 1.626 in June 1930, reflecting both conscious monetary tightening and sterilization of induced gold inflows. Because of this decline, the U.S. monetary base fell about 6 percent between June 1928 and June 1930, despite a more-than-10 percent increase in U.S. gold reserves during the same period. This flow of gold into the United States, like a similarly large inflow into France following the Poincare' stabilization, drained the reserves of other gold-standard countries and forced them into parallel tight-money policies.
However, in 1931 and subsequently, the large declines in the money-gold ratio that occurred around the world did not reflect anyone's consciously chosen policy. The proximate causes of these declines were the waves of banking panics and exchange-rate crises that followed the failure of the Kreditanstalt, the largest bank in Austria, in May 1931. These developments affected each of the components of the money-gold ratio: First, by leading to rises in aggregate currency-deposit and bank reserve-deposit ratios, banking panics typically led to sharp declines in the money multiplier, M1/BASE (Friedman and Schwartz 1963; Bernanke and James 1991). Second, exchange-rate crises and the associated fears of devaluation led central banks to substitute gold for foreign exchange reserves; this flight from foreign-exchange reserves reduced the ratio of total reserves to gold, RES/ GOLD. Finally, in the wake of these crises, central banks attempted to increase gold reserves and coverage ratios as security against future attacks on their currencies; in many countries, the resulting "scramble for gold" induced continuing declines in the ratio BASE/RES.
A particularly destabilizing aspect of this process was the tendency of fears about the soundness of banks and expectations of exchange-rate devaluation to reinforce each other (Bernanke and James 1991; Temin 1993). An element that the two types of crises had in common was the so-called "hot money," short-term deposits held by foreigners in domestic banks. On one hand, expectations of devaluation induced outflows of the hot-money deposits (as well as flight by domestic depositors), which threatened to trigger general bank runs. On the other hand, a fall in confidence in a domestic banking system (arising, for example, from the failure of a major bank) often led to a flight of short-term capital from the country, draining international reserves and threatening convertibility. Other than abandoning the parity altogether, central banks could do little in the face of combined banking and exchange-rate crises, as the former seemed to demand easy money policies while the latter required monetary tightening.
From a theoretical perspective, the sharp declines in the money-gold ratio during the early 1930s have an interesting implication: namely, that under the gold standard as it operated during this period, there appeared to be multiple potential equilibrium values of the money supply. Broadly speaking, when financial investors and other members of the public were "optimistic," believing that the banking system would remain stable and gold parities would be defended, the money-gold ratio and hence the money stock itself remained "high." More precisely, confidence in the banks allowed the ratio of inside money to base to remain high, while confidence in the exchange rate made central banks willing to hold foreign exchange reserves and to keep relatively low coverage ratios. In contrast, when investors and the general public became "pessimistic," anticipating bank runs and devaluation, these expectations were to some degree self-confirming and resulted in "low" values of the money-gold ratio and the money stock. In its vulnerability to self-confirming expectations, the gold standard appears to have borne a strong analogy to a fractional-reserve banking system in the absence of deposit insurance: For example, Diamond and Dybvig (1983) have shown that in such a system there may be two Nash equilibria, one in which depositor confidence ensures that there will be no run on the bank, the other in which the fears of a run (and the resulting liquidation of the bank) are self-confirming.
An interpretation of the monetary collapse of the interwar period as a jump from one expectational equilibrium to another one fits neatly with Eichengreen's (1992) comparison of the classical and interwar gold-standard periods [see also Eichengreen (forthcoming)]. According to Eichengreen, in the classical period, high levels of central bank credibility and international cooperation generated stabilizing expectations, for example, speculators' activities tended to reverse rather than exacerbate movements of currency values away from official exchange rates. In contrast, Eichengreen argues, in the interwar period central banks' credibility was significantly reduced by the lack of effective international cooperation (the result of lingering animosities and the lack of effective leadership) and by changing domestic political equilibrianotably, the growing power of the labor movement, which reduced the perceived likelihood that the exchange rate would be defended at the cost of higher unemployment. Banking conditions also changed significantly between the earlier and later periods, as war, reconstruction, and the financial and economic problems of the 1920s left the banks of many countries in a much weaker financial condition, and thus more crisis-prone. For these reasons, destabilizing expectations and a resulting low-level equilibrium for the money supply seemed much more likely in the interwar environment.
Table 1 illustrates equation (1) with data from six representative countries. The first three countries in the table were members of the Gold Bloc, who remained on the gold standard until relatively late in the Depression (France and Poland left gold in 1936, Belgium in 1935). The remaining three countries in the table abandoned gold earlier: the United Kingdom and Sweden in 1931, the United States in 1933. [Throughout this lecture I follow Bernanke and James (1991) in treating any major departure from gold-standard rules, including devaluation or the imposition of exchange controls, as "leaving gold."] Of course, the gold leavers gained autonomy for their domestic monetary policies; but as these countries continued to hold gold reserves and set an official gold price, the components of equation (1) could still be calculated for those countries.
Several useful points may be gleaned from Table 1: First, observe the strong correspondence between gold-standard membership and falling M1 money supplies (a minor exception is Poland, which managed a small growth in nominal M1 between 1932 and 1936). Second, note the sharp declines in M1/BASE and RES/GOLD, reflecting (respectively) the banking crises and exchange crises (both of which peaked in 1931). Third, the table shows the tendency of gold-surplus countries to sterilize (that is, BASE/RES tends to fall in countries experiencing increases in gold stocks, QGOLD).
A striking case shown in Table 1 is that of Belgium: Although that country was the beneficiary of large gold inflows early in the Depression, the combination of declines in M1/BASE (reflecting banking panics), RES/ GOLD (reflecting liquidation of foreign-exchange reserves), and BASE/RES (the result of conscious sterilization early in the period, and of attempts to defend the exchange rate against speculative attack later in the period) induced sharp declines in the Belgian money stock. Similarly, because of falls in M1/BASE and RES/GOLD, France experienced almost no nominal growth in M1 between 1930 and 1934, despite a more than 50 percent increase in gold reserves. The other Gold Bloc country in the table, Poland, experienced monetary contraction principally because of loss of gold reserves.
Another interesting phenomenon shown in Table 1 is the tendency of countries devaluing or leaving the gold standard to attract gold away from countries still on the gold standard. In the table, the United Kingdom, Sweden, and the United States all experienced significant gold inflows starting in 1933. This seemingly perverse result reflected the greater confidence of speculators in already depreciated currencies, relative to the clearly overvalued currencies of the Gold Bloc. This flow of gold away from some important Gold Bloc countries was the final nail in the gold standard's coffin.
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Copyright Statement: This is an open access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, even commercially as long as the original work is properly cited.
Digital Object Identifier (DOI) : 10.14569/IJACSA.2015.061232
Article Published in International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications(IJACSA), Volume 6 Issue 12, 2015.
Abstract: Association rule mining is an efficient data mining technique that recognizes the frequent items and associative rule based on a market basket data analysis for large set of transactional databases. The probability of most frequent data item occurrence of the transactional data items are calculated to present the associative rule that represents the habits of buying products of the customers in demand. Identifying associative rules of a transactional database in data mining may expose the confidentiality and privacy of an organization and individual. Privacy Preserving Data Mining (PPDM) is a solution for privacy threats in data mining. This issue is solved using Association Rule Hiding (ARH) techniques in Privacy Preserving Data Mining (PPDM). This research work on Association Rule Hiding technique in data mining performs the generation of sensitive association rules by the way of hiding based on the transactional data items. The property of hiding rules not the data makes the sensitive rule hiding process is a minimal side effects and higher data utility technique.
Gayathiri P and Dr. B Poorna, “Association Rule Hiding Techniques for Privacy Preserving Data Mining: A Study” International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications(IJACSA), 6(12), 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2015.061232 | <urn:uuid:27c28538-0858-4220-963d-a9166aa6687e> | {
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Posadas (pōsäˈħäs) [key], city (1991 pop. 211,297), capital of Misiones prov., NE Argentina, a port on the upper Paraná River. Its industries include woodworking and metallurgy. It is a point of departure for visits to Iguaçu Falls and to the nearby ruins of 17th-century Jesuit missions. The city was settled in 1849.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
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- Biographies of Selected Artists - Painters, Sculptors, Photographers, Illustrators - Infoplease.com - biographies of notable artists | <urn:uuid:bdb00d45-b3e8-499b-9902-7adff1f87b94> | {
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1. Thomas Bernhard’s novel Correction is nominally the story of an unnamed narrator who leaves England after a severe illness to return to his native Austria to “sift and sort” the writings of his childhood friend Roithamer.
Roithamer, a brilliant but insane scientist, is the self-exiled son of an old, wealthy family. He uses an unexpected inheritance to fund an idealistic project: the building of a perfect Cone in the isolated heart of the Kobernausser forest. Roithamer envisions this Cone as the perfect home for his sister to live in (although he doesn’t bother to actually, y’know, talk to her about it). Roithamer’s sister dies almost immediately after taking up residence in the Cone. Roithamer then commits suicide.
Correction is divided into two sections, each a single, long, dense paragraph with no text break for the reader to rest upon. Bernhard’s sentences wind and unwind and rewind, sometimes snaking out for pages at a time; like Samuel Beckett, to whom he is often compared, Bernhard is a master of the comma splice. The effect is exhausting.
The first section of Correction is “Hoeller’s Garret,” named after the novel’s primary physical setting. Hoeller is a taxidermist who has built his own house in the Aurach gorge as a sort of dare to nature itself. Hoeller’s house inspires Roithamer’s Cone, and Hoeller’s garret becomes Roithamer’s work space—which is to say thinking space—for planning and executing his idealistic project.
Following Roithamer’s suicide, the unnamed narrator too moves into Hoeller’s garret, one of many formal repetitions in Correction (these formalizing plot repetitions are echoed in Bernhard’s syntactic repetitions).
In “Hoeller’s Garret” we learn about the childhood friendship between the narrator, Hoeller, and Roithamer. The paragraph (or chapter, if you will) includes details about Roithamer’s troubled family as well as an early horrific encounter with death, themes that will repeat throughout the novel.
The second section, “Sifting and Sorting,” finds the narrator working though Roithamer’s (mostly autobiographical) papers. The narrator appends a simple tag like “thus, Roithamer” or “so Roithamer” as attribution to Roithamer’s first-person statements, but this device pops up less and less as the book progresses, and it becomes clear that Roithamer has ventriloquized the narrative.
“Sifting and Sorting” focuses on Roithamer’s unhappy childhood, his endless fights with his mother, and his wish to perfect an idealization (namely, his Cone). The narrator channels Roithamer who channels the voices of his mother and father (and occasionally his detested brothers)—and of course, the reader channels all. The narrator slowly gives over to Roithamer’s voice as the novel’s final pages rush out in a series of diary entries, and Bernhard’s taxing syntax performs a mesmerist act on the reader, who, stunned, must return to the text in yet another repetition.
2. I’ve thus far failed to illustrate any of the above claims with an example of Bernhard’s prose.
It’s possible to plunder Correction for tight phrases, sharp, dark aphorisms, and other little bits of strange wisdom, but that doesn’t really convey the effect of what it’s like to read Bernhard’s sentences.
Better then to offer an example. Here’s the novel’s second sentence:
The atmosphere in Hoeller’s house was still heavy, most of all with the circumstances of Roithamer’s suicide, and seemed from the moment of my arrival favorable to my plan of working on Roithamer’s papers there, specifically in Hoeller’s garret, sifting and sorting Roithamer’s papers and even, as I suddenly decided, simultaneously writing my own account of my work on these papers, as I have here begun to do, aided by having been able to move straight into Hoeller s garret without any reservations on Hoeller’s part, even though the house had other suitable accommodations, I deliberately moved into that four-by-five-meter garret Roithamer was always so fond of, which was so ideal, especially in his last years, for his purposes, where I could stay as long as I liked, it was all the same to Hoeller, in this house built by the headstrong Hoeller in defiance of every rule of reason and architecture right here in the Aurach gorge, in the garret which Hoeller had designed and built as if for Roithamer’s purposes, where Roithamer, after sixteen years in England with me, had spent the final years of his life almost continuously, and even prior to that he had found it convenient to spend at least his nights in the garret, especially while he was building the Cone for his sister in the Kobernausser forest, all the time the Cone was under construction he no longer slept at home in Altensam but always and only in Hoeller’s garret, it was simply in every respect the ideal place for him during those last years when he, Roithamer, never went straight home to Altensam from England, but instead went every time to Hoeller’s garret, to fortify himself in its simplicity (Hoeller house) for the complexity ahead (Cone), it would not do to go straight to Altensam from England, where each of us, working separately in his own scientific field, had been living in Cambridge all those years, he had to go straight to Hoeller’s garret, if he did not follow this rule which had become a cherished habit, the visit to Altensam was a disaster from the start, so he simply could not let himself go directly from England to Altensam and everything connected with Altensam, whenever he had not made the detour via Hoeller’s house, to save time, as he himself admitted, it had been a mistake, so he no longer made the experiment of going to Altensam without first stopping at Hoeller’s house, in those last years, he never again went home without first visiting Hoeller and Hoeller’s family and Hoeller’s house, without first moving into Hoeller’s garret, to devote himself for two or three days to such reading as he could do only in Hoeller s garret, of subject matter that was not harmful but helpful to him, books and articles he could read neither in Altensam or in England, and to thinking and writing what he found possible to think and write neither in England nor in Altensam, here I discovered Hegel, he always said, over and over again, it was here that I really delved into Schopenhauer for the first time, here that I could read, for the first time, Goethe’s Elective Affinities and The Sentimental Journey, without distraction and with a clear head, it was here, in Hoeller’s garret, that I suddenly gained access to ideas to which my mind had been sealed for decades before I came to this garret, access, he wrote, to the most essential ideas, the most important for me, the most necessary to my life, here in Hoeller’s garret, he wrote, everything became possible for me, everything that had always been impossible for me outside Hoeller’s garret, such as letting myself be guided by my intellectual inclinations and to develop my natural aptitudes accordingly, and to get on with my work, everywhere else I had always been hindered in developing my aptitudes but in Hoeller’s garret I could always develop them most consistently, here everything was congenial to my way of thinking, here I could always indulge myself in exploring all my intellectual possibilities, here my intellectual possibilities, here in Hoeller’s garret my head, my mind, my whole constitution were suddenly relieved from all the outside world’s oppression, the most incredible things were suddenly no longer incredible, the most impossible (thinking!) no longer impossible.
If you’re interested, that’s 722 words (I wrote about 500 words before Bernhard’s sentence, if you need a point of contrast).
The repetition is easy to note even by absently gazing over the passage. The repeated phrase “Hoeller’s garret” stands out in particular, introducing the reader to the novel’s primary setting and establishing this “ideal place” in context against Altensam (the hated aristocratic home), England (self-imposed exile of a sort), and the Cone (the ideal ideal place).
We can also track a subtle shift in the final third of the sentence, as Roithamer’s voice ventriloquizes the narrator’s. Note how in the first third of the sentence, the narrator employs the first-person pronoun “I” which soon disappears in the middle third to be replaced by “he” (referring to Roithamer), until finally transforming into an “I” again in the final third—only this “I” is Roithamer’s “I.” This sentence demonstrates not only the demanding sentence structure that characterizes Correction as a whole, but also its narrative program of ventriloquism.
3. Okay. So I’ve offered plot summary, a lump of text, and a few comments on Bernhard’s prose—but I’ve hardly made a go of untangling the knotty density of Correction. (Although is that really what I came here to do? I don’t know. I hope not). Here are some stray, loose thoughts on Correction, offered here with little support (and the vague promise that I’ll write more about Correction in the future—shorter, more focused posts that hopefully expand on these ideas):
Correction shows how idealism, and specifically the will to create and perfect the ideal, leads to breakdown, death, insanity, suicide.
The Cone is a massive idealized phallus that reduces the agency of Roithamer’s sister, isolates her, and becomes her tomb.
Roithamer is part of a long tradition in literature of strange sister-lovers, dudes who dote on—and idealize—their sisters too much.
Roithamer seems to suffer from a sort-of reverse Oedipus complex, where he identifies with the strength of his father and hates his mother, who he sees as a cultural philistine, lower class, anti-intellectual. This complex leads to chauvinism against women in general, and possibly prevents him from better understanding his sister, who he essentially imprisons.
Correction reminded me often of Poe’s story “The Fall of the House of Usher.”
Correction reminded me often of W.G. Sebald’s novel Austerlitz, although Correction obviously came first, and Sebald clearly cited Bernhard as an influence.
At some of its rantier points, Correction reminded me of Notes from Underground.
Correction took me forever to read, mostly because every time I picked it back up I had to twist my way into its circular, repetitive rhythms anew. Lots of rereading.
My auditory imagination: In time, it was Werner Herzog’s voice that read Correction to me.
Correction performs its own deconstruction.
Correction is often so scathing and harsh in its treatment of humanity as to be difficult to swallow. One has to step back repeatedly and remind oneself that Roithamer is not sane.
Correction is also very, very funny at times—astonishingly so, even. Its humor is truly absurd, the absurdity of a parent’s funeral, or the absurdity of simply having to go on. I can’t help but cite a favorite line here—”waking up is the always frightening minimum of existence.”
The other side of “waking up is the always frightening minimum of existence” is of course death in general, or suicide in particular. Correction posits suicide as the ultimate correction, the final clearing gesture. The ideal.
And, not a thought on Correction, but a question for readers: What next? – Concrete, The Loser, or Yes? | <urn:uuid:39725873-346d-4fce-99c0-fd5fa7426849> | {
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Before 1867, settlers had two options when transporting themselves between Lyttelton and Christchurch. They either had to embark on a perilous scramble over the volcanic Port Hills or take a ship across the Sumner Bar. This was a massive inconvenience to travellers and early settlers soon began thinking of ways to solve it.
There was talk of building a tunnel through the hills among the early settlers, but it wasn’t until the 1850s that a genuine plan emerged. At first, it faced much backlash from conservative colonists who condemned the idea as unfeasible and reckless. James Fitzgerald, a former Superintendent of Canterbury was one of the leading figures in the campaign against building the tunnel. He completely dismissed the idea, seeing it as unaffordable. However, Canterbury Provincial Superintendent William Moorhouse was a great advocate and pushed for the project.
With the increased money in the city from the growth of wool exports in the 1850s, the council decided to go ahead with building New Zealand’s first railway tunnel. Moorhouse announced the decision in 1858. Two years later, work began on the project that would be the first of its kind in the region.
There were problems very early on during the works when British contractors struck rock. They concluded the rock was far too difficult to bore through and demanded more money to continue with the project. Undeterred, Moorhouse travelled to Melbourne and hired new contractors, Holmes and Co. The contract was for £240,000 with the tunnel itself costing £195,000. Anxious to get started, Moorhouse had Edward Dobson, Canterbury’s provincial engineer open up the access cuttings at both ends of the tunnel.
Work proceeded in 1861 and miners faced rigorous conditions during construction. The tunnel was so congested that the miners struggled to breathe. Ventilation shafts had to be put in the tunnel, as well as an iron shield for the water. Due to the conditions, progress moved at a rate of only three metres a week.
There were very few injuries during construction, however there was an incident where two men died in an explosion. These problems caused delays and the public soon became impatient, so a decision was made to allow people to take a trial trip of the tunnel. On 18th November 1867, the tunnel was opened to the public to walk through. When the Lyttelton was completed on December 9th, it marked a significant moment in history for engineering. The Lyttelton Rail Tunnel was New Zealand's longest railway tunnel at the time. It was also the first tunnel in the world to be constructed through the side of an extinct volcano. The journey took seven minutes, far removed from the arduous struggle over the Bridle Path.
The Lyttelton Rail Tunnel’s role has changed very little in the past 150 years. Every year, it carries 300,000 tonnes of logs, 1.1 million tonnes of coal and up to 800,000 containers. Although passengers no longer travel through the tunnel, it’s still a vital part of New Zealand’s transport infrastructure.
Given the challenges of drilling through hard volcanic rock, the Lyttelton Rail Tunnel was a great achievement. It changed the course of transportation in New Zealand’s southern island. It’s one of our country’s greatest engineering works.
If you are interested in discussing any architecture, construction, property or infrastructure roles available or any hiring requirements, please contact your nearest Cobalt office.
Do you know any other projects that could be considered to be one of New Zealand's greatest engineering feats? Let us know in the comments box below.
You may also be interested in: | <urn:uuid:6ce5ebf1-1cc1-4a21-86e1-5595070a1f64> | {
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LEHI — About 450 elementary and middle school children demonstrated their underwater robot engineering skills Wednesday for the annual Utah Underwater Robotics competition.
Hosted by BYU’s Splash Lab, the competition at the Lehi Legacy Center featured students from 15 Utah schools navigating self-built robots through underwater obstacle courses.
In its second year, the Utah Underwater Robotics program teaches schoolchildren valuable STEM concepts through the mentoring of BYU students.
Utah’s competition is one of the largest in the nation and feeds into the national SeaPerch program. The program was originally founded by a grant from the Office of Naval Research, while this year a group of local companies, including US synthetic, Hill Air Force Base and BYU, are providing the funding. | <urn:uuid:25eb4f18-64fa-4796-9360-92f43cc4e5bd> | {
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AbstractConcerns about nutrient pollution in the Chesapeake Bay have led to the establishment of pollution limits—total maximum daily loads (TMDLs)—which, by 2025, are expected to reduce nitrogen loadings to the Bay by 25 percent and phosphorous loadings by 24 percent from current levels. This paper outlines how the benefits associated with achieving the Chesapeake Bay TMDLs could be measured and monetized. We summarize studies that measure the benefits of improved water quality in the Bay and evaluate whether these studies could be used to value the water quality benefits associated with the TMDLs.In cases where studies conducted in the Bay watershed either do not exist or are out of date, we discuss whether results from studies conducted elsewhere could be transferred to the Chesapeake Bay. We also discuss original studies that would be useful to conduct in the future.
The Chesapeake Bay is the largest estuary in the United States. It serves as a major commercial and recreational resource for the 16.6 million residents in its watershed, which covers portions of six states (Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania, New York, and West Virginia) and the District of Columbia. The Bay also serves as a regional environmental landmark, and its health is valued by many individuals outside the watershed.
On December 29, 2010, in reaction to continued poor water quality in the Chesapeake Bay and its tidal tributaries, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) established total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) for the Bay. They are designed to meet state water quality standards by reducing nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment pollution to the Bay. Yet achieving the anticipated improvements in water quality comes at a cost.
In a new RFF Discussion Paper, Senior Fellow Maureen Cropper and Research Assistant William Isaac consider the following question: What is the dollar value of the benefits that will result from achieving the TMDLs in the Chesapeake? The authors outline how the benefits associated with achievement of these standards could be measured and monetized, targeting six areas of benefits—property values, recreational and commercial fishing, swimming, boating, and nonuse values. In each case they describe the methods used to monetize benefits, summarize the state of the literature, and discuss whether results of existing studies could be extrapolated to value the benefits of the TMDLs. In cases where adequate research does not exist, they discuss whether results from studies conducted elsewhere could be transferred to the Chesapeake Bay. Cropper and Isaac conclude by discussing what original studies would be useful contributions in the future. | <urn:uuid:0266a028-66d8-4a88-899c-9e6bab40c6c0> | {
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Helping Children Cope
Hospitalization can be an overwhelming, sometimes frightening experience for both children and families.
Parents and family members know their children best. You know how to comfort your child when he or she is scared and how to make him or her feel safe in an unfamiliar setting. That makes you the best person to help your child before, during and after hospitalization. Working with healthcare providers and preparing yourself, your child and other family members and friends can help make the hospital experience a more positive one for all.
Here are some tips to make hospitalization easier for your child and for you.
- Understand your own feelings - Knowing how you feel and exploring your concerns can help both you and your child. Talk about how you feel with a family member, a friend, your child's healthcare provider or someone you trust. Worry, helplessness, disappointment, anger or even guilt are all typical feelings.
- Gather information - Knowing why your child needs to be in the hospital and what may happen can help you feel more in control and more comfortable. Ask questions. Make notes and checklists. Find out about support and resources available to you within the hospital. Talk with your child's nurse, doctor or the child life specialist about pain management techniques and how you can help your child cope with any discomfort he or she may feel.
- Prepare your child - Children wonder and worry about what is going to happen to them. Offer your child honest, but sensitive, information that they can understand. Letting your child know why he or she needs to be in the hospital, what may happen in the hospital and when he or she may be coming home are all important aspects of preparation. Let your child know what she will see, hear, smell, feel and be expected to do. Reassure your child that he or she is not being punished for something they did wrong.
- Understand your child's feelings - It is important to talk with your child honestly about his or her feelings and understanding of hospitalization. Listen to his concerns, fears and fantasies. Remind him or her that it is okay to be scared or cry and that you will be there to help. Please be advised that there may be some changes in your child's usual behavior in the hospital. These may include more crying, withdrawal, clinging, anger or aggression. Offer them alternative ways to cope with their feelings of stress. Some things to try might be playing with clay or writing down their feelings. Realize that what may work one time may not work another time.
- Supporting your child - It is not unusual for children to act younger than their age due to the stress of hospitalization. Young children may lose skills (such as walking or drinking from a cup), while older children may behave as if they were much younger (such as wetting the bed or having temper tantrums). You can support your child in many ways while he or she is in the hospital. Babies learn through seeing, hearing and touching. Mobiles, music boxes or other bright toys can facilitate that learning process. Older babies and young children fear separation from familiar people. Rooming with your child can help decrease some of that fear. If you need to leave the room, reassure the child that you will be back and when. Older children and teens are concerned with losing privacy, independence and/or control of their emotions and body functions. They also fear losing contact with siblings and peers. This age group copes better when given the opportunity to be a part of their own care (and decisions related to their care). It also helps to allow them to keep in touch with friends and classmates. Advocate for their privacy and the need to feel in control without making them feel "like a baby." Give honest and sensitive answers to their questions.
- Communicating with your child - Because children are very literal in their thinking, it is recommended you use language that does not sound threatening when explaining medical procedures. For example, use the word "injection" instead of the word "shot;" use "medicine" instead of "dye;" use "incision" or "opening" instead of "hole;" and use "bed with wheels" rather than "stretcher." Using positive language can also decrease your child's anxiety. Rather than saying words like "burn," "sting," "hurt" or "taste or smell bad," you may want to say, "This may feel warm, sore or tight," or "This may taste or smell different than anything you've ever tasted before."
- Dealing with siblings - Remember, you can't do everything or be everywhere at once. Siblings and peers have different feelings and concerns related to your child's hospitalization. They may be angry because of new things they have to do or new routines due to the hospitalized child's healthcare needs, even if it is only temporary. They may even feel a little jealous of the attention and the gifts the child in the hospital is receiving. Listen to and validate sibling's feelings. You might want to ask a friend to stay with your child at the hospital so you can spend some time with your other children.
- Going home - Before you leave the hospital, be sure that you, your child and your family are informed and comfortable with any new medications, treatments or procedures that you may have to do at home. Be sure to get written directions and ask any questions that you or your child may have. After hospitalization, talk with your child about his or her feelings and reactions to having been hospitalized. Think about your own feelings and talk about those feelings with your significant other, family members or trusted friends. Realize that if you and/or your child are having any issues after discharge from the hospital, you may contact your child's healthcare provider to ask for assistance.
These tips have been put together to help you, your child and your family cope with the potentially stressful situation of hospitalization. Although we understand that being in the hospital can be a difficult experience, it can also be a time of growing and learning for your entire family. | <urn:uuid:1cdac9ff-2534-4b3e-a1ee-b50911fa4622> | {
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It’s quite difficult to make generalisations about the cost to build hydro systems because of the different combinations of head (the change in water levels between the intake and discharge) and maximum flow rate, and how that affects the maximum power output and choice of turbine type.
Also the extent of any civil engineering works is very site dependent, with some new-build sites requiring everything to be built from scratch, while other retrofit projects can make use of and adapt the existing civil engineering structures.
Having said that, we’ll try to answer the question anyway to give you an idea of the ‘scale’ of costs involved. The table below is a rough ball-park estimate of typical project costs for systems requiring an ‘average’ amount of civil engineering works and grid connection upgrades and assuming access to the site was reasonable. In all cases it is assumed that good quality hardware is used throughout, which we would recommend anyway if you want a reliable hydro system in the long-term.
It is possible to install systems for a lower cost, particularly if the existing infrastructure at the site lends itself to easy adaption for a modern hydropower system so only modest or no civil engineering works would be needed. However even in the most favourable circumstances it is unlikely that the cost would reduce by more than 50% from that shown in the table.
|Maximum Power Output||Estimated Project Cost||£ / kW installed|
To estimate the cost to build hydro systems for a maximum power output between the bands shown, use the chart below and read-off the appropriate £/kW figure – for example a 130 kW hydro system would be approximately
130kW x 4,800 £/kW = £624,000.
You’ll notice that very small hydropower systems are disproportionately expensive, and this is because hydro projects of any size have to include a substantial fixed-cost element at the design and consenting stages, and to a slightly lesser degree during the installation stage. This is why we generally advise people that to get an economically-viable hydropower system the maximum power output will have to be at least 25 kW, and preferably at least 50 kW. Smaller systems can make sense, particularly at sites with higher heads or if other intangible benefits, such as sustainability, environmental protection or publicity, are valued as much as return on investment.
The payback period for the project can be reduced keeping the inlet screen clear of debris which maximises energy generation. This can be automatically acheived using our innovative GoFlo Travelling screen manufactured in the UK by our sister company . Discover the benefits of installing a GoFlo travelling screen on your hydropower system in this case study: Maximising the benefits of hydropower technology using innovative GoFlo travelling screen technology.
Are you considering a hydropower project in the UK, Ireland or overseas?
The first step to develop any small or micro hydropower site is to conduct a full feasibility study.
Contact us about a feasibility study today!
Once complete, you will understand the site potential and be guided through the next steps to develop your project. You can read more about hydropower in our Hydro Learning Centre.
Maximise the financial return of you hydropower system with GoFlo Travelling Screens. Find out more here. | <urn:uuid:3fb59b64-f090-4dd4-b36a-7763e888b918> | {
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Common Name: Maidenhair Fern
Scientific Name: Adiantum pedatum
Lighting: Moderate to Bright
Water: Moderate to High
The Maidenhair Fern does require more attention and care than your typical houseplants. The biggest challenge making the Maidenhair Fern somewhat difficult to care for is its requirement for a consistent environment. It will grow best in an area where temperatures and humidity levels remain the same. Therefore a bathroom is not a good place for the Maidenhair Fern. Along with the ferns need for a consistent environment it also does not like to be moved. So choose your home for this plant wisely.
Maidenhair ferns grow best in moderate light environments. However, limit the amount of direct sunlight your fern receives. Keep the light filtered to prevent the foliage from burning.
The Maidenhair Fern prefers to have its soil keep moist at all times, however not soggy. They also prefer higher humidity levels, however sometimes can be temperamental to misting. Therefore using a water tray below them to allow the humidity to rise up to the plant seems to work much better.
Another area to note with this ferns are when it produces seeds. The foliage will grow dark brown spots around the edges which is the ferns spore. The fronds that contain the spore typically don’t last as long as the normal fronds, however if you do not like how the spore fronds look, you may cut them off without injuring your plant.
Common pests for this fern are aphids and mealy bugs. Both however can be controlled using a soapy dishwater spray or for more serious infestations, an insecticide should take care of the problem. | <urn:uuid:8c5b5a62-f1c6-437f-a28e-3f17f38dbdef> | {
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Black lemurs live in groups of between 2-15 individuals, with adult males and females in equal numbers, together with their dependant offspring (5). The activities and movements of the group are dictated by the dominant female, and group relationships are maintained by grunts, contact calls and grooming. Home ranges extend for five to six hectares and there is considerable overlap with the ranges of neighbouring groups (2).
This species, like other lemurs, exhibits an activity pattern that is virtually unique amongst primates and rarely encountered amongst other arboreal mammals. They have activity bursts which may occur during the day and the night, though most activity occurs in the early morning and late afternoon (5). This activity pattern is called cathemeral, meaning ‘all hours’, contrasting with the usual distinction between nocturnal and diurnal (9). Foraging is concentrated in the middle and upper parts of the canopy, where this lemur feeds on fruit, flowers, leaves, fungi and occasionally invertebrates like millipedes. This primate plays an extremely important role is seed dispersal through the forests because it has such a high amount of fruit in its diet (6). In the dry season nectar becomes an important part of its diet as well (2). During the day it forages in the understory of the canopy where it is more protected from predatory birds such as hawks, and at night is able to feed in the upper levels (2).
The breeding season is seasonal and births occur after a gestation period of 12 - 129 days. One offspring is usual, though twins are fairly common. The young cling to their mother’s belly for three weeks and will only move to suckle. After three weeks the young are heavier and ride on the mother’s back, and at 5 - 6 months of age they are fully weaned (5). | <urn:uuid:76380c00-ad9e-4b00-be93-ebaa93a65a02> | {
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Gawain is one of the greatest of King Arthur's knights, famed for both his bravery and his courtesy. While the other knights remain tongue-tied with fear, Gawain alone volunteers to take Arthur's place in the beheading game proposed by the Green Knight, thus becoming a representative both of King Arthur and of the ideal Arthurian knight. The poet presents Gawain as a paragon of virtue, praising his chastity, generosity, kindness, and Christian faith. Gawain dreads the encounter with the Green Knight in which he expects to lose his life, but he carries through with their agreement anyway, demonstrating his honor and his courage.
However, by taking the silk belt and keeping it secret, Gawain proves himself to be less than perfect. When finally confronted with his failing, Gawain accepts responsibility for his actions and shows remorse, indicating that he grown spiritually and morally. Many readers feel that Gawain is too hard on himself in wearing the belt as a reminder of his guilt, and that the standard of perfection he wants to uphold is simply unattainable. Despite having failed in one crucial area, Gawain remains an appealing figure, embodying everything that is most attractive about the chivalric ideal.
Gawain's overriding quality throughout the poem is what the Gawain-poet calls "trawthe," or truth. Truth in this sense includes many things: honesty, faith, loyalty, uprightness, purity. Gawain condemns himself for untruth at the end of the poem, but Gawain's imperfections make him a more interesting character than the perfect model of virtue he first appears to be. He is brave, yet he fears death. He is chaste, yet he is attracted to his beautiful hostess. He is courteous toward women, yet he repeats a standard piece of misogynistic rhetoric. He is loyal and honorable, yet he deceives his host and tries to gain an advantage in his match with the Green Knight.
The characters of medieval literature are often flat; mere types who serve a specific function within the plot or personify a single quality. However, the poet adds many subtle touches that give depth to Gawain's character. Besides his interesting imperfections, he displays a surprising range of emotions. His anger and defensiveness when he realizes his fault, his fearful imaginings as he approaches the Green Chapel, and his obvious attraction to his hostess hint that his character has an inner life, not merely a stock role to play. | <urn:uuid:3f7d2c7b-21c4-45f9-b378-9712efc006fb> | {
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- Reforming Apologetics (Introduction)
- Reforming Apologetics (The Light of Nature)
- Reforming Apologetics (Common Notions)
- Reforming Apologetics (Calvin)
- Reforming Apologetics (Thomas Aquinas)
Summary of Chapter 5
The main aim of chapter 5 of Reforming Apologetics is to criticize “historic worldview theory” (HWT) and the significant role it has played (according to the author) in the development of Van Tilian apologetics. The adoption of HWT is an obstacle to using “the book of nature” in apologetics, and for that very reason it needs to be challenged.
As Dr. Fesko defines it, HWT is
a very distinct idea that begins with nineteenth-century German idealism and includes the following characteristics: (1) the rejection of a common doctrine of humanity, (2) a single principle from which one deduces a worldview, (3) an exhaustive systematic explanation of reality, and (4) the incommensurability of competing worldviews. These aspects of HWT create an inhospitable environment for the historic Reformed appeal to the book of nature. The increased use of HWT is inversely proportional to the decreased use of the book of nature. (p. 98)
Fesko identifies several specific problems with HWT. First, it is “contrary to the teaching of the Scriptures because it rejects a common doctrine of humanity”; in other words, it rejects the biblical teaching that all people share common notions in virtue of bearing the image of God. Second, HWT claims that “a worldview must present an exhaustive explanation of the world,” but the Bible doesn’t do that. According to the Reformed faith, Scripture “does not address all things” but “gives only principles for life in general” (p. 98). In the hands of Van Tilian apologists, HWT implies that the Bible “exhaustively explains all reality” and “must be the only foundation for all knowledge” (p. 99).
Dr. Fesko proposes to make his case by (1) reviewing the historical origins of HWT, (2) explaining how Van Til’s employment of HWT led to his rejection of common notions, (3) surveying the impact of Van Til’s use of HWT on the Reformed community, (4) making “a brief scriptural case for common notions,” and (5) refuting the claim that the Bible “offers an exhaustive view of the world” (p. 99). | <urn:uuid:819222cc-e56c-4825-921d-e65fa0528025> | {
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��explanation is possible if the popular use of the word 'service' be looked into. Originally sig- nifying the duty rendered by servant or slave, it afterwards became used roughly for the per- sons rendering the service, just as we now hear people speak of the 'Civil Service/ meaning the body of men who do the service, and of a 'service' of railway trains, meaning a regular group or succession. From this conception the word obtains a further meaning of a 'set' of things having a definite use ; for example a 'dinner-service' a 'set' of things for use at dinner; or, again, a 'service of plate' a 'set' of gold or silver vessels, etc. Although an analogous meaning of the musical term seems not hitherto to have been suggested, its correct- ness appears so highly probable that we shall in future understand by ' service ' merely a ' set ' of canticles or other movements prepared by a com- poser for use at a complete function.
The fullest form of a set or service would include free musical compositions for (i) The Venite, (2) Te Deum, (3) Benedicite, (4) Bene- dictus, (5) Jubilate, (6) Kyrie eleison, (7) Nicene Creed, (8) Sanctus, (9) Gloria in excelsis ; (10) Magnificat, (n) Cantate Domino, (12) Nunc Dimittis, (13) Deus Misereatur.
It will be necessary to say a few words about some of these movements separately before making any remarks on our services generally. The Venite has long since disappeared from the list of free compositions, and is now univer- sally treated as one of the psalms, and sung to a chant instead of being rendered as a motet. In the form in which the Venite was printed in the Breviary may perhaps be traced the reason why many of our earliest church-com- posers after the Reformation, such as Tallis, Bevin, Bird, Gibbons, and others, left settings of the Venite in motet-form. But this treat- ment of the psalm was probably found to lengthen unduly the time occupied by the Matins ; and it may also have been felt that an elaborate choral setting of these particular words seriously injured their force as an invitation to join in public worship. On the whole it is not a matter for regret that the Venite now takes its place merely as an introductory psalm. It is perhaps worthy of remark that the custom, still prevalent in many parts of the country, of singing the Venite only, and then reading the psalms for the day, may be the slowly dying tradition of a time when the Venite was sung to a special musical setting. Those who maintain this custom should at least open their eyes to the absurdity of inviting people to 'sing unto the Lord,' and then permitting them only to say the psalms.
The free setting of the Benedicite omnia opera did not long maintain its ground, owing probably to its excessive length. Purcell set this canticle, and it is even now occasionally sung to his music ; Blow also wrote an elaborate Benedicite in his Service in E minor. But the canticle itself fell for a long time into neglect, and when revived, it was sung either to a chant in triple measure, or to a 'single' chant, or to a Gregorian tone
having a ' short ending.' Hayes contributed one of the earliest triple-measure chants.
The Gloria in excelsis, though set to music by Tallis, fell almost entirely out of the 'ser- vice' owing to the loss of choral celebrations of the Holy Communion. On their resumption during the last few years the Gloria has once more been included in the set, after a long period of virtual disuse. The Kyrie eleison and Sanctus maintained their place in the set ; the former because it was always sung at the so-called 'table-prayers' (that is, a Communion- office brought to a sudden conclusion at the end of the Creed, Sermon, or Prayer for the Church militant) ; the latter lived on as an introit, a duty it fulfilled at one time univer- sally in our cathedrals ; happily it has now been superseded by a short appropriate anthem or hymn.
The Jubilate completely ousted the Benedictus for a long period. The earliest writers of our Reformed Church Tallis, Byrd, Gibbons, Bevin, Farrant, and others set the Benedtctus to music, but it was afterwards practically lost, until, within the last few years, a better feeling has restored it to the place which it should hold according to the spirit of the rubric, if not ac- cording to its letter.
The Cantate Domino and Deus misereatur may be said to have been in fashion from time to time. Both Blow and Purcell set these alter- native canticles, and later Aldrich also ; but they reached their highest popularity at the end of last and the early part of this century. At the present time they have again fallen somewhat into the background.
In addition to the contents of a service as above enumerated, the most modern composers add musical settings of the Offertory sentences, also of the Doxologies before and after the Gospel, and sometimes also of the Sursum Corda, Agnus Dei, and Benedictus. The Offertory sentences may perhaps be looked upon as a legitimate addition to the set, but the Gospel-doxologies and Sursum Corda have both their own ancient plainsong, and the Agnus Dei and Benedictus are not ordered by our rubric to be sung in the office of Holy Communion.
Having made these few remarks about the contents of a service, we must now discuss the musical character of our English services, assum- ing that a Te Deum, Benedictus (or Jubilate}, Magnificat, and Nunc Dimittis may be taken aa the main framework of an ordinary service. It can hardly be doubted that Tallis, the chief of the early post- Reformation composers, was influenced, when setting his celebrated Te Deum in D minor, by the character of the then well-known Am- brosian Te Deum which Marbecke published in the 1550 Prayer-book. There can be traced an evident wish to form a melody, if not actually in a Church mode, in a tonality closely resembling one of them. Tallis also avoided contrapuntal devices (in which he was a distinguished expert), and limited within strict bounds the ambitus of his melody and the number of his harmonic corn- | <urn:uuid:29245c1d-c0d3-4a0e-8be9-68ccfc23649e> | {
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Main Tasks of Business Accounting
As someone concerned with business accounting, you have a lot to know and to remember. To help you, this list explains the main tasks and processes.
Payroll: Based on several collections of data: detailed private information in personnel files and earnings-to-date information, the correct amounts of income tax and social security tax. Several other deductions from wages also have to be calculated. NI contributions, PAYE payments, retirement and holiday pay have to be updated every pay period.
Cash inflows: All cash received from sales and all other sources has to be carefully identified and recorded, not only in the cash account but also in the appropriate account for the source of the received cash.
Cash payments: In addition to payroll cheques, a business writes many other cheques during the course of a year to pay for a wide variety of items including local business taxes, paying off loans and the distribution of some of its profit to the business owners.
Purchases and stock: Accounting departments are usually responsible for keeping track of all purchase orders that have been placed for stock (products to be sold by the business) and all other assets and services that the business buys. The accounting department also keeps detailed records on all products held for sale by the business and, when the products are sold, records the cost of the goods sold.
Capital accounting: A typical business holds many different assets called capital, including office furniture and equipment, retail display cabinets, computers, machinery and tools, vehicles, buildings and land. Apart from relatively small-cost items, a business has to maintain detailed records of its capital items, both for controlling the use of the assets and for determining taxes. | <urn:uuid:b4b8705e-e3a9-45ff-ad0e-962b3bcd74ca> | {
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Bodystorming is a technique sometimes used in interaction design or as a technical creativity .
The idea is to imagine what it would be like if the product existed, and it would exist, ideally in the place it would be used. It is going through an idea with improvised artifacts and physical activities to envision a solution. This User Experience Design (UXD) is designed for physical design (eg the interior design of a shop) but can also be used to design physical products or software.
Opinions on this method
The proponents of this idea to make you feel like you’re going to be in the world brainstorming ). It is a proper user-centered design method, since it can be done by the designers as well as the users of the final product.
- Oulasvirta, Antti; Kurvinen, Esko; Kankainen, Tomi (July 2003). “Understanding contexts by being there: case studies in bodystorming”. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing . 7 (2): 125-134. doi : 10.1007 / s00779-003-0238-7 .
- Schleicher, Dennis; Jones, Peter; Kachur, Oksana (1 November 2010). “Bodystorming as embodied designing”. interactions . 17 (6): 47. doi : 10.1145 / 1865245.1865256 .
- Wilson, C. (2011). UXD Method 11 of 100: Bodystorming . | <urn:uuid:1854d78c-5db4-43a4-acc2-06b44f50ffaa> | {
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Researchers and doctors are learning more each day about screening for prostate cancer. Because there is disagreement in the field about how often to screen with PSA, or whether to do so at all, the American Cancer Society recommends men 50 and older discuss this with their doctors if they have an average risk of prostate cancer. Those who have one or more relatives with prostate cancer need to talk to their doctors about screening earlier.
Screening might include a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test done every two years. If PSA levels rise, the chances of having prostate cancer also increase. An increasing PSA level does not mean a man has prostate cancer, but it is an indication further testing is needed. Doctors also may perform a digital rectal exam (DRE) as part of the screening or order additional diagnostic tests.
A self-exam is the best way to detect this cancer early. UMMC Cancer Institute doctors recommend that, beginning in their teens, men examine their testicles monthly. Knowing the normal shape, size, and weight of the testicles will help detect any changes, should any occur. If there is a change in size or shape, or if there are small hard lumps under the skin, schedule an appointment with a doctor. Other conditions can cause swelling or lumps, but only a physician can rule out cancer.
UMMC urologists can perform these tests in-office. If the tests indicate a prostate problem, you may be referred to a genitourinary cancer specialist for more testing. Many prostate cancers grow slowly, so doctors may not recommend screening for older men.
Doctors use many tools to diagnose genitourinary cancers, including a physical exam, a digital rectal exam, blood tests, other lab tests, imaging, and biopsies. A combination of lab and imaging tests may be recommended to confirm or rule out cancer. Doctors will consider symptoms, results of a physical exam, and other medical conditions or family history before recommending any tests.
This test is used to assess how well the kidneys are functioning. When creatinine levels are elevated in older men, it often represents obstruction of urinary outflow by an enlarged prostate.
Doctors inject a small amount of radioactive material that travels through the bloodstream and collects in damaged areas of the bones. A scanner can show where it collects and can help detect if prostate cancer has spread to the bones. If “hot spots” show up, other tests may be needed to rule out arthritis or other bone diseases.
A CT scan, sometimes called a CAT scan, provides more detail about what is going on inside the body. During the scan, an X-ray beam moves in a circle around the body and sends digital information to a computer that interprets the data and displays it in two-dimensional form on a monitor.
A doctor will insert a gloved, lubricated finger into the rectum to feel the prostate, which is adjacent to the rectum. Any bumps or hard areas on the prostate may indicate cancer.
This blood test can be used to screen for prostate cancer before any known symptoms. The blood is tested for a protein molecule the prostate secretes and which usually occurs in small numbers. Higher numbers may indicate prostate cancer. Inflammation also can cause increased PSA levels, so it cannot be used alone to diagnose prostate cancer.
As they age, many men will have an enlarged prostate, called benign prostatic hyperplasia or BPH. While it can raise PSA levels, it does not increase the risk for developing prostate cancer.
Doctors will review PSA levels to help determine recommendations for further testing or for treatment. Once treatment begins, PSA tests can be used to monitor how well treatment is working.
MRIs are often ordered to see if cancer has spread. An MRI uses magnets and radio waves to make a detailed image of the body.
In this procedure, a small amount of radioactive glucose (sugar) is injected into a vein, and a scanner makes detailed digital pictures of the area of the body where the glucose is used. Because cancer cells often use more glucose than normal cells, the pictures can be used to find clusters of cancer cells in the body.
This single scan combines the ability of a CT scan to show tissue that looks abnormal and a PET scan to show tissue that acts abnormally. The UMMC Cancer Institute radiology department’s PET/CT scanner offers the highest level of detailed image quality currently available. The ability to look at CT and PET images together helps doctors more precisely identify the location of abnormal, possibly malignant (cancerous) tissue in the body.
A low-level radioactive material is injected into the body, and then a camera is used to see where it collects. The injected material seeks out prostate cells and sticks to them. Doctors use the test to look for prostate cells in the lymph nodes and other soft organs. Most often, doctors recommend this test for men whose PSA levels rise after treatment.
Ultrasound procedures allow doctors to see soft tissues such as muscles, blood vessels, and organs. It uses sound waves that move through the skin, bounce off the organs, and project an image of them. In this procedure, a probe, about the size of a finger, is inserted into the rectum to examine the internal organs. The echo forms a picture of the body tissues, which can be used to locate the area for a biopsy.
2500 North State Street
Jackson, MS 39216
General Information: 601-984-1000
Patient Appointments: 888-815-2005 | <urn:uuid:8839bca3-7a80-40fc-9584-faea3c6ce5c8> | {
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Norway's entire National Library will soon be be stored online
Once the library is digitized, the books in the National Library will all be available for searching and reading online, though copyrighted works will only be available to Norwegian residents.
Imagine being able to search, access, and read the country’s entire collection of books online.
In Norway, that will soon be a reality.
That country’s National Library is in the process of digitizing all the books it holds and making them free, searchable, and available to read online, to all Norwegians.
Because Norway’s National Library is a “legal deposit library” and holds a copy of all books published in the country, the project will digitize the entirety of Norwegian literature – which reaches into the Middle Ages – into an electronic archive, eventually accessible on the cloud, as the UK’s Independent pointed out.
“This means that large part of Norwegian culture and knowledge dating back as far as the Middle Ages…will be made available in the Digital National Library,” the National Library of Norway’s website announced.
It’s an ambitious and massive project. The library has estimated it will take 20 to 30 years to complete the digitization. The project, which launched in 2006, has so far digitized 350,000 newspaper editions, 235,000 books, and 240,000 pages of handwritten manuscripts as well as some radio broadcasts and TV programs, according to the Huffington Post.
There is some controversy here: the project will digitize both copyrighted and non-copyrighted material; the former will be available only to Norwegians (recognized by their Norwegian IP address), while the latter will be free and available to all Internet users.
In the US, some groups are struggling to digitize English-language works while battling publisher and author groups regarding copyright and fair use. It was just one month ago that Google Books, Google’s massive digitization project, was declared legal by a US circuit judge after nearly a decade of legal battles and project setbacks.
(Norway has also begun another very cool project highlighting its forward-thinking approach: the Svalbard Global Seed Vault, which contains more than 10,000 seed samples in a chamber built inside a mountain on the Arctic island of Spitsbergen. It’s designed to preserve Norway’s biological diversity as well as act as a safety net in the event of a global catastrophe. Talk about progressive. And prepared.)
By creating a “national memory bank” of sorts, Norway is setting the gold standard for other countries and their literature collections. Its project will preserve its national works in a far more permanent – and searchable and accessible – way than ink on paper.
Which, as The Atlantic’s Alexis Madrigal points out, might, in future, put other countries at a disadvantage.
What might future digital archeologists find among the ruins of 21st-century civilization?
“…some scraps of Buzzfeed and The Atlantic, maybe some Encyclopedia Britannicas, and then, gleaming in the data: a complete set of Norwegian literature.”
Time to get digitizing, America.
Husna Haq is a Monitor correspondent. | <urn:uuid:566ad8de-99ba-4071-ae3f-c4993ad7c75c> | {
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There is a buzz of excitement around citizen science currently. At its best citizen science can allow excellent engagement of people with science and nature, and it can be real science.
Last week, scientists at the NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH) and Natural History Museum published a review of citizen science [PDF], which looks at the current state of citizen science, looks back on its history, and looks forward to the future potential of citizen science, including the use of technology.
Knowing all about citizen science is one thing, but knowing how to do it is another – so we also wrote a "how to" Guide to Citizen Science [PDF] which includes really practical advice based on our experience and all the evidence we collected during the review. Both publications were commissioned by the United Kingdom Environmental Observation Framework (UKEOF) and can also be downloaded from their website.
Of course, the things that today we call "citizen science" are not brand new. In Britain, the recording of animals and plants by volunteers has been going on for centuries, especially since the time of people like John Ray (the "father of natural history"). This year is the 50th anniversary of the publication of the Atlas of the British Flora – with the monumental, magnificent effort of botanists that provided the data. Over the past 35 years, the Biological Records Centre at CEH has been publishing atlases of animal and plant groups at the rate of three per year. Many of those atlases now are repeat surveys, so we can chart the changing distributions of animals and plants. Clearly, volunteer data collection is much older than the term "citizen science".
However, the future of citizen science is looking exciting. There are lots of technological innovations (which especially appeals to the geek in us: how about plugging a pollution sensor into your smartphone, do-it-yourself remote sensing with a camera attached to a kite or harvesting twitter messages to track the spread of tree diseases?). There is a huge diversity of projects that allow mass participation; simply download an app and you can use your smartphone as a handheld data recorder to contribute to real science! But there is also lots of fantastic face-to-face engagement, which provides a quality of engagement almost impossible via the internet. Volunteers can provide data, but they can also get involved with analysing data and interpreting results. And citizen science is not limited to professionals asking volunteers to do something – more and more volunteers are working collaboratively with scientists, so that communities get answers to the questions that are important to them. Finally, the data collected by volunteers (with the appropriate checks and balances for quality control) is becoming increasingly trusted and used by scientists and policy-makers.
I’m passionate about citizen science. It provides us, as society, with the data we need to address important questions around environmental change. It also provides a way in which anyone can get involved in science and, in many cases, to get engaged with their natural world. Citizen science, at its best, is real science and potentially life-changing engagement (oh, and it is great fun!) We hope that our enthusiasm for citizen science shines through the Report and the Guide!
Dr Michael Pocock
Dr Michael Pocock is an ecologist at the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology. He was one of the team of authors on the two new publications about citizen science commissioned by UKEOF and written by CEH and the Natural History Museum mentioned in the article. The Understanding Citizen Science & Environmental Monitoring project was led by Dr Helen Roy of CEH. | <urn:uuid:77d2acc5-353c-4c3d-8975-f5ce3a64c621> | {
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A colourless to pale yellow liquid or a brown gas, N2O4; r.d. 1.45 (liquid); m.p. –11.2°C; b.p. 21.2°C. It dissolves in water with reaction to give a mixture of nitric acid and nitrous acid. It may be readily prepared in the laboratory by the reaction of copper with concentrated nitric acid; mixed nitrogen oxides containing dinitrogen oxide may also be produced by heating metal nitrates. The solid compound is wholly N2O4 and the liquid is about 99% N2O4 at the boiling point; N2O4 is diamagnetic. In the gas phase it dissociates to give nitrogen dioxideN2O4 ⇌ 2NO2Because of the unpaired electron this is paramagnetic and brown. Liquid N2O4 has been widely studied as a nonaqueous solvent system (self-ionizes to NO+ and NO3−). Dinitrogen tetroxide, along with other nitrogen oxides, is a product of combustion engines and is thought to be involved in the depletion of stratospheric ozone.
N2O4 ⇌ 2NO2 | <urn:uuid:0e4f21ef-18df-4821-8807-57271afb89d8> | {
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Gail Jarvis, in an encomium to the Dunning School writes: William A. Dunning fervently opposed slavery but his reading of the trends of the times led him to the conclusion that the institution ...
Many of us are familiar with the movements for "free-range" or "humane" animal products. I have heard that in the antebellum US there were similar movements for "humane" slave products. Is this true? ...
How compare the rights and conditions of the 19-th century American slaves to those of the 19-th century Russian serfs? | <urn:uuid:67932c2b-efa0-4390-9f77-f00334301137> | {
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Bots are not worms but are the maggot stage of a large fly, the Bot Fly or Gadfly, which is active during the summer months buzzing around horses and ponies at grass and laying eggs on the hairs of the coat.
Bot eggs are extremely common around the shoulders, neck and legs of a horse or pony where they appear as tiny yellow, white, or grey specks attached to the hairs.
When a horse licks his coat, or a companion's, he will ingest, or swallow, the bot eggs.
Once eaten the bot fly eggs hatch and tiny larvae burrow through the soft tissue in the horse's intestinal tract.
Eventually the larvae appear as large maggots in the stomach of a horse or pony during the winter months.
There may be large groups of these unpleasant parasites fixed to the wall of the horse's stomach where they can cause erosions and ulcers.
The larvae can also be a cause of colic.
Visible clinical signs can be difficult to pin down, but badly parasitised horses are dull, in poor condition and often lethargic.
Bot infestation often occurs in a horse which also has an infestation of other worms lower in his gut. It can be difficult to distinguish which is causing the symptoms in the horse.
The main internal medical symptoms resulting from a bot infestation are: Stomach ulcers, peritonitis, colic, blockages in the stomach and, in the early stages, pockets of pus in the mouth of the horse.
Treatment must be aimed at removing the bots during the winter before they let go of their hold on the stomach wall and pass down the gut to emerge in the horse's droppings.
Dosing a horse with a Bot Wormer in the middle of winter will help to break the life cycle of these parasites.
Using equine insect repellant and fly sheets on your horse during the summer may help to reduce the level of bot infestation - but it will be impossible to stop all bot flies.
Regular removal and disposal of droppings from the horse's pasture will help to prevent some of the larvae burrowing down into the soil and hatching into bot flies.
It can be quite difficult and fiddly to remove bot eggs from a horse or pony's coat.
Popular methods of removing are:
Once the eggs have been removed applying baby oil to the horse's coat may prevent new eggs sticking. | <urn:uuid:e421da27-c9d4-4c5e-92b8-55f077add363> | {
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For Topic, we learnt that there were different dinosaurs: Theropods, Ornithopods and Sauropods. They had different footprints and we matched the footprints to the dinosaurs we designed. We then used our learning outdoors to identify which dinosaur would have left footprints on our playground.
During Maths we have learnt about doubling numbers; we used dinosaurs and dice to help us.
In English, we have innovated our text map to dinosaurs and look forward to writing them next week. We have been practising our questioning skills in reciprocal reading.
We have begun practicing for our Harvest festival next Wednesday.
Word of the week: question
Thought of the week: ‘It’s impossible to make your eyes twinkle if you aren’t feeling twinkly yourself’ Roald Dahl | <urn:uuid:fc6fddcc-588e-466d-89d7-c39ab76bdf98> | {
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The Mississippi Delta is the fertile alluvial plain that lies between the Mississippi and Yazoo Rivers in the north-west of the State. Highway 61 runs from Memphis to Vicksburg through the heart of the land.
The rich soil needs little irrigation, and the farms and plantations produce cotton, corn and a myriad other crops. In the early years of the 20th century, a seed was planted there that grew into the Blues that, with it’s citified cousin Jazz, revolutionised Western popular music.
WC Handy, known as the Father of the Blues, recalls waiting at the railroad station at Tutwiler in 1903, when he heard a tune picked out on a guitar. The player used a knife on the strings to produce a slide effect, that seemed to mimic the sad tones of the human voice, as he wailed about “Goin’ where the Southern cross’ the Dog”.
Handy’s keen ears allowed him to use what he heard to write the earliest recognised Blues songs, using the characteristic chord progression and A-A-B rhyme scheme.
In 1902 a 16-year-old girl was touring through the same area with her minstrel parents, when she heard a woman singing a sad love song, and was so moved that she learned the song by heart, and used it as an encore in her vaudeville act. When the girl was married two years later to William Rainey, they performed as Ma and Pa Rainey, ‘the Assassinators of the Blues.’ These two incidents, so close together in time and place, could be said to mark the the Birth of the Blues.
By the mid-twenties the juke-joints, dances and fish-fries in every little town in the Delta, were moving to the sound of the Blues. Delta Blues is characterised by insistent repeated guitar riffs, and heart rending vocal lines that owe a lot to the work songs and ‘field hollers’ that the audience, and players, heard around them every day. Just outside Clarksdale at the Will Dockery Plantation there was a worker called Henry Sloan, who rarely left the district, but whose reputation as a stylish performer spread across the Delta. Charlie Patton, Willie Brown and ‘Son’ House all lived at Dockery on and off, and swapped songs, tunes and licks between themselves and other musicians who would call there on their travels round the area. This focal point was an important nexus in the development of the Delta Blues. Tommy Johnson, Joe Callicott, Sam Carr, HoneyBoy Edwards and most famously Robert Johnson, were among the players under the tutelage of this formative ‘school’. There ware many other centres for the Blues in the Delta. Skip James, for instance, was a leading light in the Bentonia ‘school’, which featured a high ‘falsetto’ vocal technique that stretched a single syllable over several notes and was often played in a minor key. Self-taught players like Mississippi John Hurt, Tommy McClennan and brothers ‘Papa’ Charlie and ‘Kansas Joe’ McCoy, and hundreds of others were playing all over the Delta.
Clarksdale is only a two hour bus ride from Memphis with it’s lively Blues scene around Beale Street, and many players gravitated there in search of audiences, recording deals and money.
It is hard to explain how such a relatively small community produced such a huge wave of cultural effect. Maybe there’s something in the water! | <urn:uuid:ba455791-ddd8-4b58-856c-c3c106ec2330> | {
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Retina and retinal vessels examination
- Angiography: It involves injection of Fluorescein or Indocyanine ICG(green)into the brachial vein, and photographing the posterior part of the eye, using a fundus camera. This test is done for checkingthe retinal and choroid blood flow.Usually, Fluorescein is usedto evaluate the vasculature of retina, forchoroid ICG is used. Fluorescein angiography is mostly applied for evaluation of diabetic retinopathy, vein occlusions, retinal artery occlusions, andwet macular degeneration. ICG is used to examine macular blood, i.e. in age-related wet macular degeneration.Both types of material have very few side effects and can be used with confidence (safely). Rarely allergic reactions (allergic) may occur in some people.ICG is prohibited for people who are allergic to iodine intake.Fluorescein, in some cases up to 24 hours after injection, may cause jaundice of the skin and eyes and orange urine.
- HRA Angiography: Using this techniqueincreases the accuracy of Fluorescein angiography and ICG, and provides the possibility of filming the angiography.
- OCT (Optic Coherence Tomography): A new technique which uses high-resolution tomographic layers of the retina, and provides valuable information for the ophthalmologists. Thus, it is used for diagnosis and follow-up in many retinal diseases such as macular holes, macular edama, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma. Since a light source is applied in this technique, there is no need to contact the eye and the process can be done within a few seconds.
- ERG (ERG):Retinalpotentials study through techniques such as Flash, Pattern ERG and MF is provided bythe Noor Hospital ERG System facilities. These facilities make it possible to study retina diseases. This test measures the overall response of the retina to a light stimulus by the potential difference between the twoelectrodes. One of them is placed slightly below the lower eyelid on the corneaand is in contact with it and the other electrode which is neutral is placed on the skin around the eyes. Anaesthetic drops are used for the convenience of patients and in some cases, for example, when the patient is a child, general anaesthesia is used. These tests are used for the diagnosis of retinal disorders such as retinitis pimentosa or cone dystrophy.
- Electrooculogram (EOG): EOG is one of the most important telectrophysiological tests. This test is applied to assess the pharmacological effects and pathological changes. It is a routine test usedto evaluate the Retinal Pigment Epithelium and light receptors (rods and cone cells). Normally, cornea is approximately 6 millivolts positive compared to the back of the eye (retina). By attaching skin electrodes on both sides of an eye, the potential can be measured by having the subject fixate his or her eyes horizontally on a bright object that periodically emits light.Any set distance subtending about 30 degrees of visual angle is satisfactory. This action produces a voltage swing between the electrodes on each side of the eye, which is charted on graph paper or stored in the memory of a computer This test is particularly valuable for evaluation of patients suspected of having a disease or disorderin retinal pigment epithelium, such as retinitis pigmentosa. | <urn:uuid:19dafe68-e26c-43f9-ac77-ea3b28b96ebf> | {
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As human encroachment continues to shrink the habitable area for other animal species, a new study suggests that associated extinctions may be more severe than previously thought.
Working with David Storch from Charles University in Prague, Yale researchers Petr Keil and Walter Jetz found that the relationship between geographic area and richness of species primarily depends on a single critical characteristic — the mean size of species' geographic ranges.
To a greater degree than expected, this holds true for almost 20,000 species of amphibians, birds and mammals worldwide, the authors report in a paper forthcoming in Nature and available now online.
“Once you’ve accounted for the smaller geographic range of, for example, amphibians compared with mammals,” said Jetz, “we find striking and almost rule-like consistency among continents. The way the number of endemic species increases with area suggests that potential extinctions due to diminished habitat are approximately proportional to the area destroyed. This highlights the potentially severe consequences of habitat loss on species diversity.”
The research offers a new take on a fundamental concept in ecology, the standard species-area relationship, which states that the larger the region, the more species live in it.
The findings also suggest that the search for general principles underpinning Earth’s increasingly threatened biodiversity is fertile ground for further study, Jetz said.
Jetz is associate professor in Yale’s Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. Keil is a postdoctoral associate in Jetz’ lab. Storch is lead author. | <urn:uuid:6ee8304b-dc48-42b7-b7d3-2c7ec000a55b> | {
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There is nothing quite like watching a butterfly emerge from its chrysalis to make you feel like an excited kid again. This summer I witnessed an awe-inspiring event as federally threatened Dakota skippers (Hesperia dacotae) emerged as butterflies and were reintroduced to a Minnesota prairie. About 200 adult Dakota skippers were released on The Nature Conservancy’s (TNC) Hole-in-the-Mountain Preserve in late June and early July this year in an attempt to reestablish a population on this site that was once a stronghold for the species.
Dakota skippers only spend two weeks as adult butterflies flitting about the prairie, and the rush and excitement of the emergence and release of the adults at Hole-in-the-Mountain is over for the year. We had about three weeks to watch them explore their new home, encounter each other in a natural setting, mate and lay eggs. The eggs hatched this summer, and they will spend the Minnesota winter as caterpillars in homemade grass shelters near the prairie soil. Pretty hardy critters. Now the waiting begins.
Reintroduction of threatened and endangered species to the wild is a complicated process, and the partnership among The Nature Conservancy, the Minnesota Zoo, the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service helped make this one possible. As the reintroduction got underway this summer, Dakota skippers had their own paparazzi. The event brought a lot of attention to the plight of prairies and prairie butterflies.
But reintroduction efforts often come with many questions.
Why was the reintroduction effort necessary? Many species of butterflies that depend on native prairie for their survival have declined over the past decade, and in 2014 the Dakota skipper was listed as threatened on the Endangered Species Act. The species has disappeared entirely from Illinois and Iowa and is currently only known to occur in small, scattered populations. Reasons for the declines in prairie butterflies are not entirely clear. Across its range, the loss of greater than 97% of the northern tallgrass prairie has certainly played a role (Samson et al. 2004), but at the site scale, pesticides, pesticide drift and climate change are also likely contributors.
If we don’t know why they disappeared why reintroduce them now? It is true that we do not know the reason or reasons that Dakota skippers disappeared from Hole-in-the-Mountain to begin with, and it is possible those threats still exist on the site. However, there are two good reasons to begin reintroduction now. The first is that breeding too many generations in human care can increase the risk of individuals acquiring characteristics that would reduce their survival in the wild. The second is that reintroduction efforts now, paired with monitoring of the population and habitat may help us begin to understand what factors promote success or decline in the population. This knowledge will benefit the reintroduced population but hopefully remaining populations in the wild as well.
Where did the Dakota skippers released at Hole-in-the-Mountain come from? The (great-great) grandparents of the butterflies that were released lived on a native prairie hillside in South Dakota. After a few years of successful conservation breeding at the Minnesota Zoo, their offspring were ready to repopulate a native prairie in Minnesota.
Why so much focus on one species? It is true that Dakota skippers are just one of many prairie butterfly species in decline. Why should we put so much effort into one species? Doesn’t it come at the expense of efforts for others? Our hope for the Dakota skipper reintroduction efforts is that we can use this species and this process to learn how to benefit all prairie butterflies and a diversity of prairie insects. For example, the Minnesota Zoo is refining how to rear and breed butterflies, and as land owners, TNC is learning how to best manage the prairie for thriving populations of Dakota skippers and other prairie insects. Additionally, the reintroduction process itself will teach us about movement and dispersal that will help us better design and implement landscape scale conservation for populations of prairie obligate butterflies. Research and monitoring is taking place throughout the process to address these questions.
How do we determine success? The definition of success for this project is a self-sustaining population of Dakota skippers occurring at Hole-in-the-Mountain. However, it will be a number of years before we can make this determination. Releases are planned at Hole-in-the-Mountain for at least the next two years. Only after releases have been completed will we be able to determine whether the population is sustaining itself. Five years of stable or increasing Dakota skipper numbers at Hole-in-the-Mountain will be considered the start of a self-sustaining population.
In our careers as conservationists, we work to save habitats and species and hope that reintroductions are not necessary. However, when species begin to disappear too quickly sometimes captive rearing and reintroduction are the best option. Dakota skippers are back in their home after a decade of absence and their presence in the landscape again gives us both hope and a mechanism to learn how to do better for other species. | <urn:uuid:abddcfa5-d307-4527-b306-d1f49197060b> | {
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Writ"er (?), n. [AS. writere.]
One who writes, or has written; a scribe; a clerk.
They [came] that handle the pen of the writer.
Judg. v. 14.
My tongue is the pen of a ready writer.
Ps. xlv. 1.
One who is engaged in literary composition as a profession; an author; as, a writer of novels.
This pitch, as ancient writers do report, doth defile.
A clerk of a certain rank in the service of the late East India Company, who, after serving a certain number of years, became a factor.
Writer of the tallies Eng.Law, an officer of the exchequer of England, who acted as clerk to the auditor of the receipt, and wrote the accounts upon the tallies from the tellers' bills. The use of tallies in the exchequer has been abolished. Wharton (Law. Dict.) -- Writer's cramp, palsy, ∨ spasm Med., a painful spasmodic affection of the muscles of the fingers, brought on by excessive use, as in writing, violin playing, telegraphing, etc. Called also scrivener's palsy. -- Writer to the signet. See under Signet.
© Webster 1913. | <urn:uuid:8861d2f8-7e52-4745-8c40-ebcedb07d697> | {
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Estonia /ɛˈstoʊniə/ (Estonian: Eesti) Estonian pronunciation: [ˈeːsti], officially the Republic of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti Vabariik), is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia (343 km), and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia (338.6 km). Across the Baltic Sea lies Sweden in the west and Finland in the north. The territory of Estonia covers 45,227 km2 (17,462 sq mi), and is influenced by a humid continental climate.
Estonia is a democratic parliamentary republic divided into fifteen counties, with its capital and largest city being Tallinn. With a population of 1.3 million, it is one of the least-populous member states of the European Union, Eurozone and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. The Estonians are a Finnic people, and the official language, Estonian, is a Finno-Ugric language closely related to Finnish, and distantly to Hungarian and to the Sami languages.
A developed country with an advanced, high-income economy, Estonia is a member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. It ranks very high in the Human Development Index, and performs favourably in measurements of economic freedom, civil liberties, education, and press freedom (third in the world in 2012). Estonia is often described as one of the most wired countries in Europe, and is ranked 20th in the UN e-Government Readiness Index.
|Latitude: 59°0'0" N; Longitude: 26°0'0" E;|
|Bahasa Indonesia: EstoniaDeutsch: EstlandEnglish: EstoniaFrançaise: EstonieItaliano: EstoniaNederlands: EstlandNorsk bokmål: EstlandPolski: EstoniaPortuguês: EstôniaRomână: EstoniaSlovenčina: EstónskoSuomi: ViroSvenska: EstlandTürkçe: EstonyaΕλληνικά: ΕσθονίαБеларуская: ЭстоніяБългарски: ЕстонияЕspañol: EstoniaРусский: ЭстонияУкраїнська: Естоніяالعربية: استونيافارسی: استونیहिन्दी: एस्तोनिया中國: 爱沙尼亚日本語: エストニア한국어: 에스토니아| | <urn:uuid:7b9d7bae-0e61-495a-a0a6-a2ef8188b795> | {
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It's a hazardous place ... travel safely!
Wilderness by its very nature is hazardous. Being self-reliant is your key to a safe, enjoyable experience and is your responsibility.
Rugged and Remote
Pukaskwa is a remote, rugged place where rescues take time. Remember: you are responsible for your own safety.
Black bears live in Pukaskwa, and are occasionally seen along the coast. Bear boxes and hangs are available for overnight food and supply storage along the Coastal Hiking Trail. Take precautions and be prepared for an encounter with a black bear. For more information, read You Are In Black Bear Country or consult with Parks Canada staff.
Lake Superior Conditions
Lake Superior is cold and unpredictable. Although water near the shore may be warmer, the lake’s average temperature is only 4°C / 39°F year-round. Hypothermia can start within 5-10 minutes if you are not wearing a wetsuit or dry suit. Fog is common and can last for days. Be prepared to navigate using a compass. If you’re paddling in May, June, or July, be prepared to be windbound for 1 out of every 5 days. If you’re planning to paddle in August or September, prepare to be windbound 3 out of 5 days.
Bring your bughat, bugspray, or nerves of steel.
Blackflies peak late May - June
Mosquitoes peak mid June - July
Horse and Deer Flies peak July - August
Deer Ticks - no known reports. If you do find a deer tick, please notify park staff.
- Register-in and register-out for every overnight backcountry excursion.
- Receive a mandatory orientation from Park staff before entering backcountry.
- Never hike or paddle alone.
- Know your limits, your group's limits and the limits of your equipment.
- Carry a detailed map.
- Be aware that weather changes are often abrupt and dangerous.
- Dress for the adverse conditions, especially cold and wet.
- Recognize symptoms and treatment for hypothermia.
- Be careful of over-exposure to the sun; wear a hat and use sun screen.
- Be aware of over-exertion and dehydration; drink fluids regularly.
- Treat all surface water before consumption. There are two recommended methods of water treatment:
- boiling for at least two minutes, or
- filtration (with a one micron size filter, or smaller) followed by disinfection.
- Be prepared for biting insects, including both repellant and any necessary medication.
- Store food and scented products in bear-proof receptacles (i.e., "bear lockers"). Use bear lockers for daily storage only. No long-term storage of garbage or food caches in lockers is permitted. Never leave food items unattended at your campsite or elsewhere. Hang food from trees where lockers are not available.
- Read You are in Black Bear Country brochure.
- Remember that feeding animals jeopardizes your safety and their health.
- Keep fires small. Along the trail, make all fires in metal fire boxes provided. Always stay with your fire and make sure it is thoroughly out before leaving it.
- Ask park staff about any concerns you may have. | <urn:uuid:3371c164-a140-41b0-8152-2e166fb2ccde> | {
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Omphalos: An Attempt to Untie the Geological Knot is a book by Philip Gosse, written in 1857 (two years before Darwin's On the Origin of Species), in which he argues that the fossil record is not evidence of evolution, but rather that it is an act of creation inevitably made so that the world would appear to be older than it is. The reasoning parallels the reasoning that Gosse chose to explain why Adam (who would have had no mother) had a navel: Though Adam would have had no need of a navel, God gave him one anyway to give him the appearance of having a human ancestry. Thus, the name of the book, Omphalos, which means 'navel' in Greek.
Darwin is mentioned several times within the book, but always with considerable respect. Gosse had attended meetings at the Royal Society where evolutionary theory was tested by Darwin before the publication of Origin—and had even made similar observations himself about variation of species in his own studies into marine biology—and considered Darwin's reasoning scientifically sound.
The book was precised by his son Edmund Gosse:
- Life is a circle, no one stage of which more than any other affords a natural commencing-point. Every living object has an omphalos, or an egg, or a seed, which points irresistibly to the existence of a previous living object of the same kind. Creation, therefore, must mean the sudden bursting into the circle, and its phenomena, produced full grown by the arbitrary will of God, would certainly present the stigmata of a pre-existent existence. Each created tree would display the marks of sloughed bark and fallen leaves, though it had never borne those leaves or that bark. The teeth of each brute would be worn away with exercise which it had never taken. By innumerable examples he shows that this must have been the case with all living forms. If so, then why may not the fossils themselves be part of this breaking into the circle ? Why may not the strata, with their buried fauna and flora, belong to the general scheme of the prochronic development of the plan of the life-history of this globe?
The book was very controversial at the time, sold few copies and had almost no supporters. Though the publisher was able to use in advertising an extract from the Natural History Review: "We have no hesitation in pronouncing this book to be the most important and best-written that has yet appeared on the very interesting question with which it deals. We believe the logic of the book to be unanswerable, its laws fully deduced", the rest of the sentence in the review reads "and the whole, considered as a play of metaphysical subtlety, absolutely complete; and yet we venture to predict that its conclusions will not be accepted as probable by one in ten thousand readers." The reviewer concluded that Omphalos contained "idle speculations, fit only to please a philosopher in his hours of relaxation, but hardly worthy of the serious attention of any man, whether scientific or not". The geologist Joseph Beete Jukes was more scathing in a later issue: "To a man of a really serious and religious turn of mind, this treatment is far more repulsive than that even of the author of Vestiges of Creation. and the Lamarckian School".
Shall I tell you the truth? It is best. Your book is the first that ever made me doubt, and I fear it will make hundreds do so. Your book tends to prove this — that if we accept the fact of absolute creation, God becomes Deus quidam deceptor [‘God who is sometimes a deceiver’]. I do not mean merely in the case of fossils which pretend to be the bones of dead animals; but in the one single case of your newly created scars on the pandanus trunk, your newly created Adam's navel, you make God tell a lie. It is not my reason, but my conscience which revolts here... I cannot... believe that God has written on the rocks one enormous and superfluous lie for all mankind." (reproduced from Hardin, 1982).
For a long time, apart from the discussion in his biography of his father, the only widely read though oblique references to the book were to be found in Father and Son, the psychological portrait of Philip Gosse by his son Edmund Gosse published in 1907. He wrote:
Never was a book cast upon the waters with greater anticipation of success than was this curious, this obstinate, this fanatical volume... He offered it with a glowing gesture to atheists and Christians alike. This was to be a universal panacea; this the system of intellectual therapeutics which could not but heal all the maladies of the age. But alas, atheists and Christians alike looked at it and laughed, and threw it away.
Martin Gardner, in his 1952 book Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science, observed: "Not the least of its remarkable virtues is that although it won not a single convert, it presented a theory so logically perfect, and so in accord with geological facts that no amount of scientific evidence will ever be able to refute it...Not a single truth of geology need be abandoned, yet the harmony with Genesis is complete"
But what is so desperately wrong about Omphalos? Only this really (and perhaps paradoxically): that we can devise no way to find out whether it is wrong — or for that matter, right. Omphalos is the classical example of an utterly untestable notion, for the world will look exactly the same in all its intricate detail whether fossils and strata are prochronic or products of an extended history.
Roizen has suggested that "perhaps the rejection of Omphalos is a measure of how much—even before the publication of Darwin's earthshaking book—the theological system of assumptions had already waned." In the 1820s and 30s the scriptural geologists had fought a battle against the rise of uniformitarianism and indeed Gosse suggests in his preface that Granville Penn had captured the essence of his argument 30 years previously.
The theory presented in the book is now called the omphalos hypothesis: that the world and everything in it could have been created at any time, even mere moments ago, with even our own memories being false indications of its age. This is a largely philosophical position, not a scientific one.
- Gosse, Edmund (1896). The naturalist of the sea-shore; the life of Philip Henry Gosse. William Heineman, London. p. 278.
- Nat. Hist. Rev. Vol V. p32ff quoted in Ann Thwaites (2002). Glimpses of the Wonderful. Faber and Faber. p. 222.
- Gosse 1896.
- Philip Gosse (1907). Father and Son.
- Gardner, Martin. "11". Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science (PDF).
- Stephen Jay Gould (1987). The Flamingo's Smile. Penguin Books.
- Stephen Jay Gould (1995). Adam's Navel. Penguin Books.
- Borges, Jorge Luis (1964). "The Creation and PH Gosse". Other Inquisitions, 1937–1952. translated by Ruth LC Simms. University of Texas Press. pp. 22–25. ISBN 0-292-71549-8. Retrieved 2008-02-27.
- Roizen 1982.
- Penn, Granville (1825). A Comparative Estimate of the Mineral and Mosaical Geologies I (2nd ed.). James Duncan, London. pp. 74–8.
- Gosse 1857, p. vii.
- Gosse, Philip H. (1857). Omphalos: An Attempt to Untie the Geological Knot. John Van Voorst, London. Reprinted 1998 by Ox Bow Press, Woodbridge CT, ISBN 1-881987-10-8 Reprinted (2003) in London by Routledge, with a new introduction by David Knight, ISBN 0-415-28926-2, as part of a series called The evolution debate, 1813–1870, ISBN 0-415-28922-X (set).
- Hardin, G. (1982) Naked Emperors, Essays of a Taboo-Stalker, William Kaufmann Inc., Los Altos, CA, USA ISBN 0-86576-032-2
- Roizen, Ron (1982). The rejection of Omphalos: a note on shifts in the intellectual hierarchy of mid-nineteenth century Britain. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 21. pp. 365–369. Archived from the original on 2007-02-19. | <urn:uuid:073ff782-2716-4a4e-9013-c167ee4de61c> | {
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Manatee Information Sheet
Name: West Indian manatee, Trichechus manatus
Status: Federally listed Endangered Species
Manatees are large, gentle, herbivorous, slow moving mammals. They are entirely aquatic, and biologists classify them in a distinct group comprising only 2 families and 3 living species. The major threats to manatee survival are human activities: boat-related injuries and deaths, habitat loss or degradation, and in some countries, hunting.
- Manatees and their closest relative, the dugong, are in the Order Sirenia; their ancestors evolved from four-footed land mammals over 60 million years ago.
- Manatees are more distantly related to elephants and hyraxes; the latter are small mammals native to Asia and Africa.
- They range in color from gray to brown, and the average adult is about 10 feet long and weighs between 1,500 and 2,200 pounds. Life expectancy is about 60 years.
- Female manatees typically start to reproduce at 4 to 5 years of age.
- The gestation period is 11 to 13 months; twin births occur occasionally.
- Newborns range in size from 4 to 4.5 feet, and weigh about 60 pounds.
- Calves are dependent on their mother for up to 2 years; nursing takes place underwater.
Distribution and Habitat Requirements:
- Geographic range includes the southeastern United States, the Caribbean Islands, eastern Mexico and Central America, and the northern coast and rivers of South America.
- There are two subspecies: the Florida manatee (T. m. latirostris) and the Antillean manatee (T. m. manatus).
- The range is limited by temperature. Manatees cannot survive for extended periods in water colder than about 17°C (63°F), and prefer temperatures warmer than 22°C (72°F).
- Manatees live in shallow fresh, brackish and marine aquatic habitats, traveling readily among them. In Florida, they travel considerable distances during the winter to access warm water refugia, such as artesian springs and the heated discharges of power generating plants. Some individuals also travel long distances during the warm season.
USGS Manatee Research:
USGS works in partnership with other Federal and State agencies and private organizations to study manatee life history, behavior, ecology, and population biology. This information is vital to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the U.S. Navy, the National Park Service, the Marine Mammal Commission, and Florida and Georgia natural resource managers for the successful implementation and assessment of Florida manatee population recovery plans. USGS utilizes satellite telemetry and global positioning system technology, a digital image-based catalog of individual manatees identified by their unique scars, genetic analysis and microhistology to study:
- Movement patterns and identification of significant habitats
- Reproduction and survival
- Population status and trends
- Population structure
- Diets of manatees in high-use habitats
Printable Information Sheet (530 kb PDF file) | <urn:uuid:c0cd1e51-b722-4a7f-a5bd-26998fb3059f> | {
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Pediatric palliative care refers to the care provided to children with life-threatening, progressive conditions. This care may focus on: providing comfort; managing pain; prevention and treatment of symptoms; and any other interventions that will contribute to improving the overall quality of life of the ill child and his/her family during the illness and in the family’s bereavement. The research conducted by the PedPalASCNET group is focused on the discovery of information and evidence that will help to improve the practice of pediatric palliative care, with the aim of improving quality of life. Furthermore, PedPalASCNET does not only focus on the care of the ill child, but also on the child’s family, with the hope of making this difficult time just a little bit easier. Without the contribution of the children and families, research in pediatric palliative care would not be possible.
Children in Pediatric Palliative Care Research
Our research focuses on children (0-19 years) with life-threatening conditions and is inclusive of peri-natal and neonatal palliative care. We are interested in studying the bio-psychosocial-spiritual symptoms of the child at the point of diagnosis and throughout the trajectory of the illness.
With regards to life-threatening conditions, we know that:
- Life-threatening conditions are often progressive, rare and complex.
- Little can be done to stop or slow the disease and treatment is often focused on prevention and relief of symptoms, as well as addressing emotional, social and spiritual symptoms.
- Cancer remains the most common cause of illness in children.
- While less common, pediatric palliative care is also beneficial for children who have neuromuscular, metabolic or neurodegenerative diseases, severe neurological impairment, gene-based and multi-organ conditions.
Our research does not focus on any one condition or cause of illness but seeks to provide information relevant to the practice of pediatric palliative care. In some instances, we have utilized the four quadrant model developed by Association for Children with Life-Threatening or Terminal Conditions and Their Families (ACT) (now Together for Short Lives) to classify the conditions of children in pediatric palliative care research.
Research with these children is important because:
- Many of the conditions are rare and as a result, lack dedicated funding for disease-specific research.
- The conditions that affect children differ to those that affect adults; pediatric palliative care differs to adult palliative care. Historically, palliative care research has focused on adult patients. We need to continue to build on our knowledge and evidence base in pediatric palliative care.
- While cures for these conditions have not yet been realised, there is great potential to enhance comfort and quality of life through care. It is important to describe what this care looks like.
- The illness will invariably have an impact on the child, the child’s family, community, teachers, health care providers, and school friends. Research is needed to provide knowledge on how to best support this group.
What we hope to gain from our research with children:
- An understanding of best practices in the care of children with life-threatening conditions.
- An ability to describe the experiences of children with life-threatening conditions.
- Knowledge and evidence to support positive outcomes for children with life-threatening conditions.
Children in pediatric palliative care are at the centre of our research. The children tell us, in various ways, which interventions have positive effects and which interventions do not. The information gleaned from the children in our pediatric palliative care studies are invaluable to our research, and better enables us to provide information and evidence to healthcare providers and families, with the aim of improving care.
Families in Pediatric Palliative Care Research
Our research does not only focus on the care of the child, but also the management of the bio-psychosocial-spiritual impact on the family and community during a child’s illness and after the loss of a child.
With regards to families, we know that:
- A life-threatening illness in a child will impact significantly on the child’s family.
- The negative impact on families has been well documented but less is known about the growth that may occur.
- Families make decisions (often difficult) for their ill child and as a result, play a major role in the interventions provided to the child.
- Families are an important aspect of the child’s treatment and play a major supporting role.
Our research is interested in the trajectory of families from time of diagnosis of the sick child, through to bereavement. We work towards providing relevant information for each stage of caring for a child with a life-threatening illness. Our research is not limited to the study of primary caregivers as we are also interested in the experiences of siblings and other self-defined family members.Our interest in parents and families is two-fold. We are not only interested in the role parents and families play in the treatment, support and decision making for the child with a life-threatening condition, but we are also interested in the experiences of the parents and family. As such, families contribute significantly to our research by:
- Sharing their experiences of caring for and living with a sick child.
- Describing the positive and the negative impact of their experience.
- Describing their needs in terms of support and information to make this difficult time a little bit easier.
- Acting as a voice for those children that are non-verbal or unable to communicate.
- Providing feedback and guidance on our research through the Family Advisory Committee and other forums.
- Providing feedback on the impact of their participation in our research.
We hope that our research will allow us to:
- Better describe positive and negative experiences of living with and caring for a child with a life-threatening condition.
- Better describe the type of support that families need and would like to receive.
- Better understand the impact of participating in our research.
- Better understand how to best conduct research with children and families in pediatric palliative care.
We will continue to engage families to ensure that we are asking the right questions and providing the right information to make this difficult time a little easier.
THANK YOU TO THE CHILDREN AND FAMILIES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO PEDIATRIC PALLIATIVE CARE RESEARCH | <urn:uuid:b204d941-5ed2-4706-8062-90c5039cfd1d> | {
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Omega-3 Fatty Acids May Improve Heart Health
According to a new study, omega-3 fatty acids may benefit cardiovascular health in diabetic patients.
Diabetes affects 23.6 million Americans and is increasing in prevalence. Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes and is characterized by insufficient insulin production or inability of cells to utilize the insulin being produced.
Research indicates that homocysteine and malondialdehyde are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, which is the major cause of death in diabetic patients. Increased serum levels of the amino acid homocysteine are correlated with atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction (heart attack), and coronary artery disease, regardless of cholesterol levels. Malondialdehyde is produced primarily from lipid peroxidation and is used as a reliable marker of oxidative stress.
A new study evaluated the effect of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on homocysteine and malondialdehyde levels in diabetic subjects. In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, 81 subjects with type 2 diabetes were given three grams of omega-3 fatty acids or a placebo daily for 2 months. The omega-3 fatty acid supplementation provided 1,548 milligrams of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), 828 mg of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and 338 mg of other omega-3 fatty acids. The subjects were evaluated for their serum levels of hemoglobin A1c, homocysteine, malondialdehyde, C-reactive protein (CRP), total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and fasting blood sugar at the beginning of the study and again after 2 months. Hemoglobin A1c is a blood test to measure long-term blood sugar control. CRP is an inflammatory marker often used to evaluate cardiovascular disease risk.
The results showed that omega-3 fatty acid supplementation significantly decreased levels of homocysteine in the diabetic subjects compared to the control group. Homocysteine levels decreased by 3.10 micromoles per liter, or approximately 22 percent, from the initial levels measured at the beginning of the study. The control group showed a decrease of less than one percent from the initial levels. In addition, the omega-3 fatty acid group showed a decrease in hemoglobin A1c levels by 0.75 percent while the placebo group showed an increase in hemoglobin A1c levels of 0.26 percent. There was no change in fasting blood sugar, malondialdehyde, CRP, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol.
According to the researchers, “The consumption of omega-3 fatty acid supplements (3g/day) for 2 months decreases the levels of homocysteine in diabetic patients with no change in FBS [fasting blood sugar], MDA [malondialdehyde] and CRP levels.”
Pooya S, Jalali MD, Jazayery AD, Saedisomeolia A, Eshraghian MR, Toorang F. The efficacy of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on plasma homocysteine and malondialdehyde levels of type 2 diabetic patients. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2009 Jun 18. Published Online Ahead of Print. | <urn:uuid:68cd70f9-cd49-4447-9e06-4ce97c777b1b> | {
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This is a very common chronic, inflammatory condition of the eyelid margins (rim of the eyelid), with the severity and time course varying considerably. It is more common in people with certain skin disorders such as seborrhoeic dermatitis (scaly skin), rosacea (facial redness especially cheeks and nose) and eczema (itchy dermatitis).
There are two main types of blepharitis:
- 1. Anterior blepharitis
- This is characterised by tiny crusts or flakes at the root of the eyelashes (a bit like dandruff). This attracts bacteria which can cause a chronic low grade inflammation. The bacteria can release chemicals which can irritate the surface of the eye.
- 2. Posterior blepharitis
- Meibomian glands in the eyelids secrete an oily film onto the tears to reduce evaporation, and the gland openings (orifices) sit on the eyelid margin just behind the root of the eyelashes. Inflammation and blockage of the gland openings is known as posterior blepharitis or meibomian gland dysfunction. This condition results in a less stable tear film which "breaks up" too quickly, resulting in reduced lubrication to the surface of the eye.
Symptoms of blepharitis
Whatever the cause or type of blepharitis there are several possible symptoms; most people will only have one or two of the following possiblities:
- Red inflamed eyelid margins
- Loss of eyelashes
- Sticky eyes, especially in the morning
- Gritty, itchy or burning
- Reflex tearing (see TEARING IN ADULTS)
- Meibomian gland cysts (see CHALAZION)
- Rarely a corneal ulcer (marginal keratitis)
The main treatment for blepharitis from any cause is eyelid hygiene to clean the lid margins. This removes flakes and crusts, reduces the bacterial load and improves the function of the oily meibomian glands.
Lid hygiene involves 3 steps:
- 1. Warm compress, usually with a hot moist flannel, to soften crusts and liquefy the oily meibomian gland secretions.
- 2. Massage to express the oily meibomian glands and improve the stability of the tear film. The upper lids are massaged downwards and the lower lids upwards.
- 3. Cleaning with cotton buds or purpose designed lid wipes from a chemist removes flakes / crusts and helps unplug the meibomian gland openings.
Eyelid hygiene initially should be performed every morning and night for several weeks to get the blepharitis under control. Once symptoms improve a maintenance regime of daily cleaning is required to prevent flare ups.
Artificial tear drops can improve comfort, especially during the early stages of performing eyelid hygiene, which often takes several weeks to take effect. If ocular lubricants are required more than four times a day then it is recommended that a preservative free preparation is used. Occasionally topical antibiotic ointments, applied at night, are useful in reducing bacterial load. Steroid ointments are also often very helpful at treating inflammation in moderate to severe cases. More rarely, especially for posterior blepharitis, oral antibiotics eg doxycline, for 8-12 weeks can reduce lid inflammation. | <urn:uuid:daffb11d-09b0-4ae7-bb87-3a2d47a8e076> | {
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Like their owners, dogs benefit from mental stimulation – which is why putting some time and effort into brain games for dogs is so important. As dogs (and owners!) get older they still have a large capability to learn and take on new information.
Recent experiments conducted at Messerli Research Institute at Vetmeduni Vienna using computer style games (sudoku for dogs!) have reinforced the benefits of giving your dog (whatever the age) mental stimulus and it is believed that this constant training will help slow any mental decline in older dogs.
Below we’ll share some simple brain training tips and games for you to try at home to keep your dog stimulated.
1. Consistency vs. intensity
Most experts are agreed that intensity of training is less important than consistency. Just interacting with your dog three to four times a day can be enough. Remember that dogs enjoy social interaction, so any stimulus should involve you as the owner.
Age and health are also important factors. Often owners may confuse age with ability, believing their dog may have forgotten how to do a trick which it performed easily as a puppy. However, arthritis, hearing loss and other ailments associated with old age may just make those tricks difficult. For this reason, it is important to adapt tricks and the way that you approach them. For example, tapping your dog gently on the shoulder rather than voicing commands is much more effective if your dog is hard of hearing.
2. Dogs like problem solving
To help slow any mental decline and to stimulate a learning environment for younger dogs, include some variety into your regime. Simple things like changing the route of your dog walk may not feel like a mind game for a dog, but by doing this you are exposing your dog to new experiences which will aid mental stimulation. Incorporating your dog into routine chores can also help and if you can find challenges for your dog to complete, it’s even better!
Aside from walks you can also consider your garden. The average garden can be a bit dull for a dog (however beautiful!), with them usually more interested in what’s on the other side of the fence. Simply changing up your garden with additions such as pull toys hanging from a fence or tree, tubing or boxes to act as tunnels, can make for a new brain game for your dog (under supervision of course)!
3. Treats work
Most dogs are motivated by food, so treats act as a great motivator when it comes to any mind games for dogs. They should always be considered as part of your dog’s daily food requirements; mental stimulation is great for dogs, but an obese clever dog isn’t healthy…
Think about using your dog’s meals as a method of mental stimulation. Splitting your dog’s meal and hiding it in several places (obvious places to begin with) can really help improve your dog’s brain capacity. Using toys such as the Kong that can be filled with food are a great way for your dog to exercise their brain.
Want to know some more brain games for dogs? Here are some of our favourites!
Hide and seek
The classic game is a great brain trainer for your dog. This can start really easy with you almost in sight of your dog and you can even call your dog to help. By rewarding your dog when they find you with a treat, you can then start to make the search harder. Ideally two people would play this, one to hide and one to command (“find Becky” for example). Eventually you may be surprised how adept your dog is at finding you!
This game is slightly harder and will take patience. Using a pole that has a stack of rings (usually a very young child’s game) you can slowly teach your dog to add a ring to the stack one at a time. Rewarding your dog each time it gets a ring on the pole will give it super encouragement to get the next one.
Treat under 2 cups
Like the magician’s trick, you will place a treat under one cup and nothing under the other cup. Let the dog see which cup you place it under and then let the dog try and find the treat. It may well knock both cups over to begin with, but with practice your dog will get the right cup first time. You can then advance the game by moving the cups around. This will be great brain training for your dog!
Toy pick up
Isn’t it nice when kids tidy up their rooms for themselves… Well this game does the same for your dogs! Simply encouraging (with the use of a treat) your dog to collect its toys one by one and put into some form of toy box will really help your dog’s mental stimulation. Eventually you will have your dog routinely putting away all of its own toys, a win-win!
Red light/green light
In this game you are encouraging your dog to listen to your commands even when it is hyper excited. Simply start by getting your dog into a stationary command like sit, wait… (this is the red light). Then have a favourite toy that gets your dog active, such as a tug toy, and start to play with your dog (this is the green light). Then after some short play move back to the stationary command (red light) and continue like this until your dog is quickly moving between the stationary and active commands. | <urn:uuid:6d6f3329-b53d-487e-b4c7-608f7732e640> | {
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Pier 21: Stories from Near and Far written by Anne Renaud, illustrated by Ares Cheung
Reading level: Ages 9-12
Hardcover: 24 pages
Publisher: Lobster Press (April 15, 2008)
Pier 21: Stories from Near and Far is the second book in Lobster Press' Canadian Immigration Series. The first book also written by Anne Renaud, Island of Hope and Sorrow: The Story of Grosse Île, was released in 2007. (see my review here)
Organized into different time periods, Pier 21: Stories from Near and Far tells the story of a shed-like building in Halifax Harbor that welcomed more than 1 million immigrants and refugees to Canada between 1928 and 1971. In addition to taking in newcomers, Pier 21 was the departure point of more than 500,000 service members on their way to fight in World War II.
Rather than give straight, boring facts, Renaud details interesting information through compelling accounts of the people who arrived at Pier 21. Children will especially find the stories of "home children" and "guest children" interesting. "Home children" were British children who were orphaned or whose parents could not care for them. In the 1930's, these children were sent to Canada to work for families in hopes of a better life. While many of the families these children were sent to treated them well, some did not. "Guest children," were evacuee children from war-torn Europe who were sent to Canada as part of the Children's Overseas Reception Board (CORB). Children will be surprised to learn why this program ended.
Other accounts in the book include those of war brides, European immigrants who came to Canada after WWII in hopes of a better life, and Hungarian "56ers", Hungarian refugees who arrived in Canada in 1956.
In addition to the main narrative, each page contains more information about the stories including real photographs, stories, and quotes; a "History Note" sidebar that expands on the narrative; and illustrations reflecting the period.
Like Island of Hope and Sorrow, Pier 21 puts a human face to immigration and war. The content and visuals make this book accessible to children of many ages, including "browsers" who may be reluctant to read books from cover to cover. It would also make a great supplement to any middle-grade history or social studies classroom.
Visit the rest of the Nonfiction Monday roundup at Picture Book of the Day. | <urn:uuid:fe57167f-87bd-41e3-b7b0-06969f2c128d> | {
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Bolivia: Coca-chewing protest outside US embassy
Indigenous activists in Bolivia have been holding a mass coca-chewing protest as part of campaign to end an international ban on the practice.
Hundreds of people chewed the leaf outside the US embassy in La Paz and in other cities across the country.
Bolivia wants to amend a UN drugs treaty that bans chewing coca, which is an ancient tradition in the Andes.
But the US has said it will veto the amendment because coca is also the raw material for making cocaine.
The protesters outside the US embassy also displayed products made from coca, including soft drinks, toothpaste, sweets and ointments.
They were supporting a Bolivian government campaign to amend the 1961 UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs to remove language that bans the chewing of coca leaf.
The convention stipulates that coca-chewing be eliminated within 25 years of the convention coming into effect in 1964.
Bolivia says that is discriminatory, given that coca use is so deeply rooted in the indigenous culture of the Andes.Eradication
The US is opposed to changing the UN convention because it says it would weaken the fight against cocaine production.
In a statement, the US embassy said Washington recognised coca-chewing as a "traditional custom" of Bolivia's indigenous peoples but could not support the amendment.
"The position of the US government in not supporting the amendment is based on the importance of maintaining the integrity of the UN convention, which is an important tool in the fight against drug-trafficking," it said.
The US is the world's largest consumer of cocaine and has been leading efforts to eradicate coca production in the Andes for decades.
Bolivia is the world's first biggest producer of cocaine after Peru and Colombia, and much of its coca crop is used to make the illegal drug.
Bolivian President Evo Morales has long advocated the recognition of coca as a plant of great medicinal, cultural and religious importance that is distinct from cocaine.
As well as being Bolivia's first indigenous head of state, Mr Morales is also a former coca-grower and leader of a coca-growers trade union.
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Anxiety can be defined as feelings of unease, worry, and fear that can be mild or severe. Anxiety refers to both the emotions and the physical sensations a person might experience when they are worried or nervous about something.
The first thing to understand is that anxiety is created in two different parts of the brain. There’s the amygdala type of anxiety, where you’re staying alert and jumping at any dark shadow. And there’s the prefrontal cortex type of anxiety, where you start to worry about whether you left the hob on, or you left the cat in/out, or whether you locked the back door before you left by the front door.
Distressing thoughts are more likely to come from the left hemisphere because logical reasoning occurs in the left hemisphere. Rumination or brooding is where a person repetitively mulls over an idea. Rather than coming up with an answer to the problem, this continued dwelling on a problem strengthens the circuitry leading to anxiety (neurons that fire together, wire together – Donald Hebb.) The right hemisphere creates anxiety based on imagination and visualization. The amygdala can become highly activated when the right hemisphere creates frightening images. Vigilance – a general state of alertness – is also based in the right hemisphere. Your cortex may see something – an event – like ambulances dashing down the road. It will then interpret that event, eg someone at my house has been taken ill – and this will lead to the emotion of anxiety in the amygdala. It’s the cortex’s ability to predict future events that gives us this ability to feel anxious.
The left prefrontal cortex is where a person plans and executes actions. We can anticipate events positively or negatively. The left prefrontal cortex is where anxious apprehension comes from. If a person finds themselves picturing frightening scenarios, those scenarios are being produced by the right prefrontal cortex.
Your amygdala is stimulated to be anxious when messages arrive from the thalamus indicating that there may be some danger. It will then kick off the HPA (hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenal) axis – taking the body into fight or flight mode. And if it can’t do that, it may use the vagus nerve to produce the more primitive freeze response. Usually, the same messages reach the cortex, which then decides that the threat is no more than a plastic bag (or some other non-threatening item). It then tells to amygdala to stand down.
The amygdala is also stimulated by the anxiety messages coming from the cortex. These anxiety messages have been created by the cortex. The amygdala will then also initiate the HPA axis and a person will find themselves feeling very anxious without there being a definite cause, and nothing to fight against or runaway from.
A stress response looks like:
- Pounding heart
- Rapid breathing/hyperventilation
- Stomach distress/nausea
- Muscle tension
- Wanting to run away
- Difficulty focusing
- Chills or hot flushes.
There are ways to overcome feelings of panic. If it’s coming from the amygdala: try deep breathing, muscle relaxation, and exercise. If it’s coming from the cortex: remember it’s only a feeling, don’t focus on the panic attack, try to distract yourself, and don’t worry what other people think.
Being relaxed can reduce feelings of anxiety. Good ways to relax include:
- Slow deep breathing – inhale slowly, deeply, and exhale fully.
- Diaphragmatic breathing (abdominal breathing) – this is thought to massage the internal organs. Place one hand on your chest and the other on your stomach. Take a deep breath. Your stomach should expand.
- Progressive muscle relaxation – this involves tensing and then relaxing one muscle group after another. Start with your hands then up your arms. Next tense and relax your feet, and work your way up your legs. Finally, start at the top of your head and work down your face, into your neck, your shoulders, and stomach.
- Visualizations – we probably know quite a few of these.
- Meditation – you simply concentrate on your breathing. Every time your thoughts move away from your breathing, you bring your focus back to your breath.
- Exercise – this affects the levels of noradrenalin and serotonin levels of the amygdala, making the receptors less active. It also stimulates the left pre-frontal cortex more than the right. This has been associated with a more positive mood (and that helps to reduce anxiety).
- Sleep – getting the right amount of sleep helps people to concentrate and helps them remember things. It also makes the amygdala less reactive.
- Avoid catastrophizing (thinking that everything is currently awful or everything is going to be awful).
- Cognitive defusion – this technique originated with Steven Hayes. Basically a person acknowledges a thought exists without accepting it, eg saying: “ah, once again I’m having a thought about failing my driving test”. It’s a dissociative technique and allows a person to observe their cortex working.
- Cognitive restructuring – this technique gives you a way to change your cortex. The key is to be sceptical of anxious thoughts and challenge them with evidence, ignore them, or replace them with new coping thoughts.
- Plan rather than worry – if you’re anticipating something bad happening, don’t worry about the event happening, plan some solutions. So, if the event does occur, you can execute your plan.
- Engage the left hemisphere – events such as watching comedy programmes, reading articles, playing games, or exercise reduce the dominance of the right hemisphere.
- Engage the right hemisphere – listening to music or singing engages the right hemisphere, so it can’t be negative.
- Mindfulness – this results in the cortex responding to anxiety in a different way. It activates the ventral medial pre-frontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex, which are the parts that have a direct connection to the amygdala.
Other useful information about anxiety includes:
- A trigger is any stimulus (sensation, object, or event) that becomes associated with an emotional memory of a negative event. Whenever something triggers a response, the amygdala produces a fear reaction and a learned behaviour is initiated. This gets stronger the more times the trigger occurs. The lateral amygdala doesn’t look for cause and effect, only association between two events.
- Cognitive fusion is where we assume that what we think is real actually is real. A common example is believing that a situation is dangerous because of a feeling that it’s dangerous rather than there being any evidence that there’s a threat.
- New learning in the amygdala occurs in the lateral nucleus. This is where you can train your amygdala to respond differently.
- Optimism is more associated with left pre-frontal cortex activation and pessimism is associated with right pre-frontal cortex activation.
- The right hemisphere has a tendency to focus on negative visual or auditory information.
- The more activity there is in the nucleus accumbens (found in the frontal lobes) – an area associated with hope, optimism, and anticipation of rewards and where dopamine is released – the more dopamine that gets released and the more optimistic a person is. Optimistic people are less anxious.
- Worry arises in the orbitofrontal cortex. This is an area of the brain that allows us to make plans and exhibit self-control. If we focus mainly on negative outcomes, this becomes worry.
- The anterior cingulate cortex can get stuck on certain ideas or images, and this contributes to worry.
Catherine M Pittman and Elizabeth M Karle. Rewire your Anxious Brain: How to Use the Neuroscience of Fear to End Anxiety, Panic and Worry. New Harbinger, ISBN-13: 978-1626251137
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Red Cross on a white background, is the Emblem of Red Cross, recognized in 1864 as the distinctive sign for medical relief teams on the battle field.
In the Russo-Turkish war the Ottoman empire used a Red Crescent in place of the Red Cross. Egypt too opted for the Red Crescent while Persia chose a Red Lion on a white background. These symbols were written and accepted into the 1929 Geneva Conventions. The IRCS adopted RED CROSS as its emblem.
The National Society make use of the emblem as an indicative device in peacetime and during armed conflicts within the limits stipulated in national legislation, the regulations and its statutes only for activities consistent with the principles set out by International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent.
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New plant will recycle used slag to make concrete.
By Jessica Cheam
SINGAPORE'S building industry is taking steps to green itself, with the opening on Wednesday of a new plant which will recycle used copper slag to make concrete.
The plant by Geocycle Singapore can process 360,000 tonnes of collected copper slag from local shipyards, which will be a substitute for sand in making ready-mixed concrete.
The Sungei Kadut facility will also function as a research and development centre for alternative and eco-friendly building materials.
It is a joint venture firm by cement maker Holcim Singapore and local recycling firm ecoWise, which have equal stakes.
[Okay. sounds like a good idea. Helps solve the sand shortage. BUT... isn't copper a good conductor of electricity, and isn't Singapore prone to heavy thunderstorms with lots of lightning strikes?
So houses built with copper-sand - can they do without lightning rods? What happens when the house is struck by lightning? Will the house become a "Faraday cage" and block phone signals?] | <urn:uuid:faeac8b4-180a-42c7-ba7d-d7305ee43d59> | {
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Good news if you’re an adult who hasn’t gotten the HPV vaccine yet: A government advisory panel recently voted to recommend the vaccine for men up to age 26 (previously it was recommended for women up to 26, and men up to 21) with a “weak endorsement” for people up to age 45.
The HPV vaccine protects against several types of human papillomavirus, a virus that can cause genital warts and cancers. HPV doesn’t always lead to cancer, but it’s very common, so most of us will be exposed to the virus at some point in our sexual lives. When you get a pap smear, your gyno is checking for early signs of the cervical cancer that HPV can cause. HPV can also cause oral cancers and, less commonly, others like anal and penile cancer.
The new recommendations come from the CDC’s Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Once the CDC officially adopts these recommendations, most insurance plans will have to cover the vaccines as recommended. (Otherwise they run around $200 per dose, with adults requiring three doses.) That means men up to age 26 should have no problem getting the vaccine, and people between age 26 and 45 should be able to get the vaccine after discussing it with their doctor. (The vaccine is only approved for people up to age 45.)
The best age to get the vaccine is still in childhood, well before becoming sexually active, so the HPV vaccine is on the vaccine schedule for children age 11 to 12. Previously, the vaccine was only aimed at younger people because by the time you become sexually active, you’ve already been exposed to the virus, so the thinking was that a vaccine wouldn’t be very helpful. However, there are several types of the virus that can cause cancer, and the latest vaccine protects against nine of them, so even if you’ve been exposed to one or two, you could still gain protection against the others. | <urn:uuid:1f0b9503-9db4-4ba5-9c60-4601ebd26524> | {
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A Answers (2)
Mehmet Oz, MD, Cardiology, answeredWatch this video to learn more from Dr. Mehmet Oz about eye health.
Helpful? 3 people found this helpful.
Joan Salge Blake, MS, RD, Nutrition & Dietetics, answered on behalf of Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
The latest research suggests that what you eat may help reduce the risk of the leading causes of eye diseases, advanced macular degeneration (AMD) and cataracts.
Approximately 7 million Americans are at risk for AMD, which is the leading cause of central blindness. Individuals with AMD are unable to see images directly in front of them.
In addition, more than 50 million Americans suffer with cloudy vision due to cataracts. Both of these eye disorders impact the ability for individuals to work, socialize, and even function in their homes, especially if they are living alone.
The good news is that a waist-friendly diet, chock full of antioxidant-rich fruits and vegetables and omega-3 fatty acids-rich fish, may not only reduce your risk of developing AMD and cataracts, but also heart disease, cancer, stroke, and diabetes. That's a lot of health coverage per bite.
Follow Joan on Twitter at: joansalgeblakeHelpful? 4 people found this helpful. | <urn:uuid:dda67c7f-9356-466d-9dc2-857ec484991f> | {
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Inequality data and statistics give us an important insight into the state of our economy and the health of our society.
In this section, we offer quick takes on economic inequality, as categorized in five key areas: income, wealth, global, health, and racial. In each category, we chart some inequality statistics and discuss the basic numbers.
You can click on each of the section headings to find more data on that topic area.
Income disparities have become so pronounced that America’s top 10 percent now average nearly nine times as much income as the bottom 90 percent. Americans in the top 1 percent tower stunningly higher. They average over 38 times more income than the bottom 90 percent. But that gap pales in comparison to the divide between the nation’s top 0.1 percent and everyone else. Americans at this lofty level are taking in over 184 times the income of the bottom 90 percent.
The share of America’s wealth held by the nation’s wealthiest has changed markedly over the past century. That share peaked in the late 1920s, right before the Great Depression, then fell by more than half over the next three decades. But the equalizing trends of the mid 20th century have now been almost completely undone. At the top of the American economic summit, the richest of the nation’s rich now hold as large a wealth share as they did in the 1920s.
Estimates from the Credit Suisse Research Institute show that the richest 0.5 percent of global adults hold well over a third of the world’s wealth.
U.S. households with annual incomes below $50,000 report higher levels of stress than other families. Average stress levels have been falling since the 2007-2008 financial crisis, but the stress-gap between rich and poor households has been increasing.
The billionaires who make up the Forbes 400 list of richest Americans now have as much wealth as all African-American households, plus one-third of America’s Latino population, combined. In other words, just 400 extremely wealthy individuals have as much wealth as 16 million African-American households and 5 million Latino households. | <urn:uuid:a4ee15cc-a537-4c8e-a309-0290201c82ea> | {
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melanura, H. marginata, Hemigrammus nanus
PD: A slightly elongated fish with a yellow to gray body color.
The head is silver while the fins are
The tail, dorsal, anal fins have white tips.
A yellow line that turns black near the tail,
extends the length of the body.
No adipose fin is present.
SIZE: To 2" (5 cm)
HAB: Small black and white water streams.
South America: Brazil; in tributaries
of the Rio Purus, and in Rio Sao Francisco Basin.
TANK: 20" (50 cm) or 10 gallons (38 l).
The tank should be arranged in dark
colors and a cover of floating plants should be used to dim the lighting.
The tank should have areas of heavy
planting and some open swimming areas.
Provide good aeration.
WATER: pH 6-7.5 (6.6), 5-20 dH (8), 72-82°F (22-28°C)
SB: A peaceful, schooling fish recommended for community tank.
Keep in groups of at least 4 individuals.
Corydoras, Apistogramma, tetras, Loricarids.
FOOD: Live; Brine Shrimp, insect larvae; flake.
SEX: The male is slender and more colorful. It also has a white tip on its anal fin, while
the female's tip is yellow.
B: Use water with a pH of 5.5-6.5, a water hardness of 2-5 dH, and a water temperature
of 72-79°F (22-26°C). Suggest peat filtration.
Use a breeding tank with mesh netting or marbles at tank bottom so
the eggs fall out of the reach of cannibalistic parents.
The eggs hatch in 20-30 hours. The fry are easy
to raise and should be fed crushed dry and small live foods.
Breeding the Silver-tipped Tetra is fairly difficult.
R: This fish differs from
Hyphessobrycon by its lack of an adipose
A hardy fish ideal for the community tank of a beginning aquariast. | <urn:uuid:db4a17ff-751b-473c-85f3-cfeb09b320d3> | {
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Current information with complete global coverage is central to managing biological invasions. Trans-boundary and trading partnership risks cannot be evaluated without adequate information on alien species distributions; for which international and cross-border policy and co-operation is particularly essential. However, systematic monitoring of alien species remains lacking, and a standardized approach for tracking biological invasion has until now not been developed. This website presents the vision and an approach to achieving global observation and monitoring of biological invasions.
Use this site to:
- Inform the development of national, sub-national or site-based observation and monitoring systems for invasive alien species
- Harmonise existing observation and monitoring systems for invasive alien species
- Promote national and global efforts to achieve and report on conservation targets for biological invasions
Use these links for more information on:
- What are essential variables?
- Developing national monitoring
- Aichi Target 9 of the strategic plan for biodiversity 2011-2020
Background:Click here to read more on the Background of this project
Unlike the systematic evaluation and monitoring process in place for tracking the status of threatened species at multiple spatial scales, no such process in currently in place for invasive alien species. This is in spite of the fact that they result in economic loss and have negative impacts on human and animal welfare. Not only is no systematic process in place for tracking the state of global biological invasion, but also the variables and metrics for doing so in a standardised way (necessary to underpin a robust observation system) have not been fully developed, widely agreed to, or adopted.
This site provides a framework, guidance and information resources for the development of national observation and monitoring systems for invasive alien species. It was developed using the concept of Essential Biodiversity Variables as a vehicle for identifying the building blocks for National Observation and Monitoring for Biological Invasion. Some of the tools and resources mentioned are themselves still under development. Nonetheless, there is much that countries can do in the short term to develop their own observation and monitoring systems and contribute to the global effort to better understand, track, manage and report on biological invasions that negatively impact biodiversity.
GEO BON working group on using an Essential Biodiversity Variable approach to Invasion Monitoring, including; McGeoch, M. A., Bacher, S., Blackburn, T. M., Capinha, C., Costello, M. J., Fernández, M., Genovesi, P., Gregory R. D., Hobern, D., Hui, C., Jeschke, J. M., Jetz, W., Kumschick, S., Latombe, G., Pergl, J., Pyšek, P., Roy, H. E., Scalera, R., Squires, Z. E., Wilson, J. R. U. and Winter, M. – Click here to read more about this GEO BON working group
Citation: McGeoch, M.A. and Squires, Z. 2015. An Essential Biodiversity Variable approach to monitoring biological invasions: Guide for Countries. GEO BON Technical Series 2, 13 pp. http://www.geobon.org/
Click here to download key research publication | <urn:uuid:fa73c871-f10a-4bb9-b7e3-d0f86c2569b2> | {
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No time is more appropriate than now to build the culture of peace. No social responsibility is greater nor task more significant than that of securing peace on our planet on a sustainable foundation. Today's world with its complexities and challenges is becoming increasingly more interdependent and interconnected. The sheer magnitude of it requires all of us to work together.By Anwarul K. Chowdhury
Recognition of the human right to peace by the international community, particularly the United Nations, will surely generate the inspiration in creating the much-needed culture of peace in each one of us.
Nearly thirteen years ago in 1998, on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights, a group of civil society organizations launched a global campaign for the recognition by all of the human right to peace. They declared, "We are convinced that after this century with its horrible wars, barbarism and crimes against humanity and human rights, it is high time for the 'Human Right to Peace' ".
They elaborated by underscoring that "the right to live is not applied in times of war – this contradiction and the undermining of the universality of human rights must be ended by the recognition of the human right to peace". They called upon all "to prevent violence, intolerance and injustice in our countries and societies in order to overcome the cult of war and to build a Culture of Peace".
Both objectives still remain elusive, unattained – human right to peace has not yet been fully, formally and directly recognized as well as efforts needed for advancing the culture of peace remain sidelined in the UN system.
©UNESCO/Mustafa R. M. Daras
Under human rights law, governments everywhere are obliged to facilitate the right to education, according to a recent UN report. They must also secure sustainable investment in education. Prepared by the UN Special Rapporteur on the right to education, the report also addresses education in contexts affected by conflict and disaster.
The right to education is also at the heart of an ongoing consultation of UNESCO Member States. Launched in September 2011, it concerns the implementation of the Convention and Recommendation against Discrimination in Education (2006-2011).
An exhibition of graphic, brightly-coloured posters illustrating the right to education will be launched on 8 December in the context of the partnership between UNESCO and the NGO “Posters4tomorrow”. A video of the posters is on YouTube.
Education as a human right and teaching and learning about human rights are two aspects of UNESCO’s rights-based work in education. Knowledge of rights and freedoms ensures respect for the rights of all. Human rights education creates a “human rights-friendly” environment. It aims to develop learners’ competencies to apply a rights-based approach to everyday issues for a sustainable and peaceful future.
How does one learn nonviolent resistance? The same way that Martin Luther King Jr. did—by study, reading and interrogating seasoned tutors. King would eventually become the person most responsible for advancing and popularizing Gandhi’s ideas in the United States, by persuading black Americans to adapt the strategies used against British imperialism in India to their own struggles. Yet he was not the first to bring this knowledge from the subcontinent.
By the 1930s and 1940s, via ocean voyages and propeller airplanes, a constant flow of prominent black leaders were traveling to India. College presidents, professors, pastors and journalists journeyed to India to meet Gandhi and study how to forge mass struggle with nonviolent means. Returning to the United States, they wrote articles, preached, lectured and passed key documents from hand to hand for study by other black leaders.
By ELTON SKENDAJ, Visiting Research Fellow, Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies at the University of Notre Dame
Original post found in the Global Campaign for Peace Education Newsletter, February 2012 issue.
I write this as a research fellow at the Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies at Notre Dame, where reflection and action in peace research are encouraged. In a review of current practices of peace education by US Institute of Peace, the writers celebrate the diversity of peace practice, but sound a note of caution that we need better evaluation of the strategies that work in peace education. In this spirit of reflection, I want to make a plea for learning from our failures and sharing information about when our strategies work and when they don’t. As peace educators, we often share information about what we consider successful outcomes of our efforts, and failures to achieve the peace we seek are used to justify the claim that more peace education activities are needed.
Your personal myths—the hidden themes and stories of your life—could be subconsciously shaping the way you live today. Personal myths are generated from family, society, and your own experience. When you become aware of your guiding personal myths, you can examine them to determine whether they are more functional than dysfunctional. This process can help you identify myths that no longer serve you, which reduces the power they have to influence your thinking and decisions.
When I was producing television, I met Whitney Houston. She was suggested by a network for a guest role on a show I was producing. I had never heard of her so they sent over a copy of her singing "I'm Saving All My Love for You." Before the song was over, I knew that I was willing to give her a shot even though she had never acted before. Not only was she a fantastic singer, but she really jumped off the screen with a luminous energy.
The week that we did the taping, Whitney couldn't have been nicer. She was about 20 at the time and seemed to be surprised and delighted at her new found fame. As I've watched her very public struggle with drugs and an abusive marriage, it has been heartbreaking. How did that joyous talented young woman turn into a pathetic drug addict?
Of course it is a common story in the entertainment business and especially among musicians. Quincy Jones, the renowned music producer, said on CBS News that he "was angry about her drug use" but recalled the similar problems of Ray Charles and Jimi Hendrix. He offered his opinion that he doesn't think there's going to be any change in the music industry in a clip available at http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=7398559n&tag=mncol;lst;1
Finding the right job in conflict resolution, international development and related fields requires a combination of the right experience and training, an understanding of the field, developing strong connections and a bit of serendipity. In addition to academic and/or professional training, it is essential to have an understanding of how conflict resolution works in practice. Many people working in conflict related jobs, will not find employment with "conflict resolution organizations" but with organizations in others sectors (international development, education, environment, business) working on conflict related jobs. Thus it is also important in the job search to broaden your scope to include international development organizations, government and intergovernmental institutions, for-profit and business institutions, educational institutions, and more.
PsySR’s 30th Anniversary Conference: July 12-14, 2012 – Washington, DC
Conference Information: www.psysr.org/conference2012
We invite psychologists, researchers, students, activists, and artists to submit proposals for Psychologists for Social Responsibility’s July 2012 Conference in Washington, DC: “Psychology and the Occupy Movement: Synergies for Social Change.”
The Occupy Movement in the United States, inspired by the earlier Arab Spring uprisings in North Africa and the Wisconsin Movement, is using creative, nonviolent methods to decry inequities in our society. It is enlisting citizens from all walks of life to right injustices of wealth and power and to stop the use of violence to perpetuate these injustices. This 30th anniversary PsySR conference will explore the relationship between psychology and the Occupy Movement and the synergies this relationship can generate in the service of social justice. We will focus on three areas:
“Creativity is like freedom: once you taste it, you cannot life without it. It is a transformational force, enhancing self-esteem and self-empowerment.” -- Natalie Rogers
Natalie Rogers, PhD, founder of the transformational Creative Connection® system of person-centered expressive arts has published an all-in-one guide to group facilitation titled: The Creative Connection for Groups ~ Person-Centered Expressive Arts for Healing and Social Change, which, I believe, has the power to impact personal and global transformation and healing.
Every step of her unique, intermodal expressive arts process is explained in a way which allows readers to take part in the exercises as if they were participating in a workshop intensive. The tools, procedures, and resources designed to initiate creative action have all been included, making it a ‘must have’ book for anyone ready to stimulate growth through expressive creative action. This book is a soulful wake-up call for a world in crisis which requires new ways of seeing, acting, and being to begin the journey toward peace through community engagement. Natalie Rogers writes: “Using creative expression to get acquainted with oneself – one’ values, thoughts, feelings, hopes, and dreams – is imperative in today’s world” (p. 4). The next step – using expressive arts to build community and move in the direction of inner and world peace – is the goal closest to Rogers’ heart. The underlying theme of the book is encouragement of expressive arts being used in groups as a vehicle for personal growth, transpersonal work, and building a sense of belonging and community (Rogers, 2011, p. 208).
Tammy Hanks and Priscilla Schlottman -- both of whom completed doctoral degrees in Psychology/Social Transformation at Saybrook -- serve as Director and Clinical Director of the Zulu Orphan Alliance (ZOA), a nonprofit organization founded by volunteer psychologists, therapists, social workers, and medical professionals. Current Saybrook student Donna Nassor sits on the board of ZOA, helping the organization provide a network of ongoing support to orphaned and vulnerable children living near Adams Mission, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa.
ZOA supports the Bhekanisizwe (which is Zulu for "look after the nation") Center where where 26 orphans are housed and an additional 30 orphans and other vulnerable children receive meals and basic needs. What makes ZOA unique among aid groups is that, beyond the provision of basic needs like food, shelter, and medical care, we also offer free access to therapeutic modalities - particularly art therapy and expressive therapies that can be adapted in culturally senstive and appropriate ways that transcend ethnic barriers. | <urn:uuid:482c57a2-0dea-45e8-970a-fb25948fcb6c> | {
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Just when I'm beginning to feel that winter is never going to end, the first seed catalogue arrives in the mail. Almost as welcome as the first snowdrop, it marks the beginning of a delightful time of year for gardeners—a chance to consider the many plant possibilities and anticipate next season's garden.
Starting the seeds
Container options include plastic cell packs, peat or plastic pots, soil blocks (which are subsequently planted directly into the ground) and recycled items such as milk cartons or yogurt containers with holes punched in the bottom. The plastic trays with corrugated bottoms available from garden centres are ideal for holding the containers.
You can use either a soilless mix or potting soil, but the planting medium must be able to absorb and hold moisture, be fluffy so it won't form a crust, and be free from weed seeds and soil-borne diseases, which can cause damping off (see “Dirty, rotten scoundrels,” below). After filling containers, press soil down gently but firmly; don't pack it too hard. Water until it's moist but not soggy.
There are several different seed-sowing techniques you can employ. An easy, dependable method is to plant several seeds in each individual cell pack or container. Very tiny seeds, and those requiring light to germinate, should be pressed into the surface of the soil but not covered. For most other seeds, make a small hole with a blunt pencil or similar implement and plant the seed about twice as deep as its size.
Label each container with a waterproof marker and record the date, type and variety name. Keep a separate record of the source of the seeds and germination requirements, leaving room for future notes. Over the years, this record book will be a valuable resource.
Cover the containers with clear plastic (such as dry-cleaning bags) to preserve moisture; for seeds that need to be kept in the dark to germinate, use black or green garbage bags. If light is required, site seeds where they'll receive indirect light. For seeds needing warm temperatures, there are several options. My favourite spot used to be on top of an older, energy-inefficient refrigerator. Alternatively, you could use heating cables (available from garden centres), or put the containers under grow lights, leaving them on continuously. Start with the lights well above (about 30 cm) the containers, and put a thermometer under the plastic. Keep lowering the lights until the desired temperature is reached. I generally check every 20 to 30 minutes or so initially.
Dirty, rotten scoundrels
Several fungi that live in the soil can cause damping off, a disease that attacks stems at the soil line, causing seedlings to rot and fall over; overwatering makes seedlings more susceptible. To help prevent damping off, let the soil surface dry out between waterings. If stems become infected, however, cut out the affected seedlings immediately and discard.
Other preventive measures include applying a one-time dusting of cinnamon powder after seeds are sown and watered (before seeds sprout); watering or misting with weak camomile tea; or using commercial products such as No-Damp. -Anne Marie Van Nest | <urn:uuid:760051a7-2295-4687-ab1d-f2ac08f78869> | {
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It isn't unusual to find common field weeds trying to invade our cultivated gardens, but sometimes we seem to be engaged in a never-ending battle.
Just as we get one weed under control, another tries to take hold and before long it becomes the Weed of the Year and stands out as the most annoying of all other weeds.
In our garden, the weed of the year seems to be Galium aparine, also known as Bedstraw. This weed has many other names as well, including Goosegrass, Cleavers, Catchweed and, my favorite, Stickywilly.
Galium, pronounced gal-lee-um, is a strange plant when compared with other common weeds. Its stems are long and brittle, and when handled, will easily break. They break so easily, in fact, that it is difficult to pull out an entire plant because each time the stem is grabbed onto and pulled, it practically falls apart and you have to keep going back for the rest of it.
But that's not the worst part. The stems are covered with small, sticky hairs that like burdock (or Velcro), grab onto to everything, including humans and animals, who happen to brush by. For some humans and animals, these hairs can cause an allergic reaction that can be quite uncomfortable.
The husband found this out the hard way after deciding to do some weeding in one of the gardens. Although he wore gardening gloves while working, as he grabbed the stems of the bedstraw, the sticky hairs still brushed against his wrists and arms. Within 24 hours, his arms were covered with an itchy rash that within a few days erupted into blisters. Even after coating his arms with Calamine lotion, it was several days before the rash finally began to subside.
It's hard to believe that in spite of bedstraw's bad manners, this plant is also an herb. The name, Galium is from the Greek word, gala, meaning milk. The name was given because of the plant's ability to form a dense mat, which enabled sheep herders to use it to strain milk curds while making cheese.
As an herb, bedstraw can be a useful plant. Its roots can be used to make a red dye. Rich in vitamin C, young shoots of the plant were used to make a spring tonic that also acts as a diuretic. The seeds were sometimes boiled to make a coffee-like brew and ironically, a tonic made from the plant also was used to combat skin irritations including psoriasis.
Growing as a garden weed, this plant forms a dense, tangled mat. If there are nearby plants, bedstraw will simply grow over them. It doesn't seem to let anything get in its way. Because the stems are brittle and break off as they are pulled, the roots likely remain and the plant simply grows again. It will eventually give up, however, and can easily be controlled with a bit of vigilance and continued weeding.
An annual, the plant readily reseeds and spreads by using those sticky hairs to grab onto anything and anyone who may be passing by. Unlike burdock, it's easy to brush the bedstraw stems and seeds from our clothes, but like that tiny piece of cellophane wrapper that doesn't want to let go when we try to toss it into the trash, bedstraw grabs back and tries to hang on. It sticks to itself as well and can be rolled up into a ball of sorts and tossed away.
Native to every state except Hawaii, some areas don't welcome this plant. In Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York and Vermont, the seeds are prohibited. Kentucky rates the plant as a threat while some Canadian provinces list bedstraw as a noxious weed.
Bedstraw will grow in full sun, but the prickly hairs grow more profusely when the plant is a bit shaded. The stems are square and groups of eight leaves grow around the stem in whorls. The stem's lower leaves have a rounded shape and have a short stalk (petiole) that connects them to the stem. The upper leaves are lance-shaped and don't have a petiole to connect them to the stem.
The flowers are white and star-shaped. The seed pods are small, globe-shaped capsules that are also covered with those prickly hairs.
I always wear gloves when weeding and so far haven't had any problems if my skin comes in contact with the sticky stems of bedstraw. But for those who run the risk of contact dermatitis, be sure to wear gloves and long sleeves while weeding.
Animals also can be sensitive to bedstraw plants. If your dogs or cats wander where weeds are growing, they can suffer painful skin irritations as well. | <urn:uuid:09060a76-7fc4-468e-8f66-f466ebfe662a> | {
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Violation of the strict rules laid down for the operation of trains on the part of employees may result in reprimand, suspension, or dismissal, according to the gravity of the offense. The penalty of suspension has practically superseded the others except in extreme cases, such as drunkenness, theft, or other serious violations of the rules, for which offenders are summarily dismissed. On some railroads, a graded system of demerits is used. When an employee has received a certain number of demerits he is dismissed from the service.
The railroad unions are among the strongest and most aggressive in the country. The total union membership among train operating employees alone in the country is approximately 350,000. The unions are all modeled upon the same general plan. They are quite independent of each other, keep strictly to their agreements and oppose the sympathetic strike. They all maintain some form of life insurance. Four organizations have underwritten over $500,000,000 of insurance and one of them in a single year paid claims amounting to $1,135,000. The influence of these unions has been particularly effective in securing the passage of protective state and national legislation such as full crew laws, standardization of train equipment, employers’ liability laws, car limit laws, etc.
The hazardous nature of the work is indicated by a statement made by a prominent union official to the effect that the Trainmen’s Brotherhood paid a claim for death or disability every seven hours. A report to the Interstate Commerce Commission states that there is one case of injury in train or yard service every nine minutes. With the invention of safety devices the risk of accident has been greatly lessened, but railroading is still one of the most dangerous industrial occupations.
There is little chance of employment for applicants under the age of 21 years. In fact, many roads refuse to employ men below this age. Physical or sense defects which often accompany advancing years, and which would not disqualify a man in other occupations do so in railroad work. The average length of the working life is a little over 12 years.
Railroad employees are among the best paid workers in the country. A close estimate based on extensive wage investigations places the annual earnings of engineers at from $1,200 to $2,400 a year, with an average of $1,600. Conductors average about $1,350, firemen a little over $900, and other trainmen about $950. The usual working day is 10 hours, although this is often exceeded. Overtime is paid on a regular scale agreed upon by the companies and the union. | <urn:uuid:fc8aa32c-7cfe-4301-93dc-8d8e13883374> | {
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While the United States power sector is strongly dominated by conventional fossil and nuclear power plants, the contribution from renewable resources is growing and the energy mix varies greatly by state. Here we evaluate electricity generation from utility-scale renewables (i.e. power from wind, water, solar, geothermal and biomass resources) in the United States on the national level as well as in five states: California, New York, Texas, Minnesota, and Indiana. To date, renewables make up only a small percentage of total power generation in most states, with the exception of large hydroelectric power. A number of states, however, have incorporated renewable energy at much faster rates than the national average, and these examples may offer insight into approaches to increase renewables generation in other regions.
Renewable portfolio standards (RPS) and strategies to increase renewable energy market penetration vary greatly by state. For example, California has high renewable energy targets, along with parallel programs for efficiency, storage, demand response, and distributed generation, which are not covered by its RPS. States such as Wyoming, however, have no renewable energy targets at all. Most state RPS targets are set as a percentage of total electricity generation, although Texas has instead set goals for total installed electricity generation capacity. Timelines and strategies are state-dependent. Minnesota has different targets for each utility. New York, Indiana, and Minnesota all define very different suites of technologies under each RPS. California has some of the most aggressive RPS targets, while Indiana’s are lower than most and voluntary.
The data presented here reflect annual variations in electricity demand, and can highlight both challenges to integrating renewable resources and strategies for overcoming these hurdles. For example, hydroelectric and wind power are frequently at peak generating capacity in fall and spring, while demand peaks in winter and summer. Higher rates of solar power generation may help smooth this annual variability because solar peaks in the summer. It is important to note that these data do not capture daily or hourly variability: increasing rates of solar generation might help mitigate the annual variation introduced by wind and hydroelectric power, but additional measures will be needed to account for the daily variation in these resources. Solar tends to peak in the middle of the day, for example, and wind is often more powerful in the evening. Energy storage and demand response may play an important role in managing these daily variations. However, these technologies play less of a role on the long time scales illustrated here, and so will not be discussed in depth. | <urn:uuid:affc1d2b-3bbf-43d7-9158-9f59feeedc51> | {
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-- Robert Preidt
WEDNESDAY, Nov. 3 (HealthDay News) -- The rate of concussions
among teen and young adult hockey players is more than three times
higher than previously believed, and the issue needs to be taken
more seriously by players, parents, coaches and doctors,
The study of 67 male ice-hockey players, aged 16 to 21, on two
fourth-tier teams was conducted during the 2009-2010 hockey season.
During 52 games, 17 players suffered a total of 21 concussions.
The Canadian researchers calculated that the incidence of
concussions was 21.5 per 1,000 athlete exposures, which is 3.3
times higher than reported in previous studies.
Among the other findings:
The findings are published in the November issue of
"The aftermath of a concussion can impact memory, judgment, social conduct, reflexes, speech, balance and coordination," study author Dr. Paul Sean Echlin, of the AIM Health Group, Family Medicine in South London, Ontario, said in an American Association of Neurological Surgeons news release.
"Epidemiological studies have suggested an association between sport concussions and both immediate and later-life cognitive impairment. As such, this is a public health issue that needs to be taken more seriously by players, parents, coaches and medical professionals," he added.
However, this study found "a disturbing lack of compliance by
the athletes to undergo requested neuropsychological evaluations
and multiple physician visits, as well as a lack of understanding
about the seriousness of concussion," study co-author Dr. Charles
H. Tator, of Western Hospital, University of Toronto, said in the
"Complaints from players, coaches and parents about this testing gave further credence to the importance of raising awareness about the serious long-term implications of concussions through education, which does appear to be beneficial according to our findings," he noted.
"The reluctance to report concussion symptoms may result from cultural factors, as expressed in several of the case studies -- athletes demonstrate perceived toughness to their parents, coaches, teammates and peers by playing through an injury; and the belief of the athlete that he or she is invincible, so winning overrides any consideration of the effect of the injury upon long-term health," Echlin said.
"It is imperative to bring about a cultural and philosophical change in this regard through stepped-up education efforts and enforcement of concussion protocols. At risk is something far more precious than winning a game, and that is the future health and well being of thousands of young athletes," he concluded.
The American Academy of Family Physicians has more about
Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
Copyright © EBSCO Publishing. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:2b8694d5-fd01-40e4-a92f-786f281f2457> | {
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About the Student Design Challenge
Real-world Challenges + Biomimicry Tools = Sustainable Innovation
Each fall the Biomimicry 3.8 Institute facilitates a Biomimicry Student Design Challenge focused on a real-world problem. Aimed at college and university students, the design challenge invites students to work collaboratively in teams to apply biomimicry concepts and tools to arrive at a sustainable and innovative design solution. The 2013 Challenge focuses on transportation. Read the details here.
The Challenge is open to any student worldwide who is enrolled in a certificate or degree program. Teams must include at least two individuals, with a maximum of six. Interdisciplinary teams are highly encouraged, and we strongly suggest working with a faculty and/or professional mentor.
Because most students have not been trained in biomimicry, the Challenge is conducted as a self-directed learning opportunity. We provide videos, lectures, access to Biologists at the Design Table, and other resources to help students apply biomimicry to their design process. Because of this training component, each team is required to pay a $35 registration fee.
Read a personal account from an SDC participant:
Stefanie Koehler describes her experience and what she learned during the 2012-13 Challenge. (via Core77)
Winning teams from last year’s Water Wise Challenge | <urn:uuid:c60686eb-6267-4af9-804e-7dbc5b934e7e> | {
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Traffic is detoured along a section of Interstate 84 following a landslide Wednesday night. Inevitably rocks will fall on highways along hillsides and mountains, but what triggers a landslide?
The Oregon Department of Transportation monitors 120 areas that are at-risk for landslides in the Portland area, including the Gorge. ODOT spokesperson Don Hamilton says the organization has some measures to prevent landslides (like the recent Jefferson Street Rockfall Repair in which ODOT cleared loose materials and put in mesh and plants to hold soil in place along Highway 26).
He says he wasn’t sure of the history of landslide prevention in the Gorge.
“Each site is different,” says Hamilton. “We’ve had issues in the Gorge. It’s essentially a rock wall.” He says this landslide was likely caused by a combination of precipitation, loose soil and strong winds in the area.
ODOT crews are working to clear the road — nearly 200 truckloads worth of rocks.
Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries tracks landslides throughout the state.
“(The Gorge is) really steep and it got a lot of rain,” DOGMI chief scientist Ian Madin says. “Much of the geology in the Columbia Gorge is landslide prone.”
His advice to the public is to watch when the National Weather Service issues flood or storm warnings.
“Water is what causes landslides 99 percent of the time,” Madin says. “And when you add water and steep slopes, you get big problems.”
The stretch of eastbound I-84 and one westbound lane between Troutdale and Hood River in the Columbia Gorge will remain closed through the weekend. Hamilton says if you witness a landslide on the road, you can contact Traffic Management Operations Center at (503)-283-5859. Call 911 in emergency situations. | <urn:uuid:22dadecb-ac4e-4690-b458-06dfab335e58> | {
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In the years following the September 11th attacks, Americans have sought to make sense of that tragic day by integrating the events into their national narrative, the story of who they are as a nation.
This one week institute will examine the ways American culture—specifically art, drama, fiction, film, poetry, and television-- responded to September 11, both in the immediate aftermath and in the years that followed. Questions to be considered include:
• How have novels, films, plays, poems, television shows, and songs represented and made sense of 9/11?
• Are there differences between early and later cultural responses?
• How do different disciplines approach the same event?
• How can we teach today’s students about the rich, nuanced, often profound responses to this single historical moment?
This institute is appropriate for any teacher or scholar interested in learning more about the cultural responses to 9/11. Participants will network with one another, share ideas, and begin to develop teaching or research materials relevant to this subject area as is appropriate to them.
Deadline for registration is June 11, 2010
For more information and registration go to http://www.endicott.edu/summerinstituteamericanculture
Send comments and questions to H-Net
Webstaff. H-Net reproduces announcements that have been submitted to us as a
free service to the academic community. If you are interested in an announcement
listed here, please contact the organizers or patrons directly. Though we strive
to provide accurate information, H-Net cannot accept responsibility for the text of
announcements appearing in this service. (Administration) | <urn:uuid:62e5d35b-de38-44c7-b64c-656bac6b37a1> | {
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The January 12, 1861 edition of Harper's Weekly featured
the following illustration of Fort Moultrie. Major Anderson was in
command of four Moultrie, but he felt that the citizens were about to take
Fort Sumter by force, and that his position at Fort Moultrie would not be
defensible. Hence, on the evening of December 26, 1860, Major Anderson
abandoned Fort Moultrie, and took his command to Fort Sumter, which would be
a more defensive position.
The illustration below shows eye-witness drawings of the
inside of Fort Moultrie during his tenure there.
A note to our readers.
We acquired the original leaf above for the purpose of digitally preserving
it for your research and enjoyment. If you would like to acquire the original,
140+ year old leaf, it is available for the price of $175. Your purchase
of this original leaf allows us to continue to expand the resources on this
site, keeping it free, and free of annoying popups. For more information contact | <urn:uuid:a71a0afb-e259-4507-9a2a-890141487841> | {
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HANCOCK COUNTY, MS (WLOX) - Through STEM programs, young Americans are motivated to specialize in science, technology, engineering and math.
A Hancock County artist with an engineering background is taking an unique approach to pottery and using it as a platform to teach innovation, mechanics, and art.
Steve Barney is a mechanical engineer who also happens to make pottery. But it’s how he creates his artwork that is innovative and unique. He calls it the STEAMpunk Pottery Project.
Steve invented and built what he calls the world’s most powerful pottery machine. His design features an array of seemingly random mechanical parts represents a unique approach to teaching.
“It’s a collection of motors, belts, mannequin arms, and antique machinery," explained Barney. “I go around to libraries, schools and festivals, teaching kids about science and engineering through the experience of pottery.”
Barney is committed to encouraging students to discover the importance of STEM-related fields. It’s become a national effort to make America competitive in the world.
"We’re falling behind in our global leadership of teaching kids to become engineers. This is a way to really stimulate kids and get them turned on to science and engineering in a way they would not be otherwise. " Barney said.
A group of ninth graders at Hancock High School were invited to see Steve’s presentation, which is almost like a performance.
Climbing on top of his his pottery machine, Steve turned to the group, asking if they want to see him hang upside-down. After an enthusiastic ‘yes’ from the students, Steve hoisted himself up, flipped upside-down, and began making pottery.
“This takes an incredible amount of core strength and a complete lack of common sense,” Barney joked.
The kids didn’t expect Steve to hoist himself up, turn upside down and actually make pottery, but the unorthodox lesson definitely caught their attention.
“All the kids love this," Steve said. “Everyone stops texting and takes videos, putting it on Snapchat, Youtube or Facebook. It goes viral on social media.”
Ninth grade student Sincere Thompson got a kick out of it. “It has to do with science because you can make stuff and produce it. It’s cool.”
Hayden Grogg also thought the unusual lesson is cool, as well as useful. “A lot of it played into the equation of STEM. It’s what we’re learning in class right now, building and stuff."
Another quirky way Steve Barney creates artwork: using his head to make bowls out of clay. It’s an unending mission to encourage students to appreciate science and art.
“It’s a great thing for me. I don’t have kids of my own so in a way I’m passing on this legacy,” Steve said.
Steve is the director of the Bay St. Louis Creative Arts Center and is also very active in projects to protect the environment in Hancock County.
To see more of work from Steve’s STEAMpunk Pottery Project, as well as where he’ll be performing next, check out his Facebook page. | <urn:uuid:7566a869-6dc2-42d0-8d3d-bcc75dce3c7f> | {
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Did you Know?Insects are very in tune with specific “scents” that draw them to a potential mate. They use their antennae to “smell” these pheromones that are produced by other individuals to attract them. This has been exploited by humans to help manage certain insect pests by either creating lures for detection or control.
Peach Tree Borer- Fruit tree pest
A pest that attacks Cherry, Plum, Peach, Apricot and other stone fruits.
The best way to detect these pests is to look for the physical signs. These are located often just below the soil grade on the root flare. It can also be slightly higher up on the trunk but this is less common. It appears as an amber to maroon colored, jelly-like mass where the larvae has tunneled into the wood. From April through September, the larvae are often found in that mass or in the soil near the root flare. Other times, 1/4″ holes can be seen, sometimes in series above the root flare where the larvae have tunneled into the tree.
Identification can be easily confused with the amber-colored and often harder ooze on the trunks and limbs caused by Cytospora Canker. This is an entirely different problem resulting from a disease not a pest.
Peach Tree Borer adults fly from Mid-June through September laying eggs throughout their flight period. Females lay eggs on the lower trunk which hatch in about ten days. Eggs hatch into larvae that feed the rest of the warm season on the inner bark of larger roots and the lower trunk. They overwinter in the soil near the trunk and return to tunneling and feeding in the early spring. They continue feeding until they pupate under the soil in May through June. They emerge as adult moths looking more like wasps than moths.
Larvae cause damage by tunneling in the root flare and larger roots. Larvae grow to about 1/4″ diameter before pupating. Occasionally, smaller (6″ DBH or less) trees can be killed in a single season by girdling of the lower trunk from a heavy infestation.
Avoiding the pest through cultural practices is ideal. This includes planting at the proper height (root flare at or just above grade- see http://www.ext.colostate.edu/mg/gardennotes/636.html for more details) and avoiding excess moisture at the root flare. These two practices reduce the likelihood that an individual borer will take hold within the host and increase the overall health of the tree.
If trees show signs of previous infestations, the best management is through a preventative treatment application in early spring and again in mid-summer. Once the larvae are in the trunk, they cannot be controlled with pesticides very easily. A common protective treatment is a permethrin spray.
Not much can be done once larvae have entered the tree. However, carefully inserting a wire into the hole can kill the larvae by piercing it.
Moth Balls can be placed under the soil where borers are known to be and have been effective in killing the larvae under the bark. See CSU Fact Sheet #5.566 for more information on what type and how to apply moth balls. | <urn:uuid:2f8b0ceb-b6eb-4470-a280-ba12188461a8> | {
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January was a wild ride as far as the markets were concerned. At one point last month, you could have bought a barrel of oil for the same price as three heads of cauliflower!
We may already be dreaming of the locally grown bounty that late spring and summer will bring, but until then, most of our produce is brought in from California, which means we are paying U.S. prices for it. As the loonie's worth continues to hover around 70 cents U.S., we are paying much more for our fruits and vegetables.
It is estimated that the average household will pay an extra $345 on food this year. And that's on top of the increases from last year. But there are a few ways you can save some money on your grocery bill this year. Yes, save money. Here's how:
1. Waste Less
It sounds simple, but it is challenging not to waste food. About 40 per cent of all food produced is wasted, and about half of that is happening in our homes. The average household of just over two people wastes about $1,500 a year in food.
To reduce food waste, make a meal plan for the week and buy only what you need for the perishable items, such as produce and meat. Learn how to properly store fruits and vegetables so that they last longer, and save the fruits and veggies that last the longest for the end of the week. Produce such as apples, pears, cabbage, carrots and sweet potatoes can be stored for longer than other items.
If the quality of your fruits or vegetables deteriorates, don't throw them out! Instead, toss limp greens into your smoothie; freeze brown bananas for baking or banana ice cream; add less-than-perfect vegetables to your soup; make an apple/pear sauce; or blend wilted herbs into a pesto. There are so many options besides the compost!
Ensure you use every edible part of your produce. For example, use beet roots in a stew, and sauté the greens and stems with soy sauce, garlic and tahini for a nice side dish.
Be creative when it comes to food scraps. Keep a large Ziploc bag in your freezer and add vegetable scraps to it on an ongoing basis to make homemade stock. Anything goes: onion, onion peels, celery, carrot ends, leftover herbs and their stems, the tops of leeks, kale ribs, mushroom stems, and so on. If you roast a chicken or turkey, keep the leftover bones in the bag as well to add flavour to your stock. For extra flavour, roast the bones first.
While reducing your food waste is very important, try not to overeat just so you don't have to throw food away. Instead, plan ahead to use up leftovers the next day.
2. Learn How To Interpret Best-Before Dates
Just because a best before date has passed doesn't mean you have to throw the item out. Best-before dates are mandated on foods that are fresh for less than 90 days. This relates to freshness and quality — not safety. However, you still have to use your food safety skills. If in doubt, throw it out.
Foods past their best-before date may also have lost some of their nutritional value. Note the difference between best-before dates and expiration dates (on items such as baby formula and meal replacements), which are related to safety.
3. Prioritize Your Spending
On average, Canadians spend less than 10 per cent of their income on food, which is quite modest when compared to what many other countries spend on food (some spend 30 per cent or more of their income on food).
I love a glass of wine with dinner and a morning latte as much as anyone else does. But if your food budget is tight, save these luxuries for special occasions. Make buying healthy food a priority instead. Suffering from a chronic disease because of a poor diet will end up costing you a lot more in the long run.
4. Make A Budget And Stick To It
With tip three in mind, decide how much you can afford to spend on food each month and stick to your budget. Budgeting is tedious, but knowing how much you spend on food, including eating out, is important.
Try this: dedicate a credit card (with benefits at grocery stores) to food-related purchases. This makes it easy to compare each month and pick out problem areas, like eating out too often or buying too many $5 lattes.
Seeing these costs added up at the end of the month can be just the motivation you need to change your spending habits. Also, try not to shop when you are hungry, as this often leads to buying foods you don't need.
5. Be Flexible And Eat With The Seasons
If your usual shopping routine includes cauliflower and it happens to go up to $8 a head, you're best off finding a replacement. Why not stay within the brassica family and try broccoli or cabbage instead? A hot oven completely transforms broccoli into something wonderfully unrecognizable. Roast it with some garlic, lemon juice, lemon zest and olive oil, and then top it with sunflower seeds and Parmesan for a decadent side dish.
Keep staple recipes on hand for the winter months that use seasonal produce, and learn to adapt recipes to reduce costs. If your go-to salad includes pecans, but walnuts are on sale, switch it up. Being flexible and knowing how to make substitutions in recipes can save you money.
6. Learn New Cooking Skills
Cooking on a budget takes skill. You have to know how to make things that taste good without buying expensive pre-made or processed foods. Learn to cook dried pulses, like beans, chickpeas and lentils. Practice making air-popped popcorn to replace salty snacks, such as potato chips. Choose hot cereal (or overnight oats) made from scratch over pricier cold cereal. Learn to cook cheaper cuts of meat to make them tender.
Invest in a basic cooking class or cookbook tailored to cooking on a budget. Once you have increased your cooking skills, it will be easier for you to buy what's on sale and turn it into something that's nutritious and delicious.
7. Explore The Grocery Store Aisles
Leave the produce section. That may sound very un-dietitian of me to say, but there are some nutritious gems to be found in the other aisles when fresh produce gets too pricey. And frozen fruits and vegetables can actually be cheaper and more nutritious in the winter. Fresh produce may have less nutrients than frozen if it is picked before ripening or if it takes a long journey from the field to your fridge. You can often find canned fruits and vegetables in those aisles for a bargain, too.
8. Get Nutrient Bang For Your Buck
Buy nutrient dense foods that will provide plenty of nutrition with each bite. Skip the ultra-processed foods like snack cakes and boxed mac and cheese, and try making some nutritious swaps. For example, try having bulgur or barley instead of white rice.
Follow these tips and tricks this year, and you will find yourself spending less money on food, not more. Invest in your health and prioritize eating well — it is worth every penny.
Also on HuffPost | <urn:uuid:98ea5950-a6af-42eb-936f-a13d7b5f0546> | {
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Written from a strikingly fresh perspective, this new account of the Boston Tea Party and the origins of the American Revolution shows how a lethal blend of politics, personalities, and economics led to a war that few people welcomed but nobody could prevent.
In this powerful but fair-minded narrative, British author Nick Bunker tells the story of the last three years of mutual embitterment that preceded the outbreak of America’s war for independence in 1775.It was a tragedy of errors, in which both sides shared responsibility for a conflict that cost the lives of at least twenty thousand Britons and a still larger number of Americans. The British and the colonists failed to see how swiftly they were drifting toward violence until the process had gone beyond the point of no return.
At the heart of the book lies the Boston Tea Party, an event that arose from fundamental flaws in the way the British managed their affairs. By the early 1770s, Great Britain had become a nation addicted to financial speculation, led by a political elite beset by internal rivalry and increasingly baffled by a changing world. When the East India Company came close to collapse, it patched together a rescue plan whose disastrous side effect was the destruction of the tea.
With lawyers in London calling the Tea Party treason, and with hawks in Parliament crying out for revenge, the British opted for punitive reprisals without foreseeing the resistance they would arouse. For their part, Americans underestimated Britain’s determination not to give way. By the late summer of 1774, when the rebels in New England began to arm themselves, the descent into war had become irreversible.
Drawing on careful study of primary sources from Britain and the United States, An Empire on the Edge sheds new light on the Tea Party’s origins and on the roles of such familiar characters as Benjamin Franklin, John Hancock, and Thomas Hutchinson. The book shows how the king’s chief minister, Lord North, found himself driven down the road to bloodshed. At his side was Lord Dartmouth, the colonial secretary, an evangelical Christian renowned for his benevolence. In a story filled with painful ironies, perhaps the saddest was this: that Dartmouth, a man who loved peace, had to write the dispatch that sent the British army out to fight. | <urn:uuid:73aae243-d5f8-4c6c-94a1-91d95fe175b1> | {
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James SmithsonPhilanthropist / Scientist
Died: 27 June 1829
Birthplace: Paris, France
Best known as: The man whose money founded the Smithsonian Institution
<p>Name at birth: James Lewis Macie</p>
James Smithson was an English chemist and mineralogist who left his fortune to the United States to found what became the Smithsonian Institution. Smithson was born James Lewis (or Louis) Macie, the son of Elizabeth Macie and Hugh Smithson, Duke of Northumberland. He was educated in England and established himself in the fields of mineralogy and geology. A member of the Royal Society of London, Smithson published dozens of scientific papers, including new work on zinc ores that ultimately led to zinc carbonate being named smithsonite. Smithson had an inherited fortune, and in 1826 he drew up a will that stipulated that if his heir, nephew Henry James Hungerford, died without any heirs, the estate would go to the U.S. to establish an institution in Washington, D.C. dedicated to "the increase and diffusion of knowledge." Smithson died three years later in Genoa, Italy; Hungerford died without heirs in 1835. After a decade of legal entanglements and congressional arguments, the Smithsonian Institution was established in 1846.
Copyright © 1998-2015 by Who2?, LLC. All rights reserved.
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By: Mir M.Hosseini
Sultan Mahmoud Ghaznavi died on this day. He succeeded his father Saboktakin in 988 and his reign lasted for 22 years. Sultan Mahmoud Ghaznavi had attacked India several times in order to spread Islam. This indeed became the reason behind foundation of Pakistan. He therefore had full support of the Abbasi Caliphates. Mahmoud's other achievement was turning Ghazneh, his birthplace to a cultural center and his continuous attempts for development of the northeast Iran; thus preventing the migrating Seljuk Turk influence which were spread along Jeyhoon. Mahmoud's domain of power never exceeded beyond Ray towards west. Although his native language was not Persian, he was fond of Persian culture and literature and constantly supported poets financially; Flatterer the better. Five years before Ferdowsi, the great Iranian poet had died. He had distributed the money that Mahmoud had sent him as a gift among the poor, an act that Mahmoud conceived as contempt .Ferdowsi and Birouni could only find refugee in Mazandaran. Mahmoud also ordered burning of the Rhagae library which was one of its kind. After Mahmoud's death, Mohammad, his brother became his successor but Mahmoud's son Masood blinded him and sat on the throne.. | <urn:uuid:f2a4cdd6-1df4-43c9-9bd2-8d761c70841c> | {
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By Gábor Kármán
In A Seventeenth-Century Odyssey Gábor Kármán reconstructs the existence tale of a lesser-known Hungarian orientalist, Jakab Harsányi Nagy. The dialogue of his actions as a faculty instructor in Transylvania, as a diplomat and interpreter on the chic Porte, as a secretary of a Moldavian voivode in exile, in addition to a courtroom councillor of Friedrich Wilhelm, the nice Elector of Brandenburg not just sheds gentle upon the terribly flexible occupation of this person, but additionally at the number of circles during which he lived. Gábor Kármán additionally provides the 1st old research of Harsányi’s contribution to Turkish experiences, the Colloquia Familiaria Turcico-latina (1672).
Read or Download A Seventeenth-century Odyssey in East Central Europe: The Life of Jakab Harsányi Nagy PDF
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Extra resources for A Seventeenth-century Odyssey in East Central Europe: The Life of Jakab Harsányi Nagy
Imre Békési et al. (Budapest and Szeged, 1993), vol. 2, 497. Szabó, “Haller Gábor peregrinációja,” 18). 61 It is clear from the numbers quoted above that the popularity of the university did not decrease among the Hungarian students after Ames’s departure, and they continued to take part in the public life of the academy as well. In 1640, Mátyás Gönczi, who arrived with Harsányi, was already a respondent at two disputations. 62 János Debreceni Balyik, the travelling companion with whom Harsányi arrived in Leiden, had already spent eighteen months in Franeker, and even had his disputation published there in 1640.
The market town of Gönc, Gönczi’s probable place of origin, is close to Kassa. indb 27 11/17/2015 3:57:45 PM 28 Chapter 1 enough to accommodate himself, and, after a month, he had already matriculated in Leiden. We do not know the reason for Harsányi’s speedy departure. Although three quarters of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Transylvanian students only enrolled at a single university, it was not uncommon for a student to decide to visit another one after one or two semesters. Compared to these Harsányi’s stay in Franeker was short, but by no means a record.
Despite the rather dry style of contemporary travelogues we find again and again signs of 100 101 The collected manuscripts of István Kocsi Csergő, Sárospataki Református Kollégium Tudományos Gyűjteményei, Nagykönyvtár, Kézirattár 403, 747–791. On apodemic literature generally, see Justin Stagl, “Der wohl unterwiesene Passagier: Reisekunst und Gesellschaftbeschreibung vom 16. bis zum 18. Jahrhundert,” in Reisen und Reisebeschreibungen im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert als Quellen der Kulturbeziehungsforschung, ed. | <urn:uuid:7099fb6d-6b61-4ca5-a091-7cc381520336> | {
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Chronic and excessive drinking is associated with structural, physiological, and functional changes in multiple regions of the human brain, including the prefrontal cortex, the medial temporal lobe (MTL), as well as structures of the brain's reward system. This study of the ability of alcohol-dependent (AD) individuals to learn new reward-related contingencies and then transfer this knowledge to new contexts found the AD patients had transfer deficits.
Results will be published in the June 2012 issue of Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research and are currently available at Early View.
"AD individuals often have problems applying the knowledge they acquire during psychotherapy to later prevention of drinking relapses in real life," said Martina Rustemeier, a research associate in the department of neuropsychology at Ruhr University Bochum in Germany as well as corresponding author for the study. "For example, even though AD individuals become quite aware of the negative consequences of drinking such as family problems, as well as the positive consequences of not drinking, they still have difficulties permanently changing their behavior when they are back to their normal lives."
Rustemeier explained that AD patients are taught skills during hospitalization and/or psychotherapy that will help them to cope with daily life problems and difficulties for when they are back at home. They are expected to learn, transfer and apply their coping mechanisms to "life" situations such as dealing with stressful work problems that might have previously caused them to drink. But this "transfer of knowledge" is not always successful.
"By disentangling learning from a positive feedback such as monetary reward, and learning from negative feedback such as no monetary reward," said Rustemeier, "we wanted to examine how AD individuals learn and if they benefit more from positive or negative reinforcers, which could in turn help to find successful reinforcers and therapy methods for AD patients."
Boris Suchan, a professor in the department of neuropsychology at Ruhr University Bochum applauded this study for showing a differentiated pattern of learning deficits in alcoholics. "It is not a zero-one result," he said, "showing that there is a decline in the ability to acquire new information. The results show clearly that context-related processing of newly acquired contents is impaired in AD patients."
Rustemeier and her colleagues gave 24 recently detoxified AD patients (19 men, 5 women) and 20 healthy controls (11 men, 9 women) a feedback-learning task associated with monetary rewards. Learning performance, transfer performance, the individual learning bias (i.e. better learning from positive or negative feedback), and associations among learning variables and alcohol and nicotine consumption patterns, depression, and personality traits were all examined.
Both Rustemeier and Suchan noted that while the AD patients did not show a general learning deficit or problems acquiring new information, the patients clearly had difficulties transferring their acquired knowledge into a new context.
"Deficits in transfer of knowledge to new contexts as shown by AD patients is typically seen in declarative learning impairments," said Rustemeier. "Declarative learning, in turn, is associated with the MTL. However, the behavioral results of our investigation do not allow firm conclusions about dysfunction of the MTL region of the brain in our patient group.
"These findings have profound implication for therapeutic interventions," said Suchan, "as AD patients should be prepared in advance for such situations. AD individuals as well as family members should know that every new situation is a new challenge for which they cannot rely automatically on previously acquired information in a flexible way. Maybe this makes it easier to understand at least in part the behavior of AD patients."
Rustemeier agreed. "Clinicians and therapists should consider this finding during therapy because it can explain why AD individuals have problems applying learned techniques to prevent drinking relapse outside the clinical setting," she said. "They have difficulties in permanently changing their behavior. Therefore, to prevent drinking relapses, adequate and successful reinforcers are necessary. In our study, patients showed good learning with monetary rewards, but it is quite possible that transfer would be more successful with other reinforcers."
Explore further: Researchers link alcohol-dependence impulsivity to brain anomalies | <urn:uuid:68105ff2-e3d4-4e40-b64b-6dd905140816> | {
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In recent months, public attention to the ongoing crackdown on LGBT rights in the Russian Federation and its potential impact on the Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia in February 2014 has increased significantly. President Obama addressed the issue on the Tonight Show, saying:
“I think Putin and Russia have a big stake in making sure the Olympics work, and I think they understand that for most of the countries that participate in the Olympics, we wouldn’t tolerate gays and lesbians being treated differently. They’re athletes, they’re there to compete. And if Russia wants to uphold the Olympic spirit, then every judgment should be made on the track, or in the swimming pool, or on the balance beam, and people’s sexual orientation shouldn’t have anything to do with it.” – President Obama
This fact sheet summarizes the developments in Russia and the guidance that we have received to date from our colleagues in Russia.
LGBT People Are Being Targeted by Anti-LGBT Propaganda and Foreign Agents Laws
Following the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia liberalized some of its anti-LGBT laws. Most notably, homosexual relationships were decriminalized in 1993. Transgender Russians have also been allowed to change their legal gender on identity documents since 1997, although there are many obstacles to the process and invasive surgical requirements remain in place. Despite these liberalization trends during the immediate post-Soviet period, in recent years, Russian authorities have routinely denied permits for Pride parades, intimidated and arrested LGBT activists and condoned anti-LGBT statements by government officials. ILGA-Europe, the European section of the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association, rates Russia as the least protective country in Europe for LGBT citizens, ranking it 49th out of the 49 European countries rated in its annual survey.
In June 2013, the Russian duma in Moscow passed a new law banning the “propaganda of non-traditional sexual relationships”to minors. The new federal law is closely related to several regional laws that were already on the books, all of which seek to penalize “propaganda” of homosexuality, generally with the intent of “protecting” minors. The city of Sochi, which is the site of the upcoming Winter Olympics, has one of those regional laws in place. And while the regional laws are not uniform, like the new federal law, they all tend to advance vague definitions of propaganda that lend themselves to the targeting and ongoing persecution of the country’s LGBT community. The language of this new law focuses on “non-traditional” sexual relationships, to contrast with “traditional values” or “traditional family” language that Russia is promoting at the UN to oppose positive statements supporting the human rights of LGBT people.
The federal anti-LGBT propaganda law, as signed by President Putin on June 29, entered into force in Russia on June 30 of this year. (The official version in Russian is published here.) In the federal law, propaganda is defined as: “distribution of information that is aimed at the formation among minors of nontraditional sexual attitudes, attractiveness of non- traditional sexual relations, misperceptions of the social equivalence of traditional and non-traditional sexual relations, or enforcing information about non-traditional sexual relations that evokes interest to such relations . . . .”
The new law sets administrative fines for LGBT propaganda at 4,000 to 5,000 rubles for individuals (about $120 - $150 U.S. dollars) and up to 800,000 to 1 million rubles for NGOs, corporations or other legal entities (about $24,000 - $30,000 U.S. dollars). More severe administrative fines are allowed for propaganda transmitted via the Internet or other media networks or by a foreign citizen. Foreigners are also subject to 15 days of prison and deportation from Russia.
It is too early to tell how aggressively the new federal law will be enforced, but several government officials have warned of a robust intent to enforce the legislation, including during the upcoming Sochi Olympics, and LGBT activists are themselves intent on challenging the law on human rights grounds. Moreover, while the law suggests that only information directed at children should expose an individual or an organization to liability, prosecutions under similar laws in the regions have not dwelled on this nexus to children and the federal law’s heightened focus on the internet, where minors have an opportunity to view such information, suggest that the law could be applied broadly and with little regard to any notion of child protection. LGBT citizens and activists in Russia are increasingly concerned, as this law is being implemented at a time and in an environment of increasing violence and hatred of LGBT individuals and as LGBT defenders are being subjected to fines and prosecutions as “foreign agents.”
A group of extremist organizations in the United States have signed a joint statement supporting the law, and the conservative, U.S.-based Catholic Family & Human Rights Institute has been promoting it at the United Nations.
The Council for Global Equality penned an open letter to Russian President Vladimir Putin. The letter expressed grave concerns at recent legislation – signed by Putin into law, or otherwise under consideration in the Duma – that demonizes and discriminates against Russian citizens who are lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender (LGBT).
Regional Prosecutions of LGBT Individuals and Groups
To date, there have been a number of legal actions taken under the regional anti-LGBT propaganda laws. In St. Petersburg in particular, activists and performers, including international superstars like Madonna and Lady Gaga, have faced fines and legal proceedings for expressing support for the local LGBT community. One individual was arrested and fined in St. Petersburg for holding a sign supporting LGBT rights that sated simply “Gay is Normal.” Six LGBT activists were also detained in front of the State Children's Library in Moscow in July with another “Gay is Normal” banner. And at the end of July, four Dutch videographers filming a documentary on LGBT rights in Russia were briefly detained under the federal law, supposedly for interviewing LGBT youth, and then released and deported on a technicality.
In addition to the federal and regional anti-LGBT propaganda laws, in 2012 the Russian parliament also passed a “foreign agents” law that requires NGOs that receive funding from abroad to register as foreign agents if they engage in any political activity, as vaguely defined. Of the five civil society organizations prosecuted to date under this provision, two have been LGBT groups. In St. Petersburg in June 2013, the LGBT organization “Coming Out” and its director were each found guilty under the law. The director was personally fined 300,000 rubles (about $9,000 U.S. dollars). The organization was also fined 500,000 rubles (about $15,000 U.S. dollars). The trial was widely regarded as a travesty of justice and the charges against the organization were recently overturned on appeal and sent back for re-hearing. Nonetheless, defenders of the human rights of LGBT people in Russia believe these two laws – the anti-LGBT propaganda law and the foreign agents law – will continue to be deployed in a coordinated fashion to shut down LGBT advocacy organizations and silence activists throughout the country.
Hate Violence on the Rise
LGBT advocates in Russia have reported numerous recent cases of LGBT hate violence, and the U.S. State Department’s annual Human Rights Report notes the prevalence of anti-LGBT skinhead violence, to which the police often fail to respond. LGBT Pride events in St. Petersburg and Moscow were marked by violence and arrests again this summer. And in May 2013, a 23-year old man was sexually assaulted and brutally killed in what was widely reported in both local and international media as an anti-LGBT hate crime. The murder occurred in Volgograd, Russia, within a context of rising national homophobia.
The State Department’s information for LGBT travelers in Russia warns that: “Discrimination based on sexual orientation is widespread in Russia. Harassment, threats, and acts of violence targeting LGBT individuals have occurred. Government officials have been known to make derogatory comments about LGBT persons. . . . Public actions (including dissemination of information, statements, displays, or perceived conspicuous behavior) contradicting or appearing to contradict [anti-LGBT propaganda] laws may lead to arrest, prosecution, and the imposition of a fine. LGBT travelers should review the LGBT Travel Information page.”
New Homophobic Law to Remove Children from LGBT Families and Individuals
In September, the Russian Duma introduced new proposals to accelerate the crackdown on the LGBT community, the most alarming of which is a draft law introduced by Deputy Akexey Zhuravlev that makes “nontraditional sexual orientation” a cause for denying custody to LGBT parents. It would amend Article 69 of the Family Code to provide the government with the authority to terminate the parental rights of individuals raising children with same-sex partners, as well as those who are simply suspected of engaging in homosexual behavior. This would add homosexuality to a list of grounds for termination of parental rights that currently includes alcohol and drug addiction and child abuse. This latest proposal is being justified on the grounds that the anti-propaganda law should apply within the family as well, thereby creating a justification for removing children from the “propaganda” that is manifest in the lives and relationships of their parents.
Update: Deputy Akexey Zhuravlev has withdrawn the bill from the parliament. A spokesperson for Zhuravlev noted that Zhuravlev's position hasn't changed and that the bill will be revised and resubmitted to the Duma.
Athele Ally: Uphold Principle 6: Stand with Olympians
Pride House International: Same-Sex Hand-Holding Initiative (#SSHHI)
Pride House International: Pride House events: Sochi
Olympics – Speak Up, Don’t Walk Out!
Despite some calls to boycott the Sochi Olympics, the Russian LGBT Network has clearly called for the international community to “Speak Up, Not Walk Out.” They have circulated a statement noting that: “We believe that calls for the spectators to boycott Sochi, for the Olympians to retreat from competition, and for governments, companies, and national Olympic committees to withdraw from the event risk to transform the powerful potential of the Games in a less powerful gesture that would prevent the rest of the world from joining LGBT people, their families and allies in Russia in solidarity and taking a firm stance against the disgraceful human rights record in this country.”
The International Olympic Committee (IOC) claims that it has “received assurances from the highest level of government in Russia that the [anti-LGBT propaganda] legislation will not affect those attending or taking part in the Games.” But several Russian officials have contradicted that statement, including Russia’s sports minister, who said recently that the law would be enforced during the Olympics. He noted that while LGBT athletes were welcome to attend the Olympics, if a “sportsman with a nontraditional sexual orientation . . . . goes out on the street and starts to propagandize it, then of course he will be held accountable.” (See Athletes in Sochi to Be Barred From Advocating Gay Causes.)
Several human rights advocacy organizations have called on the International Olympic Committee to take additional steps to protect the rights of LGBT athletes and individuals during the Sochi Olympics. See, for example, sign-on letters by Human Rights Campaign and All Out, as well as a letter from Human Rights Watch to the International Olympic Committee. In August, a bipartisan group of 87 members of the U.S. Congress wrote to Secretary Kerry asking for more information on “what diplomatic measures the State Department is planning to take to ensure that American LGBT athletes, staff and spectators, and their supporters, are not arrested, detained or otherwise penalized during the Sochi Games.”
There have also been calls to boycott Russian products, such as Stoli Vodka, both for punitive and broader educational outreach purposes in the lead-up to the Olympics. These boycotts have been challenged by the CEO of Stoli Vodka, who claims that the company has been “a fervent supporter and friend to the LGBT Community.” Moreover, all Stoli Vodka sold outside of Russia is manufactured for international sale in Lithuania, and the leading LGBT organization in Lithuania notes that the boycott could be harmful to that organization’s own careful effort to promote LGBT rights in Lithuania. Additional – and potentially more direct – boycott targets may be announced by Russian activists later this summer. Other forms of protest are quickly ensuing across the globe including cutting of sister-city ties with Russian cities as well as calls to cease economic investment in Russia.
Finally, after organizers of the Olympics in Sochi refused to allow an LGBT “Pride House” during the Olympics, local and international activists have been discussing opportunities to create alternative Pride venues or safe houses for LGBT activists and supporters to meet during the Olympic games. One idea is to ask LGBT-friendly nations to take turns “hosting” the banned Pride House in their own national Olympic venues or national “houses” on rotating days throughout the Sochi Olympics.
Anti-LGBT Laws Bad for Business
The Council has also been raising these same LGBT-related concerns with multinational corporations operating in Russia. With support from Russian lawyers and an international law firm, the Council commissioned a corporate-focused legal memorandum noting the potential impact of anti-LGBT laws on corporate activities (download the memo here). In particular, the memorandum evaluates whether Russian authorities could target corporations that provide partnership benefits to LGBT employees, distribute information about LGBT-affirming diversity policies in their offices or on their websites or that otherwise demonstrate public support for their LGBT employees and their diversity values.
U.S. Puts 2 Gay Athletes on Official Delegation to Sochi by The Moscow Times
Foes of Russia's anti-gay law seek new tactics by Associated Press
Maddow: ‘A Virulently Anti-Gay Russia’ Was ‘Made In America by MSNBC (Video)
'The rainbow belongs to God': Anti-gay US pastor sets sights on Sochi Olympics by Tony Dokoupil,NBC News
Op-ed: Gay Rights Finally Are Human Rights — Here and Abroad by Kerry Eleveld
Why Russia Turned Against The Gays by Miriam Elder
Convenient Targets: The Anti-“Propaganda” Law and the Threat to LGBT Rights in Russia by Human Rights First | <urn:uuid:422968b4-bb6e-4701-9793-d4751de46260> | {
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Women in Scienceby Philip Greenspun in February 2006
"There are three broad hypotheses about the sources of the very substantial disparities that this conference's papers document [percentage of women among tenured professors of science] and have been documented before with respect to the presence of women in high-end scientific professions. One is what I would call the-I'll explain each of these in a few moments and comment on how important I think they are-the first is what I call the high-powered job hypothesis. The second is what I would call different availability of aptitude at the high end, and the third is what I would call different socialization and patterns of discrimination in a search. And in my own view, their importance probably ranks in exactly the order that I just described."This fired up an international debate about whether or not there were enough women with the towering intellects required to make it as top scientists and mathematicians, the sorts who would be likely to receive tenure at elite universities.
Summers was deservedly castigated, but not for the right reasons. He claimed to be giving a comprehensive list of reasons why there weren't more women reaching the top jobs in the sciences. Yet Summers, an economist, left one out: Adjusted for IQ, quantitative skills, and working hours, jobs in science are the lowest paid in the United States.
This article explores this fourth possible explanation for the dearth of women in science: They found better jobs.
Why then, does anyone think that science is a sufficiently good career that people should debate who is privileged enough to work at it? Sample bias.
Suppose that you go to the airport trying to figure out how crowded the airplanes are. You stand by the baggage claim and ask people "How full was your flight?" You write up your conclusions: Most flights are nearly full. The sample bias here comes from the fact that full flights contain more people than empty flights. At an airport, you are much more likely to encounter someone who just stepped off a packed flight than someone who was on a plane that was only one-third full.
College undergraduates do the same thing in choosing careers. One of my students, we'll call him Bill, in an introductory computer science class said that he wanted to be a biologist when he grew up. What biologists had Bill met? They were all professors at MIT and about half of them had won the Nobel Prize. This is hardly an average sample of people who went to Biology graduate school! Fortunately, Bill was a tall good-looking fellow. He managed to score himself a lovely girlfriend during the semester, we'll call her Theresa. Theresa was a biology postdoc, with a PhD from an elite institution and a plum job at MIT. Bill got to see how Theresa was treated in the lab, count her working hours, see the pay stubs she received as a young woman in her 30s with a PhD, wave goodbye as she got fired after her experiment did not work out, and write email to Theresa at her new postdoc at Stanford. By the end of the semester, Bill said, "I think I want to be an architect."
[Four years later, I attended the MIT graduation ceremony and was pleasantly surprised to hear Bill's name called out for the degree of Master's in Architecture.]
In short, some young people think that science is a good career for the same reason that they think being a musician or actor is a good career: "I can't decide if I want to be a scientist like James Watson, a musician like Britney Spears, or an actor like Harrison Ford."
There are some old people who think a career in science makes sense, including the people who attended the conference where Larry Summers was hoist by his own petard. Basically these functionaries in university bureaucracies are saying "If young women were really smart, they'd be just like me." Indeed, that might have been true in the 1970s when these folks chose their undergraduate major. What has escaped their notice, however, are the enormous returns to high IQ and ability that have arisen in many occupations since the presidency of Ronald Reagan.
In medieval times, having a high IQ didn't change your life. If you were born noble, the peasants had to get out of your way whether your IQ was 75 or 150. If you were a peasant with an IQ of 150, you might have very interesting reflections as you dug for roots or harvested grain, but it wouldn't turn you into a nobleman or woman. In the middle class society that America was in the 1950s through 1970s, the best paying jobs were lavish, but not spectacular compared to being an assembly line worker or college professor. Today, you can't spit in the street without hitting a millionaire and oftentimes it is simple wages that got him or her to that point. Salaries for professionals, Wall Street money shufflers, artists, athletes, executive recruiters, et al., are all up, but the data are not readily available. By contrast, compensation for executives at public companies is reported every year. Forbes magazine reports that in 2005, the CEOs of the Fortune 500 helped themselves to a 54 percent pay raise, resulting in an average per-executive salary of $10 million for the year.
University salaries are not that much lower than they were in the 1970s, but all the other smart people in the U.S. have gotten so rich that faculty and postdoc salaries seem lower. Any resource that is scarce, such as real estate, is snapped up by society's economic winners. A science researcher at Harvard now earns an annual salary that is only 1/50th the price of a family-sized house in Cambridge, a fact that may not be lost on an intelligent female Harvard undergraduate choosing a career.
Consider someone taking the kind of high IQ and drive that would be required to obtain a tenure-track position at U.C. Berkeley and going into medicine. This person would very likely be a top specialist of some sort, earning at least $300,000 per year. Instead of being fired at age 44, our medical specialist would be near the height of her value to her patients and employer. Her experience and reputation would continue to add to her salary and prestige until she was perhaps 60 years old. [A woman who wanted to spend more time with her children can choose from a variety of medical careers, such as emergency medicine, that involve shift work and where a high salary can be earned with just two or three shifts per week. She could also work from home as a radiologist reading data transmitted via Internet.]
Consider taking the same high IQ and work ethic, going into business, and being put on the fast track at a company such as General Electric. Rather than being fired at age 44, this is about the time that she will be handed ever-larger divisions to operate, with ever-larger bonuses and stock options.
A top lawyer at age 44 is probably a $500,000 per year partner in a big firm, a judge, or a professor at a law school supplementing her $200,000 per year salary with some private work.
Even a public schoolteacher actually does better than a scientist. Consider the person of unusual ability who takes that bachelor's in science and decides to become a schoolteacher instead of going to graduate school. At age 22, the schoolteacher is earning a living wage and can begin making plans to get married and have children. By age 30, when the scientist is forced to start moving around to those $35,000 per year postdocs, the schoolteacher is earning $50,000 per year. By age 44, when the scientist is desperately trying to switch careers, the schoolteacher is making more than $90,000 per year for working nine months (only the better school systems pay $90,000 per year, but remember that we posited a person with a high IQ and motivation sufficient to get through graduate school in science). Being a public employee and a member of a union, the schoolteacher cannot be fired but may at this point in his or her life begin thinking about a comfortable early retirement and some sort of second career.
A good career is one that pays well, in which you have a broad choice of full-time and part-time jobs, in which there is some sort of barrier to entry so that you won't have to compete with a lot of other applicants, in which there are good jobs in every part of the country and internationally, and in which you can enjoy job security in middle age and not be driven out by young people willing to work 100 hours per week.
How closely does academic science match these criteria? I took a 17-year-old Argentine girl on a tour of the M.I.T. campus. She had no idea what she wanted to do with her life, so maybe this was a good time to show her the possibilities in female nerddom. While walking around, we ran into a woman who recently completed a Ph.D. in Aero/Astro, probably the most rigorous engineering department at MIT. What did the woman engineer say to the 17-year-old? "I'm not sure if I'll be able to get any job at all. There are only about 10 universities that hire people in my area and the last one to have a job opening had more than 800 applicants."
And that's engineering, which, thanks to its reputation for dullness and the demand from industrial employers, has a lot less competition for jobs than in science.
What about personal experience? The women that I know who have the IQ, education, and drive to make it as professors at top schools are, by and large, working as professionals and making 2.5-5X what a university professor makes and they do not subject themselves to the risk of being fired. With their extra income, they invest in child care resources and help around the house so that they are able to have kids while continuing to ascend in their careers. The women I know who are university professors, by and large, are unmarried and childless. By the time they get tenure, they are on the verge of infertility.
"The average full professor, someone who has been teaching for, say, fifteen years or longer, is making five times less than the average president at most institutions; works 60 - 70 hour weeks, uses holidays to do research, and tries desperately to find time to be a good spouse, father, mother, or partner. The life of the mind may seem cushy, but it is not."Does this make sense as a career for anyone? Absolutely! Just get out your atlas.
Imagine that you are a smart, but impoverished, young person in China. Your high IQ and hard work got you into one of the best undergraduate programs in China. The $1800 per month graduate stipend at University of Nebraska or University of Wisconsin will afford you a much higher standard of living than any job you could hope for in China. The desperate need for graduate student labor and lack of Americans who are interested in PhD programs in science and engineering means that you'll have no trouble getting a visa. When you finish your degree, a small amount of paperwork will suffice to ensure your continued place in the legal American work force. Science may be one of the lowest paid fields for high IQ people in the U.S., but it pays a lot better than most jobs in China or India.
Once in the U.S., of course, you don't have to remain a drone in the lab. A friend of mine was a physics professor, let's call him "Professor Jones", at MIT looking for a new graduate student. A student from China, let's call him "Yuan", approached him and said "I want to work in your lab. I will do anything you tell me to do and work harder than any of your other graduate students. However, I'm not interested in physics and I won't finish my Ph.D., so you can't count on me being here more than three years." Professor Jones was curious. What was Yuan doing in the physics department? "Back in China," Yuan replied, "we heard that it was a good way to get a job on Wall Street."
Yuan spent his first year in the lab learning how to be an American. He questioned the American-born students at MIT intently, asking them where they shopped for clothing, how often they took a shower, what books they read. Yuan spent his second year in the lab learning how to present himself to an employer. He signed up at the placement office for several interviews per week, simply for practice. Like Bill Murray methodically determining what particular women wanted to hear in the movie Groundhog Day, Yuan wrote down what worked and did not work until he had figured out exactly what to say. Yuan spent his third year actually trying to get a job. Reading the Wall Street Journal one day, he learned about a new boutique investment bank that had spun out of a larger firm. Yuan had heard that one should always Fedex one's resume rather than mail it, to make it seem more important. Being a graduate student, he chose the Fedex economy afternoon delivery service. His resume arrived at the office of the new boutique firm on a Friday afternoon, when the founding partner had already left for his beach house in the Hamptons. The secretary, assuming that it must be important, re-Fedexed the package to the partner for Saturday morning delivery. Thus did Yuan's resume arrive as one of the only business documents that this guy had available to read while out at the beach house. Yuan ended up being hired just about the time that his advisor, Professor Jones, was denied tenure ("fired") by MIT and had to shut down his lab.
[When a population of workers is primarily made up of immigrants, you're going to get a lot more men than women. Every migration of people for work starts with young men.]
Some scientists are like kids who never grow up. They love what they do, are excited by the possibilities of their research, and wear a big smile most days. Although these people are, by Boston standards, ridiculously poor and they will never be able to afford a house (within a one-hour drive of their job) or support a family, I don't feel sorry for them.
Unfortunately, this kind of child-like joy is not typical. The tenured Nobel Prize winners are pretty happy, but they are a small proportion of the total. The average scientist that I encounter expresses bitterness about (a) low pay, (b) not getting enough credit or references to his or her work, (c) not knowing where the next job is coming from, (d) not having enough money or job security to get married and/or have children. If these folks were experiencing day-to-day joy at their bench, I wouldn't expect them to hold onto so much bitterness and envy.
How did so many smart people make such bad mistakes in planning a career for themselves? Part of the answer may be that young people fail to appreciate the risk that they will become more like old people when they are old. The young person sees the old tenured academic, ignored by his younger colleagues in a culture that values hot new ideas, sign up to be on committees. The youngster never asks "This oldster has tenure. He draws the same salary regardless of whether he sits through those interminable boring committee meetings. Why would he agree to do it? Why wouldn't he rather be playing squash, riding a horse, flying an aircraft, walking his dog, etc.?" The distressing possibility that the oldster agreed to be on the committee so that he would have a venue in which people would listen to him does not occur to the youngster.
In the personal domain, young people are very different from old people. If you interview old people and ask "What are the greatest sources of satisfaction and happiness in your life?" almost always the answer "my children" comes back. At the age when people are choosing careers, the idea of having children is often unappealing and certainly few have the idea that one should choose a "kid-friendly" career. Old people, on average, also have higher income requirements than young people. A youngster is happy to backpack around the globe, stay in youth hostels for $20 per night, and sleep in a tent. Most oldsters become devoted to their creature comforts and get cranky in anything less than $200 per night private hotel room. Young people don't mind one $400 per month room in a dingy 4BR apartment shared with three or four other young people; most oldsters need their own apartment or house (edging up towards $1 million in America's nicer neighborhoods).
The most serious concern is that the field that a youngster found fascinating at age 20 will no longer be fascinating after 20 or 25 years. If you have a narrow education and have been earning an academic salary, it is much tougher to change careers at age 45 or 50 than for someone who was in a job where the earnings are higher and begin at a younger age. A doctor who practices for 10 years can easily save enough to finance a switch to almost any other occupation. A successful lawyer can walk away after 15 or 20 years, commute to school from his oceanfront and town houses, and become a furniture maker (my friend's dad did this).
A lot more men than women choose to do seemingly irrational things such as become petty criminals, fly homebuilt helicopters, play video games, and keep tropical fish as pets (98 percent of the attendees at the American Cichlid Association convention that I last attended were male). Should we be surprised that it is mostly men who spend 10 years banging their heads against an equation-filled blackboard in hopes of landing a $35,000/year post-doc job?Having been both a student and teacher at MIT, my personal explanation for men going into science is the following:
It is the guys with the poorest social skills who are least likely to talk to adults and find out what the salary and working conditions are like in different occupations. It is mostly guys with rather poor social skills whom one meets in the university science halls.
What about women? Don't they want to impress their peers? Yes, but they are more discriminating about choosing those peers. I've taught a fair number of women students in electrical engineering and computer science classes over the years. I can give you a list of the ones who had the best heads on their shoulders and were the most thoughtful about planning out the rest of their lives. Their names are on files in my "medical school recommendations" directory.
In Goethe's The Sorrows of Young Werther, it is Werther, not Lotte, who decides to kill himself, anticipating the modern statistic that men are about five times more likely to commit suicide than women.
"Science is a wonderful thing if one does not have to earn one's living at it." -- Albert EinsteinMost people go to work primarily in order to earn a paycheck. Workers prefer a higher salary to a lower salary. Jobs in science pay far less than jobs in the professions and business held by women of similar ability. A lot of men are irrational, romantic, stubborn, and unwilling to admit that they've made a big mistake. With Occam's Razor, we should not need to bring in the FBI to solve the mystery of why there are more men than women who have chosen to stick with the choice that they made at age 18 to become a professor of science or mathematics.
It depends on which branch of science and whether a person wants a job where work is done primarily in isolation. In some of the hardest hard sciences, e.g., Physics, there aren't too many jobs outside of universities. Those jobs that are available tend to be at government research labs in obscure corners of the U.S. where a spouse would probably object to living. For people with PhDs in Biology, there are a lot of jobs at pharmaceutical companies paying more than $100,000 per year. Considered on purely economic grounds, these jobs don't justify the time and foregone income invested in a PhD. There are 22-year-olds earning $150,000 per year selling home mortgages.
What about the working conditions? Surely it is more interesting to be a scientist at a drug company than to be selling home mortgages? It depends on the worker's personality. Are you introverted? Want a job where you seldom have to meet anyone new? Want to sit at the same desk or bench year after year and work mostly by yourself? Get most of your satisfaction from solving puzzles? Have we got the job for you: industrial scientist! If you are extremely introverted, you might prefer to work as a computer programmer.
Most workers, however, get a lot of satisfaction from meeting new people, working with others collaboratively, being thanked by customers, teaching, having a direct positive impact on other people. Jobs such as medical doctor, lawyer, schoolteacher, airplane mechanic, and plumber all provide greater amounts of these satisfactions than most jobs in science. In fact, the only science job that regularly offers any of these satisfactions is professor, which we've already discussed from the point of view of salary and job security.
A friend of the author says that most medical doctors choose the wrong specialty: "They pick based on what part of the body they think is the most interesting. They should really pick based on whether or not they want to have the responsibility of running an office, having employees, and marketing themselves or whether they want a shift job and can walk away at the end of the shift." She finds some of her colleagues less than optimally happy because they chose to be plastic surgeons and don't enjoy being the boss and not being able to take eight weeks of vacation per year. On the other hand, she finds some emergency medicine doctors who, while they enjoy the freedom and flexibility to work as much or as little as they choose in any given year, would prefer to have the responsibility and prestige of running their own practice.
A person who says "I love Chemistry and therefore I will become a chemist" is potentially making the same mistake as these medical doctors who end up in the wrong specialty. There are many aspects to a job other than what exactly you occupy your mind with. Here's a partial list:
From Geoff B: Perhaps men have a greater buffer of time to recover from career mistakes. I actually know a couple of guys who got PhD's, then went to MBA or JD degrees. While they may have enjoyed their PhD programs (heh), from an earning standpoint they probably wasted a good 5-7 years. But they can just pretend that those 5-7 years never existed. A 40 year old man can get married to a 31-year-old woman, and just pretend he's 31. Happens all the time. It's harder for women to pull this off. So maybe math and science PhD's are just another incarnation of the recklessness of youth - something men have historically been able to indulge in, without the consequences women would experience.
From me (responding to someone who asked how I would change the incentives so that more women would be attracted to science): What's my idea for changing the incentives? I don't have any. I'm not one of the people who complains that there aren't enough women working as professors, janitors, or whatever. For whatever reason we've decided that science in America should be done by low-paid immigrants. They seem to be doing a good job. They are cheap. They are mostly guys, like other immigrant populations. If smart American women choose to go to medical, business, and law school instead of doing science, and have fabulous careers, I certainly am not going to discourage them. Imagine if one of those kind souls that Summers was speaking to had taken Condoleezza Rice aside and told her not to waste time with political science because physics was so much more challenging. Just think how far she might have gone...
With control of the budget at a university, one could change the sex ratio in science and math very quickly. Here's how it might look:
If a woman scientist is worth more to the university and to society than a male scientist, she should be paid more. The fact that she isn't indicates that this issue is lower priority than any of the things that the universities does spend money on, e.g., those palatial new buildings.
A family-sized (four-bedroom) house in Berkeley sold for an average of $965,000 in the middle of 2007, just slightly more than double the price of a house that the top-paid full professor could afford, according to some online calculation tools.
Data on additional schools: http://chronicle.com/stats/aaup/ and www.aaup.org. | <urn:uuid:e8965b4a-e577-4604-b8f1-895d014e6704> | {
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Think Your Team is Best? It’s All in Your Head
As the Super Bowl approaches, fans of both the Patriots and the Giants are preparing for a fierce battle, and each group thinks their team is far superior to the other. New research could reveal why.
Pascal Molenberghs at the University of Queensland in Brisbane, Australia, divided 24 volunteers into two teams and had them judge the speed of hand actions performed by two people, one from each team.
No surprise here: most of the volunteers were biased toward their own team, and judged their players as faster — even when the two actions were performed at identical speeds.
But brain scans taken during the experiment showed the bias arose from differences in brain activity during perception of the hand action and wasn’t actually rooted in a logical decision-making process.
So what does it all mean?
Louise Newman, a psychologist at Monash University in Melbourne, Australia, says the findings, which will appear in Human Brain Mapping, is an important step to unraveling the mechanisms of how people develop perceptions of “in-groups” and “out-groups” — which could even lead to a greater understanding of things like racism and discrimination. | <urn:uuid:e072cc9e-319d-4822-8473-36f683043a2a> | {
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Disinfection Byproducts: HAA5
Haloacetic acids (HAA5) in MN Community Water Systems:
Disinfecting water helps prevent disease
Many community water systems (CWS's) use disinfectants in drinking water, to kill microbes like giardia and cryptosporidium that can cause illness. When the disinfectants react with organic material (like decomposing plants), they form disinfection byproducts (DBPs). People may be exposed to DBPs when using tap water for drinking, cooking, bathing, or swimming. DBPs are not normally found in private well water.
High levels of DBPs may be harmful to health
Some studies suggest that they might increase the risk of cancer and adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, the risk of not disinfecting drinking water (and exposing people to microbes that can cause gastrointestinal illnesses) far outweighs the risk of DBPs - particularly at the low levels typically found in US water supplies.
All water systems that disinfect their water (generally all surface water systems and some groundwater systems) are required to monitor for disinfection byproducts. The DBPs that are tracked are trihalomethanes (TTHMs) and haloacetic acids (HAA5). The Maximum Contaminant Limit (MCL) for HAA5 is 60 µg/L
The Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) for HAA5 is 60 µg/L.
This chart shows the percent of systems by HAA5 annual mean concentration. The percent of systems in violation of the MCL is not equivalent to the percent of systems listed in the chart with concentrations above the MCL, because the MCL is currently based on a "locational" running annual average (i.e., monthly averages of each sample collected at the specified location collected in the previous 12 months), rather than a system-wide calendar year average.
This chart shows the percent of systems by annual maximum HAA5 concentration. A system may have a number of different locations in the distribution system with differing levels of HAA5. In this chart, the maximum value reflects the sample with the highest concentration at a single sampling location. The level of HAA5 in water that ultimately reaches the consumer's tap may be different.
Most drink water with HAA5 below levels of concern
The table below shows the number of people served by CWS's, by HAA5 mean concentration. Note that the estimates of number of people served by each system are rough calculations periodically updated by water system manager.
How do you find out about DBPs in your water?
Customers of community water systems can find out about the DBP levels in their drinking water by reading the Consumer Confidence Report issued each year by their water utility. For those wishing to take extra precautions, granulated activated carbon (GAC) filters are effective in lowering DBP levels in drinking water, and several types of GAC filters are available for home use.
For more information on DBP regulations and health effects, see Disinfection Byproducts.
- Drinking Water Quality - Trihalomethanes (another disinfection byproduct) | <urn:uuid:792a3fcf-be02-4451-8ae9-22bb8c853b22> | {
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Out of 356 acres of land currently devoted to farming in Auroville (Farm Group), approximately 158 acres are irrigated, while the rest supports dryland fields, orchards and timber crops. It is estimated to cost 1 – 2 lakhs Indian Rupees (~ US $5,000) of initial investment per acre to convert a new area of land into high productivity farmland. Much of the existing farmland is peripheral to the designated Auroville area and was purchased in the earliest days of Auroville’s growth. With relatively large land holdings, and large annual investments (as seen in the Sri Aurobindo Ashram farms), it was planned that Auroville would focus the essential energy and resources needed to realize a solid foundation of self-reliance in growing food for its population. On much of Auroville land soil quality is poor. A primary focus has been continued research into natural soil fertility enhancement.
Some of the best potential farmland in our region is beyond the Green Belt to the West / North-west, where groundwater is relatively abundant. Investments in research, comprehensive cultivation techniques, and low impact irrigation systems require continuous resourcing. In 1996 State subsidised electricity was re-valued for “education and research organisations” (i.e. Auroville), making the cost prohibitive for Auroville farmers (while still free of charge for rural farmers). This has necessitated heavy investment into alternative energy technologies, most of which is relatively expensive in India, when available.
Markets & distribution
Auroville seeks to support ecological agriculture by providing a preferred market for its local organic produce within the community. Quantities are sold in Pour Tous food shop, while the new Solar Kitchen uses larger quantities to provide healthy and relatively inexpensive lunches for Aurovilians, school children and some of the workforce from the local villages. In the Auroville economic experiment meals are subsidised by the Central Fund (or “free” of charge), while the Auroville Farms receive subsidies and support for their ongoing financial needs.
The Farm Group maintains a direct sales outlet, Auroville Foodlink, where organic farm produce is available to the consumer at cost price plus a minimal percentage overhead cost. They also manage the distribution of goods to various shops in Auroville, and to the Solar Kitchen. Targeting of optimal demand is to the advantage of the farmers, and the economic linkage (i.e. centralised funding) between the need of the growers and that of the consumers furthers the healthy relationship between the two. In that office, statistical data are maintained on monthly and annual production figures, and on farm investments and overall finances. At present Auroville is self-sufficient only in milk and some seasonal fruits. It produces only 2% of its total rice and grain requirements, and less than 50% of its total fruit and vegetable requirements.
AuroAnnam has created a buying and selling co-op for organic cashew nuts, facilitating the processing of these and their marketing. This assists numerous cashew growers inside of Auroville (as it represents a peripheral activity for many land stewards) as well as providing an incentive for village farmers to cultivate organically and reduce health risks associated with use of pesticides. The fostering of economic incentives for local farmers to grow chemical-free food is at once of benefit to the grower and the consumer, increasing awareness of the danger of contamination of groundwater by fertilisers and pesticides. It is a healthy recommendation as well as an economic one. They have also recently begun to establish a network for marketing a variety of organically certified goods from around India under their own label.
Auroville Food Processing unit and KOFPU (Kottakarai Organic Food Processing Unit) also play an important role by developing food products made with organically grown fruits, vegetables and rain-fed millets and other crops. They produce a range of jams, syrups, pickles, chutneys and nut butters for sale in and outside of Auroville, and provide a useful outlet for surpluses of local seasonal fruits.
The risk of wasted harvests due to lack of storage facilities and marketing problems (surpluses) is a major disincentive for Auroville farmers trying to grow food for the community. Crop failures in the region are not uncommon, because the temperate growing season from December to March is short, while the summer and monsoon seasons are severe and fairly unpredictable. The low prices on external markets - based on exploitative labour practices and heavy doses of chemicals - also attract many Aurovilians away from homegrown organic foods. The technological impact of refrigerated transport and storage of food, creating the unnatural year-round availability of non-seasonal fruits and vegetables, and the popularisation of highly processed foods with long shelf life, have made a huge impact on dietary patterns and expectations.
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UC Berkeley Press Release
Nature reserves attract humans, but at a cost to biodiversity, says study
BERKELEY – Rather than suppressing local communities in developing nations, nature reserves attract human settlement, according to a new study by researchers at the University of California, Berkeley.
(George Wittemyer photos)
Justin Brashares, UC Berkeley assistant professor of environmental science, policy and management, and George Wittemyer, UC Berkeley post-doctoral researcher and a National Science Foundation (NSF) International Research Fellow, co-led the study, to be published in the July 4 issue of the journal Science.
"The findings counter the perception that park creation comes with high costs and few benefits to marginalized rural populations who lose out when conservation areas restrict their access to traditional lands and natural resources," said Wittemyer.
"If these protected areas are a detriment to local livelihoods, we should see little or negative population growth at their borders," said Brashares. "Instead, people consistently move closer to them."
While the factors that drive rapid immigration to parks will likely vary among parks and countries, the authors note that nature reserves in developing regions often are targets for international aid and donor investment. This investment, often coming through initiatives that pair goals for economic development and biodiversity conservation, creates infrastructure such as roads, schools, clinics, water and sewer systems, and other services that are often lacking in impoverished rural areas.
In support of their hypothesis, the authors found that population growth near protected areas was positively correlated with the amount of funding countries received from the Global Environment Facility (GEF) for conservation-related projects.
The researchers also found that population growth was higher near protected areas that support greater concentrations of employees, suggesting a connection between human immigration to reserves and the economic or job opportunities the parks provide.
"This study highlights that conservation activities can and do have positive impacts for the local communities where they take place," said Wittemyer. "Our results indicate that the economic and ecological benefits of living near protected areas outweigh the costs typically attributed to such proximity."
"Concerns about park creation and social injustice date back to the days of colonialism, when many reserves started as hunting grounds for the elite," said Brashares. "That history influences current attitudes toward the establishment of conservation areas, with suspicions that the unprecedented current rate of park creation signals an era of neocolonialism. A study like ours can't consider or dismiss injustices of the past, but it suggests parks today are perceived by local people as areas of opportunity."
The researchers restricted their study to nature reserves - as listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and the World Heritage Sites - in rural areas to avoid confounding their results with the well-documented, massive migration to urban centers that has occurred in developing countries in recent decades.
They reviewed published United Nations census data from 1960 to 2000, focusing on areas within 10 kilometers (6.2 miles) of the reserves, to gauge human population growth. The authors were able to rule out the possibilities that the patterns of population growth they observed were driven by relatively high poverty rates around parks or by "leakage," which describes the movement of people over time from within parks to their edges.
"Along with economic incentives provided through targeted donor funding, many parks are hotspots for ecosystem services and goods, such as open water, good soils for agriculture, bushmeat, fish and timber that increasingly are found in few other places" said Brashares.
To determine whether people were moving closer to nature reserves simply because such lands were ecologically superior for farming, cattle grazing or exploitation of natural resources, the researchers further refined their analysis to focus on comparisons of buffer population growth with rural areas that were not only in the same country but also ecologically similar to the reserves. They still found significantly higher growth rates near the protected areas.
While the study found that protected areas appear to draw immigration by stimulating local economies, the consequences of this immigration threaten the ability of conservation areas to protect biodiversity. Strong links between human settlement near protected areas and illegal harvesting of timber, bushmeat hunting, fire frequency and species extinction are widely recognized.
The researchers also found that rates of deforestation were higher near protected areas where human population growth was greatest. These and other findings suggest current conservation efforts may achieve poverty alleviation at a direct cost to biodiversity protection.
In the paper, the authors write that if humans are drawn to protected areas for the economic opportunities they provide, international funding for conservation may, ironically, exacerbate the same threats to biodiversity it aims to alleviate.
"Clearly, coupling human development goals with biodiversity conservation is not a simple remedy to poverty or biodiversity loss," said Wittemyer. "Such a marriage necessitates careful planning and forward thinking. This might entail implementing relatively simple policies like locating development projects in regions where human pressures will have less impact on biodiversity rather than placing them directly on the edge of the parks."
Brashares noted that, in many cases, people are settling within meters of park borders, and that it is not uncommon for roads and sanitation systems to be built within reserve boundaries.
"For protected areas to be sustainable and effective, a balance must be struck between benefits to local communities and the goals of biodiversity conservation," said Brashares. "Instead of building new roads or schools and clinics near a park border, consider adding that infrastructure in the communities where people already live. Such actions can redirect the incentives that drive human population growth near park edges while still aiding local communities."
Other co-authors of the study from the Brashares Lab are Paul Elsen, research assistant in ecosystem sciences; and W. Timothy Bean and A. Coleman Burton, both graduate students in environmental science, policy and management.
The study was supported by the NSF, the J.S. McDonnell Foundation and the Hellman Family Fund. | <urn:uuid:18acce49-22ee-41cd-9156-36d480a55038> | {
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Published on Feb 18, 2007
The traditional Chinese Lion dance is a part of Chinese New Year festivities. If the dance is done correctly, it is believed that will bring happiness and luck and will scare off evil away. The lion is a holy animal and has been mentioned in the Chinese mythology.
When the lion eats an orange during a lion dance performance, the skin represents gold and when it is spit out, it symbolizes spreading of wealth and fortune. | <urn:uuid:7bbb2cf9-b289-4975-8528-dd2283cfc212> | {
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Meteorology<br /><ul><li> is the study of the atmosphere and it's interaction with earth's surface. Ever since there have been people on earth, it has been someone's job to figure out the weather.
the word "meteorology" is from Greekμετέωρος, metéōros, "high in the sky"; and-λογία, -logia.</li></li></ul><li><ul><li>is the scientific study of the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and forecasting. There is also broad discussion of atmospheric physics and atmospheric chemistry, including such topics as air pollution, tropical cyclones, mid latitude weather. is the interdisciplinary scientific study of the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and short term forecasting (in contrast with climatology). Studies in the field stretch back millennia, though significant progress in meteorology did not occur until the eighteenth century. The nineteenth century saw breakthroughs occur after observing networks developed across several countries. Breakthroughs in weather forecasting were achieved in the latter half of the twentieth century, after the development of the computer.</li></li></ul><li>Meteorologists<br /><ul><li>are scientists who study meteorology. Meteorologists work in government agencies, private consulting and research services, industrial enterprises, utilities, radio and television stations, and in education.
are best-known for forecasting the weather. Many radio and television weather forecasters are professional meteorologists, while others are merely reporters with no formal meteorological training</li></li></ul><li>Equipment ofMeteorology <br />
Micro-scale Meteorology<br /><ul><li>micro-scale meteorology is the study of atmospheric phenomena of about 1 km or less. Individual thunderstorms, clouds, and local turbulence caused by buildings and other obstacles, such as individual hills fall within this category.</li></li></ul><li>Meso-scale Meteorology<br /><ul><li>is the study of atmospheric phenomena that has horizontal scales ranging from micro-scale limits to synoptic scale limits and a vertical scale that starts at the Earth's surface and includes the atmospheric boundary layer, troposphere, tropopause, and the lower section of the stratosphere. Meso-scale timescales last from less than a day to the lifetime of the event, which in some cases can be weeks. </li></li></ul><li>Spatial scales<br /><ul><li>meteorology can be divided into distinct areas of emphasis depending on the temporal scope and spatial scope of interest. At one extreme of this scale is climatology. In the timescales of hours to days, meteorology separates into micro-, meso-, and synoptic scale meteorology. Respectively, the geospatialsize of each of these three scales relates directly with the appropriate timescale. Other sub-classifications are available based on the need by or by the unique, local or broad effects that are studied within that sub-class.</li></li></ul><li>Synoptic scale<br /><ul><li>is generally large area dynamics referred to in horizontal coordinates and with respect to time. The phenomena typically described by synoptic meteorologyinclude events like extratropical cyclones, baroclinic troughs and ridges, frontal zones, and to some extent jet streams. All of these are typically given on weather mapsfor a specific time. The minimum horizontal scale of synoptic phenomena is limited to the spacing between surface observation stations.</li></li></ul><li>Global scale<br /><ul><li>is study of weather patterns related to the transport of heat from the tropics to the poles. Also, very large scale oscillations are of importance. Global scale pushes the thresholds of the perception of meteorology into climatology. The traditional definition of climate is pushed in to larger timescales with the further understanding of how the global oscillations cause both climate and weather disturbances in the synoptic and meso-scale timescales.</li></li></ul><li>Applications ofMeteorology<br />
Weather forecasting<br /><ul><li>is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere for a future time and a given location. Human beings have attempted to predict the weather informally for millennia, and formally since at least the nineteenth century. Weather forecasts are made by collecting quantitative data about the current state of the atmosphere and using scientific understanding of atmospheric processes to project how the atmosphere will evolve.</li></li></ul><li>Aviation meteorology<br /><ul><li>deals with the impact of weather on air traffic management. It is important for air crews to understand the implications of weather on their flight plan as well as their aircraft, as noted by the Aeronautical Information Manual.
The effects of ice on aircraft are cumulative-thrust is reduced, drag increases, lift lessens, and weight increases. The results are an increase in stall speed and a deterioration of aircraft performance. In extreme cases, 2 to 3 inches of ice can form on the leading edge of the airfoil in less than 5 minutes. It takes but 1/2 inch of ice to reduce the lifting power of some aircraft by 50 percent and increases the frictional drag by an equal percentage.</li></li></ul><li>Agricultural meteorology<br /><ul><li>Meteorologists, soil scientists, agricultural hydrologists, and agronomists are persons concerned with studying the effects of weather and climate on plant distribution, crop yield, water-use efficiency, phenology of plant and animal development, and the energy balance of managed and natural ecosystems. Conversely, they are interested in the role of vegetation on climate and weather.</li></li></ul><li>Hydrometeorology<br /><ul><li> is the branch of meteorology that deals with the hydrologic cycle, the water budget, and the rainfall statistics of storms. A hydro meteorologist prepares and issues forecasts of accumulating (quantitative) precipitation, heavy rain, heavy snow, and highlights areas with the potential for flash flooding. Typically the range of knowledge that is required overlaps with climatology, meso-scale and synoptic meteorology, and other geosciences.</li></li></ul><li>Nuclear meteorology<br /><ul><li> nuclear meteorology investigates the distribution of radioactiveaerosolsand gasesin the atmosphere.</li></ul>Maritime meteorology<br /><ul><li>deals with air and wave forecasts for ships operating at sea. Organizations such as the Ocean Prediction Center, Honolulu National Weather Service forecast office, United Kingdom Met Office, and JMA prepare high seas forecasts for the world's oceans.</li></li></ul><li>Invention of Weather Instruments<br />
Aneroid Barometers<br /><ul><li>are instruments used for measuring the pressure of the air in the atmosphere. They weren't invented until the 1840s—years after Franklin's time. High or rising pressure means that clear, sunny weather is expected, while falling or low pressure is a sign of rain or an approaching storm. As air pressure increases, it pushes down on a metal diaphragm, which in turn causes the indicating needle to move. This aneroid barometer was made in Germany and sits on an octagonal wooden base.</li></li></ul><li>Sling psychrometer<br /><ul><li>the simplest type of hygrometer, measures the relative humidity of the surrounding air by comparing the temperatures of one dry and one wet bulb thermometer. A small chain on the end of the wooden handle attaches the thermometers to each other. The psychrometer is spun around rapidly for a few minutes and readings are taken from the dry and wet bulbs. After these readings are taken, there is a scale that is used to correlate the readings. The relative humidity is read at the intersection of the RH scale and the wet bulb temperature.</li></li></ul><li>Hygrometer <br /><ul><li>is an instrument used to measure the moisture content or the humidity of air or any gas. The best known type of hygrometer is the "dry and wet-bulb psychrometer", best described as two mercury thermometers, one with a wetted base, one with a dry base. The water from the wet base evaporates and absorbs heat causing the thermometer reading to drop. Using a calculation table, the reading from the dry thermometer and the reading drop from the wet thermometer are used to determine the relative humidity.</li></li></ul><li><ul><li>some hygrometers use the measurements of changes in electrical resistance, using a thin piece of lithium chloride or other semiconductor devices and measuring the resistance which is affected by humidity.Leonardo da Vinci built the first crude hygrometer in the 1400s. Francesco Folli invented a more practical hygrometer in 1664.</li></li></ul><li>Thermometers<br /><ul><li> measure temperature, by using materials that change in some way when they are heated or cooled. In a mercury or alcohol thermometer the liquid expands as it is heated and contracts when it is cooled, so the length of the liquid column is longer or shorter depending on the temperature. Modern thermometersare calibrated in standard temperature units such as Fahrenheit or Celsius.</li></li></ul><li>Rain gauge<br /><ul><li>was invented in the fourth month of 1441. The invention of the rain gauge in Korea came two hundred years before inventor Christopher Wren created a rain gauge (tipping bucket rain gauge circa 1662) in Europe. One source has is that the son of King Sejong the Great, who reigned the Choson Dynasty from 1418 to 145, invented the first rain gauge. King Sejong sought ways to improve agricultural technology to provide his subjects with adequate food and clothing.</li></ul>In improving agricultural technology, Sejong contributed to the sciences of astronomy and meteorology (weather). He invented a calendar for the Korean people and ordered the development of accurate clocks. Droughts plagued the kingdom and King Sejong directed every village to measure the amount of rainfall.<br />
Barometers <br />Evangelista Torricelli is credited with inventing the barometer in 1643 to measure air pressure, but both Giovanni Battista Baliani in 1630 and René Descartes in 1631 had postulated a version of the barometer even earlier than that. GasperoBerti, who had heard from Galileo about the design written down by Baliani, attempted to experiment with water in a vacuum between 1639 and 1641 to explain why pumps would not draw water above a certain height. Torricelli, however, approached it from a different angle and recognized that air had weight; he also recognized that mercury in a barometer was a suitable replacement for water. Years later, Blaise Pascal and Florin Périer refined the design.<br /> | <urn:uuid:5f519353-7ecc-4942-99b7-775028e28191> | {
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|Address||P.O. Box 219 Batavia, IL 60510|
Codon Bingo is a stimulating game that involves deciphering the genetic code. The game is designed to give students practice with transcription and translation of codons while at the same time generating full class participation. As students play the game, they develop increased proficiency while unraveling the genetic code found in the base pairs. After playing Codon Bingo, the students will find it easier to transcribe the DNA base pair messages into mRNA codons and to translate the mRNA codons into an amino acid sequence. | <urn:uuid:709eef3c-353b-418d-aefc-250e318e51f0> | {
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Randi - posted on 08/25/2009 ( 2 moms have responded )
Why is rear-facing safest?:
A rear-facing seat provides superior protection. In a crash, the seat moves in the direction of the force, not against it. The back of the seat is the primary restraint, and the harness is the secondary restraint, providing protection against "rebound." The shell takes the bulk of the forces and passes very little along to the child. The forces that do get passed along to the child are spread across the entire area of the back, neck, and head, which are kept aligned. The babies head is cradled within the shell of the seat and moves in unison with the seat. When rear-facing, the head is contained within the shell, and the neck is protected from streching forces. A rear-facing seat also provides additional side-impact protection. In a side-impact crash, the child's head is kept within the confines of the carseat wings.
The opposite is true for a forward-facing child. In a crash, the harness straps hold the shoulders and torso in the seat, but the head and neck are thrown violently forward. This can cause a lot of serious injury to a young child. A young child's spinal cord is still very immature. It contains a lot of cartilage and not as much bone as an older child or adult. Research has shown that the forces applied to the necks of a forward-facing child can cause the spinal cord to stretch up to 2 inches. A spinal cord will rupture if streched more than 1/4". This will cause decapitation. While the head will still be attached to the body, the neck will not. It's the same thing as ripping an electrical plug out of the wall by the cord and breaking the wires.
We have very little control over what happens on the roads. We cannot control the other drivers. The minimum requirements to turn a child forward-facing are just that - minimums. For optimal protection, keep children rear-facing until the upper limits of the seat are reached.
Debunking the Myth's and Misconceptions:
Is it dangerous to have my child's legs bent and/or his feet touching the seat?
No, this is not a safety hazard. There are no documented reports of children breaking their legs or hips in a crash. However, there are countless cases of forward-facing children with spine or neck injuries. In a crash, a rear-facing child's legs will be thrown up and back away from the vehicle seat. It's important to note that children are very flexible and do not find riding this way uncomfortable. What looks cramped to an adult is fine for a child.
Can I put my infant-seat in front of an armrest?
That depends. Generally, yes you can. Most infant seats allow this. Evenflo (who at one time said that you could not) recently released a statement saying that you could put their infant seat in-front of an armrest as long as the vehicle manufacturer allowed. The concern is that the armrest "may" dislodge in a crash and hit the child. Testing has not shown this to be the case. Check both your infant seat manual and your vehicle manual for instructions.
My child's doctor says I can turn my child around forward-facing even though she is not yet one year old.
Unfortunately, your child's doctor is giving out very outdated and very dangerous information. Many doctors have a very brief lesson on child passenger safety in medical school. They do not keep up with the changing standards and safety recommendations. The American Association of Pediatrics states that child should remain rear-facing until they are at least one year and 20 lbs, and preferably until the upper limits of the seat are reached.
My child is only 9 months old, but he can hold up his head, sit, crawl, and walk. Doesn't he have enough muscle strength to ride forward-facing now?
This is a big misconception. The recommendations on turning a child forward-facing have nothing to do with muscular strength. They are based on skeletal strength. A 9 month old who can sit, crawl, and/or walk has the same skeletal strength as a 9 month old who can do none of these things. Turning a child forward-facing too early has major consequences in a crash. Read what happens to a child who is forward-facing too early up above.
My child screams the entire time in the car. It is distracting to me and I think I should turn him around forward-facing. He will be happier, and I will not be a distracted driver.
This tends to be one of the biggest reasons why parents turn children forward-facing. What they don't realize is that they are taking a huge gamble on their child's safety. It is no fun to listen to a crying baby, especially in the car. However, it is MUCH better to have a crying baby than a dead baby. Many parents have found that children can be MORE of a distraction forward-facing than they were rear-facing. The child can now see you, see what you are eating/drinking, and can demand attention from you.
If your child is still in an infant seat and is crying, trying switching to a rear-facing convertible. If your child is already in the convertible seat, investigate the seat itself to insure that it isn't causing your child discomfort. Check to make sure it isn't pinching, poking, or digging into your child. Have your seat installed by a certified technician. A misuse can also cause discomfort to the child.
A rear-facing seat must always be kept at a 45 degree angle
This statement is very true for young infants. The seat must be kept at 45 degrees so the child's head does not roll forward. A head that is rolled forward can restrict or cut off the airway causing suffocation. Also, if the head is forward and off the back of the car seat, in a crash the baby's delicate head will be slammed down against the seat. If you are having trouble achieving the appropriate angle, use a rolled up towel or foam pool noodle under the front of your restraint (place the towel/noodle in the crease of the vehicle seat).
Once the child has full control over her head (around 6 months), you can install the seat at less of a recline - more towards 30 degrees. For the older child, sitting more upright is safer as it lessens the chance of ramping up the seat and hitting the head on something in the vehicle.
Can my rear-facing seat touch the back of the seat in front of it?
Most manufacturer's allow the seat to touch the vehicle seat infront. There are a few exceptions, so always check your manual for any instructions. It is better for the seat to already be touching the vehicle seat than for it to slam into it during a crash. The later will allow more forces to be subjected onto the child.
Does the handle on my infant seat really need to be in the down position? I cannot fit the infant seat in my car with the handle down. The driver and/or passenger is scrunched (or my seats don't move up far enough).
Yes, the handle on the infant seat must always be put in the down position (unless the manufacturer's manual says otherwise). In a crash, the handle is likely to break and will become a projectile. It could hit the baby or another passenger in the vehicle causing serious injuries. If your child's infant seat will not fit in the car with the handle down, try another seating position (i.e. - from behind driver's to passengers, etc.) Many times an infant seat will fit correctly when used without the base. If neither of these options work, you will need to find another infant seat or switch to a convertible seat. | <urn:uuid:7ac389a6-e8a5-4cf0-a753-3750971acd0f> | {
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When you cook meat, have you wondered why the meat changes colour at different stages of cooking? This is because of the Maillard reaction. Wondering what is Maillard reaction? Well, let us find out....
Everyday Chemistry - What is Maillard Reaction?
Have you ever wondered why meat changes its colour at different stages of cooking? We are sure this question has come into your head every time you cooked! Well we have the answer. Meet the Maillard reaction.
The Maillard Reaction occurs when the amino acids in the meat react with the reducing sugars to form colours and flavours. When meat is cooked, it changes colour and the flavours also change. This phenomenon is taken for granted by many cooks, but it is actually the result of chemical reactions that are caused when the temperature of the meat is increased.
These chemical reactions were first studied by French scientist Louis Camille Maillard as part of his PhD thesis in the year 1912 and are therefore known as the Maillard reaction.
Reaction with Amino Acids
Amino acids make up the group of chemicals, which form the monomers for important polymers known as proteins. A lot of them are available in a steak or joint of meat. The important part of the amino acid is the amino group, which is a nitrogen atom that is attached to two hydrogen atoms (-NH2).
Reacting with Reducing Sugars
Reducing sugars are sugars, like glucose, that are also commonly found in many foods. They are molecules that contain five or six carbon atoms, with hydroxyl (-OH) groups attached to them, but one of them also has an oxygen atom double bonded to it (-C=O) which makes it an important group.
Complicated Food Chemistry
Food chemistry is not based on just one reaction. It is a complex series of reactions, which occur between chemicals that are found in meat. This results in new chemicals with strong flavours to be produced. They are also the cause of brown colouration of cooked meat. The reaction is not limited to meat, but also to the browning in toast, beer and many other foods. All of these are the result of the Maillard reaction. This is an example of non-enzymatic browning. The Maillard reaction forms colours and flavours in food that are appreciated by those who eat them. Some leaner, white meats do not have many reducing sugars, so they do not develop such a brown colour and have fewer flavours.
So the next time you cook meat and it turns brown, you are sure to know the reason... | <urn:uuid:877439ab-398d-4be0-acc6-bdff0aba4589> | {
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LEAP (Local Engagement Against Poverty) is a student-led service initiative at Mercer University that seeks to address the needs of those living below the poverty line in our community.
In 2009, Forbes magazine named Macon as one of the 10 most impoverished cities in the nation. The statistics about our community are stark:
- The percentage of Macon’s population living in poverty is twice that of the national average.Do you know what the national average for poverty is? Test your knowledge of poverty.
- The poverty line is defined as an income of $14,840 for a household of two.
- A single parent with one child working full-time at a minimum wage of $7.25 per hour every week of the year ($7.25 x 40 hours x 52 weeks) would earn $15,080 before any deductions or taxes. That is $240 above the poverty line—to pay for housing, transportation, health care, clothes, and other necessities.
- The percentage of Macon’s population who fall 50% below the poverty line is nearly 9%.
- In Macon, 1 in 5 children live in poverty. | <urn:uuid:bc7c474b-8eb1-43a5-87d7-e4e1149d75a4> | {
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An exon, the basic unit of DNA that gets shuffled around during evolution, has an average coding capacity of 40 amino acids, or roughly half of a small folded protein domain. Exon exchange between homologous proteins can lead to slightly altered proteins, but in the August 29 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Riechmann and Winter ask whether shuffling between unrelated sequences can generate new folds (Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000, 97:10068-10073). Their starting material is DNA encoding half of a beta-barrel domain, plus fragmented genomic DNA from Escherichia coli. The fusion products that can fold are selected by their resistance to proteolysis; one of these proteins is significantly more stable than the original intact protein. The genomic segments that survive the selection do not share sequence homology with the starting beta-barrel sequence, although beta structure predominates in the final protein products. | <urn:uuid:2ae75ebb-580c-41d2-91c1-7021bed13b86> | {
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