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To practice taking a competency exam, request sample test questions from your employer or organization's department of human resources. Competency tests often involve other testing components in addition to a written test; therefore, determine whether it is also necessary to practice public speaking or organizational techniques. For a competency interview exam, rehearse answers to questions commonly found on the test using the SOAR technique.Continue Reading
Competency exams are often based on actual organizational or work situations because their purpose is to help employees perform their duties well. An exam for an executive, for example, may focus on situations that occurred over the past year at her organization. Therefore, one way to prepare for a competency exam is to list work situations that required you to meet or exceed job performance goals. Apply the SOAR or CAR techniques to these examples in order to prepare for possible exam questions.
The SOAR technique for answering questions helps interviewees provide thoughtful answers in competency test interviews. There are four steps in SOAR. First, determine the situation the question proposes, and then examine your objective or goal in that situation. Analyze and explain the action you took to reach the goal. The last step is to identify the result of your action and explain its consequences.
The CAR technique is similar to SOAR and can help prepare members of an organization for an oral or written competency exam. First, identify the context of the testing situation, and then detail what actions you would take in that situation. Present a logical result of those actions in the final portion of the test. When an examiner or written test requests personal examples of situations, use different examples from work or personal life to answer different questions. Choose situations that are the most relevant to the exam question.Learn more about Standardized Tests | <urn:uuid:50bde24c-5265-4fc1-9e51-c6c26f340417> | {
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Elizabeth Ann Seton
Elizabeth Ann Bayley Seton - wife, mother, widow, convert, religious foundress, saint - was born in New York City, August 28,1774. She was the daughter of Dr. Richard Bayley and Catherine Charlton Bayley, devout Episcopalians.
At nineteen, Elizabeth married William Magee Seton, a prosperous merchant. Five children were born of the marriage. By 1803, the Seton shipping firm became bankrupt and William's health failed After a long sea voyage which it was hoped would improve his health, he died in Italy on December 27, 1803. The Filicchi family, longtime friends of William Seton, continued to befriend Elizabeth and welcomed her into their home in Leghorn. Here Elizabeth encountered Roman Catholicism for the first time.
Elizabeth returned to New York in 1804 and, despite the opposition of family and friends, entered the Catholic church in the spring of 1805. She sought to support her family by teaching. Archbishop John Carroll of Baltimore invited her to establish a school for girls in his diocese. Other young women joined her in this ministry of education and eventually they formed a religious community, the Sisters of Charity of St. Joseph's. In 1809, they moved to Emmitsburg where Elizabeth Ann Seton lived with her growing community until her death in 1821.
The rule of the Daughters of Charity in France, a congregation founded
by St. Vincent dePaul in 1633 seemed applicable to the new community. Adaptations
to this rule were made by Archbishop Carroll and by Elizabeth Seton, to
suit the American situation and a foundress with a family. It became the
rule of the Sisters of Charity who by the time of Elizabeth's death in
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In 1961, in a keynote speech marking the hundredth anniversary of the vote of secession, the President of the Republic of the Texas Lyndon Baines Johnson committed his administration to building a new relationship with the Union.
Lone Star CentennialUnlike the original thirteen states who had declared independence from Great Britain and then voluntarily joined the Union, Texas had formed a Republic after gaining its independence from Mexico. Although the Republic had subsequently joined the Union, during the crisis of 1860-1, great tensions arose in the State with Texans equally split on fight ing for either the Unionist or the Confederate cause. Hoping to prevent bloodshed, Governor Sam Houston advocated secession, followed by a reformation of the Republic rather than membership of the Confederacy. This was in small part caused by the strength of his own personal convictions, despite being a slaveowner and opposed to abolition, he was married to a Cherokee. And so on February 23, 1861, Texans voted in favour of secession and independence; to the great disappointment of the South, Texas would not after all become the seventh star in the Confederate flag.
But one hundred years later, the President of the United States John F. Kennedy had more pressing issues to face off the coast of Florida. Due to the nuclear weapons being installed on Cuba, for the first time, continental America was gravely threatened by foreign powers. And so substantive dialogue was delayed until 1963 when the photo opportunity of a diplomatic coup might resonate more strongly with the electorate in the run-up to the Presidential election contest. But history chose to blaze its own path; whilst both heads of state travelled through Dallas in an open-topped motorcade, the anti-Unionist assassin Lee Harvey Oswald shot Kennedy from the Texas Book Repository. | <urn:uuid:5ae7daa0-ce95-41ce-87d0-0beb4cc68320> | {
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by Clayton E. Ray
I believe that a significant epoch of anvil-making in colonial North America has yet to be recognized and documented. Postman’s pioneering 1998 book, “Anvils In America”, the first comprehensive coverage of the subject, provides a solid foundation for further research. Its greatest value is not as a last word, but as a catalyst, a value yet to be realized. Anvils are unquestionably the most important tool in the development of civilization but remain strangely neglected. The formation of BIG (Blacksmithing Interest Group) stands to redress this lapsus.
I have seen a few crude anvils of a certain blocky type, and have two in my possession.
These are cast iron without a face plate or cutting table, and without hardy, pritchel, or handling holes. They have no heel, a small horn, and no constricted waist, and their front and back surfaces are planar and vertical. The toes are insignificant in size, and there may be a fifth toe. The only one that I have seen having any marking is one of mine with the name “Jones” embossed on one side.
I think that these anvils were cast in one piece (excepting the horn), and were poured upside down, having no undercuts. The horn would have been added by welding.
The skilled iron workers in any of the foundries from Massachusetts to the Carolinas easily could have made these anvils clandestinely while pouring the sows and pigs that they were supposed to be making to send to the mother country to be returned as value-added finished products, including the expensive steel-faced wrought anvils for marketing to the needy pioneers, whose needs could have been met much more cheaply by the crude locally made cast anvils. No colonial community could have functioned without a smithy.
Not surprisingly, there is little or no paper trail of this activity, as production of such finished items in the colonies was prohibited. The royal appointees who supervised the Colonies (Spotswood, Byrd, and others) carefully concealed their own illicit profitable ventures. Thus far, I know of only one revealing allusion (cited by Postman, page 46), in which the writer in 1759 recommended the purchase of an anvil “of Byrd make”. William Byrd as early as 1744 had exploited his extensive iron deposits in central Virginia. There may very well be more clues to be found in colonial writing.
An additional source of documentation might be the metallurgy of the anvils themselves, but that is beyond my expertise and access. Meanwhile, I hope and expect that other members of EAIA have seen anvils of this kind, and will have better ideas for pursuit of their story. If my suspicions as to the source and age are confirmed, they would add significantly to the record of anvil making in North America.
Please share this blog with any of your friends who may have more information about possible American anvils of this period or even the anvils illustrated in this blog. Any comments should be added as comments to the blog. Your help is needed! | <urn:uuid:2e0ba4c9-c2be-4487-bb34-e062a7672857> | {
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Build It and They Will Come
Myron Avery was, by all accounts, not made for a desk. Avery was not so much a dreamer as…
He was a mover, a motivator, a shaker—not in the 19th century religious sense, either. People either loved or hated him; there were few who knew him who did not have a strong opinion about him.
While it’s probably true that without Benton Mackaye the concept of the Appalachian Trail might not have been born, it’s a fact that, without Myron Avery, there wouldn’t be an Appalachian Trail for feet to trod.
Avery took the fledgling PATC and made it into an engine for trail construction and new club development.The early and few members of PATC not only created the Appalachian Trail from the Tye River in Virginia to Pine Grove Furnace in Pennsylvania, they encouraged others to form additional A.T. clubs and helped them as they became organized and set into the tasks they voluntarily took on.
Just Think About It…
Our “commuting” time to go out for a weekend trail project may be delayed by heavy traffic around the major metropolitan area—Washington D.C., Baltimore, or Richmond—but, once we’re beyond a Beltway, we can push our individual cars to speeds unheard of in 1930.
- Between 1920 and 1940, the miles of paved highways were far fewer than today.
- Most people worked not only from Monday through Friday, they also worked at least half a day on Saturdays.
- In order to go out into the Blue Ridge mountains to scout passable lines for the new AT, Club members had to start out on Saturday afternoon and return by Sunday evening.
- In order to cross the Potomac or Shenandoah rivers by Harpers Ferry, people had to use ferries pushed by pole men.
It was a different time, indeed. Club members went out together by bus or train and hiked miles up into the Blue Ridge just to arrive at their work site. Before the Shenandoah National Park was established, they met and dealt with mountaineers in the communities that were then vibrant but whose traces are often difficult to find. The Club grew slowly then, but it’s members were a close-knit community within themselves. And, they welcomed newcomers.
Public spirit and camaraderie meant a lot to those men and women. They laid out and maintained the Appalachian Trail in its infancy, established and maintained relations with others up and down the Appalachian chain, and served their nation with distinction when called to arms in World War II.
Oh, and those who stayed behind to work in industry and government during the War continued to make the trek, as best they could, to keep the little-used Trail open.
For more detailed information, read Carol Niedzeliak’s excellent Short History of the PATC! | <urn:uuid:0fff4ad0-9a7c-4905-abfc-81b2dc606722> | {
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To read the full article and view more images, click here >>
About 9.58 % of the population of Vizianagaram district of Andhra Pradesh are tribals who live in remote hilly areas. The region is predominantly populated by the Savara, Kondadora, and Jatapu tribes, and the average literacy rate is only 59 %. The low levels of literacy are attributed to high drop-out rates among the tribal children, who face difficulty in understanding the medium of instruction, which is in Telugu. […]
In 2010, Aide et Action, an international NGO, introduced ‘Back to Basics’, a concept to improve the quality of teaching and learning in the schools with the support of ARTS, a local NGO. Accordingly, 82 government primary schools in Kurupam, Gummalakshipuram, and Jiyyamvalasa mandals were identified and provided with a volunteer who would work closely with the teachers.
As a result of the efforts of the volunteers, the children who once shied away from school started attending regularly. The results are very encouraging.
Most of the children who were about to drop out of school have completed their schooling with good grades.
“I was very afraid of attending class. It was very difficult for me to even write in Telugu looking at the board. Though my mind would read the word, my hand would not support me in writing it. But the volunteer taught me using many easy methods. He helped me set a goal and even encouraged me to practice archery. I am now a district-level archer, and aim to become a police officer,” said Parvathi. A Class XI student, she passed her Class X with an A grade. Parvathi is among the first batch of students introduced to the ‘Back to Basics’ concepts.
(The author is a Team Member with Aide et Action International South Asia.)
Source: Volunteers Are Helping Andhra Pradesh’s Tribal Children Excel in Studies
Date Visited: Fri Mar 31 2017 19:34:51 GMT+0200 (CEST) | <urn:uuid:8cfb2e22-d496-4949-906d-6f41cc85f75c> | {
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An analysis conducted in November 2014 by the Facebook data science team revealed that the three things most Facebook users listed as being thankful for during that Thanksgiving season were friends, family and health. These results came as no surprise to the Facebook analysts, who noted that friends are always one of the most-important things people are thankful for. They also noticed a trend in people becoming more thankful for health as they got older, a finding that makes sense considering how critical good health is later in life.
Life is another thing for which most people say they are thankful. Many realize that they are able to have important experiences, emotions and relationships just by virtue of living, and that life is something every person who is alive can be grateful for. The other things that most people are thankful for--friends, family and health--would be nonexistent without life itself, another reason many find to be thankful for life.
Many people also list music as one of the things for which they are most-thankful. People of all ages have reported being thankful for music more than anything else, showing the universal appeal and importance of music in many people's lives.Learn more about Social Sciences | <urn:uuid:53365ac6-f655-4a5c-8f66-72a2c14780c2> | {
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Shakespeare’s Richard III play is set in England in the period leading up to and during during the reign of Richard III, 1483 – 1485, in London, in Salisbury, in a camp near Tamworth, and at Bosworth Field near Leicester. See map of Richard III settings
Genre classification: Richard III is a History Play.
Main characters in Richard III: King Edward IV
Elizabeth, Queen of King Edward the Fourth
Edward, Prince of Wales; afterwards King Edward the Fifth, & Richard, Duke of York, Sons to the King
George, Duke of Clarence, & Richard, Duke of Gloucester, afterwards King Richard III, Brothers to the King
Duchess of york, Mother to King Edward the Fourth, Clarence, and Gloucester
Margaret, Widow of King Henry the Sixth
A young Son of Clarence
Henry, Earl of Richmond; afterwards King Henry the Seventh
Cardinal bourchier, Archbishop of Canterbury
Thomas Rotherham, Archbishop of York
John Morton, Bishop of Ely
Duke of Buckingham
Duke of Norfolk
Lady Anne, Widow of Edward, Prince of Wales, Son to King Henry the Sixth; afterwards married to the Duke of Gloucester. See a full list of characters in Richard III.
Richard III themes: Ambition has horrific consequences. Richard is even more ambitious than Macbeth and commits even more horrific crimes but suffers no remorse.
Another theme is deception and what it can achieve, in this case the desired outcome for its perpetrator. Once again, we see in Shakespeare that ubiquitous theme of appearance and reality. Pure evil has no conscience – it’s entirely practical. | <urn:uuid:f5331f22-e64b-4db7-9181-51bd61f3a74b> | {
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Imagine you are almost dozing in a lounge chair outside, with a magazine on your lap. Suddenly, a fly lands on your arm. You grab the magazine and swat at the insect. What was going on in your brain after the fly landed? And what was going on just before? Many neuroscientists have long assumed that much of the neural activity inside your head when at rest matches your subdued, somnolent mood. In this view, the activity in the resting brain represents nothing more than random noise, akin to the snowy pattern on the television screen when a station is not broadcasting. Then, when the fly alights on your forearm, the brain focuses on the conscious task of squashing the bug. But recent analysis produced by neuroimaging technologies has revealed something quite remarkable: a great deal of meaningful activity is occurring in the brain when a person is sitting back and doing nothing at all. | <urn:uuid:4126a681-22ea-4fd1-90c5-d04b683afeca> | {
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- Year Published: 1870
- Language: English
- Country of Origin: France
- Source: Verne, J. (1870). Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea. (F. P. Walter, Trans.). Paris, France: Hetzel.
- Flesch–Kincaid Level: 6.5
- Word Count: 4,656
Verne, J. (1870). Part 2, Chapter 14: The South Pole. Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea (Lit2Go Edition). Retrieved March 08, 2014, from
Verne, Jules. "Part 2, Chapter 14: The South Pole." Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea. Lit2Go Edition. 1870. Web. <>. March 08, 2014.
Jules Verne, "Part 2, Chapter 14: The South Pole," Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, Lit2Go Edition, (1870), accessed March 08, 2014,.
I rushed up onto the platform. Yes, open sea! Barely a few sparse floes, some moving icebergs; a sea stretching into the distance; hosts of birds in the air and myriads of fish under the waters, which varied from intense blue to olive green depending on the depth. The thermometer marked 3° centigrade. It was as if a comparative springtime had been locked up behind that Ice Bank, whose distant masses were outlined on the northern horizon.
"Are we at the pole?" I asked the captain, my heart pounding.
"I've no idea," he answered me. "At noon we'll fix our position."
"But will the sun show through this mist?" I said, staring at the grayish sky.
"No matter how faintly it shines, it will be enough for me," the captain replied.
To the south, ten miles from the Nautilus, a solitary islet rose to a height of 200 meters. We proceeded toward it, but cautiously, because this sea could have been strewn with reefs.
In an hour we had reached the islet. Two hours later we had completed a full circle around it. It measured four to five miles in circumference. A narrow channel separated it from a considerable shore, perhaps a continent whose limits we couldn't see. The existence of this shore seemed to bear out Commander Maury's hypotheses. In essence, this ingenious American has noted that between the South Pole and the 60th parallel, the sea is covered with floating ice of dimensions much greater than any found in the north Atlantic. From this fact he drew the conclusion that the Antarctic Circle must contain considerable shores, since icebergs can't form on the high seas but only along coastlines. According to his calculations, this frozen mass enclosing the southernmost pole forms a vast ice cap whose width must reach 4,000 kilometers.
Meanwhile, to avoid running aground, the Nautilus halted three cable lengths from a strand crowned by superb piles of rocks. The skiff was launched to sea. Two crewmen carrying instruments, the captain, Conseil, and I were on board. It was ten o'clock in the morning. I hadn't seen Ned Land. No doubt, in the presence of the South Pole, the Canadian hated having to eat his words.
A few strokes of the oar brought the skiff to the sand, where it ran aground. Just as Conseil was about to jump ashore, I held him back.
"Sir," I told Captain Nemo, "to you belongs the honor of first setting foot on this shore."
"Yes, sir," the captain replied, "and if I have no hesitation in treading this polar soil, it's because no human being until now has left a footprint here."
So saying, he leaped lightly onto the sand. His heart must have been throbbing with intense excitement. He scaled an overhanging rock that ended in a small promontory and there, mute and motionless, with crossed arms and blazing eyes, he seemed to be laying claim to these southernmost regions. After spending five minutes in this trance, he turned to us.
"Whenever you're ready, sir," he called to me.
I got out, Conseil at my heels, leaving the two men in the skiff.
Over an extensive area, the soil consisted of that igneous gravel called "tuff," reddish in color as if made from crushed bricks. The ground was covered with slag, lava flows, and pumice stones. Its volcanic origin was unmistakable. In certain localities thin smoke holes gave off a sulfurous odor, showing that the inner fires still kept their wide–ranging power. Nevertheless, when I scaled a high escarpment, I could see no volcanoes within a radius of several miles. In these Antarctic districts, as is well known, Sir James Clark Ross had found the craters of Mt. Erebus and Mt. Terror in fully active condition on the 167th meridian at latitude 77° 32'.
The vegetation on this desolate continent struck me as quite limited. A few lichens of the species Usnea melanoxanthra sprawled over the black rocks. The whole meager flora of this region consisted of certain microscopic buds, rudimentary diatoms made up of a type of cell positioned between two quartz–rich shells, plus long purple and crimson fucus plants, buoyed by small air bladders and washed up on the coast by the surf.
The beach was strewn with mollusks: small mussels, limpets, smooth heart–shaped cockles, and especially some sea butterflies with oblong, membrane–filled bodies whose heads are formed from two rounded lobes. I also saw myriads of those northernmost sea butterflies three centimeters long, which a baleen whale can swallow by the thousands in one gulp. The open waters at the shoreline were alive with these delightful pteropods, true butterflies of the sea.
Among other zoophytes present in these shallows, there were a few coral tree forms that, according to Sir James Clark Ross, live in these Antarctic seas at depths as great as 1,000 meters; then small alcyon coral belonging to the species Procellaria pelagica, also a large number of starfish unique to these climes, plus some feather stars spangling the sand.
But it was in the air that life was superabundant. There various species of birds flew and fluttered by the thousands, deafening us with their calls. Crowding the rocks, other fowl watched without fear as we passed and pressed familiarly against our feet. These were auks, as agile and supple in water, where they are sometimes mistaken for fast bonito, as they are clumsy and heavy on land. They uttered outlandish calls and participated in numerous public assemblies that featured much noise but little action.
Among other fowl I noted some sheathbills from the wading–bird family, the size of pigeons, white in color, the beak short and conical, the eyes framed by red circles. Conseil laid in a supply of them, because when they're properly cooked, these winged creatures make a pleasant dish. In the air there passed sooty albatross with four–meter wingspans, birds aptly dubbed "vultures of the ocean," also gigantic petrels including several with arching wings, enthusiastic eaters of seal that are known as quebrantahuesos,* and cape pigeons, a sort of small duck, the tops of their bodies black and white—in short, a whole series of petrels, some whitish with wings trimmed in brown, others blue and exclusive to these Antarctic seas, the former "so oily," I told Conseil, "that inhabitants of the Faroe Islands simply fit the bird with a wick, then light it up."
*Spanish: "ospreys." Ed.
"With that minor addition," Conseil replied, "these fowl would make perfect lamps! After this, we should insist that nature equip them with wicks in advance!"
Half a mile farther on, the ground was completely riddled with penguin nests, egg–laying burrows from which numerous birds emerged. Later Captain Nemo had hundreds of them hunted because their black flesh is highly edible. They brayed like donkeys. The size of a goose with slate–colored bodies, white undersides, and lemon–colored neck bands, these animals let themselves be stoned to death without making any effort to get away.
Meanwhile the mists didn't clear, and by eleven o'clock the sun still hadn't made an appearance. Its absence disturbed me. Without it, no sights were possible. Then how could we tell whether we had reached the pole?
When I rejoined Captain Nemo, I found him leaning silently against a piece of rock and staring at the sky. He seemed impatient, baffled. But what could we do? This daring and powerful man couldn't control the sun as he did the sea.
Noon arrived without the orb of day appearing for a single instant. You couldn't even find its hiding place behind the curtain of mist. And soon this mist began to condense into snow.
"Until tomorrow," the captain said simply; and we went back to the Nautilus, amid flurries in the air.
During our absence the nets had been spread, and I observed with fascination the fish just hauled on board. The Antarctic seas serve as a refuge for an extremely large number of migratory fish that flee from storms in the subpolar zones, in truth only to slide down the gullets of porpoises and seals. I noted some one–decimeter southern bullhead, a species of whitish cartilaginous fish overrun with bluish gray stripes and armed with stings, then some Antarctic rabbitfish three feet long, the body very slender, the skin a smooth silver white, the head rounded, the topside furnished with three fins, the snout ending in a trunk that curved back toward the mouth. I sampled its flesh but found it tasteless, despite Conseil's views, which were largely approving.
The blizzard lasted until the next day. It was impossible to stay on the platform. From the lounge, where I was writing up the incidents of this excursion to the polar continent, I could hear the calls of petrel and albatross cavorting in the midst of the turmoil. The Nautilus didn't stay idle, and cruising along the coast, it advanced some ten miles farther south amid the half light left by the sun as it skimmed the edge of the horizon.
The next day, March 20, it stopped snowing. The cold was a little more brisk. The thermometer marked –2° centigrade. The mist had cleared, and on that day I hoped our noon sights could be accomplished.
Since Captain Nemo hadn't yet appeared, only Conseil and I were taken ashore by the skiff. The soil's nature was still the same: volcanic. Traces of lava, slag, and basaltic rock were everywhere, but I couldn't find the crater that had vomited them up. There as yonder, myriads of birds enlivened this part of the polar continent. But they had to share their dominion with huge herds of marine mammals that looked at us with gentle eyes. These were seals of various species, some stretched out on the ground, others lying on drifting ice floes, several leaving or reentering the sea. Having never dealt with man, they didn't run off at our approach, and I counted enough of them thereabouts to provision a couple hundred ships.
"Ye gods," Conseil said, "it's fortunate that Ned Land didn't come with us!"
"Why so, Conseil?"
"Because that madcap hunter would kill every animal here."
"Every animal may be overstating it, but in truth I doubt we could keep our Canadian friend from harpooning some of these magnificent cetaceans. Which would be an affront to Captain Nemo, since he hates to slay harmless beasts needlessly."
"Certainly, Conseil. But tell me, haven't you finished classifying these superb specimens of marine fauna?"
"Master is well aware," Conseil replied, "that I'm not seasoned in practical application. When master has told me these animals' names . . ."
"They're seals and walruses."
"Two genera," our scholarly Conseil hastened to say, "that belong to the family Pinnipedia, order Carnivora, group Unguiculata, subclass Monodelphia, class Mammalia, branch Vertebrata."
"Very nice, Conseil," I replied, "but these two genera of seals and walruses are each divided into species, and if I'm not mistaken, we now have a chance to actually look at them. Let's."
It was eight o'clock in the morning. We had four hours to ourselves before the sun could be productively observed. I guided our steps toward a huge bay that made a crescent–shaped incision in the granite cliffs along the beach.
There, all about us, I swear that the shores and ice floes were crowded with marine mammals as far as the eye could see, and I involuntarily looked around for old Proteus, that mythological shepherd who guarded King Neptune's immense flocks. To be specific, these were seals. They formed distinct male–and–female groups, the father watching over his family, the mother suckling her little ones, the stronger youngsters emancipated a few paces away. When these mammals wanted to relocate, they moved in little jumps made by contracting their bodies, clumsily helped by their imperfectly developed flippers, which, as with their manatee relatives, form actual forearms. In the water, their ideal element, I must say these animals swim wonderfully thanks to their flexible backbones, narrow pelvises, close–cropped hair, and webbed feet. Resting on shore, they assumed extremely graceful positions. Consequently, their gentle features, their sensitive expressions equal to those of the loveliest women, their soft, limpid eyes, their charming poses, led the ancients to glorify them by metamorphosing the males into sea gods and the females into mermaids.
I drew Conseil's attention to the considerable growth of the cerebral lobes found in these intelligent cetaceans. No mammal except man has more abundant cerebral matter. Accordingly, seals are quite capable of being educated; they make good pets, and together with certain other naturalists, I think these animals can be properly trained to perform yeoman service as hunting dogs for fishermen.
Most of these seals were sleeping on the rocks or the sand. Among those properly termed seals—which have no external ears, unlike sea lions whose ears protrude—I observed several varieties of the species stenorhynchus, three meters long, with white hair, bulldog heads, and armed with ten teeth in each jaw: four incisors in both the upper and lower, plus two big canines shaped like the fleur–de–lis. Among them slithered some sea elephants, a type of seal with a short, flexible trunk; these are the giants of the species, with a circumference of twenty feet and a length of ten meters. They didn't move as we approached.
"Are these animals dangerous?" Conseil asked me.
"Only if they're attacked," I replied. "But when these giant seals defend their little ones, their fury is dreadful, and it isn't rare for them to smash a fisherman's longboat to bits."
"They're within their rights," Conseil answered.
"I don't say nay."
Two miles farther on, we were stopped by a promontory that screened the bay from southerly winds. It dropped straight down to the sea, and surf foamed against it. From beyond this ridge there came fearsome bellows, such as a herd of cattle might produce.
"Gracious," Conseil put in, "a choir of bulls?"
"No," I said, "a choir of walruses."
"Are they fighting with each other?"
"Either fighting or playing."
"With all due respect to Master, this we must see."
"Then see it we must, Conseil."
And there we were, climbing these blackish rocks amid sudden landslides and over stones slippery with ice. More than once I took a tumble at the expense of my backside. Conseil, more cautious or more stable, barely faltered and would help me up, saying:
"If Master's legs would kindly adopt a wider stance, Master will keep his balance."
Arriving at the topmost ridge of this promontory, I could see vast white plains covered with walruses. These animals were playing among themselves. They were howling not in anger but in glee.
Walruses resemble seals in the shape of their bodies and the arrangement of their limbs. But their lower jaws lack canines and incisors, and as for their upper canines, they consist of two tusks eighty centimeters long with a circumference of thirty–three centimeters at the socket. Made of solid ivory, without striations, harder than elephant tusks, and less prone to yellowing, these teeth are in great demand. Accordingly, walruses are the victims of a mindless hunting that soon will destroy them all, since their hunters indiscriminately slaughter pregnant females and youngsters, and over 4,000 individuals are destroyed annually.
Passing near these unusual animals, I could examine them at my leisure since they didn't stir. Their hides were rough and heavy, a tan color leaning toward a reddish brown; their coats were short and less than abundant. Some were four meters long. More tranquil and less fearful than their northern relatives, they posted no sentinels on guard duty at the approaches to their campsite.
After examining this community of walruses, I decided to return in my tracks. It was eleven o'clock, and if Captain Nemo found conditions favorable for taking his sights, I wanted to be present at the operation. But I held no hopes that the sun would make an appearance that day. It was hidden from our eyes by clouds squeezed together on the horizon. Apparently the jealous orb didn't want to reveal this inaccessible spot on the globe to any human being.
Yet I decided to return to the Nautilus. We went along a steep, narrow path that ran over the cliff's summit. By 11:30 we had arrived at our landing place. The beached skiff had brought the captain ashore. I spotted him standing on a chunk of basalt. His instruments were beside him. His eyes were focused on the northern horizon, along which the sun was sweeping in its extended arc.
I found a place near him and waited without speaking. Noon arrived, and just as on the day before, the sun didn't put in an appearance.
It was sheer bad luck. Our noon sights were still lacking. If we couldn't obtain them tomorrow, we would finally have to give up any hope of fixing our position.
In essence, it was precisely March 20. Tomorrow, the 21st, was the day of the equinox; the sun would disappear below the horizon for six months not counting refraction, and after its disappearance the long polar night would begin. Following the September equinox, the sun had emerged above the northerly horizon, rising in long spirals until December 21. At that time, the summer solstice of these southernmost districts, the sun had started back down, and tomorrow it would cast its last rays.
I shared my thoughts and fears with Captain Nemo.
"You're right, Professor Aronnax," he told me. "If I can't take the sun's altitude tomorrow, I won't be able to try again for another six months. But precisely because sailors' luck has led me into these seas on March 21, it will be easy to get our bearings if the noonday sun does appear before our eyes."
"Why easy, Captain?"
"Because when the orb of day sweeps in such long spirals, it's difficult to measure its exact altitude above the horizon, and our instruments are open to committing serious errors."
"Then what can you do?"
"I use only my chronometer," Captain Nemo answered me. "At noon tomorrow, March 21, if, after accounting for refraction, the sun's disk is cut exactly in half by the northern horizon, that will mean I'm at the South Pole."
"Right," I said. "Nevertheless, it isn't mathematically exact proof, because the equinox needn't fall precisely at noon."
"No doubt, sir, but the error will be under 100 meters, and that's close enough for us. Until tomorrow then."
Captain Nemo went back on board. Conseil and I stayed behind until five o'clock, surveying the beach, observing and studying. The only unusual object I picked up was an auk's egg of remarkable size, for which a collector would have paid more than ₣1,000. Its cream–colored tint, plus the streaks and markings that decorated it like so many hieroglyphics, made it a rare trinket. I placed it in Conseil's hands, and holding it like precious porcelain from China, that cautious, sure–footed lad got it back to the Nautilus in one piece.
There I put this rare egg inside one of the glass cases in the museum. I ate supper, feasting with appetite on an excellent piece of seal liver whose flavor reminded me of pork. Then I went to bed; but not without praying, like a good Hindu, for the favors of the radiant orb.
The next day, March 21, bright and early at five o'clock in the morning, I climbed onto the platform. I found Captain Nemo there.
"The weather is clearing a bit," he told me. "I have high hopes. After breakfast we'll make our way ashore and choose an observation post."
This issue settled, I went to find Ned Land. I wanted to take him with me. The obstinate Canadian refused, and I could clearly see that his tight–lipped mood and his bad temper were growing by the day. Under the circumstances I ultimately wasn't sorry that he refused. In truth, there were too many seals ashore, and it would never do to expose this impulsive fisherman to such temptations.
Breakfast over, I made my way ashore. The Nautilus had gone a few more miles during the night. It lay well out, a good league from the coast, which was crowned by a sharp peak 400 to 500 meters high. In addition to me, the skiff carried Captain Nemo, two crewmen, and the instruments—in other words, a chronometer, a spyglass, and a barometer.
During our crossing I saw numerous baleen whales belonging to the three species unique to these southernmost seas: the bowhead whale (or "right whale," according to the English), which has no dorsal fin; the humpback whale from the genus Balaenoptera (in other words, "winged whales"), beasts with wrinkled bellies and huge whitish fins that, genus name regardless, do not yet form wings; and the finback whale, yellowish brown, the swiftest of all cetaceans. This powerful animal is audible from far away when it sends up towering spouts of air and steam that resemble swirls of smoke. Herds of these different mammals were playing about in the tranquil waters, and I could easily see that this Antarctic polar basin now served as a refuge for those cetaceans too relentlessly pursued by hunters.
I also noted long, whitish strings of salps, a type of mollusk found in clusters, and some jellyfish of large size that swayed in the eddies of the billows.
By nine o'clock we had pulled up to shore. The sky was growing brighter. Clouds were fleeing to the south. Mists were rising from the cold surface of the water. Captain Nemo headed toward the peak, which he no doubt planned to make his observatory. It was an arduous climb over sharp lava and pumice stones in the midst of air often reeking with sulfurous fumes from the smoke holes. For a man out of practice at treading land, the captain scaled the steepest slopes with a supple agility I couldn't equal, and which would have been envied by hunters of Pyrenees mountain goats.
It took us two hours to reach the summit of this half–crystal, half–basalt peak. From there our eyes scanned a vast sea, which scrawled its boundary line firmly against the background of the northern sky. At our feet: dazzling tracts of white. Over our heads: a pale azure, clear of mists. North of us: the sun's disk, like a ball of fire already cut into by the edge of the horizon. From the heart of the waters: jets of liquid rising like hundreds of magnificent bouquets. Far off, like a sleeping cetacean: the Nautilus. Behind us to the south and east: an immense shore, a chaotic heap of rocks and ice whose limits we couldn't see.
Arriving at the summit of this peak, Captain Nemo carefully determined its elevation by means of his barometer, since he had to take this factor into account in his noon sights.
At 11:45 the sun, by then seen only by refraction, looked like a golden disk, dispersing its last rays over this deserted continent and down to these seas not yet plowed by the ships of man.
Captain Nemo had brought a spyglass with a reticular eyepiece, which corrected the sun's refraction by means of a mirror, and he used it to observe the orb sinking little by little along a very extended diagonal that reached below the horizon. I held the chronometer. My heart was pounding mightily. If the lower half of the sun's disk disappeared just as the chronometer said noon, we were right at the pole.
"Noon!" I called.
"The South Pole!" Captain Nemo replied in a solemn voice, handing me the spyglass, which showed the orb of day cut into two exactly equal parts by the horizon.
I stared at the last rays wreathing this peak, while shadows were gradually climbing its gradients.
Just then, resting his hand on my shoulder, Captain Nemo said to me:
"In 1600, sir, the Dutchman Gheritk was swept by storms and currents, reaching latitude 64° south and discovering the South Shetland Islands. On January 17, 1773, the famous Captain Cook went along the 38th meridian, arriving at latitude 67° 30'; and on January 30, 1774, along the 109th meridian, he reached latitude 71° 15'. In 1819 the Russian Bellinghausen lay on the 69th parallel, and in 1821 on the 66th at longitude 111° west. In 1820 the Englishman Bransfield stopped at 65°. That same year the American Morrel, whose reports are dubious, went along the 42nd meridian, finding open sea at latitude 70° 14'. In 1825 the Englishman Powell was unable to get beyond 62°. That same year a humble seal fisherman, the Englishman Weddell, went as far as latitude 72° 14' on the 35th meridian, and as far as 74° 15' on the 36th. In 1829 the Englishman Forster, commander of the Chanticleer, laid claim to the Antarctic continent in latitude 63° 26' and longitude 66° 26'. On February 1, 1831, the Englishman Biscoe discovered Enderby Land at latitude 68° 50', Adelaide Land at latitude 67° on February 5, 1832, and Graham Land at latitude 64° 45' on February 21. In 1838 the Frenchman Dumont d'Urville stopped at the Ice Bank in latitude 62° 57', sighting the Louis–Philippe Peninsula; on January 21 two years later, at a new southerly position of 66° 30', he named the Adélie Coast and eight days later, the Clarie Coast at 64° 40'. In 1838 the American Wilkes advanced as far as the 69th parallel on the 100th meridian. In 1839 the Englishman Balleny discovered the Sabrina Coast at the edge of the polar circle. Lastly, on January 12, 1842, with his ships, the Erebus and the Terror, the Englishman Sir James Clark Ross found Victoria Land in latitude 70° 56' and longitude 171° 7' east; on the 23rd of that same month, he reached the 74th parallel, a position denoting the Farthest South attained until then; on the 27th he lay at 76° 8'; on the 28th at 77° 32'; on February 2 at 78° 4'; and late in 1842 he returned to 71° but couldn't get beyond it. Well now! In 1868, on this 21st day of March, I myself, Captain Nemo, have reached the South Pole at 90°, and I hereby claim this entire part of the globe, equal to one–sixth of the known continents."
"In the name of which sovereign, Captain?"
"In my own name, sir!"
So saying, Captain Nemo unfurled a black flag bearing a gold "N" on its quartered bunting. Then, turning toward the orb of day, whose last rays were licking at the sea's horizon:
"Farewell, O sun!" he called. "Disappear, O radiant orb! Retire beneath this open sea, and let six months of night spread their shadows over my new domains!" | <urn:uuid:29e2b45b-c05c-47da-b220-c0c6c3bd29bf> | {
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In 2006, two scientists announced that they had cooked an egg by placing it in between two cell phones. It has been thrououghly disproven and analyzed since the surface of the claim, but it is still an excellent opportunity to use the Scientific Thinking Principles on!
#1: Ruling Out Rival Hypotheses
This principle isn't the most relevant because the experiment doesn't exactly prove any hypotheses. But it can still apply to the attempt to cook an egg between two cell phones because there could be other effects causing that outcome.
#2: Correlation vs. Causation
There are so many other reasons that the egg could've cooked! Maybe it was really hot out? Or the cell phone egg set up was within a microwave? Not the most probable of all possible causations, but it proves the point. There could be many other ways this egg could've cooked (or in actuality, the fact that it didn't cook at all) that we need to examine or at least acknowledge that they could be there.
This claim is very out there so it has a really good chance of being able to be falsified. As we will see in #4, after replicating the incident one can find almost instantly that it is in fact a hoax.
As many people did, reproducing the egg cooking experiement will prove that it is in fact a hoax. Every reproduction that was prodcued failed to yield the same results as the first, which made everything make sense when the site's webmaster that published the article stepped forward to say it was in fact completely fake.
#5: Extraordinary Claims
The claim that you can cook an egg with two cell phones is pretty extraordinary yet there is no extraordinary evidence to back it up! In fact, it is just too extraordinary to be real.
#6: Occam's Razor
In my mind, the simpliest explaination would be that it simply is not true. The end.
I'm not going to lie, if this claim was true I would be thrilled. In addition to being in awe of the power of technology, it would make cooking meals for myself in my dorm room a whole lot easier! Unfortunately though, this is a hoax. With the help of the Six Principles of Scientific Thinking, I will never fall for this or any other raw food cooking claim ever again! | <urn:uuid:87230adf-bb1f-4b4b-9c4e-ebaed1589758> | {
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It all started when Chinese scientists fed rice and veggies to some mice. What they learned was kind of amazing: Genetic material from plant foods, called microRNA, altered the expression of some of the critters’ genes. Lab rats we are not, but these results, along with other research that found plant microRNA in human blood samples, suggest that microRNA “may block genes that are associated with cancer,” says Linda Birnbaum, Ph.D., director of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. This knowledge could be crucial to preventing tumors from developing, because most cancers begin when genes switch on or off inappropriately, causing cells to grow out of control. First, though, more research needs to be done to see how plant microRNA works in the human body.
What to do: Eat the good stuff. Lots of it—at least 2 1/2 cups of vegetables and 1 1/2 cups of fruit every day. You’ll know you’re on the right track if half of what’s on your plate at meals is produce. Be sure to mix things up: Different fruit and vegetables contain different microRNA and cancer-fighting antioxidants.
Your perk: Fewer munchies. Produce is full of fiber, which helps keep you full longer, so you eat less.
Got your sweet tooth under control? Great! Type 2 diabetes may raise your chances of developing cancer, research finds. One possible culprit: insulin. When people become insulin-resistant—often because of weight gain—their body produces more of the hormone to compensate. “Certain body tissues, including those in the breast and colon, have insulin receptors. It’s likely that high insulin levels speed the growth of those tissues, which leads to damage that can result in cancer,” explains Lewis Cantley, Ph.D., a biochemist at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center.
What to do: Keep that blood sugar in check. If you’re not already eating whole-wheat everything, now is the time to start. Your body processes refined carbs quickly, causing your blood sugar to spike and insulin levels to go up, Cantley says. And beware of added sugars, such as honey, agave nectar and dextrose, which often sneak into packaged foods.
Your perk: Smooth skin. Refined sugar binds to collagen and elastin, possibly breaking down skin and creating wrinkles you definitely don’t need.
OK, we know we just said to lay off the sugar. But there’s an exception: The polyphenols in cocoa beans may prevent cellular changes that cause cancerous cells to grow, a study in Molecular Nutrition & Food Research reports. The research was done on animals, but the study’s authors speculate that the benefits could apply to humans, too.
What to do: Pick your chocolate wisely. To get the most polyphenols and the least sugar, look for dark chocolate with a minimum 70 percent cocoa and stick to a small square (about 1 ounce) a day. More is not better.
Your perk: Skinny jeans. Adults who regularly eat chocolate are up to 7 pounds slimmer than those who don’t eat the treat, research finds.
This summer brought happy news for active girls. Those who get moving for 10 to 19 hours a week slash their odds of cancer later in life by one third. This particular study in Cancer looked at breast cancer risk, but physical activity may also protect us from colon and lung cancer, in part by altering levels of insulin and other hormones that can drive cancer development.
What to do: Ten to 19 hours in seven days may seem like a ton, but it’s totally doable. The new research found that intensity doesn’t matter, which means that activities such as walking the dog and cleaning count, says lead researcher Lauren McCullough of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Your perk: An easier cycle. If PMS makes you moody, there’s evidence that breaking a sweat could help lift the black cloud.
Women with high levels of folate in their diet have a 40 percent lower risk for premenopausal breast cancer compared with women who consume little of the B vitamin, researchers at Vanderbilt University and the Shanghai Cancer Institute discovered. Your cells use folate to make and repair DNA, and damaged genes can spur cancer growth. Also cool: Getting enough of the vitamin may offset the risks of moderate drinking. Alcohol blocks the absorption of folate and has been linked to an increased risk for breast cancer.
What to do: Aim for 400 micrograms of folate daily by loading up on foods such as leafy greens and citrus fruit. No supplement needed.
Your perk: A happier mood. Folate stimulates production of the feel-good chemical serotonin. People with low levels are more likely to be depressed.
Being exposed to ordinary room light in the evening decreases levels of the hormone melatonin, a study in The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism shows. Melatonin not only helps bring on sleep, but it may also regulate estrogen, a key hormone associated with breast cancer. This study could in part explain what scientists have long suspected: Exposure to artificial light after sundown may increase our cancer risk, says Richard Stevens, Ph.D., a cancer epidemiologist at the University of Connecticut Health Center. Another hint: Women on the night shift get more breast cancer than nine-to-fivers.
What to do: Switch to lamps with low-intensity incandescent bulbs (no fluorescent lights!) about two hours before bed. Stevens also recommends installing a dim red bulb in the bathroom. That way, you won’t mess with your melatonin when you’ve got to pee at 3 a.m.
Your perk: Sounder sleep. When melatonin is suppressed, it can disrupt your circadian rhythm.
Mindfulness meditation, based in Buddhist tradition, may help you quit cigarettes by decreasing activity in a part of the brain that’s linked to cravings, a study in Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience reports. And meditation could help you break other habits that may be putting you at risk for cancer, like binge drinking and eating fatty comfort foods, says Kevin Patterson, M.D., medical director for clinical behavioral medicine at Hillman Cancer Center in Pittsburgh. But wait—there’s more. New research suggests that mindfulness meditation may increase telomerase, an enzyme that’s vital to normal cell division, in the immune system. It’s too early to know if this can reduce your cancer risk, but it’s pretty clear that meditation has some nice benefits.
What to do: Start meditating! Find a quiet place, and set a timer for two minutes, says Marsha Lucas, Ph.D., a neuropsychologist in Washington, D.C. Close your eyes, and pay attention to your breath; continue until the timer sounds. Try adding a minute each day; work up to 10 to 20 minutes.
Your perk: Better sex. Mindfulness meditation could enhance the insula, a part of the brain linked to awareness. Regular meditation may make it easier to get aroused and even improve orgasms. What’s not to love? | <urn:uuid:16ee7be5-ed33-4e78-b11a-cb366a65da43> | {
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In the good old days of paleontology, scientists had to get dirty in the field. These days, robots do it for them. Okay, not quite, but a new high tech approach to digging in the dirt is helping paleontologists dig smarter: artificial intelligence.
Normally, discovering fossils depends largely on luck. Paleontologists can take educated guesses as to where to search—trekking down dry stream beds to look for bones that might have eroded off slopes, for instance—but they mostly depend on walking around to see what catches the eye. If they are lucky, they can cover ground in bucking and bouncing jeeps down dirt roads set up by oil and gas companies. In any case, traditional approaches can be challenging, lengthy—and fruitless.
Increasingly, paleontologists are relying on technology to narrow their search for fossils. For instance, Google Earth has helped identify sites in South Africa containing fossils of the ancient hominid Australopithecus sediba.
And it goes further than that. Computer models built of a vast array of artificial neurons make up networks that can search fossil sites for anomalies. Rather than a scientist walking for hundreds of miles, squinting into the sun, the computer scans and analyzes the landscape, looking for prime fossil sites. One model looked at 100 known fossil sites. Scientists told the model about the first 75, to train it. The computer then spotted 20 of the remaining 25 all by itself.
The scientists then unleashed their computer on unknown sites. It showed them places to look, and at first they were disappointed. Scientific American writes:
Anemone’s neural network pointed out several places to search. Initially, these proved fruitless—the scientists unearthed many fossils at the first recommended sites, but not the kind they wanted. The researchers had the neural network search for fossils in areas that past geologic surveys declared were in the Wasatch Formation—former lakeshore and riverside areas where they expected to unearth primate fossils. But on arrival at the first dozen or so sites, it was clear the original surveys were in error. Instead, those locations were actually in the Green River Formation—former lakebed areas with many aquatic fossils but few mammal bones.
As these models learn more, they’ll be able to spot better sites and lead to better fossils. It could make for better, faster digs, but the work will still require experts to get down in the dirt and dig up the fossils.
More from Smithsonian.com: | <urn:uuid:681e48ac-0f3a-4de2-b4fb-7b9f0aa9a8f5> | {
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Cancer Prevention: What is Cervix Cancer?
Cancer of the uterine cervix (the lower part of the uterus womb) which extends slightly into the top of the vagina, is one of the most common cancers in women. The oncologist specialist team at BNH HCG Cancer Center, a unit of HCG - Dr. Bhavana Parikh, Consultant, Medical Oncologist, Dr. Deepak Patkar, Consultant, Radiologist and Dr. Sanjay Dudhat, Consultant, Surgical Oncologist, helps us to understand cervix cancer in detail and help prevent it.
*Images courtesy: © Thinkstock photos/ Getty Images
Also See: What is Gynaecology Cancer? | <urn:uuid:87f031c4-1ad0-4771-8f34-3e6b95954f8f> | {
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For the most part however these chapters concern countries which still today afflict Israel - Moab (Jordan), Syria, Ethiopia/Egypt, Assyria (Iraq) and Babylon (Iran). The difference between then and now is that in the days of these prophecies, these nations were tools of judgment that God used against his faithless people whereas today Israel has just been reborn - regathered from all the nations of the earth unto which God had scattered them. Many there are who do not believe in the Scriptures, but it surely cannot escape anyone's attention, that the principle nations named in the Bible, still exist. Israel has returned, and once again the world is returned to witnessing the battle between the people whom God has chosen and their historical enemies.
Who were the Prophets and what did they say? The Prophet Isaiah Part Five (5)
As previously stated, this Isaiah overview is a topical not theological overview that is meant to highlight points in Scripture rather than bore readers and the focus is on the role that religious and secular leaders play in the destruction of their societies. I generally use the "Bible Resources KJV edition" found at Minister book . com but for those who wish to really examine the prophets I recommend John Gill's Exposition of the Bible
I ended the previous overview at Chapter 14 by saying:
Many there are who do not believe in the Scriptures, but it surely cannot escape anyone's attention, that the principle nations named in the Bible, still exist. Israel has returned, and once again the world is returned to witnessing the battle between the people whom God has chosen and their historical enemies.
Today, as we look at Chapters 15 through 22, we will see what was God's word to those nations 2700 years ago.
Isaiah Chapter 15
There are only 9 verses in this chapter and the first verse declares that the chapter is about "The burden of Moab. Because in the night (in various places mentioned) Moab is laid waste...
Various images are provided to demonstrate the effect on the people: on all their heads shall be baldness, and every beard cut off - gird themselves with sackcloth - every one shall howl, weeping abundantly.
Moab is the historical name for a mountainous strip of land in today's Jordan. (See Wikipedia) The people of Moab were descended from Abraham through Lot and one of his daughters. They worshipped a pagan God and the Israelites had been instructed to keep themselves separate from the Moabites. Ruth, the ancestor of King David was a Moabitess.
Isaiah Chapter 16
Chapter 16 continues where Chapter 15 left off.
For it shall be, that, as a wandering bird cast out of the nest, so the daughters of Moab shall be at the fords of Arnon (verse 2) But now the LORD hath spoken, saying, Within three years, as the years of an hireling, and the glory of Moab shall be contemned, with all that great multitude; and the remnant shall be very small and feeble. (Verse 14)
Isaiah Chapter 17
Chapter 17 concerns Damascus, the capital of Syria.
Verse 1 The burden of Damascus. Behold, Damascus is taken away from being a city, and it shall be a ruinous heap.
The King of Damascus was often the oppressor of Israel and just as often he was oppressed by the Assyrians. During the Syro-Ephraimitic War 734-732 BCE Tiglath Pileser III conquered and killed King Rezin of Damascus who at that time was aligned with King Pekah of Israel against King Ahaz of Judah. These events took place during the period specified by the book of Isaiah as that period in which he prophesied.
The chapter concerns Syria directly and after it Assyria, and their treatment (as agents of God's chastisement) of God's people. While there will be a remnant of God's people who will be faithful to him, the land and its inhabitants will suffer God's judgment.
Verse 7 At that day shall a man look to his Maker, and his eyes shall have respect to the Holy One of Israel.
Verse 8 And he shall not look to the altars, the work of his hands, neither shall respect that which his fingers have made, either the groves, or the images.
Verse 13 refers to "nations that rush like the rushing of many waters" and undoubtedly refers to the Assyrians overrunning Israel but the end result will be that they will be rebuked by God.
The nations shall rush like the rushing of many waters: but God shall rebuke them, and they shall flee far off, and shall be chased as the chaff of the mountains before the wind, and like a rolling thing before the whirlwind. And behold at eveningtide trouble; and before the morning he is not. This is the portion of them that spoil us, and the lot of them that rob us. (Verses 13,14)
Isaiah Chapter 18
Chapter 18 concerns Ethiopia:
Verse 1 Woe to the land shadowing with wings, which is beyond the rivers of Ethiopia
The prophetic word is short and its significance appears to lay in the fact that around the time (or shortly thereafter) of the fall of the Northern Kingdom of Israel (722 BCE) the twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt was founded by an Ethiopian leader named Shabako. Bible commentators consider that this prophetic warning about the fate of Ethiopia is meant to indicate that Judah must not rely on the Egyptians to save them from the Assyrians. (See Isaiah Chapter 20) Historically, Israel and Judah were controlled by whichever of the two states was in the ascendance, and often bartered their allegiance to whoever seemed to be gaining the most power.
King Jehoiakim of Judah's demise in 596 BCE is directly related to such switching of allegiances and refusal to pay tribute for 3 years to King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon. (Babylon controlled Assyria at that point in history).
Isaiah Chapter 19
Verse 1 The burden of Egypt.
God is going to come into and bring dread upon Egypt, its idols and its people. (V. 1.) He will cause the Egyptians to turn against each other (V.2.) and their leadership and strength will fail and they will turn to their idols and pagan practices for help (V.3.). God however will turn them over to a cruel leader (V.4.)
Verses 5-10 describe how God will cause all water reliant industry (principally perhaps the Mother Nile) to dry up and bankrupt the economy.
Verses 11-16 relates to derision of Egypt’s leadership - calling them fools.
Verse 17 relates that Egypt will be in terror of Judah because of the Lord of Hosts and then proceeds to describe a situation which, whilst partly observed in history, has not yet been fulfilled.
In that day shall there be an altar to the LORD in the midst of the land of Egypt, and a pillar at the border thereof to the LORD. And it shall be for a sign and for a witness unto the LORD of hosts in the land of Egypt: for they shall cry unto the LORD because of the oppressors, and he shall send them a saviour, and a great one, and he shall deliver them. And the LORD shall be known to Egypt, and the Egyptians shall know the LORD in that day, and shall do sacrifice and oblation; yea, they shall vow a vow unto the LORD, and perform it. And the LORD shall smite Egypt: he shall smite and heal it: and they shall return even to the LORD, and he shall be intreated of them, and shall heal them. In that day shall there be a highway out of Egypt to Assyria, and the Assyrian shall come into Egypt, and the Egyptian into Assyria, and the Egyptians shall serve with the Assyrians. In that day shall Israel be the third with Egypt and with Assyria, even a blessing in the midst of the land: Whom the LORD of hosts shall bless, saying, Blessed be Egypt my people, and Assyria the work of my hands, and Israel mine inheritance. (Verses 19-25)
Isaiah Chapter 20
Chapter 20 provides us with a specific date in relation to the prophecy.
Verse 1 In the year that Tartan came unto Ashdod, (when Sargon the king of Assyria sent him,) and fought against Ashdod, and took it..
The Northern Kingdom of Israel had fallen in 722BCE. Whilst it was King Shalmaneser who initiated the siege of Samaria in 725BCE, his successor King Sargon claims to have completed it in 722 BCE. In 720BCE he campaigned in Syria and in 714 BCE commenced the Ashdod Campaign. It was about this time that King Hezekiah commenced his sole rule over Judah (given that 701 BCE was his 14th year.)
Verse 2 indicates that God has ordered Isaiah to walk "naked and barefoot three years for a sign and wonder upon Egypt and upon Ethiopia"
These few verses in this chapter are a warning to King Hezekiah and/or his father King Ahaz and the country's leadership not to put their trust in Egypt because it too was going to fall. "So shall the king of Assyria lead away the Egyptians prisoners, and the Ethiopians captives, young and old, naked and barefoot, even with their buttocks uncovered, to the shame of Egypt. (V.4.)"
Isaiah Chapter 21
This chapter commences with what appears to be obscure language, but researching it reveals that the identity of the 'Desert of the Sea' is actually Babylon. There are numerous reasons provided for this, but Verse 9 confirms the identity by saying "Babylon is fallen, is fallen; and all the graven images of her gods he hath broken unto the ground."
The first 12 verses of the chapter are but a reinforcement of the previous prophecy in Chapter 13 against Babylon.
Verse 13 relates to the area of Arabia, and the John Gill Commentary relates that to the end of the passage the verses are demonstrating that there will be many people fleeing the coming judgment and requiring assistance of distant peoples.
The inhabitants of the land of Tema brought water to him that was thirsty, they prevented with their bread him that fled. For they fled from the swords, from the drawn sword, and from the bent bow, and from the grievousness of war. For thus hath the LORD said unto me, Within a year, according to the years of an hireling, and all the glory of Kedar shall fail: And the residue of the number of archers, the mighty men of the children of Kedar, shall be diminished: for the LORD God of Israel hath spoken it. (Verses 14-17)
Isaiah Chapter 22
This chapter concerns Jerusalem or as it is called in verse 1 'The Valley of Vision'.
Verses 1-10 describe the leadership of the people 'failing to lead' the people but scurrying to escape the coming judgment.
Ye made also a ditch between the two walls for the water of the old pool: but ye have not looked unto the maker thereof, neither had respect unto him that fashioned it long ago. And in that day did the Lord GOD of hosts call to weeping, and to mourning, and to baldness, and to girding with sackcloth: And behold joy and gladness, slaying oxen, and killing sheep, eating flesh, and drinking wine: let us eat and drink; for to morrow we shall die. (Verse 11-13)
Captivity and Death is decreed these iniquitous leaders (V.17 and 14 resp.) who failed to heed the voice of the Lord. Verse 15 speaks directly of the treasurer 'Shebna' whom God will drive out and replace with (V.20.) Eliakim the son of Hilkiah (the palace administrator under King Hezekiah Isaiah 36:22).
Given the description of Eliakim and his duties it would appear that these verses apply to the corrupt administration at the time that King Hezekiah commenced to rule in his own right at the time of the Ashdod Campaigns as related in Chapter 20 above.
Concerning Eliakim (V 21-24)
And I will clothe him with thy (Shebna's) robe, and strengthen him with thy girdle, and I will commit thy government into his hand: and he shall be a father to the inhabitants of Jerusalem, and to the house of Judah. And the key of the house of David will I lay upon his shoulder; so he shall open, and none shall shut; and he shall shut, and none shall open. And I will fasten him as a nail in a sure place; and he shall be for a glorious throne to his father's house. And they shall hang upon him all the glory of his father's house, the offspring and the issue, all vessels of small quantity, from the vessels of cups, even to all the vessels of flagons.
These final verses in today's overview demonstrate clearly what God expects of leadership. Not the gaudy, rich, pompous, uncaring 'lords of the people', but men of diligence, hard work and honor who put the nation before their own estate. Faithful Servants!
For the most part however these chapters concern countries which still today afflict Israel - Moab (Jordan), Syria, Ethiopia/Egypt, Assyria (Iraq) and Babylon (Iran). The difference between then and now is that in the days of these prophecies, these nations were tools of judgment that God used against his faithless people whereas today Israel has just been reborn - regathered from all the nations of the earth unto which God had scattered them.
Today, he who touches Israel is he who stands opposed to the will of God.
An Overview of the Prophet Amos during the reign of King Uzziah, prior to Assyrian incursions into Syria, Israel and Judah. The prophecies take place about 30 years prior to the destruction of the Northern Kingdom Israel and the exile of its people, and less than 200 years before King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon took the Southern Kingdom of Judah into exile in Babylon and destroyed King Solomon's Temple. Amos Chapter 1 verse one says that the prophet Amos was a herdsman from a place called Tekoa and relates that the things which he saw concerning Israel and Judah occurred in the latter years of the reign of King Uzziah of Judah (2 years before the earthquake of 759 BC) during the final few years of the reign of King Jeroboam II of Israel - perhaps no more than 6 years.
Hosea's message: The people having chosen kings to lead them, put their faith in the kings rather than God and as the Kings and leaders failed to listen to the voice of God, the people became further and further removed from God. The end result in Israel was the fulfilled promise of the destruction of Samaria. Hosea 1:4-7 states that God will no longer show mercy on the Northern Kingdom but will cause it to cease to exist. This was accomplished in 722 BC when the capital city Samaria was taken by the King of Assyria during the reign of King Hoshea and the people were sent into exile. Mercy is however granted to the Southern Kingdom of Judah.
At the height of the reigns of King Uzziah of Judah and King Jeroboam II of Israel, Israel enjoyed peace and prosperity due mainly to the weak political and military state of affairs in Syria and Assyria. One can only assume that the relative peace, security and prosperity led to a decrease in dependence on religious faith and following the Law of God. Hence we have 4 prophets arise to chastise the people and warn them of impending disaster. (Isaiah, Amos, Micah and Hosea).
The message in the books of Isaiah, Amos, Hosea and Micah are almost identical. Secular and religious leaders and those with the power that comes from wealth neither paid attention to doing what was right in the eyes of God nor treated the common man with decency and dignity. When leadership fails to set the right example for society, that society crumbles, and since these societies - Israel and Judah - were the chosen of God - 'a light of the Gentiles' - the people of God through whom the world would come to know God, that society could not be allowed to degenerate to the level of the common pagan world. Chastisement leading to repentance was a necessity and the time was drawing near.
Faith without works is as equally as dead as works without faith and it is an easy thing to inadvertently shift the focus of our lives away from 'Christ', to a focus of 'being' the faithful servant and doing 'the work of God' and in the process, to become a poor facsimile of what we once were. We must give comfort and give good counsel, but we must remember to trust and rely on the 'Real Counselor' - the Holy Spirit to continue to do his work in any one individual's life. If they reject us, it matters not! We are not masters. We merely serve the master. When our Religion and its ritualism replaces our relationship with God and by default, with our fellow man, we have made our religion a 'false religion', and our ritual practices become idolatry.
God's ways may not be our ways but his judgments tend to be accurate! God sees past all that you do and say. He sees the 'real' you. Only God can truly know whose identity is Holey, Whole or Holy. Jeremiah's job description required saying a lot of things that just didn't sit too well with the 'powers that be', both religious and secular. Moses was a rash man with a temper that made him careless. For decades his life just didn't go the way he had planned it and by the time he was content enough with his life and ready for a peaceful retirement, it was thrown into turmoil again by a pesky deity who for some reason considered him the best person for the job of 'leader'.
Since 2004 he has been writing academic articles, social commentaries and photographic 'Stories from China' both here at KingsCalendar, and formerly as a contributing columnist at Magic City Morning Star News (Maine USA) where from 2009 to 2015 he was Stand-in Editor. He currently has a column at iPatriot.com and teaches English to Business English and Flight Attendant College Students in Suzhou City Jiangsu Province People's Republic of China.)
BenDedek originally created the site to publicize his research results into the Chronology of Ancient Israel. Those results were published under the title: 'The King's Calendar: The Secret of Qumran.' Whilst there have been many attempts to solve the chronological riddle of the Bible's synchronisms of reigns of the kings of Israel and Judah and their synchronism with other Ancient Near Eastern Nations, no other research is based on a simple mathematical formula which could, if it is incorrect, be disproved easily. To date, no one has been able to dismiss the mathematical results of this research.
Free to air Academic articles set forth Apologetics for and results of his discovery of an "artificial chronological scheme" running through the Bible, Josephus, the Damascus Documents of the Dead Sea Scrolls, and Seder Olam Rabbah. Check the Chapter Precis Page to see details of each chapter and to gain access to the Four Free to Air Chapters
(The Download book does not contain a section on Seder Olam)
Definition: King's Calendar Chronological Research
The Premise: Between the 5th and 3rd centuries BCE (but continuing down to at least 104 BCE), Sectarian redactors transcribed the legitimate 'solar year' chronological records of Israel and Judah, into an artificial form, with listed years as each comprised of 12 months of 4 weeks of 7 days, or 336 days per year, thus creating a 13th artificial year where 12 solar years existed.
When the Synchronous Chronological Data provided in the Books of Kings and Chronicles for the Divided Kingdom Period are measured in years of 336 days, the synchronisms actually align. [Refer to Appendix 5. to see how it synchronises the Divided Kingdom Period] | <urn:uuid:f702dcc1-abb5-4c7b-825c-6bcc95256029> | {
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National Societies implement well-developed external communication and coordination strategies and mechanisms, which enhance coordination with external actors.
In certain situations, misperceptions about the National Society’s humanitarian purpose and action can have deadly consequences. Such misperceptions may stem from insufficient communication and networking with key stakeholders, which are required to foster relationships of trust and gain support and consent for the National Society to carry out its mandate and roles safely.
In sensitive and insecure contexts, fear, mistrust and suspicion hold sway, and the use of one inappropriate word or tweet can be disastrous not only for the reputation of the National Society as a neutral, impartial and independent humanitarian organization, but also for the safety and security of its response teams.
It is crucial for the National Society to communicate strategically and consistently in order to maintain its image as a neutral, impartial and independent humanitarian actor, particularly in situations where the government, to which the National Society is auxiliary in the humanitarian field, may be actively involved in events.
For effective external communication in sensitive and insecure contexts, it is best to err on the side of discretion and caution. This helps avoid being used by one group or another to pursue its own ends, fuelling disputes or being dragged into controversies or propaganda. Communication must be employed strategically, to correct misinformation, misperceptions and threats to your National Society’s reputation and to raise its profile and activities, positioning it for better acceptance and safer access.
Such a strategy should aim to reach selected stakeholders, when needed, with specific key messages – whether to advocate for respect for and protection of people in need or to promote the National Society’s mandate and roles, its adherence to the Fundamental Principles, its identity and the basics of international humanitarian law.
By ensuring their messages are complementary, not contradictory, Movement partners will contribute to a harmonized and coherent Movement image and thus to a more coherent response.
- Understand the context and its various characteristics and sensitivities.
- Map key stakeholders (particularly those who influence or control your access and security), their interests and perceptions of your National Society and the Movement.
- Develop a context-specific communication strategy and plan, based on the knowledge and information gathered above, with a view to preventing and managing any reputation issues, increasing your National Society’s acceptance, security and access and enhancing your efforts to assist and protect people in need.
- Implement your communication strategy and plan, mobilizing your network of staff and volunteers around a set of common messages designed to promote understanding of and respect for your National Society’s and the Movement’s respective mandates and roles, identity and the Fundamental Principles.
- Use your website and associated social media platforms as effective communication tools.
- Develop a social media policy and ensure systems are in place to monitor compliance by staff and volunteers.
- Determine how closely you will liaise and coordinate with other actors, keeping in mind the need to preserve the image of your National Society as neutral, impartial and independent.
- Complement your community engagement strategy by reinforcing two-way communication with communities, recognizing them not only as valuable contributors to the development of appropriate programming, but also as the source of relevant information for your organization’s safety and access.
Table of Contents
- 7.0 Introduction
- 7.1 External communication strategy and plan to support action in sensitive and insecure contexts
- 7.2 Broad awareness and acceptance of mandate and roles in sensitive and insecure contexts
- 7.3 Promotion of International Humanitarian Law (IHL)
- 7.4 Advocating for the respect and protection of affected persons, using IHL
Each staff member and volunteer of a National Society is a communicator. In an insecure context, every action you take or discussion you have, be it with community members or leaders, the public authorities, donors, partners, armed actors or other stakeholders, will leave an impression, either positive or negative. The image of the National Society and of the Movement as whole is reflected in – and their reputation built on – what you say or do, and sometimes what you do not say or do.
Communication practice and training for personnel deployed in insecure contexts often differs substantially from that in disasters or even day-to-day peaceful environments. In insecure contexts, communication is less about promoting activities, fundraising or recruiting volunteers and more about reducing the negative consequences of violence or tensions on affected people and increasing the National Society’s ability to reach them safely.
Above all, the choice of whether to communicate and how must be governed at all times by the Fundamental Principles, in particular humanity, neutrality, impartiality and independence.
- Have you established and implemented an external communication strategy and action plan, supported by templates, tools, equipment and training?
- What strategies do you employ to promote knowledge and acceptance of relevant domestic legislation and the National Society’s statutes, policies, agreements and plans among key stakeholders?
- How do you go about promoting the national implementation of international humanitarian law and support the public authorities in its dissemination to key stakeholders?
- Do you promote compliance with international humanitarian law among key stakeholders and advocate for the respect and protection of affected people and communities?
- How do you communicate and enforce your social networking policy and guidelines for staff and volunteers?
- In what way do you conduct regular operational communication – who we are, what we do and how we do it, in accordance with the Fundamental Principles – targeting key stakeholders?
- Do you use online and electronic media to preserve the dignity of and to protect people and communities, in coordination with Movement partners?
- How do you participate in external operational coordination mechanisms in a way that preserves independence and confidentiality of information, as required?
- What means do you employ to systematically establish two-way communication mechanisms with affected people and communities?
7.1 External communication strategy and plan to support action in sensitive and insecure contexts
An external communication strategy, including a positioning strategy, an action plan, templates, tools, equipment and training to support the implementation of the plan, has been established and implemented.
External communication is an area where having a clearly defined policy, strategy, plan and guidelines is of particular value, as it is sensitive, complex and multidimensional. When implemented well and systematically, a strategic approach to communication, complemented by the necessary training, can help the National Society fulfil its humanitarian mandate while increasing its acceptance, security and access to people affected by violence or insecurity.
Did you know?
External communication in all its guises can facilitate humanitarian action, provided care is taken to avoid negative repercussions on the organization, its personnel or the beneficiaries of its activities. First and foremost, such communication should always be contextualized and aim to reduce the adverse consequences of insecurity or violence on people, while increasing the organization’s ability to access them safely. It should aim to:
- build trust in and increase acceptance of the National Society by key stakeholders, improving its security and access to affected people, while enhancing its public profile;
- influence the policies and behaviour of others, reinforcing the National Society’s humanitarian advocacy and diplomacy efforts, resulting in better respect for the lives and dignity of the people affected by insecurity and violence;
- empower people and communities by providing them with valuable information that boosts their ability to recover from adversity with dignity;
- attract human, financial and in-kind resources.
Communication needs to be organized and coherent both within the National Society (see “Internal communication and coordination”) and when dealing with external audiences, whether through bilateral discussion or more public means such as a media release.
The strategy should define the various formal communication roles within a National Society. For instance, programme managers and coordinators will need to incorporate a communication component into their implementation strategies and plans. Communication specialists advise branches and headquarters departments on policy and strategy implementation and support them in formulating their own communication plans. They also play a key role in environment scanning, media relations, operational communication and the development of the National Society’s online profile.
The development of tools and templates to enable a rapid communication response in an insecure context completes the package. Needless to say, the contents of these tools and templates must be adjusted continually to align with the context as it evolves.
Deciding whether or not to communicate publicly, selecting neutral language and transmitting the right message at the right time, adapted to its intended audience, are acquired skills in which all personnel must be adequately trained. For, in sensitive and insecure contexts, one ill-advised word or comment can jeopardize the whole National Society’s access and the safety of its personnel.
7.2 Broad awareness and acceptance of mandate and roles in sensitive and insecure contexts
Key stakeholders know and accept domestic legislation, statutes, policies, agreements and plans, which clearly reflect the National Society’s mandate to respond in sensitive and insecure contexts, including international and non-international armed conflict and internal disturbances and tensions, in order to establish the framework for an effective response. (See also II. Legal and policy base)
All personnel need to have a thorough understanding of the National Society’s mandate (derived from domestic legislation and the National Society’s own statutes) to act in all types of sensitive and insecure contexts, including international and non-international armed conflict and internal disturbances and tensions, before this can be effectively communicated to the outside world.
Any individual or group with the potential to control or influence the National Society’s security and access to people in need (“gatekeepers”) must be aware of and accept the National Society’s mandate and roles, and trust and accept that it will deliver its humanitarian services neutrally, impartially and independently. These persons or groups need to be identified and their degree of influence assessed and recorded in a process known as “stakeholder mapping”: they can range from the people the National Society is aiming to assist to representatives of communities and local authorities, religious leaders, the public authorities, Movement components, donors, non-State actors, armed actors, the media, other organizations and businesses.
A typical stakeholder-mapping table might look like this:
Name of stakeholder person or group
(supporter, advocate, neutral, critic,
Degree of influence on security and access
High, medium, low
Their key interests and issues
Desired action or behavior change
Actions and/or key messages; tools required
Who will engage/ timeline
7.3 Promotion of International Humanitarian Law (IHL)
National Societies support the public authorities in the promotion, dissemination and national implementation of IHL, including provisions for the protection of the emblems.
Understanding the type or category of the armed conflict or situation of violence you are dealing with is essential as this will determine the applicable legal provisions. If the violence has reached a certain threshold, those provisions will be drawn from international humanitarian law (IHL).
What does IHL have to do with a National Society’s activities?
- IHL is the foundation of the National Society’s mandate to act in the event of an armed conflict.
- IHL sets down the rights and obligations of all parties to an armed conflict, as well as those of protected persons and the humanitarian organizations that aim to assist them.
- IHL spells out the conditions of use of the protective emblem(s).
Knowing and being able to communicate and explain these links to all stakeholders will significantly enhance your acceptance, security and access.
7.4 Promoting compliance with IHL and advocating respect for and protection of people affected by armed conflict
As part of its humanitarian advocacy and diplomacy strategy and in close coordination with the ICRC, the National Society promotes compliance with international humanitarian law by parties to the conflict and by weapon bearers, advocating for the respect and protection of affected people and communities. (See also II. Legal and policy base)
7.5 Guidelines and compliance on the use of social media
A policy and related guidelines on the use of social networking sites by staff and volunteers have been established and communicated; monitoring and compliance mechanisms have been established to enforce them.
Social media platforms are useful for both receiving and providing information from/to specific individuals or groups. They can be used to gain a better understanding of the operational environment (see “environment scanning”, section 1.2) and to promote your organization’s activities.
However, because of the ease with which information can be posted by anyone and subsequently shared on social networks, it is of the utmost importance for every National Society to develop and disseminate a policy and guidelines on their use, both professionally and personally, by all staff and volunteers. This will help safeguard the National Society’s and the Movement’s reputation, Fundamental Principles and emblems, while enabling us to take full advantage of these innovative and interactive technologies to further our mission (see also section 7.7).
Did you know?
As a Red Cross or Red Crescent staff member or volunteer, your professional and personal activity on social media is bound by your organization’s code of conduct and social media guidelines, as well as by the Fundamental Principles.
In terms of the Fundamental Principles, this means that when posting online in a professional capacity you must show respect for all people equally, without discrimination, and not voice or imply your personal views on political or religious issues or current events and those involved.
Personal use of social media is largely a private matter. However, due care must be taken if it is known that you are associated with the Red Cross or Red Crescent, as your personal opinions and shared information can be perceived as representative of the organization.
7.6 Networking and operational communication
Based on the mapping of all key stakeholders, the National Society conducts regular, targeted and timely operational communication (who we are, what we do and how we work; the emblem) and holds discussions with stakeholders to better understand their perceptions of the National Society, the aim being to enable it to carry out its mandate in sensitive and insecure contexts. (See also I. Context and risk assessment and III. Acceptance of the organization)
Stakeholder engagement and operational communication
The more people know about the National Society, its humanitarian mandate and its adherence to the principles of neutrality, impartiality and independence, how its people, vehicles and buildings are visually identified, the more likely they are to allow and even facilitate its movements and activities in sensitive and insecure contexts, where the norm is restricted and controlled access. Do not underestimate the power of strong personal relationships that engender trust and respect, much needed commodities in tense and violent contexts, where distrust and suspicion abound. All staff and volunteers have a role to play in developing and fostering such contacts and relationships.
Based on the mapping of key stakeholders who have influence on the plight of affected people and access to them, a communication plan would include key targeted messages aiming to positively influence the behaviour of these stakeholders towards affected people and to persuade them to allow and even facilitate the National Society’s access to them.
Two-way communication with the affected people and communities is crucial in order to involve them in identifying their needs and to maximize the effectiveness of the assistance and protection provided. Additionally, reliable information is hard to obtain in an insecure context, so making it accessible to affected people can help their recovery.
For other stakeholders, including public authorities and armed actors, these messages essentially have two major objectives: to build trust in and position the National Society among these audiences and to influence their policies and behaviour in favour of the affected population. National Societies have commonly found it pays off to invest in operational communication, that is, promoting who you are, what you do and how you work, including adherence to the Fundamental Principles, proper use of the emblem and logo, and the National Society’s visual identity.
7.7 Effective use of online presence to facilitate assistance and protection
The National Society uses its online and electronic media in a manner that is sensitive to the context, facilitates the assistance and protection of people and communities and thus preserves their dignity, and prevents adverse effects on them as well as on its own staff and volunteers; the online and electronic media are harmonized with other Movement websites and approaches.
Digital communication and social media
New digital communication technologies bring with them great opportunities to further the implementation of a communication strategy. However, they are not a substitute for face-to-face relationship- and trust-building interactions with affected people, armed actors and other stakeholders, including gatekeepers.
In addition, use of digital technologies is not without risks. Inaccurate or inappropriate information can spread like wildfire on the internet, reaching every corner of the globe in seconds. Moreover, staff members and volunteers eagerly connect to social networking sites, where sometimes they do not stop to consider how posting personal opinions and photos of their work may reflect on their own and the organization’s neutral, impartial and independent image and reputation.
Therefore, it is important to adopt a communication strategy that maximizes the benefits of digital communication while preventing or minimizing the risks. A policy and/or guidelines on the use of social media by all staff and volunteers, whether on or off duty, is a necessary feature of such a strategy, and must be accompanied by monitoring and compliance mechanisms.
7.8 Confidentiality and coordination with humanitarian actors
Based on participation in operational coordination mechanisms with external actors, response activities and information exchanged comply with National Society confidentiality guidelines while fulfilling the need to take independent operational decisions and to be closely associated with the operational response coordinated by the Movement.
National Societies are encouraged to coordinate their activities with external actors. However, in order to maintain their independence, it is important that they coordinate with others, and are not coordinated by others. This is especially true in insecure contexts in relation to its auxiliary role to the public authorities, where the precise nature of that role and the imperative for the National Society to apply the Fundamental Principles must be clarified together with the State, ensuring the right balance is struck between the auxiliary role and the National Society’s duty to preserve its autonomy of action and decision-making in all circumstances.
When participating in operational coordination mechanisms with external actors, a National Society must comply with confidentiality guidelines regarding the information shared and maintain its operational independence, while closely coordinating its activities with Movement partners.
Good coordination of Movement communication during large-scale emergencies where several components are active, including in insecure contexts, is also vital. In its communications, the Movement needs to present a unified front, conveying strong and coherent messages that reinforce each other’s position and public profile.
In such situations, a Movement communications framework is especially helpful, defining the coordination mechanisms, decision-making and rapid validation processes, and each component’s roles and responsibilities. When mobilized, it will increase the Movement’s impact, credibility and ability to reach more people, more safely.
7.9 Beneficiary engagement and two-way communication
Mechanisms to ensure two-way communication with the affected people and communities have been established and implemented.
During emergencies people desperately need information to aid in their survival. Is it safe to go back home? How can I find my family? Where can I get water and food? Where is the nearest health clinic? Information can save lives, and lack of access to timely, accurate and trusted information or the spread of conflicting messages or propaganda can create confusion and isolation and exacerbate frustrations, tensions and even lead to disturbances within communities. Lack of effective two-way communication with aid agencies can also increase frustrations around unmet expectations or unanswered questions: Why are we only receiving half rations now? Why is the Red Cross/Red Crescent not doing more to help us?
Information sharing and two-way communication are critical forms of aid that can help increase communities’ resilience by making them more knowledgeable and connected. People affected by crises have the right to know what is happening that might affect them, to ask questions and to participate actively in their own preparedness, relief and recovery. The Movement is committed to ensuring people’s participation in and the accountability of humanitarian assistance.
Through the use of mobile phones and new technologies, local communities, as first responders, are able to organize their own response to a crisis and to engage with diaspora groups, the media, governments and aid organizations more effectively than ever before. They also demand greater transparency and accountability.
New technologies present a great opportunity for communities and aid organizations but also pose a number of risks that cannot be underestimated. While mobile phones are becoming universal, other communication technologies are not accessible for everyone and not at the same pace. Technology can reproduce old inequalities and create new ones in the form of digital, age and gender divides, which in turn can create tensions within a community. In armed conflict, energy, telecommunication and media infrastructure is very often disrupted or controlled, leaving affected communities literally in the dark and unable to access vital news or to communicate with the outside world.
Information shared online is increasingly becoming a critical source for humanitarian organizations to hear and respond to people’s needs, feedback and complaints. But along with the democratization of technology and access to “big data”, there is also a new phenomenon of information overload, rife with rumour, misinformation or propaganda that spreads more quickly in the digital world. This can have a direct impact not just on people’s lives and livelihoods, but also on the National Society’s and the Movement’s operations and reputations and on the safety and security of staff and volunteers and their ability to deliver humanitarian assistance.
Did you know?
Community engagement is the process of and commitment to providing life-saving, useful and actionable information to communities, and using existing and/or establishing two-way communication channels to listen to their needs, concerns, feedback and complaints so that they may participate actively in and guide humanitarian action.
Community engagement is the act of communicating with and for – not about – communities. Crucially, it can help us to better understand the operational context, enhance our profile and increase acceptance, security and access to people in need.
Community engagement is a way of working, a key component of programming, not a distinct, “new” activity. It puts communities at the centre of protection and assistance activities and in more control of their recovery and future lives and livelihoods.
6. Supports people’s right to know: Local communities need to be involved in the management of relief
2. Contributes to saving lives: In the midst of a disaster or other emergency, people need
Helps manage expectations: Dialogue with communities is essential in order to anticipate
Leads to better, | <urn:uuid:18d25e0e-b444-4c5f-a722-6c77d9d12df8> | {
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Classification of Face and Teeth
Classification of Teeth
The classification of bites are broken up into three main categories: Class I, II, and III.
Orthognathic Surgery Presentation
To provide you with a better understanding of orthognathic surgery, we have provided the following multimedia presentation. Many common questions pertaining to orthognathic surgery are discussed.
Class I is a normal relationship between the upper teeth, lower teeth and jaws or balanced bite.
Class II is where the lower first molar is posterior (or more towards the back of the mouth) than the upper first molar. In this abnormal relationship, the upper front teeth and jaw project further forward than the lower teeth and jaw. There is a convex appearance in profile with a receding chin and lower lip. Class II problems can be due to insufficient growth of the lower jaw, an over growth of the upper jaw or a combination of the two. In many cases, Class II problems are genetically inherited and can be aggravated by environmental factors such as finger sucking. Class II problems are treated via growth redirection to bring the upper teeth, lower teeth and jaws into harmony.
Class III is where the lower first molar is anterior (or more towards the front of the mouth) than the upper first molar. In this abnormal relationship, the lower teeth and jaw project further forward than the upper teeth and jaws. There is a concave appearance in profile with a prominent chin. Class III problems are, usually, due to an overgrowth in the lower jaw, undergrowth of the upper jaw or a combination of the two. Like Class II problems, they can be genetically inherited.
Classification of Face
It is not sufficient to categorize orthodontic malocclusions on the basis of a classification of the teeth alone. The relationship with other craniofacial structures must also be taken into consideration.
Maxillary-Mandibular Dental Protrusion teeth:
This is an example of a dental malocclusion that may require the removal of teeth for correction.
Maxillary-Mandibular Dental Retrusion teeth:
This is an example of a dental malocclusion that may be treated with expansion rather than removing teeth.
Maxillary Dental Protrusion teeth:
This malocclusion may require the removal of teeth.
Mandibular Retrognathism jaws:
The lower jawbone has not grown as much as the upper jaw. This example of a Class II malocclusion demonstrates the need for early growth guidance.
Maxillary Dental Protrusion teeth & Mandibular Retrognathism jaws:
These Class malocclusions are more difficult to treat due to the skeletal disharmony and may require Orthognathic surgery in conjunction with orthodontic treatment.
Mandibular Dental Protrusion teeth:
The lower teeth are too far in front of the upper teeth. This malocclusion is treated with orthodontic procedures which may require the extraction of teeth due to the dental protrusion.
Mandibular Prognathism jaws:
The lower jaw bone has outgrown the upper jaw. This malocclusion is more difficult to treat due to the skeletal disharmony and may require Orthognathic surgery in conjunction with orthodontic treatment. | <urn:uuid:0bea3e9d-dc03-4c86-8675-af0afe7a9e3e> | {
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On Oct. 23, the Catholic Church celebrates the life of Saint John of Capistrano, a Franciscan priest whose life included a political career, extensive missionary journeys, efforts to reunite separated Eastern Christians with Rome and a historically important turn at military leadership.
Invoked as a patron of military chaplains, St. John of Capistrano was praised by St. John Paul II in a 2002 general audience for his “glorious evangelical witness,” as a priest who “gave himself with great generosity for the salvation of souls.”
Born in Italy during 1385, John lost his father – a French or possibly German knight who had settled in Capistrano – at a young age. John’s mother took care to have him educated, and after learning Latin he went to study both civil law and Church law in Perugia. An outstanding student, he soon became a prominent public figure and was appointed governor of the city at age 26.
John showed high standards of integrity in his civic career, and in 1416 he labored to end a war that had erupted between Perugia and the prominent House of Malatesta. But when the nobles had John imprisoned, he began to question his life’s direction. Encountering Saint Francis of Assisi in a dream, he resolved to embrace poverty, chastity, and obedience with the Franciscans.
Abandoning his possessions and social status, John joined the religious order in October 1416. He found a mentor in Saint Bernardine of Siena, known for his bold preaching and his method of prayer focused on the invocation of the name of Jesus. Taking after his teacher in these respects, John began preaching as a deacon in 1420, and was ordained a priest in 1425.
John successfully defended his mentor from a charge of heresy made against his way of devotion, though he found less success in his efforts to resolve internal controversy among the followers of St. Francis. A succession of popes entrusted important matters to John, including the effort to reunite Eastern and Western Christendom at the Ecumenical Council of Florence.
Drawing immense crowds in his missionary travels throughout Italy, John also found success as a preacher in Central Europe, where he opposed the Hussites’ error regarding the nature and administration of the Eucharist. After Constantinople fell to Turkish invaders in 1453, Pope Nicholas V sent John on a mission to rally other European leaders in defense of their lands.
Nicholas’ successor Pope Callixtus III was even more eager to see the Christian world defend itself against the invading forces. When the Sultan Mehmet II sought to extend his territorial gains into Serbia and Hungary, John joined the celebrated general Janos Hunyadi in his defense of Belgrade. The priest personally led a section of the army in its historic victory on Aug. 6, 1456.
Neither John nor the general, however, would survive long past the battle.
Weakened by the campaign against the Turks, Hunyadi became sick and died soon after the victory at Belgrade. John survived to preach Janos Hunyadi’s funeral sermon; but his own extraordinary life came to an end after a painful illness, on Oct. 23, 1456. St. John of Capistrano was canonized in 1724. | <urn:uuid:2ef3e405-8d67-443d-9228-02ced3af4a02> | {
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Answer these simple questions to see whether your child is socially & emotionally prepared.
“Is my child ready for kindergarten?” When asking this question, the first things on many parents’ minds are the child’s age and academic readiness. However it’s just as important to think about a child’s social and emotional readiness.
If you’re one of the lucky ones, you simply know your child is ready. He’s a solid five-and-a-half years old and his Pre-K teachers assure you he’s ready for school. He loves sitting and listening to stories, he follows directions, and he stays on task.
Many other parents aren’t so sure. They may have a child with a late summer birthday, who is very young compared to the other children. He has a difficult time managing his feelings and impulses, or maybe he is shy or anxious about new people or places.
Deciding if your child is ready for kindergarten is a huge task. The decision rests heavily on the shoulders of parents, who know their children best, but often fear making the wrong choice for their child. If the child isn’t truly ready, will the new experience cause frustration and anxiety? Will the child struggle and lack confidence that lingers for years to come? Or what if they decide to hold their child out a year, and then kindergarten seems boring because they are much more advanced than the other children in the class?
Here are a few questions to ask yourself as you are making your big decision:
While you don’t have to answer yes to all of these questions for your child to be ready to begin kindergarten in the fall, the questions can help you see the bigger picture of your child’s social and emotional readiness. | <urn:uuid:048656fe-a0fb-4ea6-8db2-9c2919e2c2ea> | {
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Lakes are hot-spots for carbon storage and transformation, but their net contributions to the carbon cycle are complex and poorly constrained. This project is developing a suite of carbon cycling measurements that will facilitate comparative studies across gradients of trophic state, latitude, climate, and watershed characteristics. To date this project has described patterns of lake carbon cycling across broad geographic scales, and collected new data that explains regional patterns. Current work focuses on bridging-scales to understand how within-lake processes relate to continental-scale patterns.
Lakes store large amounts of carbon in their sediment, but also emit carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. These dual roles make lake contributions to the global carbon cycle complex and difficult to constrain. This project aims to develop understanding of how within-lake processes translate to continental-scale patterns of lake carbon cycling. A suite of carbon cycling measurements is being made in Swedish lakes that will facilitate comparative studies across gradients of trophic state, latitude, climate, and watershed characteristics.
Three types of studies are underway:
- Detailed measurements of specific aspects of the carbon cycle for small numbers of lakes,
- Descriptions of continental-scale patterns based on environmental monitoring data from large numbers of lakes, and
- Connections across scales from within-lake processes to continental-scale patterns.
To date, our most important observation is that non-linear relationships create thresholds that cause emergent patterns when evaluating lake carbon cycling at broad geographic scales (Seekell et al. 2018). For example, there are nonlinear relationships among light availability, nutrient concentration, and dissolved organic carbon for lakes in northern Sweden. These nonlinearities create a surprise threshold relationship where inorganic carbon fixation increases with dissolved organic carbon concentration in some regions, but decreases in others (Seekell et al. 2015). These studies are among the first to make such connections across scales, and the overall patterns and specific mechanisms described in these papers have subsequently been validated by independent studies comprising controlled experiments (Vasconcelos et al. 2018), comparative analyses (Diehl et al. 2018), paleo-limnological analyses (McGowan et al. 2018), and mathematical models (Kelly et al. 2018, Vasconcelos et al. 2018).
Selected Media Reports
- Brunt vatten inte negativt för fiskbestånden - Vetenskapsradion (Science program on Swedish National Radio)
- Goda fiskenyheter: Brunt vatten påverkar fisken mindre än väntat - Umeå universitet
- Good news for fishermen: “Browning” impacts fish less than expected - Umeå University
- Den globala variationen i kolets kretslopp i sjöar får sin förklaring - Umeå universitet
- Can smarter forest buffer strips along streams help to mitigate climate change? - Umeå University
- Kan skogsbrukets klimatnytta öka genom smartare bäckkantzoner? - Umeå universitet | <urn:uuid:72600469-dcfd-473b-9fb8-fb44cd1df633> | {
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Burst (Japanese: バースト Burst) is a special technique in the Pokémon RéBURST manga that allows a human to combine with a Pokémon, gaining its powers and immunities while increasing the user's physical and defensive strengths. Those who can use Burst are known as Burst Warriors (Japanese: バースト戦士).
In order for one to perform Burst, they will need a special item known as a Burst Heart (Japanese: Ｂハート). The Burst Heart is a small, pocket sized jewel that actually holds a Pokémon inside of it, sealed so that its power can be used by anyone wishing to fuse with it. The Burst Heart can be compared to a Poké Ball in that it holds a Pokémon inside, but is also different due to the fact that it doesn't store a Pokémon to be released for later use. If a Burst Heart is broken, the Pokémon inside will be freed. It is not known how a Burst Heart is made, but Artificial Burst Hearts (Japanese: 人工 Ｂハート) have been created by Great Gavel.
Once Burst is activated, the user will have their physical traits increased greatly. Whatever abilities the user will get depends on the type of Pokémon used to combine; for example, a Ground-type Pokémon will make the user immune to Electric attacks. It is stated that in order to use Burst, one must go through rigorous training or else their life will be in danger if they attempt it.
It is shown that a person can actually be sent inside of their Burst Heart in order to better connect with the Pokémon inside. In Ryouga's Burst Heart, an entire field can be seen inside and a large area where his Zekrom is being held. Once he arrives to this spot, a key takes the form of a young gatekeeper boy to test him and see if he's worthy enough of seeing Zekrom. Once Ryouga passes the test, the boy turns back into his true form—a key—and allows him to see Zekrom.
It is later revealed that a Burst Heart—like the Pokémon they contain—can become stronger as they get involved in more battles. This allows the Burst itself to become stronger at the same time as the Burst Warrior. Evolution still applies to Bursts; if a Pokémon inside of a Burst Heart evolves, so does the Burst of the user.
A Zekrom Burst Heart
Compass of Light
The Compass of Light (Japanese: 光の羅針盤) is a large crystal-like object that has the ability to search out Burst Hearts. Once a Burst Heart is put inside one of its six grooves, it will emit a beam of light that will seek out any other Burst Heart in the vicinity. The more Burst Hearts that are nearby, the more beams of light will seek them out. Also, the thicker the beam is, the stronger the person that possesses the Burst Heart is.
According to Hariru, if the "six original Burst Hearts" are put inside of the grooves, then Ryouga will be able to find the person he has been searching for, Arcades. Once the Burst Hearts are inserted, the Compass begins floating and then speeds off to its destination.
Known Burst Warriors
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Sarjo Camara Singateh
At a press briefing to commemorate World Hepatitis Day on 28 July 2016 at the Central Medical Store conference hall in Kotu, Madam Ramatoulie Sarr, the deputy permanent secretary at the ministry of health and social welfare, deputising the minister, said hepatitis is a silent killer as an estimated 1.45 million people died of the disease in 2013 – up from less than a million in 1990.
“Of those deaths, approximately 47% are attributable to hepatitis B virus, 48% to hepatitis C virus and the remainder to hepatitis A virus and hepatitis E virus. Viral hepatitis is also a growing cause of mortality among people living with HIV. About 2.9 million people living with HIV are co-infected with hepatitis C virus and 2.6 million with hepatitis B virus,” she further disclosed.
She said the theme for this year is “Know hepatitis – Act now”, adding that the aim is to increase global awareness and to strengthen prevention, diagnosis and treatment services.
Underscoring the importance of the theme, the deputy permanent secretary of the ministry of health said it is indeed befitting as most people globally who need treatment have not been treated, largely due to a lack of awareness and access to hepatitis treatment services.
“Today, only 1 in 20 people with viral hepatitis know they have hepatitis and just 1 in 100 with the disease is being treated,” she disclosed.
Madam Sarr noted that the viral hepatitis pandemic is an international public health challenge, comparable to other major communicable diseases, including HIV, tuberculosis and malaria.
“It takes a heavy toll on lives, communities and health systems. Around the world, 400 million people are infected with hepatitis B and C, more than 10 times the number of people living with HIV,” she added.
She said it was in May 2016 at the World Health Assembly when 194 governments adopted the first-ever Global Health Sector Strategy on viral hepatitis and agreed to the first-ever global targets. She noted that the strategy includes a target to treat 8 million people for hepatitis B or C by 2020. The longer term aim is to reduce new viral hepatitis infections by 90% and to reduce the number of deaths due to viral hepatitis by 65% by 2030 from 2016 figures.
“It must be re-called that The Gambia in collaboration with the Medical Research Council The Gambia Unit (MRC) and the WHO’s International Agency for Research on Cancer (WHO- I ARC) became the first country in sub-Saharan Africa to achieve mass infant vaccination against hepatitis B infection, since February 1990,” said the deputy permanent secretary of the health ministry.
Also addressing the press, Professor Umberto d’ Allessandro, the Unit Director of Medical Research Council (MRC) in The Gambia, said hepatitis was very common in Gambian children before 1980s but added that since they started introducing the immunisation at the clinic levels to date, people who were not fortunate to receive the vaccination are those amongst the population at risk.
The MRC Director therefore encourages people to go for screening to know their status. He said MRC is still managing Hepatitis patients and the drugs they use for treatment are effective.
Mr. Sheriff Badjie, the National Aids Control Programme (NACP) Deputy Program Manager, said the WHO urges countries to take rapid action to improve knowledge about the disease and to increase access to testing and treatment services to reduce needless deaths from this preventable and treatable infection.
“With better information and knowledge about hepatitis, people can prevent themselves and their families from getting infected and passing the infection on to others. One cost effective means of disseminating information to the general public is through the media. Therefore, I have no doubt that at the end of this forum, information on hepatitis will reach every individual across the length and breadth of this country and beyond,” he said.
Hepatitis B and C infections are transmitted through contaminated blood as well as through contaminated needles and syringes in healthcare setting and among people who inject drugs. The viruses can also be transmitted through unsafe sex and from an infected mother to her new-born child. Increasing access to hepatitis testing is key to scaling up hepatitis treatment and care. An estimated 95% of people with hepatitis are unaware of their infection, in part due to a lack of awareness and lack of access to testing services in countries.
“HIV and Hepatitis-Virus (HCV) have common routes of transmission, and it is estimated that, globally, 2.3 million persons are co infected with these two viruses. With the widespread use of antiretroviral therapy (ART), which reduces the risk of HIV-associated opportunistic infections, HCV-related liver disease has started to overtake AIDS defining illnesses as a leading cause of death in some high-income countries,” said the NACP Deputy Program Manager.
Mr. Badjie noted that the WHO 2013 consolidated guidelines on comprehensive HIV treatment have provision for the management of Viral Hepatitis. These guidelines, he added, were adopted by The Gambia in 2015. “As we speak, more than 350 health care workers were trained on the use of the guidelines. Even the recommended drug (Tenofovir) for treatment of viral hepatitis is available in the country. At WHO level, hepatitis and HIV programs are both housed in the same department. It is in line with this understanding that viral hepatitis activities are to be coordinated by the National AIDS Control Program under MOH&SW. The Ministry of Health have started engaging its key partners on the need to develop and implement coordinated multi-sectoral national strategies for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of viral hepatitis,” he concluded.
Representing the WHO representative to the Gambia, Dr. Patric Abok, read the message of the WHO Regional Director for Africa, Dr Matsbidiso Moeti, which stated that the theme this year calls on countries and people to become informed about the risks of hepatitis infection, get tested and advocate for increased access to treatment and care.
The WHO Regional Director noted that viral hepatitis, an infection of the liver caused by five distinct hepatitis viruses (A, B, C, D, and E), is a highly widespread public health problem in the African Region, similar to other major communicable diseases, including HIV, tuberculosis and malaria. “All five hepatitis viruses can cause severe disease, but the highest numbers of deaths result from liver cancer and cirrhosis – a condition in which there is irreversible scarring of the liver,” noted the statement. It added that this occurs after several years of chronic hepatitis B or C infection.
The statement further notes that in the African Region, hepatitis B affects an estimated 100 million people. “It is also estimated that 19 million adults in the Region are chronically infected with hepatitis C. However, most people with chronic viral hepatitis are not aware of their infection and do not receive appropriate treatment,” according to the statement.
The WHO Regional Director said World leaders have committed to taking specific actions to combat hepatitis under the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. “At the World Health Assembly in May 2016, countries across the globe agreed to implement the first Global Health Sector Strategy on viral hepatitis for 2016-2021,” he said.
Dr. Moeti urges all Member States in the African Region to use the World Hepatitis Day campaign as a vital opportunity to step up national efforts on hepatitis and to spur action to implement the strategy on viral hepatitis. “I appeal to the general public to seek information about viral hepatitis and services for prevention and treatment from the nearest health facility. I call on international partners, civil society, other United Nations agencies, and the private sector to advocate for adequate domestic investments and to mobilize external funding for the viral hepatitis response in the African Region,” said the WHO Regional Director for Africa.
He concluded that WHO will support Member States to implement the hepatitis strategy to tackle this growing public health problem in the Region.
For his part, Mr. Dawda Sowe, the Programme Manager, EPI, said pregnant women should be encouraged to give birth at the health facilities so that their babies can get the hepatitis dose after birth. He said treatment and screening should be available to all and sundry.
The programme was chaired by the deputy director health education and promotion. | <urn:uuid:a62d677f-5a2c-4c11-859e-988fc51c08cb> | {
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Broadway Avenue in downtown Gary, formerly a commercial hub of the community, is a strip of vacant buildings and empty sidewalks. The city is plagued by high unemployment, crime and a shrinking population.
Gary was founded in 1906 for the workers of the United States Steel Corporation. The population peaked at around 180,000 in 1960. Eventually overseas competition led to massive layoffs. White flight to the suburbs further depressed the city.
Today there are about 80,000 people living in Gary. The city lost around 25 percent of inhabitants in the last decade alone.
Photographer Sylvain Margaine documented the decay of Gary in 2006. The pictures are featured on his site Forbidden Places. Although recently there has been some effort to revive Gary, including economic incentives for technology companies, the photographs depict the struggles of a city tinkering on the edge of collapse. | <urn:uuid:f0c8124c-e3f5-441f-a193-6dca08142ad7> | {
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Network attached storage (commonly abbreviated to NAS) – are storage devices that can be accessed over a computer network (usually TCP/IP), rather than directly being connected to the computer (internal hard drives or external USB/SCSI drives). NAS devices enable multiple computers to share the same storage space at once.
These devices are assigned an IP address and can then be accessed by clients (PCs or laptops) via a server that acts as a gateway to the data (this server is within the NAS device and hence NAS devices are often referred to as NAS servers).
Some of the big advantages of NAS include the expandability; if you need more storage space, add another NAS device and expand the available storage. They also bring an extra level of fault tolerance to the network. Fault tolerant measures such as RAID can be used to make sure that the NAS device does not become a point of failure. NAS systems often contain more than one hard disk drive, often arranged into logical, redundant storage containers or RAID arrays for added redundancy/security – thus protecting data in the case of disk failure.
Benefits of NAS
Network Attached Storage (NAS) has emerged as a powerful, proven technology for storing data that needs to be shared in the office or the home. Network attached storage (NAS) devices enable home and business users to easily share large amounts of data in a cost-effective and efficient manner.
A number of factors are accelerating end user demand for NAS offerings:
- Cost benefit. NAS offers an affordable and expandable solution for endusers requiring network shared storage in a home or office environment. It is an effective strategy for extending an existing investment in server technology. NAS architecture allows these businesses to add storage on the network without requiring any upgrade and/or replacement of existing servers.
- Administrative convenience. NAS offers a simple solution for sharing photos, files, music or videos stored in one central location, accessible to anyone in the family by PC/laptop.
- NAS-based storage offers administrative features that simplify or eliminate manual disk expansion and archiving functions, user and application partitioning, data protection, and other time-consuming storage maintenance activities. NAS can be a simple storage solution to an otherwise complex IT problem!
- NAS devices with more than 1 hard drive bring an extra level of fault tolerance to the network as many offer mirroring RAID features and functionality.
NAS from Buffalo
Buffalo’s award-winning family of LinkStation and TeraStation NAS devices provide a simple cost effective solution to protect, manage, and share your critical information. They are designed for small to medium-sized businesses or homes that want to share central data. All Buffalo NAS devices include Memeo AutoBackup software to manage your essential backups | <urn:uuid:3350bcf4-7da5-4540-abf4-5a91c0e39a09> | {
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ChristianAnswers.Net WebBible Encyclopedia
a word first used by Josephus to denote that the Jews were under the direct government of God himself
The nation was in all things subject to the will of their invisible King. All the people were the servants of Jehovah, who ruled over their public and private affairs, communicating to them his will through the medium of the prophets. They were the subjects of a heavenly, not of an Earthly, king. They were Jehovah's own subjects, ruled directly by him (compare 1 Samuel 8:6-9). | <urn:uuid:1d0c09c4-c594-42c6-8198-8208e37f755c> | {
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This is an intermediate course (Level 2) aimed at contributing to the KS3 Design and Technology curriculum, (11-14 years) but could be adapted to cover a wider age range.
Think like an engineer to design solutions arising from problems with accessing clean water and efficient, safe energy in Kibera, Kenya.
Who is it for?
Teachers and trainee teachers of Design and Technology in England.
How will I benefit?
The course is designed to develop the transferable (21st century) skill set required by young people to live and work in a global society. Working with unfamiliar contexts is central to the GCSE non-examined assessment. This course will provide approaches to supporting students in identifying and engaging with end users and real-world problems beyond their own experience. This will encourage independent, critical enquiry, plus risk taking and problem solving.
Six hours, plus implementation time.
This is a six hour, one day face to face course. Participants will agree to implement the design challenge and feedback through a group webinar. Experiences will be shared, and questions answered in a supportive environment.
Provider: Design and Technology Association.
How to book
To find out where and when courses are being held, and to book, please contact the Design and Technology Association.
Alternatively you can host this course for a group of teachers at your own school on a date to suit you, by requesting a trainer through the British Council directly. | <urn:uuid:916609c8-a037-4f23-9057-23d3e3c45b4a> | {
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Wednesday, April 29, 2015
Historical-Grammatical Interpretation and the Song of Songs
In my last post, I mentioned that one reason given for rejecting the allegorical, or symbolic, interpretation of the Song is the fact that the church has adopted the historical-grammatical approach to interpretation. The raises two questions. First, what is historical-grammatical interpretation (HGI)? Second, how does this affect our approach to the Song?
What is HGI? To put it in simple terms that must then be unpacked, HGI is interpreting a text in the ordinary sense of the words in their grammatical relationship and in their historical relation. For example, if we read a statement in the newspaper that so-and-so is a nice person, we gather from that statement that the person mentioned is pleasant or agreeable. But if we read that same statement in the context of The Canterbury Tales, we would take the word wrongly if we thought it meant that the person was pleasant. Because in the time of Chaucer, to call someone “nice” was to say that they were foolish or ignorant, because that was the meaning of the word at that time. Later, by the sixteenth century, the word “nice” had acquired the sense of “finicky” or “particular” or “picky.” Thus HGI requires us to understand the language of the Bible in its historical context.
Another example, this time of a biblical word, may help. You may have sometimes heard a preacher say that the Greek word dynamis means explosive power, since the word dynamis is the origin of the word dynamite. So, when Jesus tells the disciples in Acts 1:8 that they shall receive power, Jesus means explosive power. But that is to misread Jesus’ statement, because the word “dynamite” comes from the late nineteenth century, and the usage of the Greek word in the first century simply meant strength, power, or ability, in contrast to weakness or inability.
In addition to their historical setting, the words in Scripture have to be read and understood in their grammatical context. It is an overstatement to say that a word has no meaning apart from context, but it is not a huge overstatement. Take, for example, the word “lead.” Without context, you have no idea what I’m referring to. Further, you don’t even have any idea how to pronounce the word. It may be pronounced “led,” in which case the word is a noun, and refers to a particular metal. But it may also be pronounced “leed,” in which case it may be a noun or a verb. So the grammatical context of a word is as essential to its proper understanding as is its historical context.
How does this affect the way we read the Song of Songs? This is where HGI runs into a problem, because HGI recognizes the reality of figurative language, such as metaphor, simile, and symbolism. But HGI itself will not tell the reader when figurative language is being used. That has to be determined by markers in the larger context of a work, and at times interpreters will disagree as to whether those markers are present, or what their significance may be. So when Jesus calls Herod a fox in Luke 13:32, Jesus is using a metaphor. But there is no marker in the sentence or the paragraph itself that tells us that. It is simply the common sense of the reader that recognizes that Jesus is not speaking literally, but figuratively.
So with the Song of Songs, the language of the Song itself, even the historical context of the Song (of which more later), does not tell us directly whether the language is intended to be symbolic or figurative, or literal. That has to be determined by considering the larger theological and canonical contexts of the Song. My own sense is that the modern interpretation of the Song is not driven by HGI, because HGI cannot answer the question. Instead, it is driven by the consideration of ancient Near Eastern parallels, and by a certain academic distaste for allegory and symbolism, even though symbolic and figurative language are found throughout the Scriptures. | <urn:uuid:4528281c-5b53-46e1-9551-e0729b4f21f4> | {
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Definition of cryptogram in English:
1A text written in code.
- Others look at security as a kind of puzzle, like the cryptograms on the comics page of the newspaper, only with more at stake.
- Melvin Way makes cryptograms in which he embeds formulas and diagrams intricately woven from letters, words, phrases, numbers, and designs.
- In a book like this, one would expect to discover some allegorical message or a hidden cryptogram.
2A symbol or figure with secret or occult significance.
- In his later years, he assembled a book of Biblical passages showing that his discoveries were a prelude to the Day of Judgment, and took to signing his name with an elaborate Christological cryptogram.
- The inverted five-pointed star, or Cross of Malta is used as a cryptogram for Baphomet.
- Bradley raised his arm and checked the tenderness of his forearm; four cryptograms were carved into his flesh.
Words that rhyme with cryptogrampentagram • photogram
Definition of cryptogram in:
- British & World English dictionary
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
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Filibuster: The English term “filibuster” derives from the Spanish filibustero, itself deriving originally from the Dutch vrijbuiter, meaning “privateer, pirate, or robber”. It is also the root of the English word Freebooter.
The use of the filibuster in the American Senate was a tactic used to delay or prevent the passage of legislation, usually opposed by a minority of members. In years past, real filibusters rarely happened since they required opposition senators to go to the effort of standing on their feet and speaking continuously for hours on end. Only the most intense and dedicated opposition would mount filibusters.
However, the “traditional” filibuster custom was significantly changed only a few years ago to allow senators to “filibuster” without actually speaking and consuming their own time. That would be equivalent to you not having to go to work and do your job but still being able to say that you worked so you can collect your paycheck. And imagine if you, the workers, were able to decide on creating this rule yourselves without having to consult your bosses?!
Of course as one would expect this new “silent filibuster” is just way too convenient. Why should anyone go to work then if only ten Senators (workers) can sign a piece of paper and then the object of their wrath (the job) requires a 60% supermajority to pass. So, since all 100 senators now know that there are not enough senators (workers) to pass the legislation (do the job) then no one really needs to show up for work!
By eliminating the cost of filibustering, this new and ingenious rule has effectively undermined majority rule, a cornerstone of our constitutional republic and the definition of a “working Senate” itself… Now all the minority needs to do (in many cases just 1 disgruntled Senator (worker) to prevent a bill from even reaching the floor is simply to threaten to filibuster. Debate never begins. Real filibusters almost never take place. And this of course is cleverly and ironically called a “silent” filibuster, an oxymoron if there ever was one, kind of like “no-show job” or “unemployment pay” or “Welfare queen” wouldn’t you say?
If a worker’s union came up with this ingenious tactic to help its workers avoid work and still demand their pay no doubt the government and the taxpayers would move to either disband the union or call out the national guard to have them arrested and thrown in jail.
“Sorry boss but we all can’t work today because Joey here doesn’t like what you’ve asked us to do.”
How appropriate! The American Senate once one of the most august legislative bodies in the world has managed to transform itself into a non-functioning band of lazy, do-nothing pirates of panache! privateers of personality! robber barons of democracy! and by the very definition of the word that describes their most favorite and new and improved way to get their jobs done… freebooters!
If only “We the People” could really give them the boot! | <urn:uuid:f959d860-d9dc-4749-b3e3-15f51cbb93c1> | {
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macaw(redirected from Harlequin macaw)
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical.
common name for members of the order Psittaciformes, comprising nearly 400 species of colorful birds, pantropical in distribution, including the parakeets. Parrots have large heads and short necks, strong feet with two toes in front and two in back (facilitating climbing
..... Click the link for more information. .
The common name for large South and Central American parrots of the genus Ara and related genera; individuals are brilliantly colored with a long tail, a hooked bill, and a naked area around the eyes.
any large tropical American parrot of the genera Ara and Anodorhynchus, having a long tail and brilliant plumage | <urn:uuid:f24cb3b2-d2d1-4475-90f1-f39fd36260e3> | {
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More than 15,000 Votes Cast in Contest to Decide Name
for First Mammoth Found at Snowmass Village Ice Age Fossil
DENVER-January 18, 2011-The results of the Denver Museum of Nature
& Science's "Name the Mammoth" contest are in, and voters have
selected "Snowy" as the name of the first mammoth discovered at a
spectacular Ice Age fossil site near Snowmass Village last fall.
More than 15,000 people cast ballots online and at the Museum
during the last month to decide the name.
The Columbian mammoth, a young female, was discovered on October
14, 2010, as crews were working to expand Ziegler Reservoir outside
Snowmass Village. A month of excavation followed, and Museum crews
discovered an entire Ice Age ecosystem including as many as 10
American mastodons, three other Columbian mammoths, two Ice Age
deer, four Ice Age bison, a Jefferson's ground sloth, a tiger
salamander, insects, snails, and large quantities of plant matter.
Scientists consider the find to be one of the most significant in
Colorado history. The Museum has named the excavation and related
activities The Snowmastodon Project™. The Museum decided to
hold a contest to name the original mammoth discovery because of
the overwhelming public interest in the discovery.
"Snowy," named for Snowmass Village, beat out four other naming
options, each of which had a unique association with the mammoth.
The other choices were
- Jessie-named for bulldozer operator Jesse Steele, who uncovered
the first bones while working in Ziegler Reservoir on October
- Ella-named for the three-year-old daughter of construction
superintendant, Kent Olson, who took the bones home to try to
identify them and realized they'd discovered something big
- Ziggy -named for the Ziegler family, who owned the land where
the reservoir was built and the Ice Age site was discovered
- Samammoth-named for Museum educator Samantha Sands, who
presented mammoth programs to 8,500 schoolchildren in five days in
the Roaring Fork Valley
Also today, the Museum is kicking off a coloring contest where
children can imagine what Colorado looked like during the Ice Age,
and draw their favorite Ice Age animal. Winners will receive a
family four pack of Museum and IMAX 3D tickets. With so many
different types of animals discovered near Snowmass Village, there
are ample opportunities for kids to be creative with their
drawings. Winners will be selected in four age categories (4
and under, ages 4-6, ages 7-9, ages 10-12). The entry form and
coloring page is available at www.dmns.org/snowmastodon-project.
Entries are due by February 18, 2011.
The fossils discovered at Ziegler Reservoir are currently being
preserved in the Museum's conservation lab in preparation for
scientific study and are not on public display. Because the fossils
were encased in wet sediments for so long, they must dry out in a
very slow, controlled manner or they may crack and fall apart.
Since the fossils are being preserved behind the scenes, the Museum
is using its website to share new images of some of the fossils.
Visit www.dmns.org/science/collections to see a 360-degree
view of one of the spectacular fully cleaned mastodon teeth
discovered at Ziegler Reservoir, and to learn more about how
American mastodons lived during the Ice Age.
About the Denver Museum of Nature &
The Denver Museum of Nature & Science is the Rocky Mountain
Region's leading resource for informal science education. A variety
of engaging exhibits, discussions and activities help Museum
visitors celebrate and understand the natural wonders of Colorado,
Earth and the universe. The Museum is located at 2001 Colorado
Blvd., Denver, CO, 80205. To learn more about the Museum,
check www.dmns.org, or call 303-370-6000.
Many of the Museum's educational programs and exhibits are made
possible in part by generous funding from the citizens of the
seven-county metro area through the Scientific & Cultural | <urn:uuid:10e4275c-b1c1-4cc9-ac7c-e60db0c23bc8> | {
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ScienceDaily (Jan. 26, 2011) — To combat last year's Deepwater Horizon oil spill, nearly 800,000 gallons of chemical dispersant were injected directly into the oil and gas flow coming out of the wellhead nearly one mile deep in the Gulf of Mexico. Now, as scientists begin to assess how well the strategy worked at breaking up oil droplets, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) chemist Elizabeth B. Kujawinski and her colleagues report that a major component of the dispersant itself was contained within an oil-gas-laden plume in the deep ocean and had still not degraded some three months after it was applied.
While the results suggest the dispersant did mingle with the oil and gas flowing from the mile-deep wellhead, they also raise questions about what impact the deep-water residue of oil and dispersant -- which some say has its own toxic effects -- might have had on environment and marine life in the Gulf.
"This study gives our colleagues the first environmental data on the fate of dispersants in the spill," said Kujawinski, who led a team that also included scientists from UC Santa Barbara. "These data will form the basis of toxicity studies and modeling studies that can assess the efficacy and impact of the dispersants.
"We don't know if the dispersant broke up the oil," she added. "We found that it didn't go away, and that was somewhat surprising."
The study, which appears online Jan. 26 in the American Chemical Society (ACS) journal Environmental Science &Technology, is the first peer-reviewed research to be published on the dispersant applied to the Gulf spill and the first data in general on deep application of a dispersant, according to ACS and Kujawinski. Some previous studies had indicated that dispersants applied to surface oil spills can help prevent surface slicks from endangering marshes and coastlines.
Kujawinski and her colleagues found one of the dispersant's key components, called DOSS (dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate), was present in May and June -- in parts-per-million concentrations--in the plume from the spill more than 3,000 feet deep. The plume carried its mixture of oil, natural gas and dispersant in a southwest direction, and DOSS was detected there at lower (parts-per-billion) concentrations in September.
SEE THE WHOLE STORY HERE: | <urn:uuid:901cf976-09c6-419f-801c-b3f1dd7042e1> | {
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Photograph by Mike Theiss, National Geographic
Published July 17, 2013
Scientists have a new way to measure how fast the wind is blowing.
That's because over the past decade, scientists have learned how to measure the speed of the wind at the ocean's surface by observing how much GPS signals are distorted when bouncing off the moving water waves. Now, a new paper reports that such wind speed measurements can be used with confidence when conditions are right, even to measure the winds of hurricanes.
Improved wind speed measurements could help meteorologists better understand and predict storms, says Stephen Katzberg, a distinguished research associate at the NASA Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia.
In the early 1990s, Katzberg and colleagues at NASA were asked to evaluate a U.S. Navy satellite for a civilian application in global ocean altimetry. The U.S. Navy was beginning to use GPS in their satellites and the team became intrigued with the question of whether the GPS signals could reflect off the surface of the ocean.
"Normally GPS signals go to a receiver in your car or cell phones, but some of it reflects off surfaces," Katzberg told National Geographic. "It's an incidental thing that turns out to be pretty practical, especially because GPS now illuminates pretty much the entire Earth."
In the 1990s, Katzberg and James Garrison, a NASA colleague who is currently at Purdue University, continued to study the usefulness of GPS in remote sensing for environmental information. As he did, signal receiver technology and software processing also improved.
Around 2000, Katzberg and Garrison began to ask if GPS could be used to measure the speed of ocean surface winds. "The real brass ring was ocean surface winds in hurricanes," he said.
NASA partnered with NOAA to get GPS receivers on Hurricane Hunter airplanes. "By about 2006 we had developed the required calibration," said Katzberg. This month, Katzberg and colleagues published a paper in the peer-reviewed journal Radio Science that demonstrates how their efforts have paid off in terms of accuracy.
"We're using something that most people would ignore, because GPS is transmitting all the time," said Katzberg.
How Does It Work?
Katzberg explained that a GPS signal is made up of radio waves emitted by a GPS satellite. When the waves strike the surface of the ocean, about 60 percent of the signal bounces off.
The more wind that pushes across water, the rougher the surface of the sea gets. Bigger, more chaotic waves break up the GPS radio waves more as they reflect off the surface. A receiver can compare that disruption to the GPS signal coming from any particular satellite, and then use software to estimate the surface wind speed based on past data and calibration.
Katzberg says the technique has an accuracy better than 5 meters per second (about 11 miles per hour or 18 kilometers per hour), compared with an accuracy of about 0.5 meters per second (1.1 miles per hour or 1.8 kilometers per hour) for direct measurement by NOAA's dropsondes—tubes that are loaded with instruments and then dropped from a plane. They float down with a parachute, collecting data as they fall.
The GPS-based system works best over large expanses of water, Katzberg said. It cannot measure wind speed over land because it requires a change in the roughness of the surface, and that doesn't happen on a measurable scale as wind blows over the land. GPS can be used to measure whether something is ice or water, however, because there is a big difference between those two states of matter in terms of how they reflect signals.
For the receivers, Katzberg says, "We use very inexpensive systems, and no bigger than what is in a cell phone. It is basically throwaway, and we can glue it to the bottom of an airplane, a model airplane, or whatever can get up high."
For his studies, Katzberg placed the receivers on NOAA research planes, but he said there is no reason why they couldn't be put on commercial jets or drones. In fact, the GPS technology required to do these measurements is already in many consumer cell phones, representing an additional cost of "a few dollars" to implement such a receiver.
Katzberg pointed out that the technique is not free since it relies on GPS satellites putting out the required signals, but he added that they are already in place.
Why Is It Important?
"Our paper showed that you can make competitive measurements [of wind speed] with GPS," Katzberg said. He explained that the results stood up well to the traditional technique of instruments dropped from a research plane, when conditions were right.
GPS can only measure wind speed right above the ocean's surface. It also has difficulty with the eye of a storm, where wind speed is low but the water remains choppy.
To Katzberg, GPS is likely to prove a powerful new tool to meteorologists, giving them additional information about storms. They will still need to use dropsondes to measure high-altitude winds, but they may be able to decrease the number of drops—a boon considering each dropsonde costs several hundred dollars and can be used only once.
Katzberg said the beauty of using GPS to measure phenomena is that receivers are cheap and easy to obtain, so they will be available to many scientists. "This is unbroken ground in remote sensing research," he said. "The results for GPS planted a little flag in this ground, but the sky is the limit."
He added that the technology can be used to measure the amount of moisture in the first few inches of soil. The wetter the ground, the better it reflects the signal.
Katzberg said a future step will be the ability to measure the direction of the wind with such remote sensing techniques. He said work with optical frequencies is showing promise, although the data is not yet conclusive.
In 2016, NASA will be launching the Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System to expand the capability of GPS for global remote sensing of ocean surface winds.
But to Katzberg, the holy grail would be using signals that are stronger than GPS, like those used to transmit satellite radio and television. With stronger signals, scientists can get much better performance and resolution of what they are studying, he said.
The Sirius or XM satellite radio signal is 10,000 times more powerful than a GPS signal, he said. "We've just cracked open the door with using these 'signals of opportunity' now, but the next step is what can you do with all these other frequencies," said Katzberg.
Explore With Nat Geo
Anders Angerbjörn learns little foxes have big attitudes.
Special Ad Section
Shop book & DVD gifts for all ages. Plus, save on maps featuring award-winning cartography. Limited time only. | <urn:uuid:25c63cd9-84cf-4ea7-b6e2-4639347df04d> | {
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Animal Species:Potter wasps
The potter wasps are closely related to the paper wasps. However, potter wasps do not form colonies.
Standard Common Name
Potter wasps are found throughout Australia.
Potter wasps live in woodlands, heath and urban areas.
Feeding and Diet
Potter wasps are solitary, and feed on flower nectar and hunt caterpillars to feed their larvae.
Potter wasps make mud nests for their eggs and larvae or use abandoned burrows of other insects. They stock the nests with caterpillars and other grubs, which they seal in with mud. These are eaten alive by the wasp larvae.
Danger to humans and first aid
Potter wasps have the potential to deliver painful stings, but are not aggressive and rarely attack humans. An ice pack may be used to relieve the pain of the sting. If there is evidence of an allergic reaction, medical attention should be sought.
Got a question/comment about this animal species?
Specialists in Australian natural history and culture enquiries. | <urn:uuid:d703d803-b6e0-43c2-8d62-e2826b042a5e> | {
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The Sesquicentennial of the American Civil War is winding down. In a scant few months, we will observe the 150th anniversary of Confederate general Robert E Lee’s surrender at Appomattox, Virginia, which signaled the beginning of the end of the Civil War. This is a good moment to reflect on how the War was commemorated these past few years.
One disappointment of the Sesquicentennial, in my opinion, has been the relative lack of attention given to contrabands/runaways/self-emancipated slaves.
During the War, over a hundred thousand enslaved African Americans escaped their masters and sought refuge from bondage behind Union lines. At the start of the War, Union policy was to return these freedom seekers to their owners; the goal was to maintain the owners’ loyalty to, and support for, the Union cause. That policy unraveled as the Union came to see the slaves as valuable and necessary allies in the war against the Confederate regime.
Over time the Union evolved new policies, under which slaves who escaped their masters would be given asylum, usually in war refugee/labor camps that were in or near army encampments or forts. These places were variously called contraband camps or freedom colonies or freedom villages. The escaped slaves were called ‘contraband’ by northerners, on the basis that they were property that was seized from Confederates. I do not know if the self-emancipators defined themselves using this northerners’ lexicon.
There has been a very good focus during the Sesquicentennial, I think, on the role of African descent soldiers during the War, due in part to the efforts of African American reenactors and living historians. But the black southern soldier was a subset of a larger group of people who escaped bondage. And the story of that larger group hasn’t seen as much attention, as I look back at the spate of events and activities since the Sesquicentennial period began in 2011.
Many of the stories of these former slaves are about families, women and children especially, taking huge risks, and enduring much suffering in the process, to gain their freedom. Even if these families were successful in reaching a contraband camp, they sometimes lived in harsh conditions. Many of their menfolk joined the United States armed forces; by the War’s end, over 135,000 men from Confederate or Union slave states joined the US army, and thousands more joined the navy. With the men gone, black women were forced to care for themselves, their children and the elderly, in places that might seem like war refugee camps today. Groups like the American Missionary Association aided the military in providing educational and other services to the freedmen and women.
We know much about the black men who joined the armed forces because of the records that were kept about their service. But literacy, gender, age (again, many of these former slaves were children) and other factors have resulted in a more spare record of the former slaves at these camps.
This is not to say that the memory of these folks has been completely ignored in the commemorative landscape, that is, the public and non-public spaces which memorialize the past. An exemplary public site for the recognition of the runaways is the Corinth Contraband Camp, in Corinth, Mississippi, near the state border with Tennessee.
Statues inside the Civil War Interpretive Center at Corinth Contraband Camp, in Corinth, Mississippi; featuring an African American Union soldier and a freedwoman taking a class.
Image Source: Photo/Copyright by Carmen K. Sisson/Cloudybright. Photo is not in the public domain.
The Camp is a National Park Service (NPS) site, and part of the larger Shiloh National Park complex. This is from the NPS description of the site:
As Federal forces occupied major portions of the South, enslaved people escaped from farms and plantations and fled to safety behind Union lines. Once President Abraham Lincoln’s Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation was issued in September 1862, the number of freedom seekers increased considerably in Union occupied Corinth.The Corinth Contraband Camp was established by Union General Grenville M. Dodge to accommodate these refugees.
The camp featured numerous homes, a church, school and hospital. The freedmen cultivated and sold cotton and vegetables in a progressive cooperative farm program. By May 1863, the camp was making a clear profit of $4,000 to $5,000 from it enterprises. By August, over 1,000 African American children and adults gained the ability to read through the efforts of various benevolent organizations.
Although the camp had a modest beginning, it became a model camp and allowed for approximately 6,000 ex-slaves to establish their own individual identities. Once the Emancipation Proclamation was implemented, nearly 2,000 of the newly freed men at the Corinth Contraband Camp had their first opportunity to protect their way of life and made up a new regiment in the Union army. Since most of the men came from Alabama, the unit was named the 1st Alabama Infantry Regiment of African Descent, later re-designated the 55th United States Colored Troops.
In December 1863, the camp was moved to Memphis and the freedmen resided in a more traditional refugee facility for the remainder of the war.
The Corinth Contraband Camp was the first step on the road to freedom and the struggle for equality for thousands of former slaves.Today a portion of the historic Corinth Contraband Camp is preserved to commemorate those who began their journey to freedom there in 1862-1863. This land now hosts a quarter mile walkway which exhibits six life-size bronze sculptures depicting the men, women, and children who inhabited the camp.
Statue of United States Colored Troops solider at the Corinth Contraband Camp, in Corinth, Mississippi.
The 1st Alabama Infantry Regiment of African Descent, later re-designated the 55th United States Colored Troops, was formed at the Corinth Camp.
Image Source: Corinth Contraband Camp, National Park Service; see photo gallery here.
One of the wonderful things about the statues in the park is that women are so well represented. The inclusiveness is important, and for visitors, informative and even enlightening.
The Corinth site is in northeast Mississippi, about 60 miles from Jackson, TN, about 100 miles from either Memphis, TN, or Decatur, AL, and about 120 miles from Huntsville, AL. This will make for a great visit for those who want to learn about this important part of Civil War and American history. | <urn:uuid:26b66412-34f8-407f-9eb3-77502c39bb4d> | {
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Hypertension happens to be one of the major and ever-rising health concerns amongst people in many different countries, including India. In India, it is generally known as high blood pressure and falls in the category of most common mental health conditions.
According to one of the surveys conducted by the Indian Health Ministry, it is observed that one in every eight Indian citizens, over the age of 30 years, suffers from hypertension.
Most experts strongly believe that high blood pressure is one of the biggest health concerns faced by people across the world. Hence, to raise awareness regarding the same in all parts of the world, we tend to celebrate the World Hypertension Day (WHD) every year on May 17.
It is important that people get their numbers checked (at least once a year). This includes,
- Blood pressure
- Blood sugar
- Body mass index (BMI)
Keeping track of these numbers is very essential, as it helps in maintaining a healthy heart and have your overall health under control. As a matter of fact, hypertension does not show any warning signs until it reaches an extreme level. Hence, this condition is usually known as the ‘silent killer’ – since people suffering from it are unaware of having this condition.
For those suffering from hypertension are required to be monitored on a regular basis. This will help them get their blood pressure under control and avoid it from becoming too high.
So, in case you are diagnosed with hypertension, make sure that you get a digital blood pressure measuring device. This device helps in monitoring your blood pressure so that you can avoid the numbers from rising and allows you to know whether your medications are working.
As we previously mentioned, hypertension shows no warning signs. Hence, it is essential for everyone to get their blood pressure checked at least once a year. This should be strictly followed by people who are of the age 40 years and above so that they can be more proactive regarding their health and have appropriate medical insurance plans.
It is noteworthy that the risk of acquiring this condition tends to increase with age. However, there are certain factors that can increase your risk of hypertension. These include,
- Being overweight or obese
- Leading a sedentary lifestyle
- Being an alcoholic
- A family history of high blood pressure
- Consuming unhealthy food
- Health conditions – like diabetes and high cholesterol
Final Call – Get Health Insurance
If high blood pressure is neglected or left untreated, it can further cause many health issues such as heart failure, heart attack, loss of vision, stroke and kidney diseases. Hence, it is essential that you get your numbers checked and if something seems off, get advice from your doctor right away.
On the other hand, having health insurance will financially cover most of the health conditions for you. There are many insurers in the market that offer different policies. It is up to you to choose a health insurance plan that is suitable to your needs.
Are you confused about which health insurance policy to take?
Well, don’t worry! There are many websites that allow you to compare different policies. Compare and choose one that gives maximum coverage and has low health insurance premium.
Our advice – Do not avoid your health issues at any cost and get health insurance as early as possible! | <urn:uuid:e6ea8ff9-24b5-4291-ba76-b3e01354de6a> | {
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Ten Things Every HIV-Positive Smoker Should Know
- Life expectancy is rising in people with HIV, but not if they smoke.1
- Tobacco and tobacco smoke contain nicotine, carbon monoxide, arsenic, formaldehyde, benzene, and other toxic substances.2 (Formaldehyde is an embalming agent and is known to cause cancer; benzene is found in emissions from burning coal and oil, and in motor vehicle exhaust.)
- In animal studies nicotine is as deadly as strychnine and three times more deadly than arsenic.3
- Feeling a strong urge to smoke first thing in the morning, after a meal, or when drinking alcohol probably means you're addicted to nicotine.4
- Nicotine addiction leads all preventable causes of death across the world,5 and more than 60% of deaths in people with HIV can be attributed to smoking.6
- Smokers with HIV can quit: An estimated one third of HIV-positive U.S. smokers have stopped.7
- Don't quit quitting! Many people must try to quit several times before they succeed.8
- Ten years after someone quits smoking, their risk of lung cancer drops by half.9
- Someone who quits smoking before age 40 cuts their risk of death from a smoking-related disease by 90%.9
- A study of 5472 people with HIV found that former smokers had significantly lower risk of death from any cause and lower risks of AIDS, major heart disease, cancer, and bacterial pneumonia than current smokers.10
- Helleberg M, May MT, Ingle SM, et al. Smoking and life expectancy among HIV-infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy in Europe and North America. AIDS. 2015;29:221-229.
- Calvo M, Laguno M, Martínez M, Martínez E. Effects of tobacco smoking on HIV-infected individuals. AIDS Rev. 2015;17:47-55.
- Polito JR. Nicotine addiction 101. WhyQuit.com.
- Mayo Clinic. Nicotine dependence. Causes.
- World Health Organization. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2013: enforcing bans on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship. Geneva, Switzerland. 2013.
- Helleberg M, Afzal S, Kronborg G, et al. Mortality attributable to smoking among HIV-1-infected individuals: a nationwide, population-based cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;56:727-734.
- Mdodo R, Frazier EL, Dube SR, et al. Cigarette smoking prevalence among adults with HIV compared with the general adult population in the United States. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162:335-344.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Smoking and tobacco use. Quitting smoking.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Smoking and tobacco use. Tobacco-related mortality. 2014.
- Lifson AR, Neuhaus J, Arribas JR, et al. Smoking-related health risks among persons with HIV in the Strategies for Management of Antiretroviral Therapy Clinical Trial. Am J Public Health. 2010;100:1896-1903.
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Building a Destination
The Chicago Model inspires awe. It creates a setting for social interaction and encourages everyone to see the city at his or her own pace. It’s a tool for learning about Chicago and the politics of city planning. It’s a work of art. It engages kids and seniors, politicians and planners, local residents and tourists, architects and developers. Dreicer conceived the model as a platform for the creation of social and participatory activities that enable individuals, communities, and organizations to help shape and change the experience for years to come.
The model measures 17’ x 24’. its scale is quite large, at 1”=50’. It contains over 1000 3-D printed buildings.
Chicago Model City, a temporary exhibition that premiered along with the model, asked the question: How does a city as vast and complex as Chicago take shape?
Each section of the exhibition asked:
What were planners thinking?
What were they trying to do?
What happened to their plans? And what where the consequences, intended and unintended?
By investigating urban life-changing ideas, the Chicago Model project inspires people to imagine the future of Chicago and metropolitan regions everywhere.
More than 71,000 people experienced the model in its first six months. Project assessment determined that the audience was split almost evenly between women and men and between local residents and visitors to Chicago. Ninety-nine percent of visitors claimed that they would recommend the experience to others.
Model: Columbian Model & Exhibit Works
Presented at Chicago Architecture Foundation, 2009-present. | <urn:uuid:61aa06b6-7d79-4bf2-8802-89d9e301eeb1> | {
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Lewis Ziska, a weed ecologist with the Agriculture Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, may have found a way to fight global warming with weeds. According to an article in the New York Times, Ziska conducted several experiments that tested the effects of changing CO2 concentrations on different crop and weed species. He found out that weeds respond a lot better than the crops do. In one experiment, he tested a weed called Chenopodium album, which grew six to eight feet on an organic farm in western Maryland and 10 to 12 feet in the inner harbor of Baltimore (where the CO2 in its local atmosphere is above the current global average). While this can be troublesome for crops that can’t grow at the same rate, especially under the same conditions, Ziska suggests that the excessive amounts of weeds could be a possible source for biofuels. Read more about it here. | <urn:uuid:02d1abe9-b850-44cd-ac66-f776edb3c432> | {
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The Curtis Mathes Company was well known for their three main types of turntables, record players, and phonographs that they developed over the years. From the remarkable early days of the late 1950s with their first phonograph drives that they manufactured with idler wheel designs all through out the 1960s, to the direct drive turntables of the 1970s, and 1980s. Their state of the art belt-drive turntable came out in the late 1980s and early 1990s and was the company's last innovation in their fine line of record players and turntables. In the Curtis Mathes belt-drive turntable the Mathes made motor is located off-center from the well balanced platter, and is connected to the platter or counter-platter by a remarkable drive belt made from the most advance elastomeric material made at that time.
By the late 1980s the Curtis Mathes Turntable Design Department realized that once the rotational stability could be maintained in the turntable design one could gain amazing quality in the sound output. With their new and remarkable Curtis Mathes design of their belt-drive turntable the company was able to use a less complicated and less expensive motor than the old Curtis Mathes direct-drive turntable. An added bonus to the belt drive was that the remarkable elastomeric belt would absorb almost all the motor vibrations and prevent that noise from otherwise being picked up by the very sensitive state of the art Mathes stylus.
Curtis Mathes engineers realized in the late 1970s that they need to design in their high end audiophile turntable designs the use of the synchronous motor, which are much smoother running and have a very low noise threshold. The technicians and designers at Curtis Mathes knew of the existence of instabilities in mains of electricity, so to ensure pitch stability in their turntables and record players they had the player generate its own sinusoidal wave-form to power their new turntable design AC motors. Also another method used at Curtis Mathes at achieving stability includes the use of optical sensors on the record players platter which feed back to the remarkable and sensitive electronics.
The early experimental Curtis Mathes belt-drive turntables that had multiple speeds and had built in mechanical devices, or simply rely on manual effort of the owner to move the belt between different-sized pulleys on the well balanced turntable motor shaft. The technicians at Curtis Mathes realized in the early days of the belt drive turntables that because of difficulties in designing turntables with multiple-speed synchronous internal motors they would have to use DC servomotors in their designs. They soon realized the disadvantage of these DC servomotors because they rotate in steps rather than continuously with the resulting unwanted cogging noise during playback. So by the time floor model belt driven turntable came out of the Lab the helical armature motors was used to overcome this cogging issue. The ongoing problems with belt the instability; and unwanted deterioration in the past were solved by use of modern lab created elastic polymers created at the Curtis Mathes research labs.
In most new belt drive turntable's since the late 1980s the motor is either located underneath or outside the low profile turntable deck's platter. The motor is not centered on the platter to reduce heat and friction, and since it is connected to it by means of a remarkable and well balanced elastomeric elastic belt the heat from the motor is displaced outward not inward. The state of the art Curtis Mathes turntable motor is connected to the platter using a rubberized elastomeric belt. The mechanism is for spinning the platter of the turntable, and this amazing turntable's belt can absorb the unwanted vibrations from the motor. Most high fidelity decks of today like the Curtis Mathes model are usually belt driven.
Many cheaper belt turntable generally have poor resistance to LP and 45 vinyl records skipping, but not so with the Curtis Mathes C-155. In most less expensive turntables the belt will eventually wear out, and will need to be changed. But the Curtis MathesC-155 you have an expense balanced elastomeric elastic belt. This belt will not slip over time, and the Curtis Mathes belt driven turntable platter speed will not be compromised. The Curtis Mathes C-155 belt drive turntable has advanced electronics and remarkable Quartz control which, is very sensitive to even the slighted change, and makes corrections when needed. This advantaged in design makes for years or listening pleasure.
To connect your Curtis Mathes C-155 belt driven turntable to a newer receiver I recommend the Bozak M model CLK-PH2. This is a superb preamplifier that can convert the phono signals to smooth and ready line-level using standard RIAA equalization. This Bozak M model CLK-PH2 is ideal for amplifying and EQing the Curtis Mathes vinyl record player to interface with most any main or monitor systems. The Bozak M model will allow use of a Curtis Mathes Belt Driven turntable on any newer stereo receivers, or amps. This making any AUX or input on a receiver perfect for your CM made record player.
The Curtis Mathes C-155 model is an awesome automatic belt-drive turntable that can plays both 33 1/3 and 45 rpm vinyl records. It features a brushed aluminum platter made of the finest alloys and a state of the art switchable preamplifier. It is equipped with a top of the line dual magnet stereo cartridge with a replaceable diamond stylus. The tonearm on the Curtis Mathes C-155 is quite balanced and fitted with a remarkable soft damping control. The turntable can be directly plugged into most vintage amplified speakers, but I recommend the Bozak M model CLK-PH2 preamplifier for newer receives, because it can convert the phono signals to smooth and ready line-level using standard RIAA equalization.
In the photo below is a Carbon Fiber felt turntable platter mat is a must have for the Curtis Mathes turntable. It has has anti-stati built in the remarkable design. It is static electricity that is created when a record is played on a record player. This static electricity is created during record play, and it causes the crackling and unwanted scratchy noises you can sometime hear on older turntables. Also the older rubber or plastic mats are is dust magnets that ruin the record playback. This carbon fiber felt mat is designed to discharge the static electricity of the record during play and prevent dust build up on the LP. So that after the record is finished playing on the turntable all you have to do is simply brushes off the dust. The carbon fiber felt mat measures 11 3/4" Dia. x 1/16" thick, and can be found on EBay.
The research labs at Curtis Mathes came up with the formula for the dura-belt fabricate in the late 1980s for the Curtis Mathes record players and turntables. This remarkable belt is resilient and endless regains its strength and elastomeric belting ability. In a high end turntable an elastomeric drive belt is a must for years of great flawless playing. The Curtis Mathes Company was able to sell this remarkable belt formula for applications for power transmission for roller and conveyors too many manufactures, and the results have be outstanding.
A turntable becomes a real record player when you add a tone-arm, and the Curtis Mathes C-155 tone arm and cartridges is this best. As you know the cutting stylus rides across the record on a bar from the circumference of the record to spindle of the platter, and the Curtis Mathes tow arm and stylus following a true radial path always at the correct right angles to the line of sound motion of the groove. This gives the Curtis Mathes C-155 accurate reproduction, the Curtis Mathes C-155 playback cartridge is always point straight down the groove, so you know it is always doing its best. The Curtis Mathes C-155 playback stylus is in a well-balanced factory adjusted tone arm, which is designed to pivot, and making a curved rather than a straight track across the record. This tow arm and stylus do not wiggle or distort and the record show no wear and the stylus always plays the music evenly with no tracking errors. | <urn:uuid:a756e3a9-eceb-4cd9-8716-5e9c42e05c48> | {
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Why to protect data?
These days most companies, large or small, store their data in computers and laptops. Maintaining paper files is not only cumbersome but also outdated. Some experienced computer users often take a backup of their important data to ensure that their data is safe in case of any untoward incident or unauthorized access. Storing confidential data on local network can cost your business a lot especially if it is accessed by an outsider or an unfaithful employee. Data security involves protecting the data by taking regular back-ups, providing restricted access and ensuring that an anti-virus program is in place.
How to protect important data?
1. Rename files: Rename the files and folders so that anyone who accesses it won’t get any clue as to what is contained inside just by reading the folder name. You can also move important file to deeper folders. One precaution that you must take here is to remember the location of the file because if you yourself forget where your files are, the whole purpose will be lost.
2. Encrypt files: Encryption is now becoming a popular way to protect data. Encryption transforms readable files into unreadable cipher and only after you provide a decryption key, you can access the data. You must always keep sensitive data encrypted to enhance security. Encryption also protects your files from Malware.
3. Disguise files: You can disguise files by changing its icon. This way no one will come to know what format it is or what is inside them. For example, you can disguise your important folder as Recycle Bin and the files as a picture.
4. Lock files: You can easily lock the files or folders by specifying a password. This way only you or anyone who knows the password will be able to access them.
5. Hide files: This is another smart move to protect confidential data getting into wrong hands. Hiding files is pretty easy. You can check the Help to know how it is done.
6. Put files in a encrypted virtual disk: Many software programs are available these days to help you create encrypted virtual disk where you can store all your sensitive data to avoid unauthorized access. You can easily dump all your important files and folders in this virtual disk. To an outsider, the encrypted virtual disk will appear only as something junk. You can also put the file in an encrypted dummy disk that needs a password to open it.
Pros & Cons of Different Methods of Data Protection
|methods||Protect local data||Protect the data of removable medium(USB flash drive and CD)||Speed of encrypting and decrypting||Does the safe mode work?||Does the protection of Dos mode work?||if it is no copy?||If it is no rename||If it is no delete||Estimate security of the whole|
|rename files||support||support||Very high||Yes||No||No||No||No||Bad|
|Encrypt files||support||support||Very low||Yes||Yes||No||No||No||Fine|
|Lock files||support||Not support||Very high||Yes||Yes||Yes||Yes||Yes||Very good|
|Hide files||support||Not support||Very high||Yes||Yes||Yes||Yes||Yes||Very good|
|Put files in a encrypted virtual disk||support||support||Low||Yes||Yes||Yes||Yes||Yes||Very good|
What’s the best way to protect data?
This is a complicated question because every user has a different data security need. For example, some users have low security needs as their data is not highly sensitive whereas some users don’t mind buying an expensive data security software as they just cannot afford to lose the data. Let’s take a look at some common scenarios where a person would need data protection solution.
1) Free data protection software: The software for data protecting is mostly based on the principle of renaming files. It can not only protect local data but also store data in USB flash drive. You can choose it if you don’t have high data security needs.
2) Need to protect local data: You must use a software for locking files and folders, which based on the principle of protecting system for cored data. You can even hide data, to prevent unauthorized access and preventing modification, copying, and deletion of data. Such software programs can protect the data in a more secure way. One such program that is recommended is QIQI Folder Lock, which is safe, simple, useful, and costs only $24. You can download it right now.
3) Protect the data in USB: If USB is what you prefer, then you must choose a virtual disk software; actually software for encrypting data is also fine, but it takes long to encrypt and decrypt.
4) Protect the data on CD: If you want to save the data on a CD, a virtual disk software or software for encrypting is advisable. A virtual disk software helps in protecting data on CD and is convenient and safe. QIQI CD DVD Bit Locker (coming) is encrypted software for carving but has other specialty. It’s simple and useful when it’s being carved means being encrypted. And what’s most amazing is that it looks like an empty disk after carving is done. That’s why it offers high security.
In a word, you can choose the appropriate software to protect your data according to the importance of the data and the way you like to save the data.
This is a guest post by Bob, he is a freelance writer and software developer at http://www.touchupsoft.com/. Want to write a guest post for us? Visit the Guest Post information page to know how you can write and submit your own post to us. | <urn:uuid:9393550d-cf92-4bd1-b291-89c9f625a35f> | {
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In the New World and Pre-Colonies alike, efforts were made by Europeans to try to advance Blacks to a European level, which was to be achieved though granting new opportunities in Black societies or instruction via missionaries. Needless to say, overall the results were very much wanting in light of the expectations of the Blacks’ patrons.
Some may claim hindsight bias or that this was to be expected, but it should be remembered this was during a time when, though on occasion challenged up to the early 20th century, racial science was fairly well accepted in regard to innate distinctions (or at least more thoroughly defended during Galton’s age). However there is a perspective that suggests that advancement is indeed possible, though it deviates from traditional projects.
Before I reveal what that might be, we must understand what went wrong with the initial civilization attempts.
Much of the efforts put into “civilizing” Blacks by Christian missionaries were based on literary schooling and the building the consciousness of a God from afar that will punish your sins in the future. For the most part however, most of the natives weren’t very compelled to change their behavior by this fear, and even with the customs Blacks did adopt, they were not applied with the same “spirit” as Europeans did.
A very peculiar and important trait of the Negroes, heretofore entirely overlooked, but repeatedly observed by Ellis, is that they do not concern themselves about any god that is exalted to a very great distance above them. Among the Negroes of the Sudan the gods that are far off are not worshiped at all while those near at hand, and ever ready to inflict immediate punishment command the most respect and obedience. The Christian God is represented as being too far away; and since the punishment which he inflicts will not be visited upon the Negroes until after their death, they do not think much of the consequences of their conduct. They have not the necessary foresight for such remote calculations.
The native religion has the merit of furnishing deities that are believed in, understood and feared, and they act so powerfully upon the Negroes that they seldom violate their own moral code. Now, it is very evident that if faith in their native religion is destroyed and another religion substituted which they do not comprehend and which they interpret to be mere conformity to ceremony and routine, their moral character will not only fail to develop to a higher plane but sink to a much lower one. And that is precisely the result of much missionary preaching.
The Negro Races: A Sociological Study, Volume 1 p. 427-428.
At first it might seem that social diffusion would render it impossible to advance Blacks, but that’s not quite the case, as we shall see below.
The reason of the success of Mohammedanism among the blacks is that it does not effect a radical modification of native institutions. The Mussulman does not, as the Christian missionary, attempt, as the first thing to antagonize old doctrines and infuse new ones, but he begins by living among the natives working and trading among them. He is unobtrusive and tolerant and thus the natives convert themselves by imitation. Whatever other objections may be raised against Mohammedanism the truth of Sevin’s statement cannot be questioned to wit that it is certainly a step towards civilization.
The Negro Races: A Sociological Study, Volume 1, p. 452.
Now for the differences in Black behavior between the two major religions, Islam and Christianity, the evidence is bountiful, with this passage possibly being one of the earliest:
“The Negroes possess some admirable qualities. They are seldom unjust, and have a greater abhorrence of injustice than any other people. Their sultan shows no mercy to anyone who is guilty of the least act of it. There is complete security in their country. Neither traveler nor inhabitant in it has anything to fear from robbers or men of violence. They do not confiscate the property of any white man who dies in their country, even if it be uncounted wealth. On the contrary, they give it into the charge of some trustworthy person among the whites, until the rightful heir takes possession of it. They are careful to observe the hours of prayer, and assiduous in attending them in congregations, and in bringing up their children to them.
On Fridays, if a man does not go early to the mosque, he cannot find a corner to pray in, on account of the crowd. It is a custom of theirs to send each man his boy [to the mosque] with his prayer-mat; the boy spreads it out for his master in a place befitting him [and remains on it] until he comes to the mosque. Their prayer-mats are made of the leaves of a tree resembling a date-palm, but without fruit.
Another of their good qualities is their habit of wearing clean white garments on Fridays. Even if a man has nothing but an old worn shirt, he washes it and cleans it, and wears it to the Friday service. Yet another is their zeal for learning the Koran by heart. They put their children in chains if they show any backwardness in memorizing it, and they are not set free until they have it by heart. I visited the qadi in his house on the day of the festival. His children were chained up, so I said to him, ‘Will you not let them loose?’ He replied, ‘I shall not do so until they learn the Koran by heart’.”
Ibn Battuta: Travels in Asia and Africa 1325-1354.
“Judging by the conduct of those Negroes who were the most regular attendants at the Methodist chapel, I am unwillingly driven to the belief that the Methodist missions have done little for the cause of true religion, and have rather helped to foster dangerous delusion. The Methodists I fear have done harm for they have diffused a general feeling among the Negro population that abstaining from dancing, from drinking (a vice by the way which Negroes are rarely prone to), and a certain phraseology, which is mere form on their part, is Christianity.
Now it would be much better if the Negroes were taught that lying, stealing, cruelty to each other, or the brute creation, slander, and disobedience were sins in the sight of God, rather than level their anathemas against dancing-the favorite, and let me say, the innocent, recreation of the negroes; unless when it trenches as it sometimes does upon the sacredness of the Sabbath.
Domestic Manners and Social Condition of the Population of the West Indies , by Mrs. Carmichael.
However, it must be acknowledged that Islam is, well, Islam. This was noted by G. T. Basden:
….Or again compare the statements of another student many years experience in Northern Nigeria who says in his notes upon the Nupe kingdom and the effects its adoption of Islam.
Mohammedanism has introduced no new manufactures, has drenched the country with blood, has destroyed numberless towns and villages, and has as far as one can learn, distinctly lowered the morals of the people. True it has introduced a better idea of justice by creating the office judge as distinct from that of a king, and we must also place to the credit of Islam the beginnings of the idea of education.
It is also a distinct gain to the people that they have been taught the idea of a life beyond the grave, and of rewards and punishments after this life is over. On the other side must be placed the degradation of womanhood that has followed the introduction of Islam. The average pagan Negro has his own ideas as to the of women, but there is nothing to prevent woman from rising by her industry or ability to high positions. But Mohammedanism changes all this and has a distinctly lower position in a Mohammedan than she occupies among pagans.
Among the Ibos of Nigeria by George Thomas Basden
Something that I think will challenge many peoples’ views of Blacks is the idea that Blacks are not monolithic in behavior. Indeed, with actual slaves who were imported to the West, different tribes were noted to have different attributes.
Of character among the Negro tribes.
The Eboe is crafty artful disputative driving a bargain and suspicious of over reached by those with whom he deals, but withal patient industrious saving tractable. The Coromantee is on the fierce violent and revengeful injury and provocation but hardy laborious and manageable under mild and just treatment. This tribe has generally been at head of all insurrections and was the parent stock of the Maroons. The Congo, Papaw, Chamba, Mandingo &c are of more mild and peaceable disposition than Coromantee, but less industrious and than the Eboe.
The Literary Gazette and Journal of Belles Lettres, Arts, Sciences p. 551
But we still have to deal with the problem of the consistency of some of these descriptions, in part due to regions being confused with or substituted for tribal names. Thus “Eboe” can refer to either Biafran slaves, people from anywhere in SE Nigeria, or a tribe of slaves from the Bight of Benin. Another factor in this confusion was variation within tribes, even with the Mandingo, which was a more consistent tribal name.
As for the rest, virtues vary according to the districts occupy. In Bambuk they are warlike, the Upper Senegal they are more peaceful, but deceiving and thievish, on the Manza and Gambia they are swaggering foul.
The Standard Natural History, Volume 6 edited by John Sterling Kingsley and Elliott Coues p.329
In order, these would correspond to East Senegal/ Mali, North Senegal, and the coastal regions/ Gambia. This makes sense because the desert is harsh and would support violent nomadic lifestyles. This shows that how interior of Senegal, being a more even woodland/ savannah area, and the Gambia being part savannah and swamp-like, would affect natural selection in these groups.
A second factor could be Eurasian ancestry, but that’s most relevant to pastoralists – Chadic expansionists like the Fulani, who average 8-15% Eurasian (varies by region). The Wolof and similar tribes have been found to have only 2-3% Eurasian admixture, possibly derived from the Bafour people, who were described as “Fulani-like.” Razib Khan found that in the Mandinka, the Eurasian intervals were between 0-5%.
Other genetic sources in US Blacks could be from Southeast Bantu, Cushitic, Semitic, and South Asian components, and though each varies by tribe, none of these groups are very significant in African-Americans as a whole. One exception was the Mota Study, but its results were dubious due to errors in calculating the spread.
This post addresses the study’s inconsistencies as well as other admixture results.
Now, it does beg the question of why aren’t the personality disparities as evident as they were in the past? Well, one factor could be that even in the Carolinas and Georgia where Senegambian slaves were preferred, the highest single ethnicity by DNA is West Central Nigerian, at least maternally. And overall, West Central DNA also dominates.
That’s not automatically bad in terms of genetic attributes, though this means that the best groups work with would be the Mandingos of the Upper Senegal or the Kru of Coastal Liberia, though inland they were more disposed to violence, hence the recent coup de etat).
One notion we should dismiss would be Blacks becoming in any sense “White” outside of contributions due to White admixture. This wouldn’t be likely even with the best “stock” such as the Krus. Regarding the Krus, you can look them up in any book, and they were held among most industrious, intelligent, and moral Blacks, who also lacked any significant non-Black admixture, if their features are to speak for them.
The flat nose, the high cheekbones, the yellow eyes, the chalky teeth pointed like the shark’s, the Erotruded like that of a dog monkey combine to form an unusual amount of ugliness.
Their features are distinctly African without a mixture of Arab; the conjunctiva is brown yellow or tarnished a Hamitic peculiarity, and some paint white goggle-like ovals round the orbits, producing the effect of a loop. This is sometimes done for sickness, and individuals are rubbed over with various light and dark colored powders. The skin is very dark, often lamp black others are of a deep rich brown or bronze tint, but a light complexioned man is generally called Tom Coffee.
The back of the cranium is often remarkably flat, and I have seen many heads of the pyramidal shape rising narrow and ported high to the apex.
The Uncivilized Races of Men in All Countries of the World, Volume 1, p. 545
In other words, a flat nose, prognathism, and dark skin. However, what should be noted here is that their heads were flatter than the average as opposed to the more typical elongation of the skull. Brachycephalic heads are indicative of Guineanid Blacks, better known as “Paleo-Negroids”.
But back to the tribe. They’ve been noted to succeed fairly well in adopting European customs, that is until they rejoined others from their homeland.
Very interesting is the fact that these Kroo negroes who, at a distance from their home, seem fully capable of civilization, sink back into their former barbarism on their return to their native land. While they readily acquire foreign languages, and at times give proof of a real attachment and devotion to Europeans in foreign countries on returning home. They take the greatest pains to forget their acquirements as soon as possible, and woe to the European that ventures into their country. However well they may have been treated, they nearly always, after a few years, quit the service of the whites in order to return to their barbarous condition in their native place. So little attraction has our much vaunted civilization for these children of nature!
Africa by Keith Johnston p. 131
With that said though, as a culture, the Krus were comparatively advanced among SSA populations. They partook in some savage practices related to paganism, though they weren’t the typical image of crude savagery, hence the term barbarism. In a true anthropological sense, it’s used to describe societies that bear semblance to fully developed civilization but have the cruder or more primitives aspects accentuated.
What I’m getting at is that, unless in the unlikely event that Whites want groups of Black living next to them so the Whites can influence them, preparations should be made by blacks to generate an culture of reasonably adaptable standards that will at the same time gradually select for preferred skills to improve the society.
Education, for example, should at least partially focus on life skills in morale similar to the religious teachings of Malian Blacks described by Battuta.
From what my father told me, Black education prior to the scholastic focus of integrated schools taught “life” to Black students. Cultural norms and trades were focused on more than actual “book learning”.
In addition, policies that enforce “compulsion” should be laid out. Commenter Sam describes how crucial this is here.
In order to get Blacks to improve their station in life, a focus should be on active practitioners of Christianity, as they already lead a lifestyle that has led to positive results.
Regionally speaking, Blacks in the South seem to have less animosity and to be more developed in a positive sense. That’s not saying that Black pathology doesn’t exist there, but rather that the South has a stronger Black Christian culture than other regions, which is aided by the less crowded rural setting. The murder and incarceration rates in the South as compared to other areas seem to reflect this improved culture. What is interesting about this is that relative to the rest of the country, not only does the region contain more Blacks, but also the Blacks there are significantly blacker than elsewhere as well.
So if such a a better Black culture and social organization could be developed, it along with a selection against individuals less prone to compulsion may improve the standard of Black living by tackling the roots of Black pathologies from a sociological perspective. | <urn:uuid:44718a34-f159-47a6-bfa6-52aae40996d4> | {
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Supporting the education of Children Looked After
The Government has established specific objectives under the Quality Protects Programme to explore the outcomes and life chances for Children Looked After . This includes specific targets in relation to school attendance and achievement.
Within the Unit there is a small team of education professionals who have allocated time to support the inclusion of Children Looked After in Schools. They work in Partnership with Social Workers and Foster Carers to promote education for all children looked after by the Authority.
The professionals involved include a teacher, an education welfare officer and an educational psychologist.
A teacher is based in the Learning Support Service in the Unit. Part of this role is either directly teaching Children Looked After, supporting schools with Personal Education Plans or tracking the progress of Children Looked After.
An Education Welfare Officer is based in the Education Welfare Service in the Unit. Part of this role promotes and supports the attendance of Children Looked After.
The Educational Psychologist is based in the Education Psychology Service in the Unit. Part of this role is to support carers and young people looked after, as well as liaison with colleagues working at Children & Families and School Advice & Support.
The main aims of these professionals are to:
- promote joint working between education and social services in the support of Children Looked After.
- promote attendance.
- raise achievement.
- provide alternative strategies to exclusion.
- offer advice and support to social workers and foster carers on educational issues, where appropriate.
You can contact us using the details below. | <urn:uuid:72298e7a-6b0d-4a25-aa6d-a4ea70675216> | {
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- inject with a antigen that will promote the primary immune response, but has been modified so that it doesnt cause a virus. the immune system makes memory cells, so the secondary immune response.
- injecting antibodies against certain pathogens into the blood.
- used when someone has already been infected.
- occurs naturally when a mother passes antibodies to her child.
- antibodies of one particular shape made by a clone of a single B-cell.
- if monoclonal antibodies are mixed with a sample containing a mixture of protiens, the antibodies will bind specifically and tightly to only one protien in the sample.
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Babies do all kinds of things pretty soon after birth, but it can be difficult to know which actions are voluntary and which are involuntary. One of the things that you need to know about early child development in order to better understand your child’s needs is that most of the time she doesn’t know what she is doing!
Babies take some time to learn about themselves and their place in the world, but a newborn comes well equipped for the early days of survival by having a series of reflexes that help it coordinate eating, sleeping, and other necessary processes at this unwieldy stage. The most common and prominent reflexes include:
- Blinking: This reflex will obviously stay with your baby for life – could you imagine if you had to teach your baby how to blink?
- Grasping: You’re familiar with that precious moment when a newborn grabs your finger with his or her tiny palm, but this will not become an intentional action until 3 to 4 months of age
- Rooting: This reflex is essential for the early days of nursing, and is when your baby will turn her head and open her mouth when you touch her cheek, putting her in the perfect position to start to nurse. Between 3 and 6 months this gets replaced by intentional feeding.
- Stepping: Ever noticed that when you hold a new baby up he will start “stepping” with his legs? While this seems like it may be related to the later development of walking, this action will actual disappear by around 2 months of age.
- Sucking: Put something in the baby’s mouth and the baby will suck it. This eventually – as with all other processes – becomes voluntary, but in the early stages is meant to ensure proper intake of food (and survival!)
- Moro: This is a fascinating reflex, but one that you may never actually hope to see. Up until about 6 months, if your baby is dropped or startled by a loud noise, he will throw out his arms and arch his back, and then quickly bring his arms back together. Researchers love to study the Moro reflex for clues about evolutionary child development.
While you can easily differentiate between a taste and a touch, your new baby is only just learning that he has hands and a mouth! Early on, he is able to hear sounds, and fascinatingly, research has shown that babies will show preference towards sounds in their native language (likely related to exposure in the womb). Your baby’s vision takes a while to settle in, and he won’t see color until about 2 or 3 months. You may notice that he has a preference for movement, and he will react to your face. While your baby may not be able to give them meaning, he is also tasting, touching, and smelling things.
Early development is a lot of work for a parent, but by better understanding the tools your baby comes equipped with and the tools you can help teach him, you can make sure he is on the right path to development. | <urn:uuid:7d96a939-225d-4bb6-9c2e-8c4a4c233e06> | {
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|Cemetery notes and/or description:|
The original Fort Snelling was established in 1805 near the confluence of the Minnesota and Mississippi rivers. However, it was not until 1820 that a permanent post named Fort St. Anthony was constructed under the supervision of Col. Josiah Snelling. Gen. Winfield Scott was so impressed with the conditions at Fort St. Anthony during his first inspection in 1824 that he recommended the installation be renamed Fort Snelling.
Its original purpose was to keep peace on the western frontier, but in 1855 as the frontier moved further west, troops were withdrawn from Fort Snelling. With the outbreak of the Civil War, the fort was reopened and functioned as both an assembly ground and training camp for Minnesota volunteers. It remained open at the end of the Civil War and continued to be used as a training center. In 1947, the Fort Snelling Military Reservation was deactivated as a post, although it continues to function today as the headquarters for the 88th Army Reserve Command.
The Fort Snelling cemetery was established in 1870 to serve as a burial ground for the soldiers who died while stationed at the post. Following World War I, as new legislation expanded the eligibility requirements for burial in a national cemetery, the citizens of St. Paul organized a petition to designate a national cemetery in their area. In 1937, Congress responded with legislation that authorized a portion of land at Fort Snelling Military Reservation for this purpose. Fort Snelling National Cemetery was established in 1939 with the first burial on July 5, of Capt. George H. Mallon, whose acts of heroism at Meuse-Argonne in France were recognized with the Congressional Medal of Honor. Following the dedication of the new cemetery, arrangements were made for the exhumation of the remains of those buried at the older post cemetery and the reinterment of the 680 soldiers who served from 1820-1939 buried in Fort Snelling National Cemetery. The 1930s were also a major boom era for national cemetery growth. Ft. Snelling is one of a dozen or so very large cemeteries conceived between World War I and World War II to serve large veteran populations in some cities.
In May 1960, Fort Snelling Air Force Station transferred 146 acres of land to the national cemetery. One more land transfer of 177 acres followed in 1961, bringing the cemetery to its present size. Because of the frigid winters, about 1,000 graves are dug each fall to be used for winter interments.
Fort Snelling contains a memorial pathway that is lined with a variety of veteran's memorials from various organizations. As of Aug. 2006, there are 64 memorials at Fort Snelling National CemeteryŚmost commemorating soldiers of the 20th-century wars.
The cemetery is open April through September Monday through Friday - 7:30 a.m. to 8:00 p.m., Saturday, Sunday and federal holidays - 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. From October through March, the hours are Monday through Friday - 7:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.
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Fusion Science and Technology / Volume 57 / Number 3 / April 2010 / Pages 298-304
A demonstration tokamak is an essential next step toward a magnetic fusion-based reactor. One based on advanced tokamak plasmas is especially appealing because of its relative compactness. However, many plasma measurements will be required to provide the necessary signals to feed to ancillary systems to protect the device and control the plasma. This technical note addresses the question of how much intrusion into the blanket system will be required to allow the measurements needed to provide the information required for plasma control. All diagnostics will require, at least, the same shielding designs as planned for ITER, while having the capability to maintain their calibration through very long pulses. Much work is required to define better the measurement needs and the quantity and quality of the measurements that will have to be made, and how they can be integrated into the other tokamak structures. | <urn:uuid:d7fe3d0d-3050-4cf6-bb31-cda5708355e7> | {
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The struggle here is that the white adult male that is supposed to be in charge realizes that he lives his life to affect the indigens. As the reader analyzes this narrative. For the reader to calculate out how Orwell uses the tone of his narrative to appeal to the reader. Once the reader begins to understand how Orwell is utilizing a blunt and blunt tone towards the Burmans and imperialism.
Whether it be a poster for a new movie or handling social pressures to conform, persuasion is one of the most prevalent styles of rhetorical dialogue. While persuasion is most commonly associated with in-your-face advertisements and political speeches, more subtle rhetorical artifacts, such as novels and essays, can contain equally persuasive elements.
Though Orwell has personal sympathy for the Burmese, the Burmese do not respect his position or legitimize his authority.
Imperialism is an institution that destroys both the oppressor and the oppressed. After all, Orwell was an open critic of imperialism during the early 20th Century.
His first-hand encounters with the evils of imperialism during his time as a police officer in Burma make him a reputable source of knowledge about the conditions and reality of the British oppression of Burma. Is killing the elephant justifiable?
Orwell purposefully recounts his negative experiences in Burma to reinforce his view that imperialism is harmful on both ends. The miserable attitude of the author, the strained tensions between the British and the Burmese, and the needless suffering of the elephant all serve to create the impression that imperialism is a destructive system.
Because of this, Shooting an Elephant can be considered an effective piece of writing. Though it is important to consider the effectiveness of writing on an individual basis, it is perhaps more important to examine the impact of rhetoric on a societal level.
Historically speaking, Shooting an Elephant… Relate back to persuasion and effectiveness of rhetorical piece. This entry was posted in Works in Progress and tagged haleyrclwip by Evelyn Bateman.Sep 24, · Andrew Browning Shooting An Elephant George Orwell George Orwell immediately begins the essay by first claiming his perspective on British Imperialism.
He claims that it is evil and he is fully against the oppressors, the benjaminpohle.coming System: GC, GBA, PS2, XBOX. The essay Shooting an Elephant by George Orwell is an example of a persuasive rhetorical piece.
Orwell’s publication Shooting an Elephant is an autobiographical account of Orwell’s experiences as a British police officer in Burma during a period of British imperialism. Though Orwell has personal sympathy for the Burmese, the Burmese do not respect his position or legitimize his authority.
Aug 31, · Rhetorical Analysis of Orwell’s “Shooting an Elephant” () 31 Aug In Orwell’s essay, “Shooting an Elephant,” the author explores the complexities of imperialism–and how they are mutually disadvantageous to both parties involved.
Rhetorical Analysis of “Shooting an Elephant” by George Orwell Essay Sample In George Orwell’s short narrative.
“Shooting an Elephant. ” the storyteller. a immature European sub-divisional constabularies officer provinces. “that when the white adult male turns tyrant it is his ain freedom that he destroys. In George Orwell’s short narrative.
“Shooting an Elephant. ” the storyteller. a immature European sub-divisional constabularies officer provinces. “that when the white adult male turns tyrant it is his ain freedom that he destroys. ” This realisation of British imperialism comes to him one twenty-four hours when he is pressured into hiting and killing a .
Rhetorical Analysis of Orwell’s “Shooting an Elephant” Essay Sample While reading the essay Shooting an Elephant, first published in by Eric Blair under the pen name of George Orwell, one gets captivated by the intricate web of rhetoric that Blair weaves throughout the piece. | <urn:uuid:0059a097-b38b-452f-aa7c-8bbe3669d763> | {
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Fish hooks have been in use from prehistoric times, but what they were like in these early days, or what they were made of we do not know. But hooks of metal were in use in early Bible times and bronze fish hooks have been found in the ruins of the ancient city of Pompeii. The fish hook of today — the carefully shaped and tempered article — originated in England in the early days of the Eighteenth Century. At that time there were certain fishing centers on the various rivers and the several dealers in fishing goods each had their hooks made by local workmen, after a given pattern. These hooks were named after the towns where they were made, and the same patterns are made today, as well as others of American patterns, which were also named after the place of manufacture, or the place where first used.
Brooks, Lake. The Science of Fishing. Columbus, OH: A.R. Harding, 1912. Print.
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See article history alternative titles: mao tse-tung ssu they brought with them a new kind of marxism that came to be called maoism after their leader and his sentiments had been strongly anti-western and anti-imperialist even before he became attracted to marxism-leninism about 1919. Vietnam (indochine) feminism two good examples are the arrival of capitalist and capitalism and the arrival of the terms marxist, marxism, and marxist-leninism 1959 g d overstreet & m windmiller communism in india ii xx 488 according to marxism, the prime movers of history were not. 2 two approaches of vietnamese marxism-leninism history, the origin and the existence of the contradictions among the soviet marxism-leninism as in vietnam in china, mao zedong referred. Phases and characteristics of marxism/s by darko suvin the montr al review to china and vietnam , where it was certainly a precondition of any further development a brief critical approach to the history of marxism is therefore in order. Marxism leninism maoism study notes new vistas publications marxism-leninism-maoism: study notes first edition: april 2002 history of the development of marxism-leninism-maoism i economic and political background to the birth of marxism. North vietnam was a long way from being the 'puppet' fraternal allies as well as its own debates and decision-making were conducted according to the principles of marxism-leninism r b smith an international history of the vietnam war.
A partire dagli anni trenta a history of marxism leninism in vietnam del ventesimo secolo sociological. The teachings of ho chi minh 5/29/2014 we have previously discussed the issue of the proletarian vanguard in the history of marxism-leninism as he adapted marxism-leninism to the conditions of vietnam and indochina. Marxism-leninism marxism-leninism and opposition to capitalism it remains the official ideology of the ruling parties of china, cuba, laos, and vietnam concord, political organizations and governmental bodies associated with the russian revolutions and the history of the soviet union. History of the term within 5 years of lenin's death, joseph stalin completed his rise to power in the soviet union according to g lisichkin, marxism-leninism as a separate ideology was compiled by stalin basically in his the questions of leninism book [1. A lot of comrades today have been discussing dropping leninism from 'marxism-leninism' and simply calling ourselves marxists upholding revolutionary marxism & dropping leninism home party voices ceaucescu in romania, ho chi minh in vietnam, and mao zedong in china in all these cases.
Marxism-leninism is the political ideology adopted by the communist party of the soviet union and comintern , which its proponents consider to be based on marxism and leninism the term was suggested by joseph stalin and gained wide circulation in the soviet union after stalin's 1938 history. Leninism: leninism, principles expounded by vladimir i lenin lenin saw the communist party as a highly committed intellectual elite who (1) had a scientific understanding of history and society in the light of marxist principles, (2. 1971) was a hungarian marxist philosopher and literary critic in the tradition of western marxism his main work history and class consciousness laos, vietnam, cuba marxism-leninism. Hey guys, can you guys give me any ressources for me to read up on the history and present of marxism-leninism and socialism in vietnam and laos. Marxism has had a great impact on the history of the 20th century leninism deviated from orthodox marxism in assuming the need for in the hands of stalin, marxism-leninism became a crude ideology subservient to the vietnam and cuba a still very substantial. Definition of marxism-leninism in the titi tudorancea due to its political and economic structure (see history of north korea) in the other three communist states existing today - cuba, vietnam, and laos - the ruling parties hold marxism-leninism as their official ideology, although they.
Vietnam's political culture has been determined by a number of factors of which marxism-leninism simply represents a new language in which to express old but consistent a history of chinese domination had sensitized the vietnamese to the importance of. Marxism-leninism in vietnam the asian nation of vietnam has had a troubled past the main themes of vietnam history are about colonial and fights [tags: vietnam, france marxism and leninism essay - marxism and leninism according to most historians.
The tet offensive was the real turning point in the vietnam war on its marxist website defending the ideas of marxism as a tool for workers and youth today - by the international marxist tendency in launched one of the most daring military campaigns in history. According to most historians, history is told by the victors essay on marxism-leninism in vietnam - marxism-leninism in vietnam in the region of vietnam there had been many uprisings all of these uprisings were for one reason, freedom. Marxist-leninist ideology radically differs from all the party upholds the purity of marxist-leninist theory in the anti-war colonialism discrimination economic exploitation economy government history imperialism imperialist war international internet israel labor media & culture. The second wave: the radical youth particularly the cultural revolution in china and the wars of resistance fought in vietnam and in general its political stand combined adherence to the fundamental principles of marxism-leninism with an objective assessment of the actual.
Castro declares himself a marxist-leninist author historycom staff website name historycom year published 2009 title castro declares himself a marxist-leninist url vietnam war 1962 senator mansfield pronounces american aid to south vietnam wasted. A brief profile and historiographical summary of chinese revolution historian hu qiaomu, written by alpha history authors chinese revolution primary writing that only mao was able to correctly interpret and apply marxist-leninism to the chinese the vietnam war northern ireland alpha. I know marxism, leninism, and maoism (and china, vietnam, laos, and cuba still claim marxism-leninism as their guiding ideology to this day) actually, i apologize, my history was off the evolutionary/revolutionary split was post iwa. | <urn:uuid:a0ae7dc9-deb6-4ef7-b391-6b631017b300> | {
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“Paradoxically, there are many situations where it is actually easier to solve a general problem than it is to solve a specific one.
I also think that this underscores the importance of being willing to learn outside the classroom.”
See this post for a glimpse into the mind of the young Feynman.
I found this video inspiring.
Using unsolved problems in mathematics to teach schoolchildren, if done well, is a great way to build confidence. Just telling young people ‘here is a problem which is simply stated, but which the greatest minds can’t solve’ really gets them interested -and using their natural creativity, rather than looking for some boring, half-remembered algorithm.
This video makes a good stab at mapping out the entire subject. Something like this would be a useful addition to all maths courses.
I’d really like to understand WHY we have selected some bits for inclusion in public exam curricula and left other bits out. My suspicion is that it’s based on the preferences of various senior academics. As usual, these political types don’t care much about whether this material will actually help young people -either in daily life or in higher study.
This contributes to the feeling that studying maths is about gathering a basketful of disconnected tools. It should be more integrated -and having in mind the big picture would greatly help.
I liked this introductory article about the historical usage of the mean vs the median value.
It shows that there is no representative value for a data set which is absolute. You need to understand the data distribution before making a choice of central measure.
Here is Albert Einstein’s small ad. for his services as a tutor in Mathematics and Physics.
Although never the world’s best mathematician, the number one Physicist of all time was uber-determined and a patient teacher. I’m sure that his students got good grades.
(I notice he offered a free trial lesson).
We knew this already, but here is some corroboration for the idea that one-to-one tutoring is highly effective.
Mind you, it depends on the tutor…and the tutee.
“…data from the 13 million students who took PISA tests showed that the lowest achieving students worldwide were those who used a memorization strategy – those who thought of math as a set of methods to remember and who approached math by trying to memorize steps. The highest achieving students were those who thought of math as a set of connected, big ideas.”
It really is important that maths teachers stop teaching handle-turning methods and equating speed of solution with ability. See more here.
I love this little tale about Albert Einstein who helped explain a little girl’s maths homework -almost daily, for four years.
What a decent thing to do.
There are some really clear explanatory videos on some challenging subjects in Mathematics here. These include probability, synchronisation, calculus… definitely worth a look.
Another useful source of background reading and explanation is Plus, an online maths magazine.
Ok, so this is a pretty contrived little problem, but it shows the mindset of mathematicians and offers a neat, generally applicable answer. | <urn:uuid:aefc0ed8-80aa-4a9a-b384-769567fba284> | {
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- GeoRef, Copyright 2004, American Geological Institute. Reference includes data from Bibliography and Index of Geology Exclusive of North America, Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, United States
"Post-Triassic folding and faulting in the Wirral peninsula appear to have their origin in the Miocene period. The general trends are north-to-south and east-to-west, except where they have been modified by proximity to the older rocks of the southwest. These folds are considered as ripples from the Miocene earth storm of southern England, and are shown to be quite separate from older structures. Two cracked anticlines are described, which bring confirmatory evidence of the independence of post-Triassic and earlier folding." | <urn:uuid:259e3df5-0842-4fa2-bb3d-6e2cc42801de> | {
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Canada's plan for the safe, long-term management of used nuclear fuel involves containing and isolating it in a deep geological repository.
Safety: Protecting People and the EnvironmentMultiple-Barrier System
Safety of people and the environment is the top priority in the process for selecting a repository site. We will need to demonstrate that any site selected can safely contain and isolate used nuclear fuel for a very long period of time. There cannot be any credible risk from the repository to the public or the environment.
The repository will be located deep underground in a suitable rock formation, which must meet site selection technical criteria for the development of a robust safety case. This approach is consistent with international best practice, and is the culmination of more than 30 years of research, development, and demonstration of technologies and techniques.
The repository uses multiple barriers that include the waste form, container, sealing materials, and host rock. The system is designed such that the failure of one component would not jeopardize the safety of the containment system as a whole.
The project will also be subject to a thorough regulatory review process, including an environmental assessment and a licensing review to ensure that it is implemented in a manner that protects people and the environment.
Once placed in the repository, the used nuclear fuel will be monitored for an extended period of time.
More about Environment, Safety and Security, | <urn:uuid:94f1198d-ce35-47fc-b976-61a379e85811> | {
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Cathubodua (Proto-Celtic: *Katu-bodwā, "battle crow") is the name of a Gaulish goddess inferred from a single inscription at Mieussy in Haute Savoie, eastern France, which actually reads ATHVBODVAE AVG SERVILIA TERENTIA S L M. The text's restitution as Cathubodua depends on the assumptions that an initial C has been lost and that the personal names ATEBODVAE, ATEBODVVS and ATEBODVI in 3 other inscriptions in modern Austria and Slovenia are unrelated.
She appears to be identical to the Irish goddess Badb Catha. Nicole Jufer and Thierry Luginbühl provisionally link Cathubodua with other apparently martial goddesses attested elsewhere, such as Boudina, Bodua, and Boudiga, whose names share roots meaning either 'fighting' or 'victory'. She would therefore be comparable to the Roman Victoria and the Greek goddess Nike and possibly the Nordic goddess Sigyn.
A story of the Roman wars against the Gauls of the 4th century BC, recorded by Livy, Aulus Gellius and Dionysius of Halicarnassus, may preserve a reference to her. A Roman soldier, Marcus Valerius, accepted a challenge to single combat with a Gaulish champion. When the fight began, a crow landed on Valerius's helmet and began to attack the Gaul, who, terrified by this divine intervention, was easily beaten. Valerius adopted the cognomen "Corvus" (crow), and as Marcus Valerius Corvus went on to be a famous general and politician of the Roman Republic.
Name and etymology
Etymological lexical forms reconstructed in the University of Wales' Proto-Celtic lexicon, suggest that the name is likely to be ultimately derived from the Proto-Celtic *Katu-bodwā, a word that could be interpreted as ‘battle-fighting’. Nonetheless it is this second element *bodwā which appears to be the Proto-Celtic root of the later form of the name Badhbh. The masculine form *bodwos ('fighting') developed in Gaelic into Bodb.
- "Cathubodua". L'Arbre Celtique. 2015. Retrieved 2015-05-13.
- W. M. Hennessey (1870). The Ancient Irish Goddess of War.
- CIL III, 5247; CIL III, 4732; CIL III, 5386; [dead link]
- Jufer, N. and T. Luginbühl (2001). Répertoire des dieux gaulois. Paris, Editions Errance.
- Titus Livius. Periochae. Book 7:10.
- Georges Dottin (1918) La Langue Gauloise, Grammaire, Textes et Glossaire. Paris Librairie C. Klincksieck. p. 235 and 244
- Proto-Celtic—English lexicon. University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies. (See also this page for background and disclaimers.) | <urn:uuid:4edfffc0-53cc-4ae9-9daa-8be675158028> | {
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1. Drink Plenty of Water
Sometimes, thirst can be mistaken as hunger pangs by your brain. So, to know, whether you are really hungry or not, try drinking a glass of water before you eat anything. Drinking enough water is extremely important for your health. Insufficient water intake could actually be influencing how much you weigh.
2. Eat More fiber
Fiber is of two types, soluble fiber, and insoluble fiber. Soluble fiber absorbs water and changes into a gel during digestion. Insoluble fiber remains undigested as it moves through your system. Both types of fiber slow down the process of digestion and help you feel satiated for longer. The best way to decrease calorie intake is by including more fiber into your diet. The recommended amount of fiber is about 30 grams a day, but most people don’t intake enough fiber.
3. Incorporate a Workout Routine
Even if you can’t do a lot of workouts, a little exercise is better than no exercise. Regular exercise helps burn calories and increases metabolism. It also aids in maintaining your muscle mass, and since muscles need more calories than fat, you end up burning a large number of calories daily. Weight loss and exercise go hand in hand. While it may not be possible to start working out an hour a day overnight, you can start by doing small things at a time such as 15 minutes walk, or taking the stairs instead of the lift are good ways to start.
4. Eat Healthy Fats
Most junk foods contain saturated or unhealthy fats. They are the ones responsible for a large number of diseases. But unsaturated fats, which is found in olive oil, nuts, seeds, and avocado can help reduce cholesterol and the risk of heart diseases when had in control. There is this common misconception that fats are not good for you. That isn’t completely true. There are healthy fats and there are unhealthy fats also. You need to understand the difference between the two and make sure that the fats you eat are good for your health.
5. Reduce Carbohydrate Intake
Filling yourself up with carbohydrates adds a lot of calories to your diet, which is why reducing carb intake can be a good step towards weight loss. Carbohydrates are a staple in the diet of many people. In fact, out of all the food groups, the consumption of carbs is the highest. This causes a problem because each gram of carbohydrate contains four calories. And most foods that are rich in carbs rarely have any other nutrients.
6. Eat Smaller Portions
The thought behind smaller portions comes from the fact that it takes your brain about 20 minutes to process what you eat. So, you might not understand that your stomach is full and you keep eating. It is important that you take breaks between servings to actually realize whether you are hungry anymore. When you see more food on your plate, you tend to eat more food. So it is better to serve yourself smaller portions. This way, you know you’re not eating extra. And it can aid in weight loss, and without you having to give up your favorite foods. One of the main cause we break from our diet plans is the fact that it is really hard to resist temptation. A few days of smoothies and salads, and you find yourself eating on every kind of junk possible. Most of us don’t have the willpower to keep eating something we dislike for a long period of time. Which is why deprivation with food doesn’t work. So, it is better to opt for small portions.
7. Choose Better Snacks
The biggest offender that causes weight gain is our habit of unhealthy snacking. Sodas, fries and chips, ice creams, and cookies do nothing to fill us up, but add a lot of sugar, carbs, and fat. It is also hard to stop at one or two because we still feel so hungry. So choose snacks that are rich in fiber.
8. Cook Your Own Meals
The best way to ascertain if the meal you are eating is healthy for you is by making it yourself. That way, you get to explore what you like and what you don’t. You also get to try out low calorie alternatives for your favorite dishes. This helps you in controlling your portions as well.
9. Get Rid of Junk
The reason why we eat so much junk is that we buy it, and keep it available and accessible. Clearing your pantry and fridge of high-in-calories and low-in-nutrients food can help you cut back on unhealthy snacking.
10. Cut Out Empty Calories
It is difficult to keep a track of everything you eat. Some of us even eat without recording it. We tend to intake a lot of things that are high in calories, but don’t even count as food. Carbonated drinks, coffee, and junk like fries and chips are some examples. So it is necessary to record what you are eating, and keep track. You can cut back on a large number of calories just by avoiding foods that don’t fill you up.
11. Don’t Give Up
There are times when we can’t resist our temptations, and we end up binging on junk. Or when we go to a party, we end up eating way more than what we had planned. There will always be situations where we fall off the wagon. And it can seem all too simple to give up on the whole notion of losing weight. But even if you fail once or twice or a hundred times, go back to sticking to your diet.
Take Home Message
Hope these tips and tricks will certainly help you to acquire that beautiful and healthy body before the holidays.
Read Next: 7 Weight Loss Teas that Really Work | <urn:uuid:c566069d-6c02-4087-b395-a00add7dfa30> | {
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Working Out Effective for Reducing Parkinson’s Symptoms
Parkinson’s disease affects nearly 10 million people worldwide.
The neurodegenerative disorder targets the area of the brain that produces dopamine—a chemical that helps regulate movement by carrying messages between the brain and the rest of the body. Symptoms typically don’t show until 40 to 60 percent of dopamine is lost.
Parkinson’s affects the area of the brain that controls movement, leading to rigid muscles and difficulty balancing, among other problems. While there is no cure for Parkinson’s disease, there are ways to help manage symptoms, such as exercise.
Research shows that exercise may have a neuroprotective effect, meaning it can protect from neuron degeneration. This helps to slow the progress of Parkinson’s disease and also aids in symptom management. Exercise does not increase the amount of dopamine or neurons in the brain, but it does help use them more efficiently.
Exercise can be beneficial both mentally and physically for Parkinson’s patients. Any amount of exercise is beneficial, however, regular exercise will result in the greatest improvement in balance and gait speed as well as overall quality of life. A study conducted by the Parkinson’s Outcome Project found that Parkinson’s patients who exercised at least two and a half hours each week experienced stronger quality of life compared to those who didn’t.
For improved walking and coordination, experts recommend exercise that is intense, specific, complex and difficult. Water exercise is a good option for most because it requires less balance and is easier on joints. Yoga has also been found to be beneficial. There are many classes designed specifically for people with Parkinson’s disease, such as Rock Steady Boxing.
Before beginning any new workout regimen, you should always check with your doctor to discuss which class or program would work best for you.
While you can’t change the diagnosis, you can change the course and impact of it, by choosing to fight it.
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Photo credit: DaniloAndjus | <urn:uuid:d4f62c2b-10a4-4882-8816-3425d9ac4396> | {
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noni Overview Information
Noni is a small evergreen tree in the Pacific Islands, Southeast Asia, Australia, and India that often grows among lava flows. Historically, noni was used to make a red or yellow dye for clothing. It was also used as medicine, usually applied to the skin.
Today, noni fruit, leaves, flowers, stems, bark, and roots are still used to make medicine for a long list of ailments. However, the effectiveness of noni for these uses has not been proven. A study of noni freeze-dried fruit extract is underway at The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, but the results are not yet in. In the meantime, the FDA has issued multiple warnings to noni manufacturers about health claims that aren’t backed up by fact.
People take noni by mouth for colic, convulsions, cough, diabetes, painful urination, stimulating menstrual flow, fever, liver disease, constipation, vaginal discharge during pregnancy, malarial fever, and nausea. It is also used for smallpox, enlarged spleen, swelling, asthma, arthritis and other bone and joint problems, cancer, cataracts, colds, depression, digestive problems, and gastric ulcers. Other uses include high blood pressure, infections, kidney disorders, migraine headache, premenstrual syndrome, stroke, pain, and sedation.
The fruit juice is used for arthritis, diabetes, high blood pressure, muscle aches and pains, menstrual difficulties, headaches, heart disease, AIDS, cancers, gastric ulcers, sprains, depression, senility, poor digestion, atherosclerosis, circulation problems, and drug addiction.
The leaves have been used in medicines for rheumatic aches and swelling of the joints, stomachache, dysentery, and swelling caused by a parasitic infection called filariasis. The bark has been used in a preparation to aid childbirth.
Noni is sometimes applied to the skin. It is used as a moisturizer and to reduce signs of aging. The leaves are used for arthritis by wrapping around the affected joint; for headache by applying to the forehead; and for burns, sores, and wounds by direct application. A mixture of leaves and fruit is applied to pockets of infection (abscesses), and preparations of the root are used on stonefish and sting-ray wounds, and as a smallpox salve.
In foods, the fruits, leaves, roots, seeds, and bark are eaten.
The smell and taste of some Noni fruit and juice are unpleasant.
How does it work?
Noni contains many substances, including potassium. Some of these substances might help repair damaged cells in the body, activate the immune system, and have other activities.
- Cancer. Early research suggests that taking 6-8 grams of noni daily might improve physical function, fatigue, and pain in people with advanced cancer. However, noni does not seem to reduce tumor size.
- Age-related spinal damage (cervical spondylosis). Early research suggests that taking noni juice while participating in physiotherapy for 4 weeks can reduce neck pain and improve neck flexibility compared to physiotherapy alone. However, treatment with physiotherapy alone seems to relive pain and improve flexibility better than noni juice alone.
- Exercise performance. Early research suggests that drinking a juice containing noni, grapefruit, and blackberry juices for 21 days can increase exercise endurance in distance runners.
- Hearing loss. Early research suggests that drinking 4 ounces of noni juice daily for 3 months does not improve hearing in hearing-impaired women.
- High blood pressure. Early research suggests that drinking 4 ounces of a specific noni juice (Tahitian Noni Juice) daily for one month can reduce blood pressure in people with high blood pressure.
- Osteoarthritis. Early research suggests that drinking 3 ounces of a specific noni juice (Tahitian Noni Juice) daily for 90 days can reduce the need for pain relievers and improve quality of life in people with osteoarthritis.
- Nausea and vomiting after surgery. Noni fruit might reduce nausea. Some research shows that it reduces nausea after surgery. However, it does not appear to affect vomiting.
- Urinary problems.
- Menstrual problems.
- Liver problems.
- Vaginal discharge.
- Enlarged spleen.
- Kidney disorders.
- Eye cataracts.
- Digestion problems.
- Stomach ulcers.
- Heart trouble.
- Reducing signs of aging.
- Other conditions.
noni Side Effects & Safety
Noni is POSSIBLY SAFE when the fruit is consumed as food. However, there is concern that taking noni in medicinal amounts is POSSIBLY UNSAFE. Noni tea or juice might cause liver damage in some people. There are several reports of liver damage in people who drank noni tea or juice for several weeks. However, it is not known for certain if noni was the cause.
Special Precautions & Warnings:Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Do not take noni if you are pregnant. Historically, noni has been used to cause abortions. It is also best to avoid noni if you are breast-feeding. Not enough is known about the safety of taking noni during breast-feeding.
Kidney problems: Noni contains large amounts of potassium. This can be a problem, especially for people with kidney disease. There is one report of a person with kidney disease developing high levels of potassium in the blood after drinking noni juice. Don’t use noni if you have kidney problems.
High potassium levels: Drinking noni fruit juice might increase potassium levels and make them even higher in people with already too much potassium in their body.
Liver disease: Noni has been linked to several cases of liver damage. Avoid using noni if you have liver disease.
Moderate Interaction Be cautious with this combination
- Medications for high blood pressure (ACE inhibitors) interacts with NONI
Some medications for high blood pressure can increase potassium levels in the blood. Consuming noni juice along with these medications for high blood pressure might cause too much potassium in the blood.
Some medications for high blood pressure include captopril (Capoten), enalapril (Vasotec), lisinopril (Prinivil, Zestril), ramipril (Altace), and others.
- Medications for high blood pressure (Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)) interacts with NONI
Some medications for high blood pressure can increase potassium levels in the blood. Consuming noni juice along with these medications for high blood pressure might cause too much potassium to be in the blood.
Some medications for high blood pressure include losartan (Cozaar), valsartan (Diovan), irbesartan (Avapro), candesartan (Atacand), telmisartan (Micardis), eprosartan (Teveten), and others.
- Medications that can harm the liver (Hepatotoxic drugs) interacts with NONI
Noni might harm the liver. Taking noni along with medication that might also harm the liver can increase the risk of liver damage. Do not take noni if you are taking a medication that can harm the liver.
Some medications that can harm the liver include acetaminophen (Tylenol and others), amiodarone (Cordarone), carbamazepine (Tegretol), isoniazid (INH), methotrexate (Rheumatrex), methyldopa (Aldomet), fluconazole (Diflucan), itraconazole (Sporanox), erythromycin (Erythrocin, Ilosone, others), phenytoin (Dilantin), lovastatin (Mevacor), pravastatin (Pravachol), simvastatin (Zocor), and many others.
- Warfarin (Coumadin) interacts with NONI
Warfarin (Coumadin) is used to slow blood clotting. Taking noni juice might decrease how well warfarin (Coumadin) works to slow blood clotting. This could increase the chance of blood clotting.
- Water pills (Potassium-sparing diuretics) interacts with NONI
Noni contains large amounts of potassium. Some "water pills" can also increase potassium levels in the body. Taking some "water pills" along with noni might cause too much potassium to be in the body.
Some "water pills" that increase potassium in the body include amiloride (Midamor), spironolactone (Aldactone), and triamterene (Dyrenium).
The appropriate dose of noni depends on several factors such as the user's age, health, and several other conditions. At this time there is not enough scientific information to determine an appropriate range of doses for noni. Keep in mind that natural products are not always necessarily safe and dosages can be important. Be sure to follow relevant directions on product labels and consult your pharmacist or physician or other healthcare professional before using. | <urn:uuid:7f85c871-a53a-4286-b83c-4cfb239e2501> | {
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As I witnessed the buckets of water falling from the sky, splatting onto the roof tiles of my neighbor’s home, pouring from the roof gutter to the corner downspout, dropping into a PVC pipe and rushing underneath the thirsty, if not already dead landscape, then directed into the concrete swale adjacent to the curb and flooding the storm water drain from both sides, I was reminded of the simple practice and benefits of harvesting rainwater. Within seconds, a droplet of rainwater falls from the sky and into a manmade pipe that exits out into the ocean. Water that could be reused and provide positive ecological and environmental practices is literally being swept under our feet before we know it.
As you probably already know, California is in one of the biggest droughts we have EVER seen. Although I know we can make the case for the huge positive impacts of our current storm water management, there is a time to reassess our storm water practices, and I believe that time is now. Our current rainwater practices aren’t contributing to the astronomical potential of the reuse of rainwater. The hydrologic cycle is being sped up instead of slowed down to take full advantage of the limited rainwater we do receive.
All that being said, you may ask.. what exactly is rainwater harvesting? And is it practical for me to invest in the harvesting of rainwater? I am glad you asked :)
What is rainwater harvesting and its potential and practical use?
Rainwater harvesting is the collection of rainfall which falls on the roof of your home and stores it for future use. In a typical Central Coast residential landscape, a homeowner with 2,000 square feet of roof space can store and reuse, on average, 25,000 gallons per year... enough to maintain a 400 square foot lawn and 100 landscape plants!
Why should we harvest rainwater?
· FREE source of water.
· Water your landscape all year without drawing from your well or local water supply.
· Readily available water storage for fire suppression.
· Onsite emergency water storage.
· Minimizes your environmental footprint.
· Rainwater is pure, soft, and reduces corrosion on irrigation lines.
· Develop a landscape that is self-sustaining.
· Recharge the aquifer instead of sending your rainwater directly into the ocean.
Imagine, if one region of the United States (let’s say the Central Coast) implemented rainwater harvesting in their homes, commercial buildings, schools, etc. Myself and the Purlieu team have calculated and discovered that its return on investment is very similar to solar panels. We have found that some of our recent rainwater harvesting systems will provide a full turn in investment within 5 years! Sounds pretty sweet…
For more resources and amazing stories please check out:
Thank you for reading. Have a wonderful day! | <urn:uuid:3850302a-fdc9-4b63-b4b7-d89b8ae868d1> | {
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Definitions for thermometerθərˈmɒm ɪ tər
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word thermometer
Random House Webster's College Dictionary
ther•mom•e•terθərˈmɒm ɪ tər(n.)
an instrument for measuring temperature, often a sealed glass tube containing a column of liquid, as mercury, that expands and contracts with temperature changes, the temperature being read where the top of the column coincides with a calibrated scale on the tube or frame.
Category: Meteorology, Physics
Origin of thermometer:
ther•mo•met•ricˌθɜr məˈmɛ trɪk(adj.)ther`mo•met′ri•cal
measuring instrument for measuring temperature
Kernerman English Learner's Dictionary
thermometer(noun)θərˈmɒm ɪ tər
a device used to measure temperature
What does the thermometer say?; a meat thermometer
An apparatus used to measure temperature.
Origin: From thermomètre.
an instrument for measuring temperature, founded on the principle that changes of temperature in bodies are accompained by proportional changes in their volumes or dimensions
A thermometer is a device that measures temperature or temperature gradient using a variety of different principles. A thermometer has two important elements: the temperature sensor in which some physical change occurs with temperature, plus some means of converting this physical change into a numerical value. There are many types and many uses for thermometers, as detailed below in sections of this article.
The Standard Electrical Dictionary
An instrument for indicating the intensity of heat. Three scales of degrees of heat are used in practise, the Fahrenheit, Réamur, and Centigrade, each of which is described under its own title. (See Zero, Thermometric-Zero, Absolute.) The ordinary thermometer depends on the expansion of mercury; in some cases alcohol is used. Besides these the compound bar principle as used in the thermostat (see Thermostat, Electric) is employed.
The Foolish Dictionary, by Gideon Wurdz
A short, glass tube that regulates the weather--and usually does a poor job.
Translations for thermometer
Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary
an instrument (usually a thin, glass tube with eg mercury in it) used for measuring temperature, especially body temperature
The nurse took his temperature with a thermometer.
- ميزان حَرارَهArabic
- termômetroPortuguese (BR)
- das ThermometerGerman
- מַד חוֹםHebrew
- थर्मामीटर शीतोष् मापक यंत्रHindi
- 溫度計Chinese (Trad.)
- термометр, градусникUkrainian
- حرارت ناپنے کا آلہ، آلۂ حرارت پيماUrdu
- nhiệt kếVietnamese
- 温度计Chinese (Simp.)
Get even more translations for thermometer »
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Location: Mosquito and Fly Research Unit
Title: Development of novel repellents using structure-activity modeling of compounds in the USDA archival database Authors
Submitted to: Book Chapter
Publication Type: Book / Chapter
Publication Acceptance Date: August 16, 2011
Publication Date: December 28, 2011
Citation: Bernier, U.R., Tsikolia, M. 2011. Development of novel repellents using structure-activity modeling of compounds in the USDA archival database. In: Paluch, G.E., Coats, J.R. In Recent Developments in Invertebrate Repellents. American Chemical Society. 1090:21-46. Interpretive Summary: Scientists at the USDA-ARS, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology in Gainesville, FL, in collaboration with scientists from the University of Florida, have studied mosquito repellents to predict how well a repellent will perform based on its chemical structure. The study was performed on chemicals that are similar in structure to the well known mosquito repellent DEET (N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide). Some of the chemicals came from the sixty year historical archives of tested repellents at the laboratory in Gainesville and some of the chemicals were novel, having been designed based upon these studies. The chemicals were evaluated by placing them on cloth, drying then, and then testing the number of days that the repellent prevented mosquito bites when the cloth was worn over the arm of a human volunteer. Over a third of the chemicals lasted at least twice as long as DEET in these tests. The results from these tests were then used to produce a model of a “good” repellent based on the chemical structure. The models were found to be very accurate in their ability to predict good repellents. These studies provide information on how repellents work based on the chemical structure of the repellent. The outcomes from these studies will lead to better repellents to protect humans and animals from diseases transmitted by mosquitoes and other biting flies. This work is of interest to the United States military, it’s civilians, and to the global population that may be bitten by disease-transmitting mosquitoes and flies.
Technical Abstract: The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) has developed repellents and insecticides for the U.S. military since 1942. Repellency and toxicity data for over 30,000 compounds are contained within the USDA archive. Repellency data from subsets of similarly structured compounds were used to develop artificial neural network (ANN) models to predict new compounds for testing. Compounds were then synthesized and evaluated for their repellency against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The repellent data, i.e., complete protection time (CPT) were used to develop Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR) models to predict repellency. Successful prediction of novel acylpiperidine structures by ANN models resulted in the discovery of compounds that provided protection over three times longer than DEET. The acylpiperidine QSAR models employed 4 descriptors to describe the relationship between structure and repellent duration. The ANN model of the carboxamides did not predict compound structures with exceptional CPTs as accurately; however, several carboxamide candidates did perform equal to or better than DEET. | <urn:uuid:617fa6c9-17f2-4e9a-a4a2-7c7482e5a30b> | {
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That makes a pretty hefty contribution to our intake of calories, fat and sugar but the other side of the chocolate coin is that it also provides useful amounts of some vitamins and minerals.
Both milk and dark chocolate contain potassium, phosphorus and copper while milk is also a source of calcium, iodine and vitamins B2, B3 and B12. Dark also provides magnesium, iron and manganese.
Surprisingly for a food that’s loaded with fat, especially saturated fat, there’s a large amount of research to suggest it may actually be good for our hearts.
A recent review study in the British Medical Journal found chocolate lovers were 37 per cent less likely to suffer with cardiovascular disease and 29 per cent less likely to have a stroke compared with those who ate little.
So should we nibble or gorge, choose dark over white and how much is too much? Here are the answers to all your chocolate-eating questions.
Which is better: dark, milk or white?
One of the ingredients in chocolate is cocoa beans and the antioxidants – beneficial compounds called flavonoids – in these seem to be responsible for many of the heart health benefits.
These flavonoids, also found in tea and red wine, mop up an excess of cell-damaging free radicals which can go on to cause disease if left to run riot in the body.
Dark chocolate tends to have a higher cocoa content than milk chocolate which in turn contains more cocoa than white chocolate.
This means dark chocolate is the winner for flavonoids. According to one study dark chocolate contains twice as many flavonoids as milk chocolate and four times more than white chocolate. Meanwhile there’s some evidence that milk may interfere with the absorption of flavonoids from chocolate. This means dark chocolate is probably the better option for our heart health.
Is plain less fattening than milk?
Chocolate is high in fat and therefore calories so it makes sense to stick to small portions if you eat it regularly and don’t want to gain weight.
Interestingly though, a recent study carried out by researchers from the University of California found that adults who ate chocolate more frequently had a lower body mass index than those who consumed it less often despite taking in more calories overall.
Quite why this was the case remains a mystery but chocolate does have a low glycaemic index so it doesn’t cause the massive highs in blood sugar that you’d expect after eating a high sugar snack. Do check labels, as chocolate varies tremendously in calories, fat and sugar.
As a rule the higher the percentage of cocoa solids the higher the calories and fat but the less sugar there is. For example Green & Black’s Organic Milk Chocolate with 34 per cent cocoa solids has 545 calories, 32.6g fat and 47.9g sugar. In contrast its Dark Chocolate with 70 per cent cocoa solids has 570 calories, 41.9g fat and 28.7g sugar. Its Dark Chocolate with 85 per cent cocoa solids has 630 calories and 53.2g fat but just 13.6g sugar.
There’s also little evidence to suggest that chocolate causes spots or acne.
Will it affect my cholesterol?
Scientists from Harvard University recently reviewed 24 published studies and found that cocoa and cocoa products increased HDL (good) cholesterol, lowered LDL (bad) cholesterol, reduced blood pressure and improved insulin resistance, important for helping to lower the risk of type 2 diabetes.
Can chocolate give me spots?
There’s also little evidence to suggest that chocolate causes spots or acne. There’s even some evidence that chocolate may help to keep our skin healthy. In a small German study published in The Journal of Nutrition, skin was less susceptible to ultraviolet damage and was smoother and better hydrated in women who consumed a daily antioxidant-rich cocoa drink for 12 weeks.
Does chocolate really boost your mood?
Chocolate increases neurotransmitters in the brain such as phenylethylamine and serotonin which help to regulate our mood and sleep patterns.
In a small study from Hull University researchers found that eating 45g dark chocolate with 85 per cent cocoa solids each day (equivalent to one small bar) for two months eased the symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome.
In reality though, chocolate is unlikely to have any greater effect on your mood than a balanced healthy diet and is certainly no substitute for a good night’s sleep.
Can it help lower blood pressure?
Studies reveal that consuming small amounts of chocolate or cocoa drinks every day may help to lower blood pressure although the effect is modest.
The priorities for reducing blood pressure are to lose weight, stop smoking, exercise more and eat less salt while eating more potassium-rich foods such as fruit and veg.
How much should I eat?
Even though there appears to be a link between chocolate and health it’s still high in calories and so can contribute to weight gain.
Being overweight increases the risk of many of the diseases that small amounts of chocolate potentially help to protect against such as high blood pressure and heart disease.
It also remains unknown exactly how much and which type of chocolate you need to eat each day to gain any benefits. The various studies include different types of chocolate and often use different definitions of “high” and “low” intakes. We recommend sticking to quality plain chocolate and enjoying it in small amounts, so that’s around 25g, equal to three or four pieces or half a small bar. And savour each and every mouthful.
The full version of this article appears in the April issue of Healthy Food Guide magazine, on sale now. Visit healthyfood.co.uk | <urn:uuid:5fe633e1-8f86-4cf3-b4ba-52571345ecc7> | {
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Dr price traces the genealogy of solomon, the son of david and bathsheba he examines the song of solomon chapter on and its intrinsic meaning message by f. The paperback of the song of solomon by toni morrison at barnes & noble their dilemma was solved when a woman suddenly burst into song the structure i am discrediting morrison s ability to delve deep into the underlying as well as the obvious evils of racism and human. Brilliant but mature classic explores racism, gender, power read common sense media's song of solomon review, age rating, and parents guide. Srjsel/bimonthly/ atulkumar parmar (2139-2147) racism and quest for an identity as depicted in toni morrison's song of solomon atulkumar m parmar asst professor in english, mahadev desai. Bible song of songs (song of solomon) song of solomon (song of songs) poetry in the bible old testament literature author: attributed to solomon date: solomon reigned from 970-930 bc. The issue of racism in song of solomon by toni morrison milkman he delivered both your sisters himself and each time all he was interested in was the color of their skin.
Posts about song of solomon 2:8-13 written by djgrieser. Song of solomon is a social commentary on racism and its negative effects in the society, abandonment and a journey of self discovery morrison, through the journey that milkman undertakes, is able to make her audience examine racial relations in the american society. Toni morrison the life of toni morrison toni morrison was born chloe anthony wofford in lorain, ohio after her parents moved to the north to escape the problems of southern racism on both sides of her next novel, song of solomon(1977). Get everything you need to know about racism in song of solomon analysis, related quotes, theme tracking. Song of solomon chapter 3 table of in pilate's song is referred to as sugarman chapter 3 reveals an important physical morrison incorporates actual african-american history to emphasize not only the horrendous racist conditions against which blacks struggled during the. A summary of themes in toni morrison's song of solomon learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of song of solomon and what it means perfect for acing essays, tests not only are women oppressed by racism.
Toni morrison: womanist in what light, by what right (or left) ashley pond song of solomon, published in 1977 hagar results from the interlocking systems of domination, sexism and racism although milkman. Discover and share toni morrison quotes on racism explore our collection of motivational and famous quotes by authors you know and among her best known novels are the bluest eye, sula, song of solomon, and beloved she was also commissioned to write the libretto for a new opera, margaret. Get an answer for 'what is the significance of flight in song of solomon, and how does the meaning change from the beginning to the end of the novel but it is a flight from reality, and from servitude he commits suicide as an escape from the racism and prejudice he experiences. Aust j basic & appl sci, 5(12): 2260-2264, 2011 2262 the afro-american folktales, folksongs and legends song of solomon is based on a story that she heard from. Toni morrison (born chloe ardelia wofford february 18, 1931) is an american novelist in hopes of escaping racism and securing gainful employment in ohio's burgeoning industrial economy song of solomon won the national book critics circle award. My personal belief is that the song of solomon was purposefully included to help us make sense of the mixed messages we get from scripture about sex.
The quest of racial identity in song of solomon - free download as racism and the experiences of the generations of black people as slaves or ex-slaves the perception of racialism which prevails the the quest of racial identity in song of solomon toni morrison is said to be. Song of solomon quotes and analysis in the song of solomon morrison introduces this same concept early on in the novel this is somewhat ironic because by calling all whites racist he is in fact being racist himself.
Morrison received the national book critics circle award in 1977 for song of solomon in 1987 the contemporaneity that unites them the troubling persistence of racism in america is a strangely clad black woman sings an equally strange and mournful song what do you make of. The scenes of male flight in toni morrison's song of solomon suggest a yearning to flee the concerns of the material world, but they also embody desires for emancipatory politics on the ground. | <urn:uuid:46aa1522-4f33-4165-9242-dfcdd9a82635> | {
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Level III of Critical Thought and Inquiry is the core capstone. Addressing complex, real-world issues, students apply learning and hone their research and presentation skills.
CTI 400-424: Core Capstone
In the Capstone courses at Level III, students will propose their own solutions to ethically complex, "real-world" issues. For example, in recent classes students could choose one of four issues or areas to work in:
- Debating the revolution in sex and reproduction (in vitro fertilization, surrogate and donor pregnancies, etc.)
- Analyzing the ethical and environmental problems in creating free market economics in Russia.
- Debating the line between "private" and "public" in tobacco regulation and school vouchers.
- Debating the law and ethics of the death penalty.
CTI Capstones, offerings vary each year
Note: at least one Capstone is normally offered during the 8-week summer session.
- CTI 401. Birth by Any Means? 4 cr. hrs.
In the United States today, Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) is a virtually unregulated field of medical practice. In this capstone course, students will consider competing ethical frameworks on the technological creation of life. Students will also develop careful proposals on whether and how to regulate ART in a variety of settings, from the law and public funding to counseling briefs for hospitals.
- CTI 402. Capitalism and Democracy: What makes a good society? 4 cr. hrs.
This course examines the challenges, the dilemmas, and the fundamental issues at stake
in creating democratic political systems with market economies. It also explores the stresses placed by globalization on developed capitalist democracies today.
- CTI 404. State & Society. 4 cr. hrs.
This course will focus on current debates over the proper scope of the public sector in American life. Students will examine contending perspectives on where and how to draw the line between the public and the private. The contending perspectives might include libertarianism and social justice liberalism, as well as Roman Catholic and Calvinist views of "natural law." Students will then consider two current public questions: the regulation of tobacco and school vouchers.
- CTI 406. Capital Punishment. 4 cr. hrs.
This course will examine the current debate surrounding capital punishment. Students in
this course will examine arguments in favor of and against the death penalty in the United States, and will also investigate the differing religious opinions, both Christian and non-Christian, that exist concerning this topic. Finally students will learn about the role that scientific evidence, specifically DNA testing, plays in this debate, and will also learn about the social justice issues that are imperative to understanding this topic.
- CTI 408. Health Care at Any Cost? 4 cr. hrs.
As healthcare costs stretch our national resources, we are faced with choices about personal and societal health. In this course, students will explore the current US healthcare system and how health values are shaped by and shape consumerism. We examine justice in healthcare and how current trends will impact future healthcare delivery. Students will critically appraise selected issues relating to healthcare and use a research process for analyzing cost in managed healthcare situations.
- CTI 409. Immigration: Do Fences Make Good Neighbors? 4 cr. hrs.
This course will examine the issue of U.S national identity as found in our conceptions of citizenship and national boundaries. We will raise these questions:What does it mean to be an American? What should it take to enter the United States legally? What does it mean to acquire United States citizenship? The goal of this examination will be to understand how various conceptions of national identity, citizenship, and national borders shape the current debates over immigration policy. After exploring the ethical, economic, biological and social issues regarding immigration, students will create an immigration policy. That policy will be assessed as to its internally consistency, fit with the U.S. Constitution, moral soundness, and comprehensiveness in defining the bounds of legal immigration as well as consequences of illegal entry.
- CTI 410. Private Solutions for Public Problems: In Billionaires We Trust. 4 cr. hrs.
Increasingly, high profile individuals and corporations from are using their dollars and influence to try to solve social problems. In doing so, they are effectively creating public policy despite their status as private citizens. This course examines the role of private philanthropy in solving public problems. The ethics and values of philanthropy rooted in the evolution of the third sector, primarily in the United States, will be analyzed. Attention will be given to legal and philosophical issues associated with philanthropic endeavors, including the social responsibility of the corporation, looking at how profit motive interacts with social causes. We will discuss models of philanthropic and charitable organizations, their operational practices, and issues arising from their existence and activities. In order to frame our discussion on philanthropy, each semester a major global issue currently being impacted by private philanthropy will be addressed, such as climate change or the global AIDS epidemic.
- Dr. Rein Staal, Coordinator, Professor of Political Science
- Dr. Gary Armstrong, Professor of Political Science
- Dr. Kenneth Alpern, Professor of Oxbridge Honors Program
- Dr. Michael Cook, John W. Boatwright Chair, Professor of Economics
- Dr. Alan Holiman, Professor of Political Science
- Dr. Kelli Schutte, Associate Professor of Business, Department Chair
- Mrs. Liz Hoyt, Assistant Professor of Business
- Dr. Elaine Reynolds, Professor of History, Department Chair | <urn:uuid:b89efdae-fc70-49fa-ad29-bae6c63cf160> | {
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Assembly and executive organs
The relationship between legislative and executive organs can be classified as a parliamentary cabinet system (Note 1) or a headman (presidency) system (Note 2). While the central Japanese government has adopted a parliamentary cabinet system, not only Tokyo but all other local municipalities in Japan have adopted a headman system.
The authorities and roles of the assembly and executive organs are clearly defined, and the following measures are given to both of them in order to maintain a restrained and coordinated relationship between them for ensuring a fair administration:
- The assembly is authorized to make amendments to the bill submitted by the governor.
- In the event the governor disagrees with the decision of the assembly, the governor is entitled to submit the proposals for re-examination, giving reasons therefor.
- In the event a decision of the assembly or the result of an election is deemed to exceed the authority granted to the assembly or to violate national laws and regulations, the governor is required to request a re-deliberation, providing reasons therefor.
- In the event the assembly votes on the elimination or reduction of mandatory expenditures and refuses to alter its conclusions even if the governor requests it to discuss the issue again, the governor is authorized to implement the budget as originally proposed
- In the event the assembly votes on the elimination or reduction of expenditure for disaster recovery or prevention of infectious diseases and refuses to alter its conclusions even if the governor requests it to discuss issue again, the governor is authorized to deem this a non-confidence resolution against the governor.
- The assembly is entitled to adopt a non-confidence resolution against the governor.
In the event the assembly session cannot be convened or inaugurated, it is clear that there is no time to convene due to urgent necessity, or unable to resolve a matter that should be resolved, the governor is authorized to resolve it on behalf of the assembly (arbitrary decision).
In this case, the governor must report this decision to the assembly to receive the approval in the following session.
Note 1 : Parliamentary cabinet system: The executive organ is nominated by a representative assembly of citizens, with the confidence of the assembly constituting the requisite of the appointment and incumbency of the parliament. In this political system, the executive organ is responsible to the assembly.
Note 2 : Headman (presidency) system: Both the legislative and the executive organs are nominated by direct election of the citizens. In this political system, both organs are responsible to the citizens for their respective responsibilities and authorities. | <urn:uuid:9c321b4f-c194-4896-8821-248018dfe7dd> | {
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|Name: _________________________||Period: ___________________|
This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.
Short Answer Questions
1. Who does Nicholas go to visit?
2. When Squeers, Mrs. Squeers and Smike are gone, what does Nicholas do?
3. Friar Lawrence arrives with what news?
4. What does Nicholas do to Squeers?
5. As Squeers and Mrs. Squeers discuss Nicholas, what happens to Fanny?
Short Essay Questions
1. For whom does Kate now work?
2. What happens to Kate at the party?
3. What takes place at the tavern?
4. About what does Charles Cheeryble confront Nicholas and Kate?
5. What does Ralph convince Squeers to do?
6. What happens to Smike? How does Nicholas help him?
7. What happens as the gathering begins to prepare for performances by Morleena and Miss Petowker?
8. How is London described?
9. How does Fanny become interested in Nicholas? Why does she become interested?
10. What good news does Noggs have for Nicholas?
Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:
Essay Topic 1
Nicholas has a temper.
Part 1) How does this temper change throughout the story?
Part 2) How does his journey of transformation affect his temper? Why?
Part 3) Based on what takes place when Nicholas' temper flares, what might Dickens think about this reaction to anger?
Essay Topic 2
A key aspect of Dickens' work, in general, is the detail and breadth of his characters.
Part 1) Who are the main characters? Describe them.
Part 2) How does Dickens reveal aspects of his characters' personalities?
Part 3) How is any audience at any time able to connect to and relate to these characters?
Essay Topic 3
Parallel scenes from other stories are used in this story.
Part 1) What other stories are found in this story? What is the purpose of this?
Part 2) How do these stories enhance Dickens' story?
Part 3) How does the way these stories are used reflect the time in which Dickens' story takes place?
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by Nicolaus Schwerk, Folke Brinkmann, Bisharah Soudah, Michael Kabesch, Gesine Hansen
Neonates with airways colonized by Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae or Moraxella catarrhalis are at increased risk for recurrent wheeze which may resemble asthma early in life. It is not clear whether chronic colonization by these pathogens is causative for severe persistent wheeze in some preschool children and whether these children might benefit from antibiotic treatment. We assessed the relevance of bacterial colonization and chronic airway infection in preschool children with severe persistent wheezing and evaluated the outcome of long-time antibiotic treatment on the clinical course in such children. Methodology/Principal Findings
Preschool children (n?=?42) with severe persistent wheeze but no symptoms of acute pulmonary infection were investigated by bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Differential cell counts and microbiological and virological analyses were performed on BAL samples. Patients diagnosed with bacterial infection were treated with antibiotics for 2–16 weeks (n?=?29). A modified ISAAC questionnaire was used for follow-up assessment of children at least 6 months after bronchoscopy. Of the 42 children with severe wheezing, 34 (81%) showed a neutrophilic inflammation and 20 (59%) of this subgroup had elevated bacterial counts (=104 colony forming units per milliliter) suggesting infection. Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis were the most frequently isolated species. After treatment with appropriate antibiotics 92% of patients showed a marked improvement of symptoms upon follow-up examination. Conclusions/Significance
Chronic bacterial infections are relevant in a subgroup of preschool children with persistent wheezing and such children benefit significantly from antibiotic therapy. | <urn:uuid:797d2f2a-b1fc-45c2-a0d2-4933464f64f2> | {
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IATH's new Fellow, Jennifer Petersen, talked to IATH about her plans for her research on tracking the changing understandings of what constitutes “speech” in the U.S. legal system. She is working with IATH to build an Archaeology of Legal Definitions of Speech, while also working on a book covering similar territory.
The book is looking at the history of free speech in the 20th century. Most people are really interested in the “free” element of free speech, the changes in the rights that we have to speak. They look at politics and law as the context of this history. I’m really interested in “speech” and how it changes over that time, because it’s not the same thing at different historical moments – what is speech, what counts as speech to be considered or to be protected. So there are two levels to the first amendment: does it count as speech? Is it covered by the first amendment? And then, is it protected? Is it the type of speech we think is important to protect, for the purposes of the first amendment, which are about democracy, self-fulfillment, etc. There is some debate about that.
So first off, does it count as speech and second is it the kind of speech we protect. The first one seems pretty easy, but new communication technologies aren’t so easy to fit into that. Like silent film: is that speech?
Right. What about art? Music? Money? And computer code and algorithms? It’s actually really hard to answer that first question, much less the second question. So, I’m looking at how this concept varies across time, and my argument is that it varies with different communication technologies and different ideas about communication that are operative in the public sphere.
I’m looking at it through the history of technology, specifically media technologies and knowledge about communication, that then proliferates out into the popular press. It looks a lot at social scientific knowledge production, history of communication, and research.
No, but that’s an interesting question. Photography raised questions about copyright. Film was the first to raise questions about speech. It took a while before they saw photography as like painting, as having an author. Initially, in legal debates about using photography as evidence, photos were considered more like scientific documents. There are a really interesting set of debates in legal journals in the late 19th century about whether photographs can be evidence, which is a way of saying, “do they speak? Who is the speaker?”
The First Amendment wouldn’t have been an issue in the 19th century or the early 20th century, because the First Amendment wasn’t understood as applying to the states until 1925. There’s a big case that says, because of the Fourteenth Amendment, the First Amendment does apply to state laws. The states already had rules protecting free speech, but the First Amendment can be used to invalidate state laws: state laws are subject to Constitutional review. Each state has a guarantee of free speech, but they are in different terms and often they include restrictions as well as freedoms.
I start with film for a couple of reasons. One is that film uses pictures to tell a story. We think of that as being something discursive and message-y. And it was also a mass medium, and it was the beginning of economic production of ideas and content for everybody. It’s the beginning of the culture industries, of mass production of culture in the 20th century.
The other reason is that it’s the first case where a free speech claim is brought to the Supreme Court, and that had to do with the legal culture of the day. The First Amendment was beginning to be used more, and in fact all of the amendments were beginning to be used more by businesses seeking to expand their power. The Fourteenth Amendment, protecting due process of law and freeing the slaves, arguably ends up doing more for business in the late 19th/early 20th century than for minority populations, because businesses start using the Fourteenth Amendment to craft constitutional arguments for expanding their powers. And actually, the Mutual v. Ohio case in 1915 is an attempt to do that, and the court shuts it down. It’s an unusual move by the court to refuse this type of argument. There’s an upsurge in First Amendment cases in a bunch of different crazy contexts, and there’s also an upsurge in cases where businesses are trying to use constitutional arguments to expand their powers. It becomes thinkable to argue that films are speech and deserve First Amendment protection.
I would love to talk about that. I think that we’re a bit away from meaningful court cases. But at the end I’m hoping to gesture towards that.
So it starts with film as an unusual type of speech—not visual, not aural, not printed or verbal—and then moves on to radio as an unusual type of speaker, in that it’s not one person, but a corporation. So the first couple of chapters go from film to symbolic expression, and ties early thinking about film to later legal understandings of saluting the flag and other gestures of speech. I’m going to be saying, essentially, that this is the same kind of communication and also tracing the history of how it became legible as speech.
It’s a cultural history. Its saying that what influences the law includes cultural context that doesn’t usually get talked about in relationship to the law. Usually we talk more about politics and social movements, not “how are people thinking about communication?” “what were people watching?” “what was the media of the day?”
Both the project and the book were spurred by my interest in the First Amendment, which came from my interest in hate speech and other issues. I started having questions about what counted as speech and what didn’t, as I was trying to understand the corporate speech discussions, as a lay person. I started reading a little bit, and it turns out that there really isn’t a definition of speech in the law. These are ad hoc definitions being made in the moment, in the cultural context, so of course they are really interested in speech like this. Sometimes the justices talk it out and talk about their reasoning. I decided to look at new communication technologies because I thought that was one place where they might explicitly think about this. What is communication? Does this count? Is it covered? Should we be thinking about this in terms of the First Amendment? The project is looking at that: it’s trying to track lexical structures used to talk about speech across time, looking at changes in the terms associated with speech and how they shift. This is huge, looking at a lot of court cases.
It might be better to think of continuities & discontinuities, sediment, more in terms of physical structures & sediments that you might look at if you were an archaeologist. It wouldn’t necessarily be progression but different layers. The structure is this at this point and the structure is different at this point.
Yes, U.S. Supreme Court decisions dealing with free speech. For example, in the Mutual case, they actually made a First Amendment argument. The court ignored that argument and decided it in terms of the free speech guarantee in Ohio’s state constitution. This is a case that was about free speech but the free speech law was Ohio’s constitution, not the U.S. So, we’re looking at free speech cases whether they’re state constitutions or the federal constitution.
This is interesting. They start out quite short, at the beginning of the century, and get quite a bit longer as they go on. The justices and their clerks get more verbose and there is more dissent. The court gets more divided over time and the decisions get longer. I’ve heard various explanations for why this. I’ve been told that it gets more political: the clerks are trying to make careers for themselves. There’s also a change that the Court is more unanimous more often earlier on in the 20th century and gets more divided, because there’s a shift as time goes on.
But that’s stuff that legal scholars cover pretty well. What I have to add to the conversation is placing it in a cultural and media context. It’s my argument that it’s really important what other people have done, what they’re doing and talking about, in terms of the social movements, shifts in the Court, the way the Court makes decisions, shifts in legal theory, intellectual trends within the law: all of that of course is incredibly important to this history. But, you won’t fully understand it unless you also understand the shifts in how people are thinking about communication, unless you understand the technology and the intellectual history of the idea of communication. | <urn:uuid:49bea551-9112-4f1b-ae99-cf1510398eda> | {
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Nature teaches us the best way to pack and ship butterflies. What did we observe and learn?
#1 – Resting: butterflies always have their wings folded behind their backs when they are not sunning or flying.
We watched to see what butterflies do when they are resting. It is darker than normal and they sit with wings folded behind their backs. If it is dark and rainy, they’ll sit that way for days, waiting for the sunshine and sometimes, for warmer temperatures.
In Mexico during the winter, migrating Monarchs rest with wings folded behind their backs for months. (Side note: months can only apply to those in diapause – migration mode. Non-migratory Monarch butterflies can go a week in cold weather without food or movement.)
#2 – Darkness: when butterflies are in the dark, they sit still, not moving.
We saw how butterflies rest in the dark. When it is dark or extremely cloudy, they sit with wings folded behind their backs.
If a butterfly manages to open its wings in an envelope and cannot close them again, they fight the position until their wing joints break. At this point they cannot fly. This struggle can be fatal. Wings closed, they are in a natural resting position.
#3 – Envelopes or fairly tight boxes: if they are cold and unable to move, they can be knocked down and cannot protect themselves
Just as we like to place our children in car seats and put on seat belts ourselves, we place butterflies in their own version of a car seat, where they cannot be harmed by being in a package that is thrown or falls and lands sharply on hard concrete. Butterflies are packaged in envelopes or tiny boxes that keep their wings folded together and keep them fairly immobile.
When they are in a box that is tossed around, bits of their wings often break, especially if another butterfly’s legs/feet can reach the wings of another. One butterfly seeking to right itself will grab at anything. As their tarsal claws grab and grasp another butterfly’s wings, bits of the wings will tear off.
Shipping company employees often toss a package from one person to another. This often knocks a butterfly loose from its perch, to the bottom of the container. As it is picked up and tossed again and travels down roads in the delivery van, it will continue to bounce about, possibly damaging wings.
#4 – Ice packs in a foam cooler/package will keep them inactive.
Cool weather will keep them naturally inactive.
In cool sunny weather, butterflies are inactive. As cold blooded insects, they cannot be active when temperatures are low.
#5 – Next Day Air means that the butterflies are in the box long enough for the ice packs to keep them cool for the trip.
Upon arrival, the box is opened and, if they are to be released that day, they are removed from the box. If they are to be released the next day, ice packs are removed and refrozen, replaced in the box, and the box is resealed until an hour before they are released.
Butterflies are removed from the box at least thirty minutes before the release. This allows them to warm up and will be able to fly when they are released.
The winning combination.
In a cool dark box, wings folded behind their backs, placed in envelopes, they are totally protected during transport. | <urn:uuid:e4327d5f-e607-43e0-b794-dbe6b46203be> | {
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CRISPR-Cas9 is a technique, invented in collaboration with researchers at Umeå University, allowing scientists to make small edits in the genetic material of an organism, edits that can also occur naturally. Instead of hoping that such edits occur by natural recombination, they can now be deliberately introduced in a targeted and precise manner. CRISPR-Cas9 can thus be used in many ways in plant science and breeding.
Plants that fall within the scope of EU GMO legislation are subject to a very strict regulatory regime (in reality making it impossible to grow them in the field in most EU countries). Plants that fall outside the scope can be grown without restriction. Since “inside or outside of the GMO definition” will decide whether or not plant scientists will be able to use the technique for practical applications, plant scientists and breeders have been waiting for the authorities’ decision concerning CRISPR-Cas9.
Outside the EU, countries such as Argentina have announced that similarly edited plants fall outside their GMO legislation, but no decision has been taken yet inside the EU. A complicating factor is that the technique can be used in several different ways with the consequence that some of the resulting plants may fall outside while others may fall inside the GMO legislation. Now, for the first time, concrete examples have been evaluated by a competent authority, and the Swedish Board of Agriculture announced today their opinion that some Arabidopsis plants that have been modified using CRISPR-Cas9 fall within the scope of the legislation while others do not.
The Franco-Swedish laboratory without walls "UPRA" opens at CRAG, a Spanish research center.
In 2005, the connections between the research projects of the UPSC (Umeå Plant Science Center, Plant Science Center, Umeå, Sweden) and INRA (French National Institute for agricultural research) in the fields of biology and plant genomics led to the creation of a virtual European Open Laboratory called "UPRA" and to the signature of a cooperation agreement between the institutions. In continuation with this action, a new cooperation agreement opens to a new partner, the CRAG (Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics, Barcelona, Spain).
October 7, 2015, on the INRA site Champenoux, the UPSC, two divisions of the INRA ("Biology and Plant Breeding", "Ecology of forests, meadows and water bodies") and the CRAG have signed a new agreement. The UPRA became INUPRAG, contraction of INRA, UPSC and CRAG. These three research institutions have strong complementarities in areas of plant integrative biology and genomics.
Thirty graduate students from the Wallenberg Wood Science Center Academy, accompanied by their coordinator Prof. Paul Gatenholm from Chalmers will be visiting UPSC during three days in the early fall. The students have a background in biopolymers and fluid mechanics and want to learn about our research on wood formation and build bridges to UPSC PhD students and postdocs.
We have prepared an exciting programme for this WWSC-UPSC meeting with
- lectures by Ove Nilsson, Ewa Mellerowicz, Rosario Garcia Gil and Nathaniel Street on wood biology, wood biotechnology, genetics and genomics
- a poster-session and a research seminar slot where WWSC-Academy PhD students and UPSC PhD students and postdocs will present their research to each other
- a team-building activity “5-kamp” and a BBQ that will foster closer connections of WWSC and UPSC members
- and finally a common workshop of UPSC and WWSC students/postdocs on topics such as “Design of new trees for growth of materials” and “New materials from transgenic trees”
The detailed schedule for this meeting can be found here
Don’t miss this stimulating opportunity that will bring new valuable connections to UPSC!
You are invited to come to the poster-session and dinner on August 31st, the research presentations and social activities on Tuesday September 1st and the workshop on Wednesday September 2nd. We hope to see many of you!
List of poster presentations
Ewa Mellerowicz, Hannele Tuominen and Judith Felten
Photo: PhD students of the WWSC Academy
The third Fascination of Plants Day will be celebrated in Umeå on
May 23, 2015 at Umeå Arts Campus.
Plant scientists invite you to 25 stations with experiments and demonstrations. Learn more about the secrets of photosynthesis! Find out about the pigments, structures, and hidden energy storages in plants; taste the fascinating flavours of plants; listen to short presentations by UPSC researchers on current research topics; discover your creativity, inspired by the colors of plants at the Bildmuseet’s workshop! Join a tour through the "Residensparken"!
Welcome to the fascinated world of plants!
23 May, 11:00-17:00, Umeå Arts Campus, Sliperiet and Bildmuseet
The Fascination of Plants Day Umeå is one of around 950 events worldwide which are organized under the umbrella of the European Plant Science Organisation (EPSO). UPSC initiated the event in Umeå and are coordinating the day. Collaborating organisations are Bildmuseet, several departments from SLU and Umeå University, Arboretum Norr, and the local group of the Swedish Bonsai Organisation.
"Fascinerande växters dag" in Sweden and Umeå
Fascination of Plants Day, international
Gunnar Öquist, professor emeritus at the Department of Plant Physiology (UmU), will receive the SPPS Award, which is given "to a scientist (...) in recognition of his/her outstanding merited contribution to the science of plant biology in Scandinavia".
Nathaniel Street, PI at the Department of Plant Physiology (UmU), will receive the SPPS Early Career Award together with Ari-Pekka Mähönen, University of Helsinki. This award is granted to "a young, highly talented scientist, who has shown good progress and made significant, independent contributions to Scandinavian plant biology".
The Physiologia Plantarum Award, the prize of the organisation's journal, will go to Torgny Näsholm, because he is considered a scientist, who "has made outstanding contributions to plant science in the areas that are covered by the journal". Torgny Näsholm is PI at the Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology (SLU).
And Stefan Jansson, PI at the Department of Plant Physiology (UmU), will be awarded with the SPPS Popularization Prize, which is an award of honor "to encourage plant biologists to bring research results to the public".
More information about the prizes (webpage of the Scandinavian Plant Physiology Society, SPPS
Press release of Umeå University (in Swedish)
Information about the scientists research:
Gunnar Öquist's contact information
(Picture by Ingrid Söderbergh; from left Torgny Näsholm, Nathanial Street, Stefan Jansson)
The 2014 Agrisera prize is awarded to Delphine Gendre for her excellent scientific contributions involving highly skilled work looking at protein trafficking. This has lead to important publications in prestigious journals such as Plant Cell and PNAS. Delphine is also a very collegial and helpful person and has contributed to important dicussions about UPSC working conditions through her work on the UPSC board.
The award was presented by Greger Nordlund, Agrisera, on Tuesday, 16 December 2014, at UPSC.
(Picture: Joanna Porankiewicz-Asplund (Agrisera), Delphine Gendre, Greger Nordlund (Agrisera), Ove Nilsson)
Åsa Strand and Stefan Jansson, both professors at Umeå Plant Science Centre, are two of the six leading scientists who criticize Swedish and EU politicians acquiescence to non-science based arguments to halt research on genetically modified plants (GM). Moving away from current rules based on scientific assessments is a step backwards, the scientists write in a debate article in Svenska Dagbladet, SvD.
Article in Svenska Dagbladet, 2014-12-16 (in Swedish)
The research foundation credited Gunnar Öquist's extensive knowledge which involved him in research evaluations world wide. Gunnar Öquist is one of the main authors of the important Swedish report Fostering breakthrough research: A comparative study, which highlights Danish elite research as a success story.
Press release of the Danish National Research Foundation
(picture: Danish National Research Foundation)
Press release (In Swedish)
The signatories include world-leading plant scientists from Germany, Switzerland, the UK, Austria, Netherlands, Belgium and Sweden, all of whom are concerned that Europe may fall short on its current 'Horizon 2020' goals of producing "world-class science" and removing "barriers to innovation" unless European policymakers take a more pro-science stance.
The scientists, world-leaders in disciplines ranging from botany to ecology to molecular biology, state that the current EU "de facto moratorium on transgenic plant approvals has been detrimental for applied plant science and has effectively eliminated possibilities for publicly funded scientists and small companies to address the big challenges for society".
The open letter continues that "the resulting reduced competition has enhanced the dominance of major seed and agrochemical corporations" and calls for a "fundamental revision of GM regulation... that strictly follows the principles of science-based evaluations and approvals". This call is particularly timely because the European Parliament is currently considering European Council proposals to allow GM crop cultivation in those countries that choose to allow it. | <urn:uuid:d63087fc-6c05-4e13-9a4a-47ed136c79d2> | {
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The Nuclear Regulatory Commission has launched a special inspection at the Fermi nuclear power plant to determine if degraded paint inside a portion of the reactor containment could impact certain safety systems in accident conditions.
During a recent engineering inspection, the NRC noted a degradation in the paint inside the torus, a donut-shaped component of the reactor containment located below the reactor vessel. Filled with water, the torus is designed to absorb energy from the reactor or supply water to safety systems during an accident. Loose paint chips from the torus could potentially impede the flow of water to safety-related equipment, the agency said.
NRC’s five-person inspection team will focus on establishing a sequence of events related to degraded paint in the torus; reviewing the plant’s maintenance practices; and assessing the overall response since the discovery of the condition.
The inspectors will provide their preliminary conclusions regarding the significance of the issue in a publicly available report to be released approximately 45 days following completion of the inspection. The plant continues to operate safely. The Fermi plant, operated by DTE Electric Company, is located in Newport, Mich., approximately 25 miles northeast of Toledo.
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And they are saying the reactor doesn't have to be shut down for their inspection. How does that work? They won't actually look inside the torus, they will just review paperwork and see how to get DTE out of that mess without costing them money?
No Jessie - they do not have to shut it down. The torus is about half full of (sometimes borated) water. Divers enter it regularly to perform inspections and repairs. Read about the function of a Torus before you make up nonsensical posts to try to scare people.
Jessie, knowing there is degraded paint that might be a problem is very different from knowing there is a problem. If you see a wasp near your house, you wouldn't fumigate the house until you've investigated if there may be a full hidden nest. Nuclear plants are very good at protecting the general public
Southern Company plants always tracked coatings to ensure safety related coatings were always removed and replaced, at least by the next outage. Calculations existed for how much coating material of non-safety related was allowed if safety related coatings were removed. Al least this was the case before 2010. | <urn:uuid:7bdba11e-2550-404d-8e93-1cde385714e6> | {
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Need some biomedical sample signals? We can help you in a heartbeat!
A new website that we have launched in beta is aimed at being a valuable resource for WaveForms example workspaces, data, and projects. Today, I am highlighting one asset from the site, a sample signal of a human heartbeat pulse!
Using WaveForms, you can capture signals and export the data to be used at a later time or import a known signal to test a circuit’s response. For example, this pulse signal could be useful in testing a biomedical application that has a heartbeat pulse for an input. This signal can be imported into the Waveform Generator and used as an input if having a human connected is inconvenient or if the test requires some repeated signal over time. A known pulse signal could also provide valuable reference in the Oscilloscope to compare a new or other recorded signal.
This sample heartbeat pulse was captured using a photoresistor, a technique called “photoplethysmography” which senses changes in blood reflectivity as it pulses through a finger or earlobe. The file can be imported into the Oscilloscope in WaveForms and viewed as an acquisition. Check out the Sample Signal: Heartbeat post for the workspace and acquisition download. This project can also be found on Hackster.com here.
If you have a signal you’d like to see on testandmeasure.org feel free to suggest it using the suggestion form! Click on the “HAVE AN IDEA?” link on the navigation bar and let us know! | <urn:uuid:22053d5d-bd5b-4b2b-b03f-d073b97090d5> | {
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Over the weekend, the Washington Post published a series of articles on the poor health of the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries. Cleaning up the bay, which has been in serious trouble since the early 1980s is especially complicated since its tributaries pass through multiple jurisdictions; New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware, the District of Columbia, Virginia, and West Virginia all contain part of the watershed, which is fed by two major rivers (the Potomac and Susquehanna) and numerous smaller tributaries. That means that cleanup strategies have to be coordinated among the various stakeholders, which then have to fight their own internal battles over funding and enforcement priorities.
In the meantime, work is being left undone.
Maryland, Virginia and Pennsylvania all pledged that their farmers would put up fences along streambanks to keep cows out. But they didn't make it a legal requirement: Officials feared this kind of regulation would be a burden on farmers and would be difficult to enforce....The problem with cow manure is that it contains nitrogen that feeds algae blooms, which in turn cause dead zones throughout much of the bay. Cow manure is just one of many nitrogen or phosphorus sources within the watershed. Sources include fertilizers, sewage, detergents, and septic tanks, among others. While the cleanup has effected some reductions in nitrogen and phosphorus, and stabilized some underwater life, it has fallen far short of its goals.
But in Virginia, many farmers simply didn't want the hassle. And reimbursement funding, which came out of state budget surpluses, was often short. From July 2006 to June 2007, Virginia turned away 144 farmers who wanted to fence off 84 miles of streambank.
Now, Virginia has reached only about 20 percent of its goal for fencing off streams. Across the Chesapeake watershed, the figure is 27 percent. | <urn:uuid:29bf2d0c-8ac0-4a70-a175-a6ba9f16566b> | {
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Flea larvae molt twice, once between each of their three stages. While pupating, two more molts are completed within a cocoon before an adult flea emerges.
Cat flea larvae develop through three stages. At each respective stage, the larval forms are called first, second, and third instars. Molts occur once between each of the three stages, a total of two times. As a result of molting, each larval instar grows progressively larger in size.
Img 1 Shed flea larval casings (exuviae) found in the environment from previous moults.
Once a larva has fully mature into a third instar, it will spin a cocoon around itself to prepare for pupation. Two more molts, larval-pupal and pupal-imago, are completed within the cocoon before an adult flea emerges.
The Molting Process
Flea larvae are encased in a rigid outer cuticle. This external skeleton keeps them locked into a fixed size and prevents growth. In order to grow, the larvae must periodically go through a process of ecdysis (moulting) where they shed their cuticle.
Prior to shedding, the epidermis detaches itself from the old cuticle and excretes a new one. Enzymes are then produced to erode the old cuticle. Eventually the larvae are able to pull themselves out of their old encasement. During this process, they continue to behave normally, because muscle attachments and nerve connections are unaffected. | <urn:uuid:af651761-06a5-445e-ac37-e134296f0e9d> | {
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History is filled up with examples where crisis and scandals paved the way for regulatory interventions in the financial marketplaces. The UK launched major changes in its regulatory practice following the semester of the Barings Lender as a result of the financial scandals through the 1990s. The Financial Services Expert was deregulated to be able to build up more rigid and consolidated restrictions that conformed to the practice which were prevalent on the market. Similarly, the US saw a significant move in its financial accounting rules following the Enron catastrophe. The financial crisis of 2007-2009 has resulted in bringing the problem of standardizing the laws on financial accounting methods. Regulators worldwide have realized the systematic risks inherent in the financial market segments and the critical role that polices can play in sprouting and exacerbating the fiasco.
Accounting standards performs a vital role in financial accounting and reporting for shareholders to make good decisions. Financial accounting and reporting are put through various regulations like the Securities exchange Fee (SEC), the financial Accounting Benchmarks Mother board (FASB), and the International Accounting Expectations Table (IASB).
They is different from countries due to the variations in the economical, social and political factors included. (P. Dark brown)
The Securities and Exchange Payment (SEC) was created in response to the major currency markets crash in 1929 to restore investor confidence. In those days, financial claims were often poor in quality rather than audited.
Arguments for regulation
Over the years there have been many quarrels over the necessity for rules. Accounting restrictions are needed in the establishments that are vunerable to monopolistic behaviours to protect stakeholder's pursuits. These monopolies undermine your competition, as they would try to conquer the rival that poses a threat to their show in the market. Hence, regulation can help the governments in retaining the efficiency of the marketplaces to keep them attractive for traders and maintaining good trade.
Arguments in favour of regulation match the market inability, government will be able to help through regulations.
Moreover, regulations is highly recommended whenever there are businesses and finance institutions that provide windfall profits anticipated to new creativity; the organization can achieve high income. Suppliers use unethical methods to charge a large sum of money by excluding the real cost, which is known as externalities. Furthermore to these, there are information asymmetries which exist where companies do not completely disclose their decisions. Bushman and Landsman (2010) suggest that optimum disclosure of financial information are beneficial because failure to do so might cause investors sceptical assumptions.
Proponents of the laws maintain that markets usually place their interest above the best advantage of the society. Thus, interventions in the restrictions are necessary.
Regulations are considered to provide a strong and concentrated control over the activities that are regarded important by the world. For the time being, regulations is seen as the stringent process for accomplishing and action in the organization environment such as in order to create, manage and end an organization, one has to check out the regulations organized in the businesses' legislations (Sloan, 2001). But regulations should not be regarded as "negative" as it helps in managing, controlling and getting results from various business activities. For example, the rules and assessments that are built into the regulations, give people the self-assurance that these laws wouldn't normally allow people to step out of these authority and conform to the regulatory requirements; that are developed keeping their passions in perspective.
The move from government authorities brought light into the issue of regulating the accounting handling in the industry. Accounting is mostly in charge of providing relevant information for decision making required to make decisions of financial nature. These details is made by accountants and specialists on the market which are accountable for preserving the record of the financial and accounting data for the business. These details is posted in the total annual financial accounts as well as the stock market helping buyers to make enlightened decisions.
Moreover, there are restrictions relating to the use of taxes as well as the task by which organizations are formed and founded. The statutory and financial requirements ensure that the organizations can handle achieving their financial and corporate and business obligations (Bushman and Landsman, 2010)
Hence, legislation play an integral role in the performing of daily business organizations in the modern world.
There are a sizable number of procedures that need laws as they contain data that is critical for efficient operation of the organizations. These details should not be jeopardized and inserting regulatory requirements on its collections and maintenance is a safe way to ensure the efficiency of the accounting process (Hoogendoorn, 2006).
Arguments against regulation
Nonetheless, there are a number of perspectives on the problem of regulating the financial market segments. The critics of the theory present the argument that these rules aren't needed as the marketplace player's act within an productive manner to serve the contemporary society and efficiently utilize their resources.
Characteristics of 'principles-based' and 'rules-based' standards
A standard consist of principles and rules that connect with given accounting issue (Nelson, 2003). Schipper (2003) recommended that accounting requirements in US are definitely more rules-based but often based on key points while IAS and IFRS are usually more principles-based.
According to ICAS (2006), principles-based accounting specifications are based on a conceptual platform. They claim that such benchmarks "need a clear hierarchy of overarching principles, principles that indicate the overarching ideas and limited further assistance" (ICAS, 2006). The principles-based deliver a comprehensive way in preparing the financial statement yet gets the flexibility to defeat any situations. Sarbanes-Oxley Work of 2002 required the SEC to evaluate the viability of a principles-based accounting system. The SEC concentrated their studies on "objective-oriented" benchmarks, which is comparable to FASB's description of principles-based specifications but Benston et al. , (2006) suggest that it is more ideal as it offer a narrower framework that limits the range of professional judgement but allowing more versatility.
In 2008, Offer Thornton given a White Newspaper suggesting six high-quality characteristics of principles-based accounting standard. This include; "faithful display of economic truth, responsive to users' needs for clearness and transparency, reliability with a Conceptual Framework, predicated on a defined opportunity that addresses a broad portion of accounting, written in a and understandable vocabulary, use of appropriate judgment" (Offer Thornton, 2008). Benston et al. , (2006) agrees that principles-based tend to have more professional judgement. The practice of professional view is reinforced to give a true and reasonable view of the organisation's performance.
The fundamental benefit of principles-based accounting is that its broad recommendations can be practical for a number of circumstances. Precise requirements will often compel managers to manipulate the statements to fit what is compulsory.
According to Nelson (2003), rules-based requirements have more 'bright range threshold', more guidelines, have significantly more scope exceptions and large level of implementation guidance. Example for bright-line rules-based standards is the managing of capital rent and operating rent. The principle distinction being a capital lease might need to arrive on the property record of the carrier whereas working lease do not need any recording. Two distinguishable rent orders are characterized contrastingly centered after the GAAP letting recommendations (Maines, 2007).
Rules-based escalates the comparability especially when accountants and regulators have different viewpoints on interpretation of accounting issues.
The FASB developed rules-based standards to increase verifiability for management, auditors and regulators who look for a clear view of accounting issue. This is related to the decrease in litigation as assistance to safeguard them from any lawsuits or criticism for intense reporting (Benston et al. , 2006). If company fails to comply with these rules, it has to face legal repercussions due to the fact that buyers entrust the company to meet up with the regulatory requirements and make their decisions based on the interpretation of financial data.
Regulators often choose rules to avoid unpredictable of later enforcement. Rules reduce discretion of preparer making their judgement less likely to be encouraged by the yearning of personal benefits (Coglianese et al. , 2004). Furthermore, some managers like rules-based benchmarks as business layout to get ready financial statement. To accomplish desirable financial final result, they reach gain opportunities by lobbying for treatment of different type of business preparations (Maines, 2007).
Why are 'principles-based' benchmarks more useful than 'rules-based' requirements?
Many commentators have suggested that the US accounting standard is more rules-based. Rules are usually simple but in reality it might complex and easily be manipulated. For situations, tax restrictions are mainly rules-based creating problem to come up when organisation start a new purchase not under the guideline guideline. Making it problematic for auditors to clarify the inconsistencies (Coglianese et al. , 2004). Benston et al. , (2006) agree that the intricacy of rules may become dysfunctional when the monetary changes or when managers structure ventures that meet the rules. Therefore, there is no need to reduce income management and enhance the quality of financial reporting because mangers' will eventually find his way to meet guidelines by violating them that overcompensate for judgemental discretion. Thus, many regulators are actually leaning towards principles-based approach.
Application of rules-based according to Schipper (2003) is undesirable because the 'check-box' mentality tend to risk the grade of financial reporting whereas principles-based exercises professional judgement. Regulators believe that rules-based approach foster creative accounting, neither thorough nor comparable. It is a delusion that rules-based could completely eliminate risk of litigation. Rather than rules-based, principles-based accounting systems give a true and good platform with effective communication that will be required by stakeholders. Threat of litigation will always continue to be but principles-based will minimise the chance (ICAS, 2006).
Rules exist just because a standard is based on poor guidelines. Using applicable theory would decrease the need of experiencing detailed set of rules, therefore complexness of the guidelines could be minimised and standard increase its comparability (Nobes, 2005). Furthermore principles-based expectations are designed to provide a more exact accounting declaration reflecting the company's performance reason because as the used of principles-based increase, manipulation of guidelines would reduce.
Study result demonstrates corporate managers like principles-based. Objectives are yet again the versatility when they could survey what they believe of the consequences, beneficial of forecast profits and when management reimbursement is related to their aim for (Philips et al. , 2010). The analysis have also mentioned that principles-based concentration more on reporting the true economic circumstances, however with very much liberty auditors might challenge management's misappropriation of standards. Thus, focusing on one or the other standard will not necessary solve the transparency of financial reporting.
There are two things to take into consideration when engaging into principles-based standards. The problems are to reduce the weighting given to comparability in accordance with other qualitative characteristics in the conceptual framework also to increase professional judgement in both purchase and financial statement (Bennett et al. , 2006).
Problems standard setters have in promulgating requirements that are 'principles-based'
Accounting requirements are promulgated to assist the objective of financial reporting; some gatherings assume that collapse of your company was brought on by the incompetent expectations. Problems standard setters find promulgating principles-based standard is because rules-based standard is favourable sometimes. Rules-based standards have the ability to achieve qualitative characteristic of comparability in financial reporting whereas principles-based are not able to. Criticism of principles-based arise when doubt of the standard reflects a threat of regulator sanctions. Doubt can be accepted only if regulator agree to the firm's interpretations and respond correspondingly (Dark, 2007). Level of uncertainty increase if standard setter developed inside understanding of the guide not shown in the firm's assertion. Moreover, making use of principles-based standard will have diminishing influence on the aggressive reporting than conditioning audit committee. (Agoglia et al. , 2011)
According to Coglianese et al. , (2004) move to principles-based may grow problem such as inadequate training to make professional judgment, therefore training will be required. Moreover in the absence of rules, managers may disclose biased information thus company might need to professional resolve (Maines, 2007). Professionals do not necessarily apply accounting requirements in good faith, these are always biased and today with the versatility of principles it is criticised that surge of prospect of earning management (Nelson, 2003). Providing ideal take care of may be challenging because auditors find difficulty in predicting how principles will be applied to certain litigation. Regardless of the restriction of rules-based, some standard setter would still favor rules to concepts merely to avoid both uncertainties and litigations.
We can conclude out of this dialogue that accounting has been not been able to receive a whole regulatory pack that provides a theoretical base for the financial accounting website. The individualistic approach to developing these theories has not been successful because they miss out on some important factual information. Globalization has induced a number of troubles to the accounting domain as more and more companies have migrated their systems from manual to computerized systems. Therefore, regulators face a elevating issue of devising polices that ensure the integrity and confidentiality of the accounting information.
There are many mixed feelings about the ideas to regulate accounting. However, regardless of the mixed opinions, the theory to modify accounting is strong. It is not only the accountable move to make, but it will also safeguard the general public form companies and fraudulent activities that may occur. Never to regulate accounting laws and practices will only leave room to assemble more mistrust in the accounting.
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- Writing a scholarship essay | <urn:uuid:f0fdaec7-bf37-4994-8ab0-db6f47b2fc6c> | {
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Does a full moon affect people. Christian Cajochen et al.
Full Moon for February
Ina retrospective study in the United Kingdom reported an association between the full moon and significant increases in animal bites to humans.
What is a Black Moon?
A police officer responsible for sex cam chat free research told the BBC that "From my experience of 19 years of being a police officer, undoubtedly on full moons we do seem to get people with sort of strange behavior — more fractious, argumentative.
Schizophrenia generally exhibit 1.
Another study found that pets were more likely to visit the vet on nights when the moon was full and bright, suggesting that they are more active and taking more risks. | <urn:uuid:e776b4ec-a139-4bfd-a86d-57a93c3bbddd> | {
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|The 1842 Brick School (historically the North School) is nominated for listing in the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion C for significance in the Area of Architecture. The building was the only brick one-room schoolhouse constructed in Kensington, is one of four surviving one-room schoolhouses in Kensington, and is the only one retaining its. historic school-related design and interior features and the only one not adapted for residential uses. The property is significant at the local level as a rare brick example of a mid-nineteenth-century rural one-room schoolhouse in the Greek Revival style and as a recognized landmark in the Town of Kensington. The building was in use as a one room schoolhouse from the time of its completion in 1842 until 1952. Since 1972 the building has been maintained by the Kensington Historical Society as a schoolhouse museum and thus continues to serve as a site of community educational programs. The schoolhouse retains the character-defining architectural features and details, materials, and craftsmanship that convey its architectural significance as a mid-nineteenth-century Greek Revival brick one-room schoolhouse with early twentieth-century modifications in keeping with changing ideas about school spaces and proper light, heat, and ventilation. The massing, fenestration, and decorative detailing are all characteristic of this type, style, and period of construction and alterations over a more than 100-year period of use. The plan, with only one entry, is somewhat atypical and the use of brick construction is somewhat rare in the rural setting. The distinguishing features that constitute the style include the gable-front facade, regular fenestration on the facade, the brick corbelled cornice and cornice returns, and entry with transom light. The interior is significant for its original and historic finishes such as plaster walls above horizontal board wainscoting, 12/12 sash windows, and raised field four-panel doors into the rear ell. The bank of windows along the westerly wall, fir flooring, edge-and center- bead board ceiling, suspended milk glass light fixtures, and rear ell addition though early twentieth-century alterations, are well within the historic period and were done when the building was still in use as a schoolhouse. The Brick School has a high degree of architectural integrity making the property a good example of the building practices over a period of time in history. The school is also nominated for listing under Criterion A for significance in the Area of Education at the local level for its association with the growth and development of public education in Kensington. The Period of Significance for the property represents the years of its design, construction, and completion, 1842, through 1952, when it ceased being used as a school, with the significant dates of 1918 and 1920 relating to the window and rear ell additions. The school retains integrity of location, design, feeling, materials, setting, association, and workmanship. | <urn:uuid:197b69cd-1714-489a-8f4b-875e228c340e> | {
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In the ever-evolving market dynamics, understanding the basics of money can save you from financial instability. Understanding the basics of money involves realizing your earnings, debt, and credit management. With modern technology, money does not necessarily mean liquid cash in your wallet. As online shopping continues to be a consumers’ favorite, e-wallet significantly affects how we spend, borrow, and save. With such ease of access, the need for financial literacy cannot be stressed enough.
The question, however, is what happens when you don’t the basics of money? Below is a look at why learning about the basics of money is essential.
You become self-sufficient
Understanding the basics of money allows you to devise money management techniques. That way, you can utilize your earnings in an informed manner and avoid borrowing unnecessary funds. Among the financial drawbacks is spending more than you earn.
With the readily available debts access and financial illiteracy, the chances of over-borrowing are high. As you learn the basics of money, however, you become aware of your spending habits, short term, and long-term borrowing. With such knowledge, you can efficiently eliminate the unnecessary habits allowing you to save more and become self-sufficient resulting in financial stability.
Understand the impact of financial choices
Without a clear roadmap, your capability to make a sound financial decision becomes difficult. In your pursuit for financial services, therefore, you are likely to make choices that hold negative implications on your financial performance.
You need to understand the basics of money to develop a financial roadmap that includes your earnings, spending, debts and credit and how you can effectively manage them to achieve your goals.
Gain the right attitude
People who spend unwisely due to financial illiteracy such as spending before earning hold a negative attitude towards money. This is primarily due to the lack of enough money to sustain their needs. It is from such frustrations that their attitude and behavior tends to drive them astray leading to financial instability.
With the basic knowledge about money, you get the right attitude towards money, develop practices that lead to wise money usage and saving and develop the motivation to work harder and smarter towards your goals.
Understand financial products
The financial market provides lots of choices for the consumers ranging from government funds and policies, credit unions, banks, brokerage firms, insurance firms, financial planners to mention a few. From their services, consumers can be overwhelmed, and without financial literacy, make uninformed decisions.
Most of such financial services such as mortgages, savings programs among others have a long-term effect on your financial stability. Before settling on a particular product, you need the basic understanding of your financial status to ensure that your choice does not negatively affect your financial performance as it may lead to instability owing to its long-term commitment.
Financial instability comes with a myriad of effects such as divorces, ruined relationships, low self-esteem to mention a few. For you to effectively evade such consequences, you need to understand the basics of money to ensure that you avoid financial mistakes that could frustrate your financial stability. | <urn:uuid:696ccf6b-b042-42ce-99dd-15217c29f675> | {
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Many of the strongest advocates for planned grazing of cattle and other domestic animals to maintain and restore habitat health – ourselves included – started out opposed to grazing, which the agencies and universities have taught 4-generations to believe is bad for plants and animals.
California has recently acknowledged what the medical community has known for years: Glyphosate (Roundup) causes cancer. It is implicated in other diseases like alzheimers, gluten intolerance, diabetes, infertility and more. Glyphosate residuals are found in most everything we drink, eat and wear. Efforts to move away from glyphosate dependance in agricultural and wildlife practices must …
Desert Mountain Wildlife #3 – part of a series on wildlife pictures was taken in Winter 2017, at Circle Ranch in the Sierra Diablo Mountains of far-West Texas. The series contains many wildlife photos, and, discusses holistic wildlife management practices. Desert Mountain Wildlife #3 from Christopher Gill on Vimeo.
In low rain areas, maintaining plant coverage through periodic planned grazing and limited mechanized soil disruption are basic principles of regenerative farming and regenerative grazing. These work wonders for cows, crops and wildlife. During the Drought from Peter Byck on Vimeo. | <urn:uuid:3662bb30-a2f2-491e-a14e-3a801d8967a6> | {
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Home > News > Environment
Monday May 26, 2014 MYT 12:00:00 AM
Monday May 26, 2014 MYT 7:36:15 AM
by angela dewan
Catch the wind: Villagers erect a windmill on a field of small wind turbines in Kamanggih, Sumba island, East Nusa Tenggara. — AFP
Indonesian island hopes to spark green power revolution.
AN Indonesian family of farmers eat cobs of corn outside their hut under the glow of a light bulb, as the women weave and young men play with mobile phones.
Until two years ago, most people in Kamanggih village on the island of Sumba had no power at all. Now 300 homes have access to 24-hour electricity produced by a small hydroelectric generator in the river nearby.
“We have been using the river for water our whole lives, but we never knew it could give us electricity,” Adriana Lawa Djati said, as 1980s American pop songs drifted from a cassette player inside.
While Indonesia struggles to fuel its fast-growing economy, Sumba is harnessing power from the sun, wind, rivers and even pig dung in a bid to go 100% renewable by 2025.
The ambitious project, called the “Iconic Island“, was started by Dutch development organisation Hivos and is now part of the national government’s strategy to almost double renewables in its energy mix over the next 10 years.
Sumba, in central Indonesia, is an impoverished island of mostly subsistence farmers and fishermen. Access to power has made a huge difference to people like Djati.
“Since we started using electricity, so much has changed. The kids can study at night, I can weave baskets and mats for longer, and sell more at the market” she said.
While only around 30% of Sumba’s 650,000 people have been hooked up to the power grid, more than 50% of electricity used now on the island comes from renewable sources, government data show.
Hivos field co-ordinator Adrianus Lagur hoped the project would be replicated by other islands in the same province of East Nusa Tenggara, one of the country’s poorest.
Indonesia is one of the region’s most poorly electrified nation, partly because it sprawls over 17,000 islands of which more than 6,000 are inhabited.
Despite enjoying economic growth of around 6% annually in recent years, Indonesia is so short of energy that it rolls out scheduled power cuts that cripple entire cities and sometimes parts of the capital.
To keep up with growth, Indonesia is planning to boost its electricity capacity by 60 gigawatts over a 10-year period to 2022. Twenty percent of that is to come from renewable sources.
“Indonesia has been a net importer of oil for years, and our oil reserves are limited, so renewables are an important part of our energy security,” said Mochamad Sofyan, renewable energy chief of state electricity company PLN.
Hefty electricity and fuel subsidies have been a serious burden on the state budget.
But small-scale infrastructure, like mini hydroelectric generators and small wind turbines that power Sumba are not enough to close the national energy gap, even if they were built on all Indonesia’s islands.
Massive hydropower and geothermal projects, which use renewable energy extracted from underground pockets of heat, are needed to really tackle the nationwide problem, said Sofyan.
Indonesia, one of the world’s most seismically active countries, also has the biggest reserves of geothermal, often near its many volcanoes and tectonic plate boundaries. It is considered one of the cleanest forms of energy available.
But geothermal is largely untapped as legislation to open up exploration moves slowly and the industry is bound in red tape.
Sofyan said there is also concern that Sumba’s target to be powered 100% by renewable energy is unrealistic.
“In the long term, we see Sumba still relying somewhat on diesel generators. It will be powered predominantly by renewables, but I don’t think it will be able to switch off the grid,” Sofyan said.
Hivos admits its goal is ambitious, saying it is “inspirational and political” rather than technical but the NGO believes the target may be achievable even in the long term.
Nonetheless the Sumbanese are reaping the benefits of the green energy sources already available, which have lifted a considerable financial burden for many due to reduced costs for wood and oil.
Elisabeth Hadi Rendi, 60, in the town of Waingapu, has been farming pigs since 1975, but it was only two years ago when Hivos visited her home that she came to understand the power of porcine poo. Pigs are commonly kept in Sumba, a predominantly Christian island in Muslim-majority Indonesia.
Each day Rendi shovels dung from the pig pens and churns it in a well, after which it is funnelled to a tank and converted into methane gas. It has saved her household around six million rupiah (RM1,680) in two years, a significant sum for a typical Sumbanese family.
“We also make fertiliser from the waste to use in our garden, where we grow vegetables,” said Rendi. “We eat the vegetables and feed some to the pigs too, which will become biogas again, so the energy literally goes round and round.” — AFP
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Implantation is an event that occurs early in pregnancy in which the embryo adheres to the wall of uterus. At this stage of prenatal development, the embryo is a blastocyst. It is by this adhesion that the fetus receives the oxygen and the nutrients from the mother to be able to grow.
The implantation window
There are many conditions that must be satisfied in order for a successful implantation to take place. There is only a specific period of time during which implantation is possible, this is the "implantation window". A reason for this window is that if implantation does not occur at a certain time, then it signifies that something is wrong. And when there is a risk that something is wrong, there will most likely be a miscarriage
rather than the continued gestation of a malformed fetus.
The implantation window is started by preparations in the endometrium of the uterus, both structurally and in the composition of its secretions.
Adaption of uterus
To enable implantation, the uterus goes through changes in order to be able to receive the embryo.
The endometrium increases in thickness, becomes more vascularized
and its glands grow to be tortuous and boosted in their secretions. These changes reach their maximum about 7 days after ovulation
Furthermore, the surface of the endometrium produces a kind of rounded cells, which cover the whole area toward the uterine cavity. This happens about 9 to 10 days after ovulation. These cells are called decidual cells, which emphasises that the whole layer of them is shed off in every menstruation if no pregnancy occurs, just as leaves of deciduous trees. The uterine glands, on the other hand, decrease in activity and degenerate already 8 to 9 days after ovulation in absence of pregnancy.
The stromal cells originate from the stromal cells that are always present in the endometrium. However, the decidual cells make up a new layer, the decidua. The rest of the endometrium, in addition, expresses differences between the luminal and the basal sides. The luminal cells form the zona compacta of the endometrium, in contrast to the basalolateral zona spongiosa, which consists of the rather spongy stromal cells.
Decidualization succeeds predecidualization if pregnancy occurs. This is an expansion of it, further developing the uterine glands, the zona compacta and the epithelium of decidual cells lining it. The decidual cells become filled with lipids and glycogen and take the polyhedral shape characteristic for decidual cells.
It is likely that the blastocyst itself makes the main contribution to this additional growing and sustaining of the decidua. An indication of this is that decidualization occurs at a higher degree in conception cycles than in nonconception cycles. Furthermore, similar changes are observed when giving stimuli mimicking the natural invasion of the embryo.
Parts of decidua
The decidua can be organized into separate sections, although they have the same composition.
This is the part of the decidua which is located basalolateral to the embryo after implantation.
Decidua capsularis grows over the embryo on the luminal side, enclosing it into the endometrium. It surrounds the embryo together with decidua basalis.
All other decidua on the uterine surface belongs to decidua parietalis.
Decidua throughout pregnancy
After implantation the decidua remains, at through least the first trimester
. However, its most prominent time is during the early stages of pregnancy, during implantation. Its function as a surrounding tissue is replaced by the definitive placenta
. However, some elements of the decidualization remain throughout pregnancy.
The compacta and spongiosa layers are still observable beneath the decidua in pregnancy. The glands of the spongiosa layer continue to secrete during the first trimester, when they degenerate. However, before that disappearance, some glands secrete unequally much. This phenomenon of hypersecretion is called the Arias-Stella phenomenon, after the pathologist Javier Arias-Stella.
Pinopodes are small, finger-like protrusions from the endometrium. They appear between day 19 and day 21 of gestational age
. This corresponds to a fertilization age
of approximately 5 to 7 days, which corresponds well with the time of implantation. They only persist for 2 to 3 days. The development of them is enhanced by progesterone
but inhibited by estrogens
Function in implantation
Pinopodes endocytose uterine fluid and macromolecules in it. By doing so, the volume of the uterus decreases, taking the walls closer to the embryoblast floating in it. Thus, the period of active pinocytes might also limit the implantation window.
Function during implantation
Pinopodes continue to absorb fluid, and removes most of it during the early stages of implantation.
Adaption of secretions
Not only the lining of the uterus transforms. In addition, the secretion from its epithelial glands changes. This change is induced by increased levels of progesterone
from the corpus luteum
. The target of the secretions is the embryoblast, and has several functions on it.
The embryoblast spends approximately 72 hours in the uterine cavity before implanting. In that time, it cannot receive nourishment directly from the blood of the mother, and must rely on secreted nutrients into the uterine cavity, e.g. iron and fat-soluble vitamins.
Growth and implantation
In addition to nourishment, the endometrium secretes several steroid
-dependent proteins, important for growth and implantation. Cholesterol
and steroids are also secreted. Implantation is further facilitated by synthesis of matrix
substances, adhesion molecues
and surface receptors
for the matrix substances.
Implantation occurs approximately 7 days after fertilisation
, and is initiated when the blastocyst comes into contact with the uterine wall.
To be able to perform implantation, the blastocyst first needs to get rid of its zona pellucida
. This process can be called "hatching".
Lytic factors in the uterine cavity, as well as factors from the blastocyst itself are essential for this process. Mechanisms in the latter are indicated by that the zona pellucida remains intact if an unfertilized egg is placed in the uterus under the same conditions. A substance probably involved is plasmin
, the plasmin precursor, is found in the uterine cavity, and blastocyst factors contribute to its conversion to active plasmin. This hypothesis is supported by lytic effects in vitro
by plasmin. Furthermore, plasmin inhibitors also inhibit the entire zona hatching in rat experiments.
The very first, albeit loose, connection between the blastocyst and the endometrium is called the apposition.
On the endometrium, the apposition is usually made where there is a small crypt in it, perhaps because it increases the area of contact with the rather spherical blastocyst.
On the blastocyst, on the other hand, it occurs at a location where there has been enough lysis of the zona pellucida to have created a rupture to enable direct contact between the underlying trophoblast and the decidua of the endometrium. However, ultimately, the inner cell mass, inside the trophoblast layer, is aligned closest to the decidua. Nevertheless, the apposition on the blastocyst is not dependent on if it is on the same side of the blastocyst as the inner cell mass. Rather, the inner cell mass rotates inside the trophoblast to align to the apposition. In short, the entire surface of the blastocyst has a potential to form the apposition to the decidua.
Adhesion is a much stronger attachment to the endometrium than the loose apposition.
The trophoblasts adhere by penetrating the endometrium, with protrusions of trophoblast cells.
There is massive communication between the blastocyst and the endometrium at this stage. The blastocyst signals to the endometrium to adapt further to its presence, e.g. by changes in the cytoskeleton
of decidual cells. This, in turn, dislodges the decidual cells from their connection to the underlying basal lamina
, which enables the blastocyst to perform the succeeding invasion.
This communication is conveyed by receptor-ligand-interactions, both integrin-matrix and proteoglycan ones.
-spanning receptors with the ability to react with extracellular matrix-proteins, e.g. collagen, laminin, fibronectin and vitronectin.
In this case, integrins are found on the surface of the trophoblast-cells of the blastocyst, as well as on the decidual cells on the uterine wall. The integrins on the trophoblast reacts with collagen, laminin and fibronectin surrounding decidual cells. It is probably fibronectin that guides the blastocyst in between the decidual cells down to the basal lamina.
On the other hand, integrins are also found on the decidual cells, reacting with matrix proteins around decidual cells, also in this case fibronectin for instance. Experimentally, implantation is blocked when small peptides with sequences similar to fibronectin is present, because they occupy the integrins of the decidua, making them unable to attach to blastocyst fibronectins.
However, the integrins are only present on the decidua for a limited period of time, more specifically between day 20 to 24 of gestational age, contributing to the implantation window-phenomenon.
Another ligand-receptor system involved in adhesion is proteoglycan receptors, found on the surface of the decidua of the uterus. Their counterparts, the proteoglycans, are found around the trophoblast cells of the blastocyst. This ligand-receptor system also is present just at the implantation window.
Invasion is an even further establishment of the blastocyst in the endometrium.
The protrusions of trophoblast cells that adhere into the endometrium continue to proliferate and penetrate into the endometrium. These penetrating cells differentiate to become a new type of cells, syncytiotrophoblast
. The prefix syn- refers to that the boundaries between these cells disappears, forming a single mass of a multitude of cell nuclei
. The rest of the trophoblasts, surrounding the inner cell mass, are hereafter called cytotrophoblasts
Invasion continues with the syncytiotrophoblasts reaching the basal membrane beneath the decidual cells, penetrating it and further invading into the uterine stroma. Finally, the whole embryo is embedded in the endometrium. Eventually, the syncytiotrophoblasts come into contact with maternal blood and form chorionic villi. This is the initiation of forming the placenta.
The blastocyst secretes factors for a multitude of purposes during invasion. It secretes several autocrine
factors, targeting itself and stimulating it to further invade the endometrium. Furthermore, secretions loosen decidual cells from each other, prevent the embryo from being rejected by the mother, trigger the final decidualization and prevent menstruation.
Human chorionic gonadotropin
is an autocrine growth factor for the blastocyst. Insulin-like growth factor
type 2, on the other hand, stimulates the invasiveness of it.
The syncytiotrophoblasts dislodges decidual cells in their way, both by degradation of cell adhesion molecules
linking the decidual cells together as well as degradation of the extracellular matrix between them.
Cell adhesion molecules are degraded by syncytiotrophoblast secretion of Tumor necrosis factor-alpha. This inhibits the expression of cadherins and beta-catenin. Cadherins is a cell adhesion molecule and beta-catenin helps anchoring it to the cell membrane. Inhibited expression of these molecules thus loosens the connection between decidual cells, permitting the syncytotrophoblasts and the whole embryo with them to invade into the endometrium.
The extracellular matrix is degraded by serine endopeptidases and metalloproteinases. Examples of such metalloproteinases are collagenases, gelatinases and stromelysins. These collagenases digest Type-I collagen, Type-II collagen, Type-III collagen, Type-VII collagen and Type-X collagen. The gelatinases exist in two forms; one digesting Type-IV collagen and one digesting gelatin.
The embryo differs from the cells of the mother, and would be rejected as a parasite by the immune system
of the mother if it didn't secrete immunosuppressive
agents. Such agents are Platelet-activating factor
, human chorionic gonadotropin
, early pregnancy factor
, immunosuppressive factor
, Prostaglandin E2
, Interleukin 1
-alpha, Interleukin 6
-alpha, leukemia inhibitory factor
and Colony-Stimulating Factor
Factors from the blastocyst also trigger the final formation of decidual cells into their proper form. In contrast, some decidual cells in the proximity of the blastocyst degenerate, providing nutrients for it.
Prevention of menstruation
Human chorionic gonadotropin
(hCG) not only acts as an immunosuppressive, but also "notifies" the mother's body that she is pregnant
, preventing menstruation by sustaining the function of the corpus luteum
Other factors secreted by the blastocyst are;
Viewpoints on the beginning of pregnancy
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Prep 2 Curriculum Letter Friday 18th March 2016
Dates For Your Diary
PLEASE NOTE - SWIMMING BLOCK RESUMES AS SOON AS WE RETURN (WEEK BEGINNING APRIL 4)
April 4th - Summer Term begins
May 2nd - Labor Day/National Holiday (school is closed)
May 13th - Founder's Day: 1/2 day for students
May 26th- Prep 2 Sports Day.
June 17th - Last day of Summer Term; holidays begin
Our next IPC unit of work titled, “Water World” will help children to understand the importance of water. Water is important to all living things – without water there would be no life on Earth. In this unit we will look at how we use water every day to stay clean and healthy, just like the many plants and animals we share our world with.
Not everyone in the world has clean, fresh water – but we can help to change that, because water is for everyone. We will explore different parts of the world that do not have clean fresh water and what we can do to help.
Finally the children will be investigating different water habitats around the world and the damage that humans do to these environments and what we can do to help or change this problem.
Key Learning Goals
During this unit, we will be focusing on the following goals -
1.12: Be able to use secondary sources to obtain simple geographical information.
1.3: Be able to identify ways of finding out about scientific issues
1.4: Be able, with help to conduct simple scientific investigations; recognizing when a test or comparison with one variable is fair.
Other Curriculum Areas
In Mathematics we will be looking at 2D and 3D shapes.We will be comparing the shapes by investigating their features and making shape patterns. Next we will be looking at Numbers to 50 where the focus will be on representing and ordering the numerals, as well as beginning the concept of place value.
In Language Arts we will continue with journal writing, focusing on sentence structure and writing letters and words that can be easily read. We will also be consolidating our knowledge on Jolly Phonic sounds and using our phonic knowledge to decode words. We will be introducing different magic 100 word activities and begin a new unit 'personal narrative' in Writers Workshop.
In Art we will be working on a ‘Stand Alone’ project. This means our unit is not connected to the IPC classroom unit, but will focus on core skills and techniques in a particular medium, this time in clay. We will be exploring the many uses of clay around the world, both utilitarian and decorative as well as viewing famous clay sculptures. Children will become knowledgeable about various tools used when working with clay. To help with this project, we will develop skills in hand-building technique, particularly making pinch pots and using tools to create texture.
In PE this term, children will be working on an invasion Games Unit with a focus on attack and defence:
In Invasion Games children will
- Know and be able to apply the rules and regulations of a number of small-sided games
- Observe, copy and develop throwing, catching, kicking and sending actions
- Perform isolated skills with increasing control and coordination and improve them by reception
- Take part in a range of modified football, netball, hockey and basketball invasion games
Swimming begins again after Easter!
All classes will be continuing with their swimming programme after Easter.
Please see below for a reminder of your classes swimming lesson times:
Prep2 RDa – Monday 10.50am – 11.20am
Prep2 AKo – Tuesday 8.40am – 9.10am
Prep 2HRo – Wednesday 10.50am-11.20am
In Chinese, we are working on Unit 3: I Like Sports
• Learn to say some simple sports activities
• Stating one’ s favourite sports and asking others about their favourite sports
• Stating family members’ favourite sports
In Music, we will begin a unit titled “Jack & the Beanstalk”. Pupils will learnthe story of Jack & the Beanstalk through song. Each song will include elements of instrumental accompaniment. Pupils will begin to expand and reinforce their knowledge of beat and rhythm.
Our Entry Point
Our Exit Point
This week our virtue was 'joyfulness'.
You are practising joyfulness when...
- You look inside for happiness.
- Enjoy whatever you are doing.
- Have a good sense of humor.
- Feel an inner peace even when things are tough.
When we return from the holidays, our virtue of the week will be 'Enthusiasm'.
Prep 2 Team 2016
Mrs Koh (Head of Grade) and Ms Florence
Ms Renuka and Ms Alice
Ms Rode and Ms Grace
Jacqueline McNalty (Head of Early Years) | <urn:uuid:045c3ac2-da86-401a-bad0-235a18548a46> | {
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Strategies in undergraduate medical education: Web-based self-directed learning in genetics
Background The practice of medicine requires advanced problem solving and self-directed learning abilities. However, the majority of medical teaching still uses didactic techniques. It has been show that problem-based, self-directed learning is a more effective method of education, and these principles are being incorporated into medical school curricula worldwide. Web-based tools are also becoming increasingly appealing as technology progresses to foster student engagement. Online learning is also ideal for providing consistent curriculum content when a school has multiple campuses, or students undertaking clinical rotations at other sites. This is particularly important in medical genetics, where there is a wealth of information applicable to significantly sized patient populations, but a scarcity of learning tools for trainees. The field of genetics is relatively small and there are every few centres with enough professionals to constitute an adequate learning environment. Web-based tools can help eliminate these barriers by creating globally accessible learning resources. This study seeks to design and evaluate a series of web-based, self-directed case studies as a new teaching model. Objectives Our goal in this study was to establish whether web-based self-directed case studies are more effective than traditional didactic teaching techniques in learning about common genetic disorders. Methods A pilot case study review phenylketonuria (PKU) was developed using SoftChalk , a software program intended specifically for web-based teaching tool design. Along with written text, this case study includes images, interactive self-test questions, and links to references and other resources. The case was made available to medical students at Dalhousie University, who completed the case study as well as a feedback survey. Conclusions Of the respondents (n=13), all felt the case was an easy and enjoyable way to learn. The majority of respondents felt that the self-test and guiding questions were level-appropriate (92% and 100% respectively), although 69% would have also liked collaboration with a tutor or peers. All respondents agreed that independent learning is a vital skill in medical practice. The majority (83%) felt that they had better knowledge retention when encouraged to self-teach; however, only 63% felt that it was more effective than a lecture if delivered on its own.
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Thanks to the ingenuity and hard work of NASA, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the University of Arizona, as of Sunday the United States has a new outpost in space, a 900-pound, three-legged research station comfortably settled in the far north of Mars.
After a 10-month, roundabout 422 million-mile journey from Earth, the Phoenix Mars Lander, using a parachute and thrusters, slowed from 12,000 mph to 5 and began a new era in Mars exploration. It had to be a hairy moment for Phoenix's handlers back on Earth. The landing took seven minutes but since it takes 15 minutes for a signal to reach Mars, the technicians were helpless to intervene if something went wrong.
And there's much that can go wrong. Six of the 11 missions to Mars have ended in failure and this spacecraft is a lineal descendant of, and shares many of the same parts as, the 1999 Mars Polar Lander that simply disappeared, hence the name Phoenix.
But Phoenix not only landed intact but immediately got to work, deploying its solar panels, raising its weather mast and beaming photos back to Earth. (The photos are available at http://phoenix.lpl.Arizona.edu.)
The site was chosen because it is relatively flat and featureless and also because it is believed water ice lies close enough to the surface of Phoenix's robotic arm to dig it out and test it for traces of organic compounds, a sign that life may have existed on the Red Planet and may still exist, although in really primitive form.
The mission is intended to last three months. But who knows? The two little robot rovers, Spirit and Opportunity, landed on Mars in 2004 for a three-month mission and they're still trundling around today. | <urn:uuid:8d6a55eb-4f31-4cfb-bb76-18fbfc44c005> | {
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Over the last few days, I’ve been doing some research into the USAF Dyna-Soar or X-20 program, and its story is much more interesting than I realized. Like many of the unrealized programs of the early space age, its impact extends far beyond its immediate application. Dyna-Soar is typically referenced in passing as an upgraded version of the X-15, an aircraft capable of achieving orbiting, but this connection is misleading. Dyna-Soar came from an entirely different place than the X-15, and its story is much more complicated than a simple cancelled research program. (A worker inspects a full-scale mockup of Dyna-Soar. Reader’s Digest described the vehicle as a cross between a porpoise and a manta ray. Early 1960s. Photo: Smithsonian Air and Space Museum.)
Dyna-Soar has its roots, like many great technologies of the space age, in Germany. In the early 1930s in Austria, aeronautical engineer Dr. Eugen Sänger and mathematician Irene Bredt – who were also husband and wife – designed a boost glide vehicle. The original design used a rocket powered sled for launch (like the spaceship in Fireball XL5), but the drag penalty as it gained altitude made it impossible. A rocket, however, could do the trick. The couple’s final design called for a winger vehicle to launch to such an altitude that it would bounce off the atmosphere. As it approached its target, it would reenter the atmosphere nose first before gliding to a runway landing at a preselected point. Traveling this way the vehicle could reach any target on the planet in a little over an hour.
The idea was published in the Austrian journal Flight in 1935 and immediately caught the attention of the German Army. Weaponized, the vehicle would become a formidable bomber. That it could glide to a safe landing not only made it a recoverable weapon, it opened the door for a piloted high altitude bomber. Like Wernher von Braun’s rockets, Sänger’s boost glide vehicle was a military acquisition that wouldn’t violate the Treaty of Versailles.
The German high command established a lab at Trauen for Sänger and Bredt to develop their hypersonic skip glide vehicle, which quickly took on the designation of an antipodal bomber. Work at Trauen, like at Peenemünde, remained top secret; not until 1940 did von Braun and Sänger learn of one another and introduce each other to their work.
Unlike von Braun’s rockets, boost glide technology proved elusive as the war progressed. Nevertheless, the German Army remained optimistic. In 1944, just months before the war ended, the antipodal bomber was on paper in the development stages as the continuation of the A-series weapons. The A-series was possibly Germany’s greatest asset during the war that included the V-1 and the V-2 – the V-2’s original designation was the A-4. Its name was changed for propaganda purposes; the ‘v‘ stands for ‘vergeltungswaffe‘ or ‘vengeance weapon’. The antipodal bomber was to be the A-10, though it was referred to as the less innocuous ‘Amerika Bomber’. (Left, a schematic comparison. From left to right: the V-2, a modified V-2 the A-4b, the A-10/Amerika Bomber, and a modified A-10 with increased range.)
Lucky for America, the ‘Amerika Bomber’ never got to the developmental stages. In 1944, Sänger and Bredt published a 400-page final report on their antipodal bomber and distributed it among German politicians, military leaders, and scientists. But by then the country in shambles and fighting a losing battle. There was no funding left for such a program and the report was little more than an academic interest for its recipients.
The Allies, on the other hand, were much more interested in the report and had the funds to pursue the antipodal bomber.
After the war ended in 1945, the Soviet Union and the United States tore through Germany seeking ‘intellectual reparations’ – scientists, documents, and hardware that would unlock the secrets of Germany’s powerful bombs. The antipodal bomber was high on the list along with von Braun and the technology of the V-2. Both countries found Sänger’s report along with other documents, but neither secured the man himself.
He wasn’t one of the 110 men von Braun named under Project Paperclip. Although he was later invited to the US to work at Bell Aircraft, he turned down the invitation when he learned he couldn’t bring his own researchers. Stalin could never find Sänger. He was so obsessed with the idea of an antipodal bomber that in the late 1940s he sent a team to Paris where Sänger was known to be working, but the attempted kidnapping was thwarted by the French secret police. Sänger spent a brief period in Egypt before returning to Germany where he worked at the Stuttgart Propulsion Institute until his death in 1964. (Left, the Nazi Rocketeers after surrendering to the American Army. Von Braun is central with a broken arm, Dornberger is on the left. 1945.)
His antipodal bomber, however, did make it to the US. Walter Dornberger, former leader of the V-2 program and one of Von Braun’s colleagues from Peenemünde, had seen Sänger’s research in Germany. He was developing missiles for the USAF at the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in 1952 when he suggested the antipodal bomber would be a worthwhile addition to the US military’s arsenal. The suggestion went to the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), which promptly endorsed a feasibility study of a long range manned space bomber. (Right, the rocketeers at Peenemünde congratulate one another after a successful A-4 test. Dornberger is on the left shaking hands with Rudolph Hermarn. October 3, 1942.)
There were technical challenges – notably the heat of atmospheric reentry and pilotability during descent – but these weren’t Dornberger’s biggest challenges. Rather, he needed to persuade the American people that getting a man in space wasn’t pure fantasy if the manned bomber would ever fly. Luckily for Dornberger, Wernher von Braun was working with Walt Disney to promote America’s manned spaceflight program. By the time the NACA-mandated study was finished, there was no question men had a place in space, and the boost glide bomber was deemed a worthwhile investment.
The first iteration of the program in 1957 called for the development of a ‘piloted very high altitude weapons system.’ But it took on a secondary application after the Soviet Union launched Sputnik in October. It became a multipurpose vehicle, a bomber as well as a way to get an American in space. (Left, Walt Disney visits with von Braun at the Marshall Spaceflight Centre. 1954.)
In January 1958, the USAF invited the NACA to participate in the ‘multipurpose manned bomber’ program. Months of negotiations ended with shared responsibility: the USAF would focus on the vehicle’s weapons system while the NACA would research and develop a sound aerodynamic design. The intention behind this cooperation was to “maximize the vehicle’s capabilities from both the military weapons system development and the aeronautical-astronautical research viewpoints.” By the end of 1958, NASA had taken the place of the NACA and a two-stage program was in place. A boost glide vehicle research vehicle would come first followed by the appropriate weaponization system.
This clearcut plan didn’t last, and throughout 1959 the multipurpose manned hypersonic bomber program underwent multiple revisions. In February, development of a bombardment system was upgraded to a primary goal over any non-military applications. In April, suborbital hypersonic flight took over as the program’s main objective. In May, any development and focusing only on research was cancelled in favour of a determination of the military potential of boost glide systems.
Finally in November 1959, a concrete decision was made. Boeing Aircraft was awarded the contract to build the hypersonic glider, and the Martin Company was awarded the contract for the booster. Boeing also made an important contribution at this point. It christened the program Dyna-Soar, short for dynamic soaring.
Formal contracts brought more revisions, and another research stage was established at the end of 1959. Phase Alpha, was instituted to determine the applicability of Dyna-Soar to manned orbital flight.
1960 began with good news for Dyna-Soar. The USAF completed Phase Alpha in March and determined the vehicle’s low lift-to-drag ratio made it ideal for the investigation of manned reentry from orbit and the pursuit of manned orbital flight. This officially cleared Dyna-Soar for development towards stage 1 suborbital test flights. Better news came midway through the year when the Department of Defence (DOD) officially endorsed Dyna-Soar with a financial commitment that allowed the USAF to approve stages II and III, the advanced orbital stages of the program. (An artist’s impression of Dyna-Soar in orbit. Photo: Boeing.)
Almost immediately, the USAF developed a new plan to accelerate the program and move up the expected flight date for Dyna-Soar. Its launch vehicle, however, was the missing piece of the puzzle. In November, studies began into the feasibility of the Titan missile as the launch vehicle.
1961 changed the space game. In April, the space race took on a new dimension when the Soviet Union put Yuri Gagarin in orbit. Perhaps as a reaction to the Soviet feat, the DOD announced its commitment of $100 million – a little over $720 million in 2010 – to the USAF for the fiscal year 1962 for the development of Dyna-Soar also in April. With funding secured for another year, the USAF finalized its contracts and reviewed its multi-stage development program. Boeing proposed a streamlined approach that would accelerate the program by cutting out suborbital flights and proceeding from unmanned flight right into orbit.
Dyna-Soar really began to take shape in the latter half of 1961. A delegation of USAF and NASA representatives travelled to Boeing’s plant in Seattle to inspect a mockup of the glider in September, but the program as a whole was still under intense scrutiny. USAF General Bernard A. Schriever (left) called for and directed a study into the manned military and space capabilities of Dyna-Soar, and the result overturned the program’s development yet again. Schriever recommended separating the program into halves. He placed the emphasis on an abbreviated development plan that would see completion of a militarized Dyna-Soar in advance of its non-military counterpart. This non-military application was reestablished as a research program into the problems associated with manned orbital flight.
Dyna-Soar began facing significant setbacks in early 1962. In January, the USAF cancelled all development towards stage III – what was to be advanced multi-orbital flights. In February, suborbital flights were formally cancelled (as per Boeing’s recommendation). More striking, however, was the cancellation of all military applications Dyna-Soar might have. On February 23, DOD Secretary Robert McNamara officially announced Dyna-Soar would nothing more than an orbital research program.
McNamara’s amendment was formalized on June 26, 1962, when the DOD gave Dyna-Soar its secondary designation of X-20, effectively securing its position in the long line of X-series research planes. Dyna-Soar/X-20 was unveiled as such at a press conference in Las Vegas that September along with a full scale mock-up. For a while, it looked like Dyna-Soar would thrive as a research program. After its public unveiling, the DOD announced the X-20’s budget at $130 million for 1963 and $125 million in 1964. (Right, Robert McNamara.)
NASA, however, was taking its own great strides in space and proving that the ballistic approach to manned spaceflight was viable. By the beginning of 1963, NASA had successfully sent three Mercury missions into orbit and its follow up program, Project Gemini, was already in its early developmental stages. More importantly, Gemini stood firmly in place as a necessary bridge between Earth orbital Mercury flights and the Apollo lunar landing.
Dyna-Soar simply did not factor in to the nation’s success in the space race, and was subjected to yet another review in March of 1963. DOD Secretary Robert McNamara ordered parallel reviews of both Dyna-Soar and Gemini. Specifically, the USAF was directed to compare the potential of Dyna-Soar against the potential of a militarized version of Gemini.
The writing was on the wall at this point, and in the latter half of 1963 Dyna-Soar lost what little momentum it had left. In December, McNamara formally announced its cancellation. In the news briefing announcing the cancellation, the principle reason for its cancellation boiled down to a poor return on investment – at the time of its cancellation, Dyna-Soar had cost close to $400 million (over $2.8 billion in 2010). (Right, an artist’s impression of Dyna-Soar’s launch.)
Dyna-Soar, McNamara explained, was primarily aimed at answering questions about hypersonic atmospheric reentry techniques, but the X-15 and Mercury programs had already yielded significant data on these questions. McNamara also cited the limited capability of Dyna-Soar. The glider could not, nor was it ever intended to, ferry supplies to an orbital space station, facilitate or undertake an extended orbital mission, or place substantial payloads in orbit. Compared with the capabilities NASA was displaying, there was no need for a second less versatile and less capable manned space program.
In the same new briefing, McNamara announced the USAF’s replacement for Dyna-Soar: a militarized version of Gemini called Gemini B or the Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL, pictured). This program never made it to manned flights.
Hindsight reveals that the odds were against Dyna-Soar from the beginning. While boost glide vehicles had been on the drawing board in Germany, capsules were on the drawing board in America. The US Army Air Force (precursor to the USAF), US Navy, as well as the Department of Defence had begun studying the feasibility and potential applications of satellite-style vehicles in the mid 1940s.
Around the time Dyna-Soar began to take shape, ballistic approaches to spaceflight were also under consideration. In July 1953, representatives from the NACA, USAF, and US Navy met to compare different approaches to the man in space problem; both capsules and space planes were covered. This meeting ultimately led to the X-15 program since hypersonic flight was one of the principle unknowns. But it also led to the USAF’s “Manned Ballistic Rocket Research System” program that began in 1956, the aim of which was to study the recovery of manned capsules from orbit. As the Mercury program came together in the late 1950s, it became clear that the ballistic approach was preferable for the short term in getting a man in space. There were less variables and more chance to redundancies built into the vehicle. It’s likely that only a catastrophic failure in Mercury could have led to Dyna-Soar ending up as America’s primary manned space vehicle. (Right, a launch of an unmanned MOL, one of the few of the program.)
Hindsight also suggests that development of Dyna-Soar could have had benefits, even if the program was less immediately necessary within the context of the space race. Had it succeeded, Dyna-Soar could have been an asset to more than just the USAF. It could have served as an aid, tug boat, or life boat for Apollo crews in orbit. It could have been a reusable taxi to the space station and docked onboard for an emergency return home – something that seems particularly useful in light of NASA’s newfound reliance on Russia to reach low Earth orbit. A militarized version of Dyna-Soar could certainly have had applications not only as a manned bomber but as a supplier for military units overseas – delivering either arms or good. It could also have been a formidable spy plane to the intelligence community traveling higher and faster than the U-2. It could turn out that NASA or a private company like Space X revisits the idea of a one-man orbital vehicle, giving the US the chance to benefit from what Dyna-Soar offered decades ago.
Suggested Reading/Selected Sources
Dyna-Soar Hypersonic Strategic Weapons System compiled by Robert Goodwin. Apogee Books: Burlington. 2003.
“Man in Space: U.S. Air Force Manned Space Projects” Spacecraft Films. 2007.
Martin Co. Dyna Soar – Aerospace Projects Review Blog | <urn:uuid:cec8bf6a-439e-4338-94ab-92cfa6e6a89f> | {
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Today, we will hear 2 movements from Handel's masterpiece that was composed in only 24 days and initially exhibited a low number of compositional errors before its first performance on April 13, 1742 in Dublin. Handel stated the following on composing the oratorio with texts selected from the King James Bible by Charles Jennens: "I did think I did see all Heaven before me and the great God Himself." On composing the "Hallelujah Chorus" he exclaimed after weeping: "Whether I was in my body or out of my body as I wrote it I know not. God knows." When his assistant checked on him in his work area, Handel held up the famous chorus and proclaimed: "I have seen the face of God!" There is no doubt that The Messiah of the most performed works of any composer and interestingly enough Handel did not want the credit. At the end of his score, Handel wrote the letters "SDG" for Soli Deo Gloria, which means , "To God Alone The Glory." | <urn:uuid:8f95b5f6-1dc8-4202-8339-ddeb2e558e7f> | {
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The Ingalls Library Rare Book Collection includes a small, but exquisitely printed, group of books on Sèvres porcelain. Founded in 1740 as the Vincennes Porcelain Factory, the company moved to Sèvres, France, in 1756 and produced both soft-paste and hard-paste porcelain. As the official porcelain manufacturer to the crown, the company designed objects for use by the royal family and other aristocrats.
The patronage of Madame de Pompadour, Louis XV's mistress, contributed to the success of the company. She encouraged artists of the time, including Francois Boucher and the French Neoclassical sculptor Augustin Pajou to become involved with the factory. Typical figures and flowers and other decorative objects from the manufactory are illustrated in Emile Bourgeois' two-volume set Le Biscuit de Sèvres au XVIIIe Sièle.
The Sèvres Porcelain Factory produced some of the most exquisitely designed and decorated porcelain ever made. In addition to dinner services, the company produced figures and extravagantly decorated vases embellished with three-dimensional designs. The company also introduced unique colors including rose Pompadour and bleu de roi. Among the most beautifully illustrated books in the Ingalls Library's Rare Book Collection is Edouard Garnier's La Porcelaine Tendre de Sèvres.
The French Revolution and the ensuing chaos found the Sèvres Porcelain Factory in a precarious state; under the direction of Alexandre Brogniart (director 1800-1847) the industry revived. Three plates from Brogniart's sumptuously illustrated book Description Méthodique du Museé Céramique de la Manufacture Royale de Porcelaine attest to the elegance and refinement of Sèvres porcelain.
The company's success in the 19th century ebbed-and-flowed due to economic conditions and changing artistic tastes. In 1876, the sculptor Albert-Ernest Carrier-Belleuse was appointed artistic director; however, in the late 1880s, the company faced problems due to the combination of Carrier-Belleuse's death in 1887 and the lackluster reception of Sèvres porcelain at the 1889 Exposition Universelle in Paris.
By 1900 new designs were introduced and the company's porcelain was well-received at the 1900 Exposition Universelle in Paris. The company flourished again until World War I halted production of fine porcelain.
Between the two World Wars, the company was managed by a succession of directors, including Alexandre Sandier (1896-1916) and Georges Lechevallier-Chevignard (1920-1938). Two plates from the Sandier/Lechevallier-Chevignard volume Les Carton de la Manufacture Nationale de Sèvres... illustrate the delicate floral compositions used to decorate Sèvres dinner services.
The company continues to receive commissions and produces both traditional and contemporary porcelain. Sèvres porcelain, both old and new, holds an esteemed place in the history of porcelain manufacture and collecting. | <urn:uuid:3e0bdf1a-d8e4-4b37-a31c-c0dbe1e80c5e> | {
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Original Publication Date: 22 September, 2016
Publication / Source: Future Oncology
Authors: Chapman TR & Ermoian RP
The majority of pediatric oncology patients become long-term survivors who must live with the effects of their diseases and treatments for many decades . Although there is a trend toward reduced use of radiation therapy in children with cancer, it continues to play an essential role in the treatment of many common pediatric malignancies, including brain tumors, sarcomas, lymphomas and neuroblastoma . Therefore, it is imperative to deliver effective radiation therapy with the least morbidity possible in the treatment of children with cancer. Proton beam therapy (PBT) is promising for its potential to provide equivalent efficacy in treating pediatric cancer patients with improved acute and late side-effect profiles due to the lack of exit dose from its beams. | <urn:uuid:9fff543f-2a80-481c-8cc3-328c5888faa5> | {
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Mexican researchers had a major breakthrough in treating HPV (Human Papillomavirus), the most common sexually transmitted disease. In fact, the CDC states that almost 80 million Americans are infected with HPV with approximately 14 million people becoming newly infected per year. Those are just the numbers in the U.S. alone.
What exactly is HPV?
HPV is a group of more than 150 related viruses, named for the warts (papillomas) some HPV types can cause. Some other HPV types can lead to cancer. According to the CDC website:
“In most cases, HPV goes away on its own and does not cause any health problems. But when HPV does not go away, it can cause health problems like genital warts and cancer.
Genital warts usually appear as a small bump or group of bumps in the genital area. They can be small or large, raised or flat, or shaped like a cauliflower. A healthcare provider can usually diagnose warts by looking at the genital area.
HPV can cause cervical and other cancers including cancer of the vulva, vagina, penis, or anus. It can also cause cancer in the back of the throat, including the base of the tongue and tonsils (called oropharyngeal cancer). Cancer often takes years, even decades, to develop after a person gets HPV. The types of HPV that can cause genital warts are not the same as the types of HPV that can cause cancers.”
According to, El Universal, a popular Mexican newsite, a research team at Mexico’s National Polytechnic Institute led by Eva Ramon Gallegos, was able to eliminate HPV in dozens of patients using a non-invasive photodynamic therapy. Which makes us all ask, what is photodynamic therapy? Well, according to cancer.gov:
“Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment that uses a drug, called a photosensitizer or photosensitizing agent, and a particular type of light. When photosensitizers are exposed to a specific wavelength of light, they produce a form of oxygen that kills nearby cells.”
Sounds like science fiction to me but whatever works! Anyway, according to Ramon’s study, the team was able to eliminate HPV in 100 percent of patients that had no premalignant lesions and in 64.3 percent of subjects with lesions.
Now, I know that viral headlines all across the internet screamed the HPV has been cured but, um - not so fast. There are over 100 different kinds of HPV. Some cause health problems, some do not. Some, but not many, cause cancer. One of the reasons cancer is so hard to cure is because each type of cancer will require a completely different cure. Something that cures cervical cancer, for example, will probably not cure breast cancer. And something that cures type 6,11,16 and 18 (most of the problematic HPV types) types of HPV might not work on other types of HPV.
As pointed out by Liz Highleyman, the editor in chief at www.cancerhealth.com in her A Cure for HPV, not so fast…, there are too many forms of HPV to claim they have all been cured. Highleyman notes the Mexican research only focused on two types of HPV. So, while the research is good news, it’s not exactly a full cure. From her article:
“It’s not clear how photodynamic treatment might eliminate HPV infection, which would seem to require some type of antiviral therapy. But there’s clearly something going on.
Despite the unanswered questions raised by the recent reports, the findings from the Mexican study are good news for people with HPV-associated dysplasia. Photodynamic therapy is well tolerated and noninvasive. Using PDT instead of surgery to remove precancerous tissue could help preserve function in people with anal lesions and the ability to carry a pregnancy in women with cervical lesions.
The news also presents an opportunity to promote HPV vaccination. The new Gardasil 9 vaccine protects against several of the most common cancer-causing HPV types (16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52 and 58) and two wart-causing types (6 and 11). It is recommended for girls and boys around age 11 or 12, before they become sexually active. However, the FDA recently approved the vaccine for women and men up to age 45, meaning people who were not vaccinated as teens or young adults may still be able to benefit.”
Okay. So perhaps “cures HPV” is too strong a statement. But things seem to be heading in the right direction!
President Trump has signed a spending bill to avert another government shutdown. House Democrats agreed to some provisional border security money (to build 55 miles of new fencing) but did not fund The Wall the President wanted.
Anyway, the President signed the bill, passed by both House and Senate and that, as they say - is that.
Only … the President didn’t get his wall. Which is a problem for him and so, Friday afternoon, he declared the border a “national emergency” and will fund the wall via executive privilege. It doesn't seem to matter that, via any legitimate newsite and paper, you will find evidence to suggest that undocumented immigrants commit crimes at lower rates than native-born Americans (which Trumps own administration admits).
That being said, there is a very real opioid crisis in the country. And the drugs are coming from somewhere. Of course, every intelligence agency worth its weight in salt will tell you that the drugs are coming into the country via mules and carriers in legal ports of entry.
It also doesn’t matter that border security personal, custom personal and leadership involved with both groups want “more technology and additional personnel.” That’s it. That’s what they want. Notice how there was no mention of a wall.
But that’s okay. Because this is a known phenomenon called, “Security Theater.” Security Theater is very specifically designed to create the illusion of offering security, even though everyone involved knows Security Theater does not actually make anything safer, it just makes the average person feel safer. And as long as folks feel safer, they come out and spend money.
The above linked Security Theater video is all about the TSA and how ineffective it is, but the same general principles apply to the border wall. A wall will not actually make the country safer, it will; however, make you feel safer. The border wall is the exact definition of Security Theater.
And by the way, wasn’t Mexico supposed to pay for it?
The Great Wall of Trump: A timeline of “who is paying.”
June 2015: Trump will “build a great wall” says, ”Mexico will pay for it.”
Aug 2015: Trump says “the wall will be 30-50 ft. high,” Mexico will pay.
Dec 2015: "I'll tell you what it's going to be made of. It's going to be made of hardened concrete, and it's going to be made out of rebar and steel." Mexico will pay.
Jan 2017: Donald Trump takes over office of the Presidency. The Wall does not seem to be any kind of priority.
Jan 2017: Inexplicably, U.S. “might” have to pay.
Later Jan, 2017: Mexico is paying (again).
Even later Jan 2017: Mexico says it is NOT paying for wall
Even later than that, Jan 2017: Trump says Mexico is paying.
Even later than that, Jan 2017: Mexico says, “No, we are NOT paying for the wall.”
March 2017: Pence says, “Mexico will pay.”
March 2017: Mexico says, “Nope, wrong again. We will not pay for the wall.”
March 2017: Republicans say, “Mexican drug cartels will pay for the wall.”
Later March 2017: Mexican cartels don’t bother responding (but probably, laugh).
Even later March: U.S. is paying but it "won't be that expensive."
June 2017: Wall is now a “solar powered wall” that will “pay for itself.”
July 2017: Wall is no longer a solar powered wall that will pay for itself. Wall is now a “steel wall with openings” allowing border security to see when “drug dealers throw drugs over the wall.” Wall price skyrockets. U.S. is paying.
Jan 2018: Wall is now a “fence with windows.” U.S. is still paying.
March 2018: Wall is concrete (again) with no openings. Wall price skyrockets. U.S. is still paying but again, wall doesn’t seem to be a priority.
Nov 2018: Two days before the election, Trump warns if you don’t vote Republican the U.S. will be overrun with Mexican invaders.
Nov 2018: Election day. Democrats to retake control of Congress.
Dec 2018: Wall is now a “steel slat barrier.” U.S. - still paying. It’s now a priority. Many begin to report that Russian steel will be involved in building the wall. Russian steel belonging to a Trump/Kushner family friend.
Later Dec: Wall is mostly concrete (again) with some steel areas that will have openings. It’s a priority.
Jan 2019: Democrats take control of Congress.
Later Jan 2019: The wall is coming! (Trump tweets.) US - still paying. Wall price skyrockets. It might even be a national emergency! Will probably use Russian steel.
Feb 2019: Trump declares National Emergency to fund Wall. U.S. taxpayers will pay for it all. It might be concrete, it might use Russian steel. Maybe both.
“A people that values its privileges above its principles soon loses both.” - Dwight D. Eisenhower
It has been rightly stated, “Fool me once shame on you, fool me twice shame on me!” When does that “shame on me” come into play when it comes to the blatant hypocrisy of those who call themselves conservatives who have been fooled over and over again by the current administration?
The sad part about this is what the right calls “the left” is calling them out for their hypocrisies (Matthew 23:3). I hope you now understand why today’s conservatives are yesterday’s lawless and unprincipled liberals.
Do you remember on the campaign trail that Donald Trump was going to have Mexico fund the border wall, and that it would cost $4 billion dollars, and that it was going to be so easy to get the job done?
Well, think again.
How many times was the wall (Malachi 1:4) promised to the American people with ever changing and unfulfilled promises?
The list of false promises and an ever-changing agenda are marked below.
Each statement is different and in a different setting regardless if he is speaking to a reporter or an audience. Donald Trump is simply telling the sheep what it is that they want to hear (Matthew 13:25).
Wasn’t Mexico supposed to pay for the wall?
Donald Trump, “I will build a great, great wall. And I will have Mexico pay for that wall. Mark my words.”
Well, Mr. Trump, I am marking YOUR words.
The wall is going to be built, folks. Just-in case anybody has any question.
We need the wall. We’re going to build the wall.
We’re going to have a wall.
The wall’s happening.
Build that wall. Build that wall.
On day one, we will begin working on an impenetrable, physical, tall powerful, beautiful southern border wall.
We’ll, I’d love not to build the wall but you need the wall.
Building it, not negotiable.
We have no choice.
We have to close down our government we’re building that wall.
(The government was never shut down! Yet Obama’s $1.3 trillion dollar omnibus bill funding America’s enemies without and within was not only illegally and unconstitutionally signed by Obama, but Donald Trump also signed similar legislation this year behind the media’s smoke and mirrors “March for our lives” on the same weekend)
Remember, Paul Ryan went from saying, “We are not going to pay for that [the wall] to, “We are going to finance the Secure Fence act, which is the construction of the physical barrier.”
Back to Donald Trump mockingly repeating critics, “You can’t get Mexico to pay for the wall.” Of course, you can.
Do you have any doubt that I will get them to pay for the wall?
We will build the wall as sure as you are standing there.
As sure as you are standing there. 100 percent.
Who’s going to pay for the wall? Audience: Mexico!
Who’s not going to pay for the wall? Vermont.
REPORTER: It now appears clear U.S. taxpayers will have to pay for it upfront. What is your plan- TRUMP: That is not clear at all.
REPORTER: So the American taxpayer will pay for the wall at first?
TRUMP: All it is, is we’ll be reimbursed.
Mexico will be reimbursing the United States.
It will be reimbursed.
It may be through reimbursement.
We did discuss the wall, we didn’t discuss payment of the wall.
I will build the greatest wall that you’ve ever seen.
I want a gorgeous wall. And you do a beautiful, nice precast plank with beautiful everything. Just perfect.
CHILD: What’s it going to be made of? TRUMP: Ohhhh, It’s going to be made of hardened concrete, and it’s going to be made out of rebar and steel.
I’m talking about a wall. See that ceiling up there? Higher.
We’re thinking about building the wall as a solar wall.
And were going to have a door in the wall.
If they ever get up there, they’re in trouble. Because there is no way to get down, maybe a rope.
It’s not a fence, it’s a wall.
Yeah, it could be-it could be some fencing.
Mexico will not pay for the wall. Could we have your comment? I said, yes the wall just got 10 feet higher.
10 feet taller.
10 feet higher.
10 feet higher, higher, higher.
Let’s say the wall costs $4 billion.
$5 Billion dollars.
The wall is going to cost $6 or 7 billion.
The wall is probably $8 billion.
It’s going to cost $10 billion.
The wall’s going to cost $10 billion, maybe 12.
We’re putting down $25 billion for the wall.
TRUMP: And who’s going to pay for the wall? AUDIENCE: Mexico! TRUMP: Who’s going to pay for the wall? AUDIENCE: Mexico! TRUMP: Who’s going to pay for the wall? AUDIENCE: Mexico! I’ve never done that before, that’s actually cool. I’ve never done that before-I swear it.
Wasn’t Mexico Supposed to Pay for The Wall?
You just cannot make this stuff up! The hypocrisies of Donald Trump and his blind and unprincipled followers (Matthew 15:14) are unprecedented.
This is what happens when men put their trust in the arm of the flesh (Jeremiah 17:5). The curse (devoted to destruction) simply falls upon them that refuse to acknowledge the truth (Jeremiah 3:13).
Remember what President Eisenhower stated,
“A people that values its privileges above its principles soon loses both.” | <urn:uuid:b1798e6b-023d-4537-80c6-7f0be2e59b95> | {
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I Am Feeling…
An interactive tool for communicating emotion after trauma in children and adolescents.
By Laura Grace
The book “I am feeling….” is designed to aid expression of thoughts and emotions for children experiencing mental illness or trauma related symptoms. It is an interactive tool that is created for, and for use with, children aged up to 12 years. It can be used by the child themselves, to keep with them to access at any time of the day to express their emotions to others, or to use the strategies within the book to manage their thoughts, feelings and symptoms themselves. Parents, teachers and other caregivers can sit with the child, and use the tool interactively to open up communication with the child, and to advise them of strategies to help the child cope with their symptoms. Therapists too, can use the book with children to open up communication in the first session of therapy, or at the beginning of every session to regularly check in with the child about their thoughts and feelings.
(click on the image to download the manual)
The need for this type of tool is evident in the research, where children of this age group have shown difficulty in expressing or describing what they’re feeling or experiences (Cohen, 1998). If language impairments are also apparent in a child in this age group, this further frustrates the child’s ability to communicate accurately about what they’re experiencing. The use of pictures allows the child to select a face, or faces, that best corresponds to their emotion at any given time, and to associate a word with that to describe it. Language impairments can exist prior to the trauma, or be due to the trauma itself (Department for Child Protection, 2015; Department of Education and Early Childhood Development, 2012). Furthermore, the book can open up communications earlier in children within school settings showing signs of emotional dysregulation and frustration. Use of the book in this instance, can aid in early identification, and intervention of trauma.
(click on the book cover to download a PDF of this tool)
Copyright Laura Grace, 2015, all rights reserved.
Laura Grace is a Provisional Psychologist completing her Master’s degree in Health Psychology at the University of Queensland. Laura’s previous life involved a career in banking and exploring/travelling, before redirecting towards Psychology. Laura has a particular interest in trauma, neuropsychology and management of chronic illness and pain. | <urn:uuid:ce56bba8-939f-4136-a060-61c5a1182522> | {
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You’re probably familiar with polka dots – a common pattern of dots repeated in a consistent way. You might also be familiar with the polka – a dance that requires a special series of small, short hops and steps.
Believe it or not, most people believe that polka dots got their name from the polka dance!
The polka dance was very popular in the 1800’s and because it was so well-liked, many people tried to name their products after it! While other polka-products didn’t last (most likely either taking on new names or disappearing altogether as the dance’s popularity declined), polka dots kept their special name and are still around today! – Neat!! | <urn:uuid:acc9fc02-c0b4-420c-b69a-742e16095545> | {
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BERLIN, Oct. 23 (UPI) -- Scientists from Germany and Austria say they have proved a 20th century theorem that mathematics can be used to prove the existence of a higher being.
Christoph Benzmueller of Berlin's Free University and Bruno Woltzenlogel Paleo of the Technical University in Vienna said they used a MacBook computer to test the theorem, developed in the last century by Austrian mathematician Kurt Goedel that, based on principles of modal logic, a higher being must exist, Germany's Der Spiegel reported Wednesday.
The report said Goedel argued that, by definition, nothing greater than a supreme being can exist, and he proposed a mathematical model to prove the existing of such a power.
Benzmueller and Paleo have shown Goedel's proof was mathematically correct.
However, the mathematicians told Der Spiegel the significance of their proof of Goedel's axioms -- published on arXiv.org in a post titled "Formalization, Mechanization and Automation of Goedel's Proof of God's Existence" -- has less to do with proving God exists than with demonstrating was superior technology can help science achieve.
"I didn't know it would create such a huge public interest but [Goedel's ontological proof] was definitely a better example than something inaccessible in mathematics or artificial intelligence," Benzmueller said.
"It's a very small, crisp thing, because we are just dealing with six axioms in a little theorem. ... There might be other things that use similar logic. Can we develop computer systems to check each single step and make sure they are now right?"
Benzmueller and Paleo said they think their work might have applications in developing artificial intelligence, among other fields. | <urn:uuid:2de71c38-dec0-4686-be8c-b8d091f5549a> | {
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Web links are text links that open in a web browser. As well as web pages, a URL link can act as a 'mailto:' call or link to local files (using the 'file:///' protocol instead of 'http://'). Basically, a valid URI.
In all cases Finder will dictate whether a browser or some other application is used to open the URL.
The Create Link dialog includes a few extra inputs only pertinent to web links, as these are used during HTML export as HTML link parameters.
The same extra data can also be viewed/edited in the Browse Links dialog.
A web link cannot be created at note level (i.e. as in a basic link) but setting the $URL attribute is akin to doing this. if more than one such 'link' is needed, the user should add extra URL-type user attributes. | <urn:uuid:077e84c3-137a-4c1d-82af-1a7a9bc8cb54> | {
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By Mary Bellis
Sir James Dewar, (1842-1923) was a chemist and physicist, best known for his work with low-temperature phenomena. Dewar was born in Kincardine, Scotland, and educated at the University of Edinburgh. He was professor of experimental natural philosophy at the University of Cambridge, England, in 1875 and professor of chemistry at the Royal Institution of Great Britain in 1877, where he was appointed director of the Davy-Faraday Research Laboratory.
Dewar developed structural formulas for benzene (1867). He studied the specific heat of hydrogen and was the first person to produce hydrogen in liquid form (1898) and to solidify it (1899). He constructed a machine for producing liquid oxygen in quantity (1891). He invented the Dewar flask or thermos (1892) and co-invented cordite (1889), a smokeless gunpowder, with Sir Frederick Abel. His discovery (1905) that cooled charcoal can be used to help create high vacuums later proved useful in atomic physics. Dewar was knighted in 1904.
The Dewar flask or vacuum flask/bottle is a container for storing hot or cold substances, i.e. liquid air. It consists of two flasks, one inside the other, separated by a vacuum. The vacuum greatly reduces the transfer of heat, preventing a temperature change. The walls are usually made of glass because it is a poor conductor of heat; its surfaces are usually lined with a reflective metal to reduce the transfer of heat by radiation. Dewar used silver. The whole fragile flask rests on a shock-absorbing spring within a metal or plastic container, and the air between the flask and the container provides further insulation. The common thermos bottle is an adaptation of the Dewar flask. Dewar invented the Dewar flask in 1892 to aid him in his work with liquid gases.
The vacuum flask was not manufactured for commercial/home use until 1904, when two German glass blowers formed Thermos GmbH. They held a contest to rename the vacuum flask and a resident of Munich submitted "Thermos", which came from the Greek word "Therme" meaning "hot."
In 1907, Thermos GmbH sold the Thermos trademark rights to three independent companies: The American Thermos Bottle Company of Brooklyn, NY; Thermos Limited of Tottenham, England; and Canadian Thermos Bottle Co. Ltd. of Montreal, Canada.
(Thermos is a proprietary name or trademark applied to a type of Dewar flask protected by a metal casing.) | <urn:uuid:dcbe3eaf-6f78-42de-939c-52fbd348a723> | {
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Diane W. Shannon, MD, MPH
Glomerulonephritis is damage to the glomeruli. Glomeruli are the tiny structures within the kidney that filter blood.
The kidneys are bean-shaped organs located in the back just below the rib cage. Each kidney is about the size of a fist. The two kidneys filter blood, catch needed substances and return them to the circulation, and dispose of wastes in the urine. If the kidneys don’t filter properly, wastes build up in the blood.
There are two types of glomerulonephritis:
In some cases, glomerulonephritis leads to kidney failure.
is a severe kidney disease that must be treated with
Causes of glomerulonephritis include:
Factors that may increase your chance of glomerulonephritis include:
Glomerulonephritis sometimes causes no symptoms and is discovered during a routine urine test. When present, the symptoms of acute and chronic glomerulonephritis differ from one another.
The symptoms of acute glomerulonephritis may include:
Chronic glomerulonephritis can lead to kidney failure. Symptoms may include:
Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. You may be referred to a nephrologist who specializes in kidney disease for further diagnostic testing and treatment.
Tests may include
Imaging tests evalate the kidneys and surrounding structures. This can be done with:
Treatment will depend on the cause of glomerulonephritis. The following steps may be taken to help kidney function or reduce further damage:
Glomerulonephritis can be treated with:
If the kidneys are unable to remove sufficient waste from the blood,
may be required. Temporary dialysis may be sufficient for acute glomerulonephritis. If it leads to permanent kidney failure, chronic glomerulonephritis will require long-term dialysis or
To help reduce your chance of glomerulonephritis:
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
National Kidney Foundation
Kidney Foundation of Canada
Glomerulonephritis (list of topics). EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at:
http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed. Updated June 1, 2010. Accessed July 12, 2013.
Glomerulonephritis. National Kidney Foundation website. Available at:
https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/glomerul. Accessed July 12, 2013.
Last reviewed May 2015 by Adrienne Carmack, MD
Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
Copyright © EBSCO Publishing. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:77170043-e54c-4cba-8bc6-64dfd3d5e220> | {
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1. Do all Maryland public schools have school health services?
Since 1991, the Code of Maryland Regulations COMAR 13A.05.05.05 - .15 mandated health coverage in schools by a school health services professional. The school health services professional is defined in COMAR as a physician, certified nurse practitioner, or registered nurse, with experience and or training in working with children or school health programs. Local school systems, with the assistance of local health departments, are responsible for providing school health services to all public schools. The regulations do not specify a ratio of school nurse to student.
Local jurisdictions in Maryland meet the mandate in a variety of ways. Some have a registered nurse in every school; others employ licensed practical nurses or registered nurses in each school. In some schools, trained unlicensed health staff are in each school working under the supervision of a registered nurse who may be responsible for one to three schools. Either local school systems or local health departments manage school health services programs. School nurses work with students, family, health care providers and school staff to support student success.
2. What do school nurses do?
School nurses support student success. They are an integral part of school multi-disciplinary teams, bridging the gap between health and wellness and learning. School nurses identify student health-related concerns and makes accommodations and/or interventions to supports learning. They also focus on early detection and correction of health problems. School nurses promote and protect the optimal health of students. They work with families and students to develop individualized health care plans for students with special health needs. They provide health counseling to students and their families, as well as school staff. They identify and report school environmental concerns. They determine which nursing services can be delegated, and provide supervision for the one to whom he or she delegates.
3. What immunizations are required for entry into school?
The Annotated Code of Maryland Education Law §7-403 mandates an immunization program for children entering schools.
4. Does my child have to get a physical examination every school year?
The Annotated Code of Maryland Education Article § 7-402 requires physical examinations for children entering the Maryland public school system for the first time. The examination must be completed in the nine-month period before entering the public school system or in the six-month period after entering the school system.
5. When are hearing and vision screening done in the public schools?
The Annotated Code of Maryland Education Article § 7-404 (hearing and vision) mandates screening tests for students in public schools. The hearing and vision screenings are required in the year that a student enters a school system, enters the first grade, and enters the eighth or ninth grade.
6. How are does the school handle medications that students must take in school?
When there is a need for a student to receive medication in school, safe and proper administration is essential. The Maryland Department of Education and the Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, and the Maryland State School Health Council has developed guidelines to assist local school systems and local health departments in the development of their medication administration policies. An authorized prescriber must order all prescription medication and over-the counter medications to be given in school. Consult with the local school health services program for information on the medication administration policy.
7. How is head lice controlled in the schools?
Each local school system has procedures for controlling head lice. Consult with the school health services staff regarding the local policies for head lice.
To learn more about school health services, contact Alicia Mezu, Health Services Specialist, at (410) 767-0353 or e-mail at [email protected] or Mary Jo Harris, Health Services Specialist, at (410) 767-0307 or email at [email protected]. You can also contact the Health Services Specialists by writing to Maryland State Department of Education, Student Services and Alternative Programs Branch, 200 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201. | <urn:uuid:d0bfe06c-f45e-4ba6-8072-d357728a93d3> | {
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Natual anesthetic? The right word is STRESS. Stress is the feeling we have when under pressure, while stressors are the things we respond to in our environment. Examples of stressors are noises, unpleasant people, a speeding car, or even going out on a first date. Generally (but not always), the more stressors we experience, the more stressed we feel.
When faced with a challenge or a threat, your body activates resources to protect you - to either get away as fast as you can, or fight.
Our fight-or-flight response is our body's sympathetic nervous system reacting to a stressful event. Our body produces larger quantities of the chemicals cortisol, adrenaline and noradrenaline, which trigger a higher heart rate, heightened muscle preparedness, sweating, and alertness - all these factors help us protect ourselves in a dangerous or challenging situation
. Non-essential body functions slow down, such as our digestive and immune systems when we are in fight-or flight response mode. All resources can then be concentrated on rapid breathing, blood flow, alertness and muscle use
When we are stressed the following happens: •Blood pressure rises
•Breathing becomes more rapid
•Digestive system slows down
•Heart rate (pulse) rises
•Immune system goes down
•Muscles become tense
•We do not sleep (heightened state of alertness)
Stress is a feeling humans and animals can have. And we know very well that STRESS CAUSES PAIN AND SUFFERING: Stress can play a part in problems such as headaches, high blood pressure, heart problems, diabetes, skin conditions, asthma, arthritis, depression, and anxiety.
Stress is the body's reaction to any change that requires an adjustment or response. The body reacts to these changes with physical, mental, and emotional responses.
A cat with an abundance of food guaranteed for the present and the future doesn't need to maintain in exercise his hunt skills.
Sure he will tries to maintain his skills. But we know he has a owner that will love him for all his life. So we can stop the hunting and save the mouse. And mouses are friendly harmless animals (despite someone says that they bring diseases).
Cobie, I have never said that we should let epidemics run their course. I want only show that we want intervene on the nature. And that is useful, we have to use vaccines, contraception, drugs and medications.
I don't help animals in not using discoveries that already exist.
Last year I met a nice Jewish boy that was against the use of Nazi discoveries because they were obtained torturing Jewishes, gypsies, homosexuals and handicapped people.
I expressed to him my opinion that for sure the discoveries were obtained in an unhethical way. Going back we should do the best to avoid what happened to those people. But nowadays we can't save the people already dead. We can save the people still alive and needy cures. So I think we have to use Nazi discoveries.
The same, we have to use the few discoveries already obtained using animals. Because they are already dead now. We can save the animals still alive and the people still alive.
Cobie, you used some wrong example speaking about the vaccinations obtained with animals. You mention some vaccinations not obtained using animals. | <urn:uuid:53f10ca6-4ec3-484c-a5a0-f84af1457402> | {
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World-Wide Action on Black Carbon, Methane and Other Short-Lived Pollutants Grows as Seven More Countries Join New Coalition Wed, Jul 25, 2012
Progress Towards Fast Cuts in Emissions from Oil and Gas Industry to Brick Kilns Spotlighted at Working Group Meeting
Paris, 24 July 2012 - Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Jordan and the United Kingdom were today announced as new country partners in an international initiative to cut a range of climate-damaging pollutants that also have health and agricultural impacts.
The Stockholm Environment Institute has also become the first research institute to become a partner in the Climate and Clean Air Coalition to Reduce Short-Lived Climate Pollutants.
It brings to 21 the number of partners which are now part of the Climate and Clean Air Coalition to Reduce Short-Lived Climate Pollutants which was launched in February this year.
The Coalition, the secretariat of which is hosted by the UN Environment Programme (UNEP), is targeting world-wide emissions of black carbon or 'soot', methane and hydroflurocarbons (HFCs).
Fast action to reduce short-lived climate pollutants can have a direct impact on climate change, with the potential to reduce the warming expected by 2050 by up to 0.5 degrees Celsius.
At the same time, by 2030, such action can prevent millions of premature deaths, and avoid the annual loss of more than 30 million tons of crops.
The Coalition complements actions taken by countries under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and other actions targeted at carbon dioxide.
The announcement of new national partners (see quotes from the new partners in the notes to editors), several of whom signalled their commitment to join at the last G8 Summit in the United States, came as members of the Coalition today discussed the progress of five international initiatives to accelerate action on these harmful pollutants.
The G8 also commissioned the World Bank, which is partner in the CCAC, to "...prepare a report on ways to integrate reduction of near-term climate pollution into their activities and ask the World Bank to bring together experts from interested countries to evaluate new approaches to financing projects to reduce methane, including through pay-for-performance mechanisms." The outputs will be available in early 2013.
The Initiatives were agreed at the first ministerial of the Coalition held in Stockholm, Sweden in April during the celebrations of the 40th anniversary of the first UN Conference on the Human Environment.
Methane Emissions from Municipal Waste
Waste generated world-wide is responsible for an estimated one-third of global methane emissions-a greenhouse gas over 20 times more potent than carbon dioxide and one linked to the generation of ground level ozone that is not only damaging to crops but human health.
The Coalition is working with the Global Methane Initiative and the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group, which is partnered with the Clinton Climate Initiative, to assist urban areas to cut methane emission from across the waste chain including from landfills and pollution linked with organic waste like food.
The initiative is also planning to assist cities in reducing open burning of municipal waste, which results in harmful black carbon emissions.
A dedicated web-based platform, through which cities world-wide can share experiences, achievements and best practices, will be launched.
At today's meeting in Paris, the Coalition discussed progress on this initiative, including plans to work with an initial group of up to 10 cities during the next 12 months through measures such as waste inventories, enhanced composting and recycling, landfill management, and comprehensive waste sector planning.
Emissions from Brick Kilns
The manufacture of bricks in developing countries is often linked with significant emissions of toxic fumes including black carbon.
The Coalition is assessing how to assist countries to switch to more efficient and mechanized 'firing' technologies.
A recent study in India and Vietnam indicates that modernizing 35,000 old brick kilns in the region could cut black carbon emissions by 40,000 tons equal to 27 million tons of CO2.
Mexico, which has secured close to $1 million from the Global Environment Facility to carry out the first national assessment of SLCPs including those from its estimated 20,000 traditional brick kilns, is planning a Coalition workshop in September to advance action in the region.
The Coalition is also putting in place the awareness raising and knowledge generation needed to fast track demonstration projects.
Reducing Black Carbon Emissions from Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles and Engines
The Coalition discussed many different methods of reducing black carbon from heavy duty diesel vehicles and engines-emissions that are not only a health risk but contribute to melting in the Arctic.
The use of low sulphur fuels opens up the possibility of one method - fitting particle or black carbon filters to heavy duty vehicles.
Efforts under the UNEP-hosted Clean Fuels and Vehicles Partnership, originally established to phase lead out of petrol, are now focused on reducing sulphur levels in transport fuels. The Coalition is planning to build off of UNEP's existing sulphur reduction efforts to also tackle black carbon emissions.
Promoting Alternatives to HFCs
HFCs are increasingly being used as replacements to CFCs in areas such as air conditioners, refrigeration and foams because they have zero impact on the ozone layer-the Earth's shield that filters out dangerous levels of the sun's ultra violet rays.
However studies indicate that some HFCs are powerful greenhouse gases and if these become widespread they could be responsible for emissions equivalent to 3.5 to 8.8 Gigatonnes (Gt) of carbon dioxide (Gt CO2eq) - comparable to current annual emissions from the entire global transport system, estimated at around 6-7 Gt annually.
There are many climate-friendlier replacements available and opportunities to reduce HFC emissions through advanced technologies as well as best service practices.
The Coalition is catalysing awareness of the risks and the alternatives. This week it convened a packed meeting of industry and governments in Bangkok, Thailand aimed at fast tracking these aims.
Emissions from the Oil and Gas Industry
Venting and leakage from oil and gas systems account for over a fifth of global man-made methane emissions and represent estimated economic losses of $27 billion to over $60 billion a year.
An estimated one-third of these losses can be reduced at zero cost with existing technologies and practices. Meanwhile flaring also leads to emissions of black carbon.
Action is underway to address the issue through initiatives such as the Global Methane Initiative, the Natural Gas STAR International program, and the Global Gas Flaring Reduction (GGFR) Partnership.
The Coalition is planning to build upon those efforts by working with industry, countries and investors to catalyse accelerated action.
Notes to Editors
Quotes from new partners
"The need to limit short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs) has grown. In the Arctic region, in particular, black carbon emissions and deposition must be reduced. Controlling all SLCP emissions will complement international efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, in order to combat climate change as effectively as possible. Limiting fine particulates will also alleviate health risk ", states Ville Niinistö, Finland's Minister of the Environment.
"The German government is delighted to be a part of the Climate and Clean Air Coalition to Reduce Short-Lived Climate Pollutants. Germany has already initiated extensive measures at national and international level to curb these substances. The Coalition can play a key role in achieving this and thus supplement the efforts of international climate policy and other environmental areas such as air quality control and the protection of the ozone layer," according to the Federal Environment Minister of Germany, Peter Altmaier.
Corrado Clini, the Italian Minister of the Environment, said: "Italy is glad to join the Climate and Clean Air Coalition to reduce Short-Lived Climate Pollutants (SLCP)".
"Italy recognises the crucial importance of reducing emissions of greenhouse gases and believes that the Coalition should complement the efforts needed under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in order to address Climate Change".
"Italy will continue supporting actions and initiatives to reduce Short-Lived Climate Pollutants and to contribute to combat climate change, improved air quality and the protection of human health in the short-medium term," added Mr Clini.
"The UK is delighted to have joined the Climate and Clean Air Coalition, which offers an excellent opportunity for the international community to take action to reduce emissions of pollutants which contribute to climate change as well as impacting human health, the environment and food security," said a spokesperson from the UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs.
Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI)
The Stockholm Environment Institute sees the CCAC as an important forum focusing on effective action, and committed to achieving tangible results in the near term. "We will support the CCAC wholeheartedly with our expertise and resources touching many aspects of the short-lived climate pollutant agenda. This is an exciting initiative and we must work to ensure its success, showing that countries can come together and take effective action," said SEI Executive Director, Johan Kuylenstierna.
SEI research has concentrated recently on the related issues of air quality and climate change and has coordinated two influential UNEP assessments on short-lived climate pollutants, focusing on measures that reduce black carbon, methane and tropospheric ozone concentrations.
Launch of the Coalition
The Coalition was launched in Washington DC by six countries and UNEP - Bangladesh, Canada, Ghana, Mexico, Sweden and the USA - by US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, and UNEP Executive Director, Achim Steiner.
Here is a link to those who were there:
The Climate and Clean Air Coalition to Reduce Short-Lived Climate Pollutants http://www.unep.org/ccac/
For More Information Please Contact Nick Nuttall, Acting Director of Communications/UNEP Spokesperson on Tel: +254 733 632 755 or [email protected]
Julie Marks, UNEP Communications Advisor on Tel: +41 794 419 937 / +33 645 88 77 83 or [email protected]
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Arrange the following polymers in increasing order of their intermolecular forces. (i) Nylon 6, 6, Buna-S, Polythene. (ii) Nylon 6, Neoprene, Polyvinyl chloride.
Explain the difference between Buna-N and Buna-S.
Classify the following as addition and condensation polymers: Terylene, Bakelite, Polyvinyl chloride, Polythene.
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This fun game can be used to help children revise mental math facts, times tables and simple mathematical equations.
These FREE Math Centers are perfect for K-5, Special Education, and Work Centers for students with Autism- 15 Printables and tips for differentiation!
Easter egg telling time match up! This would be such a fun math center or telling time game. Great way to use up those plastic eggs too.
Math with Cupcake Liners: Counting Money Game. Customizable coin counting activity.
Awesome math stations and activities for addition fact fluency!!
Domino Math Center (free!!). Change to create a two digit number with domino then add both numbers up to see what you add to the 2 digit number
Such an easy and no-cost math center idea. Easy to differentiate and make. Perfect for building mental math skills!!
First grade math activities for fractions that are so much fun...read this entire blog for a ton of math centers ideas
Play dough Geometry: Exploring 2D and 3D Shapes - free printables
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This might be a rare case about which Einstein was wrong. More than 60 years ago, the great physicist scoffed at the idea that anything could travel faster than light, even though quantum mechanics had suggested such a condition. Now four Swiss researchers have brought the possibility closer to reality. Testing a concept called "spooky action at a distance"--a phrase used by Einstein in criticizing the phenomenon--they have shown that two subatomic particles can communicate nearly instantaneously, even if they are separated by cosmic distances.
Alice's Wonderland had nothing on quantum physics, which describes a bizarre state of matter and energy. Not only can the same atom exist in two locations at once, but merely attempting to observe a particle will alter its properties. Perhaps least intuitive is the characteristic called entanglement. As described by quantum mechanics, it means that two entangled particles can keep tabs on each other no matter how far apart they are. Physicists have been trying for decades to determine whether this property is real and what might cause it. In the process, they've uncovered evidence for it but not much about its properties.
Physicist Nicolas Gisin and colleagues at the University of Geneva in Switzerland split off pairs of quantum-entangled photons and sent them from the university's campus through two fiber-optic cables to two Swiss villages located 18 kilometers apart. Thinking of the photons like traffic lights, each passed through specially designed detectors that determined what "color" they were when entering the cable and what color they appeared to be when they reached the terminus. The experiments revealed two things: First, the physical properties of the photons changed identically during their journey, just as predicted by quantum theory--when one turned "red," so did the other. Second, there was no detectable time difference between when those changes occurred in the photons, as though an imaginary traffic controller had signaled them both.
The result, the team reports in tomorrow's issue of Nature, is that whatever was affecting the photons seems to have happened nearly instantaneously and that according to their calculations, the phenomenon influencing the particles had to be traveling at least 10,000 times faster than light. Given Einstein's standard speed limit on light traveling within conventional spacetime, the experiments show that entanglement might be controlled by something existing beyond it. Gisin says that once the scientific community "accepts that nature has this ability, we should try to create models that explain it."
Although the research doesn't demonstrate spooky action at a distance directly, it does provide "a lower boundary for the speed" necessary for the phenomenon, says theoretical physicist Martin Bojowald of Pennsylvania State University in State College. Cosmologist Sean Carroll of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena says that it's "yet another experiment that tells us quantum mechanics is right" and that there "really is an intrinsic connection between entangled particles, not that some signal passes quickly between them when an observation is performed." And physicist Lorenza Viola of Dartmouth College says there's much more to be determined. "I am sure we are not finished unveiling what the quantum [effects] due to entanglement really are and how powerful they can be." | <urn:uuid:46289f9b-357a-4cc5-84f9-63d88b754926> | {
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