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The history of Italian art is the art of Italy through time and space. After Etruscan civilization and especially the Roman Republic and Empire that dominated this part of the world for many centuries, Italy was central to European art during the Renaissance. Italy also saw European artistic dominance in the 16th and 17th centuries with the Baroque artistic movement. It re-established a strong presence in the international art scene from the mid-19th century onwards, with movements such as the Macchiaioli, Futurism, Metaphysical, Novecento Italiano, Spatialism, Arte Povera, and Transavantgarde.
Italian art has influenced several major movements throughout the centuries and has produced several great artists, including painters and sculptors. Today, Italy has an important place in the international art scene, with several major art galleries, museums and exhibitions; major artistic centres in the country include its capital city, Rome, Florence, Venice, Milan, Naples, Turin, and other cities.
- 1 Etruscan art
- 2 Roman art
- 3 Medieval art
- 4 Renaissance art
- 5 Baroque and Rococo Art
- 6 Italian Neoclassical and 19th-century art
- 7 Italian modern and contemporary art
- 8 List of major museums and galleries in Italy
- 9 See also
- 10 References
- 11 External links
Etruscan bronze figures and a terracotta funerary reliefs include examples of a vigorous Central Italian tradition which had waned by the time Rome began building her empire on the peninsula.
The Etruscan paintings that have survived to modern times are mostly wall frescoes from graves, and mainly from Tarquinia. These are the most important example of pre-Roman figurative art in Italy known to scholars.
The frescoes consist of painting on top of fresh plaster, so that when the plaster is dried the painting becomes part of the plaster and an integral part of the wall, which helps it survive so well (indeed, almost all of surviving Etruscan and Roman painting is in fresco). Colours were made from stones and minerals in different colours that ground up and mixed in a medium, and fine brushes were made of animal hair (even the best brushes are produced with ox hair). From the mid 4th century BC chiaroscuro began to be used to portray depth and volume. Sometimes scenes of everyday life are portrayed, but more often traditional mythological scenes. The concept of proportion does not appear in any surviving frescoes and we frequently find portrayals of animals or men with some body-parts out of proportion. One of the best-known Etruscan frescoes is that of Tomb of the Lioness at Tarquinia.
The Etruscans were responsible for constructing Rome's earliest monumental buildings. Roman temples and houses were closely based on Etruscan models. Elements of Etruscan influence in Roman temples included the podium and the emphasis on the front at the expense of the remaining three sides. Large Etruscan houses were grouped around a central hall in much the same way as Roman town Large houses were later built around an atrium. The influence of Etruscan architecture gradually declined during the republic in the face of influences (particularly Greek) from elsewhere. Etruscan architecture was itself influenced by the Greeks, so that when the Romans adopted Greek styles, it was not a totally alien culture. During the republic there was probably a steady absorption of architectural influences, mainly from the Hellenistic world, but after the fall of Syracuse in 211 BC, Greek works of art flooded into Rome. During the 2nd century BC, the flow of these works, and more important, Greek craftsmen, continued, thus decisively influencing the development of Roman architecture. By the end of the republic, when Vitruvius wrote his treatise on architecture, Greek architectural theory and example were dominant. With the expansion of the empire, Roman architecture spread over a wide area, used for both public buildings and some larger private ones. In many areas elements of style were influenced by local tastes, particularly decoration, but the architecture remained recognizably Roman. Styles of vernacular architecture were influenced to varying degrees by Roman architecture, and in many regions Roman and native elements are found combined in the same building.
By the first century AD, Rome had become the biggest and most advanced city in the world. The ancient Romans came up with new technologies to improve the city's sanitation systems, roads, and buildings. They developed a system of aqueducts that piped freshwater into the city, and they built sewers that removed the city's waste. The wealthiest Romans lived in large houses with gardens. Most of the population, however, lived in apartment buildings made of stone, concrete, or limestone. The Romans developed new techniques and used materials such as volcanic soil from Pozzuoli, a village near Naples, to make their cement harder and stronger. This concrete allowed them to build large apartment buildings called insulae.
Wallpaintings decorated the houses of the wealthy. Paintings often showed garden landscapes, events from Greek and Roman mythology, historical scenes, or scenes of everyday life. Romans decorated floors with mosaics — pictures or designs created with small colored tiles. The richly colored paintings and mosaics helped to make rooms in Roman houses seem larger and brighter and showed off the wealth of the owner.
In the Christian era of the late Empire, from 350–500 AD, wall painting, mosaic ceiling and floor work, and funerary sculpture thrived, while full-sized sculpture in the round and panel painting died out, most likely for religious reasons. When Constantine moved the capital of the empire to Byzantium (renamed Constantinople), Roman art incorporated Eastern influences to produce the Byzantine style of the late empire. When Rome was sacked in the 5th century, artisans moved to and found work in the Eastern capital. The Church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople employed nearly 10,000 workmen and artisans, in a final burst of Roman art under Emperor Justinian I, who also ordered the creation of the famous mosaics of Ravenna.
Throughout the Middle Ages, Italian art consisted primarily of architectural decorations (frescoes and mosaics). Byzantine art in Italy was a highly formal and refined decoration with a standardized calligraphy and an admirable use of color and gold. Until the 13th century, art in Italy was almost entirely regional, affected by external European and Eastern currents. After c. 1250 the art of the various regions developed characteristics in common, so that a certain unity as well as great originality is observable.
With the fall of its western capitol, the Roman empire continued for another 1000 years under the leadership of Constantinople. Byzantine artisans were used in important projects throughout Italy, and Byzantine styles of painting can be found up through the 14th century.
The Gothic period marks a transition from the medieval to the Renaissance and is characterised by the styles and attitudes nurtured by the influence of the Dominican and Franciscan order of monks, founded by Saint Dominic and Saint Francis of Assisi respectively.
It was a time of religious disputes within the church. The Franciscans and Dominicans were founded as an attempt to address these disputes and bring the Catholic Church church back to basics. The early days of the Franciscans are remembered especially for the compassion of Saint Francis, while the Dominicans are remembered as the order most responsible for the beginnings of the Inquisition.
Gothic architecture began in northern Europe and spread southward to Italy.
During the Middle Ages, painters and sculptors tried to give their works a spiritual quality. They wanted viewers to concentrate on the deep religious meaning of their paintings and sculptures. But Renaissance painters and sculptors, like Renaissance writers, wanted to portray people and nature realistically. Medieval architects designed huge cathedrals to emphasize the grandeur of God and to humble the human spirit. Renaissance architects designed buildings whose proportions were based on those of the human body and whose ornamentation imitated ancient designs.
Arts of the 1300s and early 1400s
During the early 1300s, the Florentine painter Giotto became the first artist to portray nature realistically since the fall of the Roman Empire. He produced magnificent frescoes (paintings on damp plaster) for churches in Assisi, Florence, Padua, and Rome. Giotto attempted to create lifelike figures showing real emotions. He portrayed many of his figures in realistic settings.
Masaccio's finest work was a series of frescoes he painted about 1427 in the Brancacci Chapel of the Church of Santa Maria del Carmine in Florence. The frescoes realistically show Biblical scenes of emotional intensity. In these paintings, Masaccio utilized Brunelleschi's system for achieving linear perspective.
In his sculptures, Donatello tried to portray the dignity of the human body in realistic and often dramatic detail. His masterpieces include three statues of the Biblical hero David. In a version finished in the 1430s, Donatello portrayed David as a graceful, nude youth, moments after he slew the giant Goliath. The work, which is about 5 feet (1.5 meters) tall, was the first large free-standing nude created in Western art since classical antiquity.
Brunelleschi was the first Renaissance architect to revive the ancient Roman style of architecture. He used arches, columns, and other elements of classical architecture in his designs. One of his best-known buildings is the beautifully and harmoniously proportioned Pazzi Chapel in Florence. The chapel, begun in 1442 and completed about 1465, was one of the first buildings designed in the new Renaissance style. Brunelleschi also was the first Renaissance artist to master linear perspective, a mathematical system with which painters could show space and depth on a flat surface.
Arts of the late 1400s and early 1500s
Michelangelo excelled as a painter, architect, and poet. In addition, he has been called the greatest sculptor in history. Michelangelo was a master of portraying the human figure. For example, his famous statue of the Israelite leader Moses (1516) gives an overwhelming impression of physical and spiritual power. These qualities also appear in the frescoes of Biblical and classical subjects that Michelangelo painted on the ceiling of the Vatican's Sistine Chapel. The frescoes, painted from 1508 to 1512, rank among the greatest works of Renaissance art.
Raphael's paintings are softer in outline and more poetic than those of Michelangelo. Raphael was skilled in creating perspective and in the delicate use of color. He painted a number of beautiful pictures of the Madonna (Virgin Mary) and many outstanding portraits. One of his greatest works is the fresco The School of Athens. The painting was influenced by classical Greek and Roman models. It portrays the great philosophers and scientists of ancient Greece in a setting of classical arches. Raphael was thus making a connection between the culture of classical antiquity and the Italian culture of his time.
Leonardo da Vinci painted two of the most famous works of Renaissance art, the wallpainting The Last Supper and the portrait Mona Lisa. Leonardo had one of the most searching minds in all history. He wanted to know how everything that he saw in nature worked. In over 4,000 pages of notebooks, he drew detailed diagrams and wrote his observations. Leonardo made careful drawings of human skeletons and muscles, trying to learn how the body worked. Due to his inquiring mind, Leonardo has become a symbol of the Renaissance spirit of learning and intellectual curiosity.
The creator of High Renaissance architecture was Donato Bramante, who came to Rome in 1499, when he was 55. His first Roman masterpiece, the Tempietto (1502) at San Pietro in Montorio, is a centralized dome structure that recalls Classical temple architecture. Pope Julius II chose Bramante to be papal architect, and together they devised a plan to replace the 4th-century Old St. Peter's with a new church of gigantic dimensions. The project was not completed, however, until long after Bramante's death.
Humanistic studies continued under the powerful popes of the High Renaissance, Julius II and Leo X, as did the development of polyphonic music. The Sistine Choir, which performed at services when the pope officiated, drew musicians and singers from all of Italy and northern Europe. Among the most famous composers who became members were Josquin des Prez and Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina.
Mannerism was an elegant, courtly style. It flourished in Florence, Italy, where its leading representatives were Giorgio Vasari and Bronzino. The style was introduced to the French court by Rosso Fiorentino and by Francesco Primaticcio. The Venetian painter Tintoretto was influenced by the style.
The mannerist approach to painting also influenced other arts.
Some historians regard this period as a degeneration of High Renaissance classicism or even as an interlude between High Renaissance and baroque, in which case the dates are usually from c. 1520 to 1600, and it is considered a positive style complete in itself.
Baroque and Rococo Art
In the early 17th century Rome became the center of a renewal of Italian dominance in the arts. In Parma, Antonio da Correggio decorated church vaults with lively figures floating softly on clouds — a scheme that was to have a profound influence on baroque ceiling paintings. The stormy chiaroscuro paintings of Caravaggio and the robust, illusionistic paintings of the Bolognese Carracci family gave rise to the baroque period in Italian art. Domenichino, Francesco Albani, and later Andrea Sacchi were among those who carried out the classical implications in the art of the Carracci.
On the other hand, Guido Reni, Guercino, Orazio Gentileschi, Giovanni Lanfranco, and later Pietro da Cortona and Andrea Pozzo, while thoroughly trained in a classical-allegorical mode, were at first inclined to paint dynamic compositions full of gesticulating figures in a manner closer to that of Caravaggio. The towering virtuoso of baroque exuberance and grandeur in sculpture and architecture was Gian Lorenzo Bernini. Toward 1640 many of the painters leaned toward the classical style that had been brought to the fore in Rome by the French expatriate Nicolas Poussin. The sculptors Alessandro Algardi and François Duquesnoy also tended toward the classical. Notable late baroque artists include the Genoese Giovanni Battista Gaulli and the Neapolitans Luca Giordano and Francesco Solimena.
The leading lights of the 18th century came from Venice. Among them were the brilliant exponent of the rococo style, Giovanni Battista Tiepolo; the architectural painters Francesco Guardi, Canaletto, Giovanni Battista Piazzetta, and Bernardo Bellotto; and the engraver of Roman antiquities, Giovanni Battista Piranesi.
Italian Neoclassical and 19th-century art
Just like in other parts of Europe, Italian Neoclassical art was mainly based on the principles of Ancient Roman and Ancient Greek art and architecture, but also by the Italian Renaissance architecture and its basics, such as in the Villa Capra "La Rotonda".
Classicism and Neoclassicism in Italian art and architecture developed during the Italian Renaissance, notably in the writings and designs of Leon Battista Alberti and the work of Filippo Brunelleschi. It places emphasis on symmetry, proportion, geometry and the regularity of parts as they are demonstrated in the architecture of Classical antiquity and in particular, the architecture of Ancient Rome, of which many examples remained. Orderly arrangements of columns, pilasters and lintels, as well as the use of semicircular arches, hemispherical domes, niches and aedicules replaced the more complex proportional systems and irregular profiles of medieval buildings. This style quickly spread to other Italian cities and later to the rest of continental Europe.
Italy produced its own form of Impressionism, the Macchiaioli artists, who were actually there first, before the more famous Impressionists: Giovanni Fattori, Silvestro Lega, Telemaco Signorini, Giuseppe Abbati. The Macchiaioli artists were forerunners to Impressionism in France. They believed that areas of light and shadow, or macchie (literally patches or spots) were the chief components of a work of art. The word macchia was commonly used by Italian artists and critics in the 19th century to describe the sparkling quality of a drawing or painting, whether due to a sketchy and spontaneous execution or to the harmonious breadth of its overall effect.
A hostile review published on November 3, 1862 in the journal Gazzetta del Popolo marks the first appearance in print of the term Macchiaioli. The term carried several connotations: it mockingly in the booty finished works were no more than sketches, and recalled the phrase "darsi alla macchia", meaning, idiomatically, to hide in the bushes or scrubland. The artists did, in fact, paint much of their work in these wild areas. This sense of the name also identified the artists with outlaws, reflecting the traditionalists' view that new school of artists was working outside the rules of art, according to the strict laws defining artistic expression at the time.
Italian modern and contemporary art
Early in the 20th century the exponents of futurism developed a dynamic vision of the modern world while Giorgio de Chirico expressed a strange metaphysical quietude and Amedeo Modigliani joined the school of Paris. Gifted later modern artists include the sculptors Giacomo Manzù, Marino Marini, the still-life painter Giorgio Morandi, and the iconoclastic painter Lucio Fontana. In the second half of the 20th century, Italian designers, particularly those of Milan, have profoundly influenced international styles with their imaginative and ingenious functional works.
Futurism was an Italian art movement that flourished from 1909 to about 1916. It was the first of many art movements that tried to break with the past in all areas of life. Futurism glorified the power, speed, and excitement that characterized the machine age. From the French Cubist painters and multiple-exposure photography, the Futurists learned to break up realistic forms into multiple images and overlapping fragments of color. By such means, they attempted to portray the energy and speed of modern life. In literature, Futurism demanded the abolition of traditional sentence structures and verse forms.
Futurism was first announced on Feb. 20, 1909, when the Paris newspaper Le Figaro published a manifesto by the Italian poet and editor Filippo Tommaso Marinetti. (See the Manifesto of Futurism.) Marinetti coined the word Futurism to reflect his goal of discarding the art of the past and celebrating change, originality, and innovation in culture and society. Marinetti's manifesto glorified the new technology of the automobile and the beauty of its speed, power, and movement. Exalting violence and conflict, he called for the sweeping repudiation of traditional values and the destruction of cultural institutions such as museums and libraries. The manifesto's rhetoric was passionately bombastic; its aggressive tone was purposely intended to inspire public anger and arouse controversy.
Marinetti's manifesto inspired a group of young painters in Milan to apply Futurist ideas to the visual arts. Umberto Boccioni, Carlo Carrà, Luigi Russolo, Giacomo Balla, and Gino Severini published several manifestos on painting in 1910. Like Marinetti, they glorified originality and expressed their disdain for inherited artistic traditions.
Boccioni also became interested in sculpture, publishing a manifesto on the subject in the spring of 1912. He is considered to have most fully realized his theories in two sculptures, Development of a Bottle in Space (1912), in which he represented both the inner and outer contours of a bottle, and Unique Forms of Continuity in Space (1913), in which a human figure is not portrayed as one solid form but is instead composed of the multiple planes in space through which the figure moves.
Futurist principles extended to architecture as well. Antonio Sant'Elia formulated a Futurist manifesto on architecture in 1914. His visionary drawings of highly mechanized cities and boldly modern skyscrapers prefigure some of the most imaginative 20th-century architectural planning.
Boccioni, who had been the most talented artist in the group, and Sant'Elia both died during military service in 1916. Boccioni's death, combined with expansion of the group's personnel and the sobering realities of the devastation caused by World War I, effectively brought an end to the Futurist movement as an important historical force in the visual arts.
Metaphysical Painting is an Italian art movement, born in 1917 with the work of Carlo Carrà and Giorgio de Chirico in Ferrara. The word metaphysical, adopted by De Chirico himself, is core to the poetics of the movement.
They depicted a dreamlike imagery, with figures and objects seemingly frozen in time. Metaphysical Painting artists accept the representation of the visible world in a traditional perspective space, but the unusual arrangement of human beings as dummy-like models, objects in strange, illogical contexts, the unreal lights and colors, the unnatural static of still figures.
Novecento movement, group of Italian artists, formed in 1922 in Milan, that advocated a return to the great Italian representational art of the past.
The founding members of the Novecento (Italian: 20th-century) movement were the critic Margherita Sarfatti and seven artists: Anselmo Bucci, Leonardo Dudreville, Achille Funi, Gian Emilio Malerba, Piero Marussig, Ubaldo Oppi, and Mario Sironi. Under Sarfatti's leadership, the group sought to renew Italian art by rejecting European avant-garde movements and embracing Italy's artistic traditions.
Movement founded by the Italian artist Lucio Fontana as the movimento spaziale, its tenets were repeated in manifestos between 1947 and 1954.
Combining elements of concrete art, dada and tachism, the movement's adherents rejected easel painting and embraced new technological developments, seeking to incorporate time and movement in their works. Fontana's slashed and pierced paintings exemplify his theses.
Arte Povera an artistic movement that originated in Italy in the 1960s, combining aspects of conceptual, minimalist, and performance art, and making use of worthless or common materials such as earth or newspaper, in the hope of subverting the commercialization of art. The phrase is Italian, and means literally, "impoverished art."
The term Transavantgarde is the invention of the Italian critic Achille Bonito Oliva. He has defined Transavantgarde art as traditional in format (that is, mostly painting or sculpture); apolitical; and, above all else, eclectic.
List of major museums and galleries in Italy
The museums and galleries listed below contain important Italian arts/artifacts collection
- Museum of Malatestiana Library
- Pinacoteca Comunale di Cesena
- Gallery of Antique Art of Cesena's Savings and Loan
- Diocesan Museum of Cesena
- Archaeological Museum of Cesena
- Museum of Agriculture
- Galleria degli Uffizi
- Palazzo Pitti
- Galleria dell'Accademia
- Museo Nazionale del Bargello
- Museo Nazionale di San Marco
- Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Firenze
- Museo dell'Opera del Duomo
- Palazzo Vecchio
- Museo di Orsanmichele
- Opificio delle Pietre Dure
- Musei Vaticani
- Galleria Borghese
- Musei Capitolini
- Museo Nazionale Romano
- Galleria Doria Pamphilj
- Palazzo Barberini
- Palazzo Corsini
- Museo Nazionale Etrusco
- Castel Sant'Angelo
- Galleria Spada
- Museo Barracco
- Gallerie dell'Accademia
- Ca d'Oro
- Palazzo Ducale
- Museo Correr
- Scuola Grande di San Rocco
- Scuola di San Giorgio degli Schiavoni
- For information about Italian literature, see: Italian literature.
- For information about Italian history, see: History of Italy.
- For other topics on Italian culture, see: Culture of Italy.
- Alex T. Nice, Ph.D., former Visiting Associate Professor of Classics, Classical Studies Program, Willamette University.
Nice, Alex T. "Rome, Ancient." World Book Advanced. World Book, 2011. Web. 30 Sept. 2011.
- Piper, p. 261.
- Piper, p. 266.
- Byzantium. Fordham University. Web. 06 Oct. 2011.
- Pope-Hennessy, John Wyndham. Italian High Renaissance and Baroque sculpture. Phaidon Press, 1996. p. 13. Web. 5 Oct. 2011.
"Michelangelo was the first artist in history to be recognized by his contemporaries as a genius in our modern sense. Canonized before his death, he has remained magnificent, formidable and remote. Some of the impediments to establishing close contact with his mind are inherent in his own uncompromising character; he was the greatest sculptor who ever lived, and the greatest sculptor is not necessarily the most approachable."
- James Hankins, Ph.D., Professor of History, Harvard University.
Hankins, James. "Renaissance." World Book Advanced. World Book, 2011. Web. 1 Oct. 2011.
- Eric M. Zafran, Ph.D., Curator, Department of European Paintings and Sculpture, Wadsworth Atheneum.
Zafran, Eric M. "Mannerism." World Book Advanced. World Book, 2011. Web. 1 Oct. 2011.
- Rosenblum, Robert; Janson, Horst Woldemar. 19th century art. Abrams, 1984. p. 104. Web. 5 Oct. 2011.
"Antonio Canova (1757–1822) was not only the greatest sculptor of his generation; he was the most famous artist of the Western world from the 1790s until long after his death."
- Broude, p. 96.
- Douglas K. S. Hyland, Ph.D., Director, San Antonio Museum of Art.
Hyland, Douglas K. S. "Futurism." World Book Advanced. World Book, 2011. Web. 4 Oct. 2011.
- Wilder, Jesse Bryant. Art history for dummies. John Wiley & Sons, 2007. p. 310. Web. 6 Oct. 2011.
- Italian Art. kdfineart-italia.com. Web. 5 Oct. 2011.
- Italian and Tuscan style Fine Art. italianartstudio.com. Web. 5 Oct. 2011. | <urn:uuid:8a6492dd-099b-4d00-aed9-c7338c8b54c9> | {
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about one of several Sioux chiefs named Wapasha. For the others, see Wapasha.
He lost his eye in a game of lacross, some say instead of getting an eyepatch he grew out his hair.
- Chief Wapasha II c. 1773 - 1836, Excerpt from: "Explorers found hills, valleys alive with Indians," a Steve Kerns article in the Winona Sunday News, November 14, 1976. Gathered from http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~wapasha/kerns_1976.htm.
- This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here. (Ship namesake paragraph) | <urn:uuid:2a4f86b3-68b9-4842-997c-d8725ba08474> | {
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HERB - Re: Marigolds and Gillyflowers
kkeeler at unlserve.unl.edu
Wed Apr 4 10:08:48 PDT 2001
> Jadwiga wrote:
> Note that clove gillyflowers were only introduced to England in the late 1300's or early
> 1400's. Earlier references to clove gilofre is apparently to clove buds. (What you learn
> on the cooks list!) Sometimes you can tell which is meant from the recipe.
this sounds like a nomenclatural morass. There are certainly species of _Dianthus_ (pinks,
carnations) native to England. 4 or 5 of them. The most common ornamental _Dianthus_ did
expand out of central Europe to England in the middle of Period and carnations came from
western Asia a little later.
I think I got this from a pair of Wildflowers of England books, which are at home.
The Brother Cadfael's Herb Garden notes" "clove-pinks were grown in monastic gardens mostly
for their beauty and fragrance. "Dianthus' is mentioned by Theophrastus 4th C BC. ..Greeks
and Romans wove them into garlands. Carnation and coronation have same root. The names
gilver, gillyvor, or gilly-flower were variously used in medieval times to describe
clove-pinks (_Dianthus_), stock (_Mattiola_) or wallflower (_Cheiranthus_).
July flower seems to be stocks (_Mattiola incana_)
Go to http://lists.ansteorra.org/lists.html to perform mailing list tasks.
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January 21, 2011 - Bend Bulletin - Water sources scarce in the caldera basin
Feb 09, 2011
Water sources scarce in the caldera basinBy Erik Hidle / The Bulletin
Published: January 21. 2011 4:00AM PST
Water in the city of Prineville is a precious commodity due to minimal water below the city’s surface, but officials are working on plans to improve the hand they were dealt in the dry caldera basin.
The main problem for the city is minimal groundwater resources. Wells are either extremely low in flow or dry altogether.
City of Prineville Engineer Eric Klann said a resident in Bend or Redmond can drill a well and expect to produce between 2,500 and 3,500 gallons per minute, but a Prineville resident drilling a well should only expect a fraction of that.
According to Klann, a well producing 200 gallons per minute is considered a “good well” in the Prineville area.
In 2005, the city drilled three wells that ended up being completely dry.
Klann said he is working on developing a map of where underground “streams” are located that could be tapped to develop more abundant wells.
The idea came when the city found a strong source of water near the airport in a vein of basalt aquifer. Two wells in that area produce a total of 1,000 gallons per minute. But a third well, drilled 2,000 feet from the current wells, came up dry showing that the vein is quite narrow.
“What we found is an ancient Crooked River streambed,” Klann said. “Millions of years ago, the Crooked River ran through that area. When we went down in that area, we hit one of those old river channels where the water is still flowing. But the problem is once you move away from that area, you can hit a place where the Crooked River never was.”
The reason the city is so interested in developing better wells is because, as it stands now, the city does not have the capacity to serve its existing residents, Klann said.
Klann said the city currently serves 9,020 people, but some 1,250 residents do not have city water service and use wells to draw their own water.
On top of that, state law requires the city to plan to serve the entirety of its Urban Growth Boundary with services. Prineville estimates it could see 26,980 new residents if the boundary is filled.
Also, the city is restricted in what it can do to solve the water problem as it is included in the Deschutes Groundwater Mitigation Area.
The state-mandated boundary dictates water use in the area and requires mitigation credits to be obtained before additional wells can be dug.
“The credits are expensive and few and far between,” Klann said. “There are no more surface water rights here. If we pump a gallon of water out of the well, it won’t go to the stream. So, whatever water we take out of the stream we put back into the stream.
“We are studying our geology here,” he said. “We are trying to determine how our aquifers are recharged and where the water comes from. We are also trying to identify natural flow water rights so we can convert those into mitigation credits.”
Klann also said projects such as the bill proposed by U.S. Rep. Greg Walden, R-Hood River, to release more water from the Bowman Dam could help them obtain mitigation credits.
“On top of everything, we are very much working on our conservation efforts,” Klann said.
“The less we waste, the more we have.”
Erik Hidle can be reached at 541-617-7837 or at [email protected].
Published Daily in Bend Oregon by Western Communications, Inc. © 2010 | <urn:uuid:5c09dfff-24a9-45b7-bfbb-f01e38e8a294> | {
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In 1854, the East India Company raised a regiment known as the 3rd Bengal (European) Light Infantry at Chinsura in India.
It was recognised as the successor to the 3rd Bengal European Regiment, which had been formed in 1765 by splitting the Bengal European Regiment. Prior to its disbandment in 1798, this unit had taken part in the First Rohilla War (1773-74), including the action at Rohilkhand (1774).
The newly established regiment fought with great distinction during the Indian Mutiny (1857-59). In 1859, it was transferred to the British Army, dropping the ‘European’ from its title. Then, in 1862, it was granted the position of 107 in the Army’s order of precedence for foot regiments.
The 107th remained on garrison duty in India for several years. It also served on punitive expeditions on the North-West Frontier.
In 1875, the regiment arrived in Britain for the first time. Four years later, it was sent to garrison Guernsey, followed by service in Ireland the following year.
The National Army Museum works together with Regimental and Corps Museums across the country to help provide a network of military museums for everyone to visit and enjoy.
Explore the history and collections of the 107th Regiment by visiting the regimental museum at Eastbourne Redoubt.Find out more | <urn:uuid:e6c3cb0b-1af1-4ec3-aa31-b0dfee962378> | {
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20 Sep 2010
New Hope for Pavlovsk Station And Russia’s Rare Plant Reserve
In the early 20th century, Russian botanist Nikolai Vavilov created a preserve outside St. Petersburg that today contains one of the world’s largest collections of rare seeds and crops. Now, scientists and conservationists are waging an international campaign to save the reserve’s fields from being bulldozed for housing development.
In 1929, Russian botanist Nikolai Vavilov traveled to Central Asia on one of the many seed-collecting expeditions that took him to five continents over more than two decades. In what is now present-day Kazakhstan, Vavilov — the father of modern seed banks — found forests of wild fruits and numerous cultivated varieties. Around the city of Alma Ata, he was astonished by the profusion of apple trees, writing in his journal that he believed he had “stumbled upon the center of origin for the apple, where wild apples were difficult to even distinguish from those which were being cultivated.”
Correctly surmising that this region of Kazakhstan was “the chief home of European fruit trees,” Vavilov collected the seeds of the many varieties of apple and other trees, eventually hauling them back to his scientific base in Leningrad, now St. Petersburg.
Kirill Kudryavtsev/AFP/Getty Images
A botanist measures a mountain ash tree at the Pavlovsk Station in 2010.
The trees that sprouted from those seeds, and more than 5,000 other varieties of fruits and berries, now grow in a sprawling, 1,200-acre collection of fields about 20 miles south of St. Petersburg, not far from the opulent, 18th-century czarist palace of Pavlovsk. This living repository of trees and bushes — with Europe’s most extensive collection of fruits and berries — has been at the center of a dispute in recent months as a federal Russian housing agency has tried to confiscate part of the Pavlovsk Research Station to clear the land for upscale dachas for Russia’s burgeoning new elite.
The fate of the station is now in limbo as, after an intense lobbying campaign by botanists and conservation groups around the world, Russian President Dmitri Medvedev has announced that the government is investigating the effort to uproot one of the most valuable botanical collections on Earth.
The priceless nature of the Pavlosk station can be traced directly back to Vavilov and his painstaking efforts to collect seeds from what he viewed as hot spots of plant diversity around the world, now known as Vavilov Centers. His insights into the importance of preserving botanical genetic diversity, particularly among food crops, are highly relevant today as that diversity faces unparalleled threats from industrial agriculture dominated by monoculture crops, destruction of wild habitats, and climate change.
The heat wave and subsequent fires that have destroyed much of Russia’s wheat harvest this year may have helped increase the chances that Vavilov’s storehouse of plants will live on at Pavlovsk. The fires triggered new fears in Russia about the nation’s ability to feed itself and the impact of global warming, and raised the profile of scientists working to protect the country’s food varieties. As the heat wave has faded, many Russians are now hoping that Pavlovsk can be saved.
The Pavlovsk Research Station, part of the N.I. Vavilov Research Institute of Plant Industry
, houses one of the world’s largest collections of seeds and planted crops, roughly 90 percent of which are found in no other scientific
Ninety percent of the seeds and crops at the Pavlovsk station are found in no other collection in the world.
collections in the world. The station’s inventory includes almost a thousand types of strawberries from more than 40 countries; a similar number of black currant varieties from 30 countries, including North America, Europe and the Far East; 600 apple types collected from 35 countries; and more than a hundred varieties each of gooseberries, cherries, plums, red currants, and raspberries. More than half of the black currant varieties grown in Russia, the world’s leading producer, were bred at Pavlovsk. Sales of black currants in Russia are valued at more than $400 million annually.
These old varieties are still needed to provide genes to protect commercial varieties against new threats ranging from pests to climate change, and to confer new attributes. Such older varieties are mostly held in trust by commercial and international institutions, either in the form of seeds held in cold storage or plantings in places like Pavlovsk.
The station had seemed destined to fall victim to a drive by the Russian government to free up public land for sale to developers. Pavlovsk is in the St. Petersburg suburb of Pushkin and is increasingly surrounded by up-market apartments and holiday homes, in an area made fashionable because of its proximity to Pavlovsk, the palace built by Catherine the Great. In late 2009, the Russian Ministry of Economic Development handed over one-fifth of the station’s fields to the Federal Fund of Residential Real Estate Development, which is tasked with finding housing land.
The Vavilov Institute appealed the decision. The case has been rumbling on in the courts ever since. But the Pavlovsk station’s director, Fyodor Mikhovich, who has worked there for 32 years, says he was told by one official: “Go to sleep. Just go to sleep. We are taking the land.”
Flickr/N.I. Vavilov Research Institute of Plant Industry
A sign at Pavlovsk marks a collection of decorative perennial plants.
News that the Pavlovsk station was threatened with a state land grab first emerged over the summer. However, what looked like a done deal has attracted a high-profile international campaign that could be on the verge of success — just as the world’s governments meet in Japan next month to celebrate the International Year of Biodiversity.
Cary Fowler, an American conservationist who runs the Global Crop Diversity Trust
in Rome, Italy, visited the station earlier this year. He says the loss of the collection would be “the largest intentional, preventable loss of crop diversity in my lifetime.”
It remains unclear exactly how much of the collection will be destroyed by the development. The scientists there say that three-quarters of their “priceless collection” is grown on the 227 acres being demanded for housing. This encompasses all its berries, including its strawberries, red currants, black currants, and gooseberries. The federal real estate fund says publicly that the fields are “not utilized” and are “covered with weeds and mowed grass.” But its own report of its visit to the station last year says that half the land on one of the two plots they plan to build on is “utilized for berry trees.”
In any case, Fowler says the long-term intention is clear. The region’s planners have zoned the entire station for development, and the land that the federal real estate fund wants to take first is in the middle of the station’s fields. “So if they get that, it is only a question of time before the rest of the fields will be taken,” says Fowler.
The station is undeniably dilapidated, and little plant breeding or research into plant genomes is now carried out there. A visit by American scientists
International authorities believe the collection contains many genes of potentially great value.
from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, as long ago as 1975, said “the buildings are old and run down and poorly equipped... the laboratories are grossly inadequate by U.S. standards.” Stripped of funds since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, parts of the station lie virtually abandoned. In other areas, the staff does little more than maintain the collection of old varieties. Even so, the collection is unique and potentially of great value.
In recent years, nobody has crosschecked the station’s plants with other collections outside Russia. “It is possible that some samples are being duplicated elsewhere, but the majority are not,” says the director general of the Vavilov Institute, Nikolai Dzyubenko. Nonetheless, international authorities say the collection probably contains many genes of potentially great value in developing new commercial varieties. Many of its varieties are unusually hardy in cold temperatures and are disease-resistant.
“It would be a major tragedy if the collection were lost,” says one of the world’s leading strawberry breeders, Jim Hancock of Michigan State University. Norman Looney, president of the International Society for Horticultural Science
, says the station’s collection “represents work performed over more than 150 years and has survived both climatic and political catastrophe. It is the largest such collection in Europe and the only one at this far-north latitude.”
U.S. Library of Congress/Wikimedia Commons
Nikolai Vavilov created 11 seed banks across the Soviet Union before he ran afoul of Joseph Stalin.
Vavilov began collecting plants across Asia in 1916, working first on wild and early cultivated varieties of wheat and other grain crops, before moving on to other crops and other continents and establishing the research stations that housed his collections. Through his travels in the Caucasus, Afghanistan, the Pamir Mountains of Central Asia, Japan, China, Korea, the Middle East, North Africa, and Latin America, Vavilov realized that cradles of botanical diversity were most often found in mountainous regions, where the many changes in topography and climate led to the evolution and development of highly diverse species.
The Pavlovsk experimental station, established in 1926, is one of 11 seed banks that Vavilov created across the former Soviet Union. In the 1930s, he worked diligently to expand his collections, but as the decade wore on he ran afoul of Joseph Stalin for disputing the views of the quack scientist, Trofim Lysenko, a Stalin favorite who maintained that characteristics acquired through the environment could be inherited. Vavilov was arrested by Stalin’s secret police and thrown into the gulag, where he died of starvation in 1943. During the Nazi siege of Leningrad during World War II, scientists at Vavilov’s institute protected its collections, with some succumbing to starvation rather than consuming the collection’s rice and other crops.
Vavilov’s successors have continued his work until today, particularly in Siberia and the Russian Far East, where wild berries remain an important part of the local diet. Sergey Alexanian, vice director of international relations for the Vavilov Institute, says “there have been hundreds of explorations involving thousands of researchers.”
Crop diversity has always been the Cinderella of conservation, even though the hundreds of thousands of crop varieties bred by farmers and scientists
Scientists at Vavilov’s institute protected its collections during the Nazi siege of Leningrad.
over several millennia represent a hugely important resource. But the fight to save the Pavlovsk station has attracted a great deal of international support. Fowler launched a “Tweet Medvedev
” campaign in mid-July. And top crop scientists and research organizations have added their voices to the protests, including DIVERSITAS
, a network of scientists devoted to preserving biodiversity, and the International Society for Horticultural Science.
Should the Russian government ignore the international outcry and move ahead with plans to develop the Pavlovsk Station, scientists are discussing the need for an emergency rescue plan. But there are serious doubts about how much of the collection could be saved. One option might have been to rush seeds from Pavlovsk to the “doomsday vault” of crop seeds from round the world, which is currently being assembled on the Norwegian island of Svalbard in the Arctic
. But according to Fowler, whose job includes overseeing the vault, few of the fruits and berries held at Pavlovsk produce seeds that would survive freezing. To be saved, they would need to be planted elsewhere, a huge logistical task.
MORE FROM YALE e360
Saving the Seeds of the
Next Green Revolution
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“We will try to help them rescue the station,” he told me. “We have contacted a number of institutions to alert them that we may need to swing into action at short notice. But there will be little time, there is no place [in Russia] to put the collection and quarantine regulations will prevent us sending it abroad quickly.” The Vavilov Institute claims transfers would take 15 years and cost “several dozens of millions of U.S. dollars.”
The international campaign has clearly helped buy time for the station and may ultimately save it. Earlier this month, the federal real estate development fund announced that it had postponed the auction of the first parcel of land, intended for Sept. 23, until at least the end of October, and had set up an international scientific commission to look into the issue and make recommendations.
“This is a very positive development,” says Fowler. “It ensures that decisions will be made with solid scientific input. We really couldn’t ask for more.”
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
is a freelance author and journalist based in the UK. He is environment consultant for New Scientist
magazine and author of numerous books, including When The Rivers Run Dry
and With Speed and Violence
. His latest book is The Coming Population Crash and Our Planet’s Surprising Future
. In earlier articles for Yale Environment 360
, Pearce has written about the demographics of overpopulation
and global efforts to preserve seed diversity | <urn:uuid:0f593ffb-400a-4a10-a0b1-14b042c247da> | {
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Description The Marsh Banksia is a small spreading shrub that grows to about one and a half metres tall, although there is a subspecies that grows to about five metres tall. The leaves are oval or egg-shaped and grow to 13 cm long and 3 cm wide. The leaf edges are whole or have light serrations. It produces cylindrical spikes of yellow brown flowers in autumn and winter. The flower spikes grow to about 13 cm tall. The fruit is a woody cone with up to sixty seed follicles. There are two subspecies: the most common is B. paludosa subspecies paludosa which is a small shrub; subspecies astrolux is a tall growing shrub to 5m tall.
Height 0.5m - 1.5m
Spread 0.5m - 1.5m
Habitat Marsh Banksia grows on well drained soils in heathland, forest and woodland.
Wildlife Interest birds, nectar
Distribution found on the central and southern coast of New South Wales | <urn:uuid:5080eb61-8bc1-432c-9ba8-00edb052dbfd> | {
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Violation of the duties of hospitality was likely to provoke the wrath of the gods; but it does not appear that anything beyond this religious sanction existed to guard the rights of a traveller. Similar customs seem to have existed among the Italian races. Amongst the Romans, private hospitality, which had existed from the earliest times, was more accurately and legally defined than amongst the Greeks, the tie between host and guest being almost as strong as that between patron and client. It was of the nature of a contract, entered into by mutual promise, the clasping of hands, and exchange of an agreement in writing (tabula hospitalis) or of a token (tessera or symbolum), and was rendered hereditary by the division of the tessera. The advantages thus obtained by the guest were, the right of hospitality when travelling and, above all, the protection of his host (representing him as his patron) in a court of law. The contract was sacred and inviolable, undertaken in the name of Jupiter Hospitalis, and could only be dissolved by a formal act.
Many cases occur where such an office was hereditary; thus the family of Callias at Athens were proxeni of the Spartans. We find the office mentioned in a Corcyraean inscription dating probably from the 7th century BC, and it continued to grow more important and frequent throughout Greek history. There is no proof that any direct emolument was ever attached to the office, while the expense and trouble entailed by it must often have been very great. Probably the honors which it brought with it were sufficient recompense. These consisted partly in the general respect and esteem paid to a proxenus, and partly in many more substantial honors conferred by special decree of the state whose representative he was, such as freedom from taxation and public burdens, the right of acquiring property in Attica, admission to the senate and popular assemblies, and perhaps even full citizenship.
Public hospitium seems also to have existed among the Italian races; but the circumstances of their history prevented it from becoming so important as in Greece. Cases, however, occur of the establishment of public hospitality between two cities (Rome and Caere, Livy v. 50), and of towns entering into a position of clientship to some distinguished Roman, who then became patronus of such a town. Foreigners were frequently granted the right of public hospitality by the senate down to the end of the republic. The public hospes had a right to entertainment at the public expense, admission to sacrifices and games, the right of buying and selling on his own account, and of bringing an action at law without the intervention of a Roman patron.
A full bibliography of the subject will be found in the article in Daremberg and Saglio, Dictionnaire des antiquités, to which may be added Rudolf von Jhering. Die Gastfreundschaft im Altertum (1887); see also Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (3rd ed., 1890). | <urn:uuid:f6de7146-d800-40c4-af79-17e55dc712f5> | {
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1. When Christ the Lord was about to celebrate the passover meal with His disciples and institute the sacrifice of His body and blood, He directed them to prepare a large room, arranged for the supper (Lk 22:12). The Church has always regarded this command of Christ as applying to itself when it gives directions about the preparation of the sentiments of the worshipers, the place, rites, and texts for the celebration of the eucharist. The current norms, laid down on the basis of the intent of Vatican Council II, and the new Missal that will be used henceforth in the celebration of Mass by the Church of the Roman Rite, are fresh evidence of the great care, faith, and unchanged love that the Church shows toward the Eucharist. They attest as well to its coherent tradition, continuing amid the introduction of some new elements.
A Witness to Unchanged Faith
2. The sacrificial nature of the Mass was solemnly proclaimed by the Council of Trent in agreement with the whole tradition of the Church. Vatican Council II reaffirmed this teaching in these significant words: "At the Last Supper our Savior instituted the eucharistic sacrifice of His body and blood. He did this in order to perpetuate the sacrifice of the cross throughout the centuries until he should come again and in this way to entrust to his beloved Bride, the Church, a memorial of his death and resurrection."
The Council's teaching is expressed constantly in the formularies of the Mass. This teaching, in the concise words of the Leonine Sacramentary, is that "the work of our redemption is carried out whenever we celebrate the memory of this sacrifice"; it is aptly and accurately brought out in the eucharistic prayers. At the anamnesis or memorial, the priest, addressing God in the name of all the people, offers in thanksgiving the holy and living sacrifice: the Church's offering and the Victim whose death has reconciled us with God. The priest also prays that the body and blood of Christ may be a sacrifice acceptable to the Father, bringing salvation to the whole world.
In this new Missal, then, the Church's rule of prayer (lex orandi) corresponds to its constant rule of faith (lex credendi). This rule of faith instructs us that the sacrifice of the cross and its sacramental renewal in the Mass, which Christ instituted at the Last Supper and commanded His apostles to do in His memory, are one and the same, differing only in the manner of offering and that consequently the Mass is at once a sacrifice of praise and thanksgiving, of reconciliation and expiation.
3. The celebration of Mass also proclaims the sublime mystery of the Lord's real presence under the eucharistic elements, which Vatican Council II and other documents of the Church's magisterium have reaffirmed in the same sense and as the same teaching that the Council of Trent had proposed as a matter of faith. The Mass does this not only by means of the very words of consecration, by which Christ becomes present through transubstantiation, but also by that spirit and expression of reverence and adoration in which the eucharistic liturgy is carried out. For the same reason the Christian people are invited in Holy Week on Holy Thursday and on the solemnity of Corpus Christi to honor this wonderful sacrament in a special way by their adoration.
4. Further, because of the priest's more prominent place and office in the rite, its form sheds light on the ministerial priesthood proper to the presbyter, who offers the sacrifice in the person of Christ and presides over the assembly of a holy people. The meaning of his office is declared and detailed in the preface for the chrism Mass on Thursday of Holy Week, the day celebrating the institution of the priesthood. The preface brings out the passing on of the sacredotal power. It is the continuation of the power of Christ, High Priest of the New Testament.
5. In addition, the ministerial priesthood puts into its proper light another reality of which much should be made, namely, the royal priesthood of believers. Through the ministry of presbyters the people's spiritual sacrifice to God is brought to completeness in union with the sacrifice of Christ, our one and only Mediator. For the celebration of the Eucharist is the action of the whole Church; in it all should do only, but all of, those parts that belong to them in virtue of their place within the people of God. In this way greater attention will be given to some aspects of the Eucharistic celebration that have sometimes been neglected in the course of time. For these people are the people of God, purchased by Christ's blood, gathered together by the Lord, nourished by His word. They are a people called to offer God the prayers of the entire human family, a people giving thanks in Christ for the mystery of salvation by offering His sacrifice. Finally, they are a people growing together into unity by sharing in Christ's body and blood. These people are holy by their origin, but becoming ever more holy by conscious, active, and fruitful participation in the mystery of the Eucharist.
A Witness to Unbroken Tradition
6. In setting forth its decrees for the revision of the Order of Mass, Vatican Council II directed, among other things, that some rites be restored "to the vigor they had in the tradition of the Fathers"; this is a quotation from the Apostolic Constitution Quo primum of 1570, by which St. Pius V promulgated the Tridentine Missal. The fact that the same words are used in reference to both Roman Missals indicates how both of them, although separated by four centuries, embrace one and the same tradition. And when the more profound elements of this tradition are considered, it becomes clear how remarkably and harmoniously this new Roman Missal improves on the older one.
7. The older Missal belonged to the difficult period of attacks against Catholic teaching on the sacrificial nature of the Mass, the ministerial priesthood, and the real and permanent presence of Christ under the eucharistic elements. St. Pius V was therefore especially concerned with preserving the relatively recent developments in the Church's tradition, then unjustly being assailed, and introduced only very slight changes into the sacred rites. In fact, the Roman Missal of 1570 differs very little from the first printed edition of 1474, which in turn faithfully follows the Missal used at the time of Pope Innocent III (1198-1216). Manuscripts in the Vatican Library provided some verbal emendations, but they seldom allowed research into "ancient and approved authors" to extend beyond the examination of a few liturgical commentaries of the Middle Ages.
8. Today, on the other hand, countless studies of scholars have enriched the "tradition of the Fathers" that the revisers of the Missal under St. Pius V followed. After the Gregorian Sacramentary was first published in 1571, many critical editions of other ancient Roman and Ambrosian sacramentaries appeared. Ancient Spanish and Gallican liturgical books also became available, bringing to light many prayers of profound spirituality that had hitherto been unknown.
Traditions dating back to the first centuries before the formation of the Eastern and Western rites are also better known today because so many liturgical documents have been discovered.
The continuing progress in patristic studies has also illuminated eucharistic theology through the teachings of such illustrious saints of Christian antiquity as Irenaeus, Ambrose, Cyril of Jerusalem, and John Chrysostom.
9. The "tradition of the Fathers" does not require merely the preservation of what our immediate predecessors have passed on to us. There must also be profound study and understanding of the Church's entire past and of all the ways in which its single faith has been expressed in the quite diverse human and social forms prevailing in Semitic, Greek, and Latin cultures. This broader view shows us how the Holy Spirit endows the people of God with a marvelous fidelity in preserving the deposit of faith unchanged, even though prayers and rites differ so greatly.
Adaptation to Modern Conditions
10. As it bears witness to the Roman Church's rule of prayer (lex orandi) and guards the deposit of faith handed down by the later councils, the new Roman Missal in turn marks a major step forward in liturgical tradition.
The Fathers of Vatican Council II in reaffirming the dogmatic statements of the Council of Trent were speaking at a far different time in the world's history. They were able therefore to bring forward proposals and measures of a pastoral nature that could not have even been foreseen four centuries ago.
11. The Council of Trent recognized the great catechetical value of the celebration of Mass, but were unable to bring out all its consequences for the actual life of the Church. Many were pressing for permission to use the vernacular in celebrating the eucharistic sacrifice, but the Council, judging the conditions of that age, felt bound to answer such a request with a reaffirmation of the Church's traditional teaching. This teaching is that the eucharistic sacrifice is, first and foremost, the action of Christ Himself and therefore the manner in which the faithful take part in the Mass does not affect the efficacy belonging to it. The Council thus stated in firm but measured words: "Although the Mass contains much instruction for the faithful, it did not seem expedient to the Fathers that as a general rule it be celebrated in the vernacular." The Council accordingly anathemized anyone maintaining that "the rite of the Roman Church, in which part of the canon and the words of consecration are spoken in a low voice, should be condemned or that the Mass must be celebrated only in the vernacular." Although the Council of Trent on the one hand prohibited the use of the vernacular in the Mass, nevertheless, on the other, it did direct pastors to substitute appropriate catechesis: "Lest Christ's flock go hungry . . . the Council commands pastors and others having the care of souls that either personally or through others they frequently give instructions during Mass, especially on Sundays and holy days, on what is read at Mass and that among their instructions they include some explanation of the mystery of this sacrifice."
12. Convened in order to adapt the Church to the contemporary requirements of its apostolic task, Vatican Council II examined thoroughly, as had Trent, the pedagogic and pastoral character of the liturgy. Since no Catholic would now deny the lawfulness and efficacy of a sacred rite celebrated in Latin, the Council was able to acknowledge that "the use of the mother tongue frequently may be of great advantage to the people" and gave permission for its use. The enthusiasm in response to this decision was so great that, under the leadership of the bishops and the Apostolic See, it has resulted in the permission for all liturgical celebrations in which the faithful participate to be in the vernacular for the sake of a better comprehension of the mystery being celebrated.
13. The use of the vernacular in the liturgy may certainly be considered an important means for presenting more clearly the catechesis on the mystery that is part of the celebration itself. Nevertheless, Vatican Council II also ordered the observance of certain directives, prescribed by the Council of Trent but not obeyed everywhere. Among these are the obligatory homily on Sundays and holydays and the permission to interpose some commentary during the sacred rites themselves.
Above all, Vatican Council II strongly endorsed "that more complete form of participation in the Mass by which the faithful, after the priest's communion, receive the Lord's body from the same sacrifice." Thus the Council gave impetus to the fulfillment of the further desire of the Fathers of Trent that for fuller participation in the Holy Eucharist "the faithful present at each Mass should communicate not only by spiritual desire but also by sacramental communion."
14. Moved by the same spirit and pastoral concern, Vatican Council II was able to reevaluate the Tridentine norm on Communion under both kinds. No one today challenges the doctrinal principles on the completeness of eucharistic Communion under the form of bread alone. The Council thus gave permission for the reception of Communion under both kinds on some occasions, because this more explicit form of the sacramental sign offers a special means of deepening the understanding of the mystery in which the faithful are taking part.
15. Thus the Church remains faithful in its responsibility as teacher of truth to guard "things old," that is, the deposit of tradition; at the same time it fulfills another duty, that of examining and prudently bringing forth "things new" (see Mt 13:52).
Accordingly, a part of the new Roman Missal directs the prayer of the Church expressly to the needs of our times. This is above all true of the ritual Masses and the Masses for various needs and occasions, which happily combine the traditional and the contemporary. Thus many expressions, drawn from the Church's most ancient tradition and become familiar through the many editions of the Roman Missal, have remained unchanged. Other expressions, however, have been adapted to today's needs and circumstances and still others - for example, the prayers for the Church, the laity, the sanctification of human works, the community of all people, certain needs proper to our era - are completely new compositions, drawing on the thoughts and even the very language of the recent conciliar documents.
The same awareness of the present state of the world also influenced the use of texts from very ancient traditions. It seemed that this cherished treasure would not be harmed if some phrases were changed so that the style of language would be more in accord with the language of modern theology and would faithfully reflect the actual state of the Church's discipline. Thus there have been changes of some expressions bearing on the evaluation and use of the good things of the earth and of allusions to a particular form of outward penance belonging to another age in the history of the Church.
In short, the liturgical norms of the Council of Trent have been completed and improved in many respects by those of Vatican Council II. This Council has brought to realization the efforts of the last four hundred years to move the faithful closer to the sacred liturgy, especially the efforts of recent times and above all the zeal for the liturgy promoted by St. Pius X and his successors. | <urn:uuid:a80aff4a-19bc-4515-842e-831bbb76377a> | {
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The PLENUM regions
Facts and figures about the PLENUM-regions
All RegioMarket activities will be implemented in four of the five PLENUM-regions that belong to the Alpine Space. PLENUM project regions are characterized by particularly valuable and representative landscapes of Baden-Wuerttemberg like orchards or juniper heathlands. Because of their variety these regions receive funds for activities that contribute to the conservation the typical landscapes and to the increase of the added value in the region. At the moment PLENUM is implemented in the five regions Western Lake Constance, Allgaeu-Oberschaben, Reutlingen, Kaiserstuhl and Heckengaeu. All PLENUM regions cover about 13% of the surface of Baden-Wuerttemberg.
The region covers almost the complete rural district of Ravensburg and is characterized by the upper-swabian hill and moor landscape, by grassland and pastures and the cultivation of forage plants. Focus of the PLENUM work is e.g. the conservation of the humid grassland, of the poor grassland and pastures, of the moor and standing water body.
More information: www.plenum-ravensburg.de
Western Lake Constance
The region covers the rural district of Constance with its shoal water zones of the Lake Constance, moraines and extinct volcanos. There is a high diversity of agriculture, vegetable and fruit cultivation. The region is characterized by large grasslands. Focus of the PLENUM work is e.g. the sustainable safety and development of the environment of and around Lake Constance, its moors and humid areas.
More information: www.modellprojekt.de
The region covers the rural district of Reutlingen and is characterized by the ?Albtrauf? with its beech forests at the slopes and the rock and karst regions of the middle Swabian Alb. Neglected grassland, juniper heathlands and orchards are typical in the region which is affected by mixed farming and forestry. Focus of the PLENUM work is e.g. the conservation and development of juniper heathlands, orchards and sustainable forests.
More information: www.plenum-rt.de
The region is characterized by its extinct vulcanos and loess hills, its specious-rich dry and medium-dry grassland, forests, vineyards and fruit cultivations. Focus of the PLENUM work is e.g. the conservation of the small vine areas, fruit cultivations and protected biotopes.
More information: www.plenum-kaiserstuhl.de
The region is characterized by hills and dry valleys, its fields, orchards, medium-dry grassland, juniper heathlands and forests. It is an attractive small loted landscape with hedges and woods. Focus of the PLENUM work is e.g. the conservation and development of hedges, juniper heathlands, orchards and sustainable forests.
More information: www.plenum-heckengaeu.de
Both in terms of its surface area of 35,752 square kilometres, and also with its 10,7 million inhabitants, Baden-Wuerttemberg is the third largest of the 16 German federal states. Since its foundation in 1952, the population has increased by around four million. Baden-Wuerttemberg is divided up into 4 administrative districts, 12 regions, 35 rural and 9 urban districts. There are a total of 1,109 municipalities, 89 of them district capitals. | <urn:uuid:f0e34a5a-397b-4c98-985d-ff3e807cc6d0> | {
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When it went up and the wind finally took it out of my hands, it blew my mind…I saw immediately how everyone around me owned the flag. I thought, ‘It’s better than I ever dreamed.’
—Gilbert Baker (1951–2017)
A Legacy of Pride
Gilbert Baker and the 40th Anniversary of the Rainbow Flag
Shortly after the United States Supreme Court ruling on June 26, 2015, that guaranteed same-sex couples the right to marry, civic buildings across the country and around the world were illuminated in the colors of the rainbow. From San Francisco’s City Hall and New York’s Empire State Building, and from Puerto Rico’s Capitol Building to the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin, the vivid display was a clear indication of widespread support for the landmark decision. And the rainbow flag, introduced nearly forty years earlier at San Francisco’s Gay Freedom Day Parade, was unfurled from apartment balconies, attached to car windows, and appeared in the background for tens of millions of newly changed profile photos on social media accounts as a universally recognized symbol of pride and solidarity.
Gilbert Baker arrived in San Francisco in 1972 during the early years of the gay liberation movement. With sewing skills learned from crafting his own drag costumes, he was often asked to make political banners for street demonstrations. In the months leading up to the 1978 Gay Freedom Day celebration in San Francisco, City Supervisor and gay rights leader Harvey Milk and other local activists implored Baker to create a new symbol for the movement. Many found the Greek letter lambda, introduced shortly after the 1969 Stonewall riots in New York, too obscure. And many more were eager to supplant the pink triangle that the LGBTQ community had reclaimed from its original use by the Nazis to identify homosexuals. Baker seized on the idea of a flag as an appropriate symbol to proclaim power for his “tribe,” and a rainbow to represent his community’s diversity. He assigned symbolic meaning to each of the flag’s original eight colors—pink for sexuality, red for life, orange for healing, yellow for sunlight, green for nature, turquoise for art, indigo for peace and harmony, and purple for spirit.
Rainbow flag created by Gilbert Baker for the ABC television miniseries When We Rise,
Baker and a team of thirty volunteers soaked strips of cotton muslin in trash cans filled with dye. Then, with help from his friends Faerie Argyle Rainbow (known as the “queen of tie-dye”) and James McNamara (a Fashion Institute of Technology graduate), they stitched the sections together to create the first of a pair of rainbow flags measuring 30 by 60 feet, one of which resembled the American flag with tie-dyed stars on a blue field. The flags were raised on June 25, 1978, in San Francisco’s United Nations Plaza—a deliberate choice intended to reflect the worldwide struggle for gay rights. The flag was immediately embraced by the majority of the LGBTQ community and was in great demand following the assassination of Harvey Milk on November 27, 1978. Baker joined the Paramount Flag Company, which supported his proposal to mass produce the symbol in 1979. At this time, the flag was reduced to its familiar six-band format due to the unavailability of material supplies (pink) and a desire for a symmetrical presentation as vertical banners on lampposts for the 1979 Gay Freedom Day Parade.
Over the next four decades, Baker worked tirelessly to ensure the rainbow flag would become a powerful and enduring symbol of pride and inclusion that transcends languages and borders, gender and race, and now, four decades after its creation, generations. After suffering a stroke in 2012, Baker retaught himself how to sew, continued to make art every day, and witnessed the full appreciation of the symbol he created. This included its recognition as a historically important design icon when acquired by the Museum of Modern Art’s design collection in 2015, and a White House ceremony in which Baker presented President Barack Obama with a framed copy of his original eight-stripe rainbow flag in 2016. One of Baker’s final creations before his death in 2017 is on exhibit here—the flag he made for the ABC television miniseries When We Rise, based on the memoirs of his longtime friend, LGBTQ activist Cleve Jones. Jones recalls that when the rainbow flag was first unfurled in 1978, Gilbert “knew at that moment that it was his life’s work,” and refers to Baker’s creation as “his gift to the world.”
©2018 by the San Francisco Airport Commission. All rights reserved.Tweet | <urn:uuid:f99dff8a-7209-48c3-8d5d-12429484e33e> | {
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Welcome to Day 3 of CS First Storytelling! Today you will build a story set on a stormy day while you learn about two important computer science concepts: randomness and looping.
Computer scientists use randomness to generate numbers that don’t have a pattern. Imagine that you need to make a computer program that plays a simple game like rock, paper, scissors.
How would you program the computer to decide when to play rock? Or when to play scissors?
To program a game that is completely unpredictable, you need randomness!
Almost all video games are programmed with elements of randomness to make sure that players cannot make predictions. Imagine playing a game where you could always predict what would happen next. That wouldn’t be very much fun!
Randomness is also important to computer scientists who work in cryptography. Cryptography is what keeps digital communication safe from hackers who want to steal it.
The art of "being random." Now it sounds easy, but being random is actually really hard.
If you say to a computer "be random," it has a program to do that...
which is quite logical and not very random.
We have to look at other ways to get that stuff. So I went out on a little mission to build some of these devices.
I'm going to share one of them with you now.
I took a smoke alarm. A smoke alarm contains a lovely little radioactive source.
And nature provides these wonderfully random radioactive emissions.
So I took this, and using an incredibly expensive, high-tech containment device, I connected it to my computer with a Geiger counter and collected data from this wonderful source.
And the net result...
[noise] Okay, I'm the only one that's excited about that, right?
[laughter] To a cryptographer, that is brilliant! It's pure randomness!
Now, I'm taking all of these devices -- I built lots of them, some from vacuum cleaners and other strange things--- and plugging them into my website, where you'll be able to go online, and you'll be able to use these to generate some random data to make yourselves more secure online.
Cryptographers – people who do cryptography – ensure that when someone uses their credit card in a store, checks their bank account online, or even just stores personal information on a place like Facebook, only specific people can see their personal information. Cryptographers use randomness to generate really, really, ridiculously long, unpredictable passwords, called keys, that protect the messages computers send and receive. This project today will also introduce loops.
Loops allow computer scientists to program a computer to repeat a group of instructions.
The loops in Scratch are “forever” “repeat 10,” and “repeat until,” all of which are found in the “control” menu. Today’s story will require you to build a moving setting. The setting is the time and place where a story happens. It gives storytellers a chance to “set the scene” and tell the audience a little about what to expect from the story. Look at today’s example project. Imagine what type of story might take place in a rainy and stormy setting like this. Who would possibly be out in a storm like this? Are the characters doing something bad? Are they lost?
After programming the setting, you’ll create a story in this dark, mysterious place.
Right now, you’ll learn how to open the starter project, remix it, and sign in to Scratch. After watching this video, you’ll get the chance to try these steps on your own.
To begin, click the starter project link next to this video.
Click "remix" on the project page, and sign in using the information from your club pass.
Remember, if you don’t sign in, your project won't save.
In the next video, you’ll begin programming the rain to fall. Now, it’s your turn!
Open the starter project link next to this page.
Click remix, and sign in. Once you’ve completed these steps, click the CS First tab to switch back to this page, then click the green arrow to move on to the next video.
- Ouvre le lien du projet de démarrage.
- Clique sur "Remix".
- La photo "internet lock - Stock Image" est protégée par copyright Pashalgnatov -- CC-BY-SA 4.0 ne s'applique pas
- La chanson "Venture Out" est protégée par copyright SmartSound-- CC-BY-SA 4.0 ne s'applique pas
- La photo "Firefighter - Stock Image" est protégée par copyright maxkabakov -- CC-BY-SA 4.0 ne s'applique pas | <urn:uuid:105dc8d4-e8b9-4db1-912a-fc0181283255> | {
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Polychlorinated biphenyls, or PCBs, were first discovered in Hudson River fish in 1975. General Electric had used the chemical mixtures in manufacturing capacitors at two upstate factories, and discharged approximately 1.1 million pounds of PCBs into the Hudson from 1947-1977.
Contamination of the Hudson by these persistent, possibly carcinogenic compounds created the largest superfund site in the nation. To clean up the PCBs, dredging of a 40-mile stretch of the Hudson River between the Fort Edward and Troy dams began in 2009.
The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) banned commercial and recreational fishing on the upper Hudson River in 1976, and banned commercial fishing from the lower Hudson at the same time. While some of the bans have been lifted, the commercial fishery on the Hudson is a thing of the past.
Today, despite DEC recommendations that fish from a significant portion of the river should not be eaten, some people simply do not know about the potential risks from PCB contamination, says Regina Keenan, coordinator for the Hudson River Fish Advisory Outreach Project. “The DEC has a regulation that you can fish, but you cannot take it home, and that’s actually because of contamination that’s been found there. At the Troy dam a lot of the contamination is held back.”
That’s where Keenan’s efforts come in.
The Outreach Project will enter its third year of funding in June. The New York State Department of Health began the 20-year program in 2008, and awards grants to agencies that conduct outreach about the advisories regarding fish from the Hudson River.
The outreach project puts materials and money in the hands of community partners to deliver information to the public. Four groups initially received funding, including two Cornell Cooperative Extensions, one in Rockland County and one in Dutchess County. Now, those two entities are still working with NYS DOH, as well as another initial fundee, Hudson Basin River Watch and Watershed Assessment Associates.
“Our most important message for the project is that women who are of childbearing age under 50 and children under age 15 should not be eating fish from the Hudson River, at least until after it’s been cleaned up,” said Keenan. Studies have shown that exposure to high levels of PCBs may be associated with low birth weight as well as nervous and immune system disorders.
Beyond that high-risk group, Keenan said, “then it depends on who you are, where you’re fishing and what you catch … Close to our office here — we’re in Troy — the fish are pretty highly contaminated. There’s only four species that men and women over the age of 50 are advised to eat once a month. As you go further down the river there’s less contamination and you can eat a number of species up to once a month, and then some fish you can eat once a week.”
Fish PCB levels decrease downstream from the city of Troy, but that doesn’t mean the fish are safe. Also, in those lower Hudson areas further from the much-contested and publicized dredging, the public is not as aware of potential problems with fish. Last but not least, cadmium is an issue with crabs in the Hudson, and it concentrates in the tamale of crabs (the gelatinous mass in the heads), which will leech into cooking water if not removed.
Hence the need for widespread educational efforts, such as the recent distribution of signage to 200 food banks that serve people along the nearly 200-mile stretch of river that is affected.
The outreach groups are teaching people about the fish advisory through home visits, at health clinics, and in schools. DOH also partners with others to help deliver their message. The brochures have been made available at Nory Point Environmental Center and other DEC facilities. The Hudson River Fishermen’s Association is having a family day, and DOH staff will attend.
Rockland County Cornell Cooperative Extension has a strong environmental program, and they use Americorps volunteers in their fish advisory outreach.
Students go out and talk to people on the river,” said Keenan. “(They) developed their own brochure. They developed some signs. They did a bus ad, which was great, and worked with the department of health in Rockland County.”
Proprietor of River Haggie Outdoors and environmental educator Fran Martino contracts with the Hudson Basin River Watch to do outreach for the DOH, working in schools in a number of counties.
“I include some type of an art craft project, and I explain to the children that they’re going to take home a few things after my visit, snapshot of the advisory,” said Martino, who sends kids home from school with a fish magnet printed with the DOH phone number.
At a recent visit, Martino used a rubber fish to explain fish anatomy, which helps kids discuss what kinds of fish they or their parents might be catching. The same fish is used in the art project. Kids paint it and make Japanese-style fish prints.
Talking with kids is important because they can influence their parents’ behavior, said Martino. Budget-strapped schools value the free visits. She also attends summer camps and fairs with fish advisory materials.
Creating materials in other languages is another tactic of the DOH.
“You have immigrants who have moved here from other parts of the world,” said Keenan. “These chemicals are not something you can smell, taste or in any other way sense, so we have to try and get the message across to them.
A diagram in the materials helps illustrate the fatty areas in the fish where PCBs can accumulate. By removing the skin and the fat of the fish, and filleting the fish, it’s possible to reduce the PCB levels by about half.
“We recognize we’re not giving people a substitute meal,” said Keenan. “We’re not in the position to do that, unfortunately. We’re at least letting people know that if they prepare it a certain way they can get a lot less PCBs in a meal, which is helpful advice.”
Information on New York State Department of Health’s fish advisories can be found at http://nyhealth.gov/fish. Note the brevity of the address — just another attempt by DOH staff to float their information to the public as easily as possible.© Food Safety News | <urn:uuid:29f6d0d9-44b2-4db7-ae02-3d69f1197a3b> | {
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Born on February 12, 1809, Charles Darwin is best known for his theory of natural selection as a driving force in evolution. Yet he was also an accomplished geologist, studying earthquakes and the formation of coral atolls, among other topics. When he set sail on the Beagle in December 1831, he was determined to understand the geologic history of the places he visited. He did some of his first digging in Cape Verde, specifically on the islands of Santiago (St. Iago or St. Jago) and Ilhéu de Santa Maria (Quail Island in Darwin’s day).
The Advanced Land Imager (ALI) on NASA’s Earth Observing-1 (EO-1) satellite captured these natural-color images of Santiago and Ilhéu de Santa Maria on December 17, 2002. The top image is a close-up of Porto Praia (also Porto Praya), the harbor where the Beagle anchored in January 1832. The bottom image shows the rugged topography of Santiago. The area of the close-up is outlined in white in the wide-area view.
Only about 1 mile (1.6 kilometers) in circumference, Ilhéu de Santa Maria was small enough for Darwin to study in detail. He mapped rock layers and collected samples from each one, using the island as a key to understanding the much larger Santiago, which held tantalizing geologic clues of its own. On a cliff face near Porto Praia, Darwin noticed a bed of marine shells resting roughly 45 feet (14 meters) above sea level. He concluded that both islands “are volcanic islands that were submerged for some period beneath the sea, where they collected marine beds and then another layer of melted volcanic material.” He concluded that both islands had gained and lost elevation over time.
To support his hypothesis, Darwin pointed to the Temple of Serapis along the coast of Italy, which Charles Lyell had described in his recently published Principles of Geology. The land under the temple had previously sunk below the water line, enabling mollusks to bore into the temple’s stone pillars. After the land rose again, the borehole layers appeared as dark bands.
More recent geologic studies in Cape Verde have confirmed Darwin’s conclusions, not only about the islands’s volcanic origin, but also about elevation changes. A 2006 study published in Geology found that Cape Verde sits over a relatively stationary hotspot where magma pushes up through Earth’s crust. Hotspot melting has thickened the crust in the area, the study found, buoying the ocean floor underneath the islands of Cape Verde. A 2010 study published in Nature Geoscience concluded that multiple geologic processes under the ocean floor have raised Cape Verde at varying rates over the past 6 million years.
- AboutDarwin.com. (2010, December 28). HMS Beagle Voyage. Accessed February 10, 2011.
- Herbert, S. (2005). Charles Darwin, Geologist. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York.
- Lodge, A., Helffrich, G. (2006). Depleted swell root beneath the Cape Verde Islands. Geology, 34(6), 449–452.
- Laporte, L.F. (1996). Darwin the Geologist (PDF file). Geological Society of America, History and Philosophy of Geology Division. Accessed February 10, 2011.
- Ramalho, R., Helffrich, G., Cosca, M., Vance, D., Hoffmann, D., Schmidt, D.N. (2010). Episodic swell growth inferred from variable uplift of the Cape Verde hotspot islands. Nature Geoscience, 3, 774–777. | <urn:uuid:e4eecd74-42c5-4c75-b560-2d35db6f5d39> | {
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This week my oldest started 1st grade. My middle son is 4 and will be 5 in a couple of weeks. He is reading really well. We spend 15 minutes a day having him read some of his favorite books to me. This year I want him to start learning to cut and write better so we will take a little time each morning working on those skills. He is doing pretty well at writing his name so we are working on every letter of the alphabet. I was hesitant to give him worksheets since preschool age children learn through play, but he absolutely loves doing them so I am happy with that decision.
Will.i.am does a fun song on Sesame Street called "What I Am" my boys love that song and so we danced to it. It is a catchy, fun song worth listening too.
I found this fun idea. My son drew pictures of everything and I used squares instead of circles. My son had a lot of fun doing this and it was a great way to go over the name of the city, state, and country we live in.
Emotions Face printable to talk about different emotions. We read each one, talked about what it meant, and then he made a face to match the emotion.
We did this "I'm Special" book that had a lot of fun pages to color and fill out.
That pretty much wraps up our week. I had my son help me think of themes he would like to do throughout the year. He came up with some interesting things. I should share it some time. Anyway, should be a fun year. | <urn:uuid:50107dc1-9f32-4895-bf42-09e517108969> | {
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SAYS HAWAII BETTER THAN THE
SILHOUETTE OF DIAMOND HEAD CRATER.
Diamond Head is an extinct volcano, and when active stood
about 3500 ft.
Erosion and the Hawaiian Islands continuously sinking reduced
it's height to 761 ft above sea level. The crater has a diameter
of 3250 ft and a floor area of 175 acres.
The name Diamond Head came from British sailors, who mined
calcite crystals they mistook for diamonds in the early 1800's.
Because of it's view, the U.S. military constructed a trail to
the summit in the early 1900's and built an observation post.
During World War II, the observation post was used to
coordinate artillery fire from Fort Derusy in Waikiki.
The hike is moderate ability and approximately 1.5 miles
roundtrip. Hike roundtrip from start of trail is approximately
It is estimated that more than a million hikers reach the summit
of Diamond Head each year.
Every saturday, the Clean Air Team leads a trek up Diamond
Head, from 9:00 AM to 12:00 PM, starting at the Honolulu Zoo.
For more info call 948-3299.
587-0166 Land and Natural Resources for maps and trail
973-4381 Oahu weather Forcast.
587-0300 State Parks Division.
Click below to order your Walking Stick
ORDER YOUR WALKING STICK NOW!
trails while on your ascent to the top of one of the worlds
Diamond Head Volcano
| Hawaiian Tours |
Hawaiian Walking Stick | <urn:uuid:f18df692-2f5d-4b39-892a-ddfa26ae491d> | {
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The EF4 tornado that devastated Moore, Okla., on Monday has caused untold damage and claimed at least 24 lives. If you want to help or if you need help, check out the information below.
What to do after a tornado
This government website - http://www.ready.gov/tornadoes - has information on what to do before, during and after a tornado. Among the after tips are:
- Continue to monitor your battery-powered radio or television for emergency information.
- Be careful when entering any structure that has been damaged.
- Wear sturdy shoes or boots, long sleeves and gloves when handling or walking on or near debris.
- Be aware of hazards from exposed nails and broken glass.
- Do not touch downed power lines or objects in contact with downed lines. Report electrical hazards to the police and the utility company.
- Use battery-powered lanterns, if possible, rather than candles to light homes without electrical power. If you use candles, make sure they are in safe holders away from curtains, paper, wood or other flammable items. Never leave a candle burning when you are out of the room.
- Never use generators, pressure washers, grills, camp stoves or other gasoline, propane, natural gas or charcoal-burning devices inside your home, basement, garage or camper - or even outside near an open window, door or vent. Carbon monoxide (CO) - an odorless, colorless gas that can cause sudden illness and death if you breathe it - from these sources can build up in your home, garage or camper and poison the people and animals inside. Seek prompt medical attention if you suspect CO poisoning and are feeling dizzy, light-headed or nauseated.
- Hang up displaced telephone receivers that may have been knocked off by the tornado, but stay off the telephone, except to report an emergency.
- Cooperate fully with public safety officials.
- Respond to requests for volunteer assistance by police, fire fighters, emergency management and relief organizations, but do not go into damaged areas unless assistance has been requested. Your presence could hamper relief efforts and you could endanger yourself.
How to connect with those in Moore
The Red Cross has a website devoted to helping connect you to your friends and family affected by the tornado. Go to https://safeandwell.communityos.org/cms/index.php. Emotional support
If you or someone you know needs emotional support after a tornado, contact the Disaster Stress Helpline, a government website devoted to helping people cope with tragedies. Go to http://disasterdistress.samhsa.gov/ or call 800-985-5990.
Page 2 of 2 - More resources
FEMA has more resources and information listed on their website, http://www.fema.gov/.
How to help
Only donate to charities that you know are reputable. The American Red Cross is one of the best to donate to, as they're goverment-approved and have a presence in Oklahoma. Go to http://www.redcross.org/ for more information.
Other places you might consider donating to include the Salvation Army - donate.salvationarmyusa.org/uss/eds/aok - and Oklahoma Baptist Disaster Relief - www.bgco.org/donate.
Below watch the latest video coverage of the disaster. | <urn:uuid:86ababc7-1114-4596-9d31-7aa1db1b2c68> | {
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The materials used for coloring in ancient China can be […]
The materials used for coloring in ancient China can be divided into mineral pigments and vegetable dyes, the latter being the main dyes of ancient times. The pigmentation of mineral pigments is adhered to the surface of the fabric by a binder, but the color is easily peeled off when exposed to water. Plant dyes are not. When dyeing, the pigment molecules change the color of the fibers by affinity with the fabric fibers. The color is not easily peeled off or rarely falls off after being washed by the sun.
The mineral dyes commonly used in ancient times are numerous. The dyeing processes created by the ancients according to different dye characteristics include: direct dyeing, mordant dyeing, reduction dyeing, anti-dyeing, and color dyeing. The diversity of dye varieties and process methods makes the chromatogram of the ancient printing and dyeing industry very rich. There are hundreds of records in ancient books, especially in a color tone, which clearly separates dozens of approximate colors, which requires skillful mastery. The combination, formulation and changing process conditions of various dyes can be achieved. | <urn:uuid:a757ded5-1229-4b62-af16-ee9ca735f84f> | {
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The rise of pressure groups in the united states has created strong foundation for the development of the new policymaking networks despite the fact that in many instances the political decision-making was influenced by economic and social elites, pressure groups have become indispensable elements of the contemporary politics. Published: mon, 5 dec 2016 the united states of america, the biggest democracy in the world, was born as such in 1787, when 55 representatives of each state gathered in philadelphia in order to achieve a compromise, a union within states. The term lobbying conjures up visions of a cigar-chomping interest group representative, his arm around the shoulder of an important senator or representative, advising him how he ought to vote on some obscure provision of the tax code and slipping an envelope, fat with currency, into his jacket pocket.
@home vip club members owners cafe lounge pluralism vs elitism essay writing - 405460 this topic contains 0 replies, has 1 voice, and was last updated by janette challen 4 days, 8 hours ago. Pluralism can never exist in its purest form discuss with reference to elitism and marxism in this essay i will be examining the way pluralism, elitism and marxism view the distribution of power in society as well as why it is argued that pluralism cannot exist in its purest form.
Elitism is the gobernment of the elite, the people in power, the rich pluralism is a term that describes the type of political parties a country has usa has no plurality to offer the electorate because i think a two party rule offers no real plurarity, period. In this essay i will be examining the way pluralism, elitism and marxism view the distribution of power in society as well as why it is argued that pluralism cannot exist in its purest form pluralists, such as weber, believe that direct democracy is impractical in modern, complex societies and that representative democracy is the best way to. Elitism is the belief or attitude that individuals who form an elite — a select group of people with a certain ancestry, intrinsic quality, high intellect, wealth, special skills, or experience — are more likely to be constructive to society as a whole, and therefore deserve influence or authority greater than that of others. Elitism vs pluralism essay the theories that contrast how we view ourselves as a democracy as in any political debate, the two main theories, elitism and pluralism present numerous conflicts. Pluralist democracy works with numerous organised groups who all have some political power in the decision-making setting it assumes that it's 'neutral' government who listens to, and acts on the outcomes of these competing interests.
Discuss the pluralist theory of democracy, and its criticisms - pluralist theory of democracy is made up of many groups, some of them are, labor unions, businesses, nonprofits, religions, and ethnic groups. The theories include the pluralists theory of democracy,hyper-pluralism, elite pluralism, and the traditional theory although each theory is completely different, they all exhibit the common ideapeople, either as individuals or groups, can make a difference in government. Published: mon, 5 dec 2016 the three disparate theories of the state, namely the elitist, the pluralist and the marxist theories are briefly discussed in the essay.
Comparing pluralist, hyperpluralist, elite, class, and traditional theory of government essay sample it is much easier to contrast the four contemporary theories of american democracy than to compare them, as pluralist, hyperpluralist, elite and class, and traditional theory each highlights the competitive foundation of politics. Pluralism seeks to maintain the existing political structure, while power elite theorists maintain that basic changes are needed for the united states to become a true democracy. concept paper of pluralism yue zhang george washington university (ta: joey wachtel) pluralism in contemporary academic field implies multiple meanings one interpretation of pluralism is the idea, classically formulated by isaiah berlin, that there is a plurality of distinct or 'incommensurable' values or goods (crowder, 2010.
Pluralism vs elitism the term lobbying conjures up visions of a cigar-chomping interest group representative, his arm around the shoulder of an important senator or representative, advising him how he ought to vote on some obscure provision of the tax code and slipping an envelope, fat with currency, into his jacket pocket. In elitism, no social organization can form with out elites to lead and make all the decisions for the organization contradictory, pluralism holds that majority will always prevail regardless of any leaderã â¡ã â¯s personal view. Sample essay words 754 this essay discusses pluralism and elitism pluralism and elitism are two of the major stories that attempt to explain the power structure in the united states.
Elitism vs pluralism elitism and pluralism are belief systems that are opposite to each other and constitute a way of looking at a political system this attitude system allows one to analyze the political system including the institutions such as government, army, parliament etc. Elitism vs pluralism essay sample when we look at the basic premise behind our founding fathers design to create our government, we are looking at democracy. Elitism vs pluralism many americans fear that a set of elite citizens is really in charge of government in the united states and that others have no influence. | <urn:uuid:1ce57a19-0a39-4719-a905-41c47fa7a5e8> | {
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NEW YORK (October 17, 2007) – New maps resulting from analysis by the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) find that regions most affected by ragweed and smog substantially overlap with one another — leaving these regions particularly vulnerable to the effects of global warming. As global warming boosts levels of both ragweed and smog, the risk of asthma and allergic reactions for people living in these overlapping regions will likely increase.
“Our analysis reveals that there is a clear interplay between high levels of smog and ragweed that could lead to intensified reactions for both allergy and asthma sufferers,” said Dr. Kim Knowlton, NRDC’s global warming and health specialist. “People living in some of the most populated regions of this country may be feeling the effects of global warming every allergy season.”
- Atlanta, GA
- Philadelphia, PA
- Raleigh, NC
- Knoxville, TN
- Harrisburg, PA
- Grand Rapids, MI
- Milwaukee, WI
- Greensboro, NC
- Scranton, PA
- Little Rock, AR
- Los Angeles, CA
- Chicago, IL
- Charlotte, NC
Not only do these cities already rank among the top 15 “Asthma Capitals” of 2007, according to the Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America, but they are also located in the zones most likely to experience ragweed and unhealthy smog levels. Both ragweed, the pollen of which is a common allergen, and smog, otherwise known as ground-level ozone pollution, have been linked to respiratory problems, including asthma. Studies have shown that when people are exposed to both ragweed and smog, they can suffer more severe reactions than when exposed to just one of these pollutants.
Global warming may worsen levels of both smog and ragweed, but it will do so in different ways. Smog can intensify when exposed to the rising temperatures caused by global warming. And ragweed has been shown to flourish and produce more pollen through direct exposure to carbon dioxide, global warming’s leading pollutant.
“Global warming – through both its components and by-products – is creating a perfect storm of sneezing and wheezing for allergy and asthma suffers in the U.S.,” said Dr. Gina Solomon, a senior scientist in NRDC’s health program. “This mapping shows us that people throughout the U.S. – in the North, South, East and West – will be very personally affected by global warming, and we need pollution controls throughout the country to help offset this problem.”
Today, about 36 million Americans suffer from some form of seasonal allergy, and it’s estimated that 17 million children and adults in the United States suffer from asthma. Eighty percent of children and 50 percent of adults with asthma also have some type of allergy, and allergies are among the factors that can trigger asthma attacks.
There are both large-scale and individual actions that can be taken to reduce the effects of this possible rise in ragweed and smog on asthma and allergies. Government agencies can protect communities by reducing the sources of global warming pollution and ozone smog. Governments can create better resources for citizens in need of information about pollen and pollution levels in their area, such as implementing more ozone monitoring stations and ragweed tracking systems. Individuals can reduce their own exposure to ragweed and smog by checking news outlets for daily pollen and smog levels, and reducing outdoor activities when these levels are high. | <urn:uuid:6e540297-9991-455a-aa49-b202fc90accd> | {
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Height above sea level
in the countryside
Average summer temperature:20 °C
Average winter temperature:-2,5 °C
Grad is a dispersed settlement with a nucleated centre in the valley of the stream of the same name. It lies in the middle of the western part of Goričko, extending in the east onto a ridge where it borders Radovci and Vidonci and, in the west, onto a ridge where it meets Dolnji Slaveči, Gornji Slaveči and Kuzma. Between these twoGrad is a dispersed settlement with a nucleated centre in the valley of the stream of the same name. It lies in the middle of the western part of Goričko, extending in the east onto a ridge where it borders Radovci and Vidonci and, in the west, onto a ridge where it meets Dolnji Slaveči, Gornji Slaveči and Kuzma. Between these two ridges is another steep ridge to the north, in the direction of Dolič. Access to the village is along the road from Bodonci and the road from Večeslavci, which reaches the southern boundary by the plague column of Beli Križ ("White Cross", 303 metres). The settlement lies at between 267 and 390 metres above sea level. The nucleated centre of the village is at 267 metres, while the highest part of the village is Popelšček, at 386 metres, where towards the north the terrain rises to 389 metres. The settlement, which has its nucleus in the alluvial valley of the Grad stream (Grački potok) and its tributaries, extends across the surrounding hills, which are for the most part of volcanic origin. The basaltic tuffs that occur here are the result of volcanic activity in the area around Bad Gleichenberg in Austria. The geological structure has resulted in a steep landscape with incised valleys in which, over the course of thousands of years, the water has created picturesque gorges which are at their most beautiful in winter. The gentler slopes and the bottoms of the valleys of larger and smaller streams are given over to intensive arable use or meadows. A number of large vineyards and orchards can be found in elevated and sunny positions. Mixed forest cover the central and western ridges. On the north side predominantly coniferous forest reaches far down into the valley, while on the south-west side a narrow belt of larch forest reaches all the way to the foot of the valley. The nucleus of the village consists of a central core called Pörga linked by a stone path to the castle building. This is the location of almost all the village infrastructure: the municipal building with the seat of the municipality, a post office, a cultural centre and local administrative office, a school and kindergarten, a church and presbytery, a health centre, a dental clinic, a bank, a branch of the Triglav insurance company, a pharmacy, a florist's, other shops, pubs, a mill and oil press, a sports field, and a fire station. Further on is the Grupa Eura garment factory (ex M-Club), while to the north is a stonecutting workshop. Finally, there is the cemetery. Adjacent to the castle access road is a group of houses known as Gornji (Upper) Grad which, together with the park, the castle building and the castle farm (which until 1972 housed the school), represent the historic centre of the village and, until relatively recently, its most important part. The old inn in Gornji Grad dates from 1754 but is no longer open. The third largest part of the village in terms of number of inhabitants consists of the hamlets lying on the projecting elevations and in the valleys surrounding the centre: Marof, Kaniža and Bajna on the eastern ridge next to the castle; Majcov Breg, Rajbarjev Breg, Šandorjev Breg, Balažinova Graba, Gjerkeševa Graba, Pekova Graba, Sabolova Graba, Tomaševa Graba, Rankova Graba and Gumilarjev Breg on the western ridge; and Bomecov Breg and Bežanova Graba in the north. The settlement is closely connected to the castle, which stands on a steep prominence surrounded by five hectares of parkland and gives the village its historical character. | <urn:uuid:bb0e1749-7133-41fc-99a9-e4f491d4dfc3> | {
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The key factor for every competitor is to be in a state of harmony whereby the body and mind are working synergistically. These psychological processes may contribute to a state of performance known as “flow”. Flow is known as a “positive psychological state that is, when an individual becomes totally absorbed in the task, to the exclusion of all other thoughts and emotions” (Csikszentmihalyi, 1975, 995). Csikszentmihalyi, (1975)(i), identified that the concept of flow is a ”self-surpassing dimension of human experience”, and proposed nine dimensions of flow. It is thought that this state lifts experience from the ordinary to optimal physical and mental functioning. Flow is valued as a harmonious experience where mind and body work together effortlessly leaving the person feeling that something special has occurred.
Flow is thought to be a source of motivation for many individuals undertaking physical activity and is believed to elevate an experience to higher levels of enjoyment and achievement. Jackson et al. (1998)[ii] suggested that experiencing flow frequently involved the athlete in a specific activity and promoted the desire to perform the activity for its own sake. The activity becomes autotelic; the reason for participating is grounded in the process of involvement in the activity and not attaining goals that are external to the activity. As flow is unique to the individual, the level and type of experience while in a flow state depends on the individual. It can be seen to involve particular characteristics creating a very positive state of consciousness and leading to an enjoyable, intrinsically rewarding experience.
Deci and Ryan (1985, 1998)[iii], found that when people are highly interested in what they are doing, flow is likely to occur more often. Certain flow dimensions are more relevant to sport than others. Jackson (1996), found support for Csikszentmihalyi’s (1975) dimensions. The nine fundamental dimensions that describe flow are: – Challenge – Skill balance, this refers to the sense of balance that is achieved by the perceived demands of the sport and the skills of the athlete. Action-awareness merging, this refers to the body and mind fusing into one. The activity feels spontaneous and automatic. Clear goals, this refers to the athlete’s ability to know exactly what they are going to do. Goals direct action and provide the focus. Unambiguous feedback, refers to the feedback within the activity that allows the athlete to remain connected with what they are doing and in control of where they are going. Concentration on task at hand, refers to the athlete’s focus on the challenges that are faced by the athlete. A sense of Control, refers to the ability to take control of the situation without any conscious effort. Loss of Self-Consciousness, refers to the athletes concern for oneself disappearing while engaging in the activity. Flow frees the individual from self-concern and self-doubt. Transformation of time, is an experience of the distortion of time. Autotelic experience, the athlete experiences enjoyment that is intrinsically rewarding.
Jackson reported that 97% of the flow state descriptor themes were classified into one of nine dimensions. Symeon et al. (2000)[iv] suggested that it is important that all the dimensions should be active for the flow experience to be activated. Further, the degree of experience of each dimension is not experienced to the same extent when participating in physical activity. Reaching optimal performance levels and discovering the balance between the body and mind seems imperative for the performance to peak.
[i] Csikszentmihalyi and Nakamura, (1989). In Jackson, S.A. (1998). Psychological
Correlates of Flow in Sport. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 20, 358-378.
[ii] Jackson, Susan A. & Csíkszentmihályi, Mihály (1999). Flow in Sports: The Keys to Optimal Experiences and Performances. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics Publishers.
[iii] Deci and Ryan, (1985). In Jackson, S.A.(1998). Psychological Correlates of Flow in Sport. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 20, 358-378.
[iv] Symeon P. V., Karageorghis, C.I., Terry, P.C. (2000). Hierarchical confirmatory factor analysis of the Flow State Scale in exercise. Journal of Sport Science, 18, 815-823. | <urn:uuid:7e3c9309-5d8c-45c7-b5e1-3988dcba2980> | {
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BOYNTON BEACH, Florida (AP) -- Samuel M. Rubin, who helped make popcorn the popular snack at movie theaters, died Thursday, his daughter said. He was 85.
Popcorn became a staple at movie theaters during the Great Depression. From 1934 to 1940, the nation's annual popcorn harvest grew from 5 million to 100 million pounds.
Rubin was likely the first to pop corn in machines on a widespread basis in theaters. He began by popping the kernels in Long Island City, New York, and trucking it to theaters but later made the treat in theaters.
Rubin was born on May 24, 1918, in Brooklyn, New York. He sold pretzels at age 6 and flags at 9.
When a vending machine rolled and broke against the stage, he used it as counter to sell candy, a precursor of the modern movie concession stand. | <urn:uuid:524b06d7-3f33-4906-a8fc-7d242b6ffa11> | {
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EMBARGOED FOR RELEASE: Sunday, March 16, 2014, 5:45 p.m. Eastern Time
Note to journalists: Please report that this research was presented at a meeting of the American Chemical Society.
Newswise — DALLAS, March 16, 2014 — A waste product from making paper could yield a safer, greener alternative to the potentially harmful chemical BPA, now banned from baby bottles but still used in many plastics. Scientists made the BPA alternative from lignin, the compound that gives wood its strength, and they say it could be ready for the market within five years.
They described the research here today in one of the more than 10,000 presentations at the 247th National Meeting & Exposition of the American Chemical Society (ACS), the world’s largest scientific society, taking place here through Thursday.
“Approximately 3.5 million tons of BPA are produced annually worldwide,” said Kaleigh Reno, a graduate student who presented the report. BPA is the component that gives shatter-proof plastic eyewear and sports equipment their strength. Additionally, BPA is used in high-performance glues, in the lining of cans and in receipt paper, she explained. The downside is that bisphenol-A, as it’s called, can mimic the hormone estrogen, potentially affecting the body and brain. Some experts have suggested that it’s unsafe for young children and pregnant women to consume.
To find a safer, more environmentally friendly alternative, Reno and her advisor, Richard Wool, Ph.D., who are at the University of Delaware, turned to lignin. They note that papermaking and other wood-pulping processes produce 70 million tons of lignin byproduct each year, 98 percent of which is incinerated to generate small amounts of energy.
Reno has developed a process that instead converts lignin fragments into a compound called bisguaiacol-F (BGF), which has a similar shape to BPA. She and Wool predict it will act like BPA, as well. “We expect to show that BGF has BPA-like properties within a year,” said Wool, with a product ready for the market two to five years later.
Reno is confident that BGF will be a safe stand-in for BPA. “We know the molecular structure of BPA plays a large role in disrupting our natural hormones, specifically estrogen,” she said. “We used this knowledge in designing BGF such that it is incapable of interfering with hormones but retains the desirable thermal and mechanical properties of BPA.” The researchers also used U.S. Environmental Protection Agency software to evaluate the molecule, determining it should be less toxic than BPA.
And because BGF is made from an existing waste product, Reno believes it will be a viable alternative economically and environmentally. BPA is manufactured from compounds found in oil, a fossil fuel, while BGF’s feedstock, lignin, comes from trees, a renewable resource.
The researchers chose BGF based on their unique “Twinkling Fractal Theory,” which Wool explains can predict mechanical and thermal properties. “This approach considerably simplifies the design of new biobased materials since we can predetermine properties and screen for toxicity for a broad range of potential compounds from renewable resources such as lignin and plant oils,” he says.
The researchers acknowledge funding from the U.S. Army Research Laboratory via a DoD-SERDP grant.
The American Chemical Society is a nonprofit organization chartered by the U.S. Congress. With more than 161,000 members, ACS is the world’s largest scientific society and a global leader in providing access to chemistry-related research through its multiple databases, peer-reviewed journals and scientific conferences. Its main offices are in Washington, D.C., and Columbus, Ohio.
Tackling toxicity: Designing a BPA alternative from lignin
Over five million metric tons of bisphenol A (BPA) are produced annually for the synthesis of plastics, such as epoxy resins, vinyl ester resins, and polycarbonates. BPA can mimic estrogen in vivoand can interfere with early reproductive development and cause irreversible physical changes. Therefore, designing sustainably sourced, less toxic BPA alternatives is desirable. We synthesized bisguaiacol F (BGF) as a potential BPA alternative from two lignin model compounds, vanillyl alcohol and guaiacol. Lignin is a promising feedstock for aromatic monomers as the paper and pulping industry produces 70 million tons a year as a waste product and can be depolymerized into useful aromatic compounds. Similar to the industrial synthesis of BPA, the condensation reaction between vanillyl alcohol and guaiacol produce two regioisomers. Selectivity between regioisomers and other byproducts can be tuned by changing reaction conditions such as water content, acidic ion exchange resin proton exchange capacity, and reaction time. DSC was used to determine the effect of regioisomer content on the thermal behavior of BGF. Polyesters containing BGA and BGF were compared using thermomechanical analyses (TGA, and DSC). | <urn:uuid:389a07d5-b985-401b-9529-fb963a88052b> | {
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The “A to Z” of Common Spelling Mistakes
Do you experience trouble when spelling specific words? Do you keep getting the spelling of ‘absolutely’ wrong, and wonder if you’re not alone? You aren’t!
In Ginger’s Spelling Book you’ll find a wide selection of the top frequent spelling mistakes that people make when using Ginger as well as a breakdown of HOW people spell these words incorrectly. Let’s take a look at a couple examples:
When it comes to the word “alright” everything’s NOT “alright.” Usually the biggest
challenge when spelling “alright” is how many “L’s” are needed in the word, but our research shows that it is misspelled in a variety of other ways as well. Here is a breakdown of the different ways that are used to spell “alright.”
The most common alternative misspelling is “allright” with 30.13% of our users using this incorrect spelling. A list of the rest of the alternatives are in the chart to right.
Ginger’s Spelling Book lists common spelling most common mistakes all the way from “A” to “Z.” Here are some fascinating ways that people have misspelled the word “Zebra.”
Coming in at number one is “izabrao” with 2.16% of the misspellings using this error. The rest are listed in the chart to the left.
What word do you have the most difficulty spelling? Write it in the comment section below. | <urn:uuid:b8775071-8eb1-4ee9-8a75-d1198dfd71bd> | {
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First Pasture Price: £23.42
Status: Pre-order, expected Jan 2018
Smallholding as a concept is not limited to small-scale farming, and anyone can bring parts of it to their everyday lifestyle, whether it's a window box to grow produce, a garden to keep chickens or a field or two for other livestock.
Providing a comprehensive overview of smallholding for the beginner, Smallholding by Georgina Starmer is a practical guide to growing food and farming livestock. It helps the reader learn how to incorporate some self-sufficiency into their lifestyle, to become knowledgeable enough to keep livestock, and to enjoy working and being productive with the land they have.
The book also provides information about making a profit from the fruits of labour, such as selling surplus home grown produce at the farm gate or farmers' markets.
Contents include an A-Z growing guide for fruits and vegetables, topics such as buying or renting land, soil health, composting, fruit trees, pasture management, stock fencing; and detailed livestock information about keeping bees, caring for poultry, goats, llamas and alpacas, pigs, sheep and cattle, and the legal requirements that come with it. | <urn:uuid:c2316a79-7ede-4af0-a271-4c1388a812e5> | {
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Where can I see Newton's original reflecting telescope?
I am on business in London for several months and I am enjoying my stay here taking in the rich scientific and cultural history of the city. I would like to know if Isaac Newton's original reflecting telescope is still in existence and, if so, where might it be on display?
I tried to find this out on the web and although I could find photographs of it I couldn't work out where it was.
I did find this nice list of the websites of museums in the UK which might help.
I also emailed the British Museum to see if they might know where it is (I'm intrigued now!). What they said was "I am afraid that we are unable to assist you with your inquiry. I suggest that you contact the Whipple Museum for the History of Science in Cambridge or the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London." Good luck with your search.
NOTE FROM KAREN: If anyone does know where this can be seen please email us the answer!
UPDATE by Britt, May 7, 2002 Newton's original telescope is currently in the National Museum of Australia in Canberra, part of an exhibit called "To Mars and Beyond," from 13 December 2001 to 26 May 2002. The exhibit will then travel to the display from 26 June to 21 October 2002 at the Museum Victoria.
The telescope is owned by the Royal Society of London.
UPDATE by Britt, August 14, 2002: We have it on the authority of a person with a .uk address that the Royal Society in London has the telescope in their rooms at Carlton House Terrace.
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Mba ho tompon-tsafidy,
Mba tsy havela hihidy,
Ty vavako miteny” rahafahafahana, Mahaleo . (Mg)
Do not let the words from my mouth be silenced”
Freedom by Mahaleo .
As illustrated in this verse, the Malagasy language always had a strong tradition of oral expression. Kabary (lengthy speeches) are often given before any important familial or social events. However, as the economic pressure to employ more prominent languages at the global level (English and French) increases, it is important that the Malagasy language remains at the core of Madagascar's identity. The threat that the younger generations lose interest in speaking Malagasy properly is a frequent topic of discussion among sociologists. Malagasy writer Michèle Rakotoson notes :
Je me demande s’il n’y a pas rupture entre nous et cette fameuse « deuxième génération ». Ils sont plus dans Internet, les soirées festives et dansantes ou les sports. Par rapport à la langue malgache « tenindrazana », celle-ci est littéralement « langue des aïeux » et n’est même pas celle des parents ni des enfants. (Fr)
The Malagasy language is spoken by 17 million people. As such, Malagasy is only the 55th most spoken languages in the world but it is still one of the 69 macrolanguages . The reason for protecting and promoting less-spoken languages is not as much because of the number of native speakers as it is in the history they carry with them. The Malagasy language is one of the main signs of unity for the sometimes racially divided Malagasy nation. As much as any other aspects of the Malagasy culture, it symbolizes the diverse origins of the Malagasy population. Indeed, the Malagasy language belongs to the Malayso-Polynesian family but it was enriched by influences from Bantu, Swahili, Arabic, French and English.
The Malagasy language also played an important role in Malagasy history when Madagascar sought true independence from France. One of the first rulings from the government was to impose Malagasy as the language of choice in the educational system.
Therefore, it is in the hope of both reaching towards previously “unheard” voices and promoting exchange between cultures that may have had little interaction that the Global Voices amin’ny teny Malagasy project was created. As the description of the Lingua Global Voices Translation Project states:
“ It will open lines of communication with non-English speaking bloggers and readers of GV. [..] Mostly, Lingua translators are helping bridge worlds and amplify voices”.
We believe it is also very much in the spirit of the Global Voices outreach program Rising Voices , which
“aims to help bring new voices from new communities and speaking new languages to the conversational web”.
Indeed,reading Global Voices in Malagasy may encourage Malagasy speakers to share their own stories.
The Global Voices amin’ny teny Malagasy project was born out of discussions between GV author Mialy and GV lingua editor Alice Baker and its importance was not lost on Malagasy bloggers who promptly volunteer to contribute: Jentilisa , Hery , Harinjaka , Joan and others who may join soon. We are also reaching out to national newspapers in Madagascar to augment exposure for the project. | <urn:uuid:a1346f17-81f6-42d6-bbcb-2dc81b35d070> | {
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Why Does M&P Soap Sweat?
Melt and Pour Soap Bases contain high levels of vegetable glycerin. Glycerin is a natural byproduct of the saponification process. The ingredient glycerin is a humectant. A humectant is a substance that can retain and preserve moisture, therefore also preventing loss of moisture as well. Humectants are very important in bath and body products. Having a moisturizing aspect to your products is especially crucial for the dry skin type products.
Sometimes, during the manufacturing process of melt and pour soaps, extra glycerin is added. Glycerin is a key ingredient for making clear soaps. Some types of melt and pour soaps even have up to 20% of pure glycerin in them (this would be why glycerin is listed so highly on the ingredients label). But remember this glycerin is what gives melt and pour soap some of its highly sought after qualities, easy to color and mold, skin loving nature, mild and gentle soap (good for children and sensitive skinned), and very highly moisturizing naturally.
In fact, it is believed that in theory when you wash your hands with glycerin soap, there will be a thin layer of glycerin that is left behind after you rinse off the lather. This layer of glycerin then does its humectant job and pulls moisture from the air, keeping your hand moisturized until the next wash. But, it is also this same ingredient which is causing your melt and pour soap to “sweat”. Some people believe that m&p sweat is inevitable, but there are some steps you can take to help avoid and reduce sweat.
Because glycerin is a humectant, the sweat that is produced after m&p soap in unmolded is actually condensation from the air that the glycerin drew out unto itself. This is a very important element to remember if you live in an area with high heat and high humidity, or if you are soaping while it is raining outside. Humidity is the number one cause for sweat.
How to Reduce M&P Soap Sweat
One of the best suggestions that we have for reducing the amount of sweat on your soaps is to have a dehumidifier in your soaping area. You also want to keep the temperature of the room where you are soaping constant. Drastic changes in temperature will also enhance soap sweat.
The first option in reducing sweat on m&p soap, especially if you live in a very humid area, is to store unmolded soaps in an airtight container. By doing this, you are eliminating any extra moisture to be retained by the glycerin. One tip we have learned from our customers is to spread a thin layer of aroma beads into the bottom of the air tight container. Since aroma beads absorb liquid, this will also better your chances of having an air tight moisture free environment for your soaps to dry and harden.
In addition to the aroma beads, you will want to use drying racks in your containers if possible. Setting your soap directly on top of the aroma beads for long periods of time will also dry out your soaps. The time limit that the soaps can be in the air tight container is 2 hrs. The soaps should also be checked and rotated every 30 minutes.
Some soap crafters use muslin bags to lay their soap out to dry, rotating them once a day. This however will only work if you live in an area that does not have high humidity.
Although there is some debate as to when you can wrap your soap to avoid sweat, the general consensus is to wrap your soaps immediately after unmolding, if you are not storing them in an airtight container. Regardless of whether you are using, plastic wrap or saran wrap (sealed with a heat gun), or shrink wrap, the sooner you get the soaps covered, the less chance glycerin has to draw moisture to the outside of the soap.
Another way to reduce sweat forming on the soap is to allow the soap to cool and harden naturally. You want your soaps to harden at room temperature (70-72 degrees). Even though you can speed up the hardening process by placing your molds in the fridge/freezer, it should NEVER be any longer than 15-20 minutes depending on the size of your mold. Also, this step should never occur right after you poured the hot melted soap in the mold. Wait until your soap has already started to harden. The drastic temperature change from piping hot to freezing cold will lead to soap sweat. And, you never want to completely freeze soap. When the frozen soap thaws, you can almost guarantee soap sweat.
On a closing note, soap sweat does not affect any of the soap’s abilities. Soap sweat happens naturally in humid environments that the soap is in. Although using the preventative measures listed above will help to reduce the amount of soap sweat that occurs on your bars of soap, soap sweat may still appear. The humectant agents in your soap are just doing their job, collecting moisture from the air, just as it will to moisturize your skin. | <urn:uuid:ddd1827c-cf41-4363-84bf-ccba0e35999d> | {
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To some people programming languages are no more than mere tools. We can say the same about Mathematics but we would be missing a lot.
The design involved in a programming language marks a tremendous difference on how it makes you think and what code you write.
A language that doesn’t affect the way you think about programming, is not worth knowing. – Alan Perlis
Usually juniors love
PHP because “you don’t have to set types and it just works!”. Doesn’t it sound like when we wished our parents were as cool as our friend’s that gave him all he wanted when he wanted? Well, I hate
PHP. It’s just a piece of bad design and if you are going to do
PHP please consider some framework like Laravel.
In general we hate to hear that we are wrong and this affects our way of choosing and approaching programmming languages. We prefer to have our code running at first and have have 20 iteractions to solve a bug than to just have our code running after 5 attemps and having it working correctly.
I remember of my first semester at university learning Java and being frustrated that it simply wouldn’t compile “just” because a type was not quite right.
My programming languages timeline is something like this:
PHP seemed amazing and my first professional projects were in
PHP and I felt like such a coder but, at the same time, I always felt like I was always working around to reach my solution.
JQuery at the time looked like a monster that I was quite affraid to face… until I did.
At university it was very interesting to have a look into
Assembly and to understand in a very concrete low-level how it really works.
Next to it, learning
Java felt like “the real deal” I remember how our professors made us believe that
Java was the one and only. I honestly thought it would be pretty useless to learn any other language.
Until the procedural mother
C came and I just loved it. Not that I would use it to develop common production software or so but just the fact that at every single moment you have to be conscious of side-effects and about the general structure of a process and memory managment… it just makes you more complete and better programmer.
Language shapes the way we think, and determines what we can think about. – Benjamin Lee Whorf
Haskell, a purely functional and declarative programing language was one of those languages that conquered me by experience.
When we were first introduced to it I just thought we were losing our time learning some useless language while we could be improving our Java skills. But as I got to learn more of it, had to solve more exercises and had to write little programms a “uau, this is good” experience kept going on a steedy crescendo.
Haskell is by far my favourite programming language by all means: the way it blows your mind, takes you to new ways of thinking, the way it’s designed and makes you design software and how close to mathematics it feels in it’s elegance, assertivness and complexity (very differente from “mess” or “complicated”) it’s just remarkable.
The type system is just amazing. When it compiles it must be right and if at first you may get incredibly frustrated with the compiler always telling you off, with time you will get to just enjoy it and wish that every language had such type-system. That’s why
Haskell is the language I’m committed to keep learning.
Read this review and this SO post about it.
In production, I appreciate a language I can write large-scale software with. For example
Ruby is just such a beautiful and magical OO language but I feel safer with static language with explicit types like
Ok, so what do I think about
7 languages in 7 weeks says that Java is like having an older brother who is a lawyer; when you were young it was really cool but now it’s just boring.
Java doesn’t have the best design all around (static methods, util classes, primitive types vs Objects vs Nulls), it’s verbouse and not magic at all.
At the same time newer versions of it do bring some improvements and in the overall it allows you to write good code (as it allows you to write terrible code) which makes it a good go.
Prolog, a logic programming language, was a true nerve cracking but I’m glad that I was introduced to it as it, again, changes your way of looking to programming, thinking and of approaching problems.
The limits of my language mean the limits of my world. – Ludwig Wittgenstein
Whatever language you use just don’t get stuck there and learn some other language, challenge yourself, your way of thinking, of programming, of solving problems. Leave your comfort zone and truely enjoy the craft of programming though all the different ways there are to do so.
What’s next in the list? | <urn:uuid:5c8a182e-9b56-4708-ab2f-74834b8c5a49> | {
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The Cookie Law: Crumbs!
On the 26th May 2011 the enforcement of DIRECTIVE 2002/58/EC was deferred for one year in the UK. Many of us wondered if it would all just go away… it didn’t, and Cookie Day* is almost upon us.
How the cookie law crumbles
The ‘Cookie Law’, a tastier synonym of DIRECTIVE 2002/58/EC, is aimed at protecting individuals against the hitherto unregulated use of user behaviour tracking online.
In short the law means that we must now ensure that users are not just aware of the tracking information, such as cookies, that we plan to store on their computers but also that they consent explicitly to us storing that information.
Some cookies are fruitier than others
The controversy around this law stems from the fact that browser cookies are all but essential to the modern web experience, many sites simply wouldn’t function without cookies to remember certain information about the user, such as the contents of an e-commerce basket.
Thankfully the cookie law recognises that some cookies are more necessary and less intrusive than others. Roughly, cookies can be categorised into 3 groups:
Cookies Necessary for Website Functionality
Cookies essential to the smooth running of a modern website are currently exempt from the changes to privacy regulations. Examples of necessary, ‘unintrusive’ cookies include:
Cookies that prevent multiple form submissions
Cookies that maintain load balancing
Transaction specific cookies such as e-commerce basket item tracking
Minimally intrusive cookies
Cookies used to anonymously track user behaviour on a website or those used to store previous configuration may be described as minimally intrusive. Examples of minimally intrusive cookies include:
Cookies used to effectively gather web analytics data
Cookies used to save personalised content or interface options
Minimally intrusive cookies are, strictly speaking, covered by the cookie law and should not be stored on a user’s computer without explicit consent. There does however seem to be some room for interpretation in the ICO’s guidelines and many businesses seem to be settling with a clear notice that they will be setting minimally intrusive cookies unless a user requests otherwise via browser settings.
Moderately intrusive cookies
Moderately intrusive cookies include those that track user behaviour across a number of sites and use this information to deliver unsolicited personalised advertising & content.
Examples of moderately intrusive cookies include:
Embedded third-party content and social media plugin cookies
Advertising campaign optimisation cookies
These cookies will be a top priority for the ICO in terms of regulation and enforcement. If your site is setting moderately intrusive cookies you should ensure that you follow the ICO guidelines carefully.
Can I have my cookie and eat it?
What if you decide to ignore all of this? At worst you could be hit with a £500,000 for serious breaches of the Data Protection Act 1998 (DPA) so it’s probably worthwhile taking at least some steps to ensure you are compliant (or, if you take the stance of many businesses, make sure you are not the least compliant).
What you should be dough-ing to remain compliant
The ICO’s guidelines can be simplified to 3 steps
Ascertain what information your site stores on your user’s computers through a cookie audit
Gauge the intrusiveness of each cookie from necessary through to moderately intrusive
Choose a suitable solution to gain user consent to set these cookies
If you sense some ambiguity here you are not alone and although there are a number of suggestions on how you might implement consent mechanics many website owners are still balancing the need to comply with the potential damage that comes from opt-in consent forms interrupting their user’s journey.
Although it is tempting to wait to see what everyone else does in response to the new law it is clear that the ICO will deal with cases on a business by business basis. As such it is up to you to assess the impact of your site’s cookies and to ensure your users are both aware of and consent to you storing information though their browsers.
So what should I actually do??
Make sure your business and its stakeholders are fully aware of the new law
If available, your legal team should be briefed. Many businesses are hiding their heads in the sand. Make sure you are not one of them!
Perform a full cookie audit
To understand the full impact of your cookies you need to know what cookies your site is currently setting.
There are 3 types of cookies to identify:
Client side cookies – e.g. Google Analytics tracking tag
Your web team will be able to use browser privacy settings to identify these cookies. These cookies are often minimally intrusive.
Server Side Cookies – e.g. Shopping basket tracking
Your website developers should be able to provide you with a list of server side cookies. These cookies are often necessary.
3rd Party container tags – e.g. DoubleClick Advertising Tracking
Your web marketing team should be aware of any services that rely on 3rd party cookies. These are often the most intrusive cookies.
Your audit should be wrapped up in an easy to identify policy. There are a number of templates available online for this step. For example:
Provide some way for users to consent to cookie usage
As discussed this is the tricky bit! There has been discussion that this mechanism should be on the shoulders of the web browsers rather than the individual site but for the time being this functionality is not ready at browser level.
As stated, the only way to fully comply with the new laws is to refrain from setting any cookies which are not entirely necessary until you have the explicit ‘opt-in’ consent of your users.
However many businesses are using less obstructive methods, especially when no ‘moderately intrusive’ cookies are being set.
Another similar approach and one that is perhaps more in the spirit of the law is to include the same information in a more prominent position on the site, often in a footer or pop-over dialogue. BT provide an excellent example of this method:
Whilst these approaches seem popular, even with some very high profile sites, it is also fair to say that they not fully compliant with the new law as they still rely on an opt-out mechanism.
Saying that if you are transparent in your cookie usage and go to some measure to help users of your site understand the impact of the information that you store it might be worth taking the risk. You will be in good company!
Have you made a move to comply with the new laws? | <urn:uuid:87f72794-b586-4074-b2e4-2ab6ae1d0b9d> | {
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Scoliosis is a condition where an individual has an abnormal curving of the spine. Technically, it is described as a spinal curvature of more than 10 degrees to the left or right as the doctor examines the patient from the rear. From this vantage point, the spine of a patient with scoliosis displays a characteristic “S” or “C” shape rather than a straight line. The cause of scoliosis onset in the majority of cases is unknown, but it can also be congenital or a result of some other condition.
In most cases, the pain associated with scoliosis is mild and does not much limit a patient’s activity. However, if left unchecked, severe scoliosis can result in intense pain and even difficulty breathing.
Scoliosis is a potentially serious condition that may occur at any age, including in very young children. Early diagnosis and treatment by an expert in scoliosis is recommended for the best outcomes. The physicians at the Ainsworth Institute of Pain Management are experts in treating scoliosis and can offer you numerous treatment options.
What is Scoliosis?
Scoliosis is the most common spinal deformity and is described as an abnormal side-to-side spinal curve. Scoliosis can develop in the thoracic (mid-back) and lumbar (low back) spine. When progressive, scoliosis may cause the spine to turn or rotate. Rotational forces can pull the ribs and further distort the shape of the spine, cause one side of the body to be a different height, and create a rib hump on the back. Sometimes, scoliosis is caused by muscle problems, does not involve spinal rotation, and is almost always reversible.
Five to seven million people in the United States suffer from scoliosis. It most commonly affects adolescents between the ages of 10-15, and is more prevalent in girls. Heredity seems to play a big part as scoliosis tends to run in families.
Read More About Scoliosis
There are many types of scoliosis. Sometimes the cause is known. When the cause of the disorder is unknown, it is termed idiopathic scoliosis. There are 3 types of idiopathic scoliosis:
-Congenital (at birth) and infantile: occurs in children three years old or younger
-Juvenile: patients are 4 to 10 years old
-Adolescent: patients are 10 to 18 years old
Scoliosis affects adults too. Causes of adult scoliosis include:
-Untreated congenital (at birth) or childhood scoliosis
-Spinal degeneration (i.e. degenerative disc disease, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis)
-Neuromuscular problems (i.e. muscular dystrophy, cerebral palsy, Marfan’s disease)
A component of a scoliotic curve is called a compensatory curve or counter curve. This means to compensate for the major curve, a curve develops above or below the major curve. The compensatory curve is usually less severe than the major curve. This is how the body tries to deal with maintaining balance. For example, if the major curve is to the left, the compensatory curve is to the right.
The 4 types of curve patterns are:
Right thoracic: The major curve is to the right in the mid-back and the compensatory curve may develop in the low back (lumbar spine).
Left lumbar: The major curve is to the left in the low back. A compensatory curve may develop in the thoracic spine in the opposite direction (right).
Right thoraco-lumbar: The major curve is to the left in the mid and low back (thoraco-lumbar). The spine resembles the letter “C”.
Right thoracic and left lumbar: This is a double curve where the spine resembles the letter “S.” The right mid-back curve is about the same size as the left low back curve.
One shoulder or hip is higher than the other
One leg is longer than the other
The head appears not centered over the body
Hemlines and trousers hang unevenly
Shoulder blade / rib cage prominence when bending forward at the waist
Visible curvature of the spine accompanied by back pain (severe scoliosis)
Shortness of breath (severe scoliosis)
As mentioned above, the majority of scoliosis cases are classified as idiopathic, cause unknown. Instances where the cause is known are broken up into three categories: functional, neuromuscular, or degenerative.
Functional scoliosis is also termed nonstructural scoliosis because poor posture, a short leg, and/or the back muscles cause the spine to curve abnormally. This type of scoliosis is almost always reversible.
Neuromuscular scoliosis can be caused by cerebral palsy, Marfan’s disease, muscular dystrophy, muscle atrophy, polio, spina bifida, or spinal cord injury. Abnormal spinal curvature may worsen during growth spurts and lead to weak trunk muscles making it difficult to sit upright, stand, or walk.
Degenerative scoliosis affects adults and develops secondary to a spinal condition such as bone spurs, degenerative disc disease, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, spinal fracture, or weakening of soft tissues such as the spine’s ligaments.
Depending on the patient’s age, diagnosis often includes:
Medical and family history (i.e. family members who have/had scoliosis)
Physical and neurological examination
X-rays such as full body, side and back to front views*
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)*
Adam’s Forward Bending test to identify the curve(s)
Plumb Line test to see if the spine is straight or curves
Scoliometer to measure the size of the rib hump
*X-rays are essential and help the specialist to measure the size of the curve(s). Curves measuring greater than 25-30 degrees are considered significant. Curves greater than 45-50 degrees are considered severe. Depending on the severity of the scoliosis and symptoms, an MRI may be needed.
The type of treatment is dependent on many factors, such as the patient’s age (i.e. skeletal maturity, when the patient stops growing), severity of the curve(s), curve progression, and symptoms. Basically, treatment falls into 3 categories:
Observation – The curve is observed and diagnostic imaging tests (i.e. x-rays) are performed every 6 months until the patient reaches skeletal maturity. Adult scoliosis may also be monitored for progression.
Symptomatic Treatment – In many cases, the curve of scoliosis might not progress or worsen but the pain might. In cases such as these, a pain management doctor may be able to offer relief from the pain caused by scoliosis. Facet joints typically bear the brunt of impact from the abnormal curvature and the pain felt is due to inflammation within the facets themselves. Radiofrequency ablation is an easy, minimally invasive technique that can be used to relieve the pain caused by scoliosis.
Bracing – Bracing can help prevent curve progression in patients who are still growing and have not reached skeletal maturity (adulthood). Bracing is not appropriate treatment to correct adult scoliosis.
Surgery – Progressive or severe scoliosis is treated using spinal instrumentation (i.e. rods, screws) and fusion (bone graft) to help realign and stabilize the spine.
Schedule an Appointment Today
The doctors at the Ainsworth Institute of Pain Management specialize in treating scoliosis. Dramatic improvements in pain and quality of life are a single phone call away. Schedule an appointment today with one of our board certified pain management experts to discuss what options for treatment may best suit your needs. | <urn:uuid:fd8d636e-908e-4653-a8bf-93d1fc636e97> | {
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World hunger, political conflict, business competition and other complex problems cannot be solved with mathematical algorithms measuring probabilities alone. However, by combining together human intelligence with the best artificial intelligence, the company Quid has built software that experts are calling the worlds first augmented intelligence platform. Using superior speed and storage capacity of computation, the process by which human beings typically acquire the deep pattern recognition of expertise is accelerated. The software does more than run simple prediction algorithms, it allows users to interact with data in an immersive, visual environment to better understand the world at a high resolution so that they can ultimately shape it and change it.
Founded in 2010, Quid is addressing a new class of problems to help organizations make strategic decisions around business innovation, public relations, foreign policy, human welfare, and more. Through advanced visualizations that interpret massive amounts of diverse internal and publicly accessible external data sets, Quid tells a unique and compelling story about the complexity of our world – trends, comparisons, multi-dimensional relationships, etc. – to change the direction of decision making.
For Quid, it’s not about man battling it out with machines, but rather, man working with machines when entering a new level of complex problem solving. For example, military intelligence may one day be able to change the direction of future conflicts by working with Quid software to analyze millions of data points from war logs and reports, news articles, and social media about the most recent casualties of war. The intelligence teams plugged into Quid would be able to see the war unfold as it happens across multiple data dimensions and uncover the mathematical patterns hidden in the data that are shaping the direction of the conflict.
I spoke with Quid Co-founder and CTO Sean Gourley to explain how Quid is helping organizations leverage Big Data and augmented intelligence to tackle the Bigger Problems they are facing in a fast moving world.
1. Quid applies Data Intelligence to Big Data – a very different concept than applying Data Science to Big Data. Please explain. | <urn:uuid:d423ed83-2b06-4f69-8589-4a112cd01e88> | {
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Playing with perspective in your images can be a very valuable asset. You may have experimented with it before if you’ve taken a drawing class. In an image, if an object is far enough away, it will eventually appear as though it has vanished. The point where the vanishing occurs is called the #VanishingPoint. Understanding how this concept is applied in drawing can also help us capture images with interesting compositions in photography.
One of the most common uses of vanishing points is images that capture roads continuing off into the distance, where, despite the fact that the sides of the road are parallel, they look as though they are coming together in the picture.
Today, we want you to capture vanishing points, either by drawing them or by taking pictures that highlight them as a theme. Submit your images with the hashtag #VanishingPoint and we’ll feature our favorites tomorrow in the app! | <urn:uuid:96f6e03a-470d-44bb-9f32-20051eec1367> | {
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“If coming events are said to cast their shadows before, past events cannot fall to leave their impress behind them.” – HPB
Helena Petrovna Blavatsky was a Russian occultist, philosopher, and author who co-founded the Theosophical Society in 1875.
She was called HPB for short
- She traveled the world studying many religious practices and developed her own teachings on the esoteric/occult. She estimated that her works would only begin to be fully understood 100 years after her teachings.
- Was respected as a great teacher yet also feared by many. She was a member of the Theosophical Society shared with Einstein, Edison and other greats.
Their Aims and ideals
- To form a nucleus of the Universal Brotherhood of Humanity, without distinction of race, creed, sex, caste or color.
- To encourage the study of Comparative Religion, Philosophy and Science.
- To investigate unexplained laws of Nature and the powers latent in man.
- Theosophists were rescuing from occult tradition and exotic religion a forgotten psychology of the superconscious and the extrasensory
Helena Petrovna Blavatsky wrote “The secret Doctrine”. In this book HPB attempted to give a philosophical and religious synthesis of all centuries and nations which in turn caused an awakening amongst Eastern and Western beliefs.
- She predicted many future scientific discoveries yet her research is not currently applicable in those fields.
- She spent her life studing the nature of the soul, combining science and several religious doctrines.
Her works were extremely controversial at times, yet ushered in a world view of the Eastern philosophies and would now be considered as anthropological studies. She was attempting to gather all the religions and beliefs from the world focusing on hermeticism from ancient Egypt.
- She was scrutinized by the public and critics
- Some went as far as calling her a charlatan, a racist, a satanist and she was even accused of being a fraud
- Theosophists would often argue over how to define Theosophy, with Judge expressing the view that the task was impossible
- Blavatsky insisted that Theosophy was not a religion in itself
- She wrote about the Demiurge “The Great Architect of the Universe”, remnants of a dying race of giants who build walls around cities and their families consisting of a group of scientists. In her works there are mentions of Androgynous serpintines and Humanoid races during the creation of the Universe and She even predicted two more races to follow after.
Main positive contributions
Her life endeavors were to seek out and bridge the abstract with the gross material form. She sought to unite all religious views and world religions making it hard for many to accept and comprehend her works unambiguously.
She invisioned a harmonious intergration of the cosmic and earth’s energy flows. She believed in the power of music and it’s purpose to the balance of a humans soul.
People have echoed her ideas floating them around even still today as a sort of new modern esotericism. To this day her teachings have become a classic of psychological literature.
- Her birth was celebrated 160 years later as a symbol of educational pioneering. Her plaque marks the entrance of her grandfathers house (now a museum) that surprising survived all those years. A Bodhi tree of life was also planted in the grounds center of the world Theosophical society in Adyar India library where she is heavily studied to commemorate the spiritual revival of the Ukrainian nation.
Polar points of view are necessary to fully promote a critical picture of HPBs works therefore Scientists unite with Theosophist to fully understand a new scientific paradigm, which may now be at a peak.
- This opens the door to the boundless discussions of Cosmogenisis (the origin of either the cosmos or universe) and anthropogenesis (the process or point of becoming human “Human origin”).
- A unification of the world view and unlocking the mysticism of the cosmos was part of her ultimate life goals
“The possible truths, hazily perceived in the world of abstraction, like those inferred from observation and experiment in the world of matter, are forced upon the profane multitudes, too busy to think for themselves, under the form of Divine revelation and scientific authority. But the same question stands open from the days of Socrates and Pilate down to our own age of wholesale negation: is there such a thing as absolute truth in the hands of any one party or man? Reason answers, “there cannot be.” There is no room for absolute truth upon any subject whatsoever, in a world as finite and conditioned as man is himself. But there are relative truths, and we have to make the best we can of them.”
– HPB Lucifer (February 1888) | <urn:uuid:1b0c052b-b917-4465-be3b-69182bbfb211> | {
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Every year... on these two odd days before Thanksgiving Break...I do a winter mural with my students. I don't want two days worth of students to be a week ahead of everyone else...so this is a fun solution to that issue. Each grade level creates the "parts" that go into the finished mural.
- Kindergarten created the collage pine trees..and used construction paper crayons to add "snow".
- 1st grade created the collage cardinals and used red & black Sharpies to add the details.
- 2nd grade did fabric weaving last week...so I had them create paper weaving & add snow flakes using construction paper crayons.
- 3rd grade attempted shading winter branches with tempera paint (SOME did really well!)
- 4th grade created winter trees in collage..and then shaded using tempera paint (once again..SOME did really well)
CAN YOU PICTURE WHAT THE MURAL IS GOING TO LOOK LIKE?!?!? | <urn:uuid:4c7b628b-a49b-4a72-b1f1-433fd897eccc> | {
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Modern oscilloscope probes and its correct application
Precision measurements start at the probe tip. The right probes matched to the oscilloscope are vital to achieving the greatest signal fidelity and measurement accuracy. In this article, the author tells about the strengths and weaknesses of probes, and about how to select the right probe for different applications. He also considers some important tips for using probes properly
Author(s): Afonskiy, Alexander, Dyakonov V.
Issue: KIPiS 2008 #2, KIPiS 2007 #5, KIPiS 2007 #6
Read PDF: Read
KIPiS News & Events
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Surfing can be an exhilarating experience and in recent years it has become an increasingly popular water sport. However, it can be hazardous especially if you are starting out or if you are not physically fit. Even seasoned surfers may push their skills to the limit by tackling bigger waves and making daring manoeuvres that can land them into difficulty. Many people are injured while surfing. Some common surfing injuries are:
Lacerations and/or contusions
Cuts and bruises to the head, legs and feet can result from coming into contact either with their own or another surfer's board, the ocean floor, rock or debris. A contusion is another name for a bruise, which may result from a fall or impact. Scratches and lacerations may be superficial or deep, requiring debris to be removed from underlying layers of the skin. First aid treatment consists of ice and bandaging depending on the nature of the bruise or cut. Physiotherapy for more serious contusions (bruising) is very helpful in helping the body break down the inflammation thus promoting faster healing rates and less long term internal scarring.
Fractures to the head, ribs and shoulder may occur as the surfer comes into contact with a reef, rock or the ocean floor. In some cases the nose or teeth may be broken. Depending on the site and nature of the fracture, it may either be managed conservatively by immobilisation in a cast or sling and physiotherapy treatment or surgical repair may be required which is also followed by physiotherapy treatment. Following a fracture, physiotherapy will help reduce pain and inflammation as well as restore flexibility and strength.
Ear and eye damage
The surfer's ears and eyes are also subjected to injury from direct trauma or from the UV rays of the sun reflecting on the water. A "wipe-out" may also perforate the eardrum. Over time, surfers can develop bony growths within the outer ear, a condition known as Surfer's Ear that can sometimes leads to deafness. You should consult with your health care professional for any eye and ear conditions you may acquire from surfing.
Overuse injuries take place as a result of paddling for prolonged periods face down on the board. The shoulder, neck and back are most affected. Physiotherapy treatment may include deep tissue massage and a rehabilitation programme of stretching and strengthening exercises for the correct muscles to compensate for the paddling posture. Stretching should be performed before every surfing session to prevent soft tissue structures from tightening too much.
Anyone wanting to engage in this sport should be a strong swimmer, be physically fit and have a good understanding of what surfing entails before getting into the water. Introductory surfing lessons can teach you the correct techniques and help prevent injury. A physiotherapy programme can help prepare the beginner for his new sport. If you have suffered injury, your physiotherapist will work on balance, flexibility, proprioception (sense of your own body position and orientation) and strength. Building up endurance strength particularly in the legs and core muscles and shoulders will help. This, together with use of protective gear, will help you surf safer.
We do not warrant or represent that the information in this site is free from errors or omissions or is suitable for your intended use. We recommend that you seek individual advice before acting on any information in this site. We have made every effort to ensure that the information on our website is correct at the time of publication but recommend that you exercise your own skill and care with respect to its use. If you wish to purchase our services, please do not rely solely on the information in this website. | <urn:uuid:44e472e9-f9c6-43db-9965-4e7d6684d650> | {
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11/10/2017Government Study In 1964 Revealed Dangerously Slow Drivers
Report from precursor to US Department of Transportation found driving slower than the flow of traffic is dangerous.
Half a century ago, US government officials were concerned enough about the safety of rural highways to take a closer look at the causes of accidents. In an exhaustive survey, the Commerce Department's Bureau of Public Roads -- which has since become the Transportation Department's Federal Highway Administration -- concluded that excessively slow driving is every bit as dangerous as overly fast driving.
The agency's chief researcher, David Solomon, compiled the results of a massive eleven-state study that covered 600 miles of main rural highways, accidents involving 10,000 drivers and interviews with 290,000 motorists. The road segments had traffic of up to 24,000 vehicles per day and speed limits of between 55 and 70 MPH. After crunching the numbers, Solomon found that the simplistic slogan "slow down" was not the key to improving highway safety, and that such slogans are actually counterproductive.
"Within the limits of the study, there is an unmistakable indication that low-speed drivers are more likely to be involved in accidents than relatively high-speed drivers," the report concluded. "Note that at extremely high speeds, approaching 80 mile an hour, the difference would disappear."
It is common to see traffic on many interstate highways cruising above the posted speed limit. When a car in the left lane, however, decides to stick to the lower speed, it creates a backup. Cars then accelerate much faster than traffic on the right to get past the bunched up traffic, creating greater risk. Such individual observations fit within the statistically significant findings that resulted in the chart now known as Solomon's curve.
"It is clear that regardless of the average speed on a main rural highway, the greater the driver's variation from this average speed, the greater his chance of being involved in an accident," the report explained. "The lowest [accident] involvement rate occurred at the average speed or slightly above it. As speeds departed from the average speed in either direction, the involvement rate increased in a nearly symmetrical fashion."
The consequences of a high-speed accident, however, were found to be more severe, with injury rates soaring at speeds exceeding 70 MPH. Yet the report even found that inherently slower automobiles also proved to be less safe, on average, than fast cars.
"Drivers of passenger cars having low horsepower had higher involvement rates than drivers of cars having higher horsepower, regardless of the other variables studied," the report found. "This may he related to the relatively poor acceleration capability at highway speeds of cars having low horsepower."
The Solomon report's findings are at odds with those produced by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS), an organization funded by the insurance industry. That industry earns additional revenue from every speeding ticket issued through surcharges. The industry has produced research slamming the Solomon Report, but IIHS researchers have had their own academic integrity questioned.
A copy of the 1964 study is available in a 3.5mb PDF file at the source link below. | <urn:uuid:8f4e7912-ade7-4f26-a538-6102e83afee3> | {
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First name origin & meaning:
Greek: Valiant, courageous
First name variations: Anders, Andor, Andre, Andreas, Andrae, Andrei, Andres, Andy, Aindrea, Andery, Andonis, Andru, Andrue, Audrew, Andie, Andrews, Andrzej, Drew, Andrew
Last name origins & meanings:
- English: variant of Andrews.
- Swiss German and
Hungarian: derivative of the personal name Andreas.
- Perhaps a reduced form of Greek Andronikos,
Andronidis, or some other similar surname, all patronymics from
- William Andros came to VA in 1617 and died there about 1655. Sir
Edmund Andros (1637–1714) was the British colonial governor of
several provinces in America between 1674 and 1698, most notably NY
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Every year, elephant seals come to shore along California's coast to shed their outermost layer of skin and hair in a process called a catastrophic molt. It takes about 25 to 28 days for the entire process, during which the elephant seals are hauled out on the beach resting and sun-bathing.
Researchers noticed that during these molting periods, the mercury levels in coastal sea water skyrockets, and a recent study published by scientists at UC Santa Cruz links the uptick in mercury to the hair shed by these elephant seals.
"Compared to other coastal sites, the concentration of methyl mercury in
the seawater at
Año Nuevo was twice as high during the breeding season
and 17 times higher during the molting season," states the
UC Santa Cruz press release.
"Mercury is a problem in the marine environment because the most toxic form, methyl mercury, is readily absorbed and accumulates in the bodies of marine organisms. In a process known as 'biomagnification,' the toxin becomes more and more concentrated as it passes up the food chain. Thus, mercury concentrations in top predators can be 1 million to 10 million times higher than the levels found in seawater."
Heavy metal contamination of top predators is something that significantly affects humans as well. When we eat top ocean predators, such as tuna and salmon and sea bass, we are consuming the heavy metals that have accumulated in their flesh. Contamination is a health concern for everyone, but causes serious issues particularly in cultures living in or near the Arctic and that rely on the meat of whales, walrus and seals for food. Contaminates released by coal-fired power plants can accumulate in plants an animals in the Arctic, which are then eaten by local people. Earlier in 2015, National Geographic reported, "Inuit kids with the highest exposures to mercury in the womb are four times more likely than less-exposed Inuit kids to have low IQs and require remedial education, according to new findings by a team of researchers in Canada and the United States. The children scored on average almost five points lower on IQ tests... Previous research has suggested effects on attention disorders, motor skills, heart rates, and respiratory and ear infections."
A male elephant seal comes in from the ocean to rest on the beach. (Photo: Jaymi Heimbuch)
Elephant seals stay out at sea for months at a time feeding on fish and other sea life from the California coast all the way up to the archipelago of Alaska, during which time they accumulate a lot of mercury and other contaminates. A related study published in 2015 showed that mercury levels in elephant
seals are among the highest of any marine predator. "According to first author Sarah Peterson, a graduate student in ecology
and evolutionary biology, 99 percent of the animals studied had blood
mercury levels that exceeded the threshold for clinical neurotoxicity in
humans," says the UC Santa Cruz press release.
That's why the shed hair of elephant seals can have such a significant affect on the mercury levels in the surrounding sea water. "The seasonality of the methyl mercury levels at Año Nuevo implicates molted pelage as the main source. According to Cossaboon, the dramatic increase in methyl mercury in the water during the molting season resulted in levels greater than those observed even in the highly urbanized San Francisco Bay estuary."
What exactly the high levels of accumulated mercury means for the health of elephant seals is unknown, as the researchers point out that it is extremely difficult to study neuroactivity in humans, let alone wild animals, let alone a wild animal that can grow to 13 feet long and weigh 4,500 pounds.
And what exactly this means for the surrounding environment is still a question mark as well, though one thing is certain: you should probably skip swimming in nearby water during elephant seal molting periods. | <urn:uuid:3a1b7e1b-81c8-433b-8f0b-e34f4d92472e> | {
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TORONTO, Aug 20, 2014 – Juvenile songbirds on spring migration travel from overwintering sites in the tropics to breeding destinations thousands of kilometres away with no prior experience to guide them. Now, a new study out of York University has tracked these "student pilots" on their first long-haul flight and found significant differences between the timing of juvenile migration and that of experienced adults.
"Juveniles departed later from their overwinter sites in Belize and Costa Rica relative to adults, and they became progressively later as they moved northwards because they stopped for more days," says York U researcher Emily McKinnon, the study's lead author. "By the time they arrived at breeding sites they were almost 2 weeks behind the adults, and overall their migration took 50 per cent longer in terms of days spent traveling."
The study, published today in PLOS ONE, tracked juvenile wood thrushes from Belize and Costa Rica all the way up into the US and Canada. The birds were fitted with tiny geolocator "backpacks" to track their route, and researchers found that even though the juvenile birds took 50 per cent longer to reach their destination, they travelled a similar migration path as their adult counterparts, including the dangerous open-water crossing of the Gulf of Mexico – a non-stop flight covering 1000km.
To find out why the young birds were departing at a later time than the adult wood thrushes, researchers compared the health of young birds and adults in late winter in Belize before they departed on migration.
"We found no age-related differences in the condition of the birds, although juvenile birds had shorter wings, which could lead to less efficient flight," says study co-author Kevin Fraser. "We think the big differences we found in spring migration timing might be a result of an age-related genetic program. If you are an inexperienced young bird, it could actually be better to arrive later at breeding sites if you can't compete with the adults for territories. Juvenile birds' late migration could have evolved to help them avoid the worst of the competition for breeding sites in early spring and arrive after the dust has settled and the adults have claimed the best territories. Why risk arriving early if you can't compete with the adults anyway?"
The researchers say these findings are the first step towards understanding the "black box" of juvenile songbird migration, and point to the dangers that are inherent in a songbird's first migratory flight.
"Our findings illuminate a little studied part of the life cycle of migratory birds – the development of spring migration behaviour – that has never been examined in the wild before," says McKinnon. "The 50 per cent longer migration duration for juveniles, combined with a greater number of stopover sites, puts this age class at higher risk of mortality. Since the wood thrush is a threatened species in Canada, and declining throughout its range, a good step in conserving this species would be to identify and protect spring migration stopover sites."
York University is helping to shape the global thinkers and thinking that will define tomorrow. York U's unwavering commitment to excellence reflects a rich diversity of perspectives and a strong sense of social responsibility that sets us apart. A York U degree empowers graduates to thrive in the world and achieve their life goals through a rigorous academic foundation balanced by real-world experiential education. As a globally recognized research centre, York U is fully engaged in the critical discussions that lead to innovative solutions to the most pressing local and global social challenges. York U's 11 faculties and 27 research centres are thinking bigger, broader and more globally, partnering with 288 leading universities worldwide. York U's community is strong − 55,000 students, 7,000 faculty and staff, and more than 250,000 alumni.
Media Contact: Robin Heron, Media Relations, York University, 416 736 2100 x22097/ [email protected]
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THE VERNAL EQUINOX
The Spring or Vernal Equinox is a celebration of the rebirth of nature and brings with it the symbols of birth/rebirth. It is replete with traditional symbols and superstitions.
As part of the vernal equinox ritual, eggs play an important role in the festivities throughout the world. According to folklore, the vernal equinox is the one time of the year that eggs can be stood on end. Earth and nature are said to be in harmony if an egg can be balanced on its end during the equinox, at the very point in time, when day and night are also in balance.
The Vernal Equinox, the first official day of Spring is on or about March 20. It is the point at which the sun crosses the celestial equator from south to north. This signals the beginning of Spring in the Northern Hemisphere.
The vernal equinox has long been a significant event in the lives of agricultural peoples as it symbolizes nature's regeneration, fertility, growth and bounty. The word equinox comes from Latin and means "equal night". On this day, night and day each last twelve hours.
The Vernal Equinox used to be considered the beginning of the Pagan New Year. It was a time of joy called forth by the resurrection of the "Light of the World" (sun god) from the underworld of the winter, from where he arose to join his goddess Eostre. | <urn:uuid:9fc1efab-3193-43da-a3e6-b66b4a665d3d> | {
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Trying to find a CFL (compact fluorescent light) bulb that actually mimics the soft light of an incandescent bulb? It may be an impossible task. Low-wattage CFL bulbs that are marketed to replace the commonly used 60- and 75-watt incandescent bulbs can emit light that is too bright for comfort.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Energy Star website claims that Energy-Star-certified CFL bulbs are available in warm colors that match the yellow glow of incandescent lights. But CFL bulbs with the recommended lower (warmer) Kelvin temperature rating, in the 2700 K to 3000 K range, do not yield that soft, slightly-yellow glow of an incandescent bulb.
CFLs with ratings from 3500 K to 4100 K that the EPA recommends for kitchens and work spaces can be blinding if located directly overhead in a conventional nine-foot ceiling, and the 5000 K to 6500 K rating that the EPA recommends as good for reading would send many people scrambling for their sunglasses to dim the glare. CFLs do a good job on saving energy and providing bright light, but they do not provide the same tone of light as incandescent bulbs.
The EPA’s interactive Choose a Light Guide is useful because it gives the names for the different shapes of bulbs that are available and points out which shapes and types of bulbs are best for a particular use. Lumen output, not wattage, is supposed to be the key to comparing the brightness of a CFL bulb to that of a traditional incandescent bulb because a CFL uses much less energy to produce an equivalent amount of light. Choosing a CFL bulb in the warmest range (lowest K) available, with an 800-lumen output said to be equivalent to a 60-watt incandescent bulb and the truest color rendering index possible (CFLs only gets as close as 91 to an incandescent bulb’s 100), still won’t yield the old, friendly glow of incandescent light.
As one person complained on The Straight Dope website: 'The white CFL light is okay, I mean it performs its function perfectly well, but I want the old color back.'
A CFL is a fluorescent light source that emits intense light in a limited number of wavelengths, as do LED (light-emitting diode) bulbs, while incandescent light sources emit over a broad spectrum of wavelengths. Repositioning light fixtures or choosing shaded fixtures in areas where soft light is desired can help a little. Buying more expensive tri-phosphor CFLs may help, but as long as the energy source is a line-emitter rather than a broad-spectrum source of light, the light it casts will not be the same. For those who want to relax in the glow of a soft light, a CFL can’t hold a candle to the old-fashioned incandescent bulb.
Other articles by this author that may interest you: | <urn:uuid:33f3b01c-7f29-4fd5-aa54-d5799a3e9a99> | {
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The Constitution of the United States of America
- Congress Doesn’t Have the Authority: Congress lacks the constitutional authority to simply grant the District a voting representative, as the Constitution explicitly limits such representation to states alone. Members of Congress are bound by their oath to reject proposals that violate the Constitution.
- Article I, Section 2: “Representatives…shall be apportioned among the several States.” The District, as courts and Congress have long agreed, is not a state.
- Article I, Section 8: “The Congress shall have power … To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such District as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States.” Congress has the same power over “forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings”—and it’s obvious that Congress can’t give a Navy pier or a federal building a seat in the House.
- The Framers Had a Plan: The Framers’ plan created a “federal town” designed to serve the needs of the federal government, as all Members of Congress would share the responsibility of protecting a city they live and work in.
- Design: The Framers understood that the lack of a voting representative would be a prominent characteristic of a federal district, and that residency in such a district would be compensated by the attention given to the district by all the members of Congress, who would exercise collective responsibility for the federal district in which they worked and many lived.
- Benefits: Our Founders’ intent has been realized. In the 19th Century, Congress funded the development of the city. In the 20th Century, it developed the National Mall and beautified the city. The rationale for the special treatment is that it is Congress’s collective responsibility to promote the interests of the city.
- Today’s Budget: Congress today funds more than 20% of the city’s operating budget and provide substantial funding for local amenities including the subway. In 2005, the city received $5.50 in federal spending for every dollar paid in federal taxes; more than double what any actual state receives.
- Eleanor Holmes Norton: The District’s delegate boasts on her website that the city will receive greater financial support from the “Stimulus” than many states.
- Constitutional Amendment: Congress cannot alter the Constitution by itself; an amendment, passed by two-thirds of the House and Senate and ratified by 38 states, is required.
- Statehood: While the Constitution grants Congress authority to legislate for the District, this does not grant Congress the authority to violate other provisions of the Constitution. Thus, Congress can no more rely on this authority to add a representative in violation of the Art. I, Sec. 1 requirement that representatives be apportioned to the several “states” than it could rely on the Post Office Clause to ban criticism of the Post Office, which would violate of the First Amendment. Both would be unconstitutional acts.
- Precedent: Granting the city a voice in presidential elections required an amendment, the 23rd. The last serious attempt to give the District voting representation was in the form of an amendment, which passed Congress but was not ratified by the required number of states.
- Liberal Scholars Agree: Liberal Constitutional scholar Jonathan Turley, an advocate of direct congressional representation for DC, says it would be “ridiculous to suggest” that delegates to the Constitutional Convention would have worked out such specific language and rules for Congress “only to give the majority of Congress the right to create a new form of voting members from federal enclaves like the District.” | <urn:uuid:ba6fcf8c-5851-4ebb-9734-74bf8d572d3e> | {
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Guest Author - Connie Krochmal
Anyone with a serious interest in plants of the American Southwest will be definitely want a copy of “Sonoran Desert Plants-An Ecological Atlas.” By Raymond M. turner, Janice E. Bowers, and Tony L. Burgess, this was published by the University of Arizona Press.
This invaluable reference is sure to become a classic. Very easy to use, this title is a fully expanded and updated version of an atlas that was originally published over thirty years ago. This revised edition belongs in every cacti and succulent lover's library.
It is more than an atlas for it also serves as an encyclopedia of plant life. It features 400 species of plants, including succulents as well as woody plants. Of the total plants covered in this title, around 60 or so are succulents or cacti.
For each species, the authors give the Latin name, synonyms, common names, and a comprehensive plant description as well as complete details on their natural history, ecology, distribution, their economic role, and ornamental value. The authors devote particular attention to pollination by various agents. There are black and white photos for some of the plants.
For each species, there is a thumbnail distribution map as well as an expanded map showing its exact locations along with a chart noting the elevations of the areas in question.
The plants are arranged alphabetically by Latin name. If you aren’t sure of the Latin name, there’s a handy index listing the common names.
The appendix contains a helpful glossary of terms and an extensive list of references.
This title will be of particular interest to cacti and succulent fans and native plant lovers. In addition, those with an interest in conservation will find it useful. It will be particularly helpful to botanists and plant ecologists.
Turner served as plant ecologist with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) before he retired. Bowers is a botanist with UCGS. Burgess was a plant ecologist with USGS. | <urn:uuid:4cd78dd8-54bd-4f1a-826e-28516450d634> | {
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Statement Analysis recognizes that the word "never" is not a substitute for "did not" and does not constitute a reliable denial.
In following the case of Lance Armstrong, Statement Analysis has concluded deception.
We now learn why he quit the fight: Eye witness testimony from 11 former teammates sunk him.
Like Marion Jones, he boasted of never failing a drug test. To never fail a drug test is not to say he did not use; only that he was not caught. It is expected that his 7 Tour De France victories will formerly be erased from the record books.
If we want to use the word, "never", we can say:
"Lance Armstrong has never given a reliable denial" after stating, repeatedly in analysis, that Armstrong did not issue a reliable denial in his many appearances.
People do not like the stress of lying, therefore, they avoid direct lying by either withholding information, or hedging words. The word "never" does not appear to trigger the internal stress of a direct lie as when saying, "I did not use banned substances" against reality. Even with a direct (and rare) lie against reality, the liar will be unable to bring himself to look directly at his lie and say, "I told the truth."
Statement Analysis gets to the truth. | <urn:uuid:6c33e315-bd53-4229-bb39-5e0ed5a8612d> | {
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Summary: Grange Fell is the name given to the broad area of high ground that is bounded by Borrowdale to the west, the Watendlath valley to the east and the Rosthwaite/ Watendlath lane to the south. The fell has numerous tops, some of which are distinctive rocky peaks which could have made fell chapters in their own right but Wainwright in the Pictorial Guides opted to group them all as one under the name, Grange Fell. However, when compiling his original lists he named three of the tops as seperate fells, King’s How, Brund Fell and Brown Dodd as these three were marked on both the O.S. and Bartholomew 1 inch maps of the day. (Ether Knott was only named on the O.S. map and without a height possibly the reason that it wasn’t even considered). At that time the highest point of the whole fell was measured as 1363′ and this was the summit of Brund Fell so this was the high point described by AW in the Grange Fell chapter. It does get rather complicated with re-surveying since that time as Brund Fell is not the highest point of the whole hill (see topographical details below). The fell is covered with a mixture of woodland, heather and rock outcrops and due to it’s central location provides a wide aspect of views of many major fells which change depending on where you are on the fell. Ascents of the hill can be made from various locations such as Watendlath, Rosthwaite or the Grange area of Borrowdale. The climbs are not difficult but can be steep in places, the paths are generally good. Upper sections of the fell can be boggy in places.
Topographical details: The Wainwright summit 1363′ is at GR: NY 26412 16240 but there is a higher point measured as 1365′ 416m 70m to the north-east which is the summit according to other lists, neither have cairns of note. Those wishing to identify the Wainwright top should refer to the photograph below, this top has a rounded rock at the top (easy to sit on) and is located just to the south of the east/west path that crosses the summit area and if you look to the north from here you will see Derwentwater just to the right of a huge angular block of rock. The other (higher) top is much more pointed and would be uncomfortable to sit on, it is located to the north of the summit path and is close to Jopplety How. However, neither these two tops are the highest point of Grange Fell, that accolade goes to Ether Knott on the east ridge of the hill at 1378′ 420m which was unmeasured on the maps of Wainwright’s day. (Note that in the photograph below the rock is covered in a fresh scattering of ashes which will soon be washed away)
Points of interest: The various rock towers and blocks of the summit area are worth exploring. Two ruined sheepfolds adjacent to the path to King’s How are of interest. The hut (shelter) illustrated by AW on Grange Fell 4 is now a low ruin and off the beaten track. The views from the summit are good in nearly all directions with many fells identifable.
Adjoining fells: King’s How easily reashed to the west, Brown Dodd is at the northern end of the east ridge.
Nearest facilities: Car parking at Watendlath or at Rosthwaite village (pay and display). Caffle House Tearoom at Watendlath. Tearoom The Flock Inn at Rosthwaite, food, drinks and accomodation at The Scafell Hotel or The Royal Oak in Rosthwaite.
Star rating: (2.1 / 5) The nearby King’s How gains a higher rating as it has more points of interest and better views.
Check walks on this fell:
30/8/18 King’s How and Grange Fell
7/3/10 Great Crag, Grange Fell and King’s How
23/7/08 Grange Fell | <urn:uuid:ecfcd210-a06c-4ffc-af3b-76b735b41112> | {
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The vast majority of the energy which affects Earth's weather comes from the Sun. The planet and its atmosphere absorb and reflect some of the energy, while long-wave energy is radiated back into space. The balance between absorbed and radiated energy determines the average temperature. The planet is warmer than it would be in the absence of the atmosphere: see greenhouse effect.
The radiation balance can be altered by factors such as intensity of solar energy, reflection by clouds or gases, absorption by various gases or surfaces, and emission of heat by various materials. Any such alteration is a radiative forcing, and causes a new balance to be reached. In the real world this happens continuously as sunlight hits the surface, clouds and aerosols form, the concentrations of atmospheric gases vary, and seasons alter the ground cover.
The term “radiative forcing” has been employed in the IPCC Assessments with a specific technical meaning to denote an externally imposed perturbation in the radiative energy budget of the Earth’s climate system, which may lead to changes in climate parameters The exact definition used is:
In the context of climate change, the term forcing is restricted to changes in the radiation balance of the surface-troposphere system imposed by external factors, with no changes in stratospheric dynamics, without any surface and tropospheric feedbacks in operation (i.e., no secondary effects induced because of changes in tropospheric motions or its thermodynamic state), and with no dynamically-induced changes in the amount and distribution of atmospheric water (vapour, liquid, and solid forms).
Radiative forcing can be used to estimate a subsequent equilibrium surface temperature change arising from that forcing via the equation:
where λ is the climate sensitivity in K/(W/m2). A typical value is 0.8, which gives a warming of 3K for doubling of CO2.
Radiative forcing (measured in watts per square meter) can be estimated in different ways for different components. For the case of a change in solar irradiance, the radiative forcing is the change in the solar constant divided by 4 and multiplied by 0.7 to take into account the geometry of the sphere and the amount of reflected sunlight. For a greenhouse gas, such as carbon dioxide, radiative transfer codes that examine each spectral line for atmospheric conditions can be used to calculate the change ΔF as a function of changing concentration. These calculations can often be simplified into an algebraic formulation that is specific to that gas.
For instance, the simplified first-order approximation expression for carbon dioxide is:
Radiative forcing is intended as a useful way to compare different causes of perturbations in a climate system. Other possible tools can be constructed for the same purpose: for example Shine et al say "...recent experiments indicate that for changes in absorbing aerosols and ozone, the predictive ability of radiative forcing is much worse... we propose an alternative, the 'adjusted troposphere and stratosphere forcing'. We present GCM calculations showing that it is a significantly more reliable predictor of this GCM's surface temperature change than radiative forcing. It is a candidate to supplement radiative forcing as a metric for comparing different mechanisms...". In this quote, the word "predictive" may be confusing: it refers to the ability of the tool to help explain the response, not to the ability of GCMs to forecast climate change. | <urn:uuid:cc052f83-647e-49b7-897d-4b1efd546472> | {
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Unlike most peptides, which have been proven to be effective only via administration by injection, there are lingering questions surrounding the bioavailability and efficacy of BPC-157 when administered orally.
As it has been observed to have a more localized, proximate healing effect, it has been hypothesized that BPC-157 may have a substantial beneficial impact when administered orally on injuries suffered in the gastrointestinal system.
Further, as other studies have illuminated the peptide’s positive impact on healing regarding the “brain-gut” axis, regenerative effects resulting from the oral route have also been hypothesized to extend to neuroprotection and healing as well.
But can it still be effective in healing musculoskeletal injuries when given orally?
To date, several clinical studies conducted using rat test subjects have observed the effects of both parenteral administration (injection) of BPC-157 as well as oral administration.
Generally, these studies have yielded promising results, with oral administration observed to be significantly effective.
For example, oral delivery has been observed to provide measurable neuroprotective effects in rat test subjects exposed to cuprizone (a neurotoxin). Likewise, ancillary research suggests that the peptide’s influence in the brain-gut axis may be responsible for these benefits as well.
It is important to note that at this time, studies have only been conducted using rodent subjects and not performance animals like greyhounds or horses.
However, to be clear, several clinical studies have given strong evidence for the efficacy of BPC-157 when administered orally.
What's more, the healing effects seen with oral administration in these studies have been observed to be comparable to those attained when given by injection.
Certainly, this suggests that adequate bioavailability can in fact be achieved through an oral dose.
With this in mind, let's take a look at several specific studies that offer compelling evidence for the effectiveness of oral administration.
In a 2010 study published in the Journal of Orthopaedic Research, researchers concluded that BPC-157 was able to enhance healing of medial collateral ligament (MCL) injuries in rodent subjects.
In the study, the peptide was administered in 3 different ways: via injection, topically, and orally through drinking water. Throughout the 90 day study duration, researchers found that body protection compound substantially improved biomechanical, histological, and functional recovery of the injured ligament.
Importantly, it was also observed that these healing benefits were attained regardless of the method of administration.
This led the researchers to conclude that BPC-157 oral delivery was indeed effective in this case.
A study conducted the following year demonstrated powerful healing and protective effects in combating toxicity induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Again, these recuperative benefits were observed with both oral dosing and injection.
Published in Life Sciences in 2011, the study aimed to use BPC-157 to reverse and protect against toxic effects caused by overuse of NSAIDs in rat test subjects. Specifically, researchers looked to counteract lesions and toxicity occurring in the brain, liver, and gastrointestinal system.
Following the study’s conclusion, researchers observed the peptide to be “strongly effective” throughout the entire duration of the experiment, noting the extreme differences in the control group receiving no treatment, including severe lesions, increased liver enzymes (ALT and AST), and brain edema (hepatic encephalopathy).
Importantly, the researchers found oral dosing of BPC-157 to be comparably effective to parenteral administration here as well.
In 2013, a study published in Medical Science Monitor Basic Research provided strong evidence for the effectiveness of BPC-157 oral dosing to enhance the healing of injured muscle tissue in rodents.
Noting the peptide’s ability to stimulate healing of damaged smooth and striated muscle tissue in the gastrointestinal system, researchers aimed to observe body protection compound’s healing effect in treating stress urinary incontinence in female rat test subjects caused by transabdominal urethrolysis and sustained vaginal dilatation. Over 7 days, the peptide was administered either orally or by injection, with control groups receiving no treatment.
Researchers found that in each group given BPC-157, healing was significantly enhanced, with improvements in recovery to damaged muscle tissue noted irrespective of the method of administration.
The conclusions of this study, as well as those mentioned previously, clearly offer powerful evidence for the effectiveness of oral dosages (albeit in rodent test subjects). While far from proving that these findings can be extrapolated to apply to performance animals, these studies nonetheless provide a convincing argument that oral dosing for BPC-157 can indeed be effective.
For now, the general practice of administering the peptide by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection remains the most prevalent method of administration. Studies have consistently proven this method to work, especially when the more localized healing effects of body protection compound are taken into account.
Still, the efficacy of oral administration for this specific peptide remains promising, particularly when considering its recuperative effects on gastrointestinal and neurological tissue injuries.
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ATLANTA -- Often times students find themselves teaching the teachers when it comes to working with computers, but now teachers are seeking to hone their own technology skills.
While money for technology continues to pour into Georgia schools -- this year $29.4 million in lottery funds will buy computers for classrooms -- many districts lag behind when it comes to training their teachers.
''This past year I had two experts in class who knew everything there is to know (about computers),'' said Helen Daniels, an English teacher at Southside High School in Atlanta. ''That can be intimidating to some.''
She said her own computer knowledge once consisted of turning the machine on and doing basic word-processing tasks.
But soon that just wasn't enough.
Daniels, a 30-year teaching veteran, decided it was time to learn what her students already knew. She headed back to class for free computer training offered by DeVry Institute of Technology.
''There were so many teachers who needed this training,'' said Jeanne Johnson-Whatley, director of corporate relations for Devry. ''We were really hearing that computer training was a need in our community.''
Beverly Gaines, a librarian at an Atlanta high school largely responsible for computer lessons at her school, said many teachers in her building have little confidence when it comes to computers.
She's taken one free computer course from DeVry and is headed back for an intermediate course this summer. Gaines also received staff development credit toward the state's annual continuing education requirements.
''I don't know why more teachers don't do it,'' Gaines said. ''A whole world was opened up to me after just one class.''
Computer anxieties among teachers echo a national trend.
Nationwide, only 23 percent of teachers said they felt comfortable using computers and the Internet in their teaching, according to a 1999 survey by the National Center for Education Statistics. Surprisingly, the survey showed more teachers with 20 years experience felt prepared to use computers than their younger counterparts.
Computers Made Simple, a weeklong DeVry workshop, familiarizes teachers with Microsoft Windows and Windows-based software. DeVry's professors tailor lesson plans so teachers learn to use the technology for classroom tasks like keeping track of their students' grades.
The state has funded technology specialists to coach teachers in local school systems for the last five years. Approximately $15.4 million was spent on technology specialists last year alone. Schools also recruit community computer gurus to come to campuses teaching free workshops.
Many junior colleges and universities also offer computer training through continuing education programs, but few if any waive fees for teachers.
DeVry officials said its program is open to educators around the state, although classes are held at the school's Atlanta campuses.
Athens, GA • Athens Banner-Herald ©2014. All Rights Reserved. | <urn:uuid:295acbf4-a4cc-4613-afe0-29612d9d9a74> | {
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|By Frans Plank ||03.08.2006, 09:49 |
|1. Tsakhur (Lezgian, E. Caucasian) has a basic colour term for TURQUOISE. Russian (Slavic, IE) has two basic colour terms for BLUE and LIGHT BLUE. Russian up to early 19th century had no basic colour term for PURPLE. Hungarian (Ugric, Uralic) has two basic colour terms for RED1 and RED2. |
|By Elena Filimonova ||24.07.2007, 13:36 |
|2. In Jaqaru (Andean), there are eight basic colour terms, four are for various kinds of red (shocking pink, burgundy, reddish brown, and wine red) (Hardman 1981). |
3. For further discussion see also Kay & McDaniel 1978. | <urn:uuid:ab54e1ad-e3bc-4a55-9d0c-9748f2cd9dce> | {
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Shortly after tobacco was first introduced in Europe, it was thought to be beneficial to your health. It was thought to cure a number of ailments and even take away bad breath, although a smoker's wife at the time told her husband: "It makes your breath stink like the piss of a fox!"
In England, smoking tobacco really cought on and by 1577 it was even being grown here. Tobacco leaves were smoked in clay pipes and by the late 1590s one could purchase pre-filled disposable ones suitable for one use only, much like we would get a disposable camera today. The used pipes were then habitually thrown away, many into the Thames river, where nowadays, enthusiasts of uncovering items from the past find them in abundance, immersed in the thick mud left behind by the tide.
A rather disgusting description of the smoking habits of the time gives us the picture: "...they draw the smoke into their mouths which they puff out again through their nostrils like smoke, along with it plenty of phlegm and defluxion from the head." Charming.
A Swiss medical student visiting London in 1599, was told that "the inside of one man's veins after death was found to be covered in soot just like a chimney...".
Interestingly enough, tobacco was much more popular than cannabis of opium, at that time. Cannabis was thought to be a good cure for ear-ache, whereas opium was used mainly to induce sleep. William Turner's instructions of how to deal with an overdose of opium is rather amusing: "For an overdose, make him vomit and administer a sharp clyster [enema] and wake him up by putting stinking things unto his nose".
Reference: "Elizabeth's London: Everyday life in Elizabethan London", by Liza Picard, published by Phoenix. | <urn:uuid:8a0f080a-43c6-44c3-ae1f-3bdee02d27bd> | {
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October 31, 2008
Climate Change Altering World Landscape
Human activities are making both Antarctica and the Arctic less icy because of global warming, scientists said on Thursday.
An international team published their findings in the recent Nature Geoscience journal."We're able for the first time to directly attribute warming in both the Arctic and the Antarctic to human influences," said Nathan Gillett of England's University of East Anglia of a study he led with colleagues in the United States, Britain and Japan.
The research team measured temperature changes over the polar regions of the Earth and compared them with two sets of climate models. One set assumed that there had been no human influence the other set assumed there had.
The best fit was with models that assumed that human activities including the burning of fossil fuels and depletion of ozone had played a part.
Researcher Peter Stott, head of climate monitoring and attribution at the Met Office, said scientifically showing the Antarctic was influenced by human activities was the significant development.
"In the recent IPCC report for example," he said, "it wasn't possible to make a statement about the Antarctic because such a study had not been done at that point.
"But nevertheless when you do that you see a clear human fingerprint in the observed data. We really can't claim anymore that it's natural variations that are driving these very large changes that we are seeing in our in the climate system."
In recent years, the Arctic has warmed sharply and sea ice shrank in 2007 to a record low.
But researchers say Antarctic trends have been confusing because some winter sea ice has expanded in recent decades, leaving doubts for some about whether warming was global.
The U.N. Climate Panel, which draws on work by 2,500 experts, said in 2007 that the human fingerprint on climate "has been detected in every continent except Antarctica," which has insufficient observational coverage to make an assessment.
The link with human activities had been elusive in polar-regions because there are fewer than 100 temperature stations in the Arctic and just 20 in Antarctica.
The scientists said temperatures in the Artic had increased 2 Celsius (3.6 Fahrenheit) in the past 40 years.
Temperatures in Antarctica, an icy deep freeze bigger than the United States, had gained by a few tenths of a degree.
The human cause had been hinted at by the U.N. Climate Panel last year, which said a human impact "has likely contributed to recent decreases in Arctic sea ice extent."
Professor Phil Jones, director of the Climate Research Unit at the University of East Anglia, said, "Our study is certainly closing a couple of gaps in the last IPCC report.
"But I still think that a number of people, including some politicians, are reluctant to accept the evidence or to do anything about it until we specifically come down to saying that one particular event was caused by humans like a serious flood somewhere or even a heat wave.
"Until we get down to smaller scale events in both time and space I still think there will be people doubting the evidence."
Scientists urged additional study of ice and temperatures.
The U.N. Climate Panel projects that sea levels will rise by between 18 and 59 cm this century, part of shifts also likely to include more droughts, floods, heat waves and more destructive storms.
"We really need to pay closer attention to what's going on with these ice sheets," said Andrew Monaghan, of the U.S. National Center for Atmospheric Research.
On the Net: | <urn:uuid:9d6b0ea3-66ff-4251-9b2e-db7569568014> | {
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Due to the fact of a range of causes. And the mechanism of sickness could be very complicated. Introduced on by acid and digestive secretions inside of the belly. No matter if or not the volume of acid will likely be form of destroyed the lining of the abdomen. With a defect of the abdomen lining that built a resistance to acid shouldn’t be good. There are also different components that lead to gastric ulcer and gastric illnesses resembling aspirin treatment of osteoporosis and arthritis, smoking, anxiety, alcohol, spicy meals, which of individuals elements lead to irritation to the liner of the belly. Continual inflammation. Then lead to lesions in the abdomen, or abdomen and duodenum was.
Helicobacter pylori is a kind of micro organism inside of the stomach. There is a spiral shape and tail. Acid resistance is excessive as an outcome of the compounds that had been spotted out dilute acid round it will perhaps make dwelling in the floor layer coating throughout the stomach. And the toxin destroys the cell membrane of the stomach. Resulting in irritation and adjustments of gastric epithelial cells. Has produce into the principal essential bring about that brings about ulcers in the abdomen.
Comprehending Gastric Ulcer
Statistics indicate that people today with ages in excess of 55 are extra uncovered to forming varieties of gastric ulcer. Also, smoking individuals are much more affected by gastric ulcer than non-smoking people. Cigarette smoking significantly influences ulcer, slowing the organic healing method and decreasing the potency of medicine. Also, the abuse of alcohol and caffeine significantly aggravate ulcer. It is important to hold absent from such beverages and emphasis alternatively on creating and maintaining a balanced diet regime that may possibly relief the indicators of gastric ulcer and could also grow the effectiveness of the health care treatment prescribed. The eating plan will need to have healthy foods that aren’t probably to maximize gastric acidity. Physicians suggest eating numerous reasonable meals a day and respecting an consuming routine.
Most gastric ulcer symptoms are abdominal soreness and sourness, the aggravation of stomach distress on the empty stomach, amelioration of discomfort when consuming, indigestion, nausea, vomiting and presence of blood in the vomit, presence of blood in feces, black stools, fatigue, bad appetite and fat loss.
Perforated Ulcer Specifics
A perforated ulcer, also known as a bleeding ulcer or a perforated peptic ulcer. The term ‘peptic ulcer’ refers to those that happen in possibly the belly or the to start with aspect of the compact intestine that leads out of the belly, called the duodenum. Ulcers in the stomach are frequently called gastric ulcers. Ulcers in the duodenum are named duodenal ulcers. It was after normally believed that stress, smoking and diet program have been the principal causes of abdomen ulcers. Most peptic ulcers are triggered by the bacteria Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) or by implementing nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). A chance issue is some thing that raises your possibility of obtaining an ailment or condition. Chance issues for ulcer from H pylori infection incorporate Reduce socio-economic group, Family background of ulcer disease.
It is primarily discovered in males . Many scientific studies have demonstrated the mean age of this kind of individuals to be far more than sixty years. A crowded and unsanitary living surroundings. Variety O blood,Cigarette smoking. The H. pylori bacterium also prompts several signs or symptoms of dyspepsia, or indigestion. . pylori instantly brings about 1 third of stomach ulcers, and is a contributing factor in about 3 fifths of cases. Other problems prompted by this infection include inflammation of the stomach (gastritis) and dyspepsia (indigestion). Researchers feel the germ could also play a contributing role in the improvement of stomach cancers. The infection is far more common amid very poor or institutionalised folks. Treatment normally needs immediate surgical treatment. Biopsy – a smaller tissue sample is taken throughout an endoscopy and tested in a laboratory.
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introduction to data mining tan
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- introduction to data mining tan“Historically, reducing emissions has simply meant financial penalties for industry – which creates conflict between government and business. But British Glass firmly believed that sectors which took advantage of this opportunity to influence government strategy stood to reduce costs, develop resilience on energy pricing and gain a competitive edge over businesses that didn’t become green economy leaders. When the UK government launched its Decarbonisation and energy efficiency roadmap 2050 project – working with the UK’s eight most energy intensive manufacturing industries, including glass – British Glass saw an opportunity to develop a new type of relationship with policy makers.
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On Jan. 1, 2015, Germany did something it's never done before: It instituted its first-ever minimum wage.
The economic powerhouse was the last major country in Europe to institute the policy. Historically, wage floors for workers were determined through negotiations between trade unions and employers. But with Germany's once-powerful unions on the decline, the idea of a government-backed union wage gained traction in recent years.
In 2013, the country's Social Democratic party made the passage of a minimum wage one of their conditions for joining the governing coalition led by Chancellor Angela Merkel's Christian Democrats. In the summer of 2014, the German parliament passed a minimum wage of 8.50 euros per hour (about $9.40), to begin in 2015 — higher than its equivalent in the U.S. The law benefits an estimated 3.7 million people.
Predictably, German business interests furiously protested the law, and lobbied extensively for loopholes in its implementation. They argued that instituting the wage floor would cause unemployment to spike, companies to look outside the country for cheaper labor and would threaten the country's status as the continent's economic leader.
But in the eight months since Germany's experiment with a robust minimum wage, the country hasn't shown any signs of suffering a major economic blow as a result of the new policy. In fact, it's doing historically well by the very measure that the political right and corporations homed in on in their warnings: unemployment.
What's happening: According to Bloomberg, unemployment in Germany decreased in June for the ninth month in a row, suggesting that the wage raise wasn't wreaking havoc on employer's ability to pay their low-wage workers. In July, the Financial Times reported a bump in the number of people without jobs, but it wasn't a large enough number to change the overall unemployment rate of 6.4%.
That rate represents the lowest unemployment rate since 1991, after both the fall of the Berlin Wall and German reunification.
"As far as we can see now, the experiment has been successful. The unemployment still follows a downward trend and, generally, there are no conspicuous issues in the data indicating significant job losses," Joachim Moeller, director of the Institute for Employment Research in Germany, wrote in an email to Mic.
Moeller said that while there's been no surge in unemployment, trends in jobs themselves appear to be shifting. There has been a decline in "mini-jobs" with low monthly earnings, and a simultaneous rise in normal employment in those occupations.
The higher wage also helps boost consumer demand — a useful contributor to the economy's growth, which relies heavily on exports.
It's popular: The German public appears to generally be pleased with the policy. In the spring, the Local reported that a survey by the Trade Union Confederation found 86% of the country supported the new minimum wage.
Among members of the German left, there has been a widespread recognition that the minimum wage could serve as a counterweight against the nation's changing economy. Today, Germany is as prosperous as ever, but the fruits of its economy aren't distributed the way they once were in the past, Moeller explained.
"In the era of the German economic miracle from the 1950s to the 1970s, the country always had a relative moderate wage inequality. The big majority of workers benefited from collective agreements," he said. "From the mid-1990s on, this has changed markedly. Union coverage has decreased a lot and wage inequality has risen. The low-pay sector in Germany expanded gradually and is nowadays one of the largest in Europe."
It's not entirely inclusive: The minimum wage affects millions of poorly paid German workers, but the law also seems to be riddled with exceptions, and some sectors of the economy are operating under a two-year phase-in period. Deutsche Welle reported recently that lobbyists were able to win over significant delays for implementation in the agricultural and media sectors, for example. Unions have been busy dealing with complaints from workers that some companies are employing creative new ways to shift the higher cost of the minimum wage back onto employees. One report finds that slaughterhouses have been charging employees for their knives.
There has been one tangible cost: beer. The organizers of Munich's Oktoberfest claim that the cost of beer at this year's annual festival will go up in part because of the higher national minimum wage. But Moeller says there's no reason to worry about a decline in consumption.
"The beer price at Oktoberfest has been increasing as long as I can remember," he said. "The justifications differ. In the past it was the oil price; it is the minimum wage now. In any case, also this year you will have much trouble finding a table in one of the traditional large beer tents."
Germany is still early on in its experiment with a strong minimum wage. By next summer, there will be a much bigger data set to work with, and economists will eagerly flock to it to come up with bigger theories about the effects of the policy. But at the moment, it looks like things are going just fine. | <urn:uuid:ab55bee6-b302-488c-a377-51a67529e852> | {
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Iceland, with a population of 320,000, is a constitutional parliamentary republic. The president is the head of state; a prime minister, usually the head of the majority party, is head of government. There is a unicameral parliament (Althingi). In June incumbent President Olafur Ragnar Grimsson ran unopposed for reelection, as is traditional. Parliamentary elections in 2007 were free and fair. The country's multiparty government was headed by Prime Minister Geir Haarde. Civilian authorities generally maintained effective control of the security forces.
The government generally respected the human rights of its citizens, and the law and judiciary provided effective means of addressing individual instances of abuse. Reported human rights problems included some societal discrimination against minorities and foreigners, including refugees and asylum seekers, violence against women, and reports of women trafficked to and through the country.
RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS
Section 1 Respect for the Integrity of the Person, Including Freedom From:
a. Arbitrary or Unlawful Deprivation of Life
There were no reports that the government or its agents committed arbitrary or unlawful killings.
There were no reports of politically motivated disappearances.
c. Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
The constitution and law prohibit such practices, and there were no reports that government officials employed them.
Prison and Detention Center Conditions
Prison and detention center conditions generally met international standards, and the government permitted visits by independent human rights observers.
During the year media expressed concern regarding overcrowding at Reykjavik's main pretrial detention facility and at the main prison at Litla-Hraun. When overcrowding in the main facility occurred, pretrial detainees were held in local police station jails. During renovation work at the Akureyri prison, inmates were kept at Litla-Hraun, resulting in temporary double occupancy of single-prisoner cells in some cases.
The government maintained a separate minimum security prison for female inmates; however, because so few women were incarcerated (five or six on average) some men were also held there. Men housed in facilities with women were closely monitored and only interacted with women in the common areas; they did not share cellblocks. Juvenile offenders were generally held in facilities run and supervised by the Government Agency for Child Protection. In rare instances, however, they were incarcerated and held with adults, since there was no separate facility for juveniles in the prison system. In circumstances where pretrial detainees did not need to be placed in solitary confinement, they were held together with convicted prisoners.
The government permitted visits by independent human rights observers during the year. Prisoners could, and did, request visits from volunteers from the Icelandic Red Cross, or "prisoners' friends." The volunteers talked with the prisoners and provided them with second hand clothes upon request. There were no prison visits by the International Committee of the Red Cross during the year.
d. Arbitrary Arrest or Detention
The constitution and law prohibit arbitrary arrest and detention, and the government generally observed these prohibitions.
Role of the Police and Security Apparatus
Civilian authorities maintained effective control over the police (the country's only security force), and the government had effective mechanisms to investigate and punish abuse and corruption. There were no reports of impunity involving the police during the year.
Arrest and Detention
Police may make arrests under a number of circumstances: when they believe a prosecutable offense has been committed; where necessary to prevent further offenses or destruction of evidence; to protect a suspect; or when a person refuses to obey police orders to move. Arrest warrants are usually not required; the criminal code explicitly requires warrants only for arrests when individuals fail to present themselves in court to attend a hearing or a trial, or to prison to serve a sentence.
Persons placed under arrest are entitled to legal counsel, which is provided by the government if they are indigent. Authorities must inform persons under arrest of their rights and must bring them before a judge within 24 hours. The judge determines whether a suspect must remain in custody during the investigation; the judge may grant conditional release, subject to assurances that the accused will appear for trial.
e. Denial of Fair Public Trial
The constitution provides for an independent judiciary, and the government generally respected judicial independence in practice.
The constitution provides for the right to a fair trial, and an independent judiciary generally enforced this right.
Courts do not use juries, but multijudge panels are common, particularly on the Supreme Court. Defendants are entitled to a presumption of innocence and courts generally tried cases without delay. Defendants receive access to legal counsel of their own choosing. For defendants unable to pay attorneys' fees, the government covers the cost; however, defendants who are found guilty are required to reimburse the government. Defendants have the right to be present at their trial, to confront witnesses, and to participate in the proceedings. They and their attorneys have access to government held evidence relevant to their cases. At the discretion of the courts, prosecutors may introduce evidence that police obtained illegally. Defendants have the right to appeal, and the Supreme Court handles appeals expeditiously.
Political Prisoners and Detainees
There were no reports of political prisoners or detainees.
Civil Judicial Procedures and Remedies
A single court system handles both criminal and civil matters. The two levels of the judiciary--the district courts and the Supreme Court--were considered independent and impartial in civil matters. Lawsuits may be brought seeking damages for, or cessation of, a human rights violation.
f. Arbitrary Interference with Privacy, Family, Home, or Correspondence
The constitution prohibits such actions, and the government generally respected these prohibitions in practice.
In May the parliament amended the law on foreigners, permitting a partner or a spouse 24 years old or younger to obtain a residence permit based on marriage to a citizen or the holder of a residence permit. The law requires authorities to ensure that the marriage or partnership was not entered into solely for the purpose of obtaining a residence permit. Both individuals must also have entered into the marriage or partnership freely, and the marriage or partnership must not be in breach of the law. This legal change addressed concerns raised by the European Commission Against Racism and Intolerance that the previous law (which banned marriage-based residence permits for those 24 years of age and younger) interfered with family reunification.
Immigration law allows authorities to conduct house searches without a prior court order when there is a significant risk that delay would jeopardize an investigation of immigration fraud. In September police searched the temporary residence of asylum seekers in Reykjanesbaer after obtaining a court order. The police conducted the search on the suspicion that some asylum seekers were withholding information pertinent to their asylum requests. Immigration authorities were still processing their findings at the end of the year but made comments to media that police findings during the raid supported suspicions of immigration fraud. The asylum seekers staying in the temporary residence, some media representatives, and some human rights observers said the police search was an example of societal discrimination against asylum seekers. There were no allegations that the police used physical force in the operation.
Immigration law allows authorities to request DNA tests without court supervision in cases where they suspect immigration fraud. In practice no DNA tests took place during the year.
Section 2 Respect for Civil Liberties, Including:
a. Freedom of Speech and Press
The constitution provides for freedom of speech and of the press, and the government generally respected these rights in practice. Individuals could criticize the government publicly or privately without reprisal.
The law establishes fines and imprisonment of up to three months for persons convicted of publicly deriding or belittling the religious doctrines of a lawful religious association active in the country. The law also establishes fines and imprisonment of up to two years for anyone who publicly ridicules, slanders, insults, threatens, or in any other manner publicly assaults a person or a group on the basis of their nationality, skin color, race, religion, or sexual orientation. There were no reports that the law was invoked during the year.
The independent media were active and expressed a wide variety of views without restriction.
There were no government restrictions on access to the Internet or reports that the government monitored e-mail or Internet chat rooms. Individuals and groups could engage in the peaceful expression of views via the Internet, including by e-mail. Eighty-eight percent of homes had Internet access, and 91 percent of citizens used the Internet.
Academic Freedom and Cultural Events
There were no government restrictions on academic freedom or cultural events.
b. Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and Association
The constitution provides for freedom of assembly and association, and the government generally respected these rights in practice.
c. Freedom of Religion
The constitution provides for freedom of religion, and the government generally respected this right in practice. The state financially supported and promoted the official religion, Lutheranism. Other religions did not receive equal treatment in school curricula (grades 1-10) or comparable subsidies for their faith-based activities.
The law specifies conditions and procedures that religious organizations other than the state church must follow to be registered by the government and to be eligible for a per capita share of church tax funds from the government. The government did not place any restrictions or requirements on unregistered religious organizations, which had the same rights as other groups in society. During the year, the Ministry of Justice and Ecclesiastical Affairs approved the registration of one religious organization, and another registration application was under review at year's end.
All citizens 16 years of age and older pay an annual church tax of 10,344 krona (approximately $86). For persons who were not registered as belonging to a religious organization, or who belonged to one that was not registered and officially recognized, the tax payment went to the University of Iceland, a secular institution. Atheists and ethical humanists objected to having their fees go to the university, asserting that this was inconsistent with the right of freedom of association.
In July the European Court of Human Rights agreed to take up the Icelandic Pagan Association's (Asatruarfelagid) case for receiving funding proportional to its membership from monies currently made available only to the national church. The association's request had previously been rejected by the Supreme Court.
In September the city of Reykjavik awarded the Icelandic Buddhist Movement a plot of land to build a temple. In November 2007 the city approved a detailed land use plan that included a plot of land available for the construction of a Russian Orthodox church. However, the new plan was not implemented during the year and construction did not begin. Architectural delays during the year temporarily halted construction of The Pagan Association's place of worship.
The long-pending application to the Reykjavik city planning commission for land to build a mosque encountered further delay late in the year, in part because of uncertainty over which of two groups was the appropriate representative of the Muslim community.
The law mandates religious instruction "shaped by the Christian heritage of Icelandic culture" in the public schools, although the curriculum also included instruction on other religions. Students may be exempted from attending the classes upon parental request.
Societal Abuses and Discrimination
The Jewish community numbered fewer than 100 individuals; there were no reports of anti-Semitic acts.
The law establishes penalties of fines and up to two years in prison for verbal or physical assault on an individual or group based on religion. The law also establishes fines and imprisonment of up to three months for publicly deriding or belittling the religious doctrines of a lawful religious association active in the country. Although members of the Muslim Association complained publicly about broadcasts of a Christian television station, Omega TV, the law was not invoked during the year.
For a more detailed discussion, see the 2008 International Religious Freedom Report at www.state.gov/j/drl/irf/rpt.
d. Freedom of Movement, Internally Displaced Persons, Protection of Refugees, and Stateless Persons
The constitution provides for freedom of movement within the country, foreign travel, emigration, and repatriation, and the government generally respected these rights in practice. The government cooperated with the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and other humanitarian organizations in providing protection and assistance to refugees, asylum seekers, stateless persons, and other persons of interest.
The law prohibits forced exile, and the government did not employ it.
Protection of Refugees
The law provides for the granting of asylum or refugee status in accordance with the 1951 UN Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 protocol, and the government has established a system for providing protection to refugees. In practice the government provided some protection against the expulsion or return of refugees to countries where their lives or freedom would be threatened. The government granted refugee status or asylum, but had no fixed refugee acceptance requirements. In February 2007 the government decided to double its refugee admissions to 25 refugees every year, instead of every other year.
Asylum seekers were eligible for government subsidized health care during the processing of their cases, which at times took three years or more. They could enroll their children in public schools after being in the country for three months, and some children of asylum seekers were enrolled in public schools during the year. Asylum seekers could also obtain work permits.
Officials rejected most asylum applications and eventually deported most applicants. During the year, a family of four asylum seekers was accepted as political refugees after the closure of the Icelandic- and Norwegian-run monitoring mission in Sri Lanka. At least six other asylum seekers' claims were technically denied, but they were given permanent residence permits as a humanitarian exception.
The law allows for accelerated refusal of applications deemed to be "manifestly unfounded." The minister of justice appoints the director of immigration, who also heads the adjudicating body for asylum cases. Some observers asserted that this arrangement could constitute a conflict of interest.
Human rights advocates criticized the law for not specifying which "significant human rights reasons" must underpin granting temporary residence (and eligibility for work permits) while asylum cases are processed, arguing that the situation created the possible appearance of arbitrary decisions. Observers noted that the law was ambiguous about the criteria for granting and denying asylum, and this ambiguity, combined with the small number of approved asylum applications, left unclear what considerations were applied in adjudicating the applications of asylum seekers.
Asylum seekers had no access to the court system. They could appeal denials only to the Ministry of Justice.
In April the government responded to concerns expressed by the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) in 2005 about reports that border guards at times improperly handled asylum requests. The government said it was not aware of the cases to which the CERD referred, and that Icelandic border guards received satisfactory training and education on refugee and asylum issues.
In July a report by the UN Committee for the Prevention of Torture (CPT) expressed concern over reported inappropriate handling of incidents by law enforcement officers and border guards, for example at airports and detention centers. The CPT report provided no specifics concerning the reported incidents.
In July police carried out a deportation order from the Directorate of Immigration and deported a Kenyan asylum seeker to Italy without ruling on the merits of his claim. The government's action was criticized by advocates for asylum seekers, who argued that the government should have first ruled on the merits of his claim as provided by the Dublin Convention, and that the asylum seeker had sufficient ties to Iceland that the government should adjudicate his claim. In August the minister of justice overturned the Directorate of Immigration decision and ordered the directorate to evaluate the basis of the Kenyan's asylum claim. The directorate was processing the case at year's end.
In September asylum seekers and their advocates criticized police conduct following an unannounced 7:00 a.m. raid on the government-run group home for asylum seekers in Reykjanesbaer. They alleged that police conduct and subsequent comments by officials were examples of societal prejudice against asylum seekers.
Section 3 Respect for Political Rights: The Right of Citizens to Change Their Government
The constitution provides citizens the right to change their government peacefully, and citizens exercised this right in practice through periodic, free, and fair elections based on universal suffrage.
Elections and Political Participation
During the year incumbent President Olafur Ragnar Grimsson was re-elected by default, as no other candidate ran against him. Since there was no opposition candidate, the presidential election scheduled for June 28 was cancelled. Parliamentary elections in May 2007 were free and fair.
There were 23 women in the 63-seat parliament and four women in the 12 member cabinet. Two of nine Supreme Court members and 14 of 40 district court judges were women. No members of minority groups held seats in the parliament or in the cabinet.
Government Corruption and Transparency
The law provides criminal penalties for official corruption, and the government generally implemented these laws effectively. In December the parliament passed a law creating the office of a special prosecutor to investigate allegations of public and private corruption related to the collapse of the country's three largest banks in October.
The law provides for public access to government information, and the government provided access in practice for citizens and noncitizens, including foreign media. Appeals against refusals by government authorities to grant access to materials may be referred to an information committee consisting of three persons appointed by the prime minister. Permanent employees of government ministries may not be members of the committee. Public officials were not subject to financial disclosure laws.
Section 4 Governmental Attitude Regarding International and Nongovernmental Investigation of Alleged Violations of Human Rights
A number of domestic and international human rights groups generally operated without government restriction, investigating and publishing their findings on human rights cases. Government officials were cooperative and responsive to their views.
The Icelandic Human Rights Center was the leading human rights organization, vetting government legislation, reporting to international treaty monitoring bodies, and promoting human rights education and research. The center was funded primarily by the government but also by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), unions, and the city of Reykjavik; it operated as an NGO.
An independent ombudsman, elected by parliament, monitored and reported to national and local authorities on human rights developments to ensure that all residents, whether or not they were citizens, received equal protection. Individuals could lodge complaints with the ombudsman regarding decisions, procedures, and conduct of public officials and government agencies. The ombudsman may demand official reports, documents, and records, may summon officials to give testimony, and has access to official premises. Government agencies generally responded to the ombudsman's requests for information and documents within a reasonable timeframe, but the ombudsman noted in previous years that some government agencies responded slowly to requests, causing delays in the handling of cases. The government has never directly responded to these complaints. While the ombudsman's recommendations are not binding on authorities, they are generally adopted.
Section 5 Discrimination, Societal Abuses, and Trafficking in Persons
The constitution prohibits discrimination based on race, gender, disability, language, and social status. Various laws implement these principles, and the government effectively enforced them.
Rape carries a maximum penalty of 16 years in prison. Judges typically imposed sentences of one to three years. Spousal rape is not explicitly addressed in the law. In previous years, the Icelandic Counseling and Information Center for Survivors of Sexual Violence (Stigamot) noted that the number of reported rapes consistently rose faster than the number of convictions for rape. According to national police statistics, there were 87 reported rapes in 2007. In that year prosecutors brought charges in 27 percent of sexual assault cases, and district courts convicted 17 of 19 defendants. During the year activists continued to express concern that the burden of proof in rape cases was too heavy and led to a low conviction rate. The government did not respond formally to these complaints.
The law prohibits domestic violence; however, violence against women continued to be a problem. Police statistics indicated that the incidence of reported violence against women, including rape and sexual assault, was low; however, the number of women seeking medical and counseling assistance indicated that many incidents went unreported. During the year 127 women sought temporary lodging at the country's shelter for women, mainly because of domestic violence. The shelter offered 420 counseling sessions to 210 clients. Also during the year, 106 women sought assistance at the National Hospital's Rape Crisis Center.
The law permits judges to increase the sentences of persons who committed violence against persons with whom they had a domestic relationship or other close bond. However, there were no domestic violence cases in which judges actually handed down stronger sentences, and one respected activist expressed concern that sentences appeared to be getting milder. Neither the Ministry of Justice nor the Office of the State Prosecutor maintained specific statistics on prosecutions and convictions for domestic abuse.
The government helped finance Stigamot, the Women's Shelter, the rape crisis center of the National Hospital, and other organizations that provided assistance to victims of domestic or gender-based violence. In addition to partially funding such services, the government provided help to immigrant women in abusive relationships, offering emergency accommodation, counseling, and information on legal rights. Courts could issue restraining orders. However, advocates expressed concern that such orders were ineffective because the court system took too long to issue the orders and courts granted them only in extreme circumstances. Victims of sex crimes were entitled to lawyers to advise them of their rights and help them pursue cases against the alleged assailants; however, a large majority of victims declined to press charges or chose to forgo trial, in part to avoid publicity. Some local human rights monitors also attributed underreporting to the infrequency of convictions because of the heavy burden of proof and to traditionally light sentences. For the few cases of domestic violence that end up in court, the courts continued in many cases to base sentences on precedent and rarely made full use of the more stringent sentencing authority available under the law. According to statistics from the Women's Shelter, 20 percent of its clients pressed charges during the year, up from 15 percent in 2007.
In October the Ministry of Social Affairs conducted a survey to gauge the extent of violence against women nationwide. The survey was part of the action plan for reducing domestic and sexual violence against women and children during the years 2006 11. Survey results were not available at year's end.
Prostitution is legal but was rare. Prostitution became legal in 2007 but the law prohibits its advertisement. The law also makes it illegal for a third party, or pimp, to profit from prostitution or procurement of sex, or for a person to rent facilities for prostitution.
Authorities had some success restricting the number and operations of strip clubs in the Reykjavik Metropolitan Area--the predominant locus of prostitution and human trafficking cases.
The general penal code prohibits sexual harassment and stipulates that violations are punishable by imprisonment. The law on equal status defines sexual harassment more broadly. Thus plaintiffs could report incidents to the Complaints Committee on Equal Status and seek redress under the law on equal status. The law required employers and organization supervisors to make specific arrangements to prevent employees, students, and clients from becoming victims of gender-based or sexual harassment. However, employers were not required to provide their employees with information on the legal prohibitions against sexual harassment in the workplace. As in previous years, gender equality advocates reported receiving several complaints during the year; there were two court cases, and one guilty verdict.
Women enjoy the same legal rights as men, including under family law, property law, and in the judicial system. However, despite laws that require equal pay for equal work, a pay gap existed between men and women. According to a 2007 study commissioned by the Union of Public Servants, female public servants on average earned 27 percent less than men. A study the previous year commissioned by the Ministry of Social Affairs found an average 15 percent pay gap between men and women in the same professions.
Affirmative action provisions in the law state that if women are underrepresented in a certain profession, employers have an obligation to hire female candidates over equally qualified male candidates.
The government funded a center for promoting gender equality to administer the Act on Equal Status and Equal Rights of Women and Men. The center also provided gender equality counseling and education to national and municipal authorities, institutions, companies, individuals, and NGOs. The minister of social affairs appoints members of a Complaints Committee on Equal Status, which adjudicates alleged violations of the act, and appoints an Equal Status Council, with members drawn from national women's organizations, the University of Iceland, and labor and professional groups; the council makes recommendations for equalizing the status of men and women in the workplace.
During the year the Complaints Committee on Equal Status decided nine cases. In one case, the committee found that the regional office for disability issues in Western Iceland breached the law on equal status when it hired a man instead of a more qualified woman as director of a job program for persons with disabilities. The committee directed the offending office to find a solution acceptable to the complainant.
In May the parliament amended the immigration law to permit individuals from countries outside the European Economic Area to retain their residence permits upon divorce from Icelandic-born spouses in circumstances where abuse or violence was perpetrated on the foreign spouse or the spouse's child.
The government was strongly committed to children's rights and welfare.
There were reports of abuse of children during the year. In 2007 the Agency for Child Protection received 1,586 reports of abuse, including 705 reports of emotional abuse, 462 of physical abuse, and 436 of sexual abuse. The agency operated four treatment centers and a diagnostic facility for abused and troubled minors and coordinated the work of 31 committees throughout the country that were responsible for managing child protection issues in their local areas. The local committees hired professionals with expertise in sexual abuse.
The government maintained a children's assessment center to accelerate prosecution of child sexual abuse cases and lessen the trauma experienced by the child. During the year, the center conducted 252 investigative interviews, provided assessment of and therapy to 235 children, and performed 27 medical examinations. The center was intended to create a safe and secure environment where child victims might feel more comfortable talking about what happened to them. It brought together police, prosecutors, judges, doctors, and officials from child protection services. After an interview with a child, the assessment center could analyze the possible effects of the sexual abuse on the child and family. The Agency for Child Protection can also provide advice to parents. District court judges were not required to use the center, however, and could hold investigatory interviews in the courthouse instead, a practice that troubled some children's rights advocates. In practice the Reykjavik District Court opted not to use the center's services, maintaining that the court had sufficient expertise in-house to provide the same services.
The children's ombudsman, who is appointed by the prime minister but acts independently of the government, fulfilled her mandate to protect children's rights, interests, and welfare by, among other things, seeking to influence legislation, government decisions, and public attitudes. When investigating complaints, which typically involved physical and psychological abuse and inadequate accommodation for children with illnesses or disabilities, the ombudsman had access to all public and private institutions and associations that house children or otherwise care for them; however, the ombudsman's conclusions were not legally binding. The ombudsman was not empowered to intervene in individual cases but could investigate them for indications of a general trend. The ombudsman could also initiate cases at her discretion.
Trafficking in Persons
The law prohibits trafficking in persons with the aim of sexual abuse or forced labor, and provides for imprisonment of up to eight years for such offenses. During the year police did not charge any persons with trafficking; however, there were reports that persons were trafficked to and through the country.
Cases fell into several categories, none of which included more than a few documented victims: undocumented Asian and eastern European workers in construction and manufacturing who were underpaid and forced to live in substandard employer-provided housing; "mail-order" or "Internet" brides from eastern Europe and Asia trapped with abusive husbands, with some reports of forced prostitution; and underpaid or mistreated prostitutes and workers in nightclubs and massage parlors. In March labor authorities and union representatives reported that a Chinese restaurant in Reykjavik was suspected of having trafficked several of its kitchen staff to the country. The restaurant was investigated for labor code violations and subsequently closed. No prosecutions resulted. The Directorate of Labor investigated other cases throughout the year involving undocumented workers who were potentially victims of trafficking. In some cases employers were fined for noncompliance with labor laws but none were charged with trafficking.
The Ministry of Social Affairs has primary responsibility for efforts to prevent and punish trafficking; the ministries of justice and of foreign affairs were also involved in antitrafficking efforts. A government working group charged with developing the country's first national action plan on trafficking in persons held regular meetings during the year, but had not finished drafting the action plan by year's end.
Women's aid groups reported evidence that foreign women were trafficked to the country to work in strip clubs or massage parlors offering sexual services. During the year some municipalities banned private clubs that featured dancing, believed to serve as a front for prostitution and possible trafficking. The Baltic countries were the main countries of origin for women working in such clubs and parlors, with others coming from central and eastern Europe and Russia. There were no statistics on the number or origin of women trafficked.
Although the government made efforts during the year to target elements of the sex industry allegedly linked to trafficking, there was no coordinated government effort to investigate trafficking outside of the general context of increased efforts to combat organized crime, and no public officials were specifically designated to prosecute trafficking cases.
In January 2007 the government formed an antitrafficking working group with representatives of the Ministry of Justice, law enforcement bodies, and NGOs. The group's mission was to monitor and coordinate actions to combat trafficking by improving the flow of information through direct communications channels between government institutions and NGOs. The working group also sought to improve conditions for the rehabilitation and repatriation of trafficking victims. The working group reported to the European Women's Lobby, an umbrella organization of women's associations in the European Union. Working group members reported that during the year border police were better prepared to identify possible trafficking victims and to inform them about government institutions and NGOs offering victim services. Members encouraged potential trafficking victims to contact the police. Members of the working group contributed to the Ministry of Social Affairs effort to draft an antitrafficking action plan.
The government provided funding for various organizations whose services included assistance to victims of trafficking; however, there was no established government assistance program specifically for victims of trafficking.
The State Department's annual Trafficking in Persons Report can be found at www.state.gov/j/tip.
Persons with Disabilities
The law prohibits discrimination against persons with disabilities, and there were no reports of official discrimination in employment, education, access to health care, or the provision of other state services. The law also provides that persons with disabilities receive preference for government jobs when they are at least as qualified as other applicants; however, disability rights advocates asserted that the law was not fully implemented, and that persons with disabilities constituted a majority of the country's poor.
Building regulations require that public accommodations and government buildings, including elevators, be accessible to persons in wheelchairs, that public property managers reserve 1 percent of parking spaces (a minimum of one space) for persons with disabilities, and that sidewalks outside the main entrance of such buildings be kept clear of ice and snow to the extent possible. Violations of these regulations are punishable by a fine or a jail sentence of up to two years; however, the main association for persons with disabilities complained that authorities rarely, if ever, assessed penalties for noncompliance.
During the year, the government initiated several projects included in its action plan for 2006-10 to strengthen services for those with mental disabilities. The Ministry of Social Welfare purchased or rented several dozen facilities which were converted into apartments and group homes, and provided grants to local community governments and NGOs to support vocational training and other services.
The Ministry of Social Affairs was the lead government body responsible for protecting the rights of persons with disabilities. It coordinated the work of six regional offices that provided services and support to persons with disabilities. It also maintained a diagnostic and advisory center in Reykjavik that aimed to create conditions allowing persons with disabilities to lead normal lives.
Immigrants, mainly persons from eastern European and the Baltic states, stood out from the largely homogeneous population and suffered occasional incidents of harassment based on their ethnicity.
In June the parliament approved an action plan drafted by the Immigrant Council to implement an immigrant integration policy drafted by the council in January 2007. The overall goal of the policy was to improve the reception of foreign immigrants, and facilitate their integration into Icelandic society, while maintaining their native culture.
Other Societal Abuses and Discrimination
There were no reports of societal violence or discrimination based on sexual orientation.
There were no reports of societal violence or discrimination against persons with HIV/AIDS.
Section 6 Worker Rights
a. The Right of Association
The law allows workers to form and join independent unions of their choice without previous authorization or excessive requirements, and workers exercised these rights. Labor unions were independent of the government and political parties. Approximately 80 percent of all eligible workers belonged to unions. Workers had the right to strike and exercised this right in practice.
The law requires employers to withhold union dues (1 percent of gross pay) from all employees, regardless of their union status, to help support disability, strike, and pension funds, and to finance other benefits to which all workers are entitled.
b. The Right to Organize and Bargain Collectively
The law allows unions to conduct their activities without interference, and the government protected this right in practice. The law allows workers to bargain collectively, and workers exercised this right in practice. Nearly 100 percent of the workforce was covered by collective bargaining agreements. The law prohibits antiunion discrimination and employer interference in union functions and the government protected this right.
There are no export processing zones.
c. Prohibition of Forced or Compulsory Labor
The law prohibits forced or compulsory labor, including by children; however, there were reports that a small number of women were trafficked for sexual exploitation and Asian and eastern European men were trafficked for labor in construction and manufacturing.
d. Prohibition of Child Labor and Minimum Age for Employment
The government effectively implemented laws and policies to protect children from exploitation in the workplace. The law prohibits the employment of children younger than age 16 in factories, on ships, or in other places that are hazardous or require hard labor; this prohibition was observed in practice. Children 14 or 15 years old may work part time or during school vacations in light, nonhazardous occupations. Their work hours must not exceed the ordinary work hours of adults in the same occupation. The Administration of Occupational Safety and Health enforced child labor regulations effectively.
e. Acceptable Conditions of Work
The law does not establish a minimum wage, but the minimum wages negotiated in various collectively bargained agreements applied automatically to all employees in those occupations, regardless of union membership. While the agreements can be either industry or sector wide, or in some cases firm specific, the negotiated wage levels are occupation specific. Labor contracts provided a decent standard of living for a worker and family.
The standard legal workweek is 40 hours, including nearly three hours of paid breaks a week. Work exceeding eight hours in a workday must be compensated as overtime. Workers were entitled to 11 hours of rest within each 24 hour period and to a day off every week. Under special defined circumstances, employers may reduce the 11 hour rest period to no less than eight hours, but they then must compensate workers with one and a half hours of rest for every hour of reduction. They may also postpone a worker's day off by a week. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration effectively enforced these regulations.
There were indications that undocumented foreign workers--primarily men--in the booming construction sector were exploited by being underpaid and denied medical coverage, and were required to work long hours while living in substandard housing or even sleeping at building sites. Most sources stressed that the men willingly worked illegally to earn up to four times the amount they might have expected in their East European or Baltic home countries. Media and labor organizations continued to report that some immigrant workers were paid wages well below the union mandated minimum. Deteriorating economic conditions and an unfavorable exchange rate for remittances caused a steep decline in the immigrant labor population towards the end of the year.
The legislature sets health and safety standards, and the Ministry of Social Affairs administers and enforces them through its administration of occupational safety and health. The ministry can close workplaces that fail to meet safety and health standards. Workers have a collective, but not individual, right to refuse to work at a job that does not meet occupational safety and health criteria. It is illegal to fire workers because they report unsafe or unhealthy conditions. | <urn:uuid:f8dd3256-9993-4523-8047-f705ff517f91> | {
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Vermont Historical Society Photo
Marshall Twitchell, a carpetbagger from Vermont, is shown here years after his arms were shot during an attempt on his life.
BARRE — Marshall Twitchell enlisted in the Union Army at the recruiting office in Jamaica in September 1861. By the time the soldier was 24, he had been tested in battle, wounded in the Wilderness campaign, and commissioned a captain in the 109th Colored Troops in Virginia. The discipline of soldiering offered modest preparation for the tribulations that awaited him as a carpetbagger in northwestern Louisiana, where he served the federal government in the process of Reconstruction.
His remarkable life as a carpetbagger defined him as one of this state’s most unusual and historic Civil War figures. Memorabilia from Twitchell’s life is currently on display at the Vermont History Center’s exhibit in Barre, “Service and Sacrifice: Vermont’s Civil War Generation.” It includes items from the family such as a carpetbag, a cane that turns into a sword, and a small bronze statue of a catamount. (Twitchell, who later in life was armless, kept the statuette on his fireplace mantle and used the outstretched tail to scratch his nose. A presentation sword from the men of the 109th Colored Troops to their white officer is the centerpiece of the display.)
But it is what happened after the war that makes Twitchell’s story unique.
After the war
Twitchell was born in 1840 in Townshend, a small village in the hills above Brattleboro. He was raised on a subsistence farm that counted sugaring as the main cash crop for the family. Although he was a hardworking farm boy, he excelled in scholarly pursuits at nearby Leland Seminary, where he developed a schoolboy crush on Henrietta Day, a minister’s niece who was to play an important role in his later life.
His teen years found him teaching in the district school at neighboring Wardsboro.
At the first report of the defeat of the Union soldiers at Bull Run, Twitchell enlisted in the 4th Vermont Infantry Regiment and drilled near Brattleboro with the other recruits until their uniforms arrived. The 4th Vermont earned a reputation for hard fighting.
While his war record was exemplary, it was the experience after Appomattox that earned Twitchell recognition as a Vermonter who attempted to make his living as a Southern planter in the years after the Civil War.
Assigned to Texas with his regiment, he immediately requested transfer to the Freedmen’s Bureau in Louisiana, a government agency charged with assisting emancipated slaves in the transition to freedom.
As a Northerner serving the cause of the federal government, he was known by the pejorative term “carpetbagger.” For decades, the accepted characterization of the carpetbagger was an official who exploited both the freed slaves and the white citizens of the South. Indeed, even Northern newspapers believed the stereotype.
Twitchell responded to allegations from a Vermont paper by noting: “It has always seemed to me very strange that the northern people should so readily believe their young men the infamous wretches which the South represented them to be, on the testimony of men reared under the demoralizing influence of slavery, traitors to their government for four years, and then gamblers and barroom loafers.”
In fact, many like Twitchell worked earnestly in support of the former slaves and sought an amicable reconciliation with the former rebel soldiers. He protected schools for the children of freedmen while they remained closed in other Louisiana parishes.
Furthermore, it has been Twitchell’s life story, first in his own words, and later interpreted by scholars, that has helped to portray accurately the life of a Northern official or carpetbagger involved in Reconstruction. The story of his life became one of the first corrections in a depiction that defamed the Northern officials for decades. Accounts such as Ted Tunnel’s “Edge of the Sword” (a study of Twitchell’s life) along with other scholarly works helped redefine the carpetbaggers for academics as well as Civil War enthusiasts.
During his uneventful first six months in Louisiana’s Red River Valley, Twitchell fell in love with Adele Coleman, a young teacher at nearby Sparta Academy. Over the objections of her family, old Southern gentry who resented any and all Yankee authority, they married.
The 26-year-old left the U.S. Army to work on the Coleman plantation. Bringing his innate gifts of intelligence and hard work to bear on the debt-ridden plantation, he was almost solely responsible for the financial revival of the enterprise. In a letter from 1868 Adele remarked to her sister, “Pa says he don’t know what in the world he would have done without his Yankee son-in-law to help him out.”
With financial success at his own Starlight Plantation, Twitchell brought his brother and his three sisters and their husbands from Vermont to the Red River Valley to share in his bounty. His prominence in political life as a Republican functionary provided good-paying jobs to those who had been loyal to the Union. Within a few years he was elected to the Louisiana Senate, which further cemented his political power. The concentration of political might among Northerners was resented by the disenfranchised Southern elite who formed secret resistance groups such as the Ku Klux Klan and, in the Red River Valley, the Knights of the White Camellia. These groups were unabashedly racist and used coercion and violence to intimidate the former slaves and the Yankee interlopers.
Twitchell’s marriage into an established family had insulated him from the initial threats of what later became “the White League.” Their avowed purpose was “the extermination of the carpetbag element.” When the Southern planters lost the election of 1872, they turned to terror in earnest. More than 100 black farmers were murdered in a raid at Colfax, 50 miles south of Twitchell’s plantation.
The Democratic Party-supported White League spawned violence in the Red River Valley the next spring. While the young senator was in New Orleans, the Coushatta Massacre claimed the lives of his brother and two of his brothers-in-law. Six white Republicans and up to 20 freedmen witnesses were murdered. Had this mass murder had the desired effect, it would have changed the majority in the state Senate from Reconstruction Republicans to the white Democratic Party rule of the old South.
Federal troops were summoned to bring the terrorism of the White League to a temporary end. Had they not intervened, it would have meant the end of Reconstruction in northern Louisiana sooner rather than later.
By 1876 the animosities between the Republican Party of the carpetbaggers and the Democratic Party of the disenfranchised Southern whites reached new levels of rancor. Marshall Twitchell and his remaining relatives received warnings and threats — often written as anonymous notes. Twitchell saved some in a scrapbook that has been preserved at the Vermont History Center in Barre. One example, dated April 13, 1873, began politely enough: “Mr. Twitchell Sir, I must inform you that on court week your town is to be overrun and all your n---er officers and sum of your white-men are to be killed.” The writer claimed to have been in the firing line at the Colfax raid where 100 freedmen were murdered.
During the winter of 1875-76 another disturbing message had been left for Twitchell at his plantation, Starlight. It read, “I have bin maid to leave my home & friends & family on account of you & your crowd. ... This part of the country has become unhealthy that you can’t stay here.” The anonymous sender signed the threat the “Goggle Eyed Man.” The message also indicated that the Goggle Eyed Man “will come again at the proper time.”
Twitchell ignored the threat as he had many others delivered anonymously or in person and, while in residence at Starlight, made ready to cross the Red River by ferry to make his way to the Coushatta Courthouse. He hoped to conclude some business before heading north to Vermont for a vacation.
“Earlier that morning of May 2, 1876, a stranger mounted on a peculiarly colored pony, entered the town of Coushatta,” according to a congressional committee account from eyewitnesses. “He was disguised, having on a coat made of rubber or oilcloth, reaching nearly to his feet; his face was partially concealed by a heavy beard, evidently false; his eyes were covered by a pair of goggles, and he wore his hat down over his face.”
Meanwhile, Twitchell, casually reading a newspaper, with his remaining brother-in-law, George King, boarded a skiff rowed by a black boatman.
As he looked across the river he saw a rifle wielded by a man in green goggles aimed at his party. “Down in the boat!” yelled Twitchell.
His memoir describes the assault. “The first shot went over us. The next shot passed through the skiff and entered my left thigh. I immediately went over into the water, passing under the skiff and caught hold of the lower edge with my hand, keeping the skiff much between myself and the assassin.”
George King fired two pistol shots at the rifleman before the man in goggles turned the rifle on him, shooting him in the head. King lay dying on the floor of the boat. The assassin carefully aimed at Twitchell’s arms, the only part of his body exposed, and succeeded in shattering the bones in his left.
Twitchell recalled, “The assassin was one of the coolest of the kind which the South ever produced, and as a marksman, he was an expert, using his repeating rifle and revolver with such rapidity and accuracy that notwithstanding the poor mark I gave him by the time I had reached the middle of the stream, he succeeded with his last rifle shot in shattering my remaining arm, and I floated on my back away from the skiff. Apprehensive that more might follow I told the ferryman to call out that I was dead. This he promptly did, the words being repeated by ladies on the shore, and the assassin coolly and leisurely mounted his horse and rode away. Considering the fact that I had a wound in the back of my neck, a ball in my leg, and each arm shot twice through, I was but very little weakened, for the cold water of the river had so completely chilled me that it stopped the flow of blood which ordinarily would have taken place.”
Twitchell was taken to the home of King’s mother-in-law, where he was put under the care of an Army surgeon. His sister, Helen, also saw to his care. The following morning his left arm was amputated at the shoulder. The arm was buried with the body of George King on Starlight Plantation.
“For nearly a month I was encouraged to bear the discomforts of lying on one position by the hope that my right arm might be saved. On the last of May, late in the afternoon, the surgeon came into the room, lingering much longer than his custom, evidently dreading the disclosure he was about to make; finally he informed me that the arm could not be saved and that he would take it off in the morning,” he wrote.
“The picture looked so dark and discouraging that I fully made up my mind that life was not worth retaining longer. Sister Helen came to my bedside. I said to her, ‘The surgeon says my right arm must come off, and I do not see any use of living longer.’ She said, ‘There are plenty of hands in the world to do the work of heads which have the ability to direct.’ This gave me a new thought, and in a few moments I had my old-time courage again. The next morning the arm was skillfully amputated, and I started on the road to final recovery.”
With the removal of federal troops from Coushatta, Twitchell realized that he could not stay in Red River Parish. His assassin remained unpunished, and it was with misgivings and relief that he and his sister made their way north. Helen had been weakened by the stresses of the past months and collapsed in Indianapolis. She died there on July 12, 1876. After the funeral Twitchell continued to make his way back to Vermont. He stopped in Newfane to visit his mother and then made a visit to Philadelphia, where he was fitted with prosthetic arms.
He next traveled to Massachusetts, where he found his first sweetheart, Henrietta Day, a classmate from Leland Seminary. They were married in the fall and spent the remainder of 1876 in Vermont.
Despite returning to New Orleans to fulfill the rest of his Senate term, Twitchell never returned to Starlight, the plantation that had prospered under his management. His inability to directly supervise his holdings led to his properties being consumed by lawsuits and mismanagement. His properties in Red River Parish were finally seized by the courts and returned to the heirs of their previous owners. Twitchell’s aspirations for wealth in Red River Parish faded along with his dreams of Reconstruction in the South. At the end of the legislative session he sought a federal government appointment and was given a posting in the consular service.
He went to Kingston, Ontario, where he served as head of the consul, commencing his duties on May 1, 1878. Easily assuming the duties of his new position, he found he missed the bustle of New Orleans but eventually made an accommodation to a quiet life in Canada. He soon earned the respect of the Kingston community and enjoyed the arrival of his son, Emmus.
In later years he dictated his memoirs to an unnamed scribe and posthumously changed the narrative of Reconstruction when his autobiography was discovered by doctoral student Jimmy Shoalmire of Mississippi State University. Shoalmire had heard accounts of Twitchell and the Coushatta Massacre from his mother-in-law and, through happenstance, found Twitchell’s grandson living in Burlington.
Marshall Coleman Twitchell gave Shoalmire a copy of his grandfather’s memoir, and a new chapter was added to the history of Reconstruction.
Twitchell served as consul until his death on Aug. 21, 1905. His remains were returned to Townshend and buried in Oakwood Cemetery. The artifacts of his remarkable life are on display at the Vermont History Center in Barre.
Paul Heller is a writer and historian from Barre.MORE IN Central Vermont
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Self-management, or the ability to recognize your emotions and control the behaviors sparked by those emotions, is a skill that makes a difference in all of our relationships – work, home, school, and community. It’s knowing how to manage stress, cope with adversity, and overcome obstacles to reach goals. For many families, using the term “self-management” may not be a regular thing. But many can recognize when it is – or isn’t—practiced.
Teens leaving high school for college, career, the military, or any other endeavor must take their self-management with them – not their parents’! In many cases, they face changes in rules, or situations where the rules are not so clear. The ability to overcome obstacles, reach their goals, and make wise, non-impulsive decisions are crucial to not only their personal growth, but their opportunities for a successful life. Even though you may no longer be living in the same household as your young adult, there are still ways you can support their self-management from afar. | <urn:uuid:32408dab-eed3-46ae-8e97-ba1cb30ee2af> | {
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WORLD WAR II
Prior to World War I
Four Empires controlled almost all of Central and Eastern Europe After World War I …
The Treaty of Versailles, signed 28 June 1919
• Punish Germany for WWI
• Create new democracies and promote self-determination by breaking
up the four Empires
; Nine countries were given new boundaries and independence The War to End All Wars
Under the Treaty, Germany:
• had to accept full blame for WWI;
• lost around 13.5% of its 1914 territory (some seven million people)
and all of its overseas possessions;
• was stripped on military power and forced to demilitarize the
• had to pay huge reparations to Allies.
• The Treaty of Versailles was felt by many to be too harsh on the
; Conflict between Treaty nations.
• Treaty was meant to secure lasting peace but instead built anger and
animosity and laid the groundwork for WWII.
… or War?
• Germans felt the Treaty stripped them of territories.
• Soviets also resented lost territories. • Many new democratic governments could not deal with debt, hunger
• Many democracies failed and dictators took charge. Soviet Union
• Totalitarian government.
• Collectivization transformed the
country into agricultural and industrial power. • Police state: Those who disagreed were exiled into Siberian prison
camps or executed. 8-13 million people killed.
； JOSEPH STALIN
• Nationalist political movement.
• Established totalitarian government.
• Economy in private hands but run by government.
； BENITO MUSSOLINI
• Nazi Party.
• Superiority of Germans; inferior races
annihilated or serve master race.
• Wanted to form a single German state.
• Germans needed “lebensraum” – living space –which justified
； ADOLF HITLER
• Nationalist military leaders wanted
• Rid Asia of western imperialists.
• Build an empire.
； EMPEROR HIROHITO
“I believe it is peace for our time . . . peace with honour.”
“I have said this before, but I shall say it again and again; your boys are not
going to be sent into any foreign wars.”
"Germany has concluded a Non-Aggression Pact with Poland... We shall
adhere to it unconditionally... we recognize Poland as the home of a great
and nationally conscious people." | <urn:uuid:e5500c63-fa84-4aa0-a1b6-b95984f13608> | {
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BSNL announced that today i.e. 14th July is last day for taking telegrams from the people and from tomorrow onwards it closes the Telegraph System in the entire India.
In India Telegraph System started in 1850 and until today there will be 163 year old history for Indian Telegraph System.
Until 1980's there will be huge demand for telegram in India and people used frequently to give telegrams to their friends, relative and also used it for business purpose and even for on many instances telegrams were used as a reference for court cases as evidence. Until 1984 the telegrams played a vital role in India.
But from 1985 onwards the usage of telegrams in India is gradually decreasing because Internet is started speed up from that period and at the same time mobile technology is also coming in India.
Due to the Internet, Email, Chatting, SMS, MMS and other modern technologies it is very difficult to Telegraphs Department to got enough money from telegrams.
Due to these reasons now BSNL decide to stop usage of telegrams system completely and from 15th July onwards it shut down in entire India.
This is Centenary Year Telegram Form in the year 1951 in my collection. In India the Telegraph system started from 1850 onwards and 1951 is Centenary Year in the history of Indian Telegraph System.
These are 2 different colour greetings telegramsforms in my collection. Until 1980 people in India using these colour greetings telegrams to send greetings and wishes to other people.
These are 3 different telegram forms which were used in 1897 & 1899 are in my collection.
This is a big size telegram used in 1950 is in my collection. Due to the big size i scanned this telegram in 2 parts.
This is 1948 telegram used from Calcutta to Peshawar city, Paksistan.
This is 1948 telegram used from Calcutta to Jessore.
This is 1949 telegram from used Guahati to Bhangoora Pabna.
This is 1948 telegram from from Howrah to Rajbari.
This is 1948 telegram used from Calcutta to Faridpur.
This is 1948 telegram from 24 Paraganas to Barisal.
This is 1949 telegram from used Calcutta to Chaumuhani.
This is 1948 telegram used from Calcutta to Ghoramara.
This is 1948 telegram used from Calcutta to Fazilpur (Noakhali).
Apart from the above Indian vintage original telegrams in i have also 2 different Pakistan Posts and Telegraphs Department oriiginal telegrams in my collection.
Further recently BBc (British Broadcasting Corporation) New Delhi office staff contacted me through email. In the email they informed me as they are planning to prepare one post(message) on History of Telegraph System in India because tomorrow it closed completely in India and for that purpose while searching for some Indian Telegrams vintage images they got some of my own collection telegram images in my collections blog. http://collections-of-dokkasrinivasu.blogspot.in/search/label/Greetings%20Telegrams
After observing my telegrams collections they contacted me through email and requested me for using some of my telegrams images from my collection on the post prepared in their Hindi website about history of Indian Telegraph System.
Then i gave permission for using my telegrams images in their Hindi website post in Indian Telegraph System.
Accordingly today they prepared some posts(messages) on Indian Telegraph System (because today is the last day at night 9 PM for accepting telegrams from people as per BSNL announcement and tomorrow they distributed today and yesterday telegram and after that tomorrow evening they shut down the system completely) and in one of their post(message) they are using some of my telegrams images by mentioning name in those images of mine.
Below is the link of BBC Hindi website where they were using some of my vintage original telegrams images in their telegrams picture gallery post(message).
I am happy to stated that some of these vintage telegrams are useful in the message of Prestigious BBC website and i felt it is a honour to me.
Until 1984 the telegrams are used as a medium of communication but later due to many advanced technologies now this Vintage Telegraph System in India is completely vanished and for the future generation children telegrams are Nostalgia of a glorious past and they found information about them in websites only.
This Telegram system is not only used as a means of communication to people of India as a medium of communication until 1984 but also this Vintage System has great Inheritance and Heritage itself.
Due to these reasons i am intend to collect vintage items on many themes are share them to our future generations because now-a-days many of our age old traditions of India are visible in very few areas and most of them are completely vanished like Snake Charmers, Puppet show performers, monkey trainers, bear trainers etc. and by our luck we watch at least some of these traditions and cultures and our future generation people know about them only in history books and also in websites only.
Hence it is our responsibility to preserve at least something for our future generations otherwise there will be no heritage for next generation children. | <urn:uuid:dbe7dfad-69bb-4bf6-a78f-e56096b1a653> | {
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Religions of the world
Celtic Druidism: History, beliefs,
practices, myths & Neopagan revival
Overview of Druidism:
According to a passage in an Wikipedia essay on Druidry (since deleted):
"Modern Druidism (a.k.a. Modern Druidry) is a continuation of the
18th-century revival and is thus thought to have some, though not many,
connections to the Ancient Religion. Modern Druidism has two strands, the
cultural and the religious. Cultural Druids hold a competition of poetry,
literature and music known as the Eisteddfod amongst the Celtic peoples
(Welsh, Irish, Cornish, Breton, etc). Modern religious Druidry is a form of
Neopaganism built largely around writings produced in the 18th century and
later, plus the relatively sparse Roman and early medieval sources."
Cahan Tiarnan, writing about religious Druidry, said:
"Contrary to wrong beliefs, Druids have always been and still are religious,
not only believing in, but also knowing reincarnation is real. Furthermore,
Druids know there are many Gods and Goddesses. One cannot be a 'Christian,
Wiccan, Moslem or anything else' and a Druid. They will
contradict each other."
"A pernicious misconception about the Druids, both past and present is the
accusation of human and animal sacrifice. Modern Druids do not practice any form
of human or animal sacrifice. Any evidence that the ancient Druids did is very
sparse and not well substantiated. In other words, there is very little, if any
proof that Druids practice or practiced human or animal sacrifice."
This section deals only with religious Druidry.
Cultural Druidism is beyond the scope of this religious website. It is practice widely in the UK where followers merge it with their own faith -- typically Christian. You might
cultural druid for more information on that topic.
Topics covered in this section:
The following information sources were used to prepare and update the above
essay. The hyperlinks are not necessarily still active today.
- "Druid," Wikipedia, at:
Cahan Tiarnan, "The Celtic Holidays," at:
Copyright © 1997 to 2010 by Ontario Consultants
on Religious Tolerance
Latest update: 2010-APR-24
Author: B.A. Robinson
Hyperlinks last checked: 2007-MAR-30 | <urn:uuid:d8a0003b-9e6a-40e6-a172-0a2755359a10> | {
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It’s time now to “pot up” the tomatoes for your fall garden. As you can see in the photo below, potting up means to move up to a larger pot. When doing this, a couple of things happen.
First, if you do it now, you have a big head start on your fall tomatoes.
Second, your chances for success go way up because you’ve given the young plants a chance to develop a much bigger root-ball before you put them in the ground.
To pot up small tomatoes, put some potting soil in a one-gallon pot.
Gently pull the young plant from the six-pack and pinch off the bottom leaves leaving only the top set or two of real leaves.
If the young plant is in a peat-pot, DO NOT try to take the peat pot off…it’s supposed to stay because the new, tender roots are already growing through it.
If you pull the peat pot off, you’ll greatly hamper the little plant’s chances of surviving.
Place the little plant on top of the soil in the larger pot and then fill the pot with potting soil — right up to the bottom of the leaves you left on the plant.
Be sure to cover the top of the peat pot to avoid it wicking moisture out of the pot later on.
If you have some, add liquid root stimulator to the pot when watering the first time.
Put the newly planted pots out into the sunshine so that the get at least 8-10 hours of sunshine per day.
What happens now is the stem will develop roots all along the part that is under the soil line thus giving you a considerably larger root ball than you’d have if you didn’t pot them up.
Be sure to keep the soil moist around these little plants…moist but not sloppy wet.
This means that you need to water them every 2-3 days…not every day.
Try to do your watering in the morning and put the water only on the ground; i.e., don’t get the leaves wet. Wet leaves invite disease problems.
Fall tomatoes go into the ground sometime around July 25 to August 1. (If it’s still hovering around a hundred degrees, you might try to protect them from the afternoon sun a little with some kind of shade.)
They have to go in at this time in order to give them enough time for the fruit to ripen before the first frost — usually about November 15.
With any luck at all, you’ll have fresh tomatoes for Thanksgiving and maybe even Christmas.
You’re gonna be so glad you took the time to do it.
Buy tomatoes that have “hot” names if you can find them…names like Sunpride, Heatwave, and so on.
They have those names because they’ll bloom and set fruit in the South Texas heat.
The 444 tomato is supposed to set fruit in the hot sun, too. Be on the lookout for it.
Once your new tomatoes set fruit and they’re about the size of your thumb, put about a quarter-cup of 19-5-9 slow-release fertilizer around the base of the plant 4-6 inches away from the stalk and water it in real good.
That’s it. Stand back and prepare to be amazed.
— Tom Harris | <urn:uuid:e7ed81bb-ced6-4c1d-9bca-266a8e9293b4> | {
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Children's Annual Cultural Festival for fourth graders, held every November. NPS photo by Dave Boyle
The spirit of Kaloko-Honokohau was its life, the life that flowed in its land and the water that washed upon its shore. Like Hawaiians who found its presence elsewhere, the people of Kaloko-Honokohau let the spirit become part of their existence. They lived in such perfect harmony with it that they became a singular, total, and inseparable environment. From "The spirit of Kaloko-Honokohau"-1974
Drawing by Herb Kawainui Kane
Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park offers you the chance to enjoy and learn about the Hawaiian culture and the natural history of Hawai'i. There are many programs and special events that are offered throughout the year.
NOTE: If you are planning a Wedding in the park or event with more than 35 people there is a special use permit required. This includes large gatherings, sporting events and competitions. Unusual events or those with potential to impact park resources may require up to THREE months for review and NEPA compliance. Please see 'Permits' in the Fees & Reservations section. | <urn:uuid:93504a87-34bf-4954-ae96-9997676c0964> | {
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Washington, July 19: The United States is facing "worst drought" in 25 years which could fuel food price inflation in the country, a top Obama administration official said here.
As many as 61 per cent of the land mass of the United States is currently being characterised as being impacted by this drought, the Agriculture Secretary, Tom Vilsack, told reporters yesterday at a White House news conference, noting that this drought is having an impact in crops.
"78 per cent of the corn crop is now in an area designated as drought impacted; 77 per cent of the soybeans that are being grown in this country also impacted.
"It also obviously involves other commodities as well -- 38 per cent of our corn crop as of today is rated poor to very poor; 30 per cent of our soybeans poor to very poor," he said, adding that there are indication of reduced yields this year.
"This will result in significant increases in prices. For corn, we've seen a 38 per cent increase since June 1st, and the price of a bushel of corn is now at USD 7.88. A bushel of beans have risen 24 percent," he said.
To help farmers, the federal government has decided to open up areas under the Conservation Reserve Program for emergency haying and grazing, he added.
"Because livestock producers will begin the process of potentially reducing their herds in light of higher feed costs, we would anticipate in the short term actually food prices for beef, poultry, pork may go down a bit, but over time they will rise.
"We will probably see those higher prices later this year, first part of next year. Processed foods obviously impacted by crop yields, and we will likely see the increase of that also in 2013," Vilsack said.
As a result of the drought, the Agriculture Secretary said he expects a decline in US agriculture exports.
"On exports, we would anticipate and expect they would be reduced. But again, the area and the amount of reduction depends on what the yields are, and I won't know what those are until we, in fact, harvest the crop," he said.
Responding to a question, Vilsack said that it's conceivable in the short term that as herds are liquidated, it could provide opportunities with lower costs for the US to be even more competitive than they already are in that export market.
"Frankly we are looking at record exports, not withstanding the difficulties we're facing here. We had a record year last year; we're looking at a strong year this year," he said. | <urn:uuid:3b51804c-2c9c-4637-b652-c476ce4d7c63> | {
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Collaborative post – may contain affiliate links
The world is ever in flux, but it feels like even more so these days, where change comes quicker than in the past. The internet and all the technological advancements of the past couple of decades — particularly the smartphone — have fundamentally changed the world, forever. Because so much money has been directed towards the tech companies, who have then been able to change the fundamentals of how we live, we’re soon going to see big changes in the working world. Indeed, somewhere in the region of 40% of jobs could be lost in the coming two decades! The good news, however, is that new jobs will be created too. If you’re looking forward and thinking about what you might do for your career, then it’s advisable to, you know, think about whether it’s going to exist in the near future.
But who wants their job to just exist? When you’ve got the whole world open to you, you could select to work in an industry that’s going places, one that’s going to be among the leading industries in the world. You might have a sense of what they are now, but what are they going to be in the future? We take a look at a few that will soon be big players.
It would be wrong to suggest that the Internet of Things (IoT) is going to be big in the future, because it’s already pretty big now. There are more than eight billion items that are connected to the internet — that’s more items in communication with the web than there are people on the planet. But if that sounds a lot, then hold your horses — this number is going to triple in the coming couple of years. Soon, every daily item you could use will be connected to the web. Now, having your toothbrush store data about how much time you’re spending brushing your teeth isn’t all that exciting. The real power of the IoT will be felt outside of the home — it’ll help optimize traffic flow, for example, or help ensure that the roads are safe. If you’re excited about the potential of the IoT, then you might want to consider finding work in this industry, which could soon be worth some $11 trillion a year.
If you’ve never seen a 3D printer do it’s thing before, then you might want to find some simple 3D plans, get down to your nearest tech center, and see it in action. If you’ve got the 3D file, you can print hard to find tools in under an hour. No delivery, no waiting time, little cost. It’s pretty cool. At the moment, these printers are expensive, and the files that are available aren’t all that diverse. But there’s great potential in these printers, especially when they find their way into the home. Some experts say that in ten to twenty years, Americans will be able to print most household items. You won’t go to the store to buy a toothbrush — you’ll just get the plans, fire up the machine, and wait.
In the not too distant future, we’ll be printing everything — and by that, we mean everything. Your Christmas dinner will come from the printer (if you want it to). Everything that you would have previously visited the shops to buy — such as, say, clothes — will be made onsite, to your own specifications. It’s hard not to get excited about such a thought! If you don’t want to work in this field, then you may consider investing in it. There are plenty of people who think that the value of these stocks are going to skyrocket, especially since in the coming years it’s possible that every American home will have one. It could be like investing in the telephone way back when.
The advancements we’re making in the world of healthcare don’t always get as much credit as they should. There have been gigantic strides forward over the past few decades. It’s worthy of celebration! Looking forward, we’re going to see even more advancements, ones that take humankind to the next level in their battle with the old age nemesis – Mother Nature. There are some people who say that we’re not all that far away — perhaps just decades away — from achieving longevity escape velocity, which means, in short, that people don’t die. Now, it’s best not to get too excited about that prospect, but it is something that is at least out there as a non-ridiculous concept, which is the first step.
In the immediate future, we’re going to see better treatments, prevention methods, and services made available to patients. Things like wearable tech, gene editing technology, and artificial intelligence (more on that later) will all transform the face of healthcare in the coming years. While it’s always a good idea to enter the healthcare field, now is a particularly exciting time, since there are so many huge breakthroughs just on the horizon.
There’s been a lot of debate about artificial intelligence in recent times, and with good reason — it’s not so far away from being introduced on a large scale, yet no-one is certain about the effects that it’s going to have on, well, the security of mankind. Several influential people – including Elon Musk – have warned about the dangers, which could involve the destruction of humankind as we know it. The other side of the coin is that it could truly liberate civilization. Things that could humans years to figure out could take AI a few minutes. In short, it could change the world exponentially for the better.
That the world needs to switch to more sustainable energy sources is obviously clear. The people know it, the governments know it, the people in charge of the companies who don’t want this to happen know it. While this switch might not be as quick as some people would like, it is happening — and with carbon emission targets to be met by countries around the world in the coming years, it’s only going to speed up.
As you can imagine after 150 years of infrastructure being based on non-renewable energies, this process is going to be a big one. They’ll need people to figure out how to power vehicles, homes, offices — everything, essentially. And we’re not quite there yet in terms of figuring out what’s needed, or how it’s going to be implemented, or how different areas will need different sources.
We’re talking about industries of the future, but one of the biggest changes that could happen is actually the death of the one that, technology companies aside, essentially rule the world — the banks. It’s possible that in the coming years, the banks, and traditional money, will be decentralized. This will have ramifications that extend far beyond what can be covered here, but essentially, it’ll mean capital (and thus power) more evenly spread out across the world, and a decrease in fluctuations between currencies.
We already know that transport as we know it has to change. Individual transport in cars that run on fossil fuels, and which, of course, are prone to human error accidents, will likely come to an end in the next few decades as we see the emergence of self-driving cars. In cities, cars might be banned altogether in favor of mass public transport systems, and there’s also the possibility of high-speed train-style transport, like Elon Musk’s Hyperloop system, which is soon to be trialled in France.
Of all the big changes that have happened in the past, say, fifty years, the one that’s least talked about is how we consume entertainment. It wasn’t so long ago when the first video game was released, and now the industry is worth considerably more than Hollywood! Moving forward, we’re going to see the rise of virtual reality, augmented reality, and other immersive experiences. It’s also possible that television, in the traditional sense, will fall. On a much cooler note, the live concert experience will be transformed — they’re not so far away from creating CGI shows for artists who have longed pass away.
It has been a long time since the world stayed long for any meaningful period of time. Prior to the industrial revolution, you could say things were relatively stable — but it wasn’t out of choice, it’s just that they didn’t have the same tools to transform the world as we do now. With the rise of the internet — and all the collaboration and potential for productivity that it brought — the world began to move faster and faster. Now, we’re beginning to get into a space where several great shifts are going to come all at once. It’s not going to be a smooth transition moving from manpower to AI, from diesel to eco-friendly energy, but it is going to happen. The best way to make sure that you’re not caught in the crossfire is to find a position in an industry that’s going to be at the forefront of the change. | <urn:uuid:632d5a42-2b5f-4d41-a8ae-b9f42976efb8> | {
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Pakistan is an agrarian economy. Agriculture sector is considered as back bone of Pakistan's economy and economic growth driver. Pakistan is 6th most populated country of the world, with population of 162mn, which has been growing at the rate of at least 2.5% annually. 2/3 of it is living in rural areas and agriculture is their major source of income. Agriculture contributes 21% to GDP and employees 45% total workforce. Besides, it also contributes substantially to Pakistan's export earnings. Hence, it can be inferred that any improvement in this sector will affect positively almost all macro economic indicators of an economy, particularly poverty.
During last five years agriculture sector growth has exhibited mixed trend from negative to strong recovery due to water availability, climate conditions and availability of credit to farmers, which affected our GDP growth. Our economic managers started focusing on services sector to increase its share in GDP. They drafted and implemented policies which attracted tremendous investment in services sector resulting in astounding growth in services sector.
In the last decade transition has been seen, Pakistan has progressed from a purely agriculture based economy to relatively balanced economy dependent on services and other commodity producing sectors. But in recent times it has been . outpaced by rapid growth in non-agricultural sector like services sector which grew at 8% in FY06-07 contributing 60% of GDP (highest share), followed by manufacturing sector which contributed 23% to GDP.
As a result of transition, Pakistan's GDP has been growing at an impressive rate of 7% on average annually but share of agriculture in GDP has been decreasing. Our economic managers ignored this important sector, and consequently agriculture growth showed a dismal trend compared to the growth in service sector for last 5 years which has been increasing greater than agriculture growth. [See Table # 11]
Table #1 (Growth %)
For our economy, the former is more important than the later. Agriculture is the source of input to major segments like Textile and base of Fertilizer growth, while majority of population is dependent upon the sector directly or indirectly, depicts growth in agriculture sector will certainly alleviate poverty in rural areas, these reasons makes it most important sector in the GDP growth.
Our economic managers announce with delight that they are successful in reducing the poverty level in 5 years from one third to less than one fourth of the population. Our managers substantiate their argument by using obsolete measure Per-capita income, which is regarded as one of the key indicators of economic well being of any country. It simply indicates the average level of prosperity in the country or average standard of living of the people in the country. Per-capita Income grew by 11 percent in FY06-07 to US$925 up from US$833 last year. The per-capita Income in dollar terms has grown at an average rate of 13 percent per annum during the last five years, rising from US$ 586 in 2002-03 to US$ 925 in 2006-07.
However looking around, one can find enough doubtful evidence that there has been no apparent improvement in the poverty profile. If anything is effected, the rich appear to have become richer and the poor poorer, that's why no one is ready to believe on poverty numbers. No one can deny that employment has increased but fact is urban population is benefited from it which is small portion of Pakistani total population. Government has also started several poverty reduction programmes but all schemes are unable to decrease poverty which still stands at 25% of total population (under poverty line) because our national mainstay is on agriculture, poverty can not be lessen unless agricultural sector improvement and growth.
Now the question arises: Why the benefits of impressive growth over the last seven years have not trickled down to the common man? For an answer, we have to look into the sources of impressive growth. Urban and rural classes have different resources, problems and growth drivers, which our economic managers neglected. As a result, the rich has become richer and the poor poorer.
Our economic managers have to give required heed to this sector since it provides the means for the welfare of the common man, growth in it can help us to achieve our exports target to fill the burgeoning current account deficit, decrease our external liabilities and, last but not least, helps in poverty alleviation.
Growth in services sector is like filling hot air in to balloon which can burst at any time since our investment policies are short sighted and focused on short term gains, which could affect our economic growth further in future. So as to sustain robust economic growth, Government has to focus on agriculture sector and try to eliminate the factors which are affecting the productivity of agriculture sector.
In order to achieve macro economic targets set by Government for FY07-08, to meet gap between growing domestic food demand and population growth, to increase foreign exchange earnings and alleviate poverty, Government should ensure availability of irrigation water, increase farm credit disbursement, construct proposed clams for water storage, adequate availability of quality seeds, increase use of fertilizer and pesticides, improve water courses, promote agriculture research, offer reasonable prices to farmers to encourage farmers to improve acreage under production, devise crop protection methods and give agricultural education and training to farmers to improve productivity. | <urn:uuid:7fae059f-3940-4a56-beb9-676caf9287c1> | {
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COLUMBIA — Women don't perform as well as men on difficult math tests because they're conditioned to believe the stereotype that they're not as smart as men at math.
At least that's been the widely held belief for decades.
Steven Spencer of the University of Waterloo, Claude Steele of Stanford University and Diane Quinn of the University of Michigan were the first to embark on a study that critically examined the possible effects of stereotype threat on women. Their experiment, "Stereotype Threat and Women's Math Performance," actually comprised three studies:
- In the first, men and women of equal math ability were selected from a pool of college-age students to take a hard math test and an easier one. The hard test contained calculus and abstract algebra questions; the easier one contained advanced algebra but no calculus. Men and women performed equally on the easier test, but the men outperformed the women on the difficult one.
- The second study sought to prove that stereotype threat causes women to struggle with difficult math tests. All participants were given the more advanced exam, but in two sections. Half the participants were told that gender differences had been shown on the first part of the exam in the past, but not on the second part. The other half were told the opposite — that gender differences had been shown on the second part of the test but not the first. The mean score on the second part of the test was zero, so only the results from the first test were examined: Women greatly underperformed in relation to men when told that gender differences had occurred in the past. But they performed at the same level when told there were no gender differences.
- The third study replicated the effect of the second. Researchers used a control group in which there was no vocal mention of a gender difference. Those results were compared to the results of the group that was told there was no history of gender difference in performance. The men in the control group far outperformed the women, whereas the women and men in the no-gender-difference-group performed equally well.
Barbie uttered the phrase "Math class is tough" in 1992, and Mattel had to reprogram its doll in response to an outcry from women's groups. Less than 10 years later, a social media backfire forced J.C. Penney Co. to pull from its shelves a T-shirt that read, "I'm too pretty to do homework, so my brother has to do it for me."
David Geary, curators' professor of psychological sciences in the MU College of Arts and Science, published a paper on Jan. 16 criticizing the evidence for the stereotype's negative effects on women's mathematical performance.
"I do think that the stereotype exists," Geary said, "but the evidence supporting the claim that the stereotype is undermining the performance of women in hard math is not solid."
That claim once again has raised the question of what causes the gender gap in fields such as engineering and science. Methods used to both support the stereotype threat and to dismiss it have been placed under the microscope. Is the pervasive stereotype being perpetuated or addressed?
Surrounded by men
That's the typical response MU engineering major Dana Willsey gets when she tells people what she's studying.
Willsey, a junior in her second year on campus, regularly finds herself among a handful of women in large lecture halls packed with hundreds of people.
"I counted 14 girls in my physics class in a room of 300," Willsey said. "You walk into a classroom, and you realize that 75 to 80 percent of the students are male. In that instant, you realize that you will be surrounded by males. When that happens to me, I know that I'm going to have to prove myself."
Throughout her high school career in Kansas City, Willsey excelled in math and science. Because she knew she didn't want to teach either subject, she said majoring in engineering seemed natural.
Because of her transfer credits, Willsey was admitted immediately to the engineering program as a freshman. She completed her calculus classes and other prerequisite courses successfully, yet as she advances through her major, she said the pressure to do well as a woman has grown more intense.
"Every group that I've studied with for a class has been all guys. I feel pressure, and I ask myself: 'If I don't understand this, are they judging me because I'm a girl?'" Willsey said. "I feel like I put in extra work outside the classroom just so when we do get together and study, I don't mess up and I don't fail because if I do fail, I don't want them to look at me and think that I failed because I'm a girl."
The pressure Willsey feels to perform stays with her during difficult tests, she said.
"I feel like I will be looked down upon if I don't do well as a woman," Willsey said. "If I don't do well, I fear the reaction of, 'OK, well she's a woman and didn't do well, so she shouldn't be in (engineering) anyway.'"
Willsey said she knows this high-pressure environment will continue after she graduates and will follow her into the job market.
"It doesn't matter if my GPA is higher than a male's. I feel like I'm going to have to bring more to the table, even in an interview, just to prove that I will do well in this job and that I will succeed as a female," Willsey said. "I am not male, and this is a male-dominated field."
The birth of stereotype type threat
The added pressure Willsey feels — and its potential effects on her academic performance — is an intensely studied subject in psychology.
Psychologists and policymakers used to attribute the gender gap in performances on difficult math tests and in mathematically intensive professions to "stereotype threat." The theory states that women score lower than men on difficult math exams because of poor self-image resulting from the stereotype that women aren't good at math.
Steve Spencer of the University of Waterloo developed a serious interest in the stereotype threat after his sister failed one of two preliminary exams while working toward a doctoral degree in statistics.
"Ninety percent of the people in the program failed at least one of the two exams, and she did," he said. "She was devastated, but really it was normal. So I started questioning why it was so devastating to her. Stereotypes operate at a level people are not consciously aware of."
Spencer and two of his colleagues — Claude Steele of Stanford University and Diane Quinn of the University of Michigan — were the first to embark on a study that critically examined the possible effects of stereotype threat on women.
"Stereotype Threat and Women's Math Performance" was published in 1999 with results that would shake the world of psychology.
"In situations where math skills are exposed to judgment — be it a formal test, classroom participation or simply computing the waiter's tip — women bear the extra burden of having a stereotype that alleges a sex-based inability," the study states. "This is a predicament that others, not stereotyped in this way, do not bear."
Once stereotype threat is removed from an environment, the gender gap disappears, the study concluded.
After its publication, "Stereotype Threat and Women's Math Performance" became the foundation for hundreds of subsequent studies regarding the gender gap in math proficiency.
Geary said his problem with the study is that its findings haven't been replicated.
Skepticism about stereotype threat
Geary constructed his own indictment of stereotype threat. On Jan. 16, he published a paper titled, "Can Stereotype Threat Explain the Gender Gap in Mathematics Performance and Achievement?"
Geary's paper tackled the conclusions drawn in the 1999 experiment, arguing its methods were unsound. To support this, Geary searched for later studies that replicated the results of the original.
He found 452 articles that cited the original of those 121 related to gender differences in mathematics. Of those, 20 used adults as subjects, and 11 of those used methods similar to the original.
The criteria Geary used to narrow down the tests shrunk the pool further: One of those 11 studies used scores that had been adjusted to control for pre-existing differences in math skills. Geary said using unadjusted scores is key in accurate result replication.
"Imagine that conducting an experiment (pertaining to gender differences in math) is like having a pie with eight pieces. Adjusting the scores is like removing six pieces of the pie," Geary said. "Controlling the experiment for pre-existing math skills is like removing the main parts of the experiment that you're trying to explain. It doesn't make sense. That group difference is exactly what stereotype threat is trying to explain."
Of the 10 studies that didn't use adjusted scores, only three replicated the results of the original study. With only 30 percent of similar studies producing the same results, Geary said, Steele's study doesn't prove negative effects of a stereotype on a woman's math performance.
What Steele's study does not account for, Geary said, is the hypothesis that men might have a real advantage on more difficult mathematical problems.
From threat to gap
Geary said men possess an advantage in solving word problems and items that require "complex spatial competencies," such as geometry.
"Men perform better on multistep word problems where the problem has to be translated into mathematic and algebraic notation and where the translation is aided by spatial diagrams," Geary said.
He said that when advanced math tests don't include spatial math and more abstract concepts, the gender gap ceases to exist. That being said, the gender gap only emerges under specific conditions.
"If stereotype threat really were a significant influence, you'd think the women would get worse grades than men in advanced math classes. But they don't," Geary said. "The difference occurs on standardized tests and in the fields."
The gender gap in math-heavy occupations such as engineering might just be a result of a mere difference in interests. Where women statistically tend to be more interested in interacting with people, Geary said, men statistically prefer solitary activities.
"In order to get good at math, you need to practice a lot. Most of the time, you have to give up social activities to do so," Geary said. "You're more likely to find guys giving up social aspects of their lives."
For example, Geary said women are more likely to "go to the mall," whereas men are more likely to "stay at home and work on a car."
This difference in interests explains why men tend to be more enthusiastic about careers, such as engineering and physics, that involve objects and abstract ideas that exist independent of people, he said. Even if they are equally skilled in math, women are less likely to choose these occupations because of underlying sex differences.
"Where men are more interested in objects, women are more interested in people and living things," Geary said. "Therefore, mathematically inclined women are more likely to pursue careers in medicine and biology."
But aside from differences in interests, the disparity in high performance remains, Geary said.
"We can come up with strategies to solve these problems; we can close the gender gap in spatial math by coming up with teaching strategies," Geary said. "But we're not doing that because we're too concentrated on the theory of stereotype threat."
Flaws in the critique
"The truth is, he botched it," Steve Spencer said about Geary's paper.
Spencer, one of the founding psychologists of the original study on stereotype threat, found Geary's methodology "substandard" and his conclusions "arbitrary."
"While critiquing my study, he didn't bother to contact me," Spencer said.
Spencer said that when Geary dismissed certain studies that published adjusted scores, he lost useful data.
"He could have gotten the unadjusted scores by contacting the scholars that performed the study. He didn't do his homework," Spencer said. "It's ridiculous, arbitrary and completely unjustified to just throw those studies out."
Spencer said Geary made an additional mistake by limiting his analyses to published studies alone.
"The vast majority of people who analyze studies examine ones that haven't been published, but (Geary) didn't include the unpublished studies. That's just boneheaded," Spencer said. "He's using this criteria to narrow studies down, but he didn't even include all of them. Is that an intentional bias? I don't know."
If Geary had examined the unpublished studies, Spencer said, "he wouldn't have been able to denounce stereotype threat."
He also challenged Geary's theory that men and women possess innate sexual differences that could explain the gender gap in professions. There's no supporting evidence, he said.
"If he really believed the notion that gender differences are genetic, then he should go out and find evidence for his explanation," Spencer said. "Claiming is not evidence."
Spencer also said that explaining the gender gap by saying that women are "naturally more drawn to social activities" than men is "a stereotype in and of itself."
"Rather than criticizing social explanations, (Geary) should demonstrate the existence of innate differences because innate differences and social differences can exist together," he said. "The more people talk about innate differences as the only explanation, the greater stereotype threat becomes."
Defending stereotype threat
Jeni Hart, associate professor of higher education at MU's College of Education, said she believes the psychological effects of stereotypes appear early and carry over into professional life.
Women face situations every day where they're told what they can and cannot do. Those experiences can discourage a woman from pursuing interests, such as advanced mathematics or engineering careers, Hart said.
"Women make choices based on what they're told not only in the classroom but from others — you know, 'Girls don't do that,' or, 'Math is hard.' That message sticks with people," she said.
While an undergraduate at Georgetown University, Hart worked as an assistant manager at a student-run pub.
"I was picking up a shift, and I was going to be sitting at the door checking IDs," Hart said. "One of my male colleagues came up and said, 'You can't do that. That's men's work.'"
The comment stayed with her.
"Somebody told me I couldn't do something because I was a woman," she said. "That has affected me to the point that I'm going to be like: 'To hell with you. I can do it, and I'm going to show you that I can do it.'"
Yet many women haven't had the opportunity to develop that sort of strength.
"I think a lot of (women) have been beaten down so many times that they just feel like it's not worth the fight," she said.
Hart agreed that women today face a near constant barrage of negative messages, some subtler than others. She called these "micro-aggressions."
"If each one of those is a grain of sand, eventually it becomes a mound," she said.
Through her studies, Hart has observed that fewer women are pursuing advanced degrees in mathematically intensive areas. This disparity relates to the tenure process that, she said, was developed when men dominated academia.
The tenure clock and a woman's biological clock match, which can be challenging for women who want children, she said. If a woman decides to "stop out" of the tenure process to start a family, Hart said a stereotype is reinforced.
"She's seen as not serious about her career," Hart said.
Society identifies women as caretakers with labels such as "women are quiet" and "women won't start trouble," Hart said. She said such ideas are "socially constructed."
"If you keep telling me that I'm more likely 'to go to the mall' because I'm a woman, then I'm going to start thinking that that's what I need to be doing," Hart said. "Those messages are out there in so many ways that I don't even think we can pin them down exactly."
Closing the gender gap, Hart said, is "much more complicated than just throwing stereotype threat out." It should involve mentoring and the development of a support system for women.
"For women who are successful in math, what is it about them that has helped them be successful? We should learn from those things and use them to help others succeed," she said. "If people have more support and encouragement, they'll be more successful — someone who knows that girls and women can be successful at math, someone who won't say, 'You can't do that because you're a girl.'" | <urn:uuid:0ab3809a-0867-4030-90d7-568e6fb04e49> | {
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USS ANTIETAM was one of the ESSEX - class aircraft carriers and the second ship in the Navy to bear the name. Commissioned as CV 36, her designation was changed to CVA 36 in October 1952, and to CVS 36 in August 1953. In December 1952, the ANTIETAM became the first carrier in the Navy to be equipped with an angled-deck. Decommissioned on May 8, 1963, and stricken from the Navy list on May 1, 1973, the ANTIETAM was sold for scrapping in early 1974.
|General Characteristics:||Awarded: 1942|
|Keel laid: March 15, 1943|
|Launched: August 20, 1944|
|Commissioned: January 28, 1945|
|Decommissioned: May 8, 1963|
|Builder: Philadelphia Naval Shipyard, Philadelphia, Penn.|
|Propulsion system: 8 boilers|
|Aircraft elevators: three|
|Arresting gear cables: four|
|Length: 888.5 feet (270.8 meters)|
|Flight Deck Width: 153.9 feet (46.9 meters)|
|Beam: 92.85 feet (28.3 meters)|
|Draft: 30.8 feet (9.4 meters)|
|Displacement: approx. 38,000 tons full load|
|Speed: 33 knots|
|Planes: 80 planes|
|Crew: approx. 3460|
|Armament: see down below|
This section contains the names of sailors who served aboard USS ANTIETAM. It is no official listing but contains the names of sailors who submitted their information.
USS ANTIETAM Cruise Books:
About the different armament:
Accidents aboard USS ANTIETAM:
|November 20, 1946||Hunters Point Naval Shipyard, San Francisco, Calif.||USS ANTIETAM suffers an explosion at the Hunters Point Naval Shipyard, killing one and injuring 34.|
|October 30, 1951||off Korea||A F4U aircraft assigned to VC-3 crashes over the port side during a night landing. The pilot, LTJG R. E. Kramer is recovered by the USS EVERSOLE (DD 789) with no injuries.|
|November 4, 1951||off Korea||During the launch of a VC-35 AD-4NL aircraft, a bridle breaks on the port catapult causing the plane to crash into the water. All three crew of the aircraft are rescued successfully by the USS UHLMANN (DD 687).|
|November 4, 1951||off Korea||Approx. three hours after the accident mentioned above, a VF-837 F9F aircraft is approaching the ANTIETAM. The pilot, LT George S. Braikard, is making a hard landing causing his plane to bounce without catching a wire. The pilot now pushes over to get the plane down, landing nosewheel first. The nose tire immediately blows and the aircraft slides over the deck crashing into the parked planes forward. The pilot and a deck crewman are killed instantly while two other crewmembers die later that day from their injuries. Ten other crewmembers are injured and seven parked aircraft are damaged.|
|November 12, 1951||off Korea||A F4U aircraft assigned to VC-3 crashes after a normal catapult shot from the port catapult. The pilot is rescued unharmed by the USS BOYD (DD 754).|
|December 6, 1951||off Korea||An aircraft crashes shortly after take-off from the USS ANTIETAM. The pilot is rescued by the ship's helicopter.|
|January 17, 1952||off Korea||A F9F aircraft crashes shortly after take-off from the USS ANTIETAM. The pilot is slightly injured and is rescued by the ship's helicopter.|
|January 21, 1952||off Korea||AN Edward J. C. Farrell, assigned to VF-837, is working on the flight deck when he gets disoriented during a snow squall and falls overboard. A 3 1/2 hour search involving three destroyers had negative results.|
|January 29, 1952||off Korea||A F9F-2P aircraft assigned to VC-61 and piloted by LT Stan Kalas, hits the ramp while approaching the ANTIETAM. The plane slides over the deck and crashes into the water. The pilot is recovered the minor injuries by a rescue helicopter.|
|February 29, 1952||off Korea||A F9F aircraft accidentally fires one 20mm round after landing hitting a deck crewman in the abdomen. The sailor is critically injured. Later in the day, he's transfered to a destroyer for transportation to a hospital ship.|
|October 23, 1956||off Brest, France||USS ANTIETAM is grounded for six hours off Brest, France.|
|May 20, 1957||New Orleans, La.||USS ANTIETAM crashes into a river wharf in New Orleans, La. The wharf is heavily damaged, while damage to the ANTIETAM is light.|
About the Ship's Name:
The ship was named ANTIETAM to commemorates a site along Antietam Creek, near Sharpsburg, Maryland, at which a major Civil War battle was fought.
The Battle of Antietam, on 17 September 1862, climaxed the first of Confederate General Robert E. Lee's two attempts to carry the war from the South into the North. Some 41,000 Southerners were pitted against the 87,000-man Federal Army of the Potomac under General George B. McClellan.
After his great victory at Manassas in August, Lee had marched his Army of Northern Virginia into western Maryland, hoping to find vitally needed men and supplies. McClellan moved his army westward to cut off Lee and protect Washington and Baltimore from being separated. McClellan followed Lee, first to Frederick, where through rare good fortune, a copy of Lee's battle plan fell into his hands, then westward twelve miles to the passes of South Mountain. There, on 14 September, Lee tried to block the Union troops. McClellan forced his way through the out-manned Southern ranks. Over the next two days, new battle lines were drawn west and east of Antietam Creek. The battle opened at dawn on the 17th and moved to three different locations throughout the day.
More Americans were killed or wounded in the Battle of Antietam than on any other single day in American history. Federal losses were 12,410 and Confederate losses were 10,700. Although neither side gained a decisive victory, Lee's failure to carry the war effort effectively into the North caused Great Britain to postpone recognition of the Confederate government. The battle also gave President Abraham Lincoln the opportunity to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.
History of USS ANTIETAM:
USS ANTIETAM was laid down on 15 March 1943 by the Philadelphia Navy Yard; launched on 20 August 1944 sponsored by Mrs. Millard E. Tydings, the wife of Senator Tydings of Maryland; and commissioned on 28 January 1945, Capt. James R. Tague in command.
The aircraft carrier completed fitting out at Philadelphia until 2 March 1945 when she got underway for her shakedown cruise. The ship arrived in Hampton Roads on the 5th and conducted operations from Norfolk until 22 March when she stood out of Chesapeake Bay bound for Trinidad in the British West Indies. At the conclusion of her shakedown cruise, ANTIETAM returned to Philadelphia on 28 April to begin post-shakedown availability. She completed repairs on 19 May and departed Philadelphia that same day.
After a three-day stop at Norfolk, the warship resumed her voyage to the Panama Canal in company with USS HIGBEE (DD 806), USS GEORGE W. INGRAM (APD 43), and USS IRA JEFFERY (APD 44). She arrived at Cristobal on 31 May 1945, transited the canal the next day, and continued her voyage up the coast to San Diego. She stopped at San Diego from 10 to 13 June before beginning the first leg of her transpacific voyage. ANTIETAM arrived in Pearl Harbor on the 19th and remained in the Hawaiian Islands conducting training missions until 12 August. On that day, she shaped a course for the western Pacific.
Three days out of Oahu, she received word of the Japanese capitulation and the consequent cessation of hostilities. Thus, by the time of her arrival in Eniwetok Atoll on 19 August 1945, her mission changed from combat to occupation support duty. On the 21st she exited the lagoon in company with USS CABOT (CVL 28) and a screen of destroyers bound for Japan. En route, she suffered some internal damage which forced her into port at Apra Harbor Guam, for inspections. The inspection party deemed the damage minimal; and the carrier remained operational, resuming her course on the 27th. By that time, however, her destination had been changed to the coast of the Asian mainland. She stopped at Okinawa between 30 August and 1 September and arrived in Chinese waters near Shanghai the following day.
The aircraft carrier remained in the Far East for a little more than three years. The Yellow Sea constituted her primary theater of operations while her air group provided support for the Allied occupation of North China, Manchuria, and Korea. During the latter stages of that assignment, her airmen conducted surveillance missions in that area as a result of the civil war in China between communist and nationalist factions which later resulted in the expulsion of Chiang Kai-shek's forces from mainland China and the establishment of Mao Tse-Tung's communist People's Republic of China. Throughout the period, however, she did depart the Yellow Sea on occasion for visits to Japan, the Philippines, Okinawa, and the Marianas. Early in 1949, she concluded her mission in the Orient and headed back to the United States for deactivation.
ANTIETAM remained in reserve at Alameda, Calif., until communist forces from the north invaded South Korea in the summer of 1950. She began reactivation preparations on 6 December and went back into commission on 17 January 1951, Capt. George J. Dufek in command.
Initially, the carrier conducted shakedown training and carrier qualifications along the California coast, first out of Alameda and, after 14 May 1951, out of San Diego. She made one voyage to Pearl Harbor and back to San Diego in July and August before departing the latter port on 8 September and heading for the Far East. ANTIETAM arrived in the Far East later that fall and, by late November, began the only combat deployment of her career. During that tour, she made four cruises with Task Force (TF) 77, in the combat zone off the coast of Korea.
In between fighting assignments, she returned to Yokosuka, Japan. During each of those periods, her air group carried out a variety of missions in support of United Nations forces combating North Korean aggression. Those missions included combat air patrol logistics interdiction - particularly against railroad and highway traffic - reconnaissance antisubmarine patrols, and night heckler missions. Between late November 1951 and mid-March 1952, ANTIETAM's air group flew nearly 6,000 sorties of all types. She returned to Yokosuka on 21 March 1952 at the conclusion of her fourth cruise with TF 77 to begin preparations for her voyage back to the United States.
The aircraft carrier returned home in April and rejoined the Pacific Reserve Fleet briefly. She was reactivated later that summer and, in August, transited the Panama Canal to join the Atlantic Fleet. In September, the warship entered the New York Naval Shipyard for major alterations. In October, she was redesignated an attack aircraft carrier, CVA 36. In December 1952, ANTIETAM emerged from the yard as America's first angled-deck aircraft carrier.
She operated out of Quonset Point, R.I., until the beginning of 1955. During the intervening years, she participated in numerous fleet and independent ship's exercises. After August 1953, at which time she was redesignated an antisubmarine warfare (ASW) carrier, CVS 36, ANTIETAM concentrated up on honing her hunter/killer skills. In January 1955, she embarked upon a voyage to the Mediterranean Sea where she served with the 6th Fleet until March. Resuming duty with the Atlantic Fleet ASW forces, she operated along the eastern seaboard until the fall of 1956. In October of that year, she cruised to the waters of the eastern Atlantic for NATO ASW exercises and goodwill visits to ports in Allied countries.
While the carrier was in Rotterdam, the Suez crisis broke out in the eastern Mediterranean. ANTIETAM cut short her visit to the Netherlands and headed for the "middle sea" to bolster the 6th Fleet during the evacuation of American citizens from Alexandria, Egypt. At the end of that assignment, she conducted ASW training exercises with Italian naval officers embarked before returning to Quonset Point on 22 December 1956.
After resuming operations along the eastern seaboard early in 1957, ANTIETAM was assigned on 21 April 1957 to training duty with the Naval Air Training Station, Pensacola, Fla. Mayport, however, served as her home port because ships of her draft could not then enter port at Pensacola. For almost two years the aircraft carrier operated out of Mayport training new Navy pilots and conducting tests on new aviation equipment-most noteworthy on the Bell automatic landing system during August of 1957. She also participated in annual Naval Academy midshipmen cruises each summer.
In January 1959, after the deepening of the channel into Pensacola had been completed, ANTIETAM's home port was changed from Mayport to Pensacola. For the remainder of her active career, the carrier operated out of Pensacola as an aviation training ship. On two occasions, she provided humanitarian services to victims of hurricane damage. The first came in September of 1961 when she rushed to the Texas coast to provide supplies and medical assistance to the victims of hurricane Carla. The second came just over a month later when she carried medical supplies, doctors, nurses, and other medical personnel to British Honduras to help with the victims of hurricane Hattie. Otherwise, she spent the final four years of her naval career in routine naval aviation training duty out of Pensacola.
On 23 October 1952, ANTIETAM was relieved by USS LEXINGTON (CVS 16) as aviation training ship at Pensacola and was placed in commission, in reserve, on 7 January 1963. Berthed at Philadelphia, Pa., she remained in reserve until May of 1973 when her name was struck from the Navy list. On 28 February 1974, she was sold to the Union Minerals & Alloys Corp. for scrapping.
ANTIETAM earned two battle stars for service in the Korean conflict.
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The Coming-of-Age Story: Discussion Questions and Activities
Connecting The Road from Coorain to Your Curriculum
What follows is a list of themes through which to explore the coming-of-age story. Each category includes questions and activities that can be applied to any story of this kind -- film, memoir, novel, play, or biography. Use them to study The Road from Coorain alongside one or many other works. Although the categories are presented in a sequence which loosely parallels the "arc" of many coming-of-age stories, they do not need to be followed in any particular order.
Each category also includes suggestions for personal writing. These, too, might be assigned in any order. They can be used to go into greater depth on one or more of the topics, or can be assigned by themselves -- for example, to prepare students for writing their college entrance essays.
Finally, you will find a grid, The Coming-of-Age Comparison Chart, that will help you organize a multiwork study of the coming-of-age story. The grid is accompanied by several questions and activities to help you use it.
Note: Though these exercises can be adapted to fit the length and scope of any curriculum, it may be best to limit your coming-of-age study to between three and five works. Because the study of several full-length novels or films can take a great deal of time, consider also including excerpts from longer works and/or films, as well as short stories.
In these exercises, "story" refers to the particular coming-of-age story you are currently studying.
The opening of a story must do more than get our attention; it should also present key ideas and themes that will be echoed in some way throughout the story, as it does in The Road from Coorain. Read or watch the opening of this story again after you have finished it. What did the opening set up about the story to come?
Personal Writing: If the story of your life was made into a film, what scene would it open with? What music might be playing in the background? Explain your choices.
Voice and Point of View
From whose point of view is this story told? How would you describe the narrative voice of the story? Are you sympathetic to this voice, or not? How does this point of view influence or affect the story?
Personal Writing: Try writing a short memory from your own point of view. Then ask yourself, "who else could tell this story?" and try writing it again from the point of view and in the voice of another person. Which version do you think is "truer"?
Turning Points and Major Themes
What were the most significant events in the protagonist's early life -- those that truly changed who he or she became? How does the story show the importance of those events? What recurring themes and motifs are there in this person's story? Choose one and explore how it is echoed throughout the story.
Personal Writing: Take a piece of paper and draw a line down the middle. Now give yourself twenty minutes to write down as many memories from a five- to ten-year period of your early life as you can. Try to place the memories chronologically on the timeline, though they might come to your memory in any order. Circle those events that, in retrospect, seem to have been turning points for you. When you have finished, look for themes or patterns that emerge. Write about one of these themes, patterns, or turning points and how it has defined you.
Who Am I?
In some way, all coming-of-age stories address the quest to define oneself. Writing in the voice of the main character in the story you are studying, try to answer as that person would if the question "Who am I?" was posed to him or her.
Personal Writing: Many college application essays ask you, in essence, to answer the "Who am I?" question, though it may be phrased differently. Pretend that instead of "selling yourself" as you would on an application, you could answer this question absolutely truthfully. Free-write your answer without thinking about it beforehand. Did you surprise yourself in some way? How?
Relationship with Parents/Guardians
Does the main character have "good" parents by your definition? How do they influence him or her?
Personal Writing: Write a dialogue that is typical of one you might have with one or both of your parents or guardians. (You can make this dialogue up, or write it from memory.) Have a partner read it and give you his or her impressions of what kind of relationship the speakers have.
What is the role of the main character in his or her family? Does that role change? What code or set of beliefs does the family seem to live by? What expectations does the family have for this person? Does he or she meet them? How does the character try to separate from his or her family? To what extent is he or she successful?
Personal Writing: Draw a graphic representation, or "mental map," of how you currently see yourself in relationship to your family. (This graphic might simply be names written on the page in a way that shows their relationships to each other or could include drawings.) Would you have created a different representation several years ago? Write about this change.
Jill Ker Conway says that one of the reasons for writing The Road from Coorain was to counter "the archetypal plot for women in Western society" of marriage and family. How many stories can you think of that portray men and women in stereotyped gender roles? Now examine the story you are studying: to what extent are the roles of men and women stereotypical?
Personal Writing: In what ways has your life been determined by traditional gender roles? How might your life have been different if you were the opposite sex? Compare your life in these terms with the life of someone in your family from the same sex who was born a generation earlier.
For many young people, their peer group becomes more influential than their family. How do friendships change this character? In what ways are these friendships a substitute or continuation of his or her family?
Personal Writing: Make a list of the people outside of your family who have been important in your life. Next, classify them in some way that makes sense to you -- by era in your life, by what they taught you, by their role in your life, or by contributions to who you are today. Finally, choose one person and write or draw a portrait of that person, with a description or a caption of your relationship with him or her.
In what ways does the character rebel, and what does he or she rebel against? How does the character rebel -- outwardly or inwardly? Does rebelling accomplish something important?
Personal Writing: Write about a time you openly rebelled against something, then write about a time when you secretly rebelled. How did you feel afterward? What were the differences?
Where Is Home?
How does the main character in the story you are studying define "home"? Is it the place the character comes from, or somewhere of his or her own making? What about this character's "home" seems to stay with the person wherever he or she goes?
Personal Writing: At the top of a page, write an address of a home, present or past. Now make a list of as many details of that place as you can think of. Use all your senses to describe what you see, hear, taste, touch, and smell in this place. Then use Ker Conway's evocation of Coorain as a model and write an essay, story, or set of directions for a filmmaker about this place.
In her memoir Ker Conway provides detailed information about her everyday life. What films or books have you seen in this genre in which the everyday life of the characters is especially interesting or unfamiliar to you? What do you learn about different cultures from this description of everyday life?
Personal Writing: Young writers are often convinced everything they have to say is "boring" because their everyday life seems to them so routine. In order to see your own daily life with fresh eyes, think of a reader -- perhaps from some other part of the world, from a very different life, or even from another planet -- who would find your everyday life exotic. Describe who this ideal reader is, then explain your everyday life in a way that this person would find fascinating.
Romance and Sexuality
Almost no coming-of-age story is without this theme. How big a role does it play in the story you are studying? Do you wish it had played a smaller or larger role? How?
Personal Writing: What role would this theme play in your own coming-of-age story? Choose one person with whom you had a romance or on whom you had a crush and describe how those feelings affected you.
Community Beliefs, Values, and Stereotypes
Ker Conway writes disparagingly of the "Australian archetype" (created by the British and internalized by Australians) of a stoic people doing battle with harsh elements. Her memoir was, in part, an attempt to correct that perception. Where is the main character from in the story you are studying? How does it shape who he or she is? What values and beliefs of this community does the character embrace? Which does he or she reject?
Personal Writing: What is someone from your family, city, country, race, or religion "supposed" to be like? Who defines these stereotypes or expectations? To what extent do you meet them?
Like Jill Ker Conway, many artists, writers, and filmmakers first glimpsed the outside world through books, dance, or other art forms. What works of art were important in affirming or changing the main character's view of him- or herself?
Personal Writing: What books, music, movies, paintings, or any other works of art or scholarship have been important to you? In which did you see yourself mirrored? Which caused you to question yourself? Quote lines or describe scenes that moved you, then write about your reaction.
Political and Social Realities
As young children, we are sometimes unaware of issues such as gender roles, race, class, or other political realities. A common theme of many coming-of-age works is a dawning understanding of these realities. Jill Ker Conway reads Marx and begins to think about class; she studies Australian history and realizes it is written by Englishmen rather than Australians. At what point do the characters in the story you are studying begin to understand the political and social boundaries that define their lives? What incidents set off this understanding? How does it shape them?
Personal Writing: How would your life be changed if you were a different gender, race, class, religion, or from a different country? Choose a social or political category that you feel deeply defines you, and write about how it helps make you who you are.
The Outside World
In The Road from Coorain, the filmmakers show World War II as part of Ker Conway's childhood world. How does the story you are studying show how outside events change or define the characters?
Personal Writing: In the story of your life, what local, national, or world events would need to be depicted because they were important to you or your family? How and why were they important? Write a scene which shows the impact of these events in your everyday life -- for instance, the dinner scene in the film The Road from Coorain that shows the family discussing current events.
The Coming-of-Age Comparison Chart
Use the grid below, or one like it that your students draw themselves, to collect data about common themes, conflicts, characterizations, and motifs in the coming-of-age stories you are studying. As students read or watch each work, they should fill in information on each category. (You can add other categories as needed.) The information they collect could include observations, quotations, plot summaries, character descriptions, or anything else that would help them in recalling the specific details of the work. After students have completed the grid, use it to do one or several of the activities suggested in the Questions and Activities section that follows.
Questions and Activities
Memoir & Autobiography
Twenty Years at Hull House, Jane Addams
I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, Maya Angelou
Manchild in the Promised Land, Claude Brown
An American Childhood, Annie Dillard
Out of Africa, Isak Dineson
Fierce Attachments, Vivian Gornick
The Woman Warrior, Maxine Hong Kingston
West with the Night, Beryl Markham
Kaffir Boy, Mark Mathabane
The Color of Water, James McBride
Angela's Ashes, Frank McCourt
Down These Mean Streets, Piri Thomas
This Boy's Life, Tobias Wolff
Black Boy, Richard Wright
The Autobiography of Malcolm X, Malcolm X
Am I Blue? Coming Out from the Silence, Marion Dane Bauer, editor
The Song of the Lark, Willa Cather
My Antonia, Willa Cather
The House on Mango Street, Sandra Cisneros
My Brilliant Career, Miles Franklin
Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, James Joyce
Annie John, Jamaica Kincaid
Lives of Girls and Women, Alice Munro
The Chosen, Chaim Potok
The Catcher in the Rye, J.D. Salinger
A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, Betty Smith
The Joy Luck Club, Amy Tan
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain
The Color Purple, Alice Walker
Native Son, Richard Wright
Note: Some of these films may not be appropriate for your class due to language, violence, and/or sexual content. Preview all films before recommending or showing these in class.
American Grafitti (PG)
An Angel at My Table (R)
Angela's Ashes (R)
Anne of Green Gables (not rated)
Anywhere But Here (PG-13)
The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz (PG)
Au Revoir Mes Enfants (PG)
Boyz in the Hood (R)
Brighton Beach Memoirs (PG-13)
A Bronx Tale (R)
The Dead Poet's Society (PG)
400 Blows (not rated)
The Graduate (PG)
The Last Picture Show (R)
Little Women (various versions)
Ma Vie En Rose (R)
My Brilliant Career (G)
The Outsiders (PG)
The Slums of Beverly Hills (R)
The Song of the Lark* (PG)
Stand By Me (R)
Summer of '42 (PG)
Welcome to the Dollhouse (R)
The Year My Voice Broke (PG-13)
*Part of Masterpiece Theatre's American Collection. See Shop for information on ordering this video.
Teaching The Road from Coorain | Using this Web Site
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YALE PSYC 110 - Introduction to Psychology with Professor Paul Bloom
recorded by: Yale University
released under terms of: Creative Commons Attribution No Derivatives (CC-BY-ND)
What do your dreams mean? Do men and women differ in the nature and intensity of their sexual desires? Can apes learn sign language? Why can’t we tickle ourselves? This course tries to answer these questions and many others, providing a comprehensive overview of the scientific study of thought and behavior. It explores topics such as perception, communication, learning, memory, decision-making, religion, persuasion, love, lust, hunger, art, fiction, and dreams. We will look at how these aspects of the mind develop in children, how they differ across people, how they are wired-up in the brain, and how they break down due to illness and injury.
Course Homepage: http://oyc.yale.edu/psychology/introduction-to-psychology
Course features at Open Yale courses page:
Complete Yale video collection at Yale VideoLectures.NET | <urn:uuid:bbc6f858-2b1e-4c79-a7c1-4926bd52f7e8> | {
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Even though childhood can appear to be a carefree time, kids can still experience stress. With school and social life creating all sorts of pressures alongside exam worries, life can often feel overwhelming for kids. As parents, it’s important to understand that you can’t protect your children from stress, however, you can support them by developing healthy ways for them to cope with everyday problems. Here’s some ways you can start reaching out and helping them cope with their troubles.
Just ask if you feel concerned
Kids can often be very secretive with how they’re feeling, so if you do notice something is wrong don’t be afraid to ask them instead of waiting for them to tell you. Usually for them to open up they just need to know you’re there for them and care about how they feel. Always be sympathetic and show that you want to help and understand what they are going through. If you find they’re struggling to explain their feelings, prompting them with some open-ended questions or keywords in relation to how you think they may be feeling will be useful.
When your child does start to explain their worries or what they’re feeling, listening attentively and calmly is so important. Avoid judgement, blame or giving them a lecture. Instead take interest and be patient with what they’re trying to explain to you. If your kids feel as though their concerns are heard it will make them feel supported and as though they are not alone, which is crucial during a stressful time. When they’ve finished, prompting them for more information is okay, just don’t rush to ask too many questions!
Limit stress if possible
If your child is telling you that certain situations are causing them stress, see if there are any ways things can be changed. For example, your child may be struggling with completing homework as they are attending after-school activities every day of the week. If this is the case, it may be a good idea for your child to do one or two activities and schedule in homework time in place of the others.
Help your child think of solutions
If there is a specific problem causing stress for your child, talk with them about possible solutions or ways to make things better. Instead of just giving your child ideas, encourage them to think of some of their own. This way can help build up their confidence and make them realise they do know how to deal with stressful situations. When doing this also ask questions that make them understand the reason why a certain solution may or may not work.
Sometimes your kids won’t feel like talking about what’s worrying them and that’s okay. Try not to push to get information out of them - instead just let them know that you are there if they need to talk and remind them they’re never on their own. If you can see that your child is having a particularly stressful time, planning an activity to do together like watching a movie or baking a cake will remind them that you are always there.
If stress gets too much
If you’re concerned that your child isn’t communicating with you about what’s causing them stress, or you feel as though their stress is causing anxiety or depression, it’s always worth taking them to your local GP. They may be able to identify if there are any major concerns or if seeing a counsellor will help. These helpful NHS pages also are worth a read and provide signs of anxiety, severe stress and depression in children. | <urn:uuid:8f044f92-12a9-437e-9655-25ecf89cc84e> | {
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The Bright Side
Black Angus cows stand in the pasture surrounded by early morning mist. The calves are lost in a forest of tall ironweed. Purple crowns of tiny flowers float above a layer of undulating gray gauze. I stop the car by the pasture with the window down, so I can inhale the beauty of the morning. My lungs welcome the dampness, which will not linger once the sun comes over the ridge. A mother cow gives me a piercing glance and I reluctantly move on.
Seeing the ironweed in bloom makes me happy. I love the tall, lanky plant. Every August when the purple blooms appear beside the roads and in the pasture, it is like an old friend has returned for a visit. Thanks to the recent rains, several of my favorite autumn plants have revived. At least two varieties of ironweed grow here. They are difficult to identify until the blooms are gone and just the seed heads remain.
New York Ironweed (Veronia noveboracensis) and Tall Ironweed (Veronia altissima) have few differences. Both are perennial, herbaceous plants, which can reach a height of 10 feet. They both have long, alternate leaves; a tall ironweed leaf is a little fuzzier on the underside. A wide cluster of purple blooms ride atop the tall stems of both varieties. The individual flowers are tiny and usually have around 30 flowers per head The bracts on the flower heads of tall ironweed are blunt tipped. This is one way to tell them apart, the bracts on New York Ironweed are long and narrow. I first noticed this when gathering the dried seed heads for weed bouquets. When you pull the seed fluffs off of the tall ironweed heads, you find what looks like little wooden flowers. They are beautiful in a dried flower arrangement. The New York ironweed does not give you this same little present. Look for the rich purple flowers and the tall straight stems in pastures and fence rows. It must not taste very good, because the cows do not eat it. Folklore says that some species of Ironweed were used to treat stomach problems and Native Americans used the root to treat post childbirth pain.
Another of my favorites that survived the hot dry summer is wild ageratum Conoclinium (Eupatorium) coelestinum, which many people call mist flower. Flat-topped clusters of small, soft-blue, fuzzy flowers appear amidst the bright green foliage of this perennial near the end of summer. If cut back in half in early summer, these plants will form a lovely clump for the perennial garden. Being a lazy gardener, I leave mine in their natural state and the result is an open mound about two feet tall. The seeds scatter and plants shoot up in the most unexpected places. One of the reasons I like this plant is that it will grow in a sunny spot or in partial shade. It is perfect for the wild gardens on my Ridge. The blue flowers add accent and texture to autumn bouquets, too.
Like most native plants, wild ageratum tends to spread, creating great drifts of blue in the autumn landscape. If you want to keep it contained you can removing spreading shoots with a spade, or surround the plant with a bottomless can or pot extending from the soil surface down into the soil a foot or so. This confines the roots and creeping underground stems. In a natural setting, wild ageratum can become a beautiful, low maintenance, medium height ground cover for a moist, partly shaded area. It grows beautifully with Great Blue Lobelia, and Ironweed. I have it planted with my tall New England Asters, which always get so leggy they sprawl all over the place.
One old friend that is struggling to survive the drought here on the Ridge is the Autumn Clematis. In years past, great mounds of white blooms covered the arch over the garden path. This year only two scrawny vines twine around the top of the metal arch. There are no dainty white blooms to entice the butterflies and hummingbirds this autumn. Clematis ternifolia is a deciduous, perennial, flowering vine that is indigenous to Japan. It is not fussy about soil and is considered to be invasive as it will swallow anything nearby if not held in check. Because sweet autumn clematis vines can be invasive, some gardeners may want to seek native alternatives. Virgin’s bower (C. virginiana) is a native alternative that grows well in this area.
My first start of autumn clematis was a gift from my old friend, Joyce, so it is very dear to me. She always pruned her vine back to almost nothing every year. The flowers come on the new vines, not the old. The other day I was driving down Main Street in Clay City and passed an old house with huge mounds of the fragrant white clematis blooms covering the ground, the steps and threatening to ‘eat’ the front porch. That was a beautiful sight. Maybe next year my arbor will return to its former glory, until then I will be glad that the ironweed and ageratum returned. Now I must go plant the short purple asters and the heuchera I bought on sale yesterday.
‘til next time,
© 2009-2015 Spencer Evening World, Inc.
No commercial reproduction without written consent.
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Have you ever been in a situation where you have a friend who wants to use your personal computer for who-knows-what? In cases like this, you would want them to use a guest account, so as not to put your personal files at risk. Here’s how you can set it up in all commonly used Windows operating systems.
What is a guest account? It’s actually set up differently than a regular account, allowing the guest user to access the computer’s core functions, without being able to see your personal files or mess with your settings. Here are four distinctions of a guest account.
- Guest accounts allow others to use your PC while preventing them from browsing password-protected files, like those stored on your own personal user account.
- Using guest accounts, users won’t accidentally stumble upon your logged-in accounts and email, which could give even those with the best intentions the urge to take a peek.
- Keep in mind that any browsing history or logged-in websites will be available to future guests, as well, so be sure to tell your guests to log out of their accounts before logging off.
- Guest accounts don’t have access to the administrator privileges that you would as the owner of the PC. Guest users can’t install software, configure hardware devices, or change settings. They can still use the Internet and other applications that are already installed, giving them the best experience possible without risking any breach of privacy.
Before we walk you through the steps on how to do this, be warned; setting up guest accounts on office workstations is generally frowned upon. We advise you to first check with your company’s IT administrator if you’re going to do this at work. Making new guest accounts to access a network might complicate security if the account is unaccounted for.
How to Create a Guest Account for Windows 7
Go to Control Panel > User Accounts > Add or remove user accounts. You’ll next be prompted to alter an existing account. If the Guest account isn’t already turned on, it will appear in your available accounts. Click it, and select Turn On. With the guest account turned on, you and anyone else can now access it from your PC’s login screen.
How to Create a Guest Account for Windows 8/8.1
You can access the guest account feature in the same way as you did with Windows 7 (via the Control Panel), or you can type “guest account” into the search bar. Make sure you’re only searching Settings. You’ll see an option titled Turn guest account on or off in the results. Click on the Guest account, and select b.
How to Create a Guest Account for Windows 10
For Windows 10, it’s actually a bit more complicated. Rather than accessing your guest user options through the Control Panel, you can go through the Windows Command Prompt. Type CMD in the search bar to find the Command Prompt, and then right-click it and select Run as administrator. You’ll then see the command prompt open on your screen. Type the command net user guest /active: yes, and finish by hitting Enter. After that, a message will display saying that “The command completed successfully.”
By having a guest account available for new users, you’ll be ready to let anyone borrow your computer, without having to worry about them discovering your secrets. For more useful tech tips, be sure to check back next week, and subscribe to Think Tank NTG’s blog. | <urn:uuid:c6b800d0-1dd1-48a5-9c2b-f755009f042c> | {
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By now you’ve probably heard about BPA and how you should avoid it or you’ve seen products advertise that they’re BPA free. But what exactly is BPA and why is it dangerous?
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical found in hard plastics and the coatings of food and drink cans. It is used to make water bottles, baby bottles, medical and dental devices, electronics, sports equipment, and more.
When absorbed into the body, BPA can imitate hormones such as estrogen and have hazardous effects on health. In a recent study by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, they found that 95% of adult and 93% of child urine samples contained traces of BPA. The US Endocrine Society has expressed public concern over the amount of BPA humans are currently exposed to.
Keep reading to learn about the possible health hazards of BPA.
- Scientists have shown that BPA can cause reproductive disorders by affecting egg quality and egg maturation
- Impotence has been linked to BPA exposure among men
- Scientists at the University of Cincinnati reported that BPA can cause heart disease in women and may reduce the efficiency of chemotherapy treatment
- Researchers in California have shown that BPA exposure has been linked to type 2 diabetes
- A study by the Yale School of Medicine found a possible increase in breast cancer risk among women who had been exposed to BPA in the womb
Everyone is susceptible to the hazards of BPA but babies and children are the most sensitive so its very important to limit their exposure to the chemical. Dolphin Blue has always ensured that our toys are healthy for the environment and healthy for kids. Our Green Toys are made from recycled milk containers and are BPA free.
When you’re shopping this holiday season be sure to check packaging on all toys and kitchen products to ensure they’re BPA free and safe for your loved ones! | <urn:uuid:78d052a6-006a-4651-aea8-44fda3c76af8> | {
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Family: Lycaenidae, Gossamer-wing Butterflies view all from this family
Description The Frosted Elfin (Callophrys irus) is a species of Lycaenidae that is native to North America.
The wingspan ranges from 22–24 mm (0.87–0.94 in), hindwings have one short tail. The top side of the wing is brown, males have long oval dark spots on the leading edge of their forewings. The hindwings have submarginal black spots above the tail and below the postmedian line is faint.
Dimensions 7/8-1 1/4" (22-32 mm).
Life Cycle There is one flight from March–April in the south which occurs between mid May to early June in the north. Females will lay eggs singly on flower buds. The caterpillars eat both the flower and the developing seedpods. Chrysalids hibernate in loosely formed cocoons beneath litter below the plant. Larval foods include the pea family (Fabaceae), indigo (Baptisia tinctoria), lupine (Lupinus perennis), and rattlebox (Crotalaria sagittalis).
Habitat Forests & woodlands, Meadows & fields, Scrub, shrub & brushlands.
Range Florida, Great Lakes, Mid-Atlantic, Texas, New England, Plains, Southeast. | <urn:uuid:9516e430-a30d-4fce-ae77-31bde4770d6c> | {
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Banned Books Week 2017
Posted: Sep 24, 2017
Out-of-date Warning This news post is more than three months old and may contain out-of-date information.
Banned Books Week is the annual celebration of the freedom to read. This year, the coalition of organizations that sponsors Banned Books Week emphasizes the importance of the First Amendment, which guarantees our inherent right to read. It highlights the value of free and open access to information.
Banned Books Week brings together the entire book community — librarians, booksellers, publishers, journalists, teachers, and readers — in shared support of the freedom to seek and express ideas, even those some consider unorthodox or unpopular. See some of the banned books we've been reading!
Fun Home: A Family Tragicomic
by Alison Bechdel
"As a young lesbian, reading Alison Bechdel’s story of coming of age and coming out was a bright spot in the confusing shadow of the closet. What upsets me most is that challenges to Fun Home: A Family Tragicomic came in the context of universities, with adult students who most assuredly can handle and understand sex. In college-level classes I have been required to read books depicting straight sexuality, and my discomfort or disinterest in these scenes would not exempt me from such reading despite so many panicking at even the sight of lesbian sexuality, calling us “borderline pornographic.” Why is a straight man drawing a nude woman art, and a lesbian drawing a nude woman pornography?"
Cecilia Franck — they/them pronouns
Senior Spanish Major with LGBT Studies Minor
Digitization Projects Assistant, Digital Collections and Media Reformatting
Daughter of the Forest
by Juliet Marillier
"This is actually one of my personal favorite books and means a lot to me. It's a story of a young woman forced into literal silence and yet triumphing over the darkness in her life while maintaining her compassion. I find it ironic that even though she is able to become a master of her fate, there are still those who would wish to silence her. "
User Services & Resource Sharing Graduate Assistant
The Disappearing Spoon: And Other Tales of Madness, Love, and the History of the World from the Periodic Table of Elements
by Sam Kean
"Science is the story we tell about the journey of discovery, and that story should never be censored."
The Perks of Being a Wallflower
by Stephen Chbosky
"This is such an important book to me, so I was saddened to see it was a frequently challenged or banned. In the book, Chobsky writes “tell me how to be different in a way that makes sense,” which is a feeling many teenagers have during the turbulent time of young adulthood. The Perks of Being a Wallflower let me know that it was okay to feel alone and different and I hope others will read it and be comforted by it."
The Things They Carried
by Tim O'Brien
"I am not actually outraged, but rather glad that this book is on the list because I always think the mark of a good book is that it makes people uncomfortable and thoughtful. I read this book in high school. My english teacher knew the author and so he came to speak to us. His talk and this book challenged my thinking on fact vs fiction and redefined the art of storytelling."
Celina N. McDonald
U.S. Government Documents, Law, Criminology and Criminal Justice Librarian
History Alive! The Medieval World and Beyond
by Bert Bower and Jim Lobdell
"The challenging of this material on the basis that it "glorifies Islam" is so completely insidious and illustrates the reductionist view that many have of the middle ages and highlights their misguided understanding that the middle ages represented some sort of homogeneous time of separated religious confessions and isolated ethno-states. In reality, the middle ages were a time of migrations, interactions, and cultural exchanges. Acknowledging this fact and that Islamic scholars were an important link between the Classical and the medieval world does not detract from Christianity or any other religion, but provides a truthful account of the global middle ages and may give Muslim students some shared sense of history when studying this period."
Jordan S. Sly
Anthropology, Psychology, & Special Populations Librarian
Browse through the collections at the Library Media Services page. | <urn:uuid:8df5222d-b067-416b-aaf9-204402049520> | {
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The modules described in this chapter provide a variety of specialized data
types such as dates and times, fixed-type arrays, heap queues, synchronized
queues, and sets.
Python also provides some built-in data types, in particular,
dict, list, set and frozenset, and
tuple. The str class is used to hold
Unicode strings, and the bytes class is used to hold binary data.
The following modules are documented in this chapter:
7.2. codecs — Codec registry and base classes
8.1. datetime — Basic date and time types
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The Holocaust Encyclopedia
Walter Laqueur, Editor
Judith Tydor Baumel, Associate Editor
Yale University Press. New Haven and London. 2001
. . .
Bulgaria The survival of Bulgarian Jewry—despite Bulgaria's pro-Nazi regime and the physical presence of German troops on Bulgarian soil—represents a unique chapter in European Jewish history during the World War II era. At the start of the war Bulgaria's
Jewish population numbered approximately 48,000, with some 60 percent residing in the capital, Sofia. Mainly Sefardim, the Jews constituted less than 1 percent of the total population. Generally speaking, the attitude of Bulgarians toward Jews was tolerant, even friendly, and Jews enjoyed equal rights anchored in the constitution promulgated with the state's founding in 1878. Against this background the Jews of Bulgaria achieved economic, social, and cultural integration in the life of the state over several decades. Concurrently, Bulgarian Jewry was recognized as an autonomous national entity with its own independent communal administration.
The majority of Bulgarian Jews were employed as small businessmen, artisans, clerks, and laborers. Although Jewish representation in the free professions was on the rise, it did not account for more than 5 percent of the total number of wage earners. The Jewish moneyed class was limited to a handful of industrialists, bankers, and exporters who made a significant contribution to the development of Bulgarian industry and commerce.
The Zionist movement comprised the prime public force, and its representatives controlled communal organizations on both the local and the national level. It democratized the conduct of communal affairs, laid the foundation for Hebrew education, promoted Zionist youth groups, encouraged aliyah (emigration to Palestine), and fortified the link with the Jews in Palestine and the Diaspora.
In short, Bulgaria's Jewish community possessed many outstanding characteristics: an extensive system of Hebrew education; communal autonomy; close economic, cultural, and social ties to Bulgarian society; and an active communal life of a secular Zionist nature, which was clearly reflected in the Jewish press.
Internal political developments, the growing power of fascist organizations, and the prevailing pro-Nazi trends within Bulgarian governmental policy shattered this peaceful existence. One of the government's
first anti-Jewish measures, enacted in September 1939, was the swift expulsion of 4,000 Jews who were foreign nationals. Barred from entering neighboring countries, those expelled were forced to seek refuge elsewhere. The majority sailed to Palestine as illegal immigrants, reaching its shores in barely seaworthy vessels.
The penetration of race theory and Nazi ideology created fertile ground for anti-Jewish legislation and for a campaign aimed at delegitimating Jews in Bulgarian eyes. Anti-Jewish legislation was ratified by parliament at the initiative of the Bulgarian cabinet and King Boris III even before Bulgaria's enlistment in the Axis Powers on 1 March 1941.
This legislation, the Law for the Protection of the Nation, which went into effect on 23 January 1941, stripped the Jews of their basic individual and communal rights. Jews, Jewish homes, and Jewish businesses had to be marked with the Star of David, which made them a visible target. The Commissariat for Jewish Questions (Komisarstvo za Evreiskite Vuprosi), which was responsible for overseeing all Jewish affairs and for implementing the Bulgarian government's anti-Jewish policy, was established in 1942. Its head, Aleksander Belev, maintained direct contact with the German regime via the SD (security police). Jews were issued special identity cards and required to change any "non- Jewish-sounding" names. Furthermore, they were stripped of the right to belong to unions, to hold public office, and to attend institutions of higher learning.
Jews were barred from private employment as well as from serving in any public, municipal, or governmental capacit y. All Jewish organizations, schools, theaters, cinemas, publishing houses, restaurants, and hotels had to be disbanded. Shopping was restricted to special stores. Intermarriage with non-Jews was outlawed, as was Jewish employment of Bulgarian workers. The Jews were confined to their residential areas and could not move without police permission. They were also required to declare their property, and their financial holdings were placed in sealed accounts. Released from army service, all Jewish males between the ages of 20 and 40 were sent to forced labor camps, where they paved roads and built bridges under harsh conditions and heavy guard, and without pay. These labor conscripts were released every winter and drafted again each spring.
Jews were denied access to a long list of professions, and a numerus clausus (quota) was instituted, limiting Jewish participation in all areas of the economy to their proportional representation in the general population. All others had to liquidate their businesses. As Jews were concentrated in certain sectors of the economy, this decree deprived thousands of breadwinners of their jobs without providing alternative means of gainful employment.
The Law for the Protection of the Nation divested the Jews of their property, livelihood, civil rights, and personal security. It also damaged their standing in the eyes of the Bulgarian population: Jews were characterized as enemies of the state and its national values, as manipulators bent on destroying its economy. The law was an attempt to undermine the foundations of the Bulgarian Jewish presence among a people to whom these Jews had demonstrated their loyalty during peacetime and wartime alike. Several factors contributed to the enactment of this anti-Jewish law: the Bulgarian leadership's antisemitic views, political advantage to be gained front a preferential relationship with Nazi Germany, and economic profit from divesting the Jews of their property and jobs.
The government's anti-Jewish policy and measures triggered manifestations of sympathy for the Jewish plight and protests against the antisemitic propaganda that cast aspersion on Jewish loyalty to the state. A variety of organizations, institutions, and individuals registered their opposition. The antifascist underground distributed leaflets denouncing the government's anti-Jewish policy, and its radio station exhorted the nation to oppose the discriminatory legislation and to support the Jews. Associations of workers, clerks, and artisans addressed telegrams of protest to parliament. Important professional associations, including the bar and the medical societies, issued strongly worded protests against the anti-Jewish legislation. Statesmen and public figures, like Khristo Punev and Dimo Kazasov, published pointed letters opposing the government's anti-semitic campaign. Parliamentarians, in particular Petko Stainov and Nikola Mushanov, courageously struggled to block the passage of anti-Jewish legislation. The metropolitans of the Bulgarian Orthodox church openly condemned the anti-Jewish legislation. Retired generals spoke out against the aspersions cast on Jews who had fought under their command, calling attention to the several hundred Bulgarian Jewish soldiers and officers who had lost their lives in the Balkan campaigns and World War I. Especially compelling was the public protest by 21 leading writers calling for public opinion
to militate against the contemptible anti-Jewish policy that dishonored Bulgaria.
Advocates of the government's policy launched their own campaign urging the government to persevere, even to accelerate its anti-Jewish program forthwith. Government backers aired their views in the press, in manifestos, at meetings, and through telegrams endorsing the government's policy. They also inflicted physical harm on Jews and Jewish communal property, especially synagogues. The opponents of the anti-Jewish measures marshaled legal, moral, national, religious, educational, and historical rationales in support of their arguments. They contended that the government's policy was immoral on humanitarian grounds, contravened the constitution, and was politically and economically damaging as well. They argued further that it ran counter to the national tradition of tolerance toward minorities and represented capitulation to German pressure.
The impressive number of manifestos, essays, letters, telegrams, and memorandums addressed to the king, the prime minister, and the speaker of parliament by individuals and associations throughout Bulgaria almost certainly had a cumulative effect. Nonetheless, the likelihood that these protests and condemnations of the government's anti-Jewish policy would either halt its intention to enact the legislation or even mitigate its provisions was slight. Indeed, the government's parliamentary majority approved the anti-Jewish legislation. The deciding factor was the Bulgarian government's unyielding determination to pass the Law for the Protection of the Nation even before signing a treaty with Nazi Germany.
Within the Bulgarian Jewish community, power was concentrated in the hands of two groups: the Jewish Consistory (Zentralna Konsistoria), the officially recognized representative Jewish body, which also provided for individual and communal needs in the national, educational, religious, and social spheres; and the Zionist movement, the leading force among Bulgarian Jewry, whose members controlled local Jewish institutions as well as the nationwide Consistory. The speed with which the Bulgarian government adopted Nazi policy toward the Jews took the Jewish community and its leadership by surprise and undermined its feeling of security. Fear of impending events now became a feature of Jewish lives.
The rapidly deteriorating situation in 1939 and 1940 generated an intense debate in the Jewish community concerning the question of what the future held for Bulgarian Jewry and the preparatory steps that should be taken. Three distinct responses emerged:
Faith anil hope. Those who relied on the traditional Bulgarian toleration of Jews believed that reason, justice, and morality would triumph over hatred, injustice, and discrimination. Faith and hope that evil would dissipate like a passing cloud provided a temporary refuge from the gathering storm. The Consistory adopted a cautious policy aimed at preventing panic within the Jewish community. The communal institutions continued to function, thereby ensuring the continuity of Jewish life, Hebrew education, and assistance to the stream of Central European refugees passing through Bulgaria en route to Palestine. At the same time the Consistory directed its main efforts to the struggle against the growing tide of antisemitism and the regime's anti-Jewish policy.
Aliyah and rescue. Supporters of this option argued that, given the steadily worsening conditions and the threat of ultimate destruction in light of the collective fate of European Jewry, it was essential to press for the organization of mass emigration to Palestine, even by illegal means. Bulgarian Jewry, with its long-standing Zionist affinities, was ripe for mass aliyah, they contended. Time was running out; a defensive posture in response to the regime's policy was inadequate. Rather, the organization of wholesale rescue was now the supreme priority.
The struggle against fascism. Some believed that Jews should join forces with Bulgarian antifascists, as equal participants in the momentous struggle that in their opinion overrode Jewish national aspirations. This argument was voiced by young Jewish Communists, as well as by graduates of the Zionist Hashomer Hatzair, Maccabi, and Betar youth groups who had despaired of ever reaching Palestine. Several hundred Jewish youths joined the ranks of the Bulgarian underground, primarily on an individual basis; a minority formed Jewish underground cells. They distributed leaflets and carried out acts of sabotage. Dozens of these young Jews fought in the ranks of the Bulgarian partisans.
The Jewish leadership was charged with formulating a clear-cut policy. Was the time ripe to set mass emigration to Palestine in motion, or was there a chance that Jewish life could continue on Bulgarian soil? The leaders faced a serious dilemma: in the absence of an assured means of mass escape from Bulgaria, was it preferable to issue a public warning of the danger,
thereby sowing despair, or was it perhaps more politic to continue unobtrusive efforts to combat the anti- Jewish decrees, suppressing their own apprehensions in the hope that circumstances would improve?
Despite the setbacks suffered in 1939 and 1940, the majority of the Consistory's members continued to adhere to the belief that a stance of circumspection on their part, coupled with the help of Bulgarian sympathizers, would suffice to check the regime's anti-Jewish policy. The Jewish leadership's campaign among the Bulgarian people was intended to provide a convincing answer to the antisemitic crusade in the press, to maintain Jewish pride, and to strengthen the Jews' allies among the Bulgarian public. Jews contributed to the Jewish and Bulgarian press, and influential Bulgarians who detested the wave of antisemitism spoke out in their defense. Nonetheless, as vigorous as this propaganda campaign was, it did not succeed in stemming the rising tide of government-supported antisemitism.
In addition to these activities aimed at the populace, the Jewish leadership launched a broad-based campaign directed mainly at the Bulgarian regime—the king, the cabinet, and the parliament—and at influential public figures, with an eye to soliciting their backing. Consistory members, together with Zionist leaders, contacted politicians, church officials, and institutional and organizational executives, as well as influential personal friends, apprising them of the dangers facing Bulgarian Jewry.
Consistory-prepared memorandums were forwarded to cabinet ministers and members of parliament during the course of the parliamentary debate on the anti- Jewish legislation. These documents, with their extensive historical, statistical, legal, and economic data, buttressed the stance of the many Bulgarians who sympathized with the Jews and objected to the regime's anti-Jewish policy. But the anti-Jewish legislation could not be blocked. The Consistory's efforts were a last-ditch attempt to forestall a worsening of the Jewish status.
On the other hand, by mid-1940 the heads of the Zionist Federation had come to the realization that they had to support a concerted effort to organize mass aliyah. Nonetheless, their insistent demands to the Jewish Agency in Palestine for additional permits over and above their set quota of certificates were ignored, and their plans to initiate illegal mass emigration failed as well.
The only members of the Jewish communal leadership who consistently adhered to the idea of mass aliyah were the youth movements. Efforts to obtain certificates having failed, in 1939 and 1940 hundreds of youth movement members entered Palestine illegally. This illegal immigration was held up as an exemplar that constituted the only available means of implementing the Zionist ideal.
The Jews' growing sense of fear and vulnerability in the face of events enhanced Jewish aspirations to leave Bulgaria for Palestine by all and any means—legally, in possession of a certificate, or illegally, conveyed by means of unseaworthy vessels. But the Jewish leadership was unable to guarantee even illegal immigration, known as Aliyah B. The sole project promoting Aliyah B, a private initiative by Baruch Confino, came under criticism from the Zionist Federation for its failure to ensure the immigrants' safety.
Owing to the force of changing circumstances, as well as the escalating number of applicants, it now became clear that aliyah was the primary item on the Bulgarian Jewish community's agenda. In November 1940 a tripartite program was instituted, which provided for assistance to Jewish immigrants passing through Bulgaria en route to Palestine, prevention of extortion of excessive fees from immigrants by private entrepreneurs for aliyah, and the establishment of a communal framework for the implementation of mass aliyah. The Bulgarian Zionist Federation was compelled to abandon its long-standing policy of selective aliyah, which had given precedence to veteran Zionists and youth group members with prior training. Because of the situation the federation was now forced to endorse mass immigration even though it was viewed as less compatible with the needs of the Yishuv (the Jewish community in Palestine).
Events unfolded rapidly, leaving the Jewish community little time for extended deliberations. In December 1940 the chairman of the federation, Albert Romano, relayed to the Jewish Agency in Jerusalem reports on two disasters that had befallen Bulgarian Jewry: the death of 230 Jews on board the Salvador when the ship sank in a storm and the passage of the Law for the Protection of the Nation. Romano then in quired, "What about certificates?" and concluded on a note of despair: "You know what must be done, and deliverance is the Lord's."
Political events put an end to the attempts to organize mass aliyah. Several hundred Jews managed to board the Dorian 2 at the eleventh hour on 1 March
1941, the very day that German troops entered Bulgaria. Shortly thereafter the ports were closed, and emigration ceased almost entirely.
The shift from a policy of faith and hope to one of aliyah and rescue, which occurred just as the Bulgarian borders were being sealed, raises doubts regarding the Jewish leadership's ability to gauge the situation accurately. Evidently, the call for mass aliyah and Aliyah B escalated precisely at a time when the practical opportunities for their implementation were nearly exhausted.
Bulgaria's enlistment in the Axis Powers on 1 March 1941 precipitated a radical change in the Jewish status. The Bulgarian government's pro-Nazi policy, coupled with German pressure to "solve the Jewish question" within its borders, completely undermined Bulgarian Jewry's social, economic, and legal standing.
If from 1939 to 1941 the Bulgarian regime's strategy was to deprive Jews of their statutory rights, after March 1941 its objective was their physical removal from Bulgaria's borders to German jurisdiction. On 25 June 1942 parliament enacted a law "authorizing the government to formulate and implement a solution to the Jewish problem." This task devolved on the Commissariat for Jewish Questions, established in August 1942, which was chaired by the antisemite Aleksander Belev. Charged with enforcing the Law for the Protection of the Nation and with overseeing all Jewish affairs, this agency also carried out secret negotiations with Germany to transport Bulgarian Jews to Polish death camps.
The official rationale for deportation was primarily grounded in realpolitik. The expulsion of Bulgarian Jewry was portrayed as congruent with the political- ideological line that would further enhance Bulgaria's relations with Nazi Germany, thereby enabling its full integration into the constellation of Axis Powers. In addition, opportunistic motives played a role. Certain circles supported the anti-Jewish policy in hopes of benefiting economically from the appropriation of Jewish property, homes, and bank accounts.
In February 1943 Bulgaria and Germany signed an agreement stipulating the deportation of Bulgarian Jewry to camps in Poland. Initially Bulgaria was to deliver 20,000 Jews to the Germans. The plan's first step called for the "purification" of the Bulgarian occupied territories of Thrace and Macedonia (awarded to Bulgaria for its participation in the German attack on Yugoslavia and Greece in April 1941). As the number of Jews in Thrace and Macedonia fell short of the projected total, the difference was to be offset by the deportation of 9,000 Bulgarian Jews. In March 1943 Bulgarian police rounded up the Jews of Thrace and Macedonia at night and placed them in detention camps under extremely harsh conditions. Their property and their houses were confiscated prior to their deportation in the later part of the month. Sealed trains transported 11,384 Jews, mainly via the Danube River, to death camps, from which almost none returned.
On 9 March the round up began within Bulgaria itself of the 9,000 Jews slated for deportation to Polish camps. Although planned to the last detail, the final implementation of this operation was delayed when the deportees were already partly concentrated at schools and train stations. The suspension followed an intense struggle involving Jews and Bulgarians alike.
News of the fate of Thracian and Macedonian Jewry, along with rumors of the impending deportation of Bulgarian Jewry and Jewish pleas to their Bulgarian friends, sparked a vigorous public reaction. A delegation of Bulgarian and Macedonian officials from the town of Kyustendil, with the collaboration of the deputy speaker of parliament, Dimitur Pesliev, and 43 coalition and opposition parliamentarians, presented a strongly worded protest to the government demanding that the order be rescinded. Thanks to the lobbying by parliamentary representatives, the intervention of public figures with influence on the regime, and the unequivocal opposition of the Bulgarian Orthodox church, the deportation order was canceled, on the very day of its planned execution.
Germany and its Bulgarian backers continued to press for the implementation of the Final Solution in Bulgaria. The Bulgarian regime enacted punitive measures, including the harsh internment of the Bulgarian Jewish leadership in the Somivit concentration camp in May 1943.
In late May and early June 1943 Sofia's 25,000 Jews were given three days' notice to pack bags (up to a 20- kilogram limit) and to abandon their homes, property, and jobs, in preparation for exile. They were resettled in the provinces under humiliatingly impoverished conditions. Despite their own difficulties, the small provincial Jewish communities absorbed the exiles and tried to provide for their needs. Hebrew schools continued to function, soup kitchens were opened, and local Jews housed the refugees. Food and jobs were proffered
by the local Bulgarian population, both urban and rural, in defiance of regulations.
The Jewish situation took a further turn for the worse in the latter half of 1943, when complete ghettoization was imposed in conjunction with an almost total curfew. Free contact with the Bulgarian population was restricted, food supplies were reduced, and employment opportunities dried up.
The attempt to deport Bulgarian Jewry to concentration camps in Poland aroused such strong opposition on the part of influential circles in Bulgaria that the proposed consignment of Bulgarian Jews to extermination camps was halted. What can explain this phenomenon, given the minimal effect of public opinion on government policy? There was no free press in Bulgaria, and all printed matter was strictly censored. Political organization was outlawed, and life proceeded under close police scrutiny. The regime was highly centralized, fully endorsed by the king, and unencumbered by parliament, which lacked authority. In such a political climate extra-establishment protests exercise minimal influence on government decisions.
Of all the organizations that protested against and took steps to prevent the deportation of Bulgarian Jewry in 1943, only two succeeded in directly exerting their influence on the king and the government. One was a group of parliamentarians led by Deputy Speaker Peshev, which created a storm of protest in the house; in turn parliament pressured and threatened the interior minister into canceling the deportation order. The other was the Holy Synod, the supreme body of the Bulgarian Orthodox church. Using its power base among the faithful to exert its influence on the king and his advisers, the synod courageously intervened at crucial moments, thereby preventing the deportation of Bulgarian Jewry.
This observation is in no way meant to detract from other individual, group, and organizational efforts to prevent the persecution and expulsion of Bulgarian Jewry. Nonetheless, the political reality in Bulgaria from 1939 to 1943 dictated the restriction of effective intervention to such persons as parliamentarians and church leaders, who exercised direct influence on the king and the government.
Overt expressions of protest by Bulgarian citizens against the government's anti-Jewish policies contributed substantially to the resilience of the Bulgarian Jews. Although their lives were threatened by the regime, Bulgarian Jews drew strength from the support of outstanding figures, prestigious organizations, and ordinary citizens. The majority of the Bulgarian people accepted neither the fate of their Jewish citizens nor the government's damaging policy with equanimity. The Bulgarian public reaction was a major factor in the survival of Bulgarian Jewry.
The pro-German Bulgarian regime was ousted on 9 September 1944. A coalition government dominated by the Communist Fatherland Front took over the reins of power, declared war on Germany, and began to safeguard the new regime. This change instilled fresh hope in the Jews, as the government canceled all discriminatory legislation and made promises to restore Jewish property, homes, and businesses to their owners. Sofia's Jews were allowed to return to the capital. Their impoverishment and impaired status notwithstanding, the Bulgarian Jews had nonetheless escaped total destruction.
Immediately after the ouster of the old regime, intensive steps were taken to renew Jewish communal life. The Jewish Communists now administered communal institutions and Hebrew schools, dispossessing the Zionists, who had been in control for decades. Nevertheless, the various Zionist trends and youth movements did not refrain from reestablishing their organizations or from engaging in broad educational and ideological activity.
Aliyah became a practical issue for Zionists and anti-Zionists alike. The question of whether Bulgarian Jews should direct their energies toward Zionism and immigration to Palestine or toward rehabilitation in Bulgaria demanded an unequivocal answer.
The Jewish Communist camp made every effort to suppress Zionist activity and to discourage mass aliyah. Still, the inclination toward aliyah remained strong. With the reversal of the Soviet Union's attitude toward the founding of a Jewish state, government-approved mass aliyah from Bulgaria became practical, regardless of the opposition by Jewish Communists.
On 9 September 1944 approximately 50,000 Jews remained in Bulgaria. By 1952 some 45,000 had emigrated to Israel. Was this exodus a mass flight or an expulsion? It appears that Bulgarian Jewry chose aliyah of its own volition, not owing to lack of an alternative. The fact that almost the entire Bulgarian Jewish community emigrated to Palestine/Israel, and that this movement took place both before and after the declaration of a Jewish state in 1948, serves to pinpoint the nature of this aliyah. It was motivated neither by the
desire to flee an inhospitable country, nor by the yearning for an idealized land flowing with milk and honey. Rather, its driving force was the ideal of aliyah itself.
Did the course of events during World War II predispose Bulgarian Jewry to make aliyah as a group? Although some of the factors that determined Bulgarian Jewry's almost total commitment to aliyah are rooted in long-term historical processes and the community's long-standing Zionist orientation and accomplishments, others are intrinsically related to its early postwar experiences. Some have to do with the nature of the new Communist regime and to its failure to effect the rapid economic rehabilitation of the Jewish community. Others lie in the Zionist sympathies of European Jewry as a whole in the wake of wartime atrocities, and in the impact of the struggle to promote aliyah and settlement and to establish a Jewish state in Palestine.
Significant weight must also be given to factors specifically related to wartime experiences. The wholesale extermination of European Jewry, and the traumatic deportation of Thracian and Macedonian Jewry to death camps in particular, undermined the Bulgarian Jews' sense of security and their belief in the possibility of a continued Jewish existence in Bulgaria. The expulsion of Sofia's 25,000 Jews to the provinces also had a lasting negative effect. Upon their return to the capital after 15 months of physical uncertainty and economic deprivation, they no longer comprised an economically strong and confident community, having been stripped of their property, housing, permanent jobs, household goods, and even clothing. Efforts by the Jewish Communist leadership at rapid rehabilitation (with the generous assistance of international Jewish organizations) met with only minimal success, and in the perception of many Jews a firm basis for the reconstitution of Jewish life in the capital was lacking. When aliyah became a possibility, the overwhelming response was immediate readiness to move. What is more, during the postwar period there was an increase in overt expressions of antisemitism and social tensions between Bulgarians and Jews against the background of competition for jobs, failure to restore Jewish property, and exclusion of Jews from public office. The replacement of the pro-Nazi regime by a Communist one failed to bring improvement, a development that profoundly disappointed the Jews and intensified their desire to immigrate to Palestine in order to begin a new life among Jews.
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Originally posted on National Post | News:
MONTREAL — Canadian scientists are keeping their fingers crossed as NASA’s Curiosity — the largest Mars rover ever built — heads for a rendez vous with the red planet this weekend.
Not only is it the biggest vehicle ever sent to Mars, but the rover will gather a wealth of images with its multitude of cameras and will search for signs of past or present life.
It’s an event that’s expected to be watched closely by millions of people in the U.S., Canada and around the world.
Numerous “Mars landing parties” have also been planned, including in Toronto, Winnipeg and Montreal.
Similar in size to a compact car, the spacecraft was launched eight months ago with a Canadian instrument aboard. The Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS), one of 10 instruments on the Mars Science Laboratory mission (MSL), will help hunt for signs of life.
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Small, Colorado State University
Cooperative Extension Agent, Urban IPM
Recognizing Drought Injury
Symptoms on Plants
Drought stress occurs when plant roots are not absorbing
enough water for their needs. There are many causes for drought stress. The obvious one is
insufficient moisture. However, sufficient moisture may be present but plant roots are not
functioning properly to absorb it. There may be just enough present for the plant to
maintain itself, but no extra available for growth. In some cases, plants that are
over-watered suffer drought stress symptoms. Over-watering drives oxygen out of the soil,
which is needed by plant roots for proper functioning. If there is insufficient oxygen,
roots die, just as they do when there is insufficient water.
Drought may be of two kinds: short-term and long-term. An
example of a short-term drought is the length of a growing season. A long-term drought
lasts more than one growing season. While a short-term can damage plants, the long-term
droughts are more harmful due to the chronic moisture stress.
Symptoms are the plants reaction to stress and
provide clues during diagnosis. Following are some common symptoms of drought stress. Be
aware, however, that symptoms may mimic. Many of these symptoms may also be the result of
other causes such as compacted soil, mechanical root injury, freezes, improper pesticide
use and overwatering. Consider weather events and cultural practices along with the
symptoms when making a diagnosis.
Symptoms found on entire plant:
The pattern of plant damage or death occurs from the top of
the plant down and from the outside of the plant inward.
- Plants wilt. One of the first symptoms of drought-stressed
plants is the loss of turgidity. Plants or plant parts become limp and droopy.
- Plants show a decrease in growth or have no growth, both in
girth and in length. A way to verify this on woody plants is to check the length of the
growth increments, the amount of growth produced in each season. Beginning at the tip of a
twig, move along the twig toward the trunk. Look for the first set of
"wrinkles". The distance from the tip to the first set of wrinkles shows the
amount of growth produced during the most recent growing season. Look for the next set of
wrinkles. This show s the amount of growth produced by the plant during the previous
season. Continue checking the length of the increments. If they are short or getting
shorter, this can indicate a decline in root function. (Recently transplanted trees may
have short growth increments until the root systems re-establish.)
- Plants or sections of them, appear chlorotic (yellow or
- Tree canopy may be thin. (Can also be due to insect,
- Plants may leaf out, then die later in the growing season,
a result of depleted food reserves. This may occur during or even a few years after, a
- "Winter-kill" may occur. A reduction in hardiness
develops as the result of decreased food production, movement and storage that occurs
during a drought.
- Gummy exudates appear on twigs, branches and trunks.
- Suckers develop on branches and trunk.
- Heavy seed production. This may also be a normal plant
response to certain weather conditions. Some plants normally produce large amounts of seed
every few years.
- Stems and twigs die, with the outermost and upper ones
- Entire plants may die, as the result of root death from
Symptoms found on leaves:
Leaves are smaller than normal.
- Deciduous leaves turn brown from the outside edges inward
and in between the veins ("scorch"). This symptom occurs because these areas
naturally have the least amount of moisture in the leaf
- Evergreen needles brown from the tip downward.
- Evergreen needles turn yellow, red or red-purple.
- Leaves roll up and/or are misshapen.
- Leaves drop prematurely. They may or may not turn color
prematurely before dropping.
- Leaves remain attached to tree, even though brown.
- Leaves are dull in appearance rather than shiny.
- Leaves may turn blue-green.
Flower and Fruit Symptoms:
- Flowers fail to open properly.
- The flowering period is shorter than normal.
- Fruit and seed production may be reduced or absent.
Pest Problems related to drought:
Moderate to large amount of spider mites found. Spider
mites are attracted to, and proliferate on, drought-stressed plants.
- Canker development on trunks, twigs and branches. Disease
organisms are better able to successfully attack drought-stressed plants because of their
- Presence of certain twig beetles and borers, which are
attracted to drought-stressed plants. Drought decreases a plants resistance to these
Additional Lawn Symptoms:
- Turf browns, in entire patches or in spots. Spotty browning
can be the result of localized dry spots and/or improper sprinkler function.
- Thinning lawns as a result of decreased food production and
- Appearance of more lawn weeds, a result of lawn thinning.
This provides physical space for weed seed germination and growth. Some weeds are more
heat-tolerant than bluegrass and will successfully colonize areas where bluegrass has a
difficult time competing (i.e., along driveways, sidewalks and streets, south and west
- Stress-related diseases
such as Aschochyta leaf blight, Necrotic ring spot and Dollar Spot may develop.
Photos: Judy Sedbrook
Back to Gardening in
a Dry Climate
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3.2 Law in action vs law in books
Most people's experience of law is with what might be called the ‘law in action’. We observe or encounter the application of law in practice through our contact with, for example, solicitors, the courts or the police, and we tend to associate their work with the law. We have, however, seen that social workers are also legal actors, professionals with legal power and authority. They are therefore very much part of the law in action, even if they do not fit your immediate associations with this role. You will also be aware of the existence of ‘law in books’ – the written rules and principles that are the sources on which these legal actors depend, but this idea of law tends to be regarded as the province of experts within the legal profession, beyond public knowledge and often beyond public concern. It is only when the law is put into action, or changes are proposed in the political sphere, that our awareness of the law in books is heightened and can become the subject of intense public debate.
In theory there ought to be a direct relationship between the law in books and the law in action, but as the legal process is a human process there is often a difference between what the law makers envisaged and our actual experience of being subject to law. This is not in itself a bad thing; laws are applied in complex and ever-changing social settings and practitioners may require discretion in order to operate effectively. However, discretion can give their actions the appearance of individual decisions so practitioners appear not as governed by law, but as the law itself. This impression is not problematic if decision makers remain accountable and act within legal rules and principles, but when they fail to do so the public's understanding of law can be affected and the reputation of the law damaged as a result. Social workers therefore must learn to question whether what happens in reality is actually what the law requires, and illegitimate actions must be challenged in order to avoid oppressive practice. This includes an obligation to communicate their role in law. Social work's own reputation and the relationship between social workers and service users can also be affected if the legitimate use of discretion is mistaken for the imposition of a worker's personal opinion, instead of a professional judgement authorised by law.
When faced with limited resources and ever-increasing demands, legal actors can often become disillusioned with the demands of law and perceive the law in books to be too theoretical, remote from the practical use of discretion ‘on the street’. This is a dangerous attitude for professionals to acquire. For example police powers of stop and search are, in books, fair and non-discriminatory, but if exercised in an unfair and oppressive manner they will not be, as research into the disproportionate use of powers against young black men has shown (Macpherson, 1999). All citizens have an interest in ensuring that those acting under the authority of the law do so in a fair and impartial way, and this includes health and social care professions as well as the police.
The common assumption that the public face of law (or the law in action) is all about what the courts and the police (and social workers) do – creating order and resolving disputes through the exercise of legal authority – is also misleading. It projects an idea of law which is distant from the ordinary public and solely concerned with the use of power or control. We often overlook the fact that we operate within legal frameworks most of the time, without being aware of it. Legal rights and obligations provide context to our everyday actions; they may be less visible, but are central to modern life. Law is not only important when things go wrong; it creates the environment in which order is maintained and disputes can be avoided. Law regulates social life, outlining our responsibilities to our children, entitlement to our homes, education, employment, consumer rights and so on. Each member of society can be empowered by having knowledge of legal rules, as the following activity demonstrates.
Activity 5: Knowing the law
Imagine that you have a 15-year-old son who has just been excluded from school because of his persistent refusal to comply with the rules regarding appearance. He wears the school uniform but insists on wearing a gold ring in his ear.
Make brief notes in answer to the following questions (don't worry if you do not know what the legal position is).
Does the school have the right to exclude your child?
Is it a matter to be decided entirely at the school's discretion?
Do you know what your legal position is?
The law gives considerable discretion to schools in the matter of running their own affairs, but it also provides a framework for the exercise of such discretion and imposes certain procedural obligations on education authorities: for example, to provide parents with a right of appeal against the exclusion of their child..
The current legal position is as follows: an education authority can exclude a pupil:
where it is of the opinion that the pupil refuses or fails to comply, or the parent refuses to allow the pupil to comply, with the rules, regulations or disciplinary requirements of the school. The other possible ground is where it considers that to allow the pupil to continue attendance at the school would be likely to be seriously detrimental to order and discipline in the school or the educational well-being of other pupils.
Parents have the right to take the matter to an appeals committee set up under the Education (Scotland) Act 1980. Children with sufficient understanding, and all pupils over 16, have a right of appeal against their own exclusion.
Your knowledge of your rights as the parent of a child excluded from school can be critical. If you know your legal options, you are more likely to be confident and assertive. If you are unclear about your options you may be hesitant and place yourself and your child at a disadvantage. Knowing the law and the policy of the local education authority will help you to be aware of the available options and enable you to make the most appropriate decision in the circumstances.
The difference between the position of the parent in this example and that of a social worker is that while there are clear advantages to knowing where you stand as a parent in a dispute with a school (when you are confident about your rights you might handle the dispute more effectively), a social worker must know the law. Their responsibility for other people's well-being makes it imperative. Service users and carers can also be empowered by knowledge of the law and their rights, and social workers should work in partnership with them to enhance this understanding.
To suggest that we can all be empowered by knowledge of the law does not imply, however, that law is always beneficial to our interests. The idea that the law is concerned with ‘doing justice’ can ring hollow to those who feel disadvantaged by the law, or are not able to access its promised protections. We will see throughout this course that the current legal position can fall short of expectations and fail to provide redress. Critical legal scholars have questioned the law's claims to impartiality, equality and fairness, which formal legal procedures and principles aim to uphold. It should be remembered that both the content of law and its method of application is a product of society and can therefore reflect and reinforce social injustice which exists elsewhere. An understanding of the legal position is, however, necessary before you are able to form a more critical view of its implications, and work to effect change.
Social workers are well placed to recognise when the law is inadequate in its protection of vulnerable groups or has an adverse impact on their lives. They are also in a difficult position as they must work within existing legal provisions which may be regarded as discriminatory, bringing them into conflict with service users and carers. Such professional dilemmas can only be fully appreciated if you have an understanding of the law and of social work values. We will see throughout this course that social workers can challenge social injustice through creative use of the law to meet and maximise the interests of service users. Where the law falls short, they can use their professional voice to highlight its limitations and campaign for reform. | <urn:uuid:6e5659ac-b53c-4b8c-9fee-b236f85424a5> | {
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Gorgeously crafted paper illustrations reveal the interconnectedness of a small town’s inhabitants while introducing young readers to colors and the concept of patterns.
A red bus, the number 17, travels along its route—from a solitary bench against a large expanse of sky to a bustling town and back again. With each turn of the page, a new vehicle is added, creating pairs of colors: A red car joins the bus, then a yellow car and van, and so on. But Steggall moves beyond this beginning concept to brilliantly execute an array of storylines for readers to find and follow. People wait, embark, ride and interact; the weather shifts; and the environment changes from sparse to dense. A mother and son run to catch the bus, a teddy bear is lost, the mother stops to catch her breath, a driver finds the toy, and a ride is given. Every opportunity is taken to show the passing of time, and all of this is represented impeccably in cut paper. However, upon first reading, the words don’t enhance the images as they should, and in fact, detract from the beauty of the detailed drawings. Clearly, the design and wide trim size, which extends the road and allows the illustrations to shine, sends the message that the text is less important than the pictures. Perhaps different text, or a wordless approach might have been more effective.
Still, a rich opportunity for repeat visits and a masterful display of the manipulation of the chosen material. (Picture book. 2-5) | <urn:uuid:d649924e-eb16-4537-afd6-f0559329ca5c> | {
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First a new land policy was introduced to the Virginia colony. Any colonist who arrived on the continent before 1616 was granted 100 acres of land. Any colonist transport (like Peter Clavell) receives 50 acres of land at the end of their indentured servitude.
The land policy was pretty non-traumatic, but the handling of a different type of property — humans — was more troubling. Three groups of people were brought to the colonies in 1619. One of the groups was definitely coerced while the other two were most likely brought to the continent against their will.
An Encyclopedia of American History in Chronological Order records these events for 1619:
Shipload of marriageable girls, to be sold to planters at 120 pounds of tobacco each, sent to Virginia by Virginia Company.
One hundred children from London slums sent as apprentices to Virginia.
And in August the beginning of the peculiar institution.
First negroes brought to Virginia, possibly in the Treasurer, a ship of Robert Rich, Earl of Warwick, possibly in a Dutch vessel. Sold as servants, they are the beginning of slavery in English colonies.
Slavery is the second act that affects the Claywell line since both Shadrach Claywell’s forefathers and descendants owned slaves. | <urn:uuid:b66bb579-507a-47de-bb9a-d4ad2469bdc5> | {
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Learning present and past tense verb forms is an essential language skill. This "action-packed" Verbs Bingo set gives you numerous and innovative ways to help students master both present and past tense verbs. Great for 1 to 6 players!
- Teach 96 present tense verbs! Each present tense verb has a riddle calling card that adds to the fun"In a boat, you can go, when you use the oars to _______."
- Help students learn 48 regular past tense verbs (add "d" or "ed")! These calling cards introduce the present tense verb, and then present a past tense verb-sentence"Today I wash the dishes. Yesterday, I _____ the dishes."
- Teach 48 irregular past tense verbs"Today, we ride our bikes. Yesterday, we _______ our bikes."
- Once your students learn these verb forms, give them a real challenge with the past tense combo boards, which mix together regular and irregular past tense verbs.
- Use all the calling cards to make great card games (even without the boards)!
Verbs Bingo includes:
- 60 laminated bingo playing surfaces (8 1/2" x 11"). 30 boards printed front and back and color-coded for easy sorting.
- 240 verb calling cards (2 1/8" x 3 5/8"). The caller can either read the riddle and have students guess the answer or the caller can show the target picture to the child and say the verb!
- Bingo chips (assorted colors).
- Handy storage tub. | <urn:uuid:09db307f-d4d9-4bff-82d7-959737b51fd0> | {
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What do you think of when you think of a healthy mouth and beautiful smile? If you’re like many, you instantly think of your teeth. It is true that the health of your teeth is essential for your oral health. There’s another part of your mouth that’s just as important, your gums. Healthy gums, in addition to healthy teeth, help you to maintain optimal oral health. Advanced Dental Associates can help to ensure proper periodontal care to help you keep your smile healthy and beautiful.
How Important are the Gums?
While your teeth might seem like the most important feature of your mouth, your gums are equally important. They play different roles. The gums are the soft tissue that surrounds your teeth. Healthy tissue forms a tight seal, which protects the roots of your teeth and your jawbone. Your gums help to provide additional support for your teeth, keeping them from shifting out of place. A healthy gum line also contributes to a beautiful smile.
What Happens if I Ignore My Gums?
Ignoring your gums, and your oral health, in general, can lead to a condition known as gum disease. It develops when plaque and bacteria buildup near your gum line begins to irritate the soft tissue. It might not seem all that serious when it first develops, but it can quickly worsen. Gum disease is the leading cause of tooth loss in adults. Advanced stages can also impact your overall health, leaving you at greater risk for developing some serious conditions.
How Do I Know if Something is Wrong?
When gum disease first develops, you might not know anything is wrong. In its earliest stages, you might notice some redness and swelling, but think nothing of it. Maybe you brushed your teeth too hard. You can also tell something is wrong if your gums bleed when you brush or floss your teeth. Bleeding gums are a major indication of gingivitis, the first stage of gum disease. If you ignore these symptoms, you may begin to notice others, such as gum recession, bad breath, and tooth sensitivity. If you notice any of these symptoms or even suspect that you might have gum disease, it’s a good idea to call and schedule an appointment.
How are Gum Issues Diagnosed?
Diagnosing gum disease requires a dental exam. During your exam, your symptoms are discussed. We look at your teeth for buildup. We check your gums for swelling and bleeding. A special tool is used to measure the pockets around your teeth. We may also recommend X-rays so that we can check around the roots of your teeth for bone loss.
What Happens if I am Diagnosed with Gum Disease?
If you receive a diagnosis of gum disease, treatment will be recommended. In addition to diagnosing the condition, we can also determine how severe it is. This helps us to choose the right treatment for you. Treatments that may be recommended include scaling and root planing, pocket reduction surgery, osseous surgery, gum grafting, and periodontal maintenance.
With proper oral care, you can help to maintain the health of your teeth and your gums. However, if you suspect that something might be wrong, it is important to get treatment right away. Call Advanced Dental Associates at (210) 714-5589 today. | <urn:uuid:66a9f752-9798-4fb9-9e7d-9b7d8ebd1eea> | {
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A number of criteria and planning guidance documents have been published that outline when an air quality assessment may be required in support of a planning application. In general, an air quality assessment may be required when there is the potential for the following to significantly affect local air quality:
- Dust emissions during demolition/construction;
- Emissions from plant and HGV movements during demolition/construction;
- Emissions from traffic due to the operation of the proposed development;
- Emissions from de-centralised energy provision (CHP or biomass), or industrial plant, due to the operation of the proposed development; or
- Emissions of dust and/or odour due to the operation of the proposed development.
An air quality assessment may also be required where new exposure will be introduced into an area of poor air quality (including areas affected by dust and/or odour).
The principal published criteria/thresholds have been collated into a single document by Air Quality Assessments Ltd, which is available to download from the following link.
You can also print out a handy summary chart to keep as a quick reference guide by clicking on the following link, or on the image below.
Hang the chart up by your computer, or pass on to your colleagues for use when screening the likely air quality impacts of your development.
These documents should be used as a guide only and consultation with the relevant planning or regulatory authority should always be undertaken at the earliest opportunity to establish the requirement for, and scope of, an air quality assessment. Air Quality Assessments Ltd can offer assistance in the early stages of a planning application, providing professional advice during consultations. | <urn:uuid:6abc5304-7fed-4af4-b3a6-ffa639b15154> | {
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FMO SDG targets
The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Paris Climate Agreement have set joint public and corporate agendas aimed at ending extreme poverty, reducing inequality and tackling climate change. They recognize that people living in poverty tend to suffer most from climate change, so these challenges will need to be addressed in tandem. Development banks can make significant contributions to the SDGs and have a role in limiting temperature increases below 1.5 - 2.0 degrees Celsius.
By design, FMO addresses global issues every day. Public and private stakeholders share FMOs commitment to the SDGs and the Paris Climate Accord. They challenge FMO on how a development bank can set ambitious targets to address global issues and be transparent about outcomes achieved. FMO has set targets to generate impact and with the help of its partners and expert recommendations, such as those from the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures
and the EU High-level Group on Sustainable Finance, FMO refines ways to share progress.
Risks, opportunities and dilemmas
FMO updated its strategy in 2017 for the period up to 2025, in which FMO partners with others to invest in local prosperity focusing on projects that contribute to SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities) and SDG 13 (Climate Action). | <urn:uuid:9a315e57-a4e6-47fa-89b7-05daea33b7e4> | {
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path-, patho-, -path-, -pathia, -pathic, -pathology, -pathetic, -pathize, -pathy
(Greek: feeling, sensation, perception; suffering, disease, or disorder; a system of treating diseases)
In medicine, some of these elements usually mean "someone who suffers from a disease of, or one who treats a disease"; so, they should not be confused with the words that mean "feeling" which are also shown on these pages even though both meanings come from the same Greek element.
2. The disturbance of function that a disease causes in an organ, as distinct from any changes in structure that might be caused.
3. Deranged function in an individual or an organ that is due to a disease; a pathophysiologic alteration is a change in function as distinguished from a structural defect.
2. The excitation of passion by rhetoric or poetry.
Pathos is a quality, as in literature and art, that arouses feelings of despondency or hopelessness.
Go to this Word A Day Revisited Index
so you can see more of Mickey Bach's cartoons.
2. The application of peloids; such as, mud, peat moss, or clay, to all or part of the body.
Also known as pelotherapy. | <urn:uuid:5d4c93e4-b292-41b1-b3ad-cf8ea4ced88e> | {
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Last modified: 2002-10-12 by rick wyatt
Keywords: united states | centennial | commemorative |
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by Steven M. Schroeder, 18 November 2000
Americans celebrated the Centennial with renewed faith in a nation stretching from Atlantic to Pacific and encouraging invention and industry. This unofficial flag, reflecting patriotic spirit, shows that Old Glory has always belonged to the people.
"Centennial" flag of 1876 - As depicted in the postage stamp. 13 red/white stripes and blue canton with 80 white 5-pointed stars arranged in the form of the dates
Dave Martucci, 17 October 1999
A flag of thirteen stripes, red and white, and a blue canton with stars forming the dates 1776 (above) and 1876 (below) was made for the first United States centennial. It was of course unofficial. Such a flag appears in _The Stars and the Stripes_, by Boleslaw and Marie-Louise d'Otrange Mastai. The illustrations are on pages 156 and 159. The date 1776 contains
thirty-eight stars; Colorado was admitted to the union as the thirty-eighth state on August 1, 1876. The date 1876 contains forty-three stars, which became the official number in 1890 after South Dakota, North Dakota, Montana, Idaho, and Washington were admitted all in a rush the previous winter. Each of the stars on this flag has five broad points, as we expect, and five narrow rays set between them. The question now arises whether the inquirer has a flag that actually dates to the time of the first centennial or a replica made later. Historical American flags are replicated in large numbers for decorative use. A textile expert could probably settle the question after looking at the flag, but I am not a textile
expert and can't see it. An examination of the header and grommets might also be instructive.
John Ayer, 23 April 1999 | <urn:uuid:5bac276c-b4e9-4fa4-8a6f-336a34111c94> | {
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Why We Should Expect Insurgents to Use Petraeus's September Report to Launch a 'Tet Offensive'
The list of presidents and their military commanders who have faced these crises reads like a who’s who of recent American history: Woodow Wilson and General John "Blackjack" Pershing; Franklin Delano Roosevelt and General Dwight D. Eisenhower; Harry Truman and Admiral Chester A. Nimitz, then General Douglas MacArthur; and finally, with less happy results almost four decades ago, Lyndon Baines Johnson and General William Westmoreland.
The first instance involved comparatively few US troops as Imperial Germany’s principal aim was to break the stalemate in the Western Front during World War I, a four-year bloodletting that cost some 2,820,000 military dead among the British, French and German antagonists in France. The Kaiser’s generals believed that they could smash the Allied armies in one final titanic blow before the Americans soldiers, who were streaming across the Atlantic by the tens of thousands every month, could intervene.
When the crushing assault came in the spring of 1918, the British and French were thrown from their trenches with appalling losses. Eventually they fought the Germans to a standstill due in part to the decisive intervention of some of the first of General Pershing’s combat divisions to arrive in France. When the Germans learned that US soldiers were entering the line, orders were issued that "American units appearing on the front should be hit particularly hard" in order to quickly establish their dominance over the green Yankees. They soon found, however, that American attacks "were carried out smartly and ruthlessly," and that "the moral effect of our fire did not materially check the advance of the infantry." American losses during the offensive exceeded 25,800.
During WWII, the winter in 1944 found seven Allied armies arrayed along the German border, waiting for the coming spring weather to plunge into the heart of Adolf Hitler’s Third Reich and crush the Nazi regime between themselves and the Soviet forces in the east. Hitler’s armies struck first. In a last desperate move to stave off defeat, he gathered most of his reserves for an offensive against the thinly held American front in the Ardennes Forest with the aim of severing the Allies’ supply lines to their northernmost armies. US forces were taken completely by surprise. Entire units were destroyed or captured, but Eisenhower’s men blunted the attack and sealed the fate of Nazi Germany. American casualties topped 80,000.
Within months, and on the other side of the world, Imperial Japan sprang its own surprise against the Pacific Fleet of Admiral Nimitz off Okinawa. Japanese suicide bombers --- "kamikaze" pilots crashing their aircraft into US warships --- had made their appearance earlier, but the massive, coordinated, and persistent attacks were far beyond anything that the Navy could have foreseen. Almost 5,000 sailors were killed (as were more than 7,600 soldiers and Marines on land), but the Navy was not forced to abandon the seas around Okinawa, and the island’s capture provided a vital staging base for the planned invasion of Japan itself. Ultimately, only the atom bombs and last-minute Soviet entrance into the war prevented a final conflagration far worse than what befell the Germans.
In 1950, more than 300,000 Chinese troops hidden in Korea’s Nangnim Mountains fell on far-flung US columns as they approached the Yalu River. General MacArthur had confidently predicted that the war against the apparently defeated North Korean communists (who had invaded the south months earlier) would be over by Christmas, but now, China had suddenly intervened as the war neared her borders. Badly mauled American divisions quickly retreated on the western side of the peninsula while, in the east, Marines successfully "attacked in the other direction" to break out of a deadly trap. MacArthur's field commander, General Matthew B. Ridgway, instituted a series of counterattacks that ultimately drove the Chinese back across the original 38th Parallel border between the two Koreas. The war would stretch on for nearly three more years, and 33,629 American would die protecting the freedom of South Korea.
The Tet Offensive of 1968, launched against towns and cities all across South Vietnam principally by Viet Cong guerrillas, was immediately recognized by both the communist and US forces as a disastrous defeat for the guerrillas. Decimated by American firepower and unable to hold any captured territory whatsoever, they were no longer a major factor in the conflict which saw regular North Vietnamese troops take up nearly all of the combat burden in an increasingly conventional war. But coming on the heels of General Westmoreland’s assurance that he could see "a light at the end of the tunnel," American decisionmakers were demoralized by the sudden show of enemy strength. Politburo members in Hanoi quickly recognized their opportunity and geared propaganda efforts to support the initial media perceptions of Tet.
Today, the upsurge of American troops, increasing aggressiveness of Iraqi combat units, and the abandonment of Sunni chieftains who had previously provided at least passive support for the insurgency, have come together to impose an intolerable situation on the enemies of the Iraqi government and the United States. Large areas near Baghdad that they either controlled or could operate in with relative immunity have shrunk radically during the last several months, and there is no sign that this trend will end soon. It is impossible to believe that the insurgents will take this lying down.
Al Qaeda and other Islamic militants have displayed over and over again through their public statements that they are astute observers of the American political discourse over Iraq. That a violent "offensive" of some sort will be launched to drown out or subvert the heavily promoted and anticipated appearance of General David Petraeus before Congress in September is practically a given. It is also certain that Coalition forces in Iraq will work aggressively to disrupt the coming offensive --- and the "troop surge" itself serves that end. But in the current news environment, any attacks by the insurgents, no matter how reckless or costly to themselves, are guaranteed to generate massive press coverage and criticism of US efforts even if the insurgents fail militarily.
A wise young major once said to me, "It doesn’t matter if 200 soldiers are killed --- or 20, or two. The size of the headline stays the same." What may matter right now is how well the Pentagon and the Administration communicate to the public that, as in almost all our wars, a desperate enemy is very likely to strike a blow directed as much at the American leadership, news media, and public as the military itself. The media-savvy enemies of the West could choose no better time for this than the days before and during General Petraeus appears before Congress.
This article, first published on HNN, has been reprinted in various editions of Stars and Stripes under the title,"History could repeat itself as Petraeus visits Hill."
comments powered by Disqus
Peter Cushing Rollins - 8/14/2007
See my opinion piece for 8 August, 2007 at www.aim.org
and purchase from the "store" at that site my film on the Tet offensive of 1968--esp. the press coverage of it--rereleased recently on DVD with a 30-min lecture on links to the present. (No profit for me, by the way.)
Wayne Coyne - 7/23/2007
The article was extremely informative however, does not appear to reflect reality on the ground. The Iraq insurgents are far too fragmented, lack command and control capability/ heavy weapons essential to coordinating wide-scale offensive and appear to be more interested in attacking each other than Americans.
For the casual observer the Iraq War seems to be so much more different than any war mentioned above. Iraq is writing it's own unique history. Most interesting is when fully analyzed no single battle changes the outcome of a war. Following Tet, Vietnam waited seven years for the fighting to stop.
The Iraq War will end when we have had our fill as seen in recent defections by prominent Republicans disenchanted with Bush's handling of the war. A few batshit insane diehards remain such as William Kristol to continue banging war drums, refuse to admit errors by this Administration/ Pentagon and continue to seek an expanded front into Iran/ Syria all the while the real War On Terror stalls, Afghanistan remains unfinished and Pakistan prepares to implode.
The Iraq War belongs to the Republican Party. The Republican's ugly baby. It is up to Republicans to find the solution to Iraq, to relieve our troops of excessive burden and to free our nation from this hideous military misadventure (tactical and managerial). Republican's need to go to work now or the final battle may be waged/won by the 2008 electorate.
Arnold A Offner - 7/23/2007
There are two problems with D.M. Giangreco's line of argument about anticipating a "Tet offensive" in Iraq in Septmeber.
1) General Petreaus has already begun to downplay his report and press for a later assessment, which means he already knows there is not much of value to be said for the "Surge."
2) More important, the Bush administration lied about the reasons for the war with respect to WMD and Saddam's ties to Al Qaeda, and has created a situation in which the longer we stay, the longer terrorism in Iraq will continue--and the more the vast majority of the world will hold us in contempt. Hence there is no real alternative but to disavow Bush's war and to bring U.S. forces home as rapidly as we can get them on ships or planes. Simply put, there is no way to justify an illegal war, nor to "right" the situation except to leave and allow the Iraqis, if they are willing, to resolve their nation's issues.
Point Rider - 7/22/2007
This should be REQUIRED reading for schools and every momber of Congress.
Arnold Shcherban - 7/22/2007
Provided you say the thruth about the Iraq war to the schoolers (since Congress knows it better than anyone else), it MUST sound approximately like this: we decimated the country
and its populus, first through shock and awe strikes, then by creating the civil war along with continuing bombardement of the "islands of insursengy", thus killing directly or indirectly, about a million of its citizens already (many more will be killed over our "offensive" for years to come), destroying its economy and civil institutions, and every fibre of the national psychic, creating the largest refugee crisis in its history, and what not...
However, "we" have to continue, perhaps killing another mil or two of unfaithful (not mentioning our own human and financial sacrifices), and continuing the destruction, but
finally "we" will accomplish the task by having... pro-US, anti-democratic, i.e against the will of the majority of the populus, corporate-like and -rulled three Iraqi pseudo-republics, with the regime, likely even worse than the pre-Vietkong US-satellite military dictatorship of Ngo-Din-Diem (and others like him) in Vietnam...
- How Americans Feel About Religious Groups
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- Award-Winning Filmmaker Kevin McCann to Produce the First Film about the Easter Rising in Ireland
- In new book UC Berkeley historian Waldo E. Martin, Jr. takes Black Panther Party's point of view
- Economics historian finds that real social mobility takes hundreds of years
- Historian Tim Furnish says liberals shouldn't be astonished that ISIS is stoning women to death -- "in many Muslim countries ... large majorities ... favor stoning"
- Historian turns baker?
- Timothy Garton Ash remembers an appearance by Putin at a conference in 1994 that's eye-opening | <urn:uuid:433267b3-a993-49c7-8c37-148663144aa6> | {
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QUITO, Ecuador - A volcano atop one of the Galapagos Islands has erupted for the first time in 33 years, threatening a fragile ecosystem that inspired Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.
Ecuador's Galapagos National Park administration said the mile-high Wolf volcano began spewing fire, smoke and lava before dawn Monday.
The volcano lies on the northern tip of Isabela Island, the archipelago's largest. It's far from the only population center, Puerto Villamil, 70 miles to the south. Authorities said no tourist activity was affected.
Authorities said lava flowing in the southwest direction for now poses no risk to the world's only population of pink iguanas, which live on the island's northwest tip. | <urn:uuid:b6c07236-2493-49e2-a7a1-8e91cead448f> | {
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Family PetsLanguage brain teasers are those that involve the English language. You need to think about and manipulate words and letters.
MR. KIXS and his family have six pets. In deference to his wife ROSE who thinks water creatures are unlucky, he agreed not to keep any aquatic animals. Their only daughter VIOLET hates pigs. The family pets names are: MATIZE, WATCH, FISH, STAR, DAYS, and LATIN.
QUESTION: What kind of pets do the family keep?
Hint"They all have ears and legs," chorused Mr. Kixs, Rose and Violet.
The names can all be preceded by "DOG."
DOGmatize (to express strongly held opinions)
DOGwatch (on a ship, the late afternoon or early evening watch)
DOGfish ( a small,long-tailed shark)
DOG Star ( the brightest star SIRIUS)
DOG days ( the hottest days of summer)
DOG Latin ( spurious Latin, especially a word that is falsely made to look or sound Latin for humorous effect)
Dog Ears ( worn or well-thumb pages)
DogLEG ( a sharp bend in a road, also a hole in golf in which the fairway has a gentle or sharp bend).
KIXS reads K-9s(Canines)
DOG Rose is a European wild rose.
DOG Violet is a kind of violet flower with blue and yellow flowers.
See another brain teaser just like this one...
Or, just get a random brain teaser
If you become a registered user you can vote on this brain teaser, keep track of
which ones you have seen, and even make your own.
Back to Top | <urn:uuid:2eaad716-cbe6-42dd-aa3c-0d791fdf8511> | {
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Out of the Silent Planet
The three books in the trilogy, which are only loosely connected, are Out of the Silent Planet, Perelandra, and That Hideous Strength. They take place on Mars, Venus, and Earth respectively. They are sometimes referred to as the "Ransom trilogy," because a philologist named Elwin Ransom appears in all three. C. S. Lewis' friend J. R. R. Tolkien was a philologist, while to some the word "ransom" evokes the atonement of Christ.
One of the ideas that C. S. Lewis was trying to present in these novels is that the word "space" is wrong, charged with the notion of emptiness, and that it should be thought of as heaven. Earth, which in these books is called Thulcandra, "the silent planet," is under the influence of evil. It has been sealed off from the rest of the universe to prevent it from infecting the rest. In Perelandra, Lewis refers to "the vast astronomic distances which are God's quarantine regulations." Lewis appears to be suggesting that God intends for humans to remain confined to the Earth, and that human attempts to travel between the planets are blasphemous.
In the book a philologist called Dr. Ransom is kidnapped while hiking. His kidnappers, Dr. Weston and Devine, take him aboard a space ship to a planet whose inhabitants call it Malacandra. They intend to hand him over to some mysterious aliens called sorns. He escapes once they land on Malacandra and runs far away until he meets other natives of the planet called hrossa. He lives with them for a while until Weston and Devine kill some of the hrossa. He then leaves to go to the ruler of the planet, Oyarsa, so that the hrossa are out of danger. He meets the other aliens of the planet who turn out to be no more a harm than the hrossa were. He talks to the ruler of the planet, Oyarsa, about his whole journey from his planet to Malacandra. Weston and Devine are captured shortly afterwards and brought before Oyarsa. Oyarsa allows Weston and Devine to leave with Ransom on the space ship but won't let them return to Malacandra again. They return to earth where Ransom then lets a fictional Lewis in on the story. They want to warn people of what Weston and Devine may try to do. They see the only way to do it is through writing a fictional book!
Notes and references
- A philologist is a professor specializing in the historical relationships of languages
- The reader eventually learns that Malacandra is Mars.
- Out of the Silent Planet by C. S. Lewis, Macmillan Publishing Company, 1965 (reprint).
- C.S. Lewis Society of California
- Marion E. Wade Center, Wheaton College
- "C. S. Lewis: Science and Scientism," by Henry F. Schaefer III
- "The View from Other Worlds—Seeing Ourselves with God’s Eyes," by Luci Shaw
- "Out of the Silent Planet, by C.S. Lewis," reviewed by Peter Schakel, The Literary Encyclopedia
- C.S. Lewis Foundation
- Into the Wardrobe | <urn:uuid:f942eb09-04cb-4438-94b0-19160f88490c> | {
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Meaning: “peace of God.”
Both names are derived from the Germanic Godafrid meaning “peace of God.” The Normans introduced the name into England where it became quite common during the Middle Ages. Possibly due to its lack of nickname options other than God, which would have been considered somewhat sacrilegious in Protestant England, the name went out of favor. The name remained common in German speaking countries till the beginning of the 20th century, where now it is considered rather old fashioned. The name was borne by Godfrey of Bouillon, a 10th-century leader of the First Crusades and ruler of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Its German counterpart was borne by Gottfried von Strassburg a medieval German poet and Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz a German mathematician who was credited for inventing the subject of Calculus. The designated name day is July 9 in Austria. | <urn:uuid:4ece953a-e9cf-4cfa-8a85-880e8c3e2a00> | {
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|Jane De Mowbray (1362-1402)|
|Death:||30 NOV 1402|
|Father:||John De Mowbray (1340-1368)|
|Mother:||Elizabeth de Segrave (1338-1369)|
|Spouse/Partner:||Thomas De Grey (1359-1466)|
Jane De Mowbray was born and married before 1384 Thomas Gray (or Grey), Knt., of Heaton, in Norham, Northumberland. Her brother was the Duke of Norfolk.
Most likely, they lived at Heton Castle, as it was the family seat of the Grays. It was about a mile from the Tweed river and the border of Scotland and about two miles west and by south of Norham.
She was most likely named after her grandmother, Joan Plantagenet (great Great gandaughter of Henry III. Joan Plantagenet was also the daughter of the Earl of Lancaster.
|Children of Jane De Mowbray and Thomas De Grey
|BET 1356 AND 1377||Heton, Northumberland, England||25 OCT 1420|
|Maud De Grey (BET 1380-1453)||BET 1380 AND 1394||AFT 21 AUG 1451|
|Thomas De Grey||30 NOV 1384||3 AUG 1415|
|John De Grey||ABT 1386||22 MAR 1418/19|
|William De Grey||about 1388||about 1435|
|Henry De Grey||about 1390||Ketteringham, Norfolk, England|
- Plantagenet Ancestry of Seventeenth-century Colonists: The Descent from the Later Plantagenet Kings of England, Henry III, Edward I, Edward II, and Edward III, of Emigrants from England and Wales to the North American Colonies Before 1701
David Faris, Genealogical Pub., 1996
- A Genealogical History of the Dormant, Abeyant, Forfeited, and Extinct Peerages of the British Empire: Abeyant, Forfeited, and Extinct Peerages of the British Empire
Bernard Burke Harrison, 1866 | <urn:uuid:542b03f1-30c6-4515-8472-f768794ab089> | {
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Arteriosclerosis vs Atherosclerosis - Differences and Similarities?
QUESTION: What are arteriosclerosis vs atherosclerosis differences and similarities? Are they the same or different?According to the etiological agent, they differ from each other. On the other side, at the same time, they are both leading to an increased arterial rigidity.
Atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis are two very similar and, at the same time, very different conditions.
In purpose to understand all the differences and all the similarities, there are few things that have to be mentioned.
Arteriosclerosis is a condition which is characterized by increased congestion of the blood vessels wall, leading to increased arterial rigidity.
This condition is affecting only the arteries, i.e., only the blood vessels which are transporting blood from the heart to the tissues.
Arteriosclerosis may appear as a result of elevated blood pressure and during the development of atherosclerosis.
The congestion may appear if there is in inflammatory process that results to the formation of cicatrix.
Cicatrix is a formation made mainly of collagen and it appears when the cells of certain tissue are not able to multiply, because during the inflammatory process a part of the living cells are dying.
The organism is trying to replace the missing part of cells and, for that reason, it fulfills the created whole with collagen.
The atherosclerosis is a condition characterized by the accumulation of cholesterol and fat acids in blood vessel’s wall.
This condition is affecting not only the arteries, but even the veins. Furthermore, it is observed in patients with high cholesterol levels.
As you can see, in some way, the arteriosclerosis is a part of the atherosclerosis. These conditions are followed by inflammatory process which may lead to the development of thrombosis.
Thrombosis is a very dangerous condition for the organism; therefore, it is a must to use certain drugs to prevent its onset in both cases, arterio or atherosclerosis.
All the best!
What is the short-term rifalazil treatment on carotid atherosclerosis and intima media thickness all about?
QUESTION: I heard that there are some effects of short-term rifalazil treatment on carotid atherosclerosis and intima media thickness. Does it really work?
ANSWER: Hi Jenna,
First, let me tell you that rifalazil is an antibiotic drug, used to treat infections caused by Chlamydia. As it is an intra-cellular microorganism, studies have postulated that it can induce the Chlamydia-accelerated atherosclerosis.
Therefore, experimental studies have been carried out to determine whether Rifalazil treatment could also treat this type of atherosclerosis because of the effect of this drug that can assimilate the microorganism inside the atherosclerotic plaque.
So far, there are promising results; however, it might need to be "human-proven" although only few studies have been carried.
Click here to post comments
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Return to Home | <urn:uuid:c6817aad-7b2e-4f26-8f6c-7f4c1edd9d53> | {
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Posted on March 31, 2011 by Nanu
Haga “click” aquí para ver el artículo en español.
The film I share below is from the TED website. Although I have issue with some of the ideas they propose as well as some of the support they receive, they do have some wonderful presentations that open your eyes to thoughts and ideas you may not have been aware of. That’s what growth is all about- awareness- ennit?
The following is a presentation that touches on the history of the relationship between the US and the Indigenous people of the land they invaded and conquered, as evidenced by the relationships held with the Lakota.
This is not the history you were taught in school…
Filed under: history, Indigenous American, Life, Self determination, Taino sovereignty, The Good Red Road | Tagged: Educational, Ethics, film clip, history, Native Americans, TED | 2 Comments »
Posted on November 16, 2010 by Nanu
Haga clicK AQUÍ para leer este ensayo en español.
Image via Wikipedia
Every November, on the fourth Thursday of the month, the US celebrates Thanksgiving Day with food, drink, parades and sports. Families gather together, whether they like each other or not, to eat, drink and be merry. But this merry-making is not to be found everywhere for the day is not a celebration to many of the original peoples of this land. Continue reading
Filed under: American holiday, history, Indigenous American, Spirituality and Religion, Taino, Thanksgiving, The Good Red Road | Tagged: American Celebrations, community, Holidays, ignorance, Native Americans, native views, Pilgrim, taino resurgance movement, Thanksgiving, The Good Red Road | Leave a comment »
Posted on October 10, 2010 by Nanu
A point by point response to the OSIA.org flyer,Why We Should Celebrate Columbus Day, prepared by: The Order of the Sons of Italy in America in Washington, D.C. Telephone: 202/547-2900 Web: http://www.osia.org Continue reading
Filed under: All My Relations~Mitakuye Oyasin, Growing up, history, Indigenous American, Personal/Spiritual Growth, Self determination, Taino, The Good Red Road, Walking in Beauty | Tagged: accountability, American Celebrations, Columbus, Columbus Day, Discovery of America, ignorance, Indigenous, Indigenous peoples of the Americas, irresposability, native views, stupid people, taino resurgance movement | 5 Comments »
Posted on September 17, 2010 by Nanu
"Spirit of the Frontier" portraying the idea of manifest destiny, the holy duty to expand west in the name of God.
The American Indians were defeated because their time was spent arguing amongst themselves instead of uniting to overcome the Europeans.
The Europeans came on a mission. The American Indians never quite understood “United we stand, divided we fall.”
The conquering of the American Hemisphere and Indian Country is a topic that has come up often in personal discussions, particularly around this time of year. The comments above are representative of what I commonly hear from non-NdN folk when discussing Thanksgiving Day, Columbus Day, Independence Day or even the “special” status afforded natives when it comes to casinos, taxes and what have you. It never ceases to amaze me how limited in scope the information is that supports these “enlightened” opinions, and how little people seek to educate themselves beyond that which they have been spoon fed as truth. But it breaks my heart when the above mentioned opinion is shared by a person claiming native or indigenous identity. The reason for this is that the above quoted comments are nothing but the parroting of Euro-centric propaganda that has been circulating for centuries. Misinformation propagated to support manifest destiny, a modern rerun of the Crusades and the Spanish Inquisition and right-by-might, rehashed. It also justifies how and why natives deserve their lot, then and now, by “proving” the inferiority in native thought and action (or lack thereof). The fact is that there were many elements involved in the conquest of our people, our relations and our lands. Maybe this opinion, shared above, is not expressed to foster these anti-indigenous thoughts, in NdN or non-NdN, but it is nonetheless the idea conveyed by both the words and the attitudes behind them. Continue reading
Filed under: history, Indigenous American, Personal/Spiritual Growth, Self determination, Taino, The Good Red Road | Tagged: American Celebrations, Columbus, Columbus Day, Discovery of America, Ethnicity, ignorance, Indigenous, Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Native Americans, Native Americans in the United States, native views, New World, Personal/Spiritual Growth, Spanish Inquisition, stupid people, Taino, taino resurgance movement, Thanksgiving | 4 Comments »
Posted on May 9, 2010 by Nanu
Further Afrocentric criticism dissected…
Again, I received a response regarding my thoughts on the topic of Afrocentrism. These were posted in the comment section of the essay titled They came before Columbus…and what?!? . Because these questions are valid and others may have them as well, I sought to respond via email as well as in essay form.
I read Van Sertima’s books, They came before Columbus and Early America Revisited. I not only read them, I studied them with a critical mind. I analyzed them with the desire to believe, but his words just didn’t hold up to scrutiny. Please notice that my disagreement with Van Sertima is not with regards to the idea of pre-Columbian intercontinental travel. That makes complete sense to me. Hawaii is about 3,800 miles from Guam and Guam is about 1,500 miles from the Philipines. The Maori (New Zeland/Aotearoa) have an oral history that links them to Hawai’i and these islands are over 4,000 miles apart. The indigenous population in these islands have been present for thousands of years before the Europeans even dared travel out of land-sight distance and I’m sure they didn’t swim there. Just because scientists don’t believe in ancient man’s intelligence and ingenuity doesn’t mean they didn’t have it; it’s what has brought us to the technological levels we enjoy today. Continue reading
Filed under: Afrocentrism, All My Relations~Mitakuye Oyasin, Book review, Growing up, Indigenous American, Self determination, Taino, The Good Red Road | 4 Comments »
Posted on April 11, 2010 by Nanu
It has come to my attention that my words have caused a flurry of confusion, anger, criticism and gossip regarding the thoughts and feelings I have shared about the UCTP and the behavior of its president, Roberto Borrero.
Filed under: All My Relations~Mitakuye Oyasin, Growing up, Indigenous American, Life, Personal/Spiritual Growth, Self determination, Spirituality and Religion, Taino, Taino sovereignty, The Good Red Road, UCTP, Walking in Beauty | Tagged: UCTP | 2 Comments »
Posted on February 8, 2010 by Nanu
Haga clic aquí si gustaría leer este artículo en español.
This year the US will be conducting a new, 10 year, population count and this brings me to the topic of questions 8 & 9 of the Census: the race and ethnicity questions.
We can google and find many a discussion and internet slogan rejecting the label of “Hispanic” or “Latino”. Folks claim to be neither regardless of Spanish names, surnames, languages spoken or country of origin. Although many hold a strong conviction with regards to this, my observation has been that few bother to question the basis of this opinion.
Filed under: All My Relations~Mitakuye Oyasin, Life, Personal/Spiritual Growth, Taino | Tagged: 2010 Census, community, Hispanic, ignorance, Indigenous, Latino, native views, Personal/Spiritual Growth, stupid people, Taino, Taino in the census, taino resurgance movement, US Census | Leave a comment » | <urn:uuid:d120becd-1b40-49b6-b169-66baccbbe468> | {
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Winter Congruent and Symmetrical Shapes
Third graders examine congruency and symmetry by creating a symmetrical tree that is decorated with congruent ornaments.
3 Views 10 Downloads
Area and Perimeter of Regular and Irregular Polygons
Extend young mathematicians' understanding of area with a geometry lesson on trapezoids. Building on their prior knowledge of rectangles and triangles, students learn how to calculate the area of trapezoids and other irregular...
3rd - 6th Math CCSS: Adaptable | <urn:uuid:f4ac986f-80d7-4bfa-a645-406d9d882802> | {
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