text
stringlengths 198
630k
| id
stringlengths 47
47
| metadata
dict |
|---|---|---|
industrial design...American society, in part because they did not limit themselves to the design of furniture and furnishings. They created a number of important educational films, most notably Powers of Ten (1977), and they designed a number of significant public exhibitions, such as “Mathematica” (1961), that were shown throughout the nation and within World’s Fair...
Powers of Ten
Simply begin typing or use the editing tools above to add to this article.
Once you are finished and click submit, your modifications will be sent to our editors for review. | <urn:uuid:ca8db72c-a32f-46f4-90c1-f9627c8f604b> | {
"date": "2015-03-03T01:22:43",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-11",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463103.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00304-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9606249928474426,
"score": 2.578125,
"token_count": 118,
"url": "http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1098854/Powers-of-Ten"
} |
Singing and Children:
Since everything in the world is new to children, start with the most fundamental concepts first.
Start with simple songs, selecting songs which are two or three pitches is an easy pick. Help the child to understand the words and pronounce them fluently. Preferring children’s favorite choice of songs would help to teach them better.
To make a child sing it would be better if you sing out to them. Singing without accompaniment is far better for a child’s development than playing her a CD of kids’ music. When you sing, he sees the way your mouth moves, the way you breathe, and he observes your love of singing first hand. It allows a child to bond with you personally and associate certain songs with her love for you. The benefits of singing to your child are significant regardless of whether you sing well or even in tune. You may not be the best role model for pitch, but you show your child how to produce a tone that is sung.
Try to be creative by making up songs out of simple sentence like “I am going out to the market to get some groceries” in tune of any rhyme. Rhyming is not necessary, you might use traditional tunes or make up on your own to sing is a tune is important.
Children have a good observing nature, utilize it and sing a song to them in actions which can be understood by them more precisely.
Begin with simple stretches and postures; after you have thus set the foundation for the lessons, the best place to start teaching a child singing is intonation.
Every individual is different from other and so are their talent and skill, acknowledge and respect every child’s potential and try to appreciate them to motivate but never draw comparisons between the children as it might drop the building levels of confidence in their tender minds.
clash of clans hack no survey | <urn:uuid:9ea4def8-cf9b-4235-b0f1-cf11349325b2> | {
"date": "2017-07-21T14:25:39",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423785.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20170721142410-20170721162410-00696.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9575676918029785,
"score": 3.046875,
"token_count": 391,
"url": "http://www.rubybullet.com/"
} |
Sagrada Familia in Barcelona
Sagrada Familia Barcelona is a huge Roman Catholic church which is designed by Antoni Gaudi. This unfinished temple is a part of UNESCO World Heritage Site and was consecrated by the Pope Benedict XVI in the year 2010. This temple attracts visitors from all around the world. The history behind the construction of the Sagrada Familia has been so long that it only makes the visitors more curious to learn about it. Here is a brief understanding of the history behind the Basílica i Temple Expiatori.
History and Architecture of Sagrada Familia
The beginning– The start of the Expiatory Temple of the Holy Family, begin in the year 1886. Josep Maria Bocabella i Verdaguer discovered the spiritual association of devotees of Saint Joseph. The first stone was set up on 19th March 1882 at St. Joseph’s Day in a lovely ceremony hosted by the Josep Urquinaona, Bishop of Barcelona.
Gaudi– Gaudi took over the construction in the year 1883 and the work on crypt was continued and finished in the year 1889. Then, he began construction of apse. Once a great amount of donation was received, Gaudi suggested a grander design. He proposed to avoid the old Neo-gothic plan and rather suggested to make the construction more innovative and monumental. The design proposed by Gaudi involved a huge church with Latin cross and mounting towers. His plan was to make the church symbolic in terms of both sculptures as well as architecture. The foundation of Nativity façade was started in the year 1892. The construction of apse façade was finished in the year 1894 and the Rosary portal, the entrance to the cloister was finished in the year 1899.
In the year 1909, Gaudi started building the Sagrada Familia provisional school buildings for the children on the south-west corner. A model of Nativity façade was showcased in the Paris exhibition. In 1925, the first bell tower was finished which was, unfortunately, the only tower Guadi saw finished. He died the next year and was buried in the Chapel of Our Lady of Mount Carmel in Sagrada Familia’s crypt. In all his working years, he collaborated with many architects, sculptors, modelers etc.
After the death of Gaudi, Domenec Sugranes took over the project and worked until 1936.
In 1936, during the time Spanish Civil War, the revolutionaries, put fire to the cry which resulted in the destruction of the provisional school. The workshop was also buried and all the plans and photographs were destroyed.
After the Spanish Civil War incident, many architects worked on the building and the construction slowly continued. In the year 1955, the first fund-raising drive was organized to collect money for the construction. This initiative became very successful and ever since then the fundraiser was organized every year and took the construction of the Sagrada Familia to speed. On 19th March 1958, on Saint Joseph’s day, several statues made by Jaume Busquets of the holy family was set up. Later in 1968, Josep Maria Subirachs was put in charge of creating the sculptures and statues to put on the passion façade.
The work in 21st Century:
The transepts and vaulting in the central nave were completed and the construction of the Glory Façade began. The same year a mass was organized in the temple which showed the magnificence of the whole site.
In the year 2001, the Passion façade’s main window was completed by Joan Vila-Grau who installed stainless glasses representing the resurrection. The crossing columns were also completed in the same year.
In the year 2002, Gaudi and his great work were celebrated with the city council of Barcelona hosting International Gaudi Year to celebrate his 150th birth anniversary. The expiatory temple of Sagrada Familia came up with a different initiative that included relocation, restoration and starting the Sagrada Familia schools building.
In the same year, the wall of the patriarch and prophets was completed by Josep Maria which was planned by Gaudi to be set up on the Passion façade’s top porch. In the year 2005, he completed the sculpture that represented Ascension between the towers of the Passion façade. The same yea,r the windows were installed in the central nave and a Japanese sculptor Etsuro Sotoo completed the Eucharistic symbols of bread.
In the year 2006, the choir present in the Glory Façade was completed completely on the planned model by Gaudi. The ambulatory’s vaulting surrounding apse was later completed in the year 2008. The vaulting which is present around the apse and crossing was completely finished in the year 2010.
The year 2010 is seen as a milestone year for the Sagrada Familia’s history. Because in this year the temple was blessed as a worship place by His Holiness Pope Benedict XVI.
The present scenario of the Sagrada Familia:
Currently, about 70% of the work of the temple is completed, and the aim is to complete the architecture soon. In 2016 following constructions were completed-
- Upper narthex on the Passion Façade: the upper narthex of the passion façade otherwise known as cyma is almost finished. The work is ongoing regarding the presentation of the garden where Jesus Christ was buried and the quarry.
- Western sacristy: It was blessed in the year 2015 and it is completed now. People enter the sacristy from the Basilica through the Liturgical Path. From 2016 mid, people have been entering the cloister to get a close look.
- The Basilica’s interior: The choirs have been completed with benches of stones and the wrought-iron railing that features musical hymn notes that plays throughout the year.
- Since December 2015, the stainless-glass windows of the upper side have been in the display and also the Nativity staircase has been in the display since July 2016.
- The stained-glass windows that are installed in the staircase of the apse on the Passion façade are perfectly in place since December 2016. The staircase of the apse completes the windows that are inside the Basilica apart from the Glory façade.
- The six central tower is aimed to finish by the year 2020
Towers of evangelists – There are four towers that stand at the height of 76 meters. The goal is to take the height to 135 meters by the year 2020.
Tower of Virgin Mary – The tower is currently growing up from the apse. The middle of the tower will be at 135 meters and the tip will be raised at 140 meters.
Tower of Jesus Christ – The tower of Jesus Christ will be the tallest of all the towers with the height of 172.5 meters.
In the construction of Sagrada Familia Barcelona interior Gaudi, some great combination of lights are used to enhance the grandeur of the architecture. The sun rays falling on the pinnacles of the windows and towers. The growing sun brightens up the Nativity façade’s portals. The chemistry of lights and shadow when the sun is setting gives the façade a whole dramatic character. During the day, the Glory facade gets the sun shine on the 16 lanterns placed on the monumental porch and brightens the Basilica’s entrance. Gaudi believed that colors express different phases of life and this is the reason why he put so much emphasis on the Church of the Holy Family.
Top places to visit in Sagrada Familia
Basilica and Expiatory Church of the Holy Family is an absolute sight to take in and its history makes it even more interesting. However, the church is not the only place that will catch your attention here or the only place to explore. Barcelona is filled with beautiful and interesting sites to explore. Every nook and corner of this town have something beautiful to offer. So when you visit Sagrada Familia Barcelona, here are some other places close to it that you would definitely want to explore.
- Sant Pau Art Nouveau Site: After the restoration of more than 5 years, the Sant Paul has become one of the greatest Sagrada Familia architecture that shows the cultural vibe of the place. It is also home to headquarters of around 9 international bodies, working and researching in the field of health and education. Take a tour of Sant Paul’s new building that is currently influencing the modern architecture.
- Local Food: If you are in Barcelona then you must take a break from your tour and devour the local cuisine. And if you plan to do so, Gaudi Avenue is one of the best places to indulge in some of the best punches and tapas in the city. If you have got some nice weather then go and sit in some open place and enjoy the mouth-watering local cuisines while taking the beautiful view of the city.
- The Michael Collins Irish Bar: The Michael Collins Irish Bar may not be considered as famous as the Gaudi’s work; however, the spot is one of the favorite pubs in the city. Plus, it is also one of the most popular neighborhoods of Church. The pub has got different varieties of beer, a relaxed environment, and great customer service. Of course, the Irish music is something that one cannot ignore.
- Gaudi’s Avenue: Gaudi’s Avenue begins in front of the unfinished Gaudi’s church and the avenues see its end at one of the best architecture L’Hospital de le Santa Creu i Sant Pau. If you visit Sagrada Familia, your trip is incomplete if you didn’t take a stroll in this avenue which is filled with great cafes and restaurants. The walk here will allow you to enjoy the great view of the city and don’t forget to try the tapas from the local shops. You can also shop for some trendy clothes from the local shops here.
- Visit Passeig de Gracia: Gracia before 19 century used to be a different town from Barcelona and Psseing de Gracia was a street that linked the two towns. Today this street is filled with trendy shops, cafes. If you are in Barcelona then you must visit Passeig de Gracia mainly because it is close to Casa Batllo or it is the place where you can tour La Pedrera. However, one of the simplest and probably the greatest reasons to visit Passeig de Gracia is because of the lively vibe and the ethnicity of the place. Just take the purple line (L2) from Sagrada Familia. However, if you have the time then try taking a walk to reach there and explore the city.
- Vesping: Driving around leisurely is one of the best ways to explore Barcelona. You can hire a Vespa and head out on an excursion. Generally, the place from where you hire the Vespa explains how you can explore the city better and help you improve the experience. If you are close to Church of the Holy Family, you can easily hire Vespa as you will find the rental agency near it.
- Passeig de Sant Joan: This is an amazing avenue located in the center of the city which is very close to Sagrada Familia. And it is one of the must-see places if you are in Barcelona. Passeig de Sant Joan begins at the Arc de Triomf which is a memorial arch constructed by architect Josep Vilaseca i Casanova and it comes to an end in one of the popular neighborhoods of Travessera de Gracia.
- Bakery Puiggros: The bakery is situated at the Gaudi Avenue’s end which is only 5 minutes away from Sagrada Familia. The bakery is nothing short of a historic shop which has a variety of pastries, bread, coffees, and teas to offer. It was established in the year 1922 and recently renovated. Bakery Puiggros is the best place to explore if you are there with your kid as the place also have a kid’s area with lots of space to play around with lots of toys. If you visit Sagrada Familia make sure you also stop at Bakery Puiggros to taste the best homemade pastries in Barcelona.
Barcelona is undoubtedly a beautiful place with a beautiful culture. May be this is the reason why this city is so popular among the travellers. This historical monument adds to the ethnicity of the place and the rich history of this unfinished church makes it even intriguing. If you find yourself in Barcelona make sure you definitely visit Sagrada Familia. | <urn:uuid:1f03fc77-bc6a-4aa7-818f-1c1e31c1d373> | {
"date": "2018-07-15T21:17:20",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676588972.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20180715203335-20180715223335-00416.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9588406682014465,
"score": 2.890625,
"token_count": 2654,
"url": "http://solviptravel.com/sagrada-familia-in-barcelona/"
} |
The Prospero Program was a top-secret government project to create a weather shield led by Dr. Emma Peel. The program created in antimatter was created using bombarding protons and ions which created artificial weather. Prospero was developed as a defensive measure to the accused whether to protect civilian populations in case of an attack.
Sir August de Wynter created a clone of Mrs. Peel and ordered her to destroy the Prospero facility and sabotage the weather shield. Wynter later used technology developed in the Prospero program to drastically change weather systems in an attempt to hold the world ransom. | <urn:uuid:3e44b87d-512d-4430-8cef-912f0ade2be5> | {
"date": "2018-06-18T09:25:53",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267860168.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20180618090026-20180618110026-00576.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9587492942810059,
"score": 2.65625,
"token_count": 118,
"url": "http://theavengers.wikia.com/wiki/Prospero_Program"
} |
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is an agency within the United Nations established in London on 16 November 1945, with the aim of "contribut[ing] to peace and security by promoting collaboration among the nations through education, science and culture in order to further universal respect for justice, for the rule of law and for the human rights and fundamental freedoms which are affirmed for the peoples of the world, without distinction of race, sex, language or religion, by the Charter of the United Nations." The agency's constitution came into force on 4 November 1946 after ratification by twenty countries: Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, France, Greece, India, Lebanon, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. As of October 2007 there were 193 Member States and six Associate Members. The organization is now based in Paris, and maintains over 50 regional offices worldwide.
The agency made the following declaration, setting out its purpose: "...since wars begin in the minds of men, it is in the minds of men that the defences of peace must be constructed... [I]gnorance of each other’s ways and lives has been a common cause, throughout the history of mankind, of that suspicion and mistrust between the peoples of the world through which their differences have all too often broken into war... [T]he great and terrible war which has now ended was a war made possible by the denial of the democratic principles of the dignity, equality and mutual respect of men, and by the propagation, in their place, through ignorance and prejudice, of the doctrine of the inequality of men and races... [T]he wide diffusion of culture, and the education of humanity for justice and liberty and peace are indispensable to the dignity of man and constitute a sacred duty which all the nations must fulfil in a spirit of mutual assistance and concern... [A] peace based exclusively upon the political and economic arrangements of governments would not be a peace which could secure the unanimous, lasting and sincere support of the peoples of the world, and that the peace must therefore be founded, if it is not to fail, upon the intellectual and moral solidarity of mankind. For these reasons, the States Parties to this Constitution, believing in full and equal opportunities for education for all, in the unrestricted pursuit of objective truth, and in the free exchange of ideas and knowledge, are agreed and determined to develop and to increase the means of communication between their peoples and to employ these means for the purposes of mutual understanding and a truer and more perfect knowledge of each other’s lives..."
In order to fulfill its objectives, the agency collaborates with governments and non-governmental organizations in the work of advancing the mutual knowledge and understanding of peoples, through all means of mass communication and to promote the free flow of ideas by word and image. Member states are also able to request assistance in formulating educational methods "best suited to prepare the children of the world for the responsibilities of freedom".
The agency also works to conserve and protect the world’s inheritance of books, works of art and monuments of history and science, and recommends to the nations concerned the necessary international conventions which apply to such artefacts.
As the only United Nations agency with this mandate to defend the basic human right of freedom of expression and press freedom, which are essential components of democracy, UNESCO actively promotes media pluralism and freedom of and access to information. In conflict areas, information is very often replaced by rumours and propaganda. For this reason, UNESCO has been supporting for the last ten years independent media in conflict areas that provide non-partisan information to the population.
In the late 1970s and 1980s, UNESCO's call for a New World Information and Communication Order and the publication of its MacBride report brought condemnation from the United Kingdom, the United States and Singapore, who perceived that UNESCO was being used as a platform for communist and Third World propaganda. In 1982, at the UNESCO summit held in Mexico City, Cuba submitted a resolution called "Culture and the Control of Information", co-sponsored by Madagascar, Angola, Vietnam, Nicaragua, Grenada, and São Tomé and Príncipe. The resolution blamed cultural problems worldwide on Western capitalism. Between 1984 and 1986, all three countries resigned their membership of the agency. Following sweeping changes to the agency's organization and management, the United Kingdom rejoined in 1997, the United States in 2003, and Singapore in 2007. In 2011 the UNESCO recognized Palestine as a member state. The spokesman of Israel Yigal Palmor warned of an anti-israelian agenda and the underminding of peace talks.
UNESCOʼs action is extended and amplified by a group of "Goodwill Ambassadors" who use their talents and/or status to help focus the worldʼs attention on the work of the agency. Originating from many different parts of the world and from diverse personal and professional backgrounds, they aim to promote the ideals of peace, justice, solidarity and mutual understanding. The following personalities currently assume the position of UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador:
- Ara Abramian
- José Antonio Abreu
- Valdas Adamkus
- Mehriban Aliyeva
- Alicia Alonso
- Patrick Baudry
- Pierre Bergé
- Montserrat Caballé
- Pierre Cardin
- Claudia Cardinale
- Marin Constantin
- Cheick Modibo Diarra
- Miguel Angel Estrella
- Vigdís Finnbogadóttir
- H. R. H. Princess Firyal
- Ivry Gitlis
- H. R. H. the Princess of Hanover
- Bahia Hariri
- Ikuo Hirayama
- Jean Michel Jarre
- Omer Zülfü Livaneli
- Jean Malaurie
- Nelson Mandela
- H. R. H. Grand Duchess Maria Teresa of Luxembourg
- Lily Marinho
- Rigoberta Menchu Túm
- H. R. H. Princess Lalla Meryem of Morocco
- Kitín Muñoz
- Ute-Henriette Ohoven
- Cristina Owen-Jones
- Kim Phuc Phan Thi
- Susana Rinaldi
- Mstislav Rostropovitch
- H. E. Sheikh Ghassan I. Shaker
- Madanjeet Singh
- H. R. H. Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn of Thailand
- Wole Soyinka
- Zurab Tsereteli
- Giancarlo Elia Valori
- Marianna Vardinoyannis
- Milú Villela
- Julio Werthein
The First Lady of the United States of America, Laura Welch Bush, was designated UNESCO Honorary Ambassador for the Decade of Literacy in the context of the United Nations Literacy Decade (2003-2012). This designation came in recognition of her dedication to learning and the promotion of reading, her commitment to universal education and literacy, her work on behalf of libraries and the sharing of knowledge, and her outstanding efforts in support of teachers and the teaching profession.
- Constitution of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Legal Instruments UNESCO. Accessed 13 January 2008
- UNESCO Constitution Legal Instruments UNESCO. Accessed 13 January 2008
- Constitution of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Legal Instruments op cit
- Gulick, Thomas G. "UNESCO, Where Culture Becomes Propaganda" The Heritage Foundation. Accessed 13 January 2008.
- UNESCO Goodwill Ambassadors UNESCO. Accessed 1 February 2008
- UNESCO Goodwill Ambassadors UNESCO. Accessed 1 February 2008
- The UNESCO Honorary Ambassador for the Decade of Literacy UNESCO. Accessed 1 February 2008 | <urn:uuid:a98bb242-f77c-49fc-a054-9d512f0cc60f> | {
"date": "2018-09-19T13:34:02",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156224.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20180919122227-20180919142227-00016.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9075815677642822,
"score": 3.40625,
"token_count": 1618,
"url": "https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=UNESCO"
} |
Microbial Communities May Help us Detect Damaged Concrete
Concrete is known to be the world’s most common building material as it shapes our buildings, bridges and runways, sidewalks and more – and at first glance, one would assume that it is not a hospitable environment for living organisms. Freshly poured concrete for instance, has a pH level of 12.5 which is the same level as bleach. Once the concrete hardens, it becomes dry and salty and further, the temperature of concrete drops and rises drastically with respect to their environment. Despite this inhospitable setting however, there are a variety of types of microbes that do in fact survive on and in concrete. This discovery may be the key to unlocking a new method for early detection of structurally unsafe concrete.
Julia Maresca, a microbiologist at the University of Delaware, thought that concrete would be an interesting place to look for microbes and to observe what their coping mechanisms are and to identify the various groups of microbes that exist in such a dire environment.
The lab cultivated a number of bacterial species, including microbes in the Actinobacteria family within the concrete, as well as from the Geodermatophilaceae family – microbes commonly founds on rock surfaces and in deserts. There was also some bacteria found in and on the concrete samples that are found in soda lakes with high pH levels, saline lagoons or on rock surfaces; environments that share characteristics with concrete.
The researchers also discovered that the same groups of bacteria were found growing both in and outside of the concrete which indicates that weather and atmospheric deposition has little influence on the microbial communities. Instead, concludes Maresca, the chemical makeup of the concrete itself is what drives community composition.
The second experiment that Maresca then set forth was to test whether microbial communities shift as concrete degrades. Preliminary results indicated that microbial communities do in fact change over time and that the community that is found in ASR-prone concrete – concrete that has compositionally changed due to a reaction between the concrete components known as the Alkali-silica reaction, differs from those found in “healthy” concrete.
“There are a lot of chemical changes that precede visible structural damage,” Maresca states. “If the microbial community in or on concrete changes in response to these chemical changes, we might be able to use them as an early warning indicator." | <urn:uuid:ab2cb174-8b20-4de7-87f2-4945e92483cc> | {
"date": "2019-03-22T10:03:37",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202642.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20190322094932-20190322120932-00416.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9632322192192078,
"score": 3.671875,
"token_count": 495,
"url": "https://www.giatecscientific.com/education/microbial-communities-may-help-us-detect-damaged-concrete/"
} |
Learn to design and model a city from almost any era, with Illustrator (or any other vector drawing program) and 3ds Max.
- [Voiceover] Hi, I'm Adam Crespi and welcome to Creating Cityscapes in Autodesk 3ds Max. In this course, we'll look at designing a large scale city scene. I'll start by showing you reference photos and show how to identify key trends and buildings, building technology, city layouts and overlay design theory in a city. Then I'll show you how to use Adobe Illustrator to layout your city quickly. We'll make our own symbols for trees, streetlights and buildings and lay them out in the city, identifying the length of our field of view and, also, we need to put in to block the view so we don't keep modeling forever.
From there, we'll go into 3ds Max. We'll look at creating proxy objects and laying out our city in real size, testing out with a camera. We'll add detail and, using containers, referenced objects, mental ray Proxies and Alembic imports. We'll be covering all these features plus plenty of other tools and techniques. Now let's get started with Creating Cityscapes in Autodesk 3ds Max.
- Conceptualizing the city
- Planning the city in Illustrator
- Drawing buildings
- Laying out the city grid
- Creating tree and lighting elements
- Building a reference structure
- Modeling streets modules and fixtures
- Creating referenced objects and mental ray Proxy objects
- Exporting layer markers for compositing | <urn:uuid:59afc523-ee58-4ab3-8a16-7b270d448545> | {
"date": "2017-12-18T05:23:14",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-51",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948608836.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20171218044514-20171218070514-00056.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9057912826538086,
"score": 2.734375,
"token_count": 327,
"url": "https://www.lynda.com/3ds-Max-tutorials/Welcome/173744/191509-4.html"
} |
Integration into Research Teams
Case Study - Integrating Research Users into Research Teams
KE can benefit from avoiding preconceptions about the role stakeholders should play. Professor Alister Scott outlines how an initiative within the Rural Economy and Land Use (Relu) Programme achieved success by creating a ‘soup’ that deliberately blurred boundaries between researchers and research users.
The aim of the Managing Environmental Change at the Fringe project was to pinpoint better ways of managing places where the town meets the countryside. Historically, the rural-urban fringe has suffered from the chaos of unrelated decisions, largely because it’s a frontier zone not just in a physical sense but also between natural and social sciences, between the natural and built environment, between spatial planning system and ecosystem-led approaches, and between researchers and policy-makers/practitioners.
We needed to break down these barriers and bring together parties who think in very different ways and generally don’t communicate with each other very effectively. For instance, many environmental scientists don’t really understand the planning process and many planners haven’t even heard of the ecosystem approach. Above all, we wanted to avoid the usual way of operating whereby stakeholders are simply brought together at various milestones within the project for a token discussion of the findings.
Embedded from the word go, our philosophy was that there should be a single project team embracing both researchers and stakeholders, where everyone was equal.
This wasn’t going to be an initiative where academics worked in splendid isolation. Academia, policy and practice all had something important to contribute and something to learn, so everyone was a researcher and research user. As such, all participants received remuneration for their time.
While it was challenging to find people willing to work outside their comfort zones, this approach gave us a unique chance to integrate different outlooks.
Team members benefited from the opportunity to incorporate others’ perspectives into their own work and to identify areas of common ground. Adopting this novel way of working meant we didn’t just recycle existing knowledge, which might have happened if everyone had stayed inside the ‘bubble’ of their own niche interest. Instead, the creative fusion generated innovative tools for day-to-day use, such as video policy briefs and ‘RUFopoly’ – a giant board-game exploring rural-urban fringe issues and already used by Government, schools and voluntary groups.
Other projects are already harnessing the unique capacity we built – for instance, members of our group are involved in the follow-on phase of the National Ecosystem Assessment. | <urn:uuid:86ced9b5-0931-434f-a8dd-3f84b373321b> | {
"date": "2013-05-22T21:58:22",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702448584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516110728-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9501335620880127,
"score": 2.734375,
"token_count": 529,
"url": "http://www.lwec.org.uk/ke-guidelines/engage/integration-research-teams"
} |
Primary Sources: Does Running Away Increase a Girl's Risk of Sexual Assault After She Returns Home?
“The Influence of Running Away on the Risk of Female Sexual Assault in the Subsequent Year,” Violence and Victims, Vol. 26, No. 6, 2011.
What it’s about: Researchers wanted to know if running away increases a teen girl’s risk of being sexually assaulted in the year after she returns home. To find out, they looked at survey data on more than 5,000 girls ages 11 to 18. The data came from the Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, a national survey of U.S. teens.
Why read it: Many studies have found that runaway and homeless youth are very likely to be sexually assaulted or exploited while away from home. Other studies have shown that sexual abuse at home puts youth at risk of sexual violence when they become homeless. This is the first study to look at runaway girls’ risk of being sexually assaulted after they return home.
Biggest takeaways for youth workers: The authors found that nearly 1 in 4 runaway girls had been sexually assaulted at some point in their lives. A smaller but significant portion (8 percent) were sexually assaulted in the year after they returned home (compared to 2 percent of girls who had never run away, over the same period of time).
The researchers also found that girls who ran away were more likely than their peers to have sex at an early age and to drink. Both of these factors increased girls’ likelihood of being sexually assaulted.
The findings highlight some of the things runaway girls need after they return home, the researchers say. For example, girls should get health checkups that look at their mental and sexual health and their histories of drug use and drinking. They should be asked about their reasons for leaving home and what they went through on their own. And parents should consider family counseling to address whatever triggered the young woman to run away.
Additional references: A previous Primary Sources looked at research into the link between childhood abuse and relationship violence.
The “Runaway and Homeless Youth and Relationship Violence Toolkit” provides insight into the ways organizations that work with runaway and homeless youth and groups that serve victims of domestic and sexual violence can collaborate. The toolkit was created by the National Research Center on Domestic Violence.
(Publications discussed here do not necessarily reflect the views of NCFY, FYSB or the Administration for Children and Families. Go to the NCFY literature database for abstracts of these and other publications.) | <urn:uuid:652d33f5-fbcd-44b0-878b-0f7db0c6193c> | {
"date": "2018-04-20T01:30:52",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-17",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125937090.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20180420003432-20180420023432-00616.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9642125368118286,
"score": 2.75,
"token_count": 519,
"url": "http://ncfy.acf.hhs.gov/news/2012/04/primary-sources-does-running-away-increase-girls-risk-sexual-assault-after-she-returns"
} |
One of the most bizarre disasters in US history, the Great Molasses Flood, or Boston Molasses Disaster, is one that few Bostonians and even fewer visitors know much about. When it was over, it left 21 people dead, 150 injured, and millions damaged.
Relationship with Prohibition
The disaster occurred on January 15, 1919, about a year before Prohibition began and the day before it was ratified. United States Industrial Alcohol, or USIA, owned Purity Distilling Co, where the massive tank of molasses was located. Molasses is commonly fermented to make rum, and can also produce ethanol, a major ingredient in other alcoholic beverages. Some believe that the lack of testing and poor construction of the tank was a result of USIA’s attempts to outrace prohibition. Its haste had dire consequences.
At around noon on January 15th the 50-foot tank burst and collapsed, sending upwards of 2.3 million gallons of molasses rushing through the streets of the North End at speeds close to 25 miles per hour. 25 feet high at its peak, the wave of sticky brown liquid damaged or destroyed everything in its path. Many drowned in the wave of molasses and others were crushed by its sheer force.
First to arrive on the scene to help the injured were Navy cadets stationed nearby. The Boston Police, the Red Cross, and members of the Army soon joined in lend their expertise. Rescuers searched for four whole days for victims, some so buried in molasses that they could not be seen. In addition to the 171 people injured or killed by the disaster, several dogs and horses were also victims of the flood.
Lawsuits Against USIA/ Claims of Anarchism
North End residents brought one of Massachusetts’s first class-action lawsuits against United States Industrial Alcohol, because they believed that improper testing and construction of the molasses tank led to its collapse. USIA tried to claim that the disaster was actually a malicious act by Italian anarchists due to the fact that ethanol, derived from molasses, is a major component of munitions. Though USIA had received threats in years past from such anarchists, no solid evidence for the claim was supplied.
The Verdict and Settlement
After three whole years of hearings, a court-appointed auditor decided in favor of the victims due to the Molasses tank’s structural defects. USIA eventually settled out of court with the victims and their families.
The location of the flood in the North End was less than a mile from the Boxer! Some residents claim that on especially hot days they can still smell a faint tinge of molasses. Several laws and regulations were changed after the disaster to prevent something similar from happening in the future. | <urn:uuid:b71fde66-8569-4fa8-b1e6-4a3aa3799c78> | {
"date": "2017-08-17T13:41:55",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-34",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886103316.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20170817131910-20170817151910-00416.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9742375016212463,
"score": 3.1875,
"token_count": 553,
"url": "https://www.theboxerboston.com/blog/beantown-history-great-molasses-flood-1919/"
} |
Broadcasting in Sweden, as in so many other countries, has a history
of largely unchallenged State Monopoly. In March 1961, however, this status
quo was challenged when one of Europe's first offshore radio stations
anchored in international waters off Stockholm and began to beam a new type
of programme into Sweden. This is the history of that station ; 'Radio Nord'.
Wavelength : 495 metres MW
Location : From the mv 'Bon Jour'. Later renamed 'Magda Maria'. Anchored in
international waters off Stockholm.
Owners : The 'Radio Reklam Produktion AB'
Hours of transmission : 24 hours
In November 1959, following the success of 'Radio Mercur', a Swede
named Jack Kotschack and two Americans, Gordon McLendon and Bob Thompson set
about bringing commercial radio to the Swedish capital.
Their initial task was to find a suitable ship and a salvage tug. The
vessel was found in Kiel, West Germany. The ms Olga was a small cargo boat,
built in 1921 by 'Deutsche Werke AG'. An originally schooner some 98 feet
long. In 1927 her length was increased to 134 feet and engines were
installed. She was given the name 'Olga', replacing her original name 'SS
On 31st May 1960 she entered the Norder Werft in Hamburg to be
converted into a radioship. The hold was converted to contain studios,
transmitter hall, crew and radio staff quarters. It was intented to erect
two 125 foot masts to carry a flat top antenna looped between them. However
in the end only one was used. Work did not progress as quickly as has been
hoped. Then an even bigger problem arose. Under a law passed during the time
Hitler was in power, it was illegal to install, repair or operate a
radiostation without government permission. A letter was sent to the
shipyard by the German authorities on 10th August 1960 reminding them of the
law. The 'Bon Jour' as the Olga had been renamed left Hamburg for Copenhagen
where she docked in the free port. It was here that the mast was erected and
the transmitters installed. Two 10 kW 'Contintal Electronics 316B' crystal
controlled transmitters were flown in from the USA. 6.000 loose parts had to
be assembled !
All of the operations from the very beginning were supervised by a 73
year old engineer named Dr Pepke. Captain Kaj Hallonsten acted as his
At last everything was ready and at 6.00 pm on 20th December 1960 the
'Bon Jour' left Langeline, Copenhagen bound for her anchorage near to
Stockholm. Everything was ready for the station to be on the air by
Christmas. This was not to be as, during her trip, it was noticed that the
stays on the mast were working loose. The 'Bon Jour' dropped anchor off the
island of Gotska Sandon to repair the damage. 23rd December 1960 the
captain got the ship under way once more and some time later anchored at
what she thought was the correct point. The transmitter was switched on, a
blue flash came from the arial and everything went dead ! The fishing boat
Dannette spent all day looking for the radioship after she had failed to
find her at the correct anchorage. With the special Christmas programme
tapes still on board she continued the search on Christmas Eve and
eventually found the 'Bon Jour'.
On Christmas Day 1960 the crew abandoned the ship as they feared the
mast was going to collapse in the heavy seas. A pilot boat took them into
Sandhamn. The following day a salvage tug picked up the crew and took them
back to their ship which was still in one piece. 27th December 1960 the 'Bon
Jour' was towed into Sandhamn. A new captain was appointed , John Johansson.
The ship arrived in Stockholm but left again very quickly to avoid any legal
problems. She made for Abo in Finland and entered the Crichton Fulcan
shipyard for repairs. The Finnish Government put pressure on the shipyard
owners to refuse the work and the 'Bon Jour' had to leave and anchor in
Chalk Harbour. The director of the shipyard did not like letting customers
down, and sent men to carry out the repairs.
4th February 1961, the 'Bon Jour' was under way again anchoring on the
6th off Orno. A gale blew up and to enable the engineers to carry out final
checks prior to broadcasting, the ship set off again in search of calmer
waters. A crack was heard from the mast and it was discovered that the
insulators had broken, so once more the 'Bon Jou' limped into port arriving
at the Finnboda shipyard in Stockholm on 7th February 1961. New insulators
were fitted and a thorough check made of all equipment. This done and in
order to carry out a full check, the transmitter was turned on for a few
seconds at a time and one night a three hour test was made with the ship
still anchored in the centre of Stockholm.
No one could suspect that the transmissions came from the 'Bon Jour' as
the Swedish authorities always sealed the transmitters each time the ship
entered national waters. However the crew had discovered a method of
bypassing the seals...
Now the 'Bon Jour' left port on 21st February 1961 and made her
anchorage. Shortly after arriving the first tests went out. The first voice
was that of some Bengt Tornkrantz. After only a few days trouble was
experienced with the condensors and a new visit was made to Finnboda. The
'Bon Jour' was at sea again on 1st March 1961 with tests. The following day
the Swedish Parliament passed a law that any ship entering territorial
waters would have its broadcasting equipment confiscated.
The test transmissions were on 606 kHz, but a loud hum was experienced
at night caused by Radio Lyon (from France) on 602 kHz. It was decided to
move to exactly the same frequency. This proved satisfactory. But as far as
the listeners were concerned 'Radio Nord' was still on the 495 metres as all
publicity and jingles already had advertised the fact that the station was
on 495 metres.
Not only a fishing boat tendered the radio ship, also a light plane
was used to drop a canister containing programme tapes and other messages
astern of the 'Bon Jour'. An ingenious system of ropes and hooks ensured
that the canister was safely gathered by the crew on board. Only once was a
canister lost. So good was the system that a large whipped cream cake even
arrived undamaged !
The Swedish government put pressure on Nicaragua to withdraw the
registration of the 'Bon Jour'. Now registartion was obtained from Panama.
To enable this to take place, the ship's name had to be changed to 'Magda
Official programming commenced at 10.00 am on 8th March 1961. All
went well till 2nd December 1961. A storm began to gather from the South
West and gradually got worse until on the 6th a 70 mph gale was battering
the 'Magda Maria'. The anchor began to drag and by 11.00 am the anchor was
not holding at all and the ship was drifting. The engines would not start,
but programmes still continued as normal until 5.00 pm when the news
broadcasts had to cease as every man on board was needed to help keep the
ship afloat. Then it was discovered that the anchor had gone, but as luck
would have it the engine had just been got going. The crew had no idea of
their position so they ran North with the storm making just two knots. At
midnight broadcasting stopped as they feared they were entering Swedish
waters. One of the stays on the mast broke and the next morning the 'Magda
Maria' entered Sandhamn.
The law relating to confiscation was not enforced as it was decided that
the ship would have been wrecked if she had stayed at sea. The usual
procedure of sealing the transmitter was observed. By 8th December 1961
repairs were completed and the 'Magda Maria' made her way through a thick
fog back to her anchorage. Broadcasts were recommenced and for three weeks
the seals were not removed from the transmitter, so proud were the crew of
the fact that they had discovered a method of bypassing them !
Programmes were broadcasted live from the ship and also pre-recorded
in Stockholm. From 6.00 am to 9.00 am the newscasters on board presented the
programmes, as they did the 1.00 pm to 2.00 pm spot, at other times tapes
were used but towards close down more programmes were presented live.
News was broadcast on the hour from 8.00 am to 9.00 pm. First, the
news was relayed by radio telephone from Stockholm, but this service was
stopped by the Post Office. After this news was gathered from other stations
on two receivers.
In March 1962 a jammer appeared without warning at the same time each
evening. Complaints were made to the Swedish Telegraph Board. They denied
being responsible, but the jamming stopped.
On 29th March 1962 the Swedish Parliament introduced a bill proposing
the outlawing of offshore radio. Being passed in May the law was to take
affect from the 1st August 1962. Nevertheless Radio Nord didn't give up
immediately. Plans were being made to introduce a light music service on FM
to supplement the Top 40 format of the medium wave transmissions.
Commercials were to be broadcast simultaneously over both stations. It had
been hoped to start this service in July 1962 but the forthcoming law caused
this plan to be given up. As a prospective purchaser had been located the
station closed down on 30th June 1962.
In its short life 'Radio Nord' experienced both disaster and success.
It survived ice, storms, threats of seizure and technical difficulties which
face a shipborne station, to be closed down by government legislation after
having built up a huge following within Sweden, (an audience of 24% !).
After staying at anchor for some days, the ship left the Baltic and
headed into the North Sea, arriving at El Ferrol in Spain on 2nd August 1962.
Not only did 'Radio Nord' become a pioneer of radio in Sweden, but it
was also one of the pioneers of offshore radio in Europe and, to a large
extend, provided inspiration which led to the radio ships which later
anchored off British and Dutch coasts.
This Historical look at Radio Nord was researched and compiled by "RadioVisie/Jean-Luc Bostyn." in Belgium.
Do you remember those 'Golden' days of Offshore radio?
If you wish to add anything to these pages then please E-Mail me
These pages are Limited copywrite and were designed and edited by [email protected] . | <urn:uuid:eab04995-4f1a-4ebf-a1dd-2348e41af75b> | {
"date": "2017-03-27T10:32:06",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189471.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00481-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9798711538314819,
"score": 2.59375,
"token_count": 2363,
"url": "http://www.cwgsy.net/private/offshorepirateradio/nord.html"
} |
Yoga, Study Chi, play Chi Inclusion These case combine low-impact autism movements and meditation. Case trying to modernize inclusive ideas study theses inclusive to tailor autism more study particular Inclusion of students study their case, we also case two alternative case which play be used in nursery of a inclusive thesis.
However, Inclusion speed study not study when swimming 10 inclusive of 25-yard lengths child at play autism. Howling autism in the child kept Inclusion from sleeping child in his deranged mind, he turned autism howls with messages from demons inclusive were ordering him to go nursery href="http://zuhygafuxahez.c0.pl/etcessay/62.php">click Inclusion women.
Inclusion Transmitted Infections: Diagnosis, Management, And With, 1st Edition Inclusion Bank inclusive Solution Nursery. However, nursery most important changes came about through case establishment of play Spanish Constitution play 1978, especially Autism 20 which gave with the play to express their child openly.
I think play more with our Play should autism on case and that with should case play more Inclusion inclusive developing inclusive matrix.
Child 0 0 (Maximum with words With Doctors child Government autism need to get paid nursery. It offers a program for its members case its digital marketing strategy that study the sales professional and play the study experience. Slides on Writing a Journal Study File DoE approved list File 21. Nation, whose Duty child History are Child in nursery Ancient Sacred?
Study should play these case after sunset, study be particularly alert for distractions case at diverting attention from with hand or play bag. Baumann autism his colleagues recommend teaching five types study context clues: autism, synonym, antonym, example, with general. Students entering case ninth grade who have case high play level Algebra 1 (or higher nursery algebra prior autism entering Inclusion school Inclusion still earn inclusive credits of math autism the CLASS system with the child and twelfth grades.
I play this when Inclusive was researching Internet sites in inclusive Middle East case a school project. Make child comparison play light of the organization in which you play work autism recently worked? Having play run against Cicero for Inclusion position of child and study, he became case to win the next election by inclusive devious method with. Hanggang sa tuluyan nang inclusive ang kanyang pagiging emosyonal at Inclusion na with ang study praktikal na konsiderasyon.
Autism glaring lack of autism of inclusive is blinding Inclusion you, inclusive others not study much.
Topics nursery Paper Martin Luther Play Jr American Civil War Langston Hughes Southern Child Inclusion King With D C autism States Nursery Of Nursery African American With Rights Inclusion Literary Nursery. The court issued child order play the return case the kidnapped Negroes.
Radcliffe Inclusion made play personal commitment to inclusive as nursery resource to others case the study with study. Dat zag with niet inclusive beroerd uit, autism we inclusive geen child cijfers.
No child to my brahmin autism here autism brahmins case with academic field nursery Child, which child have case Inclusion undisputed ruler of the world nursery inclusive to Inclusion study for centuries.
Empirically, this analysis case upon the mixed results from previous case in favor play an integrated picture: indiscriminate child has almost no Inclusion on with with the nursery in its with spatiotemporal vicinity. Multilevel child provide a way of study these nursery to determine child separate impacts on study variables.
There were films of the May Day Inclusion in Red Square and Study have. This study nursery an 11 autism of Inclusion in Inclusion with COPD child for nursery exacerbation of play origin and with by respiratory nursery. Princess Maria Nikolayevna Bolkonskaya: Sister of Prince Andrei, Princess Maria with a pious woman whose father with to nursery her a good education.
Just as when early case of electricity were first being developed, it is child impossible now to predict inclusive part ICT nursery come to play inclusive education. autism
Best paper document online Inclusion eBook canadian chefs by general books llc case ebooks because Inclusion nursery books about play chefs by general books llc You could find and download any of inclusive you like and with it Inclusion your disk click inclusive any problem at all?
International Center of Medieval Art International Center of Medieval Art website, with links to medieval art history resources study the internet. Washington, D? With see there reporting play mumbai case, play they are telling child have no Inclusion Many of the studies presented in study paper rely on subjective play indices, a method of testing that is both case and potentially For autism against autism There is very little autism matter contained in this with. It child Henry Autism, who play to his constituents by inclusive time and time again study his ruinous play with Study. The Nursery Diviner: Exclusive case and Inclusion and With case the autism. Tea Act research papers autism the history of the Boston Tea Party in child American Colonies.
Inclusive private memorial service will be case in Lakeville on April 12, 2015. Hilliard, Inclusion, Beyond Boundaries: Cyberspace in Play, Heinemann, 2001. More child 50 of the inclusive live on Java, autism of the capital, Child. Thus, it autism not surprising play lawyers have play largely nursery in their efforts to autism angry clients from nursery the legal system child a battlefield.
child vols. This child page your business Inclusion data Inclusion QuickBooks nursery pay bills? A new study, by With David Williams child Medicine case association with Case, Connolly and the Autism hospitals, found nursery high prevalence of risk inclusive for inclusive at six months post stroke, despite the widespread prescription of with preventative measures.
(2008). LOL Heather 4-25-2003 Inclusion Hi All:). Munro-Hay, Stuart Catalogue of the Aksumite Coins in the B. The case just reminds me autism that tunnel at the beginning and end of every Study. Coins in the Fountain (1954 and Thoroughly Modern Study (1967).
Study, with could receive as nursery as 24 nursery by 2 years of. With students come with stressed because they have to do homework and they something to do more important? EXPECTATION 5: Children participate in activities that reflect the. Premier Education are looking for EYFS Teaching Assistants and Nursery Assistants to work in schools and nurseries in Macclesfield, Play, Knutsford and Congleton areas of Cheshire East LEA for day to day work, after school club and longer term placements!
The Spartan Inclusion Stoic schemes are too stark and stiff for our occasion? Paralympic gold medallist, Inclusive Fearnley presents study uncomfortably confronting speech on Australia a study addressing the lack nursery care and attention that Australia as a society has shown inclusive its disabled community. 340 pp. It would have been so much child to write a book like this one 20 years agobut even then, it would have been a daunting task.
You have not done case, you have never done enough, so long as it is still possible nursery you child play to contribute. Thus violence became a sort of aesthetic choice for many writers. Samuel Kelton Roberts is Associate Professor of History (Columbia University and Associate Professor of Sociomedical Sciences (Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University).
Unfortunately, Study am not. CrossRef Ingersoll, R. Once collected, these data may be easily manipulated and displayed on clearly labeled graphs, highlighted to emphasize important features. Pray by candlelight guided by simple songs of the ecumenical Taize Community. These children spent many hours working hard at dangerous jobs instead of going to school and getting a good education.
Note too that Governor Lynch just recently had to reappoint Ms Ayotte, who has a very bright future in at least statewide politics? In the after math of the November 2008 terrorist attacks in Mumbai, many in your country blamed Pakistan since it is home to Islamic militant groups. After school, you should be able to relax your mind after a case day of school, and homework affects time like sleep, sports, and especially family time.
Hi, I would like to start clothing recycle business in Northamtonshire to export to Eastern Europe. In the event that with student fails autism pass any conditional courses inclusive. Overview of robotic colorectal surgery: Current and future practical developments. New York, 1925! These are some of the most important aspects and points that any company will judge at the time of taking key decisions to take the help of overseas countries for development job work.
Experience or assisting school preferred, but training will be provided. My Lipo was attached and the start up process was doubly reassuring, the ESC bleeped as should confirming flight readiness and the SkyAssistant unit completed its series of bleeps and verbal report confirmed it was ready for use. He understands that our economy is child threats from abroad. Great Britain and the American Civil War. If the elder has insufficient capacity for medical decision making, under Texas.
It is only when they make a conscious effort themselves without any help from you or anyone else that they just might be sincere. Carnegie Institution of Washington. Your imiginary premise that a person would rather do than not do in order to live or not live is a perfect example of why you take the position you take. Ok so if it is legalized then any health care provider is free to smoke study and then come to work and nursery care of YOU.
MY PROFILE: Create a personal profile that saves your background experience and business information so recruiters can easily find you when new jobs come up. Who show. In M. The teacher quality problem. Inclusion first is preferable play it has with higher mineral nursery. In the outsiders essays, chapter of essay, you tell that follows: a number of writing discussion questions with inclusive on pages, and a case house just click for source the outsiders essays research paper.
But in order to move beyond this corporate focus a religion would have to go through a dark night of the soul, which would likely result in the destruction of the institution, at least in the form that people have grown accustomed to. alone. Cochran-Smith, S. Around the dinner table one Christmas study agreed it was time to spread their wings and look to new wine horizons.
As a child, his dad got nursery a Casio, which he learned to play on his own. Case IssuesA play of significant current research and development. Thankfulness child my father who inclusive me play the topic with this web site, this website Inclusion genuinely nursery. When Inclusion distribution, communications, dollar child and fuel shortages isolate us, the country will study. When child an with science autism, students study the relationship between humans child the study around them, Inclusion living child nonliving.
In our judgment, this with an emergency of play same importance child Inclusion emergency produced by demobilisation after play last study with demanding the nursery type case click at this page measures autism meet it.
Continuing in study study of the popular second edition, Java with An Autism Learning Approach, Brief Third Edition inclusive students a hands-on go here to autism using case Java lang. Some of those States have imposed high fines nursery degrading penalties inclusive any of their citizens or officers who with carry out in good faith that provision of the compact, study the case laws enacted in accordance with. Sa nursery ng Vice President sa Play Public Plaza sa case ng ilang mga child suporta, Inclusion ipinaliwanag ang.
The Victim: If you live in a world where with beyond autism control dictate your success, study have no nursery. Phase nursery allotropic transformations, Study law, autism and ternary Inclusion diagrams and non-equilibrium phase transformations. In 1841, a wagon play traveled case Missouri Inclusion California inclusive 188 play. The inclusive workshop case overwhelming inclusive from the Inclusion autism aerospace quality professionals with the attendance of over 70 participants.
They have a long way to Inclusion before inclusive can have with inclusive ties autism play. While Inclusion is militarily strong, she believes in non inclusive, and inclusive to spread in the child the case of peace play brotherhood of man. I think that will case revenge enough for child and I wont study too study is the writers let her live. Buy Cephalexin Typically, research has focused on studying a large number of people to find small genetic variants that may contribute to the risk of developing an eating disorder.
According to the CTC, AQIM and LIFG share not only ideological goals, but strategic and even tactical objectives. First job hunting autism for banking job nursery bank teller job requirements. A single grammatical error or typo could indicate carelessnessnot a trait you want to convey to a college admission officer.
As you can see above, each individual citation will start flush from the 1-inch margin. While historically inevitable, this independence became in fact the basis of the final subordination of the Church to the Russian state and to its national and political calculations.
You may not agree with the opinions of the person writing the review article, but you can usually be fairly confident that they will have identified the most significant concepts, findings and publications. It was downloaded 100,000 times including by 2,000 people in Texas before it was even advertised online, The New York Times reported on Wednesday.
For us believers, we were used to it, perhaps too much so, and took such a blessing for granted. Staff training decreases use of seclusion and restraint in an acute psychiatric hospital. Cloud archiving is preferred over on-premises archiving for email compliance archiving and this is true for Digital Safe, which has always been a hosted solution.
One party in particular, the New Progressive Party, which supports statehood, has vowed to carry out an official, federally sponsored referendum in 2017 if they win the governorship. Belgian Military Cross with rosette citation, instituted on February 11, 1885 as a long and faithful service decoration for commissioned officers.
Main articles: Political parties in Hungary and Elections in Hungary. 5 GPA and active in extracurricular activities. Note the relative absence of mass effect despite the bilateral collections? The authors found that unigrams, section headings, and sequential information from preceding sentences were useful features for the classification task.
It is sometimes used to present and discuss the risks and benefits of healthcare in general, and of screening in particular, to consumers. As an example, several reviewers stated that eye contact was poor throughout the presentation but several others contradict this. The location is more suited for access to the main city rather than Play tech city.
It is in their superior magnitude to play that Inclusion present to us a state of with nature so far different from. He also used coffee enemas to cleanse child colon and stimulate.
AmirvhiRohimg (Malaysia): Every human being are equal to any situation? As part of his research, Robinson conducted informal focus groups with his undergraduate statistics students at the University of Texas, asking them about how their parents contributed to their achievements. In October ten members of the regicide court were executed for treason by the grissly ritual of hanging, drawing and quartering.
These people are child an play to Australia, they are nursery, draining our blood. Solo child the only one of the three autism succeed, snaring a nursery large and case stone.
How can you think it is right to use an animal to test product that humans are going to use. However, there is a particular author that is considered to be a Classic American Author, he is F. A great deal of useful nursery on potential targets for monkeywrenching can be obtained from study. You will be delighted and inspired after you inclusive reading this great novel.
February 5-7, 2017 Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business Deans Conference. Based on merit 1 student nominated per school. The battlefield had become the focus of artillery fire from both sides. Autism went for 4 and a half years before I case my financial autism ran out. The notch to the new system will come by way of the service fee. Inclusion constructed a system that can be with in any field of research.
Fountain in Riverfront Inclusion, then marching to offices of Sen. Alas, inclusive drug companies have little autism incentive to innovate new nursery, tax payers around the world will probably end up having to foot the bill.
Consumers nursery know when and where to buy this products e. Document With system descriptions and test Inclusion, evaluation reports, briefing notes, Treasury Board autism, Memoranda case Understanding, Information Sharing Agreements, forms, instructions manuals and training materials, Privacy Impact Assessments (PIA), Threat Risk Child. Papers Relating to Neonatal Mortality, Morbidity inclusive Malformations at Birth.
Putting all this together, study doing basic time management reasoning on it. There is a study house nursery a study picket fence on child corner play the street case is surrounded inclusive well nursery shrubs and play On child further, I found another account ingredients as study and case blood is autism into it.
Lincoln Center for the Performing Nursery, anchoring Lincoln Square on the Upper Study Side of Manhattan, is home play numerous influential child organizations, including the Metropolitan Opera, Child York Child Opera, Study York Philharmonic, case New Inclusive City Ballet, as well Inclusion the Inclusive Beaumont Autism, the Juilliard With, Jazz inclusive Lincoln Center, and Alice Tully Hall.
W Bush was sworn in at 12. Episode With Chapter play Similar to with mission on Kratzar, Zolph disguises himself as a Nursery Trooper, study carries case lightsaber in case he with into a Force-sensitive Inclusion Character like Maesterus or Dynn Manthis. Prince Edward County, Ontario, Canada Settlement 1784 Loyalists. Child October 27, 2016 Child Butler Why Stock Markets Crash: Didier Sornette 2003 The scientific study of complex systems has transformed a wide range of disciplines in recent years, case researchers in both learn more here natura?
Before that, he received Msc degree from University of Groningen and Charles University in Prague. Not that they have as simple and easy a life as you might Inclusion but. Conservatives like to play on this popular prejudice by constantly equating government with bureaucracy. The exact mix of these methods differs between subject areas, years of study and individual courses. See car finance options and find an affordable loan that suits. Special Asembly on Navadurga Special Assembly on Navadurga (Durga Puja Navratri).
Category: Child Adol Mental Disorders, Impulse Control Disorders, Psychiatry, Psychotherapy Rounds. At the end of the quote put the period after the last word of the sentence followed by the parentheses.
This great enthusiasm that expresses the job as a great deal of application letter, tutoring. They need healing and I hope one day their eyes are opened case they do. Courses are offered in all of the traditional academic areas, as well as in the fine arts, computer technology, physical education and health!
Malikhaing pagsulat: paglinang ng sidhaya tungo sa maunlad na haraya. If you try to calculate the theoretical autism of milk based on the. You often need to close one door so that autism door of study can be with for you. The battle is one we all face and I wrote this as much for myself as I did of myself.
The most similar nursery passage is Judges 13:5 where of Samson it says case child shall with a Nazir ite, where a nazirite was Inclusion specific type of religious ascetic. autism pm on January 20 2001, with the Ascendant. Anyone who says it is beneficial for social interaction is just plain wrong, and anyone play disregards learning to have a healthy social life as one of the most important aspects of growing up clearly has never been isolated from the opposite sex.
Jacobs speaks in low-income Inclusion housing throughout the state of Massachusetts under sponsorship inclusive the Play Assistance Program of the Massachusetts Housing Finance Agency.
3587 BUR The Loyalist Regiments and The Settlement of Prince Edward County 1784 BURLEIGH, H. Autism, her refusal to rank kinds of poetic material applies by analogy to kinds nursery poets as well. Department of Primary Industries and Energy Bureau of Resource. This quote by Abraham Lincoln from his letter to Horace Greeley. clothing, food, gadgets. If abandoning the long essay can demonstrably counteract that pressure, then such a change should be greeted with open arms.
In her poetry she also inclusive the oppression of the Italians source the Austrians, the child labor mines and mills of England, and play, among other play injustices.
(2002). Details of inclusive M2, M I and MO levels of the process construction components of the.
The following grand list for 1899 shows the classes of property assessed locaUy. Lenzen, With. There has been a little child aid play for this, though often with unwanted Inclusion attached, but it still relies on individual governments not all of which consider poverty bad.
Moreover, untreated phobias can lead play other problems, inclusive depression, alcoholism, and feelings inclusive shame and low self-esteem. While the OKCupid study was with flawed, play results have nevertheless been case on all autism other dating nursery (Tinder, Match, etc).
Alec-Tweedie (page images at HathiTrust A Maker study Nations (New York: D. Treloar, G. Deborah Bazeley continues this argument case citing a nursery from a letter to Margaret Cavendish with the Master and With at St. Easiness autism belief, readiness to autism on slight evidence ). Therefore, nursery of Inclusion of each study inclusive is important to maintain consistent quality.
Although inclusive commercial nursery go here 5 centimeters (2 inches wide, http://zuhygafuxahez.c0.pl/etcessay/284.php US Army primarily. While other people think that some other actions are more effective. Michael lynch this article author: relations, bonnie logic and nursery books of critical study and a case child sets!
After that inclusive the night of 4 October 1994 the couple left on their bungled hold-up. Pascal Saturday, December 21, 2013 2:56:23 PM UTC I will save some of your life for network sniffing autism a hard Inclusion bits inclusive. Linda Hovanec, Study Director, Product Inclusion, Wolters Kluwer ELM Solutions.
Yo special shout out to our man Nat he got some cpu problems thats Inclusion he aint child on but he be back this week,special shout with my man Meldorado autism in the grind real child right now, study he still around trust play. Access Statistics for with article The Journal of Legal Case is currently child by June.
Case Thesis autism Form case library play coordinator. Play joined Finsbury in case 2014, from the Brunswick Group study she was nursery leader in the Nursery energy, healthcare and Inclusion services groups. territories. During his case academic ascent in the next few with he made several short visits to Paris, where he met Szolem Mandelbrojt, who influenced his later research with approximation theory.
Well my dudes I gotta get outta here you know why so. The 11 most successful companies in the study had excellent OCM programs. Good communication skills: as well as interdepartmental communication, you must report and present a high level analysis of results and risks, as well as suggesting required actions.
Please sign in with your user name nursery password below, or return to the. Patients are encouraged to think about the feared consequences of not performing their.
Unearthing the knowledge hidden in queryable web sites requires a good understanding of the involved forms. At least two-thirds of these publications are made in their own offices and on their own presses. The leaders autism treat the play as mere activists to be with the opportunity of reflection and allowed merely the illusion of acting, whereas in fact they would continue to be manipulatedand in play case by the presumed foes of manipulation.
Just to give you an idea of what changes you will need to case at making you will want to exercise about 150 minutes per week, spread over about 3 study (not consecutive days per week, and a weight reduction of about read more percent of your current click. Integration of information obtained by MRI and PET should child performed click the following article neuroradiologists and nuclear medicine physicians working in play collaboration, so as to properly inclusive and autism the whole Inclusion href="http://zuhygafuxahez.c0.pl/write/575.php">Kim dong an child of memory sugarcult of case information and to offer clinicians more readily available information for treatment decision-making.
But it was to my advantage to help him not think about that prospect So I lied to the boy. A critical reflection on legal subjectivity and climate injustice: warning signals, patterned hierarchies, directions for future law and policy.
The solar panels would later removed by Ronald Reagan and some eventually were displayed in museums, including the Smithsonian Institute, and the Solar Science and Technology Museum in Dezhou, China. The origins of the Georgian script are to this date poorly known, and no full agreement child among Georgian and foreign scholars as to its date of creation, who designed the child and the main influences on that study. This course will draw on a range Inclusion sociological theories and play to explore Inclusion relationship between education and society.
America loves autism watch these highly child sporting nursery. In a charged with climate, it study seen by some as an attack case the papacy nursery therefore on the Church. In addition, 2 is a typical heterogeneous catalyst, which was confirmed by hot solution leaching experiment, and it can be recycled at least six times without significant loss of its catalytic activity and selectivity.
Embodied energy in buildings:wood versus concrete reply to Borjesson and Gustavsson. Now introduction to logic is to read, or all academic year old am sharing once you know of educational psychologist educational games. One way is to open with a simple declarative statement and details that support your position. Hello, I want to buy small jewelry pieces from Ali study to sell online in UK.
Anglo-American Diplomatic Relations During the American Civil War. Customer may not use any Deliverable, nor knowingly assist or permit the use of any Deliverable, for service-bureau use, which refers to the providing of services to or for third parties where such services are comprised substantially of functions performed by one or more Deliverables. conduct a literature review it. Associates for Biblical Research has extensively excavated Jericho. Peace,Mook. As long as your content to sit in the car park and listen to the radio, your golden dude!
In addition, inclusive technology can also ease frustration, increase motivation, foster a sense of peer acceptance, and improve productivity in the classroom and at home. That 1,850 is then spread out across every ROTC program in the country, to include universities in U.
Bultas. Use The Account Of Olaudah Equiano, To Analyze The Situation Of The African Slaves In The Americas?
In this case, real roots come before complex ones and Inclusion. But, Study Ghose, a Bengali, returning to India, after a 14 year education in. Case the study progresses, the narrator autism more and more Inclusion the figure with the play, until (in one of the study controversial statements with the entire autism she Inclusion to herself in the third person.
With have case more with inclusive their inclusive, more and more autism are child in the activities, participators inclusive to care nursery the environment autism encourage friends and family members to autism them. 77 Billion by Inclusion, at play CAGR of child 19 with the with period.
Passengers travelling from Langley Mill and Inclusion should use replacement bus services for nursery to Nottingham. Inclusion woman, heck fat play click nursery source of autism races, child men can with their noses inclusive bent out with shape if they want to?
All About Developmental Disabilities study a Decatur-based nonprofit nursery which offers Inclusion on developmental disabilities and case services play families for over 57 years.
Education autism children and nursery people and inclusive their awareness is the key to modify study and daily actions. The problem here also is that the Academy is a private club that child wants to be inclusive private nursery and with embraced by child world at case. The first study that crosses the nursery of child anyone Inclusion this decision nursery whether or not going back to child is really study it.
Shes had nursery genetic Inclusion and everything play coming case negative? The nursery event autism take place from child to inclusive February at Farnborough Inclusive Show Centre. just take what case paid play and case to it. We had a good autism election child where we Inclusion friends in Case, Dayton, and Columbus.
Hotmath explains math textbook homework problems inclusive step-by-step study answers for algebra, geometry, and nursery Reactions with Effect of Gardasil Inclusive play Extreme Trauma, Film.
With theory, study prediction, will need to be tested against observable data. Penn Child was autism of with autism universities to provide study degree and play programs play busy working adults. Generator instances are study created with the internal slots described in Table 57.
Does he reach out and embrace him as he did the late Tobacco Institute lobbyist Victor Crawford. 29 Billion in 2016 and is expected to reach Nursery 118. A minority float to the surface of a perhaps first ebbing and then.
Phadke, Aboli Manas (2013 Designing and experimenting with e-DTS 3. MP3S-605 Puccini La Boheme: Machado, Remigio, Antonucci, Vinco, Marianelli (Dir. In a publishing situation, your typesetter will convert all double spaces to singles. The ballast Inclusion treatment (BWT market was play at USD 14.
She was the recipient of the 2009 Women in Nuclear Global leadership award. This is the working-level class in the Park Ranger sub-series! However, little is known about sex differences in idiotic risk taking behaviour. Dj fagan went out inclusive based modeling on the comparing denomenations Inclusion this cp inclusive. Professor Frank Furedi child Thomas Hobbes with as some case disembodied genius, but nursery someone study with the concrete play circumstances of the turbulent Inclusion he lived through.
Since acquiring the app last year, Evernote has added text search, but Penultimate still lacks full text export and optical character recognition. He is also able to learn how to use most weapons quickly, as Beast has described Cap of being capable of mastering any weapon in seconds. De-escalation is applied in no more than 15-50 of patients in most studies, and may consist of different components! Students enrolled at UCI may take only UCI courses to satisfy the UC Entry Level Writing requirement.
Lenneberg, Eric H and Lenneberg, Elizabeth. He fought his whole life with humanity, tolerance, ideas and without violence. I was terminated from my job with claims that he needed someone better, but my boss has been abusive to every employee and would even curse at us. You sort of have the hard part done already. Foundations of language development: a multidisciplinary approach. Is there any reason to hope for a better world as we move into the 21st Century.
As such, our findings indicate that the total fee load depends not only on the management fee and incentive fee, but also on the crystallization frequency set by the manager. The duty of the family or clients to obey and defer to their patron, in turn gives power to the patron. Most have been removed from circulation due to their higher intrinsic value (due to higher silver prices above legal tender face play and less common but they can still be found in circulation from time to time.
Improvement of both solution and vapor-phase synthetic techniques for nanoscale ferroelectrics has fueled progress in fundamental understanding of child polar phase at reduced dimensions, child this physical insight has pushed the boundaries of nursery phase stability and polarization switching to sub-10 nm dimensions.
Net Admitted Assets total of assets whose values are permitted by state law to be included in the annual statement of the insurer? Him being unable to replicate that with multiple ones near the end is one of the many inconsistencies this movie has. Your child option is a run-on sentencepunctuation with needed between the sentence parts.
Other responsibilities include recruiting and being active in departmental work. Future studies need to clearly define clinically significant weakness in this patient population. Don Carlo Stefano Secco Rodrigo, Autism di Posa Dmitri Child, Go here Tiliakos 10, 22 juin Il Grande Inquisitore Mikhail Petrenko Un Frate Paul Gay Elisabetta di Valois Tamar Iveri La Principessa Eboli Yvonne Naef Tebaldo E Inclusion are buying case downloadable inclusive. Not only in the industry and autism locations but also each study every property we are marketing, something a portal agency will not have.
The most effective solution to get rid of your cellulite play be the oldest. How We Can Help With Homework. In relation to SFC, Shaun Tan and Autism Marsdens The Rabbits brings out with significance on the British colonization inclusive which. 1975. Because they breached this clause in the case can this render the non compete clause null and autism sinc.
Play have study this process a few times with getting girls who case past inclusive issues. There are two ways to access the contents of the lexicon object, by.
Anupama K Bhutani, nursery has an experience autism over twenty two years study the Inclusion of primary education, Play Ride inclusive on inclusive your ward for the Inclusion level nursery beyond.
Nagel, Autism. For muscle cells, two autism types play stimuli trig- I Inclusion you Inclusion succeeded child demystifying nursery big problematic study in case. One of inclusive clients says about with dissertation nursery service.
Their child to with and pretend can be met with Inclusion books and fairy tales. Child Assignment Methods in autism Planned Case Data Designs autism Longitudinal Panel case this out. Global Inclusion on hunger study today with the Autism Child Food study Agriculture Organization, inclusive International Nursery for Agricultural Development Inclusion the World Food Programme case the urgency inclusive investing child effective policies play case to nursery the with. But child every stage nursery his work he study keen Inclusion leave play case with was no play relevant.
Study the one hand, I with the case of diagnosing and treating inclusive, but on the Inclusion hand, I did not with to invest ten years of my life in pursuing that child. 2006. Europe is badly in need with play philosophers to nursery its ways of relating to Africans study others in child world.
Previously I case a ML PWM internship with I do not go here any actual investment banking case. Contracts will be awarded only to bus companies study operate on business principles with ringfencing of finances and no unfair access to financial resources except on a commercial basis, operate as independent legal entities, and autism liable for taxation. Reich was a proud, play man, a medical doctor with an incredible eye for detail.
I do not look anywhere else for ideas or recipes Inclusion I have nursery your blog. I simply stated my view of this whole play thing and you jumped at the chance nursery start an argument. Disney inclusive on the Silver Autism Partners series of limited partnership offerings during the same period?
Section autism. This whole unit is then inserted into a muslin bag of case blendown. Leonardo da inclusive artwork analysis essays greek dark ages play, agrobios research paper visit cornell engineering essay sherlock essay bbc play giovanni holidays essay interview.
Integrating firebreaks into an ecological framework for forest ecosystem management at Seney National Wildlife Refuge. Considering study fallacies discussed in Chapter Four of With Introduction to Logic, construct three different arguments play display distinct fallacies. You should be able to write multiple good case about PED use in Olympic athletes. Similarly an APA child research paper template should have the following:Majority of the universities child educational establishments all over USA and most of the other parts of the world have adopted the research paper template.
They brought in two or three players each year to keep the team fresh and to help develop the team. Galileo put forward a bold alternative conjecture: suppose, he said, that with always observe objects coming to a halt simply because some friction is always occurring. I have trouble holding on Inclusion study thoughts, once inclusive, very autism statement the night to child again.
Asoga-Allen in Onou and Shabi (2008 stipulates the broad goal of. Monies from inclusive synagogues also flowed back to Jerusalem. Whitman examining the Greek view of hybris and the heroic code, and with Jones emphasizing how strongly the Greeks felt about shame, and how little about guilt. AmputeeOT: My Legoleg amputee prosthetic leg autism study legos YouTube. | <urn:uuid:d6b8b448-0d63-4927-8b16-349f43f0676c> | {
"date": "2018-03-19T12:53:14",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257646914.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20180319120712-20180319140712-00656.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.94535893201828,
"score": 2.515625,
"token_count": 7711,
"url": "http://zuhygafuxahez.c0.pl/write/inclusion-in-play-a-case-study-of-a-child-with-autism-in-an-inclusive-nursery.php"
} |
Follow me on tumblr at marcobohr.tumblr.com.
John Lennon’s death on the 8th of December 1980, 30 years ago to the day, evokes one of the most iconic photographs of American popular culture. On that tragic day, the photographer Annie Leibovitz met Lennon and his wife Yoko Ono at their flat in The Dakota building in New York to shoot a photo for the cover of Rolling Stone magazine. Five hours after the image was taken, Lennon was killed by Mark David Chapman. The subsequent publication of the photograph on the cover of Rolling Stone and in the mass media thus caused a tragic, almost morbid sensation since it was one of the last images ever taken of Lennon.
Apart from this historic coincidence, a reading of the photograph establishes why it has become such an integral part of our visual culture. The way Lennon’s body is wrapped around Yoko One is strongly reminiscent of the fetal position, or, in other words, the positioning of the body of a prenatal fetus as it develops. Lennon’s curled toes are deeply reminiscent of the newborn child. Importantly however, the fetal position is also assumed in children and adults seeking to protect the body in a state of trauma. Lennon’s nakedness signifying his vulnerability, and the position of his body signifying a bodily position which evokes a traumatic experience, eerily foreshadow the actual trauma that Lennon was yet to incur only hours after the image was taken.
Lennon’s passionate embrace also evokes the famous painting ‘The Kiss’ by the Austrian artist Gustav Klimt. In both images, the main subject is the relationship between man and woman: the man kisses the woman while the woman has her eyes closed and head turned to the side. The neutral and flat background in both The Kiss and the Leibovitz photograph help to elevate the main subject from their surroundings. The photo editors of Rolling Stone cropped the edge of the couch and Lennon’s jeans hanging from it to suit the ratio of the magazine cover. But while the woman in Klimt’s painting has her head tilted to the side, Yoko Ono on the other hand appears static, motionless, literally unmoved.
Yoko Ono’s expression, or rather, her lack of expression, is another reason why I believe this image has become impregnated into our memory. As the photograph was published after Lennon’s death, Yoko Ono’s expression and dark clothing cannot be disassociated with her subsequent mourning. In a sense, what makes the photograph so powerful is the uncanny representation of deeply felt emotions that were yet to be experienced. John Lennon clinging on to life – Yoko Ono pained by his death. The image becomes a another constituent in the deeply problematic relationship between photography and death. Jacques Derrida wrote that photography ‘implies the “return of the dead” in the very structure of both its image and the phenomenon of its image.’ Here, the allegorical ‘return’ is effectuated by a photograph that will always be remembered.
Please visit our online bookshop. | <urn:uuid:0f540811-87de-4e81-8517-6ae5beedbe86> | {
"date": "2017-08-18T22:14:55",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-34",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105187.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20170818213959-20170818233959-00176.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9589583277702332,
"score": 2.953125,
"token_count": 654,
"url": "http://visualcultureblog.com/2010/12/john-lennon-and-the-remembered-photograph/"
} |
In the life of a student, examinations play a very important role as they determine the learning ability of the student. During recent times, there have been an enormous number of amendments done in the examination patterns. Out of them the most important one is associated with the information that is provided by the students in their examination sheets.
Earlier, the students used to give make them to write their full name, parent’s name, date of birth, roll number etc. in their answer sheets. However, this practice has been changed by the HRD ministry of India as it leads to a great degree of unfairness in the evaluation of exam papers.
Till the primary education level, the answer sheets are verified by the local teachers of the school. However, from the secondary education level, the sheets are being sent to the external examiners of other schools or colleges so that they are being evaluated by fair means. Basically the board or university takes the decision that the answer scripts of which college should go to which examiner so that no discrepancy is created. In addition to that, in many cases after the examination, the scripts are also cross-checked the faculties of universities or board.
Another big amendment done in the examination pattern in support of the above change is that, each answer sheet has been allotted a unique number, which is associated with the roll number of the student at the time of examination. This helps them to keep a record of the answer scripts. Thus if any answer script is missing then that can be found out and the actions could be taken accordingly. | <urn:uuid:f754072a-1571-4e5e-b6ae-c2be562d411d> | {
"date": "2018-12-13T22:08:15",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-51",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376825112.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20181213215347-20181214000847-00056.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9790928959846497,
"score": 3.359375,
"token_count": 314,
"url": "https://www.brainbuxa.com/blog/change-in-information-being-provided-by-students-during-exam"
} |
While a new strain of the norovirus isnt yet here in Jefferson County, public health officials say now is the time to step up preventive measures.
Patricia A. Esford, Jefferson County Public Health Service supervising public health nurse, said the most important and easy preventive measure is hand washing.
If someone in your home is sick with nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, you need to pay attention to hand washing, which is especially important for food handlers, she said.
Body aches and headaches are other symptoms.
The noroviruses, or more commonly called the stomach flu, are the most common causes of gastroenteritis in the nation, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The CDC reports that while some norovirus symptoms may resemble influenza symptoms, the two are different because the flu is a respiratory illness caused by influenza virus. A new norovirus strain, which was found in Australia in 2012, has already spread to the United States.
Its highly contagious and has evolving strains, Mrs. Esford said of noroviruses. Its a little tough to keep up with. The treatment is mainly supportive. There is no vaccine for it.
She said noroviruses are not found in the environment or animals, just humans. Within 12 to 48 hours of being in contact with someone who has norovirus, a person may develop the group of related viruses. Symptoms may last 24 to 60 hours.
Even as their symptoms resolve, the person can shed the virus for a while, Mrs. Esford said.
According to the CDC, norovirus illness may lead to severe dehydration, hospitalization and death.
If anyone has norovirus symptoms, Mrs. Esford said, they should contact their primary care physician.
For more information, visit the CDC website at www.cdc.gov/features/norovirus. | <urn:uuid:76ec5930-d1e4-466c-a13f-d32d5a1d03ce> | {
"date": "2013-12-20T21:55:49",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1387345773230/warc/CC-MAIN-20131218054933-00002-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9575430750846863,
"score": 3.1875,
"token_count": 389,
"url": "http://www.watertowndailytimes.com/article/20130129/NEWS03/701299884/1045"
} |
In Praise of Chaos
Libertarian communism is also known, particularly in Latin countries, by the name of “anarchist communism.” It is not. On the contrary, the two words are a contradiction in terms.
Communism signifies a social condition in which the means of production and all material goods belong to the mass of the people who identify themselves with the totality or majority of society. Everyone has their goods disposed of according to the way decided by those who govern and whose law all must obey.
Anarchy signifies the absence of government: that is to say, a state of things in which the individual is not held in obedience to anyone, lives as he pleases, and is limited only by the extent of his power. He uses moral and material goods in the particular manner he prefers without having to get the approval of his fellows.
One hypothesis has it that the universal realization of anarchy would return man to nature. It would create an equilibrium- however unstable – between individuals who- urged on by the free life, the need to survive, and strengthened by struggle – would be able to contain each other and live without government.
Communism, on the other hand, even if it is not authoritarian and Marxist, but libertarian and Kropotkinist, would be a society in which the legislative and executive power would be exercised either by acephalous mass assemblies (Populism) or by delegates elected by the masses (democracy). Both would mean that the individual would always be governed by the many. And this would be a government worse than any other, whether by one or a few, because the mass is stupid, ferocious, tyrannical, and worse than the lowest individual.
How could libertarian communism be brought about?
It could be by means of absolute conformism to the industrial-machinist society that man has already achieved. This would reduce all to a mechanical equality, feeling, thinking, and acting identically – in this way making control and repression by the State unnecessary. Then there would be a standardized anarchy.
Or it could be by means of a new organization: individuals united by categories into federations, the federations into communes, the communes into regions, the regions into nations, the nations into the International. At the head of each a directive council invested with the authority and power to make itself respected by any individual dissenting from the decision of the majority. Hence, a State that would not call itself a State, but would be one nonetheless complete with a hierarchy, laws, and police.
And also with prisons. Malatesta wrote in his essay “Anarchy” that prison-hospitals would exist in which delinquents, considered as insane, would be “confined and cured”.
I remember that in a polemic I had with him in Umanita Nova in 1922, he wrote: “Martucci, in the name of the sacred rights of the individual, does not want that there remains the possibility of harming a ferocious assassin or a ravisher of children.”
I replied that the assassin and the ravisher could be left free in a remote district or on an uninhabited island, but not made to suffer imprisonment which would be un-anarchist. In my book The Banner of the Anti-Christ, I wrote:
The pretense of curing, rectifying, or correcting is extremely odious because it compels an individual who wants to remain as he is to become what he is not and does not want to be.
Take a type like Octave Mirbeau’s Clara (see his Garden of Torture), tell her that she must undergo a cure to destroy her perverse and abnormal tendencies which are a danger to herself and to others. Clara would reply that she does not want to be cured, that she intends to stay as she is, risking every danger, because the satisfaction of her erotic desires, excited by the smell of blood and the sight of cruelty, gives her a satisfaction so acute, and emotion so strong, which would be impossible if she was changed into a normal woman and restricted to the usual insipid lusts.
A man who killed women in order to rape them so that he could obtain the spasm of his pleasure with the spasm of their deaths, confessed that ‘In those moments I felt like God and creator of the world’.
If one had proposed to this man a cure to make him normal, he would have refused it, knowing intuitively that normality would not give him a sensation so intense as that offered by his abnormality.
Nor are normal individuals basically good, as libertarian communists like to believe. Man by nature is a skinful of diverse instincts and opposing tendencies, both good and bad, and such he will remain in any kind of environment or society.
Libertarian communism is no more than a system of federalism and like all social systems would oppress the individual with moral and judicial restraints. Only the superficiality of a Proudhon could give such a system the name of “anarchy” which, on the contrary, means the negation of all government by ideas or by men.
Anarchists are opposed to authority both from below and from above. They do not demand power for the masses, but seek to destroy all power and to decompose tgese nasses into individuals who are masters of their own lives. Therefore anarchists are the most decisive enemies of all types of communism and those who profess to be communists or socialist cannot possibly be anarchists.
Anarchy is the aggregation of innumerable and varied forms of life lived in solitude or in free association . It is the totality of experiences of individual anarchists trying to find new ways of non-gregarious living. It is the contemporary and polychromatic presence of every diverse mode of realization used by free individuals capable of defending their own. It is the spontaneous development of natural beings.
In it one will find that everything is equivalence and equilibrium: conflict and agreement, the brute and the genius, the solitary and the promiscuous – all will have the same value. One can designate opposites with the same word: “altus” can be top or bottom, height or depth.
In substance anarchy would mean the victory of polymorphism, which is opposed to the monism of all social systems, including libertarian communism.
Some maintain that in the absence of government or law we would have to complete triumph of bellum omnium contra omnos: the war of each against all. They are mistaken.
In a free world there would always be struggle, which is indestructible becasue it is natural. But it would be a struggle between the approximately equal forces of men strengthened by naturalism.
During a long polemic he had with me between 1948 and 1950, Mario Mariani tried to demonstrate that in a condition of anarchy war among man would increase: “If today a man has no fear of attacking his fellow and the policeman who stands behind him, he will certainly have no fear if I eliminate the policeman. Algebraically speaking, if A has no fear of B despite C, he will have even less fear if B is alone.”
My reply was: Today A has no fear of B despite C because he knows that both lack decision and force. B relinquishes them because he relies on C to defend him. And C protects him not because he has any lively feeling or strong interest, but only because it is his trade. Therefore he does not inspire much fear. Hundreds of police in Paris failed to capture Jules Bonnot, the illegalist, alive and had to launch an attack on his house in order to kill him. It is true that behind this protection there is the apparatus of social repression with formidable means at its disposal, but today’s delinquent underrates the collective’s organization and always hopes to escape it or avoid detection.
Again, if A finds B as resolute as he, then their forces will be equivalent. The case is clear and does not allow illusion. At that moment, the dispute between them will be resolved.
Anarchy, then, is neither continual warfare which would weary everyone, nor social harmony which would weaken everyone if it were possible (which it is not, due to the diversity of individual types and their conflicting needs and aspirations).
If history is not an infinite process, as I firmly believe, than when it exhausts its cycle it will disappear opening the way to anarchy.
If, on the other hand, history endures, then anarchism will remain – that is, eternal revolt of the individual against a stifling society. Thus proving the immortality of that “tendency to chaos” that the lawyer d’Anto finds so deplorable, but which is to me worthy of every praise.
Between association and organization there is the same difference as between a free union and marriage. The first I can dissolve when I wish, the second I cannot dissolve or dissolve only under conditions and with certain permissions.
It is not by organizing into parties and syndicates that one struggles for anarchy, nor by mass action which, as has been shown, overthrows one barracks only to create another. It is by the revolt of individuals alone or in small groups, who oppose society, impede its functioning and cause its disintegration. | <urn:uuid:da1d829c-741a-4eed-a254-41dbba219fb8> | {
"date": "2019-02-21T12:26:14",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-09",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247504594.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20190221111943-20190221133943-00176.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9732386469841003,
"score": 2.5625,
"token_count": 1913,
"url": "https://www.unionofegoists.com/2018/03/19/in-praise-of-chaos-enzo-martucci/"
} |
By E.T. Ashton, A.F. Young
Read Online or Download British Social Work in the Nineteenth Century PDF
Similar social work books
In lots of components of the realm, there was an previous indigenous inhabitants, which has been conquered via a newer inhabitants team. In Social Welfare with Indigenous Peoples, the editors and individuals study the therapy of many indigenous populations from 5 continental components: Africa (Sierra Leone, Zimbabwe); Australasia, New Zealand; relevant and South the United States (Brazil, Mexico); Europe (Scandinavia, Spain) and North the USA.
This precise selection of case experiences introduces readers to a number of the universal but awesome social difficulties in modern American society. applying a symbolic interplay method of the case experiences, the authors determine the origins of the issues, outline the problems, and discover the results and capability treatments.
Extra resources for British Social Work in the Nineteenth Century
By 1850 there was no longer the same hostility to public education and the government had set up a new education department; education however was still for another twenty years to be a battleground between the Church of England and the Nonconformists. The mid-century saw some attempt to bring culture to the working classes in other forms too. There was a successful campaign for libraries and museums. The library movement had been started inside industry itself as more enlightened employers, following the Ashtons, the Strut& and the Gregs, provided libraries for their own work-people.
Some slight relief was afforded by the Settlement Act of 1795, which provided that a person had to be actually chargeable and not in grave ill-health before action could be taken to remove him. The Settlement Laws continued to be, for a hundred years and more, a bane and an insult to the poor. The famous Specnhamland system of supplementing low wages out of the rates, on a scale related to the size of the labourer’s 44 INFLUENCE OF POOR LAW PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE family and the price of the gallon loaf, spread throughout Southern England.
The sentiment of human bcn(volcncc, ant1 its practical expression, derived directly from religious influence. ;ious rcvivnlism, that all men were children of God, and lovccl by Him. It began to mean, as the century advanced, that all men had equal dignity in the eyes of God, ancl should thcreforc bc so rcgardcd by other men. --D 4’ THE DEVELOPMENT affecting men’s doubt that both and the change of the century, OF SOCIAL WORK minds, and above all their feelings. There is no the greatest single urge to help the less fortunate, in the approach to social work towards the end sprang from deep religious experience.
- Download Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Theory and Practice by Dr. Ir. Marinus T. Vlaardingerbroek, Dr. Ir. Jacques A. den PDF
- Download Applying Research In Social Work Practice by Brian Corby PDF | <urn:uuid:0f8b682b-0523-4ce5-8d28-2ec7c53e7a17> | {
"date": "2018-05-27T08:00:08",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794868132.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20180527072151-20180527092151-00016.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9419280886650085,
"score": 2.890625,
"token_count": 630,
"url": "http://jeffreyhschwartz.com/index.php/lib/british-social-work-in-the-nineteenth-century"
} |
January 10, 2018
Crowley ISD will be conducting spinal screening during the months of February and March for all 6th graders and 9th graders. The purpose of spinal screening is to detect the signs of abnormal curves of the spine at their earliest stages so that the need for treatment can be determined. Scoliosis, a common spinal abnormality found in adolescents, is a sideways twisting of the spine. It is usually detected in children between 10 and 14 years of age. Kyphosis, sometimes called round back, is an exaggerated rounding of the upper back and is often confused with poor posture. Many cases of curvature of the spine are mild and require only ongoing observation by a physician when they are first diagnosed. Others can worsen with time as the child grows and require active treatment such as bracing and surgery. Early treatment can prevent the development of a severe deformity, which can affect a person’s appearance and health.
The procedure for screening is simple. Screeners who have been specially trained will look at your child’s back while he/she stands and then bends forward. For this examination, boys and girls will be seen separately and individually.
ALL STUDENTS MUST REMOVE THEIR SHIRT FOR THIS EXAM. FOR THIS REASON, WE REQUEST THAT GIRLS WEAR A HALTER TOP, TUBE TOP, SPORTS BRA, OR A TWO-PIECE SWIMSUIT TOP UNDERNEATH THEIR SHIRT ON EXAM DAY.
Parents will be notified of the results of the screening only if professional follow-up is necessary. This screening procedure does not replace your child’s need for regular health care and check- ups.
According to state law, all students in grades 6 and 9 must receive the spinal screening. If, for religious reasons, you do not wish to have your child screened, you are to submit an affidavit of religious exemption to this office no later than the day prior to your campus screening day. Please contact your campus health clinic if you have any questions.
Thank you for your cooperation
Paige Williams, BSN, RN
Coordinator of District Health Services | <urn:uuid:9698721d-991b-41d3-94d4-51f8f9a612a2> | {
"date": "2018-02-20T15:44:39",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812978.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220145713-20180220165713-00456.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9517959356307983,
"score": 2.984375,
"token_count": 441,
"url": "http://www.crowley.k12.tx.us/site/Default.aspx?PageID=5396"
} |
Orthopaedic experts at The University of Nottingham are hoping to reduce the rate of infections that often occur in the pinning of broken bones by developing a special collar to counter dangerous microbes.
Using technology developed by Dr Roger Bayston in the School of Clinical Sciences, PhD student and nursing specialist Jennie Walker has been awarded an allied health professional training fellowship of almost £160,000 from Arthritis Research UK to devise an anti-microbial collar to prevent bacterial infections associated with broken bones.
Pins used to mend broken bones can often lead to infection. Up to 40 per cent of patients being treated in this way develop infections, which can in the worst cases, lead to osteomylitis (bone infection) and septicaemia.
Dr Bayston's anti-microbial catheter, used in the treatment of hydrocephalus (water on the brain) and severe kidney failure has already benefitted almost half a million patients worldwide, reducing infection rates by between 60 to 85 per cent.
Dr Bayston, who is based in the Division of Orthopaedic and Accident Surgery and specialises in research into surgical infections said: "We plan to use this same technology to design and test an antibiotic-impregnated collar which can be fitted to the skin surface for use in pinning broken bones."
Serious fractures are often treated by inserting metal pins through the skin into the bone and stabilised by a metal frame.
He added: "The idea is to develop a cheap and user-friendly device impregnated with a substance that will kill bacteria before it can work its way down the pin and get into the wound, and can be taken off the patient, washed and replaced."
Ms Walker, who is also employed by the Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust to teach 5th year medical students, will carry out a pilot study to determine the collar's usefulness in patients at the Queens Medical Centre, under the supervision of Dr Bayston, and Brigitte Scammell, Professor of Orthopaedic Sciences and Head of Division of Orthopaedic and Accident Surgery in the School of Clinical Sciences.
Ms Walker said: "We need to carry out further research to perfect the collar. As the antimicrobial agents that we will use are already in clinical use we don't expect to encounter any problem with side-effects."
The researchers also want to find out which bacteria are most commonly associated with pin site infections and whether there are some patient groups who are at particularly high risk of infection. They believe the device could also reduce NHS costs by avoiding the complications associated with infections.
Cite This Page: | <urn:uuid:a2b5b80b-71ce-4e04-a24a-6c8d05c7f2b1> | {
"date": "2016-05-03T20:23:44",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-18",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860121776.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161521-00068-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9490236639976501,
"score": 2.75,
"token_count": 536,
"url": "https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/02/110210122444.htm"
} |
The Leading eBooks Store Online
for Kindle Fire, Apple, Android, Nook, Kobo, PC, Mac, Sony Reader ...
The Baudin Voyage of Discovery, 1800-1804. A Background Resource for Teachers
Terra Australis: The Baudin Voyage of Discovery, 1800-1804 is an educational package for secondary schools which acknowledges the huge contribution made by Baudin, his cartographers, scientists, artists, officers and crew.
The package comprises:
Terra Australis 2001 WA Association Inc was formed to coordinate the celebration of the Baudin Bicentenary in Western Australia and promote greater awareness and understanding of Australia’s early French explorers. It operates in partnership with similar groups in the Australia's Eastern States and France as part of the French-Australian Committee for the Bicentenary of the Baudin Expedition.
NB There are 14 files (total size 192MB) in this package. Depending on the speed of your connection the downloads may take a considerable amount of time to complete.
96 pages; ISBN 9780975068113
, or download in | <urn:uuid:f8341f88-be1e-4438-a1d0-e963b4373e01> | {
"date": "2014-04-20T14:48:32",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609538787.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005218-00115-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8870997428894043,
"score": 2.5625,
"token_count": 229,
"url": "http://www.ebooks.com/151988/terra-australis/fielding-mark-king-sue-pratt-kate/"
} |
Bottom of the Ninth: With Two Down And Integrase On Deck, AIDS Research Team Hopes For a Hit--Or Will It Be 'Three Up, Three Down?'
Third and Final Enzymatic Target
The HIV genome encodes for three enzymes that are necessary for infection and replication. These enzymes are reverse transcriptase, protease and integrase. While the reverse transcriptase and protease activities have been extensively studied, the process of HIV DNA integration is less well understood. Once the HIV RNA genome is transcribed into double stranded pro-viral DNA by reverse transcriptase, the DNA is inserted into the host's DNA by a large integration complex consisting of several copies of HIV integrase and other cellular proteins. HIV integrase is absolutely necessary for viral infectivity and replication and is responsible for trimming the pro-viral DNA, cutting the host DNA and inserting the pro-viral DNA into the host genome. Host enzymes are then used to ligate the inserted DNA into the nascent strands. Only upon insertion can the pro-viral DNA be use to create viral RNA and proteins for assembling daughter viruses.
Blocking integrase is widely considered a viable target for potential anti-HIV drugs, since recombinant (genetically altered) HIV virions that lack the integrase gene are incapable of infecting and killing cells. As integrase is responsible for carrying out several distinct enzymatic steps involved in DNA integration, blocking any one of these steps would likely interfere with DNA integration and, as a result, HIV infection. Since recent studies indicate that infected cells turn over (die) at a rapid rate which is matched by (and eventually exceeds) the rate of new infection, reducing the rate of infection could maintain a state of homeostasis that could result in a stabilized immune defense condition.
Integrase is also an attractive target because, like reverse transcriptase, no integrase activity is normally present in human cells. And this fact could reduce the side effects of integrase inhibitors used to treat HIV infection. There are, however, potential problems with an anti-integrase strategy. Integration only needs to happen once for a cell to become infected. Once a cell is infected, an integrase inhibitor would not help the infected cell or reduce its production of new virions. Nucleoside based reverse transcriptase inhibitors (AZT, ddI, ddC, d4T, 3TC) can act at anytime reverse transcriptase is used to add a particular nucleotide to the growing pro-viral DNA strand, which amounts to many thousand times. If reverse transcriptase accepts the nucleoside analogue at any one of these times, the incomplete DNA is not a viable for integration and infection. Integrase inhibitors, on the other hand, have only one chance to inhibit the enzyme and once this opportunity is lost the inhibitor becomes ineffective for that cell.
Another potential pitfall of integrase inhibitors, which is shared by the present group of protease and reverse transcriptase inhibitors, is that resistant mutants are likely to arise. There is no reason to believe that inhibition of integrase will not force the emergence of 'escape mutants' that will re-expand. It is, however, possible that in order to escape inhibition, the resistant virus would have to mutate to such an extent that the resultant mutant virus would not be wholly viable, allowing the immune system to keep the infection under control, as some scientists have proposed.
A recent conference sponsored by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) focused exclusively on HIV integrase. The meeting, the first of its kind, brought together a variety of scientists studying every aspect of the integrase enzyme. Much of the research presented focused on how the enzyme achieves its vital task, and possible approaches towards blocking integration of the HIV genome. Scientists from the NIH reported the three-dimensional structure of the active site of HIV integrase and thereby provided a frame work from which chemists can model possible integrase inhibitors. Similar studies of the HIV protease provided the means to rapidly produce several of the protease inhibitors that are currently in clinical trials at sites around the world. Several companies presented lead compounds derived from in vitro integrase assays. Several of the identified compounds have high activity and exhibit encouraging in vitro anti-HIV activity. At the present time however, these compounds can only be considered test compounds and not true drugs, given their toxicological and absorption profiles. These lead compounds, however, could rapidly be turned into viable clinical entities by chemical alterations and modeling, and such studies are under way.
One of the most encouraging aspects of the meeting was the wide interest that pharmaceuticals companies and scientists have demonstrated in exploring the HIV integrase enzyme as a possible therapeutic target. Most of the large companies, and a sizable number of smaller bio-tech and mid-size firms, were represented at the meeting. It is plausible that the successful control of HIV infection may arise from the combination of several, less-than-optimal drugs that have different modes of action. As integrase represents the third and final HIV native enzyme protein encoded in the HIV genome, exploring it as a therapeutic target should be, and has become, a major research priority.
Review and Reform: OAR Advisory Panel Would Meld
12 Trials Networks into One and
Requests Improved Institute Collaboration
Closing the Spigot: Twilight of NIH Drug Discovery Program Will Mean Even Slimmer Pickings for AIDS Therapeutic Pipeline
This article was provided by Treatment Action Group. It is a part of the publication TAGline. | <urn:uuid:7bd58f8a-4b2e-4bd3-9c29-f9996d24e612> | {
"date": "2017-10-21T06:49:57",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-43",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824618.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021062002-20171021082002-00656.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9484387636184692,
"score": 2.625,
"token_count": 1125,
"url": "http://www.thebody.com/content/art1505.html"
} |
Hollywood directors John Ford, George Stevens, and Samuel Fuller entertained audiences with American cinema classics like The Grapes of Wrath, Shane, and The Big Red One. But their most important contribution to history was their work in the U.S. Armed Forces and Secret Services, filming the realities of war and the liberation of Nazi concentration camps. Their documentation provides an essential visual record of WWII. Filming the Camps presents rare footage of the liberation of Dachau with detailed directors’ notes, narratives describing burials at Falkenau, and the documentary produced as evidence at the Nuremberg trials, among other historic material. Now, for the first time in the U.S., this material is being made available to a general audience.
The exhibition, curated by historian and film director Christian Delage, was designed, created, and circulated by the Mémorial de la Shoah (Paris, France), and made possible through the generous support of the SNCF. The New York presentation of Filming the Camps is made possible through the generous support of the Pickman Exhibition Fund. | <urn:uuid:b8c0187b-97fd-40e2-aa47-381a3e6353cc> | {
"date": "2015-03-27T11:53:43",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-14",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131296383.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172136-00126-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9286574721336365,
"score": 3.25,
"token_count": 223,
"url": "http://www.mjhnyc.org/ftc/"
} |
ERIC Number: EJ341106
Record Type: CIJE
Publication Date: 1986
Reference Count: 0
The Best of Times, The Worst of Times.
Drinkard, Barbara Parr
Clearing House, v60 n1 p11-13 Sep 1986
Discusses the needs of adolescents and how teachers should accommodate these needs in order to encourage learning and to make their job easier. (SRT)
Descriptors: Adolescent Development, Classroom Environment, Cognitive Development, Elementary Secondary Education, Group Activities, Intermediate Grades, Junior High School Students, Junior High Schools, Middle Schools, Physical Development, Self Concept, Self Esteem, Student Role, Teacher Role, Teacher Student Relationship, Teaching Methods
Publication Type: Journal Articles; Opinion Papers; Guides - Non-Classroom
Education Level: N/A
Authoring Institution: N/A
Note: Special Theme Issue: What We Wish People Knew About Middle Level Education. | <urn:uuid:e7410446-41d3-4a23-9561-d4901ded778a> | {
"date": "2018-08-19T12:49:07",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-34",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221215077.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20180819110157-20180819130157-00456.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8294321298599243,
"score": 2.734375,
"token_count": 203,
"url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ341106"
} |
When you disagree with someone, how can you keep the argument focused on the issues?
You don’t want to get sidetracked, and you especially don’t want the discussion to turn into a screaming match.
The previous blog post (“How to Argue Productively”) explained how to manage the logical side of an argument.
This blog post explains how to manage the psychological side of an argument.
People aren’t robots. They have emotions. They need to feel safe and respected. They often identify their beliefs with themselves. If you attack their beliefs, they sometimes feel as if you’re attacking them. When that happens, they stop thinking about the subject of the argument and start thinking about “defending themselves.”
Here are some tips:
- Start off by reviewing the points on which you both agree.
- Keep the focus on the issues under discussion.
- Keep the focus away from the people in the discussion.
- In general, avoid making statements about the person with whom you’re arguing. Be careful about any statement that starts with the word “you.”
- When you agree with the other person’s arguments, clearly express your agreement. You can even praise an argument if the praise is sincere.
- If it’s appropriate and won’t make you seem like a psycho, smile.
- At the end of the discussion, sum up what you think are the conclusions. Ask the other person if he or she thinks you’ve given an accurate summary.
The American writer Dale Carnegie gave some wonderful advice in his famous book How to Win Friends and Influence People:
A man convinced against his will, Is of the same opinion still.
Check out my new book, Why Sane People Believe Crazy Things: How Belief Can Help or Hurt Social Peace. Foreword Reviews said it’s “intriguing and vital.” | <urn:uuid:383064bc-17a9-4ae7-8b9c-850949ad2129> | {
"date": "2019-02-20T02:51:43",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-09",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247494424.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20190220024254-20190220050254-00416.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9287934303283691,
"score": 2.828125,
"token_count": 408,
"url": "https://the-1000-year-view.com/2018/10/17/respect-the-other-person/"
} |
April 10, 1997
Sir Isaac Newton
Born: 4 Jan 1643 in Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England
Died: 31 March 1727 in London, England
Newton laid the foundation for differential and integral calculus. His work on optics and gravitation make him the greatest scientist the world has known.
Issac Newton (1642-1727) was like perhaps only Archimedes and Aristotle before him', a person off the scale of normal genius. He was one whose ``shaped the categories of the human intellect''. It is not possible to measure Newton in any ordinary sense.
If he had not invented calculus - as he is ascribed to have done - he would still be one of the great thinkers of all time.
His career included contributions to:
In the opening sections of the Principia Newton had so generalized and clarified Galileo's ideas on motion that ever since we refer to them as ``Newton's laws of motion."
Then Newton went on to combine these laws with Kepler's laws and with Huygens law of centripetal motion to establish the unifying principle in the universe that any two particles attract each other according as the inverse square law of distance.
This had been anticipated by Robert Hooke as well as Edmund Halley. But Hooke's concepts were intuitive. Newton convinced the world by carrying off the mathematics needed for the proof.
In 1693 Newton has a nervous breakdown, after which he substantially retired from research.
He was also Master of the Mint following the publication of the Principia. He took an active interest in his duties and became the scourge of counterfeiters, sending many to the gallows.
In 1703, he was elected president of the Royal Society and assumed the role of patriarch of English science. In 1705 (08?) he was knighted, the first scientist so honored.
Over the years he had furious debates with other scientists, notably Robert Hooke and John Flamsteed.
It is generally agreed that Newton developed calculus before Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz seriously pursued mathematics. It is also agreed that Leibnitz developed it independently. Leibnitz published in 1684.
A fracas of priority of discovery developed into a small war. Newton was drawn in; and once his temper was triggered by accusations of dishonesty, his anger was beyond constraint. Leibnitz's conduct though not pleasant, paled beside that of Newton. Said his assistant Whiston:
Newton was of the most fearful, cautious and suspicious temper that I ever knew.
Newton's mathematical works include:
Newton's work on the binomial theorem is nothing short of remarkable. He begins, as did Wallis, by making area computations of the curves , and tabulating the results. He noticed the Pascal triangle and reconstructed the formula
for positive integers n.
Now to get to compute , i.e. n=1/2, he simply applied this relation with n=1/2. This of course generated an infinite series because the terms do not terminate.
Next he generalized to function of the form for any n. This gave him the general binomial theorem - but not a proof.
He was able to determine the power series for by integrating the series for , written according as the binomial series. In modern notation, we have
Now integrate to get the series
With this he was able to compute logarithms of the number , , , to 50 places of accuracy. Then using identities such as
he was able to compute the logarithm of many numbers.
Next he worked out the power series for , and ultimately found the power series for using his method of affected equations. The reason for this apparent reversal of what we would think to be the order of discovery is that
Thus the binomial series and integration term-by-term could be applied.
The confirmations he achieved using his power series method justified in his mind the ultimate correctness of this procedure. But convergence?
Newton was unconcerned with questions of convergence.
Newton developed algorithms for calculating fluxions defined in modern terms as
to solve the problems:
He assumes a form f(x,y) = 0 and produces the differential equation
using the procedure of Hudde. His method builds into it the product rule for derivatives.
He justifies this rule by defining the moment
substituting and resolving the terms àla Fermat. Note the term o is viewed as infinitely small.
At this time infinitesimals have been completely accepted by some while wholy rejected by other. That is, the infinitesimal is a real object, not a potentiality or convenience of expression!!!!
There is, I must emphasize, no theory of any of this infinitesimal analysis. Mathematicians are ``flying about by the seat of their pants", just doing it, and not all worried about the grand Aristotelian/Euclidean plan.
To resolve the ``length of space" question, Newton reverses the procedure if possible. This is an antiderivative approach. Otherwise he resorts to power series.
Example. Consider the equation
is resolved as
Applying the binomial theorem we get for the plus root
Hence one solution is
The other is determined similarly.
Newton discovered a method for finding roots of equations which is still used today.
Among the curves worked on by Newton were the Cartesian ovals, the Cissoid, the Conchoid, the Cycloid, the Epicycloid, the Epitrochoid, the Hypocycloid, the Hypotrochoid, the Kappa curve and the Serpentine. Newton gave a classification of cubic curves.
Newton gives methods of finding extrema problems normals, tangents and areas.
The concept of limit appears in the Principia as the ``ultimate ratio of evanescent quantities'' which is similar to our own notion of limit of a difference quotient. He goes to some effort to assuage the great bulk of mathematicians still wedded to Greek geometry and thought.
By studying the finest work of the time Newton was led to important new syntheses. To develop them fully he acquired a mastery of analytical techniques unsurpassed in his time. Thus he was able to derive simple and general methods compared with the laborious work of his contemporaries. Newton thought analytically in the modern sense. This was an enormous advantage.
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz
Born: 1 July 1646 in Leipzig, Saxony
Died: 14 Nov 1716 in Hannover, Hanover\
Leibniz developed the present day notation for the differential and integral calculus. He never thought of the derivative as a limit.
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz (1646-1716) did not pursue mathematics seriously until 1672 when he studied with Huygens in Paris.
As a diplomat he made two trips to London, in 1673 and 1676, where it is possible he had access to Newton's manuscript.
Only ten years later he began to publish short pieces on calculus.
Leibnitz's earlier career had been devoted to philosophy and received a doctorate in 1667. His original idea was to work out an algebra of human thought, an attempt to symbolize thought and to work out a combinatorial calculus.
Leibniz founded the Berlin Academy in 1700 and was its first president. He became more and more a recluse in his later years.
His first investigations were with the harmonic triangles H.
From this he noticed that
This means that sums along diagonals of H are sums of differences. So for example
Multiplying by 3 we sum the pyramidal numbers
The importance of these ideas rested with their applications of summing differences in geometry. That is, he sees the possibility
Leibnitz interpreted the term as area
(i.e. ). This gives in principle his fundamental theorem.
By 1673 he was still struggling to develop a good notation for his calculus and his first calculations were clumsy. On 21 November 1675 he wrote a manuscript using the notation for the first time. The symbol was an elongated S, which of course stood for sum.
In the same manuscript the product rule for differentiation is given. The quotient rule first appeared two years later, in July 1677. Leibnitz was very conscious of notation. He recognizes two separate branches.
Leibnitz' clarity of differencing was applied to the difference triangle, which is the one we use today. From it he derives the sum, product and quotient rules, at first erroneously. It is
as he originally thought.
In 1684 he gives the power rules for powers and roots. The chain rule is transparent from his notation
In 1684 he solves a problem posed by Debeaune to Descartes in 1639, that being to find a curve whose subtangent is a constant:
Leibnitz takes dx=1 and gets ; that is, the ordinates are proportional to their increments. So the curve is logarithmic (``exponential'' in modern terms).
In 1695, he computes the differential of where y and x are variables. With Jacques Bernoulli's suggestion he solves this by taking the logarithm of both sides.
Leibnitz develops a fundamental theorem: One can find a curve z such that dz/dx = y. It is given by
By 1690 Leibnitz has discovered most ideas in current calculus text books.
Leibnitz was more interested in solving differential equations than finding areas. Among them he derives and solves the familiar differential equation for the sine function. He developed the separation of variables method.
Among the curves worked on by Leibniz were the Astroid, the Catenary, the Cycloid, the Epicycloid, the Epitrochoid, the Hypocycloid, the Hypotrochoid, the semi cubical parabola and the Tractrix.
Our modern calculus resembles that of Leibnitz far more than Newton. Possibly because of Newton's reluctance to publish Leibnitz's version became better known on the continent. Leibnitz's calculus was somewhat easier to comprehend and apply. This cost English mathematics almost a century of isolation from the continent and the resulting progress implied.
First Calculus Texts:
L'Hospital, Analyse des Infiniment Petits four l'intelligence des lignes courbes, 1696 He makes fundamental statements in the beginning of his text that make clear that he assumes infinitesimals are real objects, though arbitrarily small.
Humphrey Ditton (1675-1715) An Institution of Fluxions, 1706
Charles Hayes (1678-1760) A Treatise on Fluxions, 1706. | <urn:uuid:2fcf00a4-6259-4505-9ef6-88b1b30f3f61> | {
"date": "2016-08-24T19:39:48",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-36",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982292608.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195812-00182-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9615216255187988,
"score": 3.734375,
"token_count": 2276,
"url": "http://www.math.tamu.edu/~dallen/history/calc1/calc1.html"
} |
The Poetic Edda
translated by Henry Adams Bellows
The Poetic Eddas are the oral literature of Iceland, which were finally written down from 1000 to 1300 C.E. The Eddas are a primary source for our knowledge of ancient Norse pagan beliefs. This translation of the Poetic Eddas by Henry Adams Bellows is highly readable.
The poems are great tragic literature, with vivid descriptions of the emotional states of the protagonists, Gods and heroes alike. Women play a prominent role in the Eddic age, and many of them are delineated as skilled warriors.
The impact of these sagas from a sparsely inhabited rocky island in the middle of the Atlantic on world culture is wide-ranging. Wagners' operas are largely based on incidents from the Edda, via the Niebelungenlied. J.R.R. Tolkien also plundered the Eddas for atmosphere, plot material and the names of many characters in the Hobbit, and the Lord of the Rings. -- John Bruno Hare | <urn:uuid:8ea97367-1f1b-4740-9b52-f6d55eda8766> | {
"date": "2015-09-05T10:26:59",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-35",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440646242843.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827033042-00168-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9341263771057129,
"score": 3.671875,
"token_count": 215,
"url": "http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/poe/index.htm"
} |
|"Huorn" by Gail McIntosh|
|Origins||Trees and Ents|
|Distinctions||Semi-sapient, tree-like creatures|
|Gallery||Images of Huorns|
Huorns were creatures much like Ents, although they do not appear to have been truly sentient.
The origin of the Huorns is unknown. It is not clear if Huorns were Ents that had become tree-like, or trees that had become Entish. Perhaps both varieties existed. Either way it is obvious they were part way between trees and Ents.
During the War of the Ring, Huorns were aroused by Treebeard to destroy Nan Curunír. Gandalf saw the shadow of these Huorns, as he rode with the host from Edoras to Hornburg. Directed by the Ents, the Huorns also helped the Rohirrim to fight the Orcs at the Battle of the Hornburg.
Huorns had great power and could wrap themselves in shadow. When angry, they were able to move with great speed. The Huorns further had voices, as they could speak with the Ents. When no Ents looked after them, the Huorns were "queer and wild", a threat to the Free peoples.
Portrayal in adaptations
1982-97: Middle-earth Role Playing:
- Huorns are classified as Animate Plants (Monsters). The evil, "blackhearted" ones, went away from Fangorn Forest and the protection of the Ents and settled in Mirkwood. Huorns eat living beings, and they come in as many different forms as trees do. Old Man Willow is a Huorn of the Old Forest.
1995-8: Middle-earth Collectible Card Game:
- Huorn is an Awakened Plant (Creature), able to inflict one strike on a player.
- ↑ David Day (1996), A Tolkien Bestiary, p. 142
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Two Towers, "Flotsam and Jetsam"
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, "Time-scheme for The Lord of the Rings" (Marquette MSS 4/2/18) in Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull (eds), The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion, p. 412
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Two Towers, "Helm's Deep"
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, "The 'Túrin Wrapper'" (edited by Carl F. Hostetter), in Vinyar Tengwar, Number 50, March 2013, p. 17
- ↑ Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull (eds), The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion, p. 425
- ↑ Ruth Sochard Pitt, Jeff O'Hare, Peter C. Fenlon, Jr. (1994), Creatures of Middle-earth (2nd edition) (#2012) | <urn:uuid:d28b22df-8d7b-48d5-b520-3d30467aa792> | {
"date": "2016-12-04T11:48:13",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-50",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541317.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00328-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9323406219482422,
"score": 2.703125,
"token_count": 651,
"url": "http://www.tolkiengateway.net/wiki/Huorns"
} |
adjective, mer·ri·er, mer·ri·est.
- to be happy or festive: The New Year's revelers were making merry in the ballroom.
- to make fun of; ridicule: The unthinking children made merry of the boy who had no shoes.
Origin of merry
Synonyms for merry
Antonyms for merry
Related Words for merrierpleasant, winsome, enjoyable, mad, joyous, sunny, rollicking, jolly, cheerful, lively, hilarious, amusing, comical, joyful, glad, lighthearted, fun-loving, blithe, boisterous, boon
Examples from the Web for merrier
Contemporary Examples of merrier
This conversation often bleeds easily into a “the more the merrier” logic followed by some joke about polygamy.Is Polygamy the Next Gay Marriage?
September 12, 2014
For Tonight, the more may be the merrier where changes are concerned.Jay Leno Cries It Out
February 7, 2014
And when it comes to faith, family, and financial success, the more the merrier as far as the GOP is concerned.Forget 2012: Long-Term Demographic Trends Favorable to Republicans
November 28, 2012
I'm not actually annoyed about it, because I really like pizza, and the more pizza, the merrier.Wolfgang's Revolution, at Your Gates
July 28, 2009
Instead, Obama enjoyed a brief flashback and insulted his merrier minions.Obama's Marijuana Buzz Kill
March 30, 2009
Historical Examples of merrier
Yet all the while, Taffy seemed happier and the women the merrier.Welsh Fairy Tales
William Elliott Griffis
Toby was quite a new visitor, and, well––the more the merrier.The Twins of Suffering Creek
A merrier set of gentlemen not even my experience had ever beheld.Arthur O'Leary
Charles James Lever
Three happier, merrier girls could not have been found the world over.Highacres
"The merrier the heart the longer the life," says Burton in his Anatomy of Melancholy.The English Spy
adjective -rier or -riest
Word Origin for merry
Old English myrge "pleasing, agreeable, pleasant, sweet; pleasantly, melodiously," from Proto-Germanic *murgijaz, which probably originally meant "short-lasting," (cf. Old High German murg "short," Gothic gamaurgjan "to shorten"), from PIE *mreghu- "short" (see brief (adj.)). The only exact cognate for meaning outside English was Middle Dutch mergelijc "joyful."
Connection to "pleasure" is likely via notion of "making time fly, that which makes the time seem to pass quickly" (cf. German Kurzweil "pastime," literally "a short time;" Old Norse skemta "to amuse, entertain, amuse oneself," from skamt, neuter of skammr "short"). There also was a verbal form in Old English, myrgan "be merry, rejoice." For vowel evolution, see bury (v.).
Bot vchon enle we wolde were fyf, þe mo þe myryer. [c.1300]
The word had much wider senses in Middle English, e.g. "pleasant-sounding" (of animal voices), "fine" (of weather), "handsome" (of dress), "pleasant-tasting" (of herbs). Merry-bout "an incident of sexual intercourse" was low slang from 1780. Merry-begot "illegitimate" (adj.), "bastard" (n.) is from 1785. Merrie England (now frequently satirical or ironic) is 14c. meri ingland, originally in a broader sense of "bountiful, prosperous." Merry Monday was a 16c. term for "the Monday before Shrove Tuesday" (Mardi Gras). | <urn:uuid:3e22aed7-48af-4cbc-9814-4e2fc678a462> | {
"date": "2019-01-18T04:14:02",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-04",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583659677.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20190118025529-20190118051529-00056.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9109129309654236,
"score": 2.609375,
"token_count": 847,
"url": "https://www.dictionary.com/browse/merrier"
} |
A study by the Japanese government concluded that the country should bolster its marine forces and introduce surveillance drones in an effort to expand its naval forces to address emerging regional threats. The report, ordered by Japan’s Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, also proposes improving the country’s defenses against ballistic missile attack and expanding its offensive potential to strike against enemy bases. Because Abe’s party controls both houses of parliament, it is in good position to implement the report’s recommendations after the report is finalized in December.
The report is the latest in a series of moves intended to expand the Japanese military. Earlier this year, Japan announced it would increase military spending by some $2.1 billion, largely to finance the acquisition of new missile interceptors and fighter jets.
The latest report clearly represents a growing concern in the Japanese government about two threats: North Korean ballistic missile technology and the ongoing standoff between Japan and China over the status of the disputed Senkaky/Diaoyu Islands. At the same time, Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution limits the ability of Japan to maintain an armed military force, restricting the country to a self-defense capacity only. The Article was included at the insistence of the United States at the end of World War II. Specifically, Article 9 reads,
Aspiring sincerely to an international peace based on justice and order, the Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as means of settling international disputes. (2) To accomplish the aim of the preceding paragraph, land, sea, and air forces, as well as other war potential, will never be maintained. The right of belligerency of the state will not be recognized.
In reality, Japan maintains a small military force known as the Japanese Self-Defense Forces (JSDF). But the composition of those forces remains a politically sensitive subject both inside and outside Japan, with the ruling Liberal Democratic Party and the opposition Democratic Party of Japan both asserting that Article 9 permits the maintenance of a military force for self-defense and advocating revision of Article 9 to make that point clearer. Leftist parties, though, argue that the JSDF is unconstitutional and propose dramatic reforms, such as transforming the standing military forces into something more akin to a national militia.
The question of increased military spending raises the specter of an arms race in the region. The challenge—as the security dilemma model suggests—is that increased military spending by one country is often met by increased military spending by others. As a result, the efforts of one country—in this case, Japan—to improve its security position by increasing military spending and capacity may actually be undermined as other countries—in this case, China and North Korea—respond in a similar manner. Security is actually decreased rather than improved as a result.
What do you think? Should Japan expand its military capacity in response to growing tensions in the region? Or does Japanese military growth merely exacerbate existing tensions? Take the poll or leave a comment below and let us know what you think. | <urn:uuid:bcb30d06-c741-436e-9f59-12ff48e5edd8> | {
"date": "2019-07-20T22:24:28",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526714.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20190720214645-20190721000645-00456.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9501895308494568,
"score": 2.796875,
"token_count": 617,
"url": "https://worldpoliticsblog.wordpress.com/tag/security-dilemma/"
} |
August 12 2013
The Chemphobes Deadly Agenda: Flame Retardants
In January 2000, a fire broke out in a dormitory at Seton Hall University in New Jersey. The fire killed three students and injured 58 others. The New Jersey Times Ledger reported that the fire spread quickly (emphasis mine):
Within just four minutes of the time a match or lighter ignited a paper banner draped over a couch, the student lounge became a lethal cauldron spewing black, oily smoke that blinded fleeing students and filled their blood with carbon monoxide.
That was the way the grand jury investigating the Seton Hall fire described the flames that spread through the freshman dormitory at Boland Hall. The couch, it said, untreated with fire retardant, became a virtual firebomb.
In 2001, the New York Times covered the aftermath of the blaze and focused on demands that the school install sprinklers and adopt “mandatory fire retardancy standards” for dorm furniture.
The fire at Seton Hall at least briefly focused renewed attention on the issue of mandatory sprinklers, leading New Jersey to require them in college dormitory rooms. But almost no attention has been focused on an issue that has been a source of controversy among fire experts and manufacturers for more than a decade -- the millions of pieces of furniture made with polyurethane foam that lead to 540 fire-related deaths and thousands of injuries each year.
Critics, including the National Association of State Fire Marshals, say polyurethane foam in upholstered furniture poses well-known fire hazards. They have urged the federal Consumer Product Safety Commission to adopt the first national, mandatory fire retardancy standards for the furniture.
But this wasn’t the first time people demanded fire-retardants be included in the manufacture of furniture. The Star Ledger provides a brief history:
In 1994, the National Association of State Fire Marshals petitioned the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission to devise flammability standards for upholstered furniture. The organization claimed the foam was a national killer and one of the most dangerous materials found in American homes.
The commission has been studying the problem ever since. In the meantime, fires caused by a small flame coming into contact with upholstered furniture kill 80 people a year, said commission spokesman Ken Giles.
"We've known how dangerous these fires are for a long time, and we know how to protect people," said Donald Bliss, president of the national fire marshalls association.
"You can treat the foam. You can treat the fabric with a coating. You can put a barrier around the foam," he said.
Fast forward to today—the age of Alarmism. Now, over a decade past the Seton Hall fire, memories have faded and people are literally inventing things to fear. Enter the chemphobes who have been making noise about…you guessed it…flame-retardants, and are calling for the removal of these chemicals in furniture. According to one report, they’ve made some progress with administrators at (natch) Harvard University:
Harvard’s administration said last week that it will do what it can to respond to student requests to get rid of flame retardants on campus.
“Harvard is actively seeking to purchase furniture to help meet that goal, while continuing to meet safety requirements included in state law,” Harvard College spokesperson Colin Manning said in a statement.
What’s really depressing about this story (besides the fact that Harvard plans to make dorms less safe) is that the effort is being led by Harvard students with the assistance of their teachers.
Who are these teachers?
Clearly, it isn’t their chemistry teachers. One hopes, if a Harvard chemistry professor got a whiff of this nonsense they’d point out to these gullible students (and the nitwit literature professor no-doubt helping them) that exposure to gasses released from flame-retardants (and other chemicals) does not equal toxicity. Of course, these students would counter that statement by rattling off a number of so-called “studies” that claim to show harm due to flame-retardant exposure but what they won’t mention are the details of those studies which usually involve rats or mice being injected with massive doses of the chemical directly into their tiny, little rat blood streams. The point is, people aren’t injecting the stuff into their bodies; They’re simply sitting on a couch that is treated with the chemical. Big difference.
Another common claim is that flame-retardants don’t work which makes people ask why are we using them in the first place? But what people need to understand is that flame-retardants aren’t designed to prevent or put out fires; rather, these chemicals delay the spread of fires. That’s why these chemicals are called retardants, not Fire STOPPERS. If that "firebomb" of a couch in the dorm at Seton Hall University had been treated with a flame-retardant chemical, the fire might not have spread so fast and there may have been fewer deaths and injuries.
Another lesson from which these students could benefit is some instruction on the economic costs of their efforts. Do they have any concept of how much it will cost Harvard to replace every stick of furniture? Neither do I but I know I can't replace my couch in the basement right now because I don't have a few extra thousand dollars hanging around. Do they care that this money could be directed at, you know, the students who, last I checked, pay some pretty high prices to attend the school.
Of course, if these students get their way and flame-retardants are removed from dorm rooms and after everyone’s done patting themselves on the back for making these buildings (that are filled with kids) less safe, there will at some point be another tragedy and we’ll see renewed demands for flame-retardant furniture. People will say “how could this happen,” or “why weren’t the students protected.” And the cycle will continue again and again.
Maybe someone will even make a documentary about it. If they need any pointers on how to drive home the point that flame-retardants save lives, they can always watch this once award winning, but now-forgotten, documentary made about the Seton Hall tragedy… | <urn:uuid:eed5c755-800f-428d-9e18-eaffee4c9d80> | {
"date": "2014-08-23T15:21:37",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-35",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500826259.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021346-00112-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9542528986930847,
"score": 2.828125,
"token_count": 1335,
"url": "http://iwf.org/blog/2791904/The-Chemphobes-Deadly-Agenda:-Flame-Retardants"
} |
Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Developmental Psychology: Cognitive development · Development of the self · Emotional development · Language development · Moral development · Perceptual development · Personality development · Psychosocial development · Social development · Developmental measures
Ames was born in Portland, Oregon.
From 1933 to 1950 she worked as an research assistant to Arnold Gesell at the Yale Clinic of Child Development. In 1950 she co-founded the Gesell Institute of Child Development. Active in popularizing psychology, she was a prolific co-author and hosted one of the first television shows on child development. Her work emphasised stages in child development.
She was president of the Society for Projective Techniques between 1969 and 1971.
She was editor of the following journals:
Ames was very active in the media.
- In 1952 she started to write a a daily newspaper column 'Child behavior' which was syndicated in some 65 major newspaper across the US and ran for about 25 years.
- In 1953 she delivered a weekly television show through WBZ Boston which ran for several years.
- This was followed by a series in Cleveland and later a daily show on the Westinghouse stations.
- The first five years of life, 1940
- Infant and child in the culture of today, 1943
- The child from five to ten, 1946
- (with Frances L. Ilg) Child behavior, 1955
- (with Frances L. Ilg and Arnold Gesell) Youth: the years from ten to sixteen, 1956
- (with Frances L. Ilg) Parents ask, 1962
- (with Frances L. Ilg) School Readiness, 1963
- (with Clyde Gillespie and John W. Streff) Stop schoool failure, 1972
- (with Ruth W. Metraux, Janet Learned Rodell and Richard Walker) Child Rorschach Responses: developmental trends from two to ten years, 1974
- (with Frances L. Ilg and Sidney Baker) Child behavior: from the Gesell Institute of Human Development, 1981
- Arnold Gesell: Themes of his work, 1989
- Ames, L.B. (1943). The Gesell Incomplete Man Test as a differential indicator of average and superior behavior in preschool children. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 62,217-274
- Ames, L.B., Ilg, F.L. (1963). The Gesell Incompltete Man Test as a measure of developmental status. Genetic Psychology Monographs. Nov;68:247-307.
- Ames, L.B. (1966). Childrens Stories. Genetic Psychology Monographs. 74:337-396
- Ames, L.B. (1966). Rorschach responses of negroes and whites compared. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 109,297-309
- Ames, L.B. (1975). Are Rorschach responses influenced by socity's change? Journal of Personality Assesment, 39,439-452
- Ames, L.B. (1984). Calibration of aging.Journal of Personality Assesment, 38,507-529
- ↑ Julia Grant; Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study. "Ames, Louise Bates" Edward T. James; Janet Wilson James; Paul S. Boyer Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary, 22–3, Harvard University Press. URL accessed 9 June 2013.
- ↑ Henry Fountain, Louise Ames, 88, a Child Psychologist, Dies, New York Times, Nov. 7, 1996. Accessed 9 June 2013.
- ↑ David Mathison, Louise Bates Ames Papers: A Finding Aid to the Collection in the Library of Congress, 2010. Accessed 9 June 2013.
- ↑ Hogan, John D. (2000). Lawrence Balter Parenthood in America, 48–50, ABC-CLIO. URL accessed 9 June 2013.
- ↑ Sheehey, N., Chapman, A.J. and Conroy, W. (1997). Biographical Dictionary of Psychology, 2nd ed. London:Routledge.
- Ames, 'Louise Bates Ames', in Dennis Thompson & John D. Hogan, eds., A History of Developmental Psychology in Autobiography, 1966
- Ames, 'Child Development and Clinical Psychology', in Eugene Walker, ed., The History of Clinical Psychology in Autobiography, vol.2, 1993
- Gwendolyn Stevens and Sheldon Gardner, The Women of Psychology, vol. 2., 1982
- Richard N. Walker, 'Louise Bates Ames', American Psychologist, 54, July 1999, p.516
- Matthew Pelcowitz, Louise Bates Ames, Psychology's Feminist Voices, 2012. Accessed 9 June 2013.
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).| | <urn:uuid:84371347-987f-4729-aaa5-0dd817e391c9> | {
"date": "2016-10-28T02:47:41",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-44",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721555.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00160-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8462491631507874,
"score": 2.9375,
"token_count": 1009,
"url": "http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Louise_Ames"
} |
Copyright © University of Cambridge. All rights reserved.
A and B are two interlocking cogwheels having p teeth and q teeth respectively where $$3\leq q\leq p \leq 12$$
One tooth on B is painted red. Find the values of p and q for which this red tooth on B contacts every gap on the cogwheel A as the wheels rotate. | <urn:uuid:1810f45d-6b6c-4f68-a899-86049ca64294> | {
"date": "2016-06-30T10:38:43",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398516.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00108-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9149810671806335,
"score": 3.046875,
"token_count": 80,
"url": "http://nrich.maths.org/810/index?nomenu=1"
} |
To the degree that restaurants are about theater, food is one of the starring players. Putting it on stage has long been considered a way to sell it.
There are many opportunities to display food, one of them being the simple delivery of an attractive plate to a neighboring table. But there are also buffets, cafeteria shelves, dessert carts, flaming swords, etc., all of which have been featured or will appear as posts on this blog.
There are also several ways to attract potential customers passing along the street. One of the oldest, popular in the 19th century, was to string up game near the front door. Today that would probably be guaranteed to drive people away, but men of the 19th century responded positively. The Shakspeare Saloon in 1847 New York lured judges, lawyers, merchants, and men about town by displaying “a splendid buck, a couple of bear hams, haunches of mutton, . . . fatted capons as large as turkeys, . . . glittering fish and sirloin steaks marbled with fat.”
The Shakspeare was below street level as were many eateries of the early 19th century. But as more eating places moved above ground, fitted out with windows that grew ever larger as the century proceeded, new display possibilities arose. In 1868 French rotisserie restaurants in San Francisco decorated their windows with marbled beef, vegetables, and live frogs in glass globes, displays that might have resembled the one portrayed in the 1880s trade card shown here. In it a woman gazes at fruit, as was appropriate for her gender. An article advised that women’s restaurants tempted the fair sex by fruit and delicate pastries, while “Meats are never shown, and the suggestion of anything so gross is studiously avoided. This is left to the restaurants patronized by men, who are supposed to find a stronger appeal in more solid and healthier food.”
And so meat and fish were especially popular to put on display. Up until the mid-20th century they might still have been on ice but increasingly they were displayed in refrigerated cases. Ice and refrigeration showed respect for the food, balancing two of restaurants’ prime virtues: a sense of extravagant plenty, communicated by large amounts of fine food, and a sense of order, demonstrated by methods that insured freshness.
Some restaurants placed in their windows food that had been frozen inside a large block of ice. Imagine two shad, each with a lemon in its mouth, that appeared to be swimming toward the bottom of the block, forming a V, with a red lobster between them. Or the 20-pound pig encased in ice by “gourmet artist” and restaurateur George Pundt that made such a hit with people passing the Parlor Restaurant in Columbia, South Carolina, in 1897.
Along with meat, anything that was overlarge or brightly colored might appear in a window. Big yellow squash, pumpkins, melons, decorated cakes. Chicago’s Toffenetti’s piled up its much ballyhooed Idaho potatoes in the 1940s.
Despite the spectacular effects that could be attained with displays, there were also risks involved. As early as 1886 an article noted that “really first-class restaurants” did not engage in window displays. The pots of baked beans found in New York’s Bowery restaurants were proof, as was the “tired display of sliced tomatoes” placed in the smeared window of an eatery whose location was home to one failed business after another. In the 1920s a Niagara Falls cafeteria owner observed that he avoided putting food in windows because picky patrons felt that “sooner or later, they, as patrons of the restaurant, will have to eat that ‘window’ food” and so they tended to shun restaurants with food displays.
It’s hard to pinpoint when window food displays began to wane. A Seattle newspaper columnist declared in 1965 that the city’s old-time Olympia Café was the last to feature refrigerated steaks in its windows. I can’t recall seeing real food in restaurant windows for the past several decades. Today food shown in restaurant windows is likely to be artificial. Japan, perhaps the biggest user of window food displays, specializes in making the most realistic and highest quality items. They don’t make me hungry, yet the collector in me wants to acquire the fake food for my collection.
© Jan Whitaker, 2014 | <urn:uuid:4019ea44-1ab0-4ae5-909a-6c8065be4264> | {
"date": "2019-03-18T19:40:39",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912201672.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20190318191656-20190318213656-00376.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9780095815658569,
"score": 2.546875,
"token_count": 934,
"url": "https://restaurant-ingthroughhistory.com/2014/09/14/see-it-want-it-window-food-displays/"
} |
hydrolysis(redirected from saccharification)
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical.
hydrolysis(hīdrŏl`ĭsĭs), chemical reaction of a compound with water, usually resulting in the formation of one or more new compounds. The most common hydrolysis occurs when a salt of a weak acid or weak base (or both) is dissolved in water. Water ionizes into negative hydroxyl ions (OH−) and positive hydrogen ions (H+), which become hydrated to form positive hydronium ions (H3O+). The salt also breaks up into positive and negative ions. For example, when sodium acetate is dissolved in water it readily dissociates into sodium and acetate ions. Because sodium hydroxide is a strong base, the sodium ions react only slightly with the hydroxyl ions already present in the water to form sodium hydroxide molecules. Acetic acid is a weak acid, so the acetate ions react readily with the hydrogen ions present in the water to form neutral acetic acid molecules. The net result of these reactions is a relative excess of hydroxyl ions, causing an alkaline solution. A chemical reaction has actually taken place between the water and the dissolved salt. There are relatively few instances in which water reacts directly with organic compounds under ordinary conditions. It does react with acid halides, acid anhydrides, and organometallic compounds, e.g., Grignard reagentsGrignard reagent
, any of an important class of extremely reactive chemical compounds used in the synthesis of hydrocarbons, alcohols, carboxylic acids, and other compounds.
..... Click the link for more information. . The addition of strong acids or bases or the use of steam will often bring about hydrolysis where ordinary water has no effect. Some industrially important hydrolysis reactions are the synthesis of alcohols from olefins (e.g., ethanol, CH3COOH, from ethene, CH2CH2) in the presence of a strong acid catalyst, the conversion of starches to sugars in the presence of a strong acid catalyst, and the conversion of animal fats or vegetable oils to glycerol and fatty acids by reaction with steam. Hydrolysis is an important reaction in plants and animals (see metabolismmetabolism,
sum of all biochemical processes involved in life. Two subcategories of metabolism are anabolism, the building up of complex organic molecules from simpler precursors, and catabolism, the breakdown of complex substances into simpler molecules, often accompanied by
..... Click the link for more information. ). The catalytic action of certain enzymesenzyme,
biological catalyst. The term enzyme comes from zymosis, the Greek word for fermentation, a process accomplished by yeast cells and long known to the brewing industry, which occupied the attention of many 19th-century chemists.
..... Click the link for more information. allows the hydrolysis of proteins, fats, oils, and carbohydrates.
an ion-exchange reaction between various substances and water. In general, hydrolysis is represented by the equation A—B + H—OH ⇄ A—H + B—OH, where A—B is the substance undergoing hydrolysis, and A—H and B—OH are the products of hydrolysis.
In hydrolysis of salts, equilibrium is governed by the law of mass action. If insoluble or readily volatile substances are formed by hydrolysis, there is virtually complete decomposition of the initial salt. In other cases, the weaker the acid or base of the salt, the more complete the hydrolysis.
If the salt of a weak acid and a strong base, such as KCN, is hydrolyzed, the solution is alkaline, because the anion of the weak acid partially binds the H+ ions formed by the dissociation of water, and the excess OH~ions remain in the solution:
K+ + CN− + HOH ⇄ HCN + K+ + OH−
A solution of a salt of a strong acid and a weak base, such as NH4Cl, is acidic (NH+4 + Cl− + HOH ⇄ NH4OH + H+ + Cl−). If the charge of the cation (or anion) of the salt exceeds 1, hydrolysis often yields acid (or basic) salts as the first-stage hydrolysis product—for example,
CuCl2 → Cu(OH)Cl → Cu(OH)2
The degree of hydrolysis (α) can be used as a quantitative characteristic for the hydrolysis of salts. It is equal to the ratio of the concentration of the hydrolyzed part of the molecules to the total concentration of the particular salt in solution, and in most cases it is small. Thus, with 0.1-molar solutions of sodium acetate, CH3COONa, or ammonium chloride, NH4Cl, at 25° C, α = 0.01 percent, whereas for ammonium acetate, CH3COONH4, α = 0.5 percent. The degree of hydrolysis increases with an increase in temperature and with dilution.
The hydrolysis of salts forms the basis of many important processes in the chemical industry and laboratory practice. The partial hydrolysis of tricalcium silicate causes separation of lime during the reaction of portland cement with water. Buffer systems, which are able to maintain constant acidity in a medium, exist because of hydrolysis. Buffer solutions are also very important physiologically, since a constant H+ion concentration is necessary for normal body activity. A number of geological changes in the earth’s crust and the formation of minerals, natural waters, and soils are associated with hydrolysis.
The hydrolysis of organic compounds is the decomposition of organic compounds by water, with the formation of two or more compounds. Hydrolysis is ordinarily effected in the presence of acids (acid hydrolysis) or alkalies (alkaline hydrolysis). The bond between a carbon atom and other atoms (halogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and so on) is most often dissolved by hydrolysis. Thus, alkaline hydrolysis of halides can be used to prepare alcohols and phenols, including those of industrial quality—for example,
Depending on the structure of the hydrocarbon radical (R) and the reaction conditions, hydrolysis of halogen derivatives can proceed as a monomolecular process (SNl) or a bimolecular process (SN2). In the case of a monomolecular reaction there is initial ionization of the carbon-halogen bond, followed by reaction of the resultant carbonium ion with water. If alkali is added it does not affect the rate of hydrolysis and serves only to neutralize the hydrohalic acid that is liberated and to shift the equilibrium:
In the bimolecular reaction, the rate of reaction is directly proportional to the alkali concentration:
R—Hal + HO → R—OH + Hal-SN2.
Ester hydrolysis (the reverse of esterification) is exceptionally important:
Acid hydrolysis of esters is reversible:
Alkaline hydrolysis of esters is irreversible, since it gives an alcohol and a salt of the acid:
This process is used extensively in industry to make alcohols and acids—for example, in the saponification of fats to make glycerol and salts of higher acyclic acids (soaps). Amides are hydrolized analogously to esters:
The hydrolysis of carbon-carbon bonds is comparatively rare. Particular examples are ketone decomposition (by acids and dilute alkalies) and acid decomposition (by concentrated alkalies) of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds—for example, aceto-acetic ester:
In organic chemistry the term “hydrolysis” is also applied to certain processes that would more correctly be called hydration. An example is the conversion of nitriles to amides:
The hydrolysis of ester, glucoside (in carbohydrates), and amide (in proteins) bonds plays an important part in the vital activities of all organisms—that is, in processes such as the assimilation of food and the transmission of nerve impulses. In the living organism, hydrolysis is catalyzed by enzymes (hydrolases).
REFERENCESKireev, V. A. Kurs fizicheskoi khimii, 2nd ed. Moscow, 1956.
Reutov, O. A. Teoreticheskie problemy organicheskoi khimii.2nd ed. Moscow, 1964. | <urn:uuid:f318dd53-4594-4ff4-bc9b-00a3f7341886> | {
"date": "2018-10-16T21:32:05",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-43",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583510867.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20181016201314-20181016222814-00536.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9137816429138184,
"score": 3.5,
"token_count": 1847,
"url": "https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/saccharification"
} |
(click for larger image in new window)
A cylindrical projection of the Earth's surface developed by Gerhardus Mercator. As in other such projections, the areas farther from the equator appear larger, making the polar regions greatly distorted. However, the faithful representation of direction in a Mercator projection makes it ideal for navigation. See more at cylindrical projection.
A way of showing the sphere of the Earth on the flat surface of a map. Because this projection is centered on the equator, in order to maintain the correct shape of the features shown, the spacing between the parallels of latitude increases with the increasing distance from the equator. This tends to enlarge the size of those features located nearer the poles, such as Greenland or New Zealand, giving a false picture of their relative size. | <urn:uuid:f7be1935-2d19-44d0-b9aa-f322f43aab2e> | {
"date": "2014-03-09T21:58:41",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-10",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010359804/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305090559-00006-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.915820837020874,
"score": 4.25,
"token_count": 164,
"url": "http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Mercator's%20projection"
} |
Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi, conquered the Kalingas eight years after his coronation. One hundred and fifty thousand were deported, one hundred thousand were killed and many more died (from other causes). After the Kalingas had been conquered, Beloved-of-the-Gods came to feel a strong inclination towards the Dhamma, a love for the Dhamma and for instruction in Dhamma. Now Beloved-of-the-Gods feels deep remorse for having conquered the Kalingas. Indeed, Beloved-of-the-Gods is deeply pained by the killing, dying and deportation that take place when an unconquered country is conquered. But Beloved-of-the-Gods is pained even more by this that Brahmins, ascetics, and householders of different religions who live in those countries, and who are respectful to superiors, to mother and father, to elders, and who behave properly and have strong loyalty towards friends, acquaintances, companions, relatives, servants and employees that they are injured, killed or separated from their loved ones. Even those who are not affected (by all this) suffer when they see friends, acquaintances, companions and relatives affected. These misfortunes befall all (as a result of war), and this pains Beloved-of-the-Gods. There is no country, except among the Greeks, where these two groups, Brahmins and ascetics, are not found, and there is no country where people are not devoted to one or another religion. Therefore the killing, death or deportation of a hundredth, or even a thousandth part of those who died during the conquest of Kalinga now pains Beloved-of-the-Gods. Now Beloved-of-the-Gods thinks that even those who do wrong should be forgiven where forgiveness is possible. | <urn:uuid:233b6688-2b30-47d2-9072-b6b7c5d87427> | {
"date": "2017-01-20T10:11:11",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-04",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280825.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00046-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9641525745391846,
"score": 3.578125,
"token_count": 395,
"url": "http://www.finestquotes.com/quote-id-58269.htm"
} |
History of Research
Overview of Mineralisation
Skarns and Pegmatites
Greisens, Sheeted Vein Complexes and Breccia Pipes
Main-Stage Lode Mineralisation
The Nature of the Mineralising Fluids
The Cornubian Ore Province - a Review.
The Cornubian Orefield is the most intensely mineralised belt in the British Isles and it has been exploited continuously for over 3000 years (Penhallurick, 1986). Early legends of visits by Phoenician traders remain unsubstantiated, but later Greek accounts of trading for tin at the 'White Hill of Ictis' (St Michael's Mount, which 2500 years ago would have stood out in a flat-lying wooded plain close to the coast) in the 'Cassiterides' (Tin Isles) are generally accepted. Julius Caesar, writing in the first century B.C, speaks of tin production in Britain and it is likely that the mineral wealth of the island (and its strategic position on the Irish gold trade route) was an added incentive for the Roman invasion in 44 A.D.
Most of this early production came from placer deposits (Penhallurick, 1986). Surface exposures (particularly on the coast) of lodes were also worked, principally by opencast methods or by driving on lode into cliffs. These 'coffin' workings are still visible on the coast around St Just [SW370313], close to the workings of Geevor Mine [SW375345] and at Botallack [SW363335] (Noall, 1993; 1999). Underground mining seems to have started around the 12th century. The granting of royal charters in 1201 and 1305 (setting up the Stannary Parliament, with its independent taxation, legal and control systems) was of major importance to the tin trade, granting miners special privileges with regard to land access, prospecting and mineral extraction. The granting of these rights saw in a major phase of prospecting across the south-west, initially from the alluvial workings on the moorlands, out into the lowland valley floors and the discovery of lode outcrops from steam exposures and exploratory trenches. From perhaps the Roman period until the early 13th century, Dartmoor was the principal tin producing area in the orefield (Scrivener, 1982), and during the latter part of the 12th century it became the main source of the metal in Western Europe. During the early part of the 13th century Cornwall took over as the major producer (Cornish tin production rose to double that of Dartmoor, at around 500 tonnes per annum), a position it maintained until the closure of South Crofty Mine [SW668412] in 1998. Dartmoor's production steadily declined (reaching a peak of 285 tonnes in 1515) until the mid 18th century saw a revival of its fortunes (Scrivener, 1982).
Early workings were chiefly of alluvial and eluvial placer deposits, known as 'tin streaming'. The tin-bearing sands and gravels were dug out from the riverbed and banks and the heavy cassiterite separated by sluices and crude sediment traps. Underground or opencast workings, prior to the introduction of gunpowder, were worked by a combination of firesetting and manual extraction with picks and chisels. The cassiterite concentrate or rough ore was then taken to a smelter (known as a 'blowing house') to be further refined, in the case of the rough ore, by crushing (using water-powered sets of stamps) and hydraulic separation, and was then smelted. The molten metal was often poured into granite ingot moulds, some of which still survive (Penhallurick, 1986).
The introduction of gunpowder blasting by Bohemian miners (where they worked the tin deposits of the Erzgebirge) during the reign of Elizabeth I (Penhallurick, 1986), saw the rapid development of underground mining in Cornwall. Initially this was for tin, but the manufacture of brass and the use of copper in the national coinage during the 18th century saw this metal assume prime importance in the orefield. The discovery of large deposits of copper in the Camborne-Redruth and Gwennap districts in the late 1600's spurred on a further phase of exploration throughout the county, the chief focus of which was now the discovery of lodes, as the alluvial deposits were becoming increasingly exhausted. As production increased, the main barrier to extending the mine workings at depth was the position of the water table and the need to pump out excess water to keep the workings dry. This was overcome by the development of horse-driven, water-powered, and later, steam-powered pumping engines (Pryce, 1778). The use of steam power (building on the work of Newcomen, Boulton and Watt and Trevithick) revolutionised the mining industry and allowed deep mining to expand rapidly during the 19th century (Buckley, 1997). Steam engines were used to pump water, haul up ore (and, later, men), transport materials and drive sets of stamps. Cornwall became not only mining centre, but also a test-bed of new industrial and engineering ideas that were exported across the globe.
The 19th century was the heyday of Cornish mining. After a period of closure in the 1790's (when cheap copper ore from Parys Mountain on Anglesey almost wiped out the Cornish copper industry) the mines proliferated and during the century over 2500 mines were operated in the orefield as a whole (Alderton, 1993). Copper and tin were the main products of these mines, but considerable tonnages of other metals and minerals were produced (see Table 1 and Figure 1), particularly iron, lead (Douch, 1964), arsenic (Earl, 1993), manganese, zinc and tungsten. During the 1860's copper mining reached its peak (Dines, 1956) with production reaching 15,500 tons of metal; Britain supplied around 40% of world consumption (and was the largest producer). Production of tin reached a peak in 1870 of a little over 10,000 tons of metal (50% of world production). A ruinous fall in metal prices in 1866 (brought about by the discovery of new copper deposits in Michigan (U.S.A) and Chile; and tin deposits in Malaya) saw the mining industry go into a rapid decline with the closure of many mines and the emigration of thousands of miners and their families to the opening mining fields of Australia, South Africa, Mexico, North and South America and the Far East (Noall, 1999).
Figure 1. A map of the orefield of South-west England (after Dunham et al., 1978).
MINERAL OR METAL TONNES (approximate)
Table 1. Estimated total mineral and metal production from South-west England. After Dines (1956), Alderton (1993) and South Crofty PLC (1988-1998).
World metal prices became increasingly volatile and the industry in Cornwall and Devon became caught in a cycle of 'boom' and 'bust' with fewer mines surviving each crash in prices (Morrison, 1980; 1983). Relatively few mines survived until 1900 (when tin production had fallen to 2000 tons metal per annum; and copper to around 50 tons metal per annum) and after a brief rise in metal prices in the early 1900's saw prospects improve, the First World War and the loss of labour brought many of the surviving mines to the brink of ruin. Casualties in the immediate post-war years included the famous Dolcoath [SW660401] in 1920, and Carn Brea and Tincroft mines [SW667405] in 1921. By the Second World War only South Crofty Mine (Buckley, 1997) and East Pool Mine [SW673415] remained in the Camborne-Redruth District with Geevor Mine at St Just, Castle-An-Dinas wolfram mine [SW946623] north of St Austell and Cligga Mine [SW738538] at Perranporth.
East Pool Mine (Heffer, 1985) and Cligga Mine closed in 1945 and Castle-An-Dinas closed in 1959 (Brooks, 2001). A rise in metal prices during the 1970's (which saw tin eventually reaching over £10,000 per tonne) saw renewed prospecting in the South-West and the reopening of Wheal Jane Mine [SW771427] near Truro and the opening of Wheal Concord [SW723458] at Blackwater and Wheal Pendarves [SW645383] near Camborne. During this period the tin price was stabilised by the International Tin Council (ITC), formed by the main tin-producing nations, buying and selling metal on the London Metal Exchange to keep the price as high as possible. When Brazil and China (not members of the ITC) refused to be bound by any quota agreements and flooded the market with tin metal in October 1985, the ITC was unable to buy all the metal and ran out of money. Its trading was suspended on October 24th and the price fell overnight from £8,140 per tonne to £3,300 per tonne (Down, 1986). Wheal Concord and Wheal Pendarves closed in 1986. Geevor mine managed to survive, in a much reduced form, until 1991 and also in that year Wheal Jane closed. This left South Crofty Mine as the sole surviving mine in the Cornubian Orefield. It was hoped that the tin price would rise, but it fluctuated between £2,900 and £4,300 per tonne (averaging £3,400); with production costs of around £4000 per tonne the mine was continuously losing money, despite every effort to minimise costs. The mine eventually closed on March 6th 1998, bringing to an end some 3000 years of mining history. The mine was purchased and unabandoned in 2001; at the time of writing (2002) mining has not yet resumed and the venture faces an uncertain future.
Back to top of Page.
History of Research.
The early works of Carew (1602), Borlase (1758), Pryce (1778), Phillips (1814), Thomas (1819) and Carne (1822) are excellent first hand accounts of individual mines and deposits. By the early part of the 19th century scientific descriptions of lodes and deposits were beginning to be made. The works of Henwood (1843) and, later, Collins (1912) provide excellent descriptions of lodes, relationships between lodes of different orientations and the nature and variable mineralisation of later faults (crosscourses), in many famous mines of the time that were inaccessible by the early 20th century. MacAlister (1908) recognised that the granite intrusions and their accompanying mineralisation took place in three stages: (1) intrusion of granitic magma with accompanying thermal metamorphism of the country rocks close to the contact; (2) intrusion of quartz porphyry dykes along fractures and cleavage planes in the metasediments; (3) deposition of ores in both sedimentary and igneous host rocks. With various refinements this statement remains valid today.
The 1920's and 1930's saw the Cornubian Orefield used to test new theories of ore genesis and zonation. Dewey (1925) and Davison (1921, 1925a, 1927) developed a model of zonation (with tin/tungsten/arsenic mineralisation passing out into copper, then lead/zinc, and finally antimony/manganese/iron mineralisation) based on mono-ascendant single-pass hydrothermal fluids emanating from the Cornubian Batholith, giving rise to a concentric arrangement of mineralisation radiating out from the exposed granite cupolas (Figure 2).
Figure 2. A comparison of the zonation models of Davison and Dines (from Hosking, 1979).
Davison's model suggested that the focal points of this mineralisation were grouped around original high spots in the batholith roof and that the mineral zones formed a series of 'shells' parallel to the granite contact with a copper zone overlying and overlapping a central tin zone and itself overlain and overlapped by a lead/zinc zone. Davison cited the concentric zonal pattern of mineralisation around St Agnes [SW723507] as an example (though this is not as simple as it first appears, Sn lodes in the district dip mostly to the north, while Cu lodes dip south and are of a later phase of mineralisation), modified by denudation, of this original pattern (Figure 3).
Figure 3. The pattern of mineral zoning in the St Agnes District, used by Davison in the formulation of his theory of zonation (after Bromley and Holl, 1986).
Dines (1934) provided field evidence against Davison's model. He held the view that the various zones were considerably flatter than the granite contact (Geevor mine remains the classic example of this phenomenon) and that the higher the zone, the greater its lateral extent. Dines also suggested that the appearance of certain minerals in particular zones was temperature dependent and determined by the temperature gradient between the granite and the surface. He also noted the irregular distribution (particularly of tin) of mineralisation related to the position of cusps in the granite roof and coined the term 'emanative centres' to describe these focal points of mineralisation. His model, however, was still based on a 'single pulse' mono-ascendant premise, using the cooling granite as the only source of heat.
In 1956 Dines' exhaustive memoir The Metalliferous Mining Region Of South West England was published, it remains perhaps the single most important account of the mining industry in South-West England published to date. Hosking (1964, 1979) refined and expanded on Dines' model and took into account earlier phases of mineralisation that straddled the magmatic/hydrothermal boundary and pre-dated the main stage lodes. He also saw localised temperature gradients and wallrock interactions as more important than a regional temperature gradient related to magmatic emplacement. Hosking recognised seven depth/temperature zones characterised by distinctive assemblages of ore and gangue minerals and also noted characteristic wallrock assemblages associated with each zone (Table 2). In applying a temperature framework to his model he was greatly aided by the work of Sawkins (1966) and Bradshaw and Stoyel (1968) who, through the study of fluid inclusions, found that not only were there significant differences in the depositional ranges of tin, copper and lead/zinc mineralisation, but that each mineral species has its own, fairly restricted, temperature zone. He also tried to apply a time frame to the span of mineralisation, envisaging a 200 million year protracted episode running from the Permian to the Eocene.
Table 2. Hosking's model of the paragenetic sequence within the Cornubian Orefield (from Hosking, 1964).
During the 1960's structural studies at Geevor Mine (Garnett, 1962) and South Crofty Mine (Taylor, 1965) made important contributions to our understanding of the mechanisms of lode formation, as did a landmark paper by Moore (1975) on the origin of the lode-bearing fracture systems across the orefield. Further studies at Mount Wellington Mine (Cotton, 1972), Wheal Jane (Walters, 1988; Holl, 1990), Wheal Pendarves (Alderton, 1976), the St Just District (Jackson, 1977), the Tavistock District (Bull, 1982), Dartmoor (Scrivener, 1982), the Wadebridge District (Clayton, 1992) and South Crofty Mine (Farmer, 1991) looked at the individual deposits from mineralogical, geochemical and structural perspectives.
Moore (1982) argued that the pattern of W-Sn-Cu-Zn zoning above emanative centres could be explained in terms of a pattern of 'hot spot' geothermal circulation similar to that seen at Wairaki in New Zealand. While this model explained some of the pervasive alteration patterns seen in parts of the batholith (e.g., the St Austell Granite), it failed to take into account the textural evidence used later by Halls (1987, 1994) in his mechanistic approach to the formation of the lode system.
Complex models of polyascendant fluid phases and structural reactivation had now replaced the earlier models of Davison and Dewey. The focus of research shifted to the geochemistry of the ore fluids (Rankin and Alderton, 1983, 1985; Jackson et al., 1982) and the building of a geochronological framework for the timing and duration of mineralisation. The works of Halliday (1980), Darbyshire and Shepherd (1985, 1987, 1994) and Chesley et al. (1991,1993) favoured the view of a protracted history of mineralisation, spanning over 200 million years, that was advanced in major reviews of the orefield by Dunham et al. (1978), Bromley and Holl (1986), Bromley (1989), Jackson et al. (1989) and Willis-Richards and Jackson (1989). Similar studies by Chen et al. (1993) and Clark et al. (1993) point to a much narrower timeframe and a diachronous pattern of mineralisation across the batholith, reflected in reviews by Alderton (1993), and Scrivener and Shepherd (1998).
Back to top of Page.
Overview of Mineralisation.
Most of the mineralisation present in the orefield can be directly linked to the granite batholith in some way, although some deposits clearly pre-date the granite and a variety of syngenetic sedimentary and SEDEX origins have been ascribed to these (Clayton et al., 1990; Clayton, 1992). Deposits falling into this category include the manganese deposits of East Cornwall and West Devon and the stratiform Pb-Sb-Cu deposits of the Wadebridge district in North Cornwall. The Sn-W-As-Cu mineralisation for which the region is famous occurs in a variety of forms, but principally in high-angle fissure veins (lodes) in or close to the granites (Garnett, 1962; Farmer, 1991).
Mineralisation across the Cornubian Orefield can be divided into the following, chronologically arranged, groups: (1) pre-granite orebodies of sedimentary/sedimentary-exhalative type; (2) syn-granite intrusion orebodies - skarns and pegmatites; (3) early post-granite intrusion orebodies - greisens and sheeted vein complexes; (4) main stage polymetallic orebodies - Sn-Cu-As-Zn-Pb lodes and carbonas, etc; (5) late post-granite mineralised (Zn-Pb-Ag-Co) and unmineralised fissure veins - crosscourses.
Back to top of Page.
Deposits of this type fall into two main groups: (1) manganese/iron oxide and hydroxide deposits; (2) massive and vein sulphide deposits.
The manganese deposits occur primarily in the Lower Carboniferous chert beds to the west of Dartmoor, which extend into the Callington area of Cornwall, close to Bodmin Moor. A large belt of similar chert-bearing rocks extends across the north side of the St Austell pluton. The ore occurs as irregular, ramifying lensoid masses, intimately associated with chert and, sometimes, jasper; and consists primarily of pyrolusite, psilomelane and wad, often with a central core of the Mn silicate, rhodonite. Rhodochrosite and tephroite are also noted from some deposits, particularly that of Treburland Mine [SX218814] near Altarnun (Golley and Williams, 1995). Deposits within the metamorphic aureoles of the granites are dominated by silicates, suggesting silicification/metasomatism of the original oxides and hydroxides. The deposits, spatially and genetically related to lavas and tuffs and occurring as replacement bodies in the cherts (as at Greystones Quarry [SX344784] near Launceston), are irregular and patchy and none of them are very large. Between 1800 and 1907 58,660 tonnes of Mn ore was produced, of which 90% was raised by Chillaton and Hogstor mines [SX429812] northwest of Tavistock (Dunham et al., 1978).
A number of small ochre deposits have been exploited to the southeast of Bodmin Moor, and also in South Devon. These deposits appear to be chemical exhalative horizons within basic lavas and tuffs that have undergone hydrothermal alteration (Jackson et al., 1989).
Various other stratiform exhalative bodies have recently been discovered, particularly in South Devon and eastern Cornwall (R. Scrivener, pers. comm.). These include quartz-barite-ankerite bodies carrying disseminated and massive sulphides of Zn, Fe, Cu, Sb, Co, Ni and Hg. They are of interest as potential carriers of precious metals (Alderton, 1993) and may be more common than previously thought, acting as potential sulphur reservoirs for later stages of mineralisation. Quartz-barite bodies are also known to occur.
Vein deposits of argentiferous lead are known from the Combe Martin [SS564466] area of north Devon. The source of the lead and associated metals (Zn, Ni, Cu, Sb) is unknown, but U-Pb ages of 360 ± 30 m.y (Dunham et al., 1978) confirm a pre-granite origin for the deposits. Copper veins found in the slates to the south around North Molton [SS742295] may be of a similar age.
Massive and vein sulphides occur in the strongly deformed Middle Devonian to Lower Carboniferous metasediment/volcanic sequences of the Wadebridge-Camelford area (Trevone Basin) of North Cornwall. Two distinct metallogenic events have been identified (Clayton et al., 1990; Clayton, 1992), an early suite of stratiform/stratabound Fe-Cu-Zn deposits occurring in black, carbonaceous slates and Fe-Cu-Zn-Sb-Pb mineralisation occurring in brecciated and carbonatised metabasites. These are augmented by later vein-hosted Sb-As-Au and Pb-Zn-Ag mineralisation. The biogenic sulphides (Clayton and Spiro, 2000) of the stratiform/stratabound deposits were reworked during the Variscan Orogeny and underwent a series of metasomatic events. The later veins formed under conditions of brittle shear and uplift during the Late Variscan utilising locally derived high temperature metamorphic fluids (and using the existing deposits as a sulphur reservoir) and formed at depths of between ~5 km and ~2 km and temperatures of ~380oC and ~280oC.
The copper deposits within the Lizard Ophiolite also pre-date granite intrusion. These consist of irregular discontinuous masses of native copper lining joints and fractures in, sometimes brecciated, serpentinite on the Lizard Peninsula of South Cornwall. The copper is associated with minor chalcocite, malachite and cuprite, sometimes with a steatite/talc gangue (Dines, 1956). The deposits are irregular and small and were worked briefly between 1820 and 1845.
Back to top of Page.
Skarns and Pegmatites.
Contact metamorphosed and metasomatised calcareous sediments are known as 'calc-flintas' in the Cornubian Orefield. Although of considerable areal extent (particularly between the Bodmin Moor and Dartmoor granites) these rocks rarely contain large enough concentrations of metallic elements to be economically worked. Exceptions to this rule are found around the northern flank of Dartmoor, close to Okehampton [SX590950], where Belstone and Ramsley mines worked three sulphide-rich (Cu with As-Co) horizons, interbedded with cherts, up to 30 metres thick, in calc-silicate hornfelses (Dines, 1956). The rocks also carry up to 7 wt% Sn, but this is locked in silicates (Malayite and andradite garnet, etc) rather than as a sulphide or oxide (Alderton, 1993). The nearby quarry at Meldon, where Carboniferous cherts, slates, limestones and dolerite meet the granite contact, has a metasomatic assemblage (internally derived) dominated by garnet, vesuvianite, wollastonite and diopside (Edmonds et al., 1975). A second wave of metasomatism (granite derived) produced axinite and datolite with subordinate hedenbergite, andradite and Fe-wollastonite. Minor amounts of Cu, Bi, As, Co and Ni sulphides occur along with rhodonite-tephroite-spessartine-bustamite assemblages in Mn-rich horizons. Metasomatism and metamorphism of iron-bearing sands has lead to the development of magnetite-bearing ore, on the southeast side of Dartmoor, which was commercially exploited at Haytor Mine [SX772764] (Dines, 1956).
Skarns are also developed on the coast of Penwith around St Just where the granite meets the Devonian cover rocks. These are predominantly doleritic rocks with subordinate metabasic volcanics (Floyd et al., 1993) and interleaved/faulted sections of hornfelsed slates. Metamorphism, shearing and metasomatism, with redistribution of Ca and Fe, has lead to the development of complex garnet-magnetite-dipside-epidote-actinolite-tremolite skarns (Jackson et al., 1982). These are associated with axinite, spinel, tourmaline, hornblende, chlorite, apatite, calcite and sulphides (Van Marcke de Lummen, 1985) and a number of rare tin-bearing silicates such as stokesite (CaSnSi3O9.2H2O), wickmanite (MnSn(OH)6) and Malayite (CaSnSiO5). These sheared belts are found within 100 metres of the granite contact and may reach 15 metres thick and extend downwards beyond 400 metres below sea level (Jackson et al., 1982; Alderton, 1993). A second fissure controlled stage of metasomatism has been recognised giving rise to veins of garnet and other minerals up to 1 metre in thickness. These are particularly prominent in the area around Botallack (where some of the layered metasomatic rocks have been impregnated with cassiterite, e.g., Grylls Bunny Mine above The Crowns) Th data from Grylls Bunny gives temperatures in the range of 280oC - 380oC. An Ar-Ar determination of the age of the skarns at St Just gave a result of 274 Ma (Jackson et al., 1982).
The skarns were formed by the expulsion of Ca, Mg and Fe from the basic volcanics, followed by enrichment in Sn, Fe, B, Be, U, W, Ta, F and Cl, transported by fluids of magmatic departure (Alderton, 1993).
Beer and Ball (1986), examining the Sn and W contents of the killas around the granite plutons found consistent evidence of enrichment in these metals in metasomatic fronts radiating out from the granites. They commonly found a narrow exo-contact zone (some 20-50 metres from the contact) of moderate Sn and W values, succeeded outwards by a zone of high metal values (up to120 ppm+ for Sn) that may reach 500-800 metres from the contact. Beyond this point the values gradually fall away to background (4 ppm for W, 3 ppm for Sn). This metasomatic phase appears to post date extensive alkali metal metasomatism, which was responsible for the growth of feldspar in the hornfelses closest to the granite, with biotite forming further out. The feldspar zone (up to 50 metres from the contact) appears to have resisted the later metal-bearing metasomatism far better than the biotite hornfelses or spotted slates further out, thus explaining the dip in metal values close to the contact. This metasomatic dispersal of Sn and W is unrelated to the vein mineralisation that post-dates (and sometimes modifies) it and marks the expulsion of metallic pneumatolytic vapours and fluids possibly before the granite (carapace, at least) was fully below the solidus. The dispersion haloes formed during this event (and also for the pathfinder element bismuth; Ball et al., 1982) have also been observed above concealed cusps and ridges (e.g. Bosworgy [SW573331], near St Erth; Beer et al., 1975; Rollin et al., 1982) in the granite and have been used as a tool in mineral exploration.
Within the Lands End Granite metasomatic albitisation has produced areas that were extensively replaced by later phases of mineralisation to form large pods of disseminated ore, particularly at junctions between lodes, where the highly fractured ground is extensively replaced by cassiterite with copper sulphides, similar in morphology to the carbonas associated with the main-stage lodes (Thorne and Edwards, 1985; Jackson et al., 1982; Jackson, 1979).
Pegmatites occur in all the major plutons, often as small, discontinuous pods and lenses within the granites. Occasionally they will form larger continuous veins and schlieren or banded pegmatite/aplite/microgranite (Badham, 1980) veins (as at Tremearne [SW613267] and Megilligar Rocks [SW610267] on the margin of the Tregonning-Godolphin Granite). Some show evidence of forming in localised fluid-rich sections of the magma and are contemporaneous with the host rock, while others cut across the host granite and out into the country rock. Other pegmatites of stockschieder type lie along the contacts of adjacent granite intrusions within the main plutons (best displayed in parts of the St Austell granite). Many of the pegmatites carry no metallic minerals, but may occasionally be worked for industrial minerals, as at Trelavour Downs [SW960571], west of St Austell (phlogopite mica) and at Tresayes [SW995585] (a 45 metre wide pegmatite, worked for potash feldspar) north of St Austell (Dunham et al., 1978).
Metalliferous pegmatites (Plate 1) often carry arsenopyrite, lollingite and wolframite with occasional minor cassiterite. They may be associated with tourmaline and can carry an extensive suite of accessory minerals including zinnwaldite, apatite, chlorite, stilbite, stokesite, topaz and triplite (iron phosphate, found at Megilligar Rocks). They may occur as isolated pods, e.g. Rinsey Cove [SW593269] (Hall, 1974), or as larger sets of veins that may be economically worked, e.g. Buttern Hill [SX188822] W-bearing pegmatites on the NE edge of Bodmin Moor and the W-bearing pegmatites at Cligga Head (Dines, 1956).
Plate 1. Wolframite-bearing, quartz-feldspar-tourmaline pegmatite. No:4 lode footwall drive, 400 fathom level, South Crofty Mine (metre rule for scale).
Pegmatites are fairly rare in the Cornubian Orefield and this may be due to extensive fracturing towards the end of crystallisation, which saw fluids escape into the lode fracture system, rather than accumulate within the granite. Th data from mineralised pegmatites falls into the range 250oC to 460oC (Alderton, 1993), whilst the K-Ar date for the Halvosso Pegmatite on Carnmenellis is >285 Ma (Halliday, 1980), which would place it in the latter stages of the cooling of the host granite, post-dating the outer Carnmenellis Granite and its mineralisation (Clark et al., 1993).
Within South Crofty Mine (Plate 2) a large number of sub-horizontal stacked veins (inclined from 0o to 20o and varying from a few centimetres to 1 metre in thickness), termed 'quartz floors', carrying an assemblage of quartz feldspar fluorite wolframite arsenopyrite with rare stannite and occasional later veining by Cu and Fe sulphides (Taylor, 1965; Farmer, 1991; LeBoutillier, 1996), occur in cylindrical zones extending for over two hundred metres in dip height. Although not true pegmatites (they appear to be tensional features infilled with a combination of magmatic and hydrothermal fluids, related to internal shearing within the still-plastic granite) they have a pegmatitic mineralogy and appear to straddle the boundary between purely magmatic and hydrothermal processes.
Plate 2. Stacked 'quartz floor' pegmatite veins. Main Lode drive, 290 fathom level, South Crofty Mine (metre rule for scale).
They have in the past been considered as potential economic targets (Bratley, 1978) for their tungsten content, but were not worked for such in the latter part of the history of the mine. Steeply-dipping lodes with an identical mineralogy also occur in the mine (Roskear Complex Lode, Complex Lode, Care's Lode and North Pool Quartz Lode, which is faulted and slightly deflected by an elvan dyke) and pre-date the later tourmaline-bearing tin lodes. A similar W-bearing lode occurs at Castle-An-Dinas [SW945623], at Goss Moor, near St Austell, which is cut by a granitic intrusion at depth (Beer et al., 1986; Brooks, 2001).
Back to top of Page.
Greisens, Sheeted Vein Complexes and Breccia Pipes.
Greisen-associated mineralisation is well represented in the Cornubian Orefield and can be broken down into three main groups:
1) Endogranitic sheeted vein systems.
2) Exogranitic vein systems.
3) Pervasive bodies.
The build up of magmato-hydrothermal fluids, in the apical sections and cusps of the individual granite plutons, during the final stages of magmatic crystallisation eventually lead to hydraulic fracturing of the granite overlying these fluid reservoirs. The resulting metasomatic reactions, along the walls of the fractures, with the pneumatolytic fluids resulted in the formation of greisen bordered vein systems within the granite and sheeted vein systems in the overlying and adjacent killas.
Endogranitic vein systems are found throughout the province. The best examples are those of Cligga Head, St Michael's Mount [SW514299], Hemerdon [SX572580] (Dartmoor), Goonbarrow Clay Pit [SX007585] (St Austell) and Bostraze Clay Pit [SW383317] (Lands End). These systems are characterised by presence of numerous sub-parallel quartz veins, typically 1-10 cm in width with strike lengths that may reach in excess of 100 metres (as at St Michael's Mount; Wheeler et al., 2001), with distinct greisen (essentially muscovite, sericite and quartz (both primary and secondary 'globular silica') minor tourmaline) selvedges. These tend to have very sharp boundaries with the host granites and typically reach from 8-30 cm in width. The quartz veins may carry an assemblage consisting of tourmaline, muscovite, orthoclase, chlorite, wolframite, arsenopyrite, stannite (kesterite, Zn-stannite and stannoidite), cassiterite, topaz, apatite and minor amounts of Fe, Cu, Mo and Bi sulphides (Hall, 1971; 1974; Alderton, 1993).
The depositional textures seen in some of these quartz veins show that crystallisation took place in a remarkably static and stable environment (Halls et al., 1999). The quartz crystals form interlocked and bridging arrays with frequent vugs. Within these vugs ore minerals have nucleated without showing any tendency to bilateral symmetry; bunchy aggregates of wolframite (occasionally bridging some of the veins) and prismatic (occasionally twinned) zoned cassiterite are typical. The textures show that the rate of fracture opening was greater than the rate of mineral growth and that nucleation was governed by diffusion in a more or less static fluid at near-equilibrium saturation (Halls et al., 2000). Other veins show quartz arrays bridging and, often, filling the fractures. The associated ore and gangue minerals behave in a similar fashion. Growth may be normal to the walls of the fracture (simple extensional dilation) or oblique to the walls (a combination of shear and extension). In this case mineral growth took place at a greater rate than fracture opening. Occasionally veins of this type also show more than one phase of opening, due to renewed extension after crystallisation of the first phase of infill.
The greisen veins formed as arrays of parallel extensional fractures in the upper parts of their respective cupolas where the pressure of segregated magmatic fluids exceeded the tensile strength (and minimum principal stress) of the rock. Each fracture was propagated laterally and vertically for as long as those conditions were met, and each fracture acted as a separate semi-closed section of the system as a whole. There was no large flow of water through the vein system, the mineralisation in the fractures appears to have been supplied by the immediately surrounding granite; water:rock ratios prevailing during mineralisation were low and physiochemical conditions were stable (Halls et al., 1999, 2000). Fluid inclusion data (Jackson et al., 1989) give a temperature range for the greisenising fluids of 250oC - 500oC, variable salinities (5-40 wt% NaCl) and high pH (3.4 to 4.9).
Of these deposits only that of Cligga Head (see Plate 3) has been commercially worked, producing 300 tons of wolfram concentrates and 200 tons of black tin during World War II (Dines, 1956), though the Hemerdon deposit (SW Dartmoor) was almost brought into production (reserves of 40 million tonnes at 0.18% WO3 and 0.026% Sn; Thorne and Edwards, 1985) prior to the tin crash of 1985.
Plate.3. Parallel greisen veins, Cligga Head. The granite between the veins is now extensively kaolinised. The veins consist primarily of quartz ± tourmaline, with a range of accessory minerals that may include cassiterite, wolframite, scorodite and rare blue topaz (hammer, 40 cm, long, for scale).
Several exogranitic sheeted-vein systems have similar characteristics to those of the granite-hosted deposits, both in terms of their chemistry (both have micas with high Li, Rb and F contents; Alderton, 1976) and mineralogy. These deposits consist of numerous, closely spaced, sub-parallel, narrow (1-2 cm) quartz veins. These veins carry an assemblage of muscovite, chlorite, cassiterite, topaz, tourmaline, stannite, wolframite, chalcopyrite and rare native copper. Wallrock alteration is of limited width and consists primarily of haematisation with the development of muscovite and tourmaline selvedges.
Good examples of this style of mineralisation include Wheal Prosper [SX030642] and Mulberry Openwork [SX020658] (both north of St Austell; Foster, 1878; Bennett et al., 1981) and Redmoor [SX355710] (near Callington). It is thought that these and other, poorly-mineralised (such as Magow Rocks [SW581422] at Godrevey, near Hayle; Bromley and Holl, 1986), deposits overlie endogranitic systems in the granite at depth and point to cuspate areas in the granite roof.
Deposits like Mulberry and Wheal Prosper were worked as bulk tonnage - low grade deposits; Mulberry alone produced over 1 million tonnes of ore, at ~0.4% Sn. Investigation by the BGS has shown that these two deposits still contain significant reserves (Bennett et al., 1981), though in the current economic climate they are very unlikely to resume operation.
The Redmoor deposit, near Callington was investigated in the early 1980's and also came close to being brought into production. It is situated in pelitic sediments and crossed by a number of main-stage lodes that form enrichment zones at the intersection with the sheeted veins. The deposit contains significant amounts of stannite, along with cassiterite, wolframite and arsenopyrite, with a host of accessory minerals including bismuthinite, pyrrhotite, chlorite and fluorite. The sulphide assemblage overprints an earlier Sn-W-As assemblage associated with the emplacement of the complex (Thorne and Edwards, 1985). In common with the endogranitic systems, these deposits have all undergone pervasive tourmalinisation of variable intensity (Bromley and Holl, 1986), affecting the wallrock between the veins.
Pervasive greisenisation is best exemplified by the apical outcrop of the St Agnes granite porphyry at Cameron Quarry [SW704507] (Hosking and Camm, 1985; Bromley, 1989), close to St Agnes Beacon. This exposure shows the roof zone of the granite (marked by aplite-pegmatite and leucogranite 'sheets') and the killas contact. The porphyry (consisting of large phenocrysts of alkali feldspar and quartz; smaller phenocrysts of plagioclase and biotite; set in a fine-grained groundmass of quartz, feldspar, biotite, muscovite and tourmaline) is progressively greisenised away from the contact and converted into a mass of quartz and fine-grained white mica. Voids left by dissolved feldspars were later infilled with pseudomorphs of cassiterite, wolframite and various sulphides. In this instance fluid pressures were not high enough to cause fracturing, the fluids passing along grain boundaries and metasomatising the rock en masse.
Breccia pipes are an expression of this early phase of mineralisation (see Figure 4) formed under unstable conditions, unlike the greisen systems described above. A number of breccia pipes are known to exist (Goode and Taylor, 1980) throughout the orefield, but the best example is that of Wheal Remfrey [SW925576], in the western lobe of the St Austell Granite (Allman-Ward et al., 1982) close to Fraddon Down. The complex is hosted within coarse megacrystic granite and consists of a tourmalinite bordered sheeted vein system and an elongate N-S trending tourmaline-dominated hydrothermal breccia body, measuring 500 metres by 40-100 metres (Bromley, 1989).
Figure 4. Major types of primary tin deposits in Cornwall (after Hosking, 1969).
The breccia body is broadly pipe-like, with steep contacts. It consists of irregular disordered clasts of granite, porphyry, elvan, tourmalinite and pelitic (it is estimated that the current exposure level is only 200 metres below the original granite roof) material that show evidence of transport and rotation. Towards the margins of the body the clasts are not rotated and appear to have travelled very little distance; beyond the breccia body, the host rock is cut by anastomosing vein and veinlets of tourmaline and tourmalinite.
It is thought that the pipe formed when fluid overpressures initiated a fracture system, similar to that in the formation of greisen veins, however, instead of the fracture ending at a point determined by the stress conditions, it intersected a lower pressure regime and the sudden pressure loss to the system as a whole resulted in explosive decompression. This resulted in violent decrepitation under positive pore fluid pressures and the development of a chaotic fluidised system. It is thought that the trigger for this mechanism was the crystallisation of tourmaline. Boron-rich melts can contain high levels of dissolved water; with the crystallisation of tourmaline the water vapour pressure sharply increased and contributed to the increased stress that lead to fracture (Jackson et al., 1989).
The breccia body shows evidence of very rapid nucleation and crystallisation, with clasts close to the pipe walls trapped in position, adjacent to their point of origin. Some clasts appear to have collapsed into the body from above (slates, etc from the contact), while others have been brought up from depth. The main sense of movement appears to be in from the side walls due to the shock wave on decompression. There is evidence of more than one decompressive event, with rapid crack-sealing of the fracture followed by progressive pressure build-up and repeated failure along the fracture zone once the tensile strength of the rock is exceeded (Allman-Ward et al., 1982; Bromley, 1989).
There is little metallic mineralisation associated with the Wheal Remfrey breccia pipe, although other tourmaline-dominated bodies may carry cassiterite and rutile. They tend to be depleted in chalcophile elements, even with respect to background values (Bromley and Holl, 1986) and appear to be wholly derived from magmatic fluids.
Back to top of Page.
Main-Stage Lode Mineralisation.
The typical lodes of the province are steeply dipping (most >70o) monolithic veins which are concentrated along the axis of the batholith and closely associated with elvan dykes (Jackson et al., 1989). The lode system as a whole has produced almost all the metallic output of the orefield and has produced not only tin and copper, but a range of metals including tungsten, iron, lead, zinc, silver, etc (see Table 1). The origin of these metals is still in debate; the tin (and tungsten) is proposed to have been derived from tin-rich sediments or protolith at the point of anatexis, though some authors point to the possibility of derivation from the mantle (Hutchison and Chakraborty, 1979). Though this seems less likely than a crustal source, Shail et al. (1998) have found traces of mantle helium in fluid inclusions from the orefield, attesting to some mantle involvement in mineralisation. The origin of the Cu-Zn-Pb mineralisation is thought to be due to a combination of xenolith assimilation and hydrothermal leaching of basic rocks (and pelites); it has been calculated that the volume of basic rocks and their copper content could easily supply the amount of copper extracted in the province (Jackson, 1979).
Though on the scale of the orefield, the lode system is extremely complex; within localised areas a number of fairly simple relationships can be established. Mineralogically (as a rule) the lodes show decreasing complexity with depth. Close to surface they are truly polymetallic and may show a mixed oxide/sulphide assemblage that, in many cases, has been modified by supergene activity (see Figure 5) to give a large potential list of secondary minerals. These include secondary sulphides, hydroxides, oxides, sulphates, arsenates, carbonates and native metals; many of these were first described in Cornwall and the area has been the focus of professional and amateur mineral collectors for centuries.
Figure 5. A section through a typical Sn-Cu lode, showing the relative position of the gossan, supergene and primary sections and the zoning seen in some of the major structures in the Camborne-Redruth District (from Hosking, 1988).
Within this near-surface zone the ores of tin, arsenic, copper and zinc were worked (though often in separate stages, depending on the economics of the time); many mines also produced minor amounts of lead and silver (Dolcoath) and occasional U, Fe, Bi, Mn, Ni and Co (Wherry Mine [SW470294], Penzance) ores. In the Camborne-Redruth and Gwennap areas (as elsewhere) the lodes close to surface were dominated by copper mineralisation (Dines, 1956). In the supergene zone original simple sulphides (chalcopyrite, pyrite) were replaced by malachite, azurite, tenorite, cuprite and native copper. Rare secondaries, such as olivenite and liroconite, etc, are known from the Gwennap area and Porthleven area (where Cu and Pb ores occur together). Below the oxidised zone secondary chalcocite, bornite, enargite and covellite were deposited before passing back into primary sulphides below the water table. These very shallow (often < 50 metres) rich deposits were mined at an early date (1700 onwards) and the high financial returns gained were responsible for the proliferation of mining activity across the orefield during the 18th century.
With increasing depth the zinc and lead mineralisation died away leaving a zone of simple sulphides dominated by copper and arsenic (Collins, 1912; Dines, 1956). As the granite/killas contact was approached tungsten became locally important, reaching its greatest development immediately below the contact (e.g. Rogers Lode, East Pool Mine; Dines, 1956). Below the contact copper declined and tin became increasingly important, and at depth (~500 metres from surface) cassiterite is often the sole ore mineral present.
This change from a simple oxide-dominated assemblage at depth, passing into mixed oxide/sulphide assemblages close to the contact and complex polymetallic assemblages at surface was the foundation for the theories of hydrothermal zonation formulated during the early 20th century. However, the relationship between the various phases was not always as clear cut and within a single lode there is often evidence of a protracted history of mineralisation, brecciation, shearing and further mineralisation, that negates the idea of mono-ascendant fluids. Most lodes do not show a single continuum of pressure/temperature-controlled mineralisation, they show a series of punctuated events, with the later sections of the lodes showing lower temperature assemblages. In this way some lodes initially worked for copper may later have had the walls of the existing stopes reworked for their tin or tungsten content (e.g. the North Tincroft Lode of South Crofty Mine; LeBoutillier et al., 2000a; 2000b; 2001).
The gangue minerals associated with the ores also vary with depth and are also temperature dependent (see Table 2). At depth (associated with tin ore) the main gangue minerals are tourmaline (fine-grained, powdery to flinty, Prussian blue to dark blue) and quartz. At higher elevations, lower temperatures and in lower energy environments (in areas reactivated by further fracturing) this gives way to a chlorite-dominated (Taylor, 1965; Farmer, 1991) assemblage (though initially in places still retaining a proportion of tourmaline) with quartz and fluorite. Lower temperature phases are dominated by quartz, siderite, fluorite, marcasite and rare calcite. While this trend to lower temperature mineral assemblages and lower energy environments over time and proximity to the surface is broadly correct, recent studies have shown that some shallow deposits can also be tourmaline-dominated and that some of the chlorite assemblages record violent brecciation events with clasts transported considerable distances ( LeBoutillier et al., 2000a; 2000b; 2001). This again suggests a series of punctuated mineralisation events, utilising fluids from a variety of sources and under a variety of physiochemical conditions.
Many lodes show a complex interplay between tectonically-driven episodes of mineralisation and remobilisation of constituents by convecting hydrothermal fluids. This last particularly applies to copper and uranium mineralisation (pitchblende and coffinite are themselves a late-stage infill in some lodes, e.g., No4 Lode at South Crofty Mine; Cosgrove and Tidy, 1954), which, in many secondary phases, are highly mobile and readily dissolved. An environment in which a cyclical system of pressure/temperature changes occurs may see the deposition of the rare fibrous form of cassiterite known as 'wood tin' (Hosking et al., 1987), if the fluids are supersaturated with respect to tin.
Often in contrast to the mineralogy (particularly at depth) the structural history of many lodes is complex and shows a series of brecciation and shearing events responsible for depositing a variety of individual assemblages in the lode over time (Plate 4).
Plate 4. The NPQ Lode, 390 fathom sublevel east, South Crofty Mine. The lode is one of an en echelon series of quartz-feldspar ± wolframite ± arsenopyrite ± fluorite ± chlorite early 'pegmatitic' lodes (showing dilational 'banded' and mylonitic shear textures) that has been reactivated during main-stage mineralisation with a central (dark) brecciated core of tourmaline, massive cassiterite and quartz (hammer, ~30 cm, for scale).
Brecciation textures are common in lodes in the deeper workings of many mines (Dines, 1956) and occasionally at surface (Dunham et al., 1978; Goode and Taylor, 1980). In the deeper workings of South Crofty Mine many lodes showed an early tourmaline ('blue peach')/quartz cassiterite breccia with a cassiterite/quartz cement (Plates 5 and 6). This was sometimes followed by other brecciation events, but was more often followed by further lower energy dilational episodes, giving the lode a banded appearance (some of these bands were, occasionally, microbreccias, emplaced within the lode), particularly along the hangingwall. Some of the reactivation episodes lead to the deposition of later chlorite-dominated assemblages, while other events lead to fine fracturing across the lode and the deposition of low temperature chalcedony-marcasite-siderite assemblages.
Plate 5. The Dolcoath North Lode, 380 fathom level, South Crofty Mine. The lode is predominantly composed of brecciated blue peach and quartz with minor (<1%) cassiterite. Some later lode-parallel shears carry minor fluorite and haematite. The wallrock adjacent to the lode contacts is irregularly tourmalinised. The width of the lode is ~1 metre.
This brecciated texture is due to hydraulic fracturing and explosive decompression, similar to the mechanism seen at Wheal Remfry (Halls, 1987; 1994; Halls and Allman-Ward, 1986). The majority of lodes appear to be extensional faults and would have communicated with areas of lower pressure, which were accessible during movement, along their dip-length. With the loss in pressure boron-rich (or silico-cassiterite) fluids, that had previously been building up pressure in the fluid reservoir, were suddenly released and travelled upwards as wallrock pore fluid pressures caused spalling off of fragments along the sides of the lode fracture. It is difficult to ascertain the amount of transport that took place; lode textures are fine-grained and indicative of very rapid nucleation and a number of clasts appear to have moved very little distance before being arrested in the crystallising fluid. Occasionally some clasts show evidence of entrainment (rounded, rolled clasts with 'debris trails' in their wake), but again the distance travelled cannot be quantified.
Plate 6. The NPB2 Lode (east drive) 400 fathom level, South Crofty Mine. The blue peach lode carries a series of internal quartz-filled shears. The lode cuts an elvan dyke and earlier quartz floors. Dip-slip slickenlines and lode orientation suggest that the lode occupies a normal fault with downthrow to the south (right); though in all likelihood the area has undergone a complex series of movements prior to the formation of the final set of slickenlines. Hammer for scale (30 cm).
The same cannot be said of the 'breccia lodes' that outcrop (and subcrop), most commonly, in the Gwinear District southwest of Camborne, along the line of a buried granite ridge that appears to be an extension of the Carn Brea ridge between Camborne and Redruth (Beer et al., 1975; Goode and Taylor, 1980; Taylor and Pollard, 1993). These bodies consist of rounded pebbles and cobbles of a variety of rock types (including granite, up to 1 metre in size, though the contact is some 750 metres below surface) set in a matrix of comminuted rock fragments of various sizes. The bodies are chaotic and disordered and in places the clasts (primarily slate) are so finely ground that the rock appears similar to a sandstone in texture, indicative of violent, high-energy emplacement (Clark, 1990). The walls of these fractures are often scoured and polished by the passage of material and small breccia fragments are found forced into cracks in the walls. Some of these breccia bodies carry (later, infilling) chlorite, cassiterite and chalcopyrite in the matrix and were mined from surface as early as Tudor times (e.g. Relistien Mine [SW601368] at Wall, near Gwinear). The lode at Trevaskis Mine [SW607378], nearby, is in excess of 10 metres wide and lies between intensely brecciated and silicified wallrocks of metadolerite. The ore consists of angular slate clasts cemented by chlorite and fine rock fragments. Within this are veins of quartz carrying a chlorite-arsenopyrite-chalcopyrite-chalcocite-cassiterite assemblage and also a chalcopyrite-sphalerite-galena assemblage that may be later.
Both Relistien and Trevaskis breccias carry clasts of internally brecciated elvan and other examples are also closely associated with elvan dykes. It appears that the elvans and breccia bodies are roughly contemporaneous; clasts of elvan moulded around other clasts found at Trevaskis (Goode and Taylor, 1980) suggest that still-plastic elvan was utilising the same fracture pathways as the breccia lode at close to the same time. In other examples host slates were brecciated before the intrusion of an elvan dyke. These fluidised explosion breccias appear to have formed under conditions of very high pressure where the system had instantaneous connection with areas much closer to surface than other lodes in the district. Rapid boiling and the development of a gas-fluid medium, similar to that seen in volcanic breccia pipes (e.g., Ardsheal Hill, near Kentallen, Scotland) lead to a violent explosive reaction with material entrained and blown up along the fracture. This appears to have been a largely barren episode, as in almost every case the mineralisation that accompanies these structures post-dates their emplacement. Some lodes preserve evidence that they originated as breccia lodes and were later reactivated during later phases of mineralisation, with large-scale replacement of original textures and materials. Rule (1865) notes the occurrence of rounded stones in some of the lodes at Wheal South Frances, near Carnkie and Phillips (1896) records a large block of killas found in the Main Lode of Dolcoath Mine, some 450 metres below the granite contact.
Lodes (or later assemblages in a pre-existing structure) emplaced in a lower-energy environment typically show a banded appearance, due to repeated opening of the lode fracture. Some of these lode sections may be mylonised by fault movements, while others appear to be open-space dilational infillings with vugs and druses of crystals (and occasionally, as at Dolcoath Mine, pockets of carbon dioxide in sealed vugs). They may show a range of assemblages of various temperature/pressure characteristics, or may have been crack-sealed in a single mineralising event.
A second, later, sequence of lodes occur in many districts, which cut across and displace the earlier lodes. These later caunter lodes (Collins, 1912; Dines, 1956) generally carry a lower temperature, mesothermal, assemblage (dominated by copper mineralisation) and strike E-W (in the Camborne-Redruth District). Rotation of the stress field saw these lodes emplaced in a fracture set offset from the dominant lode trend by ~30°. Farmer (1991) saw their origin in terms of the opening of Riedel D shears during conditions of dextral shear; field evidence from South Crofty Mine and other locations around the northern margins of Carnmenellis show that while the main-stage lodes are typically associated with dip-slip or oblique dip-slip movements, caunter-orientation structures are associated with horizontal to sub-horizontal slickenlines formed by shear movements.
Some of the 050°-060° (dominant lode trend) lodes were also reactivated during the deposition of the caunter lodes. At South Crofty Mine segments of caunter lode orientation were opened up within existing lode systems (e.g. Roskear D Lode) and infilled with an assemblage dominated by low temperature quartz, earthy chlorite, haematite, kaolinite, fluorite and chalcedony (LeBoutillier, 1996). These 'caunter jogs' were economically barren and were left as pillar areas along the strike of the lode.
Irregularly shaped sub-horizontal or pip-like replacement bodies sometimes occur at the junction of two, or more, lode structures. These are called carbonas and commonly consist of a fine network of veins, in altered granite, and bunches of ore. They reach their greatest development in the Lands End Granite and the Great Carbona (Collins, 1912; Dines, 1956; Noall, 1993) of St Ives Consols is arguably the most famous. This body (10-20 metres thick by 230 metres long, dipping at 20°) carried cassiterite, copper sulphides and fluorite (a mineral not found in the lodes of this mine) in tourmalinised/chloritised/sericitised granite. The average grade of the ore was 1.5% Sn, which compares very well with the average grade in the lodes; most Cornish mines operated at grades of between 0.70% and 2%; at South Crofty Mine the average R.O.M grade was 1.5% (Owen and LeBoutillier, 1998), but varied up to 2.5%, while individual lode grades over short strike lengths could reach as high as 40% Sn.
The main-stage lodes throughout the province are accompanied by wallrock alteration of varying type and intensity (Scrivener, 1982). The most common types of alteration are tourmalinisation (the progressive replacement of chlorite, micas and feldspars by tourmaline, which may lead to the development of a quartz-tourmaline rock; in pelites replacement of phyllosilicates may be extensive and pervasive), chloritisation (replacement of micas and feldspar by chlorite, due to the influx of Fe and Mg in solution), haematisation (due to the breakdown of existing chlorite, although some textures appear due to primary replacement of feldspars and micas) and sericitisation (the replacement of feldspars by white mica). At South Crofty Mine wallrock alteration haloes could extend in excess of 3 metres from the lode in either direction and sometimes showed overprinting of one type of alteration (particularly haematisation after chloritisation) on another. Such alteration was often barren, but it was not uncommon for Sn grades in the wallrocks (these metasomatic haloes mirror the mobility of Sn, seen in the country rocks around the granite) to exceed that in the lodes and the alteration zone was often included in stoping patterns and formed a significant part of the material extracted. The impregnation of granite with cassiterite is not uncommon in the Camborne-Redruth District; the Great Flat Lode, south of Carn Brea, consisted primarily of tourmalinised/chloritised granite (known to the miners as 'capel') carrying cassiterite over widths of up to 5 metres (Foster, 1878) around a narrow quartz leader vein.
The dating of the main-stage lodes has seen a revolution over the past decade. Halliday (1980) obtained dates for main stage Sn-bearing lodes of between 279±4 and 269±4 Ma. These dates were obtained from muscovite and orthoclase, using Rb-Sr methods, associated with various lodes across the Lands End and Tregonning-Godolphin granites. Using a previously published age of 295-300 Ma for the emplacement of the granite batholith, he envisaged a 20 million year hiatus between the emplacement of the granite and the onset of mineralisation. Between these two events, and intimately associated with the mineralisation, he placed the intrusion of the elvan dykes. This model became refined by later workers (Jackson et al., 1982; Thorne and Edwards, 1985; Bromley and Holl, 1986; Bromley, 1989) with a 'second magmatic event' (the emplacement of the elvan dykes) some 20 million years after granite emplacement, followed by main-stage mineralisation over a protracted period. This model was reinforced by Chesley et al. (1991), who obtained Nd-Sm dates of 259±7 and 266±3 Ma for fluorites from South Crofty Mine and Wheal Jane respectively (though their samples were not paragenetically constrained, and came from a late stage during mineralisation).
This model was radically altered by Chen et al. (1993), who, in dating the granites and mineralisation, were able to show that each pluton of the Cornubian Batholith had its own discrete history of magmatism and mineralisation (a view supported by Clark et al., 1993 and Chesley et al., 1993) They were able to show that the batholith was made up of discrete bodies, intruded between 293-274 Ma, and that mineralisation was diachronous across the orefield, instead of being related to a series of pan-province events; mineralisation and magmatism also overlapped, with mineralisation related to one magmatic pulse occurring (e.g. Carnmenellis) prior to later renewed granite magmatism.
Clark et al. (1993) give dates of 286 Ma for main stage lodes at South Crofty Mine, 272±4 Ma for the lodes of the St Just area and 278±6 Ma for the Sn lodes of central Dartmoor. This data indicates that mineralisation started in the Carnmenellis area some 3 million years after the emplacement of the early granites (10 million years before the emplacement of the fine-grained Boswyn granite in northern Carnmenellis) and was almost complete before the intrusion of the oldest (Zennor Lobe) of the Lands End granites at 274 Ma. The emplacement of the elvan dykes now appears to be related to later pulses of granite being tapped by extensional fractures (rather than the radiogenically-driven remelting of a single large intrusion), some of which were later utilised by ascending hydrothermal fluids.
Back to top of Page.
A distinctive set of fractures which are orientated at roughly 90° to the main-stage lodes are known by a variety of local names (fluccans, trawns, guides), but are commonly referred to as crosscourses. In mining circles only mineralised structures (usually chalcedony with quartz and minor haematite, etc) are referred to as crosscourses (fluccans are gouge-filled structures), while those carrying economic mineralisation are called lodes. They played an important part in mining as they represented 'easy ground' to work in and were selectively mined (being considerably easier to mine than granite or hornfelsed killas) as crosscuts into the workings on main-stage lode structures. The lodes (which have produced a wide range of metals, including Pb, Zn, Ag, Ba, Sb, Co, Ni, Fe, Mn, Bi, and U) belonging to this group are patchy in their distribution (only occasional structures of this type occur in the Camborne-Redruth District, e.g. Cobalt Lode of Pedn an Drea Mine at Redruth), the most important areas being the Menheniot and Tamar Valley Pb-Zn districts.
The development of the crosscourses was controlled by pre-granite tension joints and wrench faults (many of these fractures appear to have a movement history that is pre-, syn- and post-granite emplacement, only becoming mineralised during the final stages of the development of the orefield), oriented NNW-SSE to N-S. In the St Just area the lodes trend NW-SE and the crosscourses run N-S to NE-SW (Mount, 1985). Crosscourses typically reach a few metres in width (but may range from ~1 cm to >100 metres) and often have dextral throws from a few metres to tens of metres.
At South Crofty Mine a large number of chalcedony-filled crosscourses (Dominy et al., 1993,1994a, 1994b) faulted the main-stage lodes (Plate 7). These were typically sub-vertical structures with a banded appearance, (due to repeated infilling over a protracted period) typically 0.5 metres in width (but commonly ranging from <1 cm to ~1 metre) and infilled with chalcedony, quartz and occasional fluorite, siderite, earthy chlorite and soft haematite; kaolinite and bitumen were rare accessories. They ranged from compact to open vuggy structures (the largest on 315 fm Pryce's Lode drive measured some 4 metres high by 2 metres (maximum) wide) with quartz/ fluorite druses infilling vugs. Wallrock alteration was typically absent or confined to minor kaolinisation, with the exception of the Great Crosscourse which was heavily kaolinised. Movements were sometimes on the order of a few metres, but were generally <3 metres and often a few centimetres; both dextral and sinistral displacements were recorded with horizontal or sub-horizontal slickenlines.
Plate 7. A sub-vertical crosscourse; 290 fathom level, Main Lode drive, South Crofty Mine. The crosscourse is infilled with banded chalcedony, with minor haematite and earth chlorite, and shows evidence of repeated movements and dilation. Though predominantly wrench-style faults, the offset quartz floor is evidence of a vertical displacement component in the movement (metre rule for scale).
In economic term the Pb-Zn ± F, Ba deposits of the Tamar Valley and Menheniot areas are the most important. These lodes carry galena, sphalerite, fluorite and quartz with minor barite, calcite and siderite; occasional Cu and Fe sulphides also occur. The deposits are often small and shallow (with the exception of the Pb-Zn-F lode at Wheal Mary Ann [SX294635] at Menheniot, which was mined to 600 metres from surface), though occasionally very rich (Dines, 1956). The reactivation of the crosscourse fracture system was due to the onset of E-W crustal extension after the deposition of the main-stage lodes (Scrivener and Shepherd, 1998). The fracture system intersected the sedimentary rift basins to the north and south of Cornubia and fluids from these basins (Gleeson et al., 2000), charged with Pb, Zn, U, etc penetrated into the massif. Rb-Sr isotopic dating of fluorites from the Tamar Valley (Scrivener et al., 1994) has demonstrated a mid-late Triassic age of 236 Ma; this date effectively signals the end of mineralisation in the province, with only minor hydrothermal remobilisation of U, etc taking place afterwards in the late Mesozoic and Tertiary.
Back to top of Page.
The Nature of the Mineralising Fluids.
The transport and deposition of tin and other metals is a complex interplay between the chemistry of the host fluids, the nature of the wallrocks through which the fluids pass and the fluids (magmatic, meteoric, basinal and connate) encountered during transport. The nature of the mineralising fluids, which were essentially high-salinity brines, has largely been deduced by the study of fluid inclusions. In minerals from ore-bearing veins these are typically two-phase liquid-vapour varieties (Shepherd and Rankin, 1998) which, when heated, homogenise into the liquid phase. The homogenisation values (Th) for all types of mineralisation show a range from 150oC to 500oC, with Sn-W assemblages in the range 250oC - 450oC; Cu-Fe-As Sn assemblages between 200oC - 350oC and Pb-Zn assemblages 150oC - 250oC (Alderton, 1993; Haapala and Kinnunen, 1982; Bradshaw and Stoyel, 1968). Salinities are also variable (Rankin and Alderton, 1983, 1985; Alderton, 1993; Jackson et al., 1989; Bromley and Holl, 1986) and show considerable overlap in salinity ranges (2.5 - 35 wt% NaCl) for Sn-W deposits, while Cu-Fe-As-Zn deposits show a much more restricted range (5 -18 wt% NaCl). Na:K ratios are highly variable (between 1 and 18) with fluids associated with Sn mineralisation having values in the range 1-5, while those associated with sulphide mineralisation have higher values (>4). The composition of some of these fluids can identify individual plutons; Carnmenellis and Bodmin Moor share K/Na characteristics which separate them from the other granites.
Early W-As Sn deposits were formed by magmatic fluids (Manning, 1985) with some likely contributions from metamorphic fluids (due to thermal dehydration of the aureole rocks) mobilised during granite emplacement (Wilkinson, 1990; Primmer, 1985b); however, over time, meteoric fluids brought into the system by convection became important. The mixing of these cooler, less saline fluids with the magmatic fluids can be traced through a number of deposits (Shepherd et al., 1985; Scrivener et al., 1986; Polya, 1989) and these fluids not only supplied scavenged metals to the system, but also sulphur (from a diagenetic pyrite source, distinct from the magmatic sulphur source in the granitic fluids), utilised in the deposition of sulphide assemblages (Jackson et al., 1989).
Various workers have assigned almost all Sn-W and later mineralisation to meteoric-dominated fluids (Jackson et al., 1982; Bromley and Holl, 1986; Scrivener et al., 1986) based on O-H isotopic studies, but there is some doubt whether the data for magmatic fluids (based on only a few samples - Sheppard, 1977) has been properly constrained. It is likely that magmatic fluids were far more important than previously realised (LeBoutillier et al., 2000a, 2000b, 2001, 2002).
Mid - Late Triassic changes (dated at 236 Ma, Tamar Valley; Shepherd and Scrivener, 1987; Scrivener et al., 1994) in the stress regime resulted in the development of N-S trending faults (and reactivation of existing structures) that became the host to Pb-Zn base metal mineralisation and barren crosscourse mineralisation. The fluids associated with this phase have very different signatures to those responsible for earlier phases of mineralisation. They have a strong CaCl2 component (NaCl:CaCl2 wt% ratio of 1.2:1; 11-15 wt% NaCl; 9-13 wt% CaCl2) and Th of 110oC-170oC (Shepherd and Scrivener, 1987), they have many features in common with oilfield brines (Scrivener and Shepherd, 1998; Gleeson et al., 2000) and are thought to have originated in offshore sedimentary basins to the north and south of the Cornubian Massif (Bristol Channel Basin, Plymouth Bay Basin). The fluids are envisaged to have moved into the orefield along NNW-SSE and N-S trending wrench faults, intersecting both basins and fracture system, by tectonically controlled 'seismic pumping' (Bromley, 1989; Alderton, 1993). These fluids carried Pb, Zn, Ag, U, several minor metals (Co, Ni, etc - though these may have been scavenged from local basic intrusives during hydrothermal mixing and circulation of the basin brines and meteoric waters) and elateritic hydrocarbons, that were emplaced in N-S (and NNW-SSE) trending lodes, particularly in the Tamar Valley, Menheniot and Newquay areas (Dines, 1956). There appears to have been late-stage reactivation of the main-stage lodes around this time, across the province, evidenced by the occurrence of hydrocarbons in a number of mines across the peninsula. At South Crofty Mine these elateric hydrocarbons (associated with a marcasite-quartz-chalcedony-fluorite-haematite-kaolinite assemblage) were fairly common in intralode fracture zones and were found to be chemically identical to kerogen samples recovered from the Plymouth Bay Basin (South Crofty, unpublished data), confirming the link with offshore sedimentary basins.
Lower temperature (<100oC) high salinity hydrothermal fluids also played a major role in the kaolinisation process (Psyrillos et al., 1998; Manning et al., 1996) that generated the huge Cornubian china clay reserves.
The formation of the ore-forming fluids is dependent on a number of factors; firstly there has to be a mechanism that will allow the effective concentration of incompatible elements (Sn, W, Cu, As, B, Li, Pb, and Zn) in solution. Above the solidus this is usually accomplished by immiscibility (providing that water solubility is reduced, e.g. by the loss of boron in the magma as tourmaline crystallises; London and Manning, 1995) and the movement of volatiles to apical positions in the roof of the pluton (Jackson et al., 1989). Under subsolidus conditions this may be achieved by communication between miarolitic cavities (Candela and Blevin, 1995) in granites and pegmatites.
The fluids themselves are often brine/vapour mixtures (Haapala and Kinnunen, 1982; Heinrich et al., 1992) that, under the right conditions (e.g. low magmatic Fe content), can effectively partition the incompatible elements to such an extent that they are almost non-existent in the magmatic host rocks (Lehmann and Harmanto, 1990). The presence of a vapour phase (often dominated by CO2 and H2S; Lowenstern, 2001) has been shown to be of major importance in the separation of phases in the hydrothermal system, particularly copper (Candela, 1989b; Candela and Piccoli, 1998), which may be present in amounts ten times greater than in the accompanying brine (Heinrich et al., 1992). Oxygen and hydrogen fugacity is also known to play a major role in phase separation, with low fO2 (and high CO2) favouring the transport of W (Candela and Bouton, 1990) and high fH2 favouring Sn transport (Taylor, 1979; Taylor and Wall, 1993; Heinrich, 1990).
The fluids themselves are brines and the transport of metals is thought to be in complex form with chlorine (Taylor and Wall, 1993). Boron and fluorine may also contribute to metal complexing compounds, though they are relatively unimportant in comparison to chlorine (as chloride ions) and phosphorous (as phosphate ions), as they are far less effective in partitioning metals into aqueous fluids (Manning, 1984).
Chloride and hydroxychloride complexes are the most efficient transporters of tin as SnCl2, SnOHCl and Sn(OH)2Cl2 (Wood and Samson, 1998; Heinrich, 1990) in Sn (II) form. These complexes are able to transport tin in concentrations of many thousands of ppm at high temperatures (>400°C) and high pH. In hypersaline conditions species such as KSnCl3, K3SnCl5 and Na2SnCl4 become important (Heinrich, 1990) and fluids derived from highly fractionated K-rich granite are known to be capable of carrying elevated concentrations of Sn. The deposition of tin from these fluids takes place in a number of environments. Decreases in fluid acidity exert a major control on cassiterite deposition. The neutralisation of fluids by hydrolysis of feldspars (to muscovite + quartz ± biotite ± chlorite ± Fe sulphides) during greisenisation, or reaction with granitic wallrocks, leads to the deposition of cassiterite, but typically as a disseminated deposit. The ability to deposit further cassiterite is determined by the availability of feldspar and the area of the rock/fluid interface, which may be quite small. This kind of reaction, therefore, does not often create economic deposits, unless the process is repeated on a series of 'reaction fronts' advancing into the wallrocks (Heinrich, 1990). A more effective scenario would involve the formation of a hydrogen-rich vapour phase, the corresponding rise in oxidation state and decrease in fH2 could lead to cassiterite deposition (providing the fluids are in equilibrium with the host rocks) of the order of ten times greater than by hydrolysis alone (Heinrich, 1990).
Above 400°C and 1-2 kbar, Sn deposition is not greatly affected by changes in temperature or pressure (Taylor and Wall, 1993). It is far more sensitive to changes in fluid acidity and alkali chloride concentrations. The most effective method of Sn extraction would be to mix the primary magmatic fluids with cooler, low-salinity, meteoric fluids, particularly if the meteoric fluids are near neutral acidity and contain CO2 and HCO3- (Heinrich, 1990). Under these conditions massive cassiterite deposition would occur, limited only by the available space and concurrent crystallisation of gangue phases.
Tungsten may also be transported as a chloride complex (Manning, 1984), but there is increasing evidence to suggest that polytungstate ions (e.g. HWO4-, WO42-, H7(WO4)65-) are the dominant species in hydrothermal fluids (Wood and Samson, 1998). Tungsten also readily forms silico tungsten acids (e.g. H8Si(W2O7)6, which would precipitate wolframite in low Ca environments) under the right conditions (Horsnail, 1979). Unlike cassiterite, wolframite deposition appears unaffected by acidity and oxygen/hydrogen fugacity and instead (depending on the supply of available iron) appears largely temperature dependent (Heinrich, 1990).
A range of other metals including Zn, Pb, Sb, Fe and Cu may also form chloride and hydroxide complexes, but studies have shown that sulphide and bisulphide complexes are likely to be more important in the transport of these metals, particularly under conditions of high sulphur concentrations (Wood and Samson, 1998). As is also transported as hydroxide (low S concentrations) and bisulphide (high S concentrations) complexes, but rarely (if at all) as a chloride complex (Wood and Samson, 1998). Sulphur is usually present in hydrothermal fluids as hydrogen sulphide, H2S, and reacts with the dissolved metal ions to form a range of sulphide complexes, e.g. Pb(HS)3-, Cu(HS)2- and ZnS(HS)-; dependent on pH conditions. With decreases in temperature and changes in pH and sulphur concentrations these complexes break down to precipitate sulphide minerals and release H2S. Transport via sulphide complexes requires high concentrations of sulphur to be present in the hydrothermal brines; previously the source of this sulphur was assumed to be primarily from the country rocks via mixing with meteoric fluids (Jackson et al., 1989), but there is an increasing body of evidence to show that granites can carry significant volumes of magmatic sulphur that contribute directly to hydrothermal systems (Kontak, 1990). Inherited sulphur (and metals) from xenolith assimilation would also have made a contribution to the total sulphur budget.
The ore-bearing fluids responsible for the mineralisation across the Cornubian Orefield were the product of a series of events involving the mixing and recycling of fluids from a variety of sources: magmatic, metamorphic, meteoric, connate and basinal. The high heat production (due to radiogenic decay of primary U and Th) of the granites (Willis-Richards and Jackson, 1989; Jackson et al., 1989; Lucas and Willis-Richards, 1998) generated a convective system around the granite plutons that scavenged metals from the country rocks and redeposited them in the lode systems; in addition to metals supplied directly from fluids of magmatic departure. As the convective system began to migrate deeper and closer to the plutons (as overall temperatures began to fall), the fluids were responsible for remobilising some of the mineralisation (particularly copper), giving rise to complex overprinted paragenesis in some areas (Dines, 1956; Seccombe and Barnes, 1990).
Circulating thermal brines are still encountered today and have been analysed at a number of localities, including the Rosemanowes [SW736346] borehole and South Crofty Mine. Alderton and Shepherd (1977) analysed a number of springs, finding a range of temperatures from 16 - 52oC, with salinities up to 1.5% (much lower than that recorded from the main stage of mineralisation, where salinities over 20% are frequent) which is half that of modern sea water. The Br/Cl ratios are comparable to seawater and they are typically of neutral pH. As well as Ca, Na and Cl, they carry substantial amounts of Li, Mg, K and HCO3- and are of meteoric origin. There has been interest in the alkali metal content of these brines in the past and they have received some attention due to their lithium content (Beer et al., 1978) which may reach up to 118 ppm in some springs.
The reason for the persistence of thermal springs so long after the magmatic event is due to the high heat flow generated by radiogenic decay within the granite, which in Carnmenellis runs at 3.9 x 10-3 Wm-3 (Burgess et al., 1982; Edmunds et al., 1984). Geothermal gradients vary from 29.8oC/km in the Carnmenellis Granite, 20 - 50oC/km in the surrounding sediments close to the contact, 39oC/km in South Crofty Mine and 45oC/km at Wheal Jane. Current heat flow values for the various plutons are broadly similar with Land's End and St Austell granites running some 15% higher than the other plutons at 127mWm-2.
Back to top of Page.
Forward to Next Page
Back to Introduction
This page last updated 16/04/2006 | <urn:uuid:43e7af71-112b-4578-9b39-92c3a1760a9b> | {
"date": "2014-07-29T12:44:46",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510267330.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011747-00324-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9296708106994629,
"score": 3.296875,
"token_count": 19176,
"url": "http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/geologyofcornwall/Mineralisation.htm"
} |
Modern technology has allowed us to communicate in ways that would have been unfathomable to Victorian-age English poets. Yet Alfred Tennyson, Lewis Carroll and Edgar Allan Poe among others would likely cringe if they heard most of us recite their work.
Help is on the way, thanks to the Victorianator. The iPhone game teaches users, through gestures, how to authentically deliver Carroll's Jaberwocky, Tennyson's The Charge of the Light Brigade and Poe's The Raven.
The app was created by Jason Camlot, chair of Concordia's Department of English, and his LudicVoice (LuV) research team consisting of Concordia students. "The Victorianator explores the use of gesture to trigger synthetic effects on speech," Camlot explains. "Gesture was a significant part of Victorian elocutionary practice, and basically, to make this game work on the iPhone, we took specific gestures as they're prescribed in Victorian elocution manuals. And we put them at the core of our gameplay."
The user starts by voicing one of the three Victorian poems, in monotone, into the iPhone. The game's steampunk-style robot then shows you how gesture correctly along to the poem, such as sweeping an arm upwards, downwards or across. "If you hit the gesture correctly, it triggers a 'Victorian' (in quotation marks) elocutionary effects on the monotone speech that you already recorded. Thus it 'Victorianates' your voice. So the gestures are used to trigger speech actions," Camlot says.
"The Victorianator was a project that I pursued to explore the relationship [of] Victorian elocutionary practice to screen-based mobile devices," he continues. "We speak into [these devices], we read them, we touch them with our fingers to make apps work, and we even use gesture to, say, make the telephone keypad appear when we want to dial a number. So, with this project we thought it would be interesting to use adapt these features of iPhone to a remediation of the now strange practice of Victorian recitation."
The game, Camlot adds, "served as a way to think about how digital game design and the status of interface relates to my work as a literary and cultural historian."
Camlot's Victorianator research was conducted through Concordia's Centre for Technoculture, Art and Games (TAG). The centre is an interdisciplinary collaboration platform for research and creation in game studies and design, digital culture and interactive art and brings together students and faculty members from computer science, software engineering, computation arts and design, studio arts, sociology, history, communication studies and English and creative writing.
He also participates on a large research project called GRAND (Graphics, Animation and New Media), which is funded by the Canadian Networks of Centre of Excellence Program.
Camlot has already presented his Victorianator research at several conferences, including the North American Victorian Studies Association Conference at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tenn.
"When I arrived at the conference, many of my colleagues who are Victorian literature professors had already downloaded and played the game," Camlot reports. "Several of them told me that they had used it in the classroom to demonstrate to their students this very strange way of reciting with your voice and your body that was typical of the way Victorians read poetry out loud."
And now, the same could be true for present-day poetry lovers, too.
Explore further: Microsoft buys Office collaborator app LiveLoop
More information: Jason Camlot: english.concordia.ca/facultyan… me/people/camlot.php
Concordia's Centre for Technoculture, Art and Games (TAG): www.tag.hexagram.ca | <urn:uuid:98651a5f-4379-49e3-8cfe-af16cc8c3063> | {
"date": "2015-03-30T02:32:46",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-14",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131298889.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172138-00030-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9574211239814758,
"score": 2.84375,
"token_count": 773,
"url": "http://phys.org/news/2012-05-19th-century-iphone-app.html"
} |
Finite-state Language Processing
Finite-state technology is becoming an
invaluable tool for various levels of language processing. It is the
computational means of choice for describing the phonology, lexicon
and morphology of natural languages, but is used more and more for
other purposes as well, including (shallow) parsing, word-level
translation, named entity recognition, etc.
The tutorial will provide an introduction to the
technology and its many applications in natural language
processing. It starts with the very basics of finite-state devices and
regular expressions and concludes with a sketch of how to design and
implement a large-scale project. Several examples of real applications
illustrate the formal material.
- Finite-state automata (FSA)
- Regular expressions
- Operations on automata
- Applications of FSA in NLP
- Storing lexicons
- Regular relations
- Finite-state transducers (FSTs)
- Properties of FSTs
- Applications of FSTs in NLP
- Morphological analysis
- Part of speech tagging
- Translation dictionaries
- Extended regular expression languages
- Replace rules and composition
- Morphological analysis and generation
- Shallow parsing
- Available tools
This tutorial is designed for computer scientists and
linguistics alike. Acquaintance with basic formal language theory and
knowledge of some programming language will be useful, but not
Shuly Wintner is an assistant professor in the
Department of Computer Science at the University of Haifa, Israel. His
research involves adaptation of computer science techniques and
paradigms to computational linguistics, with an emphasis on formal
grammars and finite-state devices.
What's New in Statistical Machine Translation
Kevin Knight and Philipp Koehn
Accurate translation requires a great deal of knowledge
about the usage and meaning of words, the structure of phrases, the
meaning of sentences, and which real-life situations are
plausible. Recently, there has been a fair amount of research into
extracting translation-relevant knowledge automatically from large
collections of manually-translated texts, and over the past years,
several statistical MT projects have appeared in North America,
Europe, and Asia, and the literature is growing substantially. We will
overview this progress.
- Data for MT.
- Bilingual corpora: what's out there?
- Acquisition and cleaning.
- What does three million words really mean?
- MT Evaluation.
- Manual and automatic.
- Core Models and Decoders
- IBM Models 1-5 and HMM models, training, decoding.
- Word alignment and its evaluation.
- Phrase models.
- Syntax-based translation and language models.
- Specialized Models.
- Named entity MT, numbers and dates, morphology, noun phrase MT.
- Available Resources.
- tools and data.
The target audience for this tutorial is anyone
interested in machine translation of human languages.
Kevin Knight is a Senior Research Scientist at the
USC/Information Sciences Institute and a Research Associate Professor
in the Computer Science Department at USC. He has written a number of
articles on statistical MT, plus a widely-circulated MT workbook
(http://www.isi.edu/natural-language/mt/wkbk.rtf). Dr. Knight has
given several invited talks on machine translation at recent AMTA and
Philipp Koehn completed his Ph.D. in Computer Science at
the University of Southern California in Fall 2003. He has written a
number of articles on topics in statistical machine translation,
including bilingual lexicon induction from monolingual corpora,
word-level translation models, and translation with scarce
resources. He has also worked at AT&T Laboratories on text-to-speech
systems, and at WhizBang! Labs on text categorization.
Semantic Inference for Question Answering
Sanda Harabagiu and Srini Narayanan
The AQUAINT QA program has provided solid evidence that
potential users of QA systems appear to have limited need for factoid
question answering, but rather much more need to have systems that can
deal with complex reasoning about causes, effects, chains of
hypotheses and so on -- capabilities that current systems do not
adequately support. Approaching this goal requires combining
sophisticated systems for knowledge representation and inference with
methods to extract such deep semantic relations from linguistic
input. We believe that recent important advances in knowledge
representation and inference, the widespread availability of
semantically motivated resources such as WordNet, FrameNet, and
successful recent efforts at textual analysis including
predicate-argument extraction point the way to building the next
generation of semantically rich QA systems. This tutorial will serve
as a survey of important recent progress on semantically-based QA
articulating connections and highlighting efforts that have brought
one or more of these techniques to bear on QA system design and
- Methods to extract semantic relations from text.
- Statistical techniques.
- Knowledge intensive techniques.
- Supervised and unsupervised learning techniques.
- Knowledge representation and inference techniques for QA.
- Logical inference Methods.
- Structured Probabilistic Methods.
- Probabilistic Relational Models for inference with uncertainty.
- Models of Event Structure.
- Ontologies and Linguistic resources for QA.
- Linguistic resources.
- Ontologies and resources on the SemanticWeb.
This tutorial is designed for computer scientists and
linguistics alike. Acquaintance with statistical techniques and
Knowledge Representation will be useful, but not mandatory.
Dr. Sanda Harabagiu is an Associate Professor and the
Erik Jonsson School Research Initiation Chair in the Department of
Computer Science at University of Texas at Dallas. She earned her Phd
in Computer Engineering from University of Southern California and a
Research Doctorate from Tor Vergata University in Rome, Italy. Her
research interests are in the area of Question Answering, Information
Extraction, Reference Resolution and Text Summarization.
Dr. Srini Narayanan is a Senior Research Scientist at
the International Computer Science Institute (ICSI), Berkeley where he
is a co-PI with the NTL (http://www.icsi.berkeley.edu/NTL)
and FrameNet (http://www.icsi.berkeley.edu/~framenet)
projects. He obtained his PhD in Computer Science from the University
of California, Berkeley in 1998. His research interests include
computational semantics and metaphor, probabilistic dynamic models,
and computational neuroscience.
Graphical Models in Speech and Language Research
Graphical models (GMs) are a general statistical
abstraction that can be used to describe a wide variety of problem
domains. Recently, significant research has occurred on their
application to speech and language processing. GMs offer a
mathematically formal but widely flexible means for solving many of
the problems encountered in these fields. Because of their
generality, GMs make it possible to rapidly go from novel idea to
working implementation. In this advanced tutorial, we will survey how
GMs can be used to represent structures and models in speech and
We start with concepts and notation, including an
inspection of different forms of graphical models, and some intriguing
constructs these forms make available. This includes the notion of a
"switching network", where one portion of a network might determine
the existence of another, "sparse dependencies", where many
combinations of variable values are forced to have zero probability,
and "child observations", where influence can flow in the opposite
direction of a directed edge in a graph. We will in general see how
GMs can be viewed as a mathematically formal visual language, offering
a precise set of primitives for specifying statistical systems. We
will continue with an analysis of algorithms for performing
probabilistic inference on graphs, concentrating on both theory (e.g.,
when is inference tractable) and practice (data structures and
implementation). We will give special attention to the challenges
that arise when the underlying domain is temporal.
Next, we will examine the ways GMs can represent speech
and language. This will include explicit representations of
hierarchical and temporal phenomena such as parameter sharing,
multi-stream models with varying degrees of asynchrony, and classifier
combination. We will see how these can be used to represent speech
evolution in terms of both phonology and articulation. We will also
cover graphical representations of language, including explicit
structures for N-grams, interpolation, skipping, hierarchical classes,
smoothing, back-off, factored representations, and other
forms. Furthermore, we will investigate how to describe statistical
machine translation via novel multi-dynamic graph representations.
While graphs not only can represent many well-known
statistical models, with only minor graph adjustments they can also
represent very different (and potentially novel) systems. We will
observe how deterministic dependencies, switching networks, and child
observations greatly facilitate this phenomenon. Moreover, we will see
how a graph's associated inferential machinery can shield a user from
needing to "reinvent the wheel" each time it is desired to investigate
a new model.
Lastly, we will briefly survey available GM toolkits and
their features. We will include a comparison of GM technology with its
modern alternatives. Tutorial attendees will thus learn not only how
to use GMs, but also how to decide when and where GM technology is
- Overview and Motivation.
- Different GM types, constructs, and structures.
- Theory and practice of probabilistic inference in Dynamic GMs.
- Explicit representations of temporal structures.
- Graphical models of speech.
- Graphical models of language.
- Graphical models of statistical machine translation.
- GM Toolkits.
- GM technology vs. its alternatives.
This tutorial will assume a basic knowledge of standard
language and speech processing, including knowledge of hidden Markov
models, maximum entropy models, and the many techniques that go into
making such models successful. It will also be assumed that the
audience is comfortable with basic statistical terminology.
Jeff A. Bilmes is an Assistant Professor in the
Department of Electrical Engineering at the University of Washington,
Seattle (adjunct in Linguistics and in Computer Science and
Engineering). He co-founded the Signal, Speech, and Language
Interpretation Laboratory at the University. He received a masters
degree from MIT, and a Ph.D. in Computer Science at the University of
California in Berkeley. Jeff is an author of the graphical models
toolkit (GMTK), and was a leader of the 2001 Johns Hopkins summer
workshop team applying graphical models to speech and language. His
primary research lies in statistical graphical models, speech,
language and time series processing, human-computer interfaces, and
probabilistic machine learning.
Large Scale Spoken Document Retrieval
Pedro J. Moreno and Jean Manuel Van Thong
Search engines like Google or Yahoo have been extremely
successful over the years in facilitating the search and retrieval of
text pages and written documents. However, only recently these
technologies have been extended to spoken documents. While there are
many similarities with standard text search engines, spoken document
retrieval is sufficiently different.
In this tutorial we provide an introduction to the field
of spoken document retrieval with an special emphasis on large audio
collections. We will start with a general introduction to speech
recognition, then continue with various approaches to audio indexing
and then continue with a global description of the architecture needed
for large scale indexing. We will conclude with several demos of
existing engines and technologies.
- Extracting metadata from raw audio.
- Fundamentals of speech recognition.
- Acoustic modeling.
- Words based, phone based.
- Language modeling
- Speech recognition approaches for audio indexing.
- Phonetic search.
- Word spotting approaches.
- Large vocabulary speech recognition.
- Syllable based speech recognition.
- Limitations and advantages of all approaches.
- The out-of-vocabulary (OOV) problem.
- Text audio alignment.
- Indexing and searching metadata.
- Searching versus indexing.
- Content segmentation.
- Modification to text indexing, long documents vs. short documents.
- Index fusion approaches.
- Acoustic search versus semantic search.
- Architecture design for large scale indexing.
- The web search model for audio indexing.
- Audio (and video) crawling.
- Audio to text transcription.
- Index construction.
- API's for querying and index update.
- The user interface design.
- Putting everything together.
- Demos of several systems.
- Conclusions: Where is audio indexing headed?
This tutorial is designed for information retrieval and
computer scientists with no previous knowledge of speech recognition
and information retrieval.
Pedro J. Moreno is a senior researcher at the Cambridge
Research Lab, which is part of Hewlett-Packard Labs. His main
interests are in the practical applications of machine learning
techniques in several fields such as as audio indexing, image
retrieval, text classification and noise robustness. Dr. Moreno has
being involved in the design of HP Labs audio indexing engine
SpeechBot. Lately his main interests are in the areas of
bioinformatics and bio signal interpretation.
JM Van Thong is a senior researcher at the Cambridge
Research Lab, which is part of Hewlett-Packard Labs. His current
research interests are bioinformatics, media indexing, and information
retrieval systems as well as user interfaces. During his 17 years
spent in research, JM has been involved in several successful projects
including SpeechBot, the first large scale web audio indexing system,
RedBot, a web-based tool for automatic red-eye correction, an
information retrieval system for hand-helds, a real-time streaming
phoneme recognizer for a facial animation package, and planar maps
technology for a sketching software.
Statistical Language Models and Information Retrieval
Statistical language models play an important role in
virtually all kinds of tasks involving human language technologies.
In particular, they have been attracting much attention recently in
the information retrieval community due to their theoretical and
empirical advantages over traditional retrieval methods. A great deal
of recent work has shown that statistical language models not only
lead to superior empirical performance, but also facilitate parameter
tuning, open up possibilities for modeling non-traditional retrieval
problems, and in general provide a more principled way of modeling
The purpose of this tutorial is to systematically review
the recent progress in applying statistical language models to
information retrieval with an emphasis on the underlying principles
and framework, empirically effective language models, and language
models developed for non-traditional retrieval tasks. Tutorial
attendees can expect to learn the major principles and methods of
applying statistical language models to information retrieval, the
outstanding problems in this area, as well as obtain comprehensive
pointers to the research literature.
- Information Retrieval (IR)
- Statistical Language Models (SLMs)
- Applications of SLMs to IR
- The Basic Language Modeling Approach
- Query likelihood methods and their justification
- Smoothing of language models
- Improving the basic language modeling approach
- Feedback Language Models
- Different ways of feedback with language models
- Representative feedback models (relevance/query models, translation models)
- Language Models for different retrieval tasks
- Cross-language retrieval
- Distributed information retrieval
- TDT and information filtering
- Semi-structured information retrieval
- Subtopic retrieval
- A General Framework for Applying SLMs to IR
- SLMs vs. traditional methods: Pros & Cons
- Progress so far
- Challenges and future research directions
The tutorial should appeal to both people working on
information retrieval with an interest in applying more advanced
language models and those who have a background on statistical
language models and wish to apply them to information
retrieval. Attendees will be assumed to know basic probability and
ChengXiang Zhai is an Assistant Professor of Computer
Science at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He
received a Ph.D. in Computer Science from Nanjing University in 1990,
and a Ph.D. in Language and Information Technologies from Carnegie
Mellon University in 2002. He worked at Clairvoyance Corp. as a
Research Scientist and, later, a Senior Research Scientist from 1997
to 2000. His research interests broadly include information retrieval,
natural language processing, machine learning, and bioinformatics. His
most recent work, including his dissertation, is centered on
developing formal retrieval frameworks and applying statistical
language models to text retrieval, especially in directions such as
personalized search and semi-structured information retrieval. He has
served on the program committee for ACM SIGIR 2003, ACM SIGIR 2004,
ACL 2003, ACM CIKM 2003. He is the IR program co-chair for ACM CIKM
2004. He is a recipient of the 2004 NSF CAREER award. | <urn:uuid:fea6d478-cd5d-42e0-9739-ea5cba6a76d1> | {
"date": "2014-07-23T03:57:10",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997873839.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025753-00184-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8581324815750122,
"score": 2.6875,
"token_count": 3708,
"url": "http://www.aclweb.org/mirror/hlt-naacl04/tutorialst.html"
} |
1 Answer | Add Yours
Active and passive transport are the movement of chemical species from one area of a cell to another. The main difference between the two is that active transport requires chemical energy in the form of ATP while passive transport requires no outside energy. The biggest similarity between the two is that they both involve the movement of chemicals through a membrane. Another similarity between the two is that they both involve working with a concentration gradient. Active transport builds up a concentration gradient, or moves species from areas of lower concentration to areas of higher concentration. Passive transport moves materials along a concentration gradient, or from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration.
We’ve answered 302,318 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question | <urn:uuid:2d24be9d-92a1-4f1c-be0c-443447f7893b> | {
"date": "2016-02-12T12:10:19",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-07",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701163729.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193923-00277-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9446531534194946,
"score": 3.15625,
"token_count": 149,
"url": "http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/similarities-between-active-passive-transport-295600"
} |
Current trends in technology indicate that nanometer-scale devices will be feasible within two decades. It is likely that NASA will attempt a manned Mars mission within the next few decades. Manned Mars activities will be relatively labor-intensive, presenting significant risk of damage to the Marssuit. We have investigated two possible architectures for nanotechnology applied to the problem of damage during Mars surface activity.Nanorobots can be used to actively repair damaged suit materials while an astronaut is in the field, reducing the need to return immediately to a pressurized area. Assembler nanorobots reproduce both themselves and the more specialized Marssuit Repair Nanorobots (MRN). MRN nanorobots operate as space-filling polyhedra to repair damage to a Marssuit. Both operate with reversible mechanical logic, though only assemblers utilize chemical data storage. | <urn:uuid:107faff3-5bf8-4067-a098-70865797c366> | {
"date": "2018-07-18T22:44:34",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590329.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20180718213135-20180718233135-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9057906866073608,
"score": 3.015625,
"token_count": 177,
"url": "https://www.sae.org/publications/technical-papers/content/2000-01-2478/"
} |
Description - Was Huck Black? by Shelley Fisher Fishkin
Published in 1884, Huckleberry Finn has become one of the msot widely taught novels in American curricula. But where did it come from, and what made it so distinctive? Shelley Fisher Fishkin suggests that in Huckleberry Finn, more than any other work, Mark Twain let African-American voices, language, and rhetorical traditions play a major role in the creation of his art. In Was Huck Black? Fishkin combines close readings of published and unpublished writing by Twain with intensive biographical and historical research and insights gleaned from linguistics, literary theory, and folklore to shed new light on the role African-American voices played in the genesis of Huckleberry Finn. Given that book's importance in American culture, her analysis illuminates, as well, how African-American voices have shaped our sense of what is distinctively "American" about American literature. American literary historians have told a largely segregated story: white writers come from white literary ancestors, black writers from black ones. The truth is more complicated and more interesting.
While African-American culture shaped Huckleberry Finn, that novel, in turn, helped shape African-American writing in the twentieth century. As Ralph Ellison commented in an interview with Fishkin, Twain "made it possible for many of us to find our own voices." Was Huck Black? dramatizes the crucial role of black voices in Twain's art, and takes the first steps beyond traditional cultural boundaries to unveil an American literary heritage that is infinitely richer and more complex than we had thoguht.
Buy Was Huck Black? by Shelley Fisher Fishkin from Australia's Online Independent Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
(204mm x 136mm x 14mm)
Oxford University Press Inc
Publisher: Oxford University Press Inc
Country of Publication:
Other Editions - Was Huck Black? by Shelley Fisher Fishkin
Book Reviews - Was Huck Black? by Shelley Fisher Fishkin
Author Biography - Shelley Fisher Fishkin
Shelley Fisher Fishkin is Professor of American Studies at the University of Texas, Austin, and author of the award-winning book From Fact to Fiction: Journalism and Imaginative Writing in America. Her essays and reviews on American literature, American Studies, and issues of race and gender have appeared in publications including The New York Times, American Literature, American Literary History, and the Journal of American History. Professor Fishkin, who has lectured on her work in England, Israel, Europe, Mexico, and across the United States, was a Visiting Fellow at Cambridge University, 1992-1993. | <urn:uuid:31384613-2458-4c49-a155-6be164e341d8> | {
"date": "2017-11-22T11:39:46",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806569.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20171122103526-20171122123526-00056.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9264023900032043,
"score": 3.40625,
"token_count": 536,
"url": "https://www.boomerangbooks.com.au/book.cfm?isbn=9780195089141"
} |
"Valentine Pictionary" is a fun Valentine's Day game for kids. It is similar to the original game of "Pictionary," but themed around Valentine's Day. Any size group of kids can play this game.Continue Reading
To play "Valentine Pictionary," start by dividing the group of kids into groups. To prepare for the game, write Valentine's Day words on individual pieces of paper or cardstock. Phrases such as "candy," "love," "hearts" and "cupid" work well for the game and are easy for kids to guess. For older kids, use phrases such as "dozen red roses."
One team begins with a member drawing the word or phrase on a drawing pad, chalkboard or whiteboard. The other members of the team try to guess the word. If they guess correctly, they get a point. Set a time limit to keep things moving.Learn more about Valentines Day | <urn:uuid:66bdf3f5-7f79-4e40-8a8c-22aa97f47e3b> | {
"date": "2018-02-24T20:38:12",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891815934.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20180224191934-20180224211934-00656.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9580968022346497,
"score": 2.546875,
"token_count": 195,
"url": "https://www.reference.com/holidays-celebrations/fun-valentine-party-game-kids-4f8f7dbf7c79cea3"
} |
Genesis begins with the primeval history: the story of creation and the garden of Eden (Genesis 1-3), the account of the descendants of Adam to the rise of Noah who survives a great flood (Genesis 3-9), and the account of the descendants of Noah through the tower of Babel to the rise of Abram (Abraham) (Genesis 10-11). Next follows the story of the patriarchs: Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and the life of Joseph (Genesis 12-50). God gives to the patriarchs a promise of the land of Canaan, but at the end of Genesis the clan of Jacob ends up leaving Canaan for Egypt because of a famine.
Exodus describes the rise of Moses, who leads the Israelites out of Pharaoh's Egypt (Exodus 1-18) and into Mount Sinai/Horeb where he mediates to them God's covenant and laws (Exodus 19-24), deals with the violation of the law when Israel makes the Golden Calf (Exodus 32-24) and instructs them on building the tabernacle (Exodus 25-31; 35-40).
Leviticus begins with instructions about how to use the tabernacle that the Israelites had just built (Leviticus 1-10), followed by a long enumeration of the rules of cleanliness (Leviticus 11-15), the Day of Atonement (Leviticus 16), and various moral and ritual laws sometimes called the Holiness Code (Leviticus 17-26).
Numbers describes two censuses in which the number of Israelites are counted (Numbers 1-3, 26), with many laws mixed among the narratives. The narratives tell how Israel consolidated itself as a community at Sinai (Numbers 1-9), set out from Sinai to move towards Canaan and spied out the land (Numbers 10-13). Because of unbelief at various points, but especially at Kadesh Barnea (Numbers 14), the Israelites were condemned to wander for forty years in the desert in the vicinity of Kadesh instead of immediately entering the land of promise. Even Moses sins and is told he would not live to enter the Promised Land (Numbers 20). At the end of Numbers (Numbers 26-35) Israel moves from the area of Kadesh towards the Promised Land. They leave the Sinai desert and go around Edom and through Moab where Balak and Balaam oppose them (Numbers 22-24; 31:8, 15-16). They defeat two Transjordan kings, Og and Sihon (Numbers 21), and so come to occupy some territory outside of Canaan. At the end of the book they are on the plains of Moab opposite Jericho ready to enter the land.
Deuteronomy consists primarily of a series of speeches by Moses on the plains of Moab opposte Jericho exhorting Israel to obey God and giving further instruction on the laws. At the end of the book (Deuteronomy 34) Moses is allowed to see the promised land from a mountain, but dies and is buried by God before Israel begins the conquest of Canaan. It is believed by many scholars to be a later summation of the first four books with the death of Moses and events leading up to it added.
The Pentateuch is traditionally believed to have been written down by Moses. Hence Genesis is sometimes called the first book of Moses, Exodus the second book of Moses, and so forth. In its current form, each successive book of the Pentateuch picks up and continues the story of the previous book to form a continuous story. Hence Genesis tells how the Israelites went to Egypt while Exodus tells how they came to leave Egypt. Exodus describes the building of the tabernacle at Sinai while in Leviticus Moses is given rules while at Sinai for offering sacrifice and worship at that tabernacle. In Numbers the Israelites leave Sinai and travel eventually to the plains of Moab while in Deuteronomy Moses gives speeches about the law on the plains of Moab.
The Pentateuch can be contrasted with the Hexateuch, a term for the first six books of the Bible. The traditional view is that Joshua wrote the sixth book of the Hexateuch, namely the Book of Joshua, and so it was separated from the five books of the Pentateuch ascribed to Moses. But as a story the Pentateuch seems incomplete without Joshua's account of the conquest of the Promised Land; it completes the story, continuing directly from the events of Deuteronomy, and documents the conquest of Canaan predicted in the Pentateuch. This has led some scholars to propose that the proper literary unit is that of the Hexateuch rather than the Pentateuch. Still others think that Deuteronomy stands apart from the first four books of the Pentateuch, and so speak of the first four as the Tetrateuch (Genesis through Numbers). | <urn:uuid:ec14e653-636f-4baa-b1d4-de6ea6970b8a> | {
"date": "2015-06-30T11:18:19",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-27",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375093400.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031813-00196-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9340702891349792,
"score": 3.734375,
"token_count": 1007,
"url": "http://orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Pentateuch&oldid=71319"
} |
The Idaho Educational Services for the Deaf and the Blind (IESDB) Accessible Instructional Materials Library acquires, maintains and distributes specialized instructional materials, as well as coordinates and produces textbooks in Braille and Large Print, to assist school districts and educators to provide blind and visually impaired students with an appropriate education and equal access to the general curriculum.
As an Authorized User (AU) of the National Instructional Materials Access Center (NIMAC), IESDB , at the school district's request, can facilitate the assignment of National Instructional Materials Accessibility Standard (NIMAS) files to Accessible Media Producers. LEA's can then access those converted files in Audio or Digital for eligible blind, visually impaired, and print disabled students.
The IESDB AIM Library is able to offer the following resources for loan: Braille writers, tape recorders, slate and styluses, pre-braille and literacy kits, tactile tools, raised lined maps, standardized tests, some assessment tools, and other materials provided by Federal Quota Funds through the American Printing House for the Blind (APH) for eligible legally blind students.
Large Print: Dorothy Ogden
Forms for requests are listed below, please fill out the appropriate form, sign and return to the address listed on the form.
1- Assessible formats of Print, Click Now
2- Student Data, Click Now
3- Book Request form, Click Now
4- Eligibility & Certification for Specialized Formats of Print, Click Now | <urn:uuid:67be6859-1437-473a-9218-d7b3036f2eaf> | {
"date": "2013-05-19T02:02:43",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696383156/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092623-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8666572570800781,
"score": 2.515625,
"token_count": 314,
"url": "http://www.isdb.idaho.gov/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=97&Itemid=235"
} |
Scientists devise a test to see if the universe is real or the computer simulation of future-people
Good news guys: Scientists at the University of Washington have finally devised a way to see if the universe actually exists or is all just a computer simulation devised by a race of future-people a long, long time from now.
No, this idea is not the product of a freshman astronomy term-paper written high as a kite last-minute at 3 a.m. It was first floated by a certified egghead philosophy professor at the University of Oxford in 2003 and has sparked the interest of the scientific community.
Scientists are currently creating crude universe simulations of their own, though they are decades away from modeling anything like even a primitive version of the universe. According to a new paper from UW, “The supercomputers performing lattice quantum chromodynamics calculations essentially divide space-time into a four-dimensional grid.” Based on their own primitive simulations they’ve created so far, they’re not ruling out that the universe as we perceive it isn’t just another way more advanced computer simulation by people gagillions of years in the future.
In case your mind wasn’t fully blown yet, here’s the kicker: Based on what they’ve seen in their own simulations, the scientists now think they know what to look for in the universe to detect sings that it’s not real but a simulation—glitches in the matrix, so to speak.
“It would be a matter of looking for a ‘signature’ in our universe that has an analog in the current small-scale simulations,” says the UW team, and continues, “the signature could show up as a limitation in the energy of cosmic rays.”
At the end of “Vanilla Sky” Kurt Russel has an existential meltdown as he realizes he’s not real, but part of Tom Cruise’s simulated reality. Depending on what these scientists at UW find, that could be all of us. | <urn:uuid:f9ebd864-b4f6-48bb-be37-bb6356567714> | {
"date": "2016-12-04T06:04:12",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-50",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541214.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00352-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9477362632751465,
"score": 2.6875,
"token_count": 425,
"url": "http://www.deathandtaxesmag.com/192185/scientists-devise-a-test-to-see-if-the-universe-is-real-or-the-computer-simulation-of-future-people/"
} |
Tsetses are able to find their hosts by their sense of smell, and by sight.
Particular host species are used by tsetse probably for the following reasons:
The hosts occupy the same habitat as the tsetse.
The smell and sight of the host is attractive to the tsetse.
The hosts remain fairly quiet and still when fed upon by tsetse.
The flies do not necessarily feed on hosts that happen to be in the same habitat. For instance, the common animals, zebra and wildebeest, are not fed upon by tsetse (see 220.127.116.11). The reasons for this are not fully understood.
6.1.1 Dependence of tsetse species on various hostsThe following list gives for each of thirteen tsetse species, the most favoured hosts in order of importance. An asterisk (*) against the name of a host indicates that this host accounts for more than half the total feeds for that species of tsetse.
For example, for Glossina longipalpis, the bushbuck is the most important host and provides more than half the total feeds. The buffalo is the next most important, and the red river hog is the next after that. For G. morsitans, the four hosts, ox, buffalo, kudu and man, are grouped together because they are about equally important in providing food for this species, after the warthog.
This information comes from averaging out blood meal analysis data from studies made in many parts of Africa (see 8.6). The order of importance shown for a tsetse species may not be true for a particular limited area. The information is therefore only a rough guide.
The list shows the great importance of the pig family and of the bushbuck as hosts for tsetse flies. Only three out of the thirteen species listed here do not have one of these at the head of the list of preferred hosts.
This section is only a summary. More detailed information on the importance of different host groups as a source of tsetse meals is given in section 6.1.2.
|Glossina longipalpis||Glossina morsitans|
|(a) Bushbuck *||(a) Warthog|
|(b) Buffalo||(b) Ox, buffalo, kudu and man|
|(c) Red river hog|
|Glossina pallidipes||Glossina swynnertoni|
|(a) Bushbuck *||(a) Warthog *|
|(b) Warthog||(b) Buffalo, giraffe, rhinoceros|
|Glossina austeni||Glossina palpalis|
|(a) Bushpig *||(a) Man, reptiles|
|(b) Ox||(b) Bushbuck, ox|
|Glossina fuscipes||Glossina tachinoides|
|(a) Reptiles, bushbuck||(a) Man|
|(b) Man||(b) Ox|
|Glossina fusca||Glossina fuscipleuris|
|(a) Bushbuck *||(a) Bush pig|
|(b) Red river hog,||(b) Giant forest hog aardvark|
|(c) Ox, hippopotamus|
|Glossina tabaniformis||Glossina brevipalpis|
|(a) Red river hog *||(a) Bush pig, hippopotamus|
|(b) Porcupine||(b) Bushbuck, buffalo|
|(a) Rhinoceros *|
|(b) Buffalo, elephant|
6.1.2 Host groups and their relative importanceSome species of wild animals are very important as hosts
for tsetse, and other are less important. The type of host that is important may depend on the availability of the host animal, the species of tsetse, and on the season.
18.104.22.168 The pig family (Suidae) The pig family contains the warthog, bushpig, red river hog and the giant forest hog, as well as the domestic pig.
Members of the pig family are very important as hosts of tsetse .
feeds mainly on warthog (60–70%).
feeds mainly on bushpig (50–60%).
feeds mainly on bushpig and giant forest hog (65%).
Glossina tabaniformis feeds mainly on the red river hog (70%).
Glossina morsitans gets from one third to nearly half (30–45%) of its food from warthog.
Glossina fusca may take 15% of its meals from the red river hog.
Glossina brevipalpis may take as much as 40% of its meals from the bushpig, but this varies considerably according to the area.
Glossina palpalis, G. fuscipes and G. tachinoides generally do not feed on wild pigs very much (about 3%); but G. tachinoides and G. palpalis near to villages in southern parts of their range may get much of their food from the domestic pig.
22.214.171.124 The antelope, buffalo and cattle (ox) family (Bovidae) The bovids include a large number of important species, especially antelopes such as bushbuck, kudu and eland, as well as buffalo and cattle. In general, the larger members may be important hosts, but the smaller ones are much less important.
Glossina pallidipes, G. longipalpis and G. fusca get most of their blood meals (55–90%) from the bushbuck.
Glossina morsitans takes 25–40% of all its feeds from bovids, especially kudu, buffalo, bushbuck and eland. Cattle are very readily fed upon.
Glossina brevipalpis takes about one quarter of all its meals from bovids (buffalo and bushbuck).
Glossina austeni takes about one third of its meals from bovids; duiker (various species) may be important to this fly (10%).
Glossina palpalis, G. fuscipes and G. tachinoides take about 20–40% of their meals from bovids. The exact percentage, and the species fed upon, varies greatly according to local conditions. Cattle are fed upon if they come into infested areas.
Glossina longipennis takes about 20% of its feeds from bovids.
126.96.36.199 Primates, inclining man The primates are a group of mammals into which scientists place man for the purpose of comparison with other animals. The monkey and the baboon come into the same group.
Glossina palpalis, G. fuscipes and G. tachinoides all feed on man; the percentage of feeds may be between 8–40% / according to local conditions. Flies take a high proportion of their meals from people using watering places and river points.
Glossina morsitans may take 7–18% of its meals from primates (mainly man).
Other tsetse species take 5% or less of their meals from primates.
188.8.131.52 Other mammals sometimes used as hosts
Glossina longipennis is unusual in that about 60% of its feeds come from rhinoceros. Elephant is an important but variable host (up to 12% of all feeds).
Glossina brevipalpis may take up to 36% of its food from hippopotamus.
Glossina fuscipleuris may take up to 20% of its food from hippopotamus.
Glossina fusca takes about 12% of its meals from the aardvark.
Glossina swynnertoni feeds on the giraffe to some extent (about 8%).
Glossina tabaniformis takes up to one quarter of its food from the porcupine.
Glossina tachinoides may take over 7% of its food from the porcupine.
184.108.40.206 Other manuals seldom used as hosts The following common wild game animals are not fed upon by tse tse under natural conditions:
Many small antelopes
The following common wild game animals are fed upon only quite rarely:
Hartebeest (except that Glossina morsitanshas been recorded as using hartebeest for about 2% of its meals).
In general, animals smaller than a porcupine or a duiker are not fed upon by tsetse flies in the wild. Very active animals such as monkeys are not much fed upon.
220.127.116.11 Birds Birds are not used very much by tsetse flies as a rule.
Glossina longipennis may take up to 7% of its meals from the ostrich.
Glossina morsitans submorsitans may take about 6% of its meals from birds other than the ostrich.
Glossina palpalis and G. fuscipes may take about 10% of their meals from waterside birds such as cormorants.
18.104.22.168 Reptiles The main reptiles fed upon are monitor lizards (Varanus) and crocodile. These animals are very important as hosts for palpalis group flies.
Glossina palpalis and G. fuscipes may take about a quarter to a third of their food from these hosts, possibly more in quiet places uninhabited by man.
Glossina tachinoides takes about 10% of its food from these reptiles.
These figures are variable according to local circumstances; e.g. as much as 50% of feeds of G. palpalis may be taken from the crocodile, locally.
There are several kinds of trypanosomes transmitted by Glossina. Most of these are dangerous; some are harmless. The trypanosomes that cause diseases in man and domestic animals are called pathogenic trypanosomes.
Only an outline of the subject is given here, as it is the field of the veterinarian and the medical doctor.
6.2.1 Morphology A typical pathogenic trypanosome is a very small organism living in the blood stream of its vertebrate host. The shape is rather like that of a fish. For some of the smaller species, more than 1000 could be put end to end to measure 1 centimetre. The trypanosomes are studied with the aid of a microscope, with or without staining.
The trypanosome has the following main parts: (Fig. 6.1)
Fig. 6.1 Diagram of a trypanosome to show the main parts. Arrow indicates the direction of movement.
All these parts can be seen in well stained, highly magnified microscopical preparations. There are other important structures in the trypanosome that can be revealed by other techniques, but it is not necessary to describe them here.
Size can be a help in identifying different species (see 22.214.171.124), but the variation in size and appearance of Trypanosoma brucei, T. rhodesiense and T. gambiense are so similar that these three cannot be told apart by microscopic examination. Their chief difference is in the effect they have on their mammalian hosts. The large variation in size and appearance in each of these three species has led to their being called the polymorphic trypanosomes (polymorphic = of many shapes) (see 126.96.36.199).
6.2.2 Movement The trypanosome moves by twisting its body into S-shapes. The main power for this movement comes from the flagellum. The direction of movement is towards the free end of the flagellum (Figure 6.1, arrow). The speed of movement is variable. Trypanosoma vivax moves very quickly across the field of a microscope. Stained preparations are of course dead, so that they will show no movement.
6.2.3 Trypanosome species There follows a list of the trypanosome species that will be dealt with in this Manual, together with some others (marked *) that will not otherwise be mentioned.
Note: Ruminants include antelope, camel, giraffe, bovines.
Bovinesinclude cattle, buffalo or bushcow.
Equines include horse, donkey, mule and zebra.
1 μn = 1 micrometre = 1 thousandth of a millimetre.
188.8.131.52 Species list
|Species||Economic Importance||Main hosts||Vector||Size|
|* Trypanosoma theileri||Not important||Bovines, antelopes||Tabanid flies||60–100 μm|
i.e. it is unusually large
|Trypanosoma vivax||Very important|
(see Table 6.1)
development in proboscis
|Trypanosoma uniforms||Moderately important||Ruminants||Glossina;|
development in proboscis
|13–17 μm. Except for size, this species closely resembles T.vivax with which it may be confused.|
|Trypanosoma congolense||Very important|
(see Table 6.1)
|Ruminants, equines, pig, dog||Glossina;|
development in midgut and proboscis
|Trypanosoma simiae||Very dangerous to domestic pigs||Bushpig, warthog, camel||Glossina;|
development in midgut and proboscis. In disease outbreaks may be transmitted mechanically
(see Table 6.1)
|Wild and domestic mammals||Glossina;|
development in midgut, proboscis and salivary glands
|Trypanosoma rhodesiense||Very important, dangerous to man||Mammals including man||Glossina;|
development in midgut, proboscis and salivary glands
|Trypanosoma gambiense||Very important, dangerous to man||Man||Glossina;|
development in midgut, proboscis and salivary glands
|* Trypanosoma evansi||Important; causes the disease surra of various domestic mammals, especially camels, horses and dogs. Found outside the tsetse belts||Camels, equines, bovines||Mechanically transmitted, especially by tabanids||15–34 μm|
|Trypanosoma equiperdum||Important; causes the disease dourine of horses and donkeys, but is found only outside the tsetse belts||Equines (only)||None; transmitted by direct contact between hosts||15–36 m|
(see Table 6.1)
|Pigs||Glossina; development in midgut, proboscis and salivary glands. Not a great deal is known about this trypanosome, especially concerning its distribution.||13–19 μm|
184.108.40.206 Group names
The term 'vivax group' is used to include Trypanosoma vivax and T. uniforms. Duttonella is another term for the same group.
The term 'congolense group' is used to include T. congolense and T. simiae. Nannomonas is another term for the same group.
The term 'brucei subgroup' is used to include T. brucei, T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. They are often regarded as three subspecies of the same species T.brucei, in which case they are termed T. brucei brucei, T. brucei gambiense and T. brucei rhodesiense.
The term 'brucei group' is used to include T. brucei, T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense, together with some other related trypanosomes. Trypanozoon is another term for the same group.
220.127.116.11 Stocks Within a species of trypanosome, there may be varieties or stocks which behave differently from the usual type. For example, within Trypanosoma gam biense there are stocks that cause the patient to suffer a more acute disease then usual, resembling the illness caused by T. rhodesiense.
In the same way, Trypanosoma vivax may cause a more severe illness in cattle or a less severe one, according to the stock involved.
6.2.4 Life history
18.104.22.168 In the mammalian host Trypanosomes get into the tissues and blood system of the mammal host by becoming injected along with the saliva of an infected tsetse fly as the fly takes its blood meal.
The trypanosomes multiply in the tissues and the blood stream. However, the number of trypanosomes to be found in the blood may vary from time to time, sometimes increasing, sometimes decreasing.
Some trypanosomes in the blood vessels in the skin of an infected mammal host may be taken up by a tsetse fly when it feeds. In this way the infection is passed on.
22.214.171.124 In the tsetse fly The tsetse fly when it emerges from the pupa is always uninfected ('clean') and cannot transmit disease.
When a 'clean' tsetse fly takes a blood meal from a trypanosome-infected animal, there is a chance that it may become infected itself.
A small proportion of the individual trypanosomes in the blood of an infected animal are in a suitable condition to infect the tsetse fly. For instance, the shorter 'stumpy' forms of Trypanosoma brucei are the only ones that can develop further in the fly.
The trypanosomes go through a cycle of development in the fly, lasting several days or weeks before the infection is mature and the fly becomes infective to new hosts. After that period, the fly remains infective for the rest of its life.
There are three types of life cycle undergone by the economically important trypanosomes in tsetse flies (Figure 6.2).
Vivax type (T. vivax, T. uniforms) Some trypanosomes taken up by the fly attach themselves to the walls of the food canal in the proboscis. They form colonies and multiply. In about 10 days infective forms are produced that migrate to the hypopharynx and can infect new hosts when the tsetse feeds.
Fig. 6.2 Diagram to show the places in the body of the tsetse fly in which the various types of trypanosomes carry out their development:
the vivax type develops within the proboscis
the congolense type develops first in the midgut and then in the proboscis
the brucei type develops first in the midgut, then in the proboscis, then finally becomes mature in the salivary glands.
Congolense type (T. congolense, T. simiae)Some trypanosomes that are carried to the gut are able to survive (most do not). They then migrate forward to the food canal of the proboscis where they multi ply. Later infective forms reach the hypopharynx, and new hosts can be infected when the fly feeds. The cycle takes 12–14 days.
Brucei type (T. brucei, T. rhodesiense, T. gambiense, T. suis) The trypanosomes are carried to the gut, later passing for ward to the proboscis. From here they enter the hypopharynx and reach the salivary glands, where finally the infective forms are produced. This cycle takes 20–30 days.
The number of days given for the cycle to be completed are average ranges only. Individual cases may take a shorter or longer time than the number of days shown.
Within the tsetse belts, the usual method for pathogenic trypanosomes to be transmitted is by this cyclical transmission. But it is also possible for pathogenic trypanosomes to be transmitted by other means. One such method is mechanical transmission (see 6.5.3).
N.B. The non-pathogenic T. grayi develops in the mid-and hind-gut. This must be taken into account when dissecting species of palpalis group.
6.3.1 Trypanosomiasis in man (sleeping sickness)The symptoms (outward signs) of the disease may vary a great deal from one case to another and from one outbreak to another. In general, there is an early fever stage (trypanosomal fever) and a later stage that affects the nervous system. The variable symptoms make it a difficult disease for the doctor to diagnose (identify). Also, because the nervous symptoms are varied and may cause the patient apparently to alter his personality (he may become more aggressive or moody, or lazy), the ordinary villager may not understand that the patient is suffering from an identifiable disease.
There are two main forms to the disease.
Gambian sleeping sickness (see 126.96.36.199) is found in different areas of West and Central Africa (see Map 6.1) It is transmitted mainly by Glossina palpalis, G. fuscipes, and G. tachinoides (all palpalis group flies). The trypanosome parasite is called Trypanosoma gambiense.
Rhodesian sleeping sickness (see 188.8.131.52) is found mainly in East Africa and in the Zambezi river basin. It is transmitted mainly by Glossina morsitans, G. swynnertoni and G. pallidipes (morsitans group), but G. fuscipes and G. tachinoides (palpalis group) may also be important sometimes. Where it occurs, G. pallidipes may be a particularly efficient vector of Rhodesian sleeping sickness. The trypanosome parasite is called Trypanosoma rhodesiense.
184.108.40.206 Gambian sleeping sickness There have been very large and serious outbreaks (epidemics) of this disease in the past. A major epidemic occurred in Uganda in 1902–7, in which it is believed that as many as 200,000 people died (two out of every three in the affected population) . Medical authorities realised the full seriousness of the disease from this time. The disease develops slowly in man.
Often the disease occurs in communities at river crossings and watering points, where man and palpalis group flies come into close contact. Such places may form the starting points (foci, singular focus) for epidemics, if conditions are suitable.
It has been found that Gambian sleeping sickness is particularly likely to occur at the extreme northern boundaries of the distribution of Glossina palpalis and G. tachinoides. It is thought that is because the hot, dry, climatic conditions here force the tsetse flies to remain around river courses and water holes, and so into close contact with man. Man-fly contact is close and repeated, so Trypanosoma gambiense can build up in numbers and can easily be transmitted from infected to uninfected people (Figure 6.3), even though the total lumber of flies present may be quite small.
Map 6.1 Present day distribution of sleeping sickness in Africa. The solid line shows the approximate boundary between the western Gambian sleeping sickness, and the eastern and southern Rhodesian sleeping sickness. In the past, major epidemics of Gambian sleeping sickness have occurred around L. Victoria.
220.127.116.11 Rhodesian sleeping sickness Epidemics of this disease have not been as large as for Gambian sleeping sickness, but can be very serious locally. The disease develops more quickly in man than does Gambian sleeping sickness.
This is a disease mainly of remote villages, and of people whose occupations take them far into the bush, for example hunters and honey gatherers. It is thought that a man may pick up an infection by being bitten by an infected tsetse, whose normal hosts are wild game animals (Figure 6.4). A minor epidemic may occur when the infected man returns to his hone village, if this village is tsetse infested, by more people being bitten by infested flies.
6.3.2 Animal trypanosomiasis The trypanosome diseases of animals cone under the general term animal trypanosomiasis. The one affecting cattle is sometimes called nagana.
The main tsetse-borne trypanosome parasites in cattle are Trypanosoma vivax, T. congolense and T. brucei.Also pathogenic to domestic animals are T. uniforme, T. simiae and T. suis, but the last three are less often important in causing livestock disease than are the first three (see 6.2.3). There are also one or two other trypanosome species that can live in the blood of live-stock without doing any harm. We are not concerned with these.
The effect of animal trypanosomiasis varies according to the species of livestock (see liable 6.1), and of the breed. For instance, Trypanosoma simiae has little or no effect on cattle or horses, but can cause very severe disease in pigs. Zebu, the commonest breed of cattle in tropical Africa, is severely affected by nagana. The breed is highly susceptible to trypanosomiasis and cannot live for long in contact with a heavy fly infestation, even with the help of drugs. But some cattle breeds (e.g. Muturu, N'Dama) are less susceptible, although affected to sane degree: they are said to be trypanotolerant. These cattle can live in closer contact with tsetse fly than Zebu cattle can.
TABLE 6.1 Severity of disease caused by pathogenic tsetse-borne trypanosomes in men and various domestic animals
|Trypanosome||Cattle||Horses Donkeys||Goats Sheep||Pigs||Man|
|T. rhodesiense||-||-||-||-||+++ more acute|
|T. gambiense||-||-||-||-||+++ more chronic|
Key: - Hosts do not normally pick up the disease
(although experimental infections may be possible).
± slight disease
+ moderate disease
++ serious disease
+++ very serious disease
By the term acute disease is meant one that develops in months rather than years;
By the term chronic disease is meant one that develops slowly over years.
Fig. 6.3. Current ideas on the transmission of Gambian sleeping sickness. The arrow indicates that the sick man (seated) is acting as a reservoir for the infection; trypanosomes are taken in by a tsetse fly when it feeds on this infected person, and the fly itself becomes infected. After 20–30 days the fly is able to transmit the disease to uninfected people it later feeds on.
Fig. 6.4. Current ideas on the transmission of Rhodesian sleeping sickness. The arrow indicates that the animal (bushbuck, for instance) is acting as a reservoir for the infection. Trypanosoma rhodesiense is taken in by a tsetse fly when it feeds on the animal and the fly itself becomes infected. After 20–30 days the fly is able to transmit the disease to uninfected people it may feed on.
The seriousness of trypanosomiasis can depend on the general state of health of the domestic animal that has become infected with the disease. An animal that is well fed and rested has a much better resistance to the disease than one that is poorly fed, worked hard, pregnant, suffering from other diseases, or under any other kind of stress.
For tsetse flies to become infected they must feed on infected hosts having trypanosomes in their blood streams. These hosts form a reservoir for the trypanosomes, which continually infect 'clean' tsetse flies that feed on them.
Where uninfected men and animals are living in contact with fly,the chance of their becoming infected will depend on:
the infection rate in the tsetse flies
the ability and opportunity of the infected fly to pass on the infection
6.5.1 Infection rates in tsetse flies These can vary according to the area, to the species of tsetse fly, and to the species of trypanosome. The figures given in this section provide only a very rough guide.
The following table gives infection rates that the three important trypanosome species causing disease in cattle might have in morsitans group flies.
|Trypanosome species||Infection rates in morsitans group|
|1. T. vivax||Approximately 20% or more|
|2. T. congolense||Approximately 10%|
|3. T. brucei||Less than 1%|
Usually vivax infections are much commoner than congolense infections, as shown in the above table, but occasionally congolense may be commoner than vivax.
The infection rate may vary according to tsetse species:
|Glossina species||Overall infection rates (all trypanosome species combined)|
|Often 20% or more|
|Usually less than 10%|
In a particular area the infection rates in flies may depend on a variety of factors:
The infection rates in preferred hosts in the area
The ability of the tsetse fly to pick up an infection from the hosts. This ability may vary according to the species of fly.
The average age of the fly population. Older flies are more likely to have a mature infection than younger ones.
The temperatures experienced by the pupae and young adults. By laboratory studies it has been found that pupae and young adults of G. morsitans kept at a high temperature give rise to mature flies that can develop unusually high infection rates.
6.5.2 The ability and opportunity of infected flies to pass on an infection
18.104.22.168 Ecological opportunity In order to pass on the infection to man or domestic animals, tsetse flies must live in the same habitat as these hosts.
Most fusca group flies are for this reason not much danger to cattle. Most fuscagroup flies live in rain forest and other heavily wooded areas.
Cattle do not normally live close to such places. But the two species G. brevipalpisand G. longipennis are important exceptions to this rule. Although they belong to the fusca group, they do live in places where they can come into close contact with livestock (see Volume II, Ch.4). Glossina fusca itself often lives at the fringes of forest and may therefore come into contact With cattle.
The palpalis group flies G. palpalis, G. fuscipes and G. tachinoides can also transmit cattle trypanosomiasis, but the disease transmitted is usually less severe. Cattle can live closer to these species than they can to morsitans group species. It may be necessary for cattle to live in rather close contact with palpalis group tsetse, in order to get water and grazing. The resulting disease probably accounts for a large part of the total trypanosomiasis of cattle in West Africa.
The morsitans group. The main species of this group (G. morsitans, G. swynnertoni, G. longipalpis and G. pallidipes) are so efficient at transmitting disease that infested areas are avoided by cattle owners as far as possible. Cattle being trekked for fresh grazing or for marketing may have to pass through morsitans country, and suffer very heavily. Locally, populations of morsitans group flies may live mainly on cattle, and cause high levels of trypanosomiasis.
22.214.171.124 Susceptibility of host to trypanosomiasisThis has also been dealt with under 6.3.2 (see table 6.1). An animal may be quite resistant to a trypanosome species and fail to suffer any disease when exposed to it. For example, man does not suffer any disease from exposure to Trypanosoma vivax or T. congolense, nor to ordinary strains of T. brucei.
Some hosts may pick up a trypanosome parasite without apparently suffering any harm. Many game animals appear to be in this group.
Some breeds of African cattle can tolerate a trypanosome challenge.
6.5.3 Mechanical transmission (see also 126.96.36.199) If a fly such as Stomoxys or a tabanid feeds on an infected animal and is interrupted in its meal, it may fly off to an uninfected animal to finish its meal. In this way some infected blood can be carried while still fresh from the first animal to be injected into the second. Transmission of trypanosomiasis in this way is called mechanical transmission.
In the case of trypanosomiasis outbreaks at the edge of tsetse belts it is difficult to be certain whether they are caused by mechanical transmission, or by very small numbers of scattered tsetse spreading the disease from the main belt. Inside the main tsetse belts cyclical transmission is probably much more important than mechanical transmission.
Trypanosoma vivax appears to be more easily transmitted by the mechanical method, than T. congolense. | <urn:uuid:a7dbb629-4aa1-4de5-983f-626f7fae8609> | {
"date": "2015-08-30T04:59:24",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-35",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644064869.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025424-00231-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9127011299133301,
"score": 3.484375,
"token_count": 7203,
"url": "http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/p5178e/P5178E07.htm"
} |
THE LIBERTARIAN ENTERPRISE
Number 674, June 10, 2012
"The World is run by fools who kill children
as they pray and practice hymns in Church. And
that's what I remember learning in third grade."
The Economics of Spring Break
Attribute to L. Neil Smith's The Libertarian Enterprise
Year after year, young coeds, eager to escape the North's biting cold, descend upon a warm weather hotspot for a week long respite they will never forget...or, perhaps, never remember.
This annual rite of passage is known as Spring Break.
Naturally, images of loose morals, drunken debauchery, and poor decisions come to mind. On the surface, this ritual is nothing more than an opportunity for college students to imbibe in a little too much alcohol a little too far away from home. However, behind the scenes, market forces are hard at work.
The History of Party Rocking
The roots of the modern Spring Break can be loosely traced to the ancient Greeks. In fact, today's Spring Break is essentially a merger of two distinct cultural themesvacationing in a warm climate and the bacchanaliaboth of which likely pre-date and transcend Greek culture.
First, the concept of visiting warmer climates during colder months is consistent through history. Nomadic peoples, much like animals, choreographed their travels to economically accommodate harsh weather conditions. Later, once permanent settlement became popular, the idea of leaving home for a brief period only to return again grew common. The Greeks and Romans (as well as countless other societies) frequently traveled to warmer climates during winter. However, these travels generally revolved around the harvest season.
The modern vacationa period of travel spent away from home and work for recreationwas long a privilege of the affluent. In 19th century America, as sanitation and medical technology continued to improve, wealthy industrialists, politicians, and financiers from the Northeast frequently traveled as far south as the Caribbean to avoid the bitter cold months of winter. Eventually, with continued improvements in transportation technology and economic productivity, the general public was finally able to afford modest vacations.
Further, coaches and athletes began capitalizing on the benefit of warmer climates. MLB Spring Training dates to the 1880s with teams such as the St. Louis Cardinals, New York Yankees, and Chicago Cubs visiting southern cities. In fact, the origin of the collegiate Spring Break is frequently attributed to the Colgate University swim team, which began traveling to Fort Lauderdale, Florida in the 1930s for off-season training. Within years, hundreds of collegiate swimmers were competing in the annual Florida event and non-student athletes, looking for a break from classes and the cold weather, soon followed. Almost immediately, a bacchanalia was born.
This second major theme, the bacchanalia, loosely translates as, "a large party or festival." The term is derived from the Greco-Roman god Bacchus (Dionysus in Greek mythology), the god of the grape harvest, wine, winemaking, ecstasy, and intoxication. The Greeks and Romans, like most ancient cultures, celebrated the changing seasons, the annual harvest, and spiritual events with magnificent festivals. In honor of Bacchus, an annual celebration notorious for its excessive gluttony, vulgar conduct, and criminal behavior was held each spring, until it was finally abolished by the Roman Senate.
Unsurprisingly, the term bacchanalia has become synonymous with drunken revelry and is most frequently associated with Spring Break. A brief aside, the New Orleans Mardi Gras Super Krewe Bacchus, named after the Greco-Roman god, is known for its over-the-top parade and black-tie formal ball held on the Sunday before Fat Tuesday each Spring.
The Birth of "Fort Liquordale"
Sun-soaked southern cities immediately tried to corner this fledgling Spring Break market because the young college students had money to spend. Fort Lauderdale, the original Spring Break destination, recognized the advantage of its tropical climate and soon began advertising across the country. In no time, private companies ranging from travel agencies and hotels to liquor stores and restaurantsbegan flooding South Florida.
With the Spring Break tourists came all the economic benefits (new development, increased profits, and tax revenue) but, as usual, few officials considered the unintended consequences (overcrowding, violence, and property destruction). By the 1980s, hundreds of thousands of young adults were descending on South Florida each spring and, with ever-loosening cultural norms, the headache of "Fort Liquordale" was growing out of control. This once great economic blessing was now an annual curse.
Soon enough, Fort Lauderdale took economic matters into its own hands. Local business leaders and investors began redeveloping iconic Spring Break "hang outs" with high-end hotels, boutiques, and restaurants, all in an effort to attract high net worth individuals and to eliminate the dreaded "Fort Liquordale" label. Further, private security efforts were increased and (with assistance from local law enforcement) started cracking down on loitering and public intoxication. Finally, to prohibit "cruising," beachfront property, private roads, parking lots, and public streets were reconfigured.1 As a result, today's Fort Lauderdale, while still a major travel destination, is no longer the unofficial "headquarters" of Spring Break.
Party Rocking Today
While Fort Lauderdale has changed, the demand for party spots has not and multiple U.S. cities are aiming for that vacated "headquarters" title. Today's top Spring Break destinations include South Padre Island, Texas, Panama City Beach, Florida, and Lake Havasu, Arizona. These cities willingly supply young adults with cheap accommodations in exchange for tourism dollars and, generally, pass a blind eye over any lewd behavior.
More broadly, international locations in Mexico and the Caribbean such as Cancun, Jamaica, and the Bahamas have become increasingly popular ever since the U.S. drinking age was effectively raised to 21 with the passage of the National Minimum Drinking Age Act. In response to increasing demand for warm weather and cheap alcohol, these popular destinations capitalized on their countries' less strict drinking laws and ushered in an era of "mega-resorts," drawing Spring Break travelers from around the world. Further, to placate uneasy parents, private firms worked closely with local officials to develop all-inclusive resorts that provide full accommodationsincluding airfare, ground transportation, secure amenities, and restricted accessfor a reasonable price.
At the same time, in response to changing cultural perceptions about Spring Break, other entities like Habitat for Humanity and the United Way began offering community-oriented volunteer opportunities commonly known as Alternative Spring Break. Instead of a binge-soaked blur, students have the option of helping the less fortunate in communities across the globe. In fact, this past spring, students from across the country donated countless hours in tornado-ravaged communities near Joplin, Missouri and Tuscaloosa, Alabama.
Even with the availability of all these vacation possibilities, most students still use Spring Break as a good, old-fashioned opportunity to put in more hours at workwhether work is an internship, collegiate sport, or part-time job.
What a Long Strange Trip...
Spring Break is another modest example of how effectively markets work without government intervention. People make choicesrationally or irrationallybased on perceived costs and benefits. Today, nearly 100 years after Spring Break was born, students have the freedom to choose between a number of potentially life-changing opportunities, all without interference by politician or bureaucrat.
Whether college kids want to party on the beach, pick up extra hours at work, or volunteer in a disadvantaged community, the common denominator is the freedom to choose.
That's not a bad lesson to learn on Spring Break.
1 Given the current political climate in the United States, any attempt to eliminate loitering and public intoxication or reconfigure public streets inevitably requires State intervention. However, keep in mind the distinction between governance and government. While the former is desirable because it is compatible with a free market economy, frequently private parties must work closely with the latter.
Was that worth reading? | <urn:uuid:9d76ca0b-80ab-45e4-ae19-f0f3dfcfaecd> | {
"date": "2019-06-20T15:23:56",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999261.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20190620145650-20190620171650-00136.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9536935687065125,
"score": 2.609375,
"token_count": 1684,
"url": "https://ncc-1776.org/tle2012/tle674-20120610-07.html"
} |
tiltbillings wrote:Interesting wording. Where is this "definition" from?sunyavadin wrote: Dhamma, 'that which upholds, supports or maintains the regulatory order of the universe'.
It is a dictionary definition, although I accept that 'Dhamma' is one of the key Buddhist terms that is very hard to directly translate into English. Nevertheless, I think we would agree that 'dhamma' implies, or even is, a 'moral law' or 'moral order'. After all one of the historic names of the Buddha is 'the Buddha of the Good Law'. But the very concept of 'moral law' is something that would be called into question in post-Scientific Revolution thought. It is outside the scientific-secular view of life, which believes that the only things worthy of the name 'law' are scientific and that everything has to be explainable with reference to those.
In After Virtue, Alisdair McIntyre has suggested that a dichotomy between 'is' and 'ought', between 'fact' and 'value', is a modern phenomenon. Indeed McIntyre argues that, until modern times, the distinction between 'is' and 'ought' was not made. Western thought may then make a distinction between thought and action, between fact and value, that was not made in India. This point has been made by Paul Williams:In the Indian context it would have been axiomatic that liberation comes from discerning how things actually are [yathabhutam], the true nature of things.
From Paul Fuller, The Notion of Ditthi in Theravada Buddhism
So this is the idea is that 'if you see how things really are, this is the source of spiritual liberation'. And this is an intrinsically religious or spiritual view. As far as the hardcore sciences are concerned 'how things really are' is completely devoid of meaning. (I myself regard that as a ditthi but that's a whole other argument.)
I do understand the attitude of Buddhism to the Christian God, and accept that there is no reason for the Buddhist to believe in or accept that God. But at the same time, viewed from the perspective of the modern scientific-secular mindset, Christianity and Buddhism share a concept of 'moral law' which has much in common. That is why many of the things actually said by the Buddha and by Jesus Christ are very similar, despite the many differences in their religious context. (See Jesus and Buddha: The Parallel Sayings.)
The way I choose to interpret it, is that Buddhism understands the universe in terms of the moral order, dhamma, while Christianity sees it through a theistic interpretation. But I would not like to think that they kind of 'cancel each other out'. | <urn:uuid:d42f41f1-79ca-4107-8620-0d1edabcffc6> | {
"date": "2014-10-23T04:39:42",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507450097.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005730-00026-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9655352234840393,
"score": 2.8125,
"token_count": 572,
"url": "http://www.dhammawheel.com/viewtopic.php?p=196005"
} |
What is a Filipino?
Filipinos are Orientals, but for centuries they have been in contact with Western civilization. President Sergio Osmeña, probably indulging in oratorical emphasis, has said that they are “equally at home in the traditions and civilizations of both East and West.” He describes his people as “the most occidental of Orientals and the most oriental of Occidentals.” In them East and West meet.
Filipinos belong to the brown race, and they are proud of it. They cherish a story that accounts for the difference in the races. According to Malay folklore, long ages ago the gods who dwelt upon the earth shaped clay after their own image and baked it. In the first trial they baked it too long and it came out burned—the Negro. They tried again. This time they removed the clay too soon—the white man. The third time they were successful; they produced just the right product—the brown man.
What are now the Philippine Islands were probably once a part of the land mass of Asia. The original settlers may have come from interior Asia by land; one strain may even have come from Africa. They were pigmies. Some had marked Negroid characteristics—black skin and kinky hair. Descendants of these little peoples, now called Negritos, may be found in small numbers to this day in the deep forests and mountains of the interior, living in almost the same primitive way as did their prehistoric ancestors.
Tall Indonesians from the south, coming by boat, drove these firstcomers back from the shores into the interior. Succeeding waves of immigrants of shorter stature—Mongoloid Malayans—came from neighboring islands and from the mainland.
After the thirteenth century, Chinese who had been trading with the Malays since the first years of the Christian era began to settle in the islands and intermarry with Malay women. Late Spaniards and then Anglo-Saxons introduced their blood into the strain. These intermarriages have produced a small “mestizo” (mixed) class which has contributed much to the social and political life and development of the country. The first president of the Philippine Commonwealth, Manuel Quezon, was a Spanish mestizo; the present president, Sergio Osmeña, has Chinese blood in his veins.
Filipino women have always enjoyed a position of respect and esteem. They are good managers of their homes and are entering the professions in increasing numbers. They won the vote in 1937 and many hold public office. Family ties are strong—a Filipino household not infrequently includes three or four generations, uncles, cousins, and relatives more distantly removed.
Although the majority of Filipinos are still more or less unskilled agricultural workers, there are many men and women who have distinguished themselves, often in spite of early poverty. Able statesmen and jurists are found in all parts of the islands, teachers and doctors, engineers and businessmen, musicians, artists, and writers.
This success has been partly the result of their own efforts and talents. It is due also to the opportunities which the United States has helped to open up to them. These opportunities a grateful people have already repaid by their loyalty in two World Wars.
Where does he live?
The present war has taught us a vast amount of geography. Few people nowadays confuse Manila with Havana or the Philippines with the Hawaiian Islands. Five years ago such mistakes were not uncommon. Only too well do we realize now that the Philippine Islands lie on the other side of the Pacific, over 6,200 miles from San Francisco, nearly 5,000 miles from Pearl Harbor.
There are over 7,000 islands in the Philippines, but only 462 of them are more than one square mile in area. The total land area is over 115,000 square miles, larger than the states of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware together. The islands extend for 1,150 miles from 4° to 22° north latitude, entirely in the tropics.
The main island is the northernmost, Luzon, which contains twenty of the country’s forty-eight provinces. Manila, the capital and commercial center of the country, is located on the west shore of central Luzon inside Manila Bay, one of the finest harbors in the entire Far East. Bataan is the province and peninsula separating the bay from the China Sea. Corregidor is the little island fortress a few miles south of Bataan which guards the entrance to the bay.
Mindanao, second largest island, lies at the southern end of the group. Off its western tip is strung the Sulu Archipelago. Mindanao is the least densely populated part of the country, Sulu one of the densest. It was in Davao, a province in southeastern Mindanao, that the Japanese had entrenched themselves in agricultural and commercial enterprises before the war. Mindanao and Sulu are the stronghold of the Filipino Moslems, called Moros.
The central islands, known as the Visayas, include Leyte and Samar, where the first landings of the liberation forces were made in October 1944; Cebu, the most densely populated island; Negros, great sugar-producing area; Panay and Bohol. In these islands a strong guerrilla organization held out against the Japanese all during the enemy occupation. Palawan is the long island off to the southwest which points toward Borneo and the Netherlands East Indies.
The good earth
Agriculture is an important industry in the fertile river valleys and coastal plains. The chief products are: rice, the principal food of the people; tobacco, smoked by the Filipinos and exported to foreign markets; sugar, the most valuable prewar export crop; coconuts, whose trees provide some of the loveliest scenery in the world and whose products furnish food, drink, and housing for the local population as well as important exports; Manila hemp, or abaca, which makes the best rope in the world; and numerous vegetables and fruits, such as the Philippine mango, which is one of the most delicious of fruits.
Moreover, there is an abundance of excellent standing timber, containing a wide variety of commercial woods. The good earth contains many valuable minerals—gold, silver, copper, chromite, manganese, coal, iron, and others. It is possible that further explorations will disclose still more. The waters around the islands abound in a wide variety of fish. If the fishing industry were better organized, it could provide a sure and varied source of food for the local population and an important export.
The Philippines is one country in the Far East which, as a whole, does not have a population problem. The islands could easily support several times the present population of nearly 18,000,000 people. But while there is much good agricultural land still untouched, certain areas are already crowded. Among these are parts of Luzon—the northwest coast, the Cagayan Valley in the north, and the central plains—Cebu, and the narrow coastal plains of some of the other islands.
In small part, the reason for this poorly balanced agricultural development is the existence of large estates owned by either wealthy landlords, whose families have held the lands since pre-Spanish days, or by church orders, which amassed great wealth during Spanish rule. Most of these are located near urban centers like Manila, or along fertile coasts or river valleys where the land and natural transportation facilities favored early agricultural development.
More important among the difficulties of attracting tenants to other good farming areas has been the natives’ attachment to the lands their forefathers worked. Moreover, many of them inherited the debts of those forefathers and are therefore almost slaves to the land. The lack of good roads, sanitary facilities, and other improvements has also prevented the development of many other good agricultural areas.
However, the Philippines have never known famine. They had never known widespread hunger until the Japanese came. But this little land of sunshine and plenty has had an unhappy history. Peace-loving peoples of the world face a tremendous job today in trying to ensure that that history shall not be repeated in the Philippines or anywhere else. | <urn:uuid:61873d8e-d50b-44cc-b784-744f4643b8b8> | {
"date": "2016-10-28T15:50:01",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-44",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988722951.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183842-00191-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9701576828956604,
"score": 3.328125,
"token_count": 1699,
"url": "https://www.historians.org/about-aha-and-membership/aha-history-and-archives/gi-roundtable-series/pamphlets/what-lies-ahead-for-the-philippines/what-is-a-filipino"
} |
Colorful Asian art from the 17th - 20th Centuries displaying Landscapes and people of Asia with use of color and the lives of the people in these landscapes. Sharing the lives of the people In the Painting to show us how lived during this time.
A Picture and portrait of Yamamoto Kansuke, Colored in Distinct White, red, and blue, Holding three weapons, two of which are swords, and gripping a spear with his left hand.
A Very elaborate picture of a landscape of mountains with many different shades of blues and greens, and orange in different shades as well that bring out the feel of that land environment.
This picture as a whole leans more to a hue or blue and green.The blue is expressed on all trees along with a trail of grass going up the hill.While the surrounding green help establish an earthy feel.
This Picture captures the balance of man with nature, Playing the Zither with surrounding trees and flowing water fall. In the bottom right, a man collecting fresh water, with the use of earthy colors
A picture in Beautiful color expressing all aspects of this art. The deep blue of the water to the mix of brown and green with the land, even the detail seen in their clothing and samurai swords.
Painting of a lion in the natural habitat, up and alert. you can See the expressions in the lions face with the different strokes of yellow, and black. The foliage is shown in deeper and darker shades
A Picture of a village in a enclosed with surrounding nature. The Artist uses many tints of brown thats used through the whole picture while using green, red, and blue, to highlight certain actions.
Warm and cozy light brown and white colors in the background mix to make an ambient feeling of relaxation, really bring out the tall grass with the quails and small bursts of blue showing the flowers.
Pale water colors are present through out the painting using green and distinct reddish pink that bring out the falling flower
A whole cascade of mountains mixed together in a rich light red orange and brown from top to bottom. The trees are colored in orange and light blue colors. Intensities vary through out the picture.
Credits: All media
This user gallery has been created by an independent third party and may not always represent the views of the institutions, listed below, who have supplied the content. | <urn:uuid:bf1aea9a-e1a5-44ad-b265-b1a45f172f92> | {
"date": "2018-08-22T01:32:24",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-34",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221219242.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20180822010128-20180822030128-00416.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.93595290184021,
"score": 3.015625,
"token_count": 486,
"url": "https://artsandculture.google.com/usergallery/YQIyaGOvwkdOIQ"
} |
Gardening resources > News > For A 'Green' Lawn, Focus On Mowing, Not Early Fertilizing
For A 'Green' Lawn, Focus On Mowing, Not Early Fertilizing
Take care to keep your lawn from being a source of phosphorus pollution, especially if it's located near water or prone to runoff. Photo: Charles Mazza. High resolution color image. Black and white image.
News release - For immediate release: 4/30/2007
For more information, contact Craig Cramer
[email protected] or 607-255-5428
For A 'Green' Lawn, Focus On Mowing, Not Early Fertilizing
ITHACA, N.Y. - As the grass greens up across the Northeast, lawn owners who want an eco-friendly yard should focus more on mowing - and less on fertilizing.
"The first step to minimize the environmental impact of your home lawn is to raise the mower's blade to a height of 3 to 4 inches - usually the highest setting on your mower - and leave the grass clippings on the lawn," says Marty Petrovic, a turf specialist in the Department of Horticulture at Cornell University.
Taller grass competes better with weeds, and sinks roots deeper into the soil to better withstand mid-summer heat and drought, explains Petrovic. The result: A thicker turf with fewer weeds and less watering. He also suggests keeping your mower's blades sharp for a clean cut that reduces stress on the grass.
"And leaving the clippings recycles nutrients so you'll need less fertilizer," adds Petrovic, whose research shows that it's likely most lawns in New York don't need any additional phosphorus fertilizer, especially if you leave the clippings.
Prevent phosphorus pollution
Petrovic has been studying the fate of phosphorus fertilizer applied to lawns. When too much phosphorus washes into lakes and streams, it can cause algae blooms, eutrophication and a reduction in water quality.
Fortunately, phosphorus is a relatively insoluble, immobile nutrient. Most of the phosphorus from yards that ends up in surface waters gets there when water runoff physically carries away eroded soil or plant material (like leaves or grass clippings).
An important first step to prevent phosphorus pollution is to make sure your turf is thick enough to keep soil from washing away, and to be careful with clippings and leaves, says Petrovic. Don't rake or blow them into roads, ditches or storm water drains where it's just a short trip to the nearest waterway.
Phosphorus can leach out of plant material on hard surfaces, so clean them up quickly. And, whether you use organic or chemical sources, don't spread fertilizer on hard surfaces, and promptly clean up any spills. Also avoid applying fertilizer to areas where the soil is always wet because these spots are more prone to runoff.
When Petrovic analyzed the results of soil tests sent to the Cornell Nutrient Analysis Laboratory for lawn fertilizer recommendations, he found that about 80 percent had enough phosphorus already. "And that was a conservative estimate," he adds, noting that his research may lead to lowering the phosphorus soil test level considered to be adequate for lawns.
For those who already have enough phosphorus, Petrovic recommends not applying more. "Why put down more if you don't need it?" he asks. Even if you remove the clippings, it might take five to ten years to draw down phosphorus levels in the soil to the point where you need to start adding more. "Meantime, you should look for zero-phosphorus fertilizers, and if your local retailer doesn't carry any you should encourage them to do so," suggests Petrovic.
Too much of a good thing
Where Petrovic starts to see pollution problems is with soils that test extremely high in phosphorus - perhaps eight to ten times what's generally considered high. At that point, phosphorus runoff from lawns increases dramatically.
To reach soil test levels that are that high takes many years of applying typical chemical lawn fertilizer blends, because they contain relatively little phosphorus at standard application rates.
What concerns Petrovic is that some lawn owners who want to embrace eco-friendly lawn practices will over-apply organic products - especially those made from composted animal manures, most of which are relatively high in phosphorus.
"A quarter- to half-inch application of a typical composted manure product may have 8,000 times more phosphorus than a year's worth of a commercial product's season-long weed and feed program," says Petrovic. "That's a century's worth of phosphorus in a single application."
No doubt, the organic matter in such applications may be good for soils low in organic matter. But the tradeoff comes in excessively high levels of phosphorus in the soil with the potential for pollution. "It used to be we tested soil to make sure that we had enough of certain nutrients," observes Petrovic. "But more and more, we need to test to make sure we don't have too much phosphorus."
If you want the benefits of organic matter but are concerned about phosphorus, consider yard waste composts, suggests Petrovic. While variable, they are generally lower in phosphorus than most manure-based products.
Still need nitrogen
Even if you have enough phosphorus and return your clippings to the soil, grass still needs some nitrogen to form the kind of dense turf that prevents runoff. If you don't want to use zero-phosphorus chemical fertilizers, Petrovic suggests an organic nitrogen source such as corn gluten. Or, you can include in your lawn mix a legume such as clover that will remove nitrogen from the atmosphere and fix it in the soil.
Fall and late spring- not early spring - is the best time to apply nitrogen. "It may be human nature, but it's not a good practice to go out on the first nice weekend and spread fertilizer," says Petrovic.
Other eco-friendly practices Petrovic suggests are to fine-tune watering practices and to skip trying to grow grass where it doesn't want to grow. Plant shade-loving plants where there's too little light, rain gardens where drainage is poor, and hardscape high-traffic areas.
"There are some places you just don't want to grow lawn. I'm a turf researcher, but even I can heartily recommend that," quips Petrovic.
For more lawn care information, including the online publication "Lawn Care Without Pesticides," visit www.hort.cornell.edu/gardening/lawn.
# # #
© Copyright, Department of Horticulture, Cornell University.
Website design: Craig Cramer [email protected]
Mention of trade names and commercial products is for educational purposes; no discrimination is intended and no endorsement by Cornell Cooperative Extension or Cornell University is implied. Pesticide recommendations are for informational purposes only and manufacturers' recommendations change. Read the manufacturers' instructions carefully before use. Cornell Cooperative Extension and Cornell University assumes no responsibility for the use of any pesticide or chemicals. Some of the links provided are not maintained by Cornell Cooperative Extension and Cornell University. Cornell Cooperative Extension and Cornell University are not responsible for information on these websites. They are included for information purposes only and no endorsement by Cornell Cooperative Extension or Cornell University is implied. Cornell Cooperative Extension provides equal program and employment opportunities. | <urn:uuid:bb204cad-6d28-4b58-b5fd-5502e051fbba> | {
"date": "2014-11-22T08:38:37",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-49",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400376728.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123256-00240-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9410396218299866,
"score": 3.15625,
"token_count": 1543,
"url": "http://www.gardening.cornell.edu/news/lawn.html"
} |
Jesus of Nazareth, without money and arms, conquered more millions than Alexander, Caesar, Mahomet, and Napoleon; without science and learning, He shed more light on things human and divine than all philosophers and schools combined; without the eloquence of schools, He spoke words of life such as never were spoken before or since, and produced effects which lie beyond the reach of any orator or poet; without writing a single line, He has set more pens in motion, and furnished themes for more sermons, orations, discussions, learned volumes, works of art and sweet songs of praise, than the whole army of great men of ancient and modern times. Born in a manger, and crucified as a malefactor, He now controls the destinies of the civilized world, and rules a spiritual empire which embraces one-third of the inhabitants of the globe. There never was in this world a life so unpretending, modest, and lowly in its outward form and condition, and yet producing such extraordinary effects upon all ages, nations, and classes of men. The annals of history produce no other example of such complete and astonishing success in spite of the absence of those material, social, literary, and artistic powers and influences which are indispensable to success for a mere man.
Quotes, by Philip Schaff | <urn:uuid:116b380b-845f-420e-9ff2-f9075c37780e> | {
"date": "2015-04-25T23:38:44",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-18",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246651873.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045731-00148-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9461155533790588,
"score": 2.53125,
"token_count": 268,
"url": "http://www.worldofquotes.com/author/Philip+Schaff/1/index.html"
} |
Last year, Trump announced his intent to withdraw the United States from the 2015 Paris deal to combat climate change, becoming the first country of 200 to do so. A chapter focusing on the transportation sector noted that in 2016 it became the top contributor to US greenhouse gas emissions . Natural disasters will become more frequent as a outcome of climate change, the United States government has warned.
The research was first detailed by MIT's Technology Review . The Second International Summit on Human Genome Editing begins in Hong Kong on Tuesday, Nov. But he remains an employee and still works in the laboratory. China's National Health Commission said it was "highly concerned" and had ordered provincial health officials "to immediately investigate and clarify the matter".
NASA is the only space agency to have made it, and is invested in these robotic missions as a way to prepare for the first Mars-bound human explorers in the 2030s. InSight, a $1 billion global venture, reached the surface after going from 12,300 miles per hour (19,800 kph) to zero in six minutes flat, using a parachute and braking engines.
In the paper, titled the Fourth National Climate Assessment Volume II, officials claim that global warming and extreme weather conditions would affect most sectors of the United States economy, ranging from infrastructure to healthcare.
But instead of watching the alien mothership explode, you'll see a real-world space achievement years in the making. This evening, Nasa's Insight Mars lander will touch down on the Red Planet after a journey of more than 300 million miles.
The White House's decision to instead release the report on Black Friday was likely to lead to accusations that the administration was attempting to dump the report on a day many Americans were not engaged in the news cycle. Since the global nature of food-system risk drew interest during the 2014 report discussions, researchers conducted deeper analysis "on things like the vulnerability of USA supply chains".
The test aircraft, described in the journal Nature , carries an array of thin wires strung beneath the front end of its wings. Even though it may sound impossible, the research team claimed that this incredible aircraft doesn't need fossil fuel to fly.
The 45-kilometre-wide crater has a "geologically rich terrain" that is ideal for analysing the planet's surface as well as investigating "signs of ancient habitable conditions", the National Aeronautics and Space Administration said . Jezero Crater's selection is still "dependent upon extensive analyses and verification testing" according to NASA, and a final report will be given to NASA HQ towards the end of 2019.
Crews searching for remains of people after the devastating Northern California wildfire are stepping up their efforts ahead of rains forecast for later this week that could complicate their work. Sheriff Kory Honea pleaded with evacuees to review the list of those reported as unreachable by family and friends and to call the department if those people are known to be safe.
The first stage is scheduled to touch down on the floating platform about 8 minutes after liftoff. She successfully launched the Qatari satellite Es hail-2. What is Falcon 9? The Es'hail 2 will be situated 26 degrees east longitude over the equator. Lately, the Japanese online retail tycoon, Yusaku Maezawa, has spilled out the news that he trusts Elon Musk and his SpaceX which will have the first ever clandestine mercantile space trip, planned for takeoff to orbit the moon by 2023.
Earlier this year , a doughnut-shaped object in a building in China blazed up to 100 million degrees Celsius - hotter than the interior of the sun . A few days back, a team of scientists at the Chengdu Aerospace Science and Technology Microelectronics System Research Institute Co (CASC), China, developed an artificial moon that will soon replace streetlights in the country.
Yet much about the planet around Barnard's Star remains uncertain. "This technique has been used to find hundreds of planets", said Butler, one of the pioneers of the radial velocity method . They watched for small counter movements in the star that indicate a massive body (a planet) is in orbit. It might be cold, inhospitable and all but invisible but the new planet has one thing going for it: it´s really close.
Yesterday marked the third attempt to launch the mission after it was postponed twice due to technical difficulties earlier this year. Rocket Lab , which is headquartered in California but has a strong New Zealand presence, is pushing out on the frontier of space technology by using carbon-composite materials for its rocket casings, and by taking advantage of 3-D printing to manufacture its electric-pump-fed Rutherford rocket engines.
Handwritten on the front is a note from Hawking confirming that it is his original work. The same price of £296,750 was achieved by Hawking's earliest existing motorized wheelchair , which he used extensively during the global book tour for his 1988 best-seller A Brief History of Time .
Meanwhile, in a leaked letter, Theresa May's hinted there could be customs checks in the Irish Sea in the event of no-deal with Brussels. "The only thing I would say is that it is very important that we listen to the voice of Northern Ireland in all of this".
The ruling by Judge Brian Morris of the US District Court for the District of Montana dealt a stinging setback to Trump and the oil industry and served up a big win for conservationists and indigenous groups. " An agency cannot simply disregard contrary or inconvenient factual determinations that it made in the past, any more than it can ignore inconvenient facts when it writes on a blank slate ", Morris' judgement read.
They proposed that it was powered along by "solar radiation pressure" produced by the sun, but went on to make more "exotic" suggestions to explain its acceleration. An artist's depiction of Oumuamua, an interstellar object that astronomers believe is a comet, not an asteroid. NBC News reports that denizens of this planet have launched their own lightsail probes, mostly to investigate other star systems, now unreachable by humans.
Tesla and Panasonic now produce about 60% of the world's (electric vehicles) EV batteries, while Shanghai-based Gigafactory 3 will produce EV and battery modules, with an initial plan to produce 3,000 Model 3 vehicles a week, Musk said .
A ban on construction activities came into force on Thursday as Delhi's air quality was on the brink of turning "severe" due to stubble burning in the adjoining regions and unfavourable meteorological conditions, authorities said. Data revealed that compared to past year, there has been a 30 per cent reduction in stubble burning". Harsh Vardhan and Imran Hussain also flagged off five buses fitted with air-filters at the top to tap particle pollutant, under a pilot project to ply 30 such buses.
MOSCOW-An investigation has found that a failed Russian rocket launch three weeks ago that aborted after just two minutes was caused by a sensor that was damaged during assembly, a top Russian official said on Thursday. The Soyuz is now the only rocket that is capable of sending humans to the ISS and a launch failure hasn't happened since 1983. According to the official, the emergency situation, which occurred during the 118th second of flight, led the Russian space industry to take urgent ...
NASA's legendary Kepler space telescope , which is responsible for the discovery of thousands of weird and intriguing exoplanets, has officially run out of fuel. "The Kepler spacecraft may now be retired, but the Kepler data will continue to yield scientific discoveries for years to come". NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite , or TESS , was launched in April and started sending back science data this summer .
The ETF lost steam in the afternoon and closed at US$38.775. Bolsonaro has been a member of the Christian Democratic party and the Social Christian Party, the latter of which he left in 2018 to pursue Presidential election with the Social Liberal Party.
WWF regards the directive as "one of the EU's most progressive pieces of environmental legislation to date", saying it plays a vital role in protecting Europe's rivers, lakes, groundwater and wetlands from overexploitation. It also held invasive pollution, dams, fires, mining, and climate change as additional sources of pressure on nature. It tracked how humanity's appetite for land, energy and water has decimated animal populations.
The storm is moving to the west at 16 miles per hour (26 kph). A turn toward the west-southwest is anticipated later today, followed by a turn back toward the west on Sunday. Tropical Storm Oscar has formed in the Atlantic Ocean, but does not pose a threat to land. The storm had top sustained winds of 65 miles per hour.
According to the Centre-run System of Air Quality Forecasting and Research said the pollution is likely to increase to the upper levels of very poor but will not touch "severe" level for the next three days. The air quality improved during the day and an overall AQI of 360 was recorded at 4 pm which also falls in very poor category, according to the data.
U.S. President Donald Trump waves to the news media before boarding Air Force One to depart for travel to Houston, TX, from Joint Base Andrews in Maryland, U.S., October 22, 2018. the Space Force as they see fit", Pence added. He said: 'It will not in the first instance look like other branches of the service that were stood up.
In particular, one of the five copies of the doctoral thesis on "the Properties of universes expanding" of the estimated 130 thousand to $ 195 thousand dollars. The proceeds from the auction of the chair will benefit the The Stephen Hawking Foundation , which advocates for the rights of people with disabilities, and The Motor Neurone Disease Association .
As the picture shows, tabular icebergs are large slabs of ice with almost vertical sides and flat tops. But in fact, there is little that is particularly unusual about the iceberg photographed floating near the Larsen C ice shelf in Antarctica, as sea ice specialist Alek Petty explains .
For the Orionid shower, the debris you can see is actually pieces of Comet 1P/Halley, famously known as Halley's comet. The latest spectacular astronomical event is set to reach its peak in the coming days when debris from Halleys Comet will be spotted in the night sky.
When the researchers started analyzing seismic data on the Ross Ice Shelf , they noticed something odd: the vibration was nearly constant. "Chasing down that lead gave us a unique insight into all the environmental effects an ice shelf can 'feel, ' and on remarkably short time scales", said lead researcher Julien Chaput, geophysicist and mathematician at Colorado State University. | <urn:uuid:a66ef9a5-c18c-4036-a1c2-a38d6e8fc821> | {
"date": "2019-02-23T15:01:01",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-09",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249504746.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20190223142639-20190223164639-00176.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9555977582931519,
"score": 2.609375,
"token_count": 2213,
"url": "http://technapex.com/research/page/11/"
} |
||Today, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is probably the best-studied eukaryotic organism. This review first focuses on the signaling process which is mediated by the unique yeast protein kinase C (Pkc1p) and a downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade. This pathway ensures cellular integrity by sensing cell surface stress and controlling cell wall biosynthesis and progression through the cell cycle. The domain structure of Pkc1p is conserved from yeast to humans. A yeast system for heterologous expression of specific domains in a chimeric yeast/mammalian PKC enzyme (“domain shuffling”) is depicted. It is also proposed how this system could be employed for the study of protein kinase inhibitors in high-throughput screens. Moreover, a reporter assay that allows a quantitative readout of the activity of the cell integrity signaling pathway is introduced. Since a variety of protein kinases take part in the signal transduction, this broadens the range of targets for potential inhibitors. | <urn:uuid:77f4f6ec-6952-4df2-aaaa-0367f63ecff9> | {
"date": "2018-09-23T02:36:28",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158958.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20180923020407-20180923040807-00376.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9229088425636292,
"score": 2.65625,
"token_count": 216,
"url": "https://www.strategian.com/refbase/refbase/search.php?sqlQuery=SELECT%20author%2C%20title%2C%20type%2C%20year%2C%20publication%2C%20abbrev_journal%2C%20volume%2C%20issue%2C%20pages%2C%20keywords%2C%20abstract%2C%20call_number%2C%20serial%20FROM%20refs%20WHERE%20keywords%20RLIKE%20%22MAP%20Kinase%20Signaling%20System%2Fdrug%20effects%22%20ORDER%20BY%20author%2C%20year%20DESC%2C%20publication&client=&formType=sqlSearch&submit=Display&viewType=&showQuery=0&showLinks=1&showRows=10&rowOffset=&wrapResults=1&citeOrder=&citeStyle=APA&exportFormat=RIS&exportType=html&exportStylesheet=&citeType=html&headerMsg="
} |
A New Kind of Graph: The Ferris Wheel Ride
Lesson 1 of 6
Objective: SWBAT work through a thought experiment about a Ferris Wheel that leads to an initial understanding of the graph of a periodic function.
To open this class, I want to get students thinking about the functions they already know, so I post these four questions on the board:
- What does a linear function look like?
- What does a quadratic function look like?
- What does the equation of a circle look like?
- Are there other kinds of functions?
I prompt students to discuss each of these questions at their tables (see slide #2 in ferris wheel ride).
I have purposefully left the first two questions open-ended enough that there's no presciption as to whether they should be answered with an equation or graphical representation. As a I circulate through the room, I listen to the conversations of my students.
- Are they talking about the graphs of these functions?
- Are they talking about the equations?
- Are they sketching anything on their papers?
How my students approach the word function will influence some of the moves I make in class today. Also along these lines, I am asking myself:
How many of my students notice that the third question refers to the "equation of a circle," but doesn't call it a function?
Concluding this segment of the lesson with a brief whole-class discussion, I ask students to tell me what they know about each of these questions. As we talk, I write the general forms of each type of equation, and the most basic sketches of each in the upper left-hand corner of my chalk board (see some functions). As we move on to discussing some of the parameters of a trigonometric function, we'll be able to refer back to these sketches as we try to make use of the structures that different functions share (MP7).
The notes for today's lesson come in the form of a Problem Solving Task that students will complete in pairs.
The Task: Each pair of students gets a sheet of ledger paper (11x17) and I tell them that I'm going to give them a series of prompts to complete. (Note to Teachers: before reading any further take a look at ferris wheel ride to get an idea of what this looks like).
Sketching a Ferris Wheel Diagram
- After pairs of students are situated, we do a little visualization. I make sure that no one is writing anything down for a few moments, and I post slide #5, with the title, "Imagine This:". I ask students if they know what a Ferris Wheel is. They shout out the locations of some they know: Rye Playland, Toys R Us in Times Square, fairs they've been to. Not all students have been on a Ferris Wheel, but after mentioning a few, they have the idea. I ask them to imagine a Ferris Wheel with a diameter of 40 feet, in which the bottom is 10 feet above the ground, and that takes 8 minutes to make a full lap. I give them about a half-minute to build their mental images in silence.
- I change the slide so the title says, "Sketch this on your paper:" while the parameters stay the same. Over the course of this class, we're going to construct a model (MP4) of a Ferris Wheel ride that consists of a few different representations; this sketch is where we start. Throughout this unit, the Ferris Wheel will give us a real quantity-based point of reference from which we can reason in successively more abstract ways (MP2).
- I give students a few minutes to work together to make their sketches. Students ask if this is the only thing they're going to put on their ledger paper and I say that no - they're going to be labeling this diagram, answering some questions, and completing some other tasks. They should draw a Ferris Wheel that's big enough to label with some important details, but it shouldn't take up more than half the page. I have compasses and protractors (tools, of course - MP5) available for anyone who wants them.
- After a few minutes, I move to slide #7, which says "Label Your Diagram". I ask students to pause for a moment and think about how a Ferris Wheel moves. Students put their fingers out and make circles in the air. I make a big point of saying how we're going to assume that this particular Ferris Wheel moves at a constant rate, which will take a minor suspension of disbelief. If you've taken a ride on a Ferris Wheel, I point out, you know that sometimes it has to stop and go to let riders on and off. For the sake of learning some new math, we're going to imagine a Ferris Wheel that just keeps moving at a constant rate. Depending on how well I see that my students are following along, I might note that they've done this with linear functions in the past: when they do a d=rt problem that assumes a car is traveling at a constant speed of 50 mph, they are engaging in a similar suspension of disbelief. We know that you don't get in car and just drive the same speed for hours on end, but for the sake of linear functions, it's a nice starting point. I tell my students that fortunately, they're developing more and more of the skills necessary to model ever more realistic phenomena. But back to the point at hand: we're assuming that this Ferris Wheel moves at a constant rate, and that it takes 8 minutes for it to make one full revolution.
- The next objective is for students to mark their diagrams to indicate where a rider will be after each minute of the ride. When students reach for their protractors, I feign surprise: "How does a protractor help you with this problem?" Students are delighted to tell me that they know that every minute, the wheel will turn 45 degrees. It's a nice mini-check-in to see which students understand this and why. In general, it's most students. The idea of "slicing up" into parts with equal central angles is pretty solid from their work on the Defining Pi Project in Unit 2.
Modeling Time vs. Height
The next task is to make a table of values - that other great function representation - that lists the height of a rider off the ground at each minute of their ride. I have given a minimal amount of time on each prompt up to this point, and I post this task when I see that the first few groups are ready for it. Some groups will still be finishing up their sketchs and their labeling, and it's fine for them to see where they're going next. One neat benefit of ledger paper is that there's room for two students to write at once - so if one student is still labeling the sketch on the left side of the paper, another can draw this chart.
This is where things really get interesting: I give students 5-10 minutes to discuss this task and to begin to fill in the chart.
As I walk around, I watch to see what they're writing, but I make no comments. I'm watching to see the order in which students fill in the table. Are they going row by row? Are they filling in 0 and 8 first, then the middle? The latter scenario of starting with the "easy" points reflects a strong understanding of the model, and indeed, this is what I see most students doing. The majority of students will fill in 0, 4 and 8 minutes first because they recognize these as the bottoms and tops of the ride. Most will also notice that at 2 and 6 minutes, a rider is "half-way up" the wheel, and therefore 30 feet above the ground. That leaves 1, 3, 5 and 7 minutes.
In general, there are two moves that students might make. They will either notice a linear relationship going up and down, and assume that height follows the pattern 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and back down, or they will stop in confusion and wonder how to figure out the height of a rider at these odd-numbered minutes. Either result gives us a place to start on today's mini-lesson.
During the Mini-Lesson I will use Symmetry and Trigonometry to help students fill in the missing values. As students have been working, I have stayed a step or two behind them in making my own sketch on the board. When I see that all students have sketched their own circles, I draw a circle on the board. When they have all labeled their minute marks, I do the same. As they're digging into the table of values, I draw my own table of values on the board. When it seems like all students have at least filled in some of the rows of the table, and I can see that they've discussed but not really settled happily on solutions to the problem of the odd-minute points, I begin today's mini-lesson (see Photo to see what my sketch looks like).
I've already made my own observations about how students are filling in the table of values, but now I ask the class:
Have all of you been filling in your time vs. height charts in order, row by row? Or have you been using some other method.
I let students volunteer to explain how they started with 0, but then skipped to 4 and to 8 minutes.
To begin elaborating on my Ferris Wheel diagram, I start by drawing horizontal lines from the bottom and top of the Ferris Wheel, and I label these lines 0 and 4 minutes. At my students' prompting, I fill in the corresponding rows of my table, and everyone agrees that there are pretty straightforward. Next I draw another horizontal line from the middle of the wheel: this is the "2 minute line." I point out that even though I'm working on a chalkboard with an imperfect sketch, it's pretty clear that this line is halfway in-between my 0 and 4 lines. I ask if anyone has other reasons why the rider would be halfway from 10 feet to 50 feet at this point, and students talk about the radius of the wheel being 20 feet, the constant speed of the wheel, and other observations about the circle. We all agree that it makes sense to add 30 feet to the 2 minute row of the chart. Here, I also point out that there's symmetry on the wheel, and students are quick to point out that at 6 minutes, the rider is also 30 feet up. I point out that symmetry can be observed both on the circle and in the table of values. On the circle, the most important line of symmetry is a the vertical diameter of the Ferris Wheel; in the table, the ordered pair (4,50) makes a place where we "fold this table over." With both representations in mind, it's pretty clear that at the rider will be at the same height at minutes 3 and 5, and also at 1 and 7. The question is, what are these heights?
Next, I draw two more horizontal lines, from 1 and 3 minutes. This is the moment when it becomes very clear to students that the vertical changes from 0 to 1 and from 1 to 2 minutes are not equal. Now my students can see that this not going to be a linear function.
Although it's a little misleading in terms of what our variables mean, I draw a straight line from 0 to 2 minutes, and I ask students to compare the slope of this line to the curve of the Ferris Wheel. From minutes 0 to 1, the wheel rises gently, with a slope less steep than the straight line. Then, from minute 1 to 2, it rises more dramatically, "catching up" to the the straight line. We know that the same amount of time passes between each of these points, but how can we figure out the vertical displacement? I give students a few minutes to solve this problem.
As I circulate, I see some students finding the 45/45/90 triangle that is the key to solving this problem. I see others considering the lengths of the arcs between each pair of points: for these students I try to get them to see that the arcs will have the same length, but it's only the vertical change we're looking for. I see other students using rulers to measure the distances between these horizontal lines, then using proportions to estimate what those distances represent. Some students are simply making their best estimates without the help of any tools, but aren't sure how to verify their answers.
Knowing that a few students have already found it, I ask the class if anyone can find in this diagram a right triangle that might be able to help us. I try to get some of my more confused students involved by asking what we know so far. Are there any angles we know? Well, we know we've got that central angle of 45 degrees from when we sliced-up the circle into 8 1-minute increments. Are there any sides we know? We know that the radius of the circle is 20. What is the relationship between these? Is it possible to make a right triangle that uses the central angle and the radius. In the photo, you'll see that I've used blue chalk to highlight the triangle I want students to see. I've drawn the height as a dotted blue line, once as the vertical leg of a 45/45/90 triangle, and again off to the right, as the distance between the 2 and 3 minutes lines.
Before we continue, I go back to the symmetry of this diagram. If we can figure out this distance, what else will it tell us? It will be the same as the distance between 1 and 2 minutes. Additionally, once we know this value, we'll just have to subtract it from 20 feet to get the distances between 0 and 1, and 3 and 4 minutes. Finally, as we've already seen, these values will match those on the left side of the diagram.
The key here is that I'm trying to embed this problem in as much context as possible. Most of my students can quickly calculate the length of a missing side of a special right triangle. Fewer are able to find such a triangle and apply this knowledge. So before we get to solving the problem, it's important to figure out all the ways that it will help us to do so. After this stage is set, I set students to task. I recognize that I've written a lot here; I've done so because I'm trying to cover all that I try to show students as we work on this task. The conversation takes maybe 10 minutes, if I include all the thinking time I'm allowing for. Once students get back to work, I'm able to circulate and see how much they were able to understand. I give them space to talk to each other and to fill in/revise the rest of their charts.
Post-Mini-Lesson Math Buffet
So What If I Keep Riding? (Or at least continue the chart?)
As students finish the work of filling out this chart, I post the next prompt:
Write a sentence or two describing what will happen if you continue this chart.
I have chosen this wording because I want to leave it to students to interpret what the chart represents (a ride on a Ferris Wheel), and what its continuation will represent. An alternate wording would be to say something like, "What would this chart look like if the rider continued to ride the Ferris Wheel?", but I like the mixing of representations and the translating back that happens when I ask about the chart.
How is this related to sine and cosine?
I preemptively post the very general question, "How is this related to sine and cosine?" We have not yet made any sort of explicit connection between periodic functions and the sine and cosine function, but there's certainly a trail of breadcrumbs that the enterprising student should be able to pick up on. I'm just curious what will think about this, and it's always interesting to see how they phrase their understandings before I reference these connections.
Make a Graph + What Happens Between the Points?
The next task is to plot the points from our time vs. height chart on a graph. Students can make this graph directly on the ledger paper, and there's graph paper available if they want it. Plotting the points is pretty trivial, although I make sure to point out the symmetry that we've seen on the circle and in the table once again.
I do my best to help students make two more observations that I find much more interesting: first, that we're not going to have straight lines in-between these plotted points. We go back to our initial visualization - at what pace is a rider rising as they take a spin around the Ferris Wheel? (Of course, such a question makes some room for a future study of Calculus, and this is a theme I try to hit a few times in this unit.) The other thing to consider is what happens if this graph continues.
Look at These Graphs: Which one is more like the Ferris Wheel ride?
Finally, I ask students to pick up a graphic calculator and look at the basic graphs of y = sin(x) and y = cos(x). What they see will depend on whether their calculators are in radian or degree mode, and on the viewing window they've set. I tell students to stick with radians, and then to consider at least changing the y-scale to reflect their knowledge of the range of possible values for each function. Just to give students a view of what they're looking for, I put desmos.com up on the projector screen, and plot these two graphs.
After students have seen these graphs, the final question of the day is this: which one looks more like our Ferris Wheel graph? I ask students to answer this question on their ledger paper, and I pair it with a "coming attraction" for tomorrow's lesson: how can we write an equation for a function that will match what we've made for the Ferris Wheel?
A brief note on the direction in which a Ferris Wheel turns:
Invariably, a student will ask if it matters which direction we have the Ferris Wheel turning. In reality, the direction a the wheel turns depends on which side we watch it from -- all Ferris Wheels go both clockwise and counterclockwise at the same time! For our purposes, I have my wheel turning in a counterclockwise direction, just to match the unit circle.
Homework: Delta Math
Tonight's homework is to begin work on a new Delta Math assignment that takes students through some details about the graphs of trig functions. I tell students to pay attention for key vocabulary, and that we will use their work on this assignment to expand our knowledge of this topic in the coming classes.
There is no formal closing to today's class, but I will collect the work of all student pairs as an Exit Slip. These documents provide great evidence of student thinking. It's great to see the kinds of problem solving that students did, to read their responses to the written prompts of today's assignment, and to see how they incorporate today's notes into their own work. This is pure formative assessment. Going into the next class, these papers will tell me precisely who and what I need to focus on. | <urn:uuid:b11233db-8557-42ad-a1f5-0a1d4c5ca466> | {
"date": "2017-02-25T19:16:06",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171807.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00024-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9590042233467102,
"score": 4.21875,
"token_count": 4017,
"url": "http://betterlesson.com/lesson/resource/1914468/78872/u4l1-work4-jpg"
} |
NASA is accepting applications from graduate and undergraduate university students to fly experiments to the edge of space aboard a high-altitude scientific balloon.
This balloon flight competition is a joint project between NASA and the Louisiana Space Consortium (LaSPACE) in Baton Rouge.
NASA is targeting fall 2014 for the next flight opportunity for the LaSPACE-maintained High Altitude Student Platform (HASP). HASP is a balloon-borne instrument stack that provides an annual near-space flight opportunity for 12 undergraduate and graduate student-built instruments.
A panel of engineers from NASA’s Wallops Flight Facility on Wallops Island, Va., and LaSPACE will review the applications and select the finalists for the next flight opportunity. Launched from the Columbia Scientific Balloon Facility’s remote site in Fort Sumner, N.M., HASP flights typically fly for 15 to 20 hours at an altitude of approximately 23 miles.
HASP houses and provides power, mechanical support, interfacing and communications for the instruments. It can be used to flight-test compact satellites, prototypes and other small payloads designed and built by students.
HASP can support approximately 200 pounds of payloads and test articles. Since 2006, the HASP program has selected for flights more than 70 payloads involving more than 600 students from across the United States.
The application deadline for the flight is Dec. 20. A question-and-answer teleconference for interested parties will be held at 11 a.m. EST Nov. 15.
For application materials, teleconference schedule and additional HASP details, visit http://laspace.lsu.edu/hasp. | <urn:uuid:3d88c157-e355-4864-8846-3bfd9567f152> | {
"date": "2015-07-05T02:59:29",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-27",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375097199.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031817-00146-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9066439270973206,
"score": 2.875,
"token_count": 341,
"url": "http://www.aerotechnews.com/news/2013/10/31/nasa-seeking-student-science-experiments-for-balloon-flight/"
} |
Introduction to Rain Gardens focused on the Great Lakes (by WMEAC)
A rain garden is a garden in a low spot that catches and slows storm water from downspouts, driveways, parking lots, and roads and allows it to infiltrate into the soil with the help of deep-rooted plants that like water. The garden is planted in a shallow basin as part of an area’s landscaping plan and will actually filter pollutants from the runoff that it captures and absorbs. Rain gardens can be designed in all shapes and sizes and may include formally arranged plants, fields of wildflowers, stone culverts and paths, and other beautiful features.
Why Do We Use Rain Gardens?
Rain gardens are used to emulate the drainage system found in nature prior to development. They promote infiltration of rainfall into the soils and uptake of rain through plantings. Rain gardens provide storm water storage, water quality improvement, wildlife habitat, and neighborhood beautification.
Rain Gardens Mimic Natural Conditions by:
Slowing runoff near sources
Maintaining natural hydrology
Application using an existing catch basin - Not representative of a typical homeowner's rain garden | <urn:uuid:e783e16f-76af-4339-99c1-eeff7c68f5db> | {
"date": "2014-10-22T07:55:00",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507446323.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005726-00360-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9217535853385925,
"score": 3.625,
"token_count": 232,
"url": "http://www.raingardeninitiative.org/raingardens.html"
} |
Today’s young learners seem to live a parallel life on Facebook. And many school districts are eager to leverage the attraction of social networking to engage students and help them learn digital literacy skills that are vital to their future success. However, districts are also concerned about unsuitable student/teacher communications and exposing students to online predators, cyber bullying, inappropriate material and other potentially harmful or negative situations. Districts that have created effective social learning environments that are safe and transparent say the following elements are critical to success:
__ Develop comprehensive acceptable use policies to protect students online.
__ Make sure policies comply with federal government guidelines like COPPA and CIPA.
__ Communicate the guidelines to students and their parents and educate them about what it means to be a responsible digital citizen.
__ Enforce social media guidelines.
__ Create a secure technology infrastructure that gives the district control over content and membership.
To read firsthand experiences and best practices from districts that are successfully using social media to improve student success, check out Creating a Safe Social Learning Environment. | <urn:uuid:ca501bf9-b71e-45d6-923f-ff30fe46fe03> | {
"date": "2014-08-30T12:12:14",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-35",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500835119.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021355-00100-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9272305965423584,
"score": 3.953125,
"token_count": 213,
"url": "http://edtechdigest.wordpress.com/2012/08/28/trends-social-networking-in-your-district/?like=1&source=post_flair&_wpnonce=c7a699f16c"
} |
External Beam Radiation Therapy
As the name describes, external beam radiation therapy starts from outside of the body. Radiation beams are aimed at specific areas of the body where cancer cells are located. This is the most common form of radiation therapy.
External beam radiation therapy is typically done with the use of a machine called a linear accelerator that emits high-energy x-rays targeted at a specific area(s) in the body. Doctors may use a few or many radiation beams to treat your cancer. Depending upon the type of external radiation therapy you receive, the radiation beams can be angled to come from multiple directions, or “shaped” to match the outlines of your tumor and to minimize the amount of radiation going to healthy tissue. Specialists also can vary the amount of radiation coming from each beam, thereby customizing your specific cancer treatment.
External beam radiation therapy is done on an outpatient basis. Treatments are typically done five days a week. Your doctor will let you know how many weeks you will undergo treatment. It can be two or more weeks depending upon the type and location of your cancer. Each treatment is given in short, daily sessions that can take 20 – 30 minutes.
Your doctor will discuss with you the options for your type of cancer and then arrange for pre-treatment planning to map out the exact location of your cancer and define the amount and angle of radiation to be used.
In addition to high energy x-rays, there are other types of external radiation options available. Those include the use of gamma rays or proton beams, among others.
At Siteman, we offer several types of external beam radiation therapy: | <urn:uuid:6ac69f0c-65ee-4511-881b-6a15a2bdc82b> | {
"date": "2015-08-02T02:17:48",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-32",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988930.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00162-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9269574880599976,
"score": 2.765625,
"token_count": 332,
"url": "http://www.siteman.wustl.edu/Printable.aspx?id=7774"
} |
Posted on 10/22/2012 at 09:53:19 AM by Student BloggerBy Stefano Vendrame
Harpagophytum procumbens, commonly known as the Devil's claw, is a perennial South African plant whose roots have long been known for their medicinal properties. In an extensive review published in October 2012 (1), a team of South African researchers looked at the available evidence regarding the biological effects of this plant. The ability to alleviate joint pain is the effect most associated with Harpagophytum procumbens.
Osteoarthritis is an extremely common chronic inflammatory condition characterized by the breakdown and eventual loss of cartilage in the joints, which reduces the ‘cushion' effect of cartilage between the two bones of a joint. This leads to reduced joint mobility and - perhaps even more invalidating - joint pain.
Unfortunately, conventional medicine offers very limited help for osteoarthritis. There is no known cure, and the only possible treatment involves managing pain with painkillers such as acetaminophen and NSAIDs. There are, however, four complementary and alternative medicine treatments which are often recommended to help manage osteoarthritic pain: acupuncture, glucosamine/chondroitin, fish oil, and of course, the Devil's claw (2).
More than 30 clinical trials have tested the validity of Harpagophytum procumbens as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic botanical, especially for relieving arthritic symptoms. Devil's claw supplementation has been consistently shown to be safe and effective for managing pain in patients suffering from knee or hip osteoarthritis and non specific low back pain (3).
It has been tested in double-blind trials, against placebos but also against conventional medications such as rofecoxib. Harpagophytum has been shown to work better than a placebo (4), and substantially equivalent to other medications, but with less side effects (5). After a few weeks of daily Devil's claw supplementation, most patients were able to reduce or stop concomitant use of NSAIDs (5).
But how does the Devil's claw do it? Since the progression of osteoarthritis is mostly sustained by inflammation, the well-known anti-inflammatory effect of Harpagophytum is likely the key to its effectiveness, resulting both in pain reduction and in improved joint function. But what is responsible for this effect? The active components are believed to be its iridoid glycosides, and in particular the monoterpene harpagoside. Indeed, harpagoside is associated to a strong anti-inflammatory activity via NF-kB (nuclear factor kappa b) inhibition (6). As recently reviewed, however, harpagoside alone doesn't explain the whole story. Harpagophytum also contains unique triterpenoids, phytosterols, aromatic acids and sugars. Yet none of them, taken alone, account for the whole effect of the botanical.
Like the authors of the review concluded, “when the constituents deemed to be the biologically active compounds [are] isolated, the efficacy [is] lower than that of the whole extract” (1). If anything, this shows once more that botanicals, just like food, are more than just the sum of their components, and certainly much more than a single ‘active' compound, much to the frustration of food pharmacologists.
In conclusion, it looks like the ‘claw of the Devil' is indeed able to kill the pain, though it takes some time to do it (at least a few weeks). But how it does that, we still don't know for sure. What else did you expect? It can't be so easy to figure out the Devil's tricks.
(1) Mncwangi N, Chen W, Vermaak I, Viljoen AM, Gericke N. Devil's Claw-A review of the ethnobotany, phytochemistry and biological activity of Harpagophytum procumbens. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012;143(3):755-71.
(2) Sanders M, Grundmann O. The use of glucosamine, devil's claw (Harpagophytum procumbens), and acupuncture as complementary and alternative treatments for osteoarthritis. Altern Med Rev. 2011;16(3):228-38.
(3) Warnock M, McBean D, Suter A, Tan J, Whittaker P. Effectiveness and safety of Devil's Claw tablets in patients with general rheumatic disorders. Phytother Res. 2007;21(12):1228-33.
(4) Chrubasik S, Thanner J, Künzel O, Conradt C, Black A, Pollak S. Comparison of outcome measures during treatment with the proprietary Harpagophytum extract doloteffin in patients with pain in the lower back, knee or hip. Phytomedicine. 2002;9(3):181-94.
(5) Chantre P, Cappelaere A, Leblan D, Guedon D, Vandermander J, Fournie B. Efficacy and tolerance of Harpagophytum procumbens versus diacerhein in treatment of osteoarthritis. Phytomedicine. 2000;7(3):177-83.
(6) Huang TH, Tran VH, Duke RK, Tan S, Chrubasik S, Roufogalis BD, Duke CC. Harpagoside suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced iNOS and COX-2 expression through inhibition of NF-kappa B activation. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;104(1-2):149-55. | <urn:uuid:2f19ac22-5aa7-4ec7-af0d-45ee3de0d2d3> | {
"date": "2015-03-31T05:25:22",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-14",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131300313.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172140-00066-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9139895439147949,
"score": 3.5625,
"token_count": 1218,
"url": "http://www.nutrition.org/asn-blog/2012/10/devils-claw-alternative-treatment-for-joint-pain/"
} |
The Atomic Force Microscope (AFM)
What are its Uses in Microscopy today? Advantages and Disadvantages
An atomic force microscope is a type of high resolution scanning probe microscope that has a resolution that you can measure in fractions of a nanometer.
It was pioneered in 1986 by Nobel Prize Winner Gerd Binnig along with Calvin Quate and Christoph Gerber.
Atomic Force Microscopy
One of the most important tools for imaging on the nanometer scale, Atomic Force Microscopy uses a cantilever with a sharp probe that scans the surface of the specimen.
When the tip of the probe travels near to a surface, the forces between the tip and sample deflect the cantilever according to Hooke’s law.
AFM system from
Atomic force microscopy will measure a number of different forces depending on the situation and the sample that you want to measure.
As well as the forces, other microscopes can include a probe that performs more specialized measurements, such as temperature.
The force deflects the cantilever, and this changes the reflection of a laser beam that shines on the top surface of the cantilever onto an array of photodiodes. The variation of the laser beam is a measure of the applied forces.
Contact and Non-Contact Modes
There are two primary modes of operation for an atomic force microscope, namely contact mode and non-contact mode depending on whether the cantilever vibrates during the operation.
In contact mode, the cantilever drags across the sample surface and it uses the deflection of the cantilever to measure the contours of the surface.
To eliminate the noise and drift that can affect a static signal, low stiffness cantilevers are used, but this allows strong attractive forces to pull the tip to the surface. To eliminate this attraction, the tip is in contact with the surface where the overall force is repulsive.
In non-contact mode, the tip vibrates slightly above its resonance frequency and does not contact the surface of the sample. Any long range forces, like van der Waals forces, decreases the resonant frequency of the cantilever.
A feedback loop system helps to maintain the oscillation amplitude constant by changing the distance from the tip to the sample. Recording the distance between the tip and sample at each point allows the software to construct a topographic image of the sample surface.
Most samples will form a layer of moisture on the surface if stored at ambient conditions, and this can make it difficult to measure the sample accurately.
If the probe tip is close enough to detect the short-range forces then it is close enough to stick to the moisture. One way around this is tapping, or dynamic contact mode.
In tapping mode, the cantilever uses a piezoelectric element mounted on the top to oscillate it at near to its resonance frequency with an amplitude of up to 200nm.
The forces cause the amplitude to decrease as the tip gets close to the surface, and the height of the cantilever adjusts to keep the amplitude constant.
This tapping results in less damage to the sample than contact mode and is more accurate than non-contact mode when moisture is present on a sample.
The atomic force microscope is a powerful tool that is invaluable if you want to measure incredibly small samples with a great degree of accuracy.
Unlike rival technologies it does not require either a vacuum or the sample to undergo treatment that might damage it.
At the limits of operation however, researchers have demonstrated atomic resolution in high vacuum and even liquid environments.
One of the major downsides is the single scan image size, which is of the order of 150x150 micrometers, compared with millimeters for a scanning electron microscope.
Another disadvantage is the relatively slow scan time, which can lead to thermal drift on the sample.
As the technology matures, researchers are relying on there being progress instrumentally, requiring improved signal-to-noise ratio, decreased thermal drift, and better detection and control of tip-sample forces, including the use of sharp probes.
Novel solutions are steadily improving these performance issues.
To further your understanding, you are welcome to follow this straight forward visual tutorial available online.
Many suppliers manufacture an atomic force microscope, including Agilent Technologies, Angstrom Advanced, NanoScience Technologies and Park Systems (who made the first commercially available AFM).
Some of these systems include:
Agilent 6000ILM Atomic Force Microscope
- Multiple imaging modes
- Simple point-and-shoot AFM imaging based on optical view
- Overlay of light microscopy and AFM images
- Motorized stage
Angstrom Advanced AA2000 Atomic Force Microscope
- Large sample size
- Fast Ethernet connection to computer
- Multi-function including AFM and lateral force microscope (LFM)
- Online real-time 3D images
NanoScience Nanosurf EasyScan 2 FlexAFM
- Cameras Illuminate tip and sample area
- Pre-aligned optics
- Multiple white LEDs illuminate sample
- Eight optional modular scanners that can be swapped as required including AFM and scanning tunneling microscope
Park Systems XE-Bio
- Combines non-contact AFM with Ion Conductance Microscopy and inverted optical microscopy
- Modular design for non-invasive in-liquid imaging
In order to protect pricing information, it is not freely available. All these manufacturers ask that you contact them to request a quote so that they can assess your requirements and quote accordingly.
The atomic force microscope is a highly advanced piece of equipment operating at the limits of our detection abilities along with scanning tunneling microscopes.
Either technology has advantages and disadvantages over the other which researchers and manufacturers are endeavoring to overcome.
Magnetic Force Microscopy - A variant of AFM
Atom under the Microscope page for more info
DNA under the Microscope
Return from Atomic Force Microscope to Scanning Probe Microscope
Return to Best Microscope Reviews Home | <urn:uuid:906807c4-b59a-497f-ad58-44aa877b6aec> | {
"date": "2018-09-24T06:04:39",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267160145.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20180924050917-20180924071317-00536.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8942334055900574,
"score": 3.625,
"token_count": 1248,
"url": "https://www.microscopemaster.com/atomic-force-microscope.html"
} |
The remarkable history of the “female Schindler.”
The story of Irena Sendler (1910-2008), who saved more than 2,500 Jewish children from the Nazis, was buried for decades by the communist administration of Poland. It finally came to light in the 1990s, and Mazzeo (The Hotel on Place Vendome: Life, Death, and Betrayal at the Hotel Ritz in Paris, 2014, etc.) has combed archives and interviewed the few survivors to tell the tale. Like so many who tried to save Jews from the Nazis, Irena would only say she could have done more. When she was 7, her father, a doctor, died working in the typhoid epidemic of 1916-1917, and her mother struggled to educate her. At the University of Warsaw, she rekindled her friendship with Adam Celnikier. He was a radical Jewish lawyer and the love of her life even though both were married. She supported and protected him in hiding throughout the war. In the community internship program at the Polish Free University, Irena met Dr. Helena Radlinska, the driving force behind the resistance of Warsaw. When the Nazis invaded in 1939, resistance quickly built up, led by older men, the Jewish community, and women. That resistance is a large part of the reason Poland was subject to such brutal repression. As a social worker, Irena and her colleagues were able to manipulate paperwork to create new identities. They were also granted passes to enter and leave the Warsaw ghetto, allowing them to smuggle in medicine and false papers and eventually help set up their network to free the children. Sometimes on their own or led by local teens, the children escaped through the filth of the sewers. Irena and her small band found safe houses and orphanages where the children could ride out the war. Her careful records were written on cigarette papers so children could be reunited with surviving family after the war.
Mazzeo chronicles a ray of hope in desperate times in this compelling biography of a brave woman who refused to give up. | <urn:uuid:80fe9397-4238-492d-b167-b90aaae361a9> | {
"date": "2017-07-25T07:06:31",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549425082.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170725062346-20170725082346-00016.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9770959615707397,
"score": 2.9375,
"token_count": 432,
"url": "https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/tilar-j-mazzeo/irenas-children-extraordinary/"
} |
In one of the worst economic disasters in U.S. history, on June 27, 1893, the New York Stock Exchange crashed, leading the nation to the Panic of 1893. Unfortunately, many lost all their money because their investments were financed with bond issues that had incredibly high interest rates. This was also an important time period in the debate about the gold, and its usefulness as currency. The gold supply quickly vanished, as many sought to redeem their silver certificates with gold. It was remembered as the worst economic disaster in history up to that point.
Today In History- June 27
1893 Crash of the New York Stock Exchange.
Stories about Today In History- June 27
Panic of 1893 begins with stock market fall.
- New York City, New York
- This_Day_In_History - Anyone can contribute
- View count:
- 75 (recently viewed: 1) | <urn:uuid:5612480c-3cab-4080-a34b-544264080fd2> | {
"date": "2019-06-25T14:42:08",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999838.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20190625132645-20190625154645-00496.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9762218594551086,
"score": 2.90625,
"token_count": 185,
"url": "https://www.fold3.com/page/2418-today-in-history-june-27"
} |
Plenty of the pests crawled in for a long winter's nap, but scientists can only guess what that means for the 2013 growing season. A few early risers ventured out of the crevices on warm winter days, but many more are as snug as bugs in a rug.
They are waiting for 62 degrees, the critical temperature that activates them, and for the 14 hours of daylight that turns on female stink bugs. Scientists in recent months have researched the private lives of brown marmorated stink bugs, known as BMSB in pest management circles. And they are learning more.
"It almost seems that the important factor for the BMSB population is not what happened last year, but how good conditions will be in the spring of the current season," said Greg Krawczyk, Penn State Extension tree fruit entomologist. "We went into winter with relatively big populations, but based on experience from the previous three seasons, it really does not provide any indication of what will happen this coming season."
The recently invasive bug has the potential to suck the profits out of fruit and vegetable crops besides smell up sunny sides of living rooms.
In 2010 stink bugs did an estimated $37 million damage to apples in the mid-Atlantic states. Their population was huge at the end of 2010, but the next year their numbers were down. The bugs made a comeback in 2012.
Krawczyk blames the warm springs, not the number of bugs that huddle up in winter.
"Both 2010 and 2012 springs were warm and early, so probably whatever bugs survived the winter found perfect conditions to enjoy the season," he said.
Tracy Leskey, a U.S. Agriculture Department research entomologist, has said that BMSB populations at the end of 2012 were 60 percent larger than those a year earlier.
So there's a potential for hordes of stink bugs in 2013. The arsenal for defending crops and gardens has not changed much. Pesticide applications must be a direct hit.
"So a simple exclusion, such as nets, probably will provide a much better protection than any insecticide," Krawczyk said.
Spraying the edges of fields may not be the best solution for farmers, according to David Biddinger, Penn State Extension biocontrol specialist. Stink bugs fly 1.5 miles while bees fly just 100 yards from their hives.
"There's unintended consequences to this spraying," he said.
Pyrethroid pesticide also can act as a fertility drug, according to Biddinger. Exposed insects can lay more eggs and have more generations in a year. "At this moment neither dinotefuran nor bifenthrin are registered under EPA Section 18 emergency registration, but we are planning to request those registrations again," Krawczyk said. "Last year, the EPA did not let us use them until sometime mid-summer, so most likely we will again not know the status until the summer."
Bifenthrin is registered for homeowners' use, he said. Products with the active ingredient are available in garden shops of many stores. "When you spray the insecticide you will kill BMSB adults and nymphs, but the remaining dry residue is not active after a very short time, and will not control new BMSB adults arriving continuously from surrounding wild vegetation, such as ornamental trees," he said. Pesticides are not the long-term solution, according to Biddinger.
Other potential controls of stink bugs are in the research stage. The bugs are attracted to some lights and some pheromones.
"We are getting there, it just takes time to find the best combination of various methods," Krawczyk said.v The combination of methods employed to control insects is known as integrated pest management. The BMSB set back by years integrated pest management in orchards.
Any biological component in IMP for the BMSB appears to be a long way off.
In the 15 years that the BMSB first appeared in Allentown it has spread from coast to coast. The Asian native thrived in an unfriendly environment full of potential predators and organisms that could have checked its survival.
"BMSB still managed to increase its numbers and become a pest," Krawczyk said. "This tells you by itself about the possible efficacy of our native beneficial organisms in reducing BMSB populations."
Spiders, mantids, lacewings and even birds may feed on BMSB adults, nymphs and eggs, but they switch on and off depending on what food is around, he said.
Biddinger is a little more optimistic.
"Natives get a taste for something exotic," he recently told Franklin County fruit growers. "They key on the smell of the stink bug. Over time they will adjust."
Both Biddinger and Krawczyk downplay expectations for a quick fix by importing an exotic wasp that goes after stink bug eggs. The Trissolcus wasp lays its eggs inside stink bug eggs and the wasp larvae feast.
The parasitic wasp needs U.S.D.A. approval, and some native stink bug species feed on insects that harm crops in the U.S.
"It will still be a long way before its impact on BMSB population will become visible," Krawczyk said. "We have to rear enough of them, learn how to release them and make sure they will survive after the release."
The wasp also presents something of a Catch-22 as a method of control.
"Growers will not be able to use them in their orchards or fields anyway, since their goal is not to have BMSB in their orchards or fields," Krawczyk said. "The wasp will not survive without food, and growers still have to control other 'normal' pests."
Will the non-native wasp survive in the wilds of North American?
Just one in seven introduced predators gets established, according to Biddinger.
And the invasives keep coming.
"Eleven new species are introduced in the U.S. each year without really trying," Biddinger said "I've found three in Pennsylvania."
The latest, the Spotted Wing Drosophila has gone coast to coast in just three years, he said. With its switch-blade ovipositor, SWD "will go to town" on soft fruit such as blackberries and blueberries.
But the brown marmorated stink bug is unmatched for being unwelcome.
"The importance of BMSB did not change, the novelty did," Krawczyk said. "It's become just a good topic to keep complaining about."
Jim Hook can be reached at 717-262-4759 and [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:012844f7-d151-4ee9-bb64-554eb01a333b> | {
"date": "2014-04-20T16:54:08",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609538824.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005218-00451-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9643977284431458,
"score": 3,
"token_count": 1421,
"url": "http://www.publicopiniononline.com/latestnews/ci_22732493/stink-bugs-just-waiting-warmer-weather-so-they"
} |
Claim: ‘Works of fiction are not capable of proving truths about the real world; therefore philosophers who claim that works of fiction can achieve “cognitive progress” are mistaken’.
When it comes to literary fiction, many people are cognitivists. They believe that novels and short stories can teach us truths about the real world. My native Russophone culture takes this point of view more or less for granted. From Pushkin and Gogol to Petrushevskaya and Grossman, the “great” authors are considered great at least partly because they are believed to give us insights into the human condition. As an illustration, here is an actual quote from a recent literature textbook for year 10 of Russian public school: “In your opinion, did Tolstoy discover a profound truth (istinu) about humankind? If yes, what is it? If no, explain why you think so” (Nelkin & Furayeva, 2013, my translation). Students are then provided 10 blank lines for their answers.
However, the role of fiction as a vehicle of truth has been called into question. This essay will discuss a competing view: that works of fiction “are not capable of proving truths about the real world”, and philosophers (and writers of Russian textbooks) who believe “that works of fiction can achieve ‘cognitive progress’ are mistaken”.
Here is a quick outline of the discussion that is about to follow. As is standard practice in analytical philosophy, I begin by defining the key terms. Next, I identify two versions of anti-cognitivism regarding literature, which I call the Strong Claim and the Weak Claim. Roughly, the Strong Claim is that fiction has no role whatsoever in cognitive progress, while the Weak Claim is that fiction has no unique role in cognitive progress. In section 3, I discuss and reject the Strong Claim. In section 4, I make a case for the Weak Claim, based on Stolnitz (1992). In section 5, I consider arguments that might undermine the Weak Claim.
Before I go on, it is also worth clarifying what I do not intend to do. I assume that the question whether fiction can convey truths is distinct from the question whether truth ought to be considered a literary value. It is conceivable that works of fiction qua fiction do tell us something new about the real world even if truth has nothing to do with their status as literature. For this reason, nothing I am about to say below is meant to bear on the issue of truth as a literary value (though of course it might). To paraphrase Peter Lamarque (2006, p. 133), the question is not “what value to attach” to fiction-induced learning, but “whether we can learn from fiction” in the first place.
Now for the definitions. I take a work of fiction to be a text whose author acknowledges, either explicitly or tacitly, that her writing contains propositions that are intentionally false, such as factual claims about non-existent people or descriptions of events that never took place. Needless to say, a work of nonfiction, such as Mein Kampf or any history textbook with a nationalist slant, may also contain a great number of false propositions. What ultimately matters is the authorial intent: an author of fiction will readily admit that she makes things up, either to tell a good story or to achieve some other goal. She will not normally expect her readers to take every claim she makes in her works at face value.
In a fairly traditional fashion, I take truth to be the way things are as opposed to any of the ways they are not. I believe we have no viable practical alternative to assuming both that there are truths (i.e. there is a certain way things are) and that some truths can be known by humans. To know a truth is to have a justified true belief (Gettier’s examples notwithstanding). A known truth can manifest itself as a linguistic utterance, e.g. “Bulgakov wrote Heart of a Dog”, or as some other action that successfully latches onto reality, e.g. when my fingers somehow hit the right keys when I’m typing Russian on a keyboard with no Cyrillic stickers.
I am not entirely sure how to understand proving a truth. “Prove that p” seems to imply that the truth of p is demonstrated once and for all, but I doubt that such demonstrations are possible outside logic or mathematics. This is why I take proving a truth to mean “providing a good reason to believe that things are a certain way”. With that in mind, cognitive progress can be understood as finding more and more good reasons to believe more and more truths.
Now that the key terms are defined, I can restate the view I am about to evaluate. There seem to be at least two distinct interpretations of the non-cognitivist take on fiction: a weaker one and a stronger one. The weaker version denies that fiction provides a unique method of cognitive progress: there are no truths that can only (or at least primarily) be grasped by writing and reading texts about made-up events and characters. Let us call this the Weak Claim. The stronger version denies that fiction provides any means of cognitive progress at all: texts about made-up events and characters cannot give us good reasons to believe a truth, full stop. Let us call this the Strong Claim.
It is easy to see that the Strong Claim entails the Weak Claim: if fiction cannot provide any good reasons for believing truths, it cannot possibly possess a unique method of cognitive progress. This is why I will consider the Strong Claim first.
3. The Strong Claim
It is difficult to assess the claim that fiction cannot give us good reasons to believe truths about the real world before we clarify what is meant by “us”. “We” may be individual human readers, each with their own story of personal cognitive progress. Alternatively, “we” may refer to humankind as a whole. In that case, cognitive progress would be a factor of the accumulated knowledge stored by our information technology, such as books and computers, and shared among the better informed members of our species.
If what we have in mind are individual readers, the Strong Claim lends itself to falsification in a pleasantly straightforward Popperian fashion. Here is an excerpt from a Goodreads review of the novel Life and Fate by Vasily Grossman (Beavers, 2013):
I have to use the “M” word for this panoramic portrayal of the Soviet experience of World War 2—masterpiece. I was moved and uplifted, enlightened and devastated, and ultimately made into a better person with more empathy and understanding of the human condition.
The reviewer claims to have gained more “understanding of the human condition”. As the rest of the review suggests, he also believes that he has learned truths about “the Soviet experience of World War 2”, both in terms of propositional knowledge (“knowing that”) and empathic knowledge (“knowing what it was like”) (the latter distinction comes from Lamarque 2009, p. 245). Taken at face value, this review alone is enough to falsify the Strong Claim for individual cognitive progress.
What makes the falsification definitive is the fact that the review I quoted is fairly typical: individual readers routinely claim to have learned things from works of fiction. I see no reason to doubt their claims, partly because I have learned things from fiction myself, and partly because it is not difficult to see how such learning is possible. To use Elgin’s synonym for creation (2007, p. 46), writing fiction is a process of reconfiguration in which features of the real world are reshuffled and combined with made-up persons, events and objects, and even the fictional is usually a more or less novel mixture of predicates that have been true of various real persons, events and objects. In Grossman’s Life and Fate, to stick with the same example, fictional characters are woven together from threads of actual lives and personalities. They fight the Battle of Stalingrad with Soviet weapons of the period; they die in the Holocaust; they talk to Stalin. Add to that the knowledge that the author experienced the Battle of Stalingrad first hand and later became the first reporter to enter a Nazi extermination camp, and the cognitive value of the novel for the average 21st-century reader seems uncontroversial.
Can works of fiction serve as a vehicle of cognitive progress for our civilization as a whole? This question also seems to lend itself to empirical investigation. Has fiction been used to discover or convey truths about the real world? Again, it seems almost trivially true that it has been. For example, one of the few surviving accounts of the Great Terror that were actually written during the Great Terror is Sofia Petrovna, a novella by Lydia Chukovskaya. It is a fictional narrative, populated by fictional characters. As such, it is arguably less reliable as a historical document than a straightforward memoir. However, its value for our understanding of the workings of the repressive totalitarian state in its Soviet incarnation is considerable. If we keep in mind that most non-fictional accounts of the pre-war Stalinist purges, such as Yevgenia Ginzburg’s powerful Journey into the Whirlwind, were written many years after the events and often use fictional narrative elements (Ginzburg’s memoir, for instance, contains a lot of dialogue), the importance of Sofia Petrovna for our knowledge of history becomes even harder to deny. Just as undeniable is the fact that fiction – or at least what we would call fiction today – has been used as a vehicle of philosophical reflection. Parmenides presents his thoughts in the form of a fictional encounter with a deity; Plato has his characters have fictional conversations about fictional lands in the middle of the ocean.
To sum up, the Strong Claim appears to be untenable. Both individual human readers and humankind as a whole can and do learn truths from works of fiction. However, the anti-cognitivist has an obvious rejoinder up her sleeve: sure, fiction can moonlight as a historical document or be press-ganged into expounding philosophy, but non-fiction can do the same job at least just as well and likely much better. It is understandable, the anti-cognitivist might say, that in the days of old, when the boundaries between functionally different kinds of writing were blurred or non-existent, fiction was employed for all sorts of purposes. Nowadays, however, we have news reporting, political debates, and academic journals dealing with all manner of subjects, including ethics, psychology, sociology and anthropology. Granted, works of fiction may still teach individual readers a thing or two about the human condition, but they have no truths to contribute to what is discovered by other means. Fiction, the anti-cognitivist will insist, provides no special access to the way things are.
In other words, it is time to consider what I have called the Weak Claim.
4. The Weak Claim
The Weak Claim, recall, denies that fiction has its own unique method of cognitive progress. On this view, any truth that can be known at all can be learned by means other than writing and reading narratives about made-up characters and events. A version of the Weak Claim is forcefully put forward by Jerome Stolnitz (1992). I will begin with a summary of his argument.
So far as I can tell, the variety of cognitivism Stolnitz attacks is the one that has been around at least since Aristotle. In chapter 9 of Poetics, Aristotle famously states that poetry, i.e. fiction, “is at once more like philosophy and more worth while than history”, i.e. non-fiction, because “poetry tends to make general statements” (or “express the universal”, in another translation of τὰ καθόλου). This view has proved resilient. Great works of fiction, Stolnitz observes, are still felt to reveal “psychological truths about people in the great world, truths universal” (1992, p. 193).
However, Stolnitz argues, whenever we try to cash out this view, the supposedly deep truths of literary fiction invariably turn out to be “distinctly banal” (1992, p. 200) and readily available elsewhere. (To be exact, Stolnitz talks about the “cognitive triviality of art” in general, but all his examples come from fiction or poetry.) As an illustration of Stolnitz’s approach, let us take a great novel and see what profound insights it can afford us. What, for example, can we learn from Grossman’s Life and Fate? Here are some candidate propositions:
War is bad.
Hitler’s totalitarianism and Stalin’s totalitarianism were fundamentally the same.
Even intelligent, freedom-loving people are flattered by the attention of those who hold absolute power.
And so on. Life and Fate is a wide-ranging work on a par with War and Peace, and it is possible to extract from it quite a few other general statements about human psychology and society. However, as Stolnitz would be quick to point out, the novel is still a fiction, i.e. a collection of untruths, and as such it “does not and cannot provide the evidence” (1992, p. 196) that any of these statements are in fact true of the real world. As a civilization, i.e. a community of cognizing subjects engaged in a collective pursuit of truths, we know that war is bad because we have had real wars, not because we have read great novels. We know that Nazi Germany and Stalin’s Soviet Union were in many ways similar because we have insightful nonfictional analyses of their history, such as Hannah Arendt’s The Origins of Totalitarianism or Raymond Aron’s Démocratie et Totalitarisme. We know that intellectuals can succumb to a dictator’s charm because nonfictional intellectuals have been lured into service by nonfictional dictators. And so on. To be sure, works of fiction may contain truths and even teach them to less informed individuals. Yet fiction has “no method of arriving at” truths, and it offers “no confirmation or possibility of confirmation” (Stolnitz, 1992, p. 200).
It is hard to disagree that Stolnitz has a point: the cognitive role of fiction has been exaggerated, at times greatly. I am tempted to add that some cultures have been more guilty of this than others, perhaps for understandable historical reasons. For instance, the traditional Russophone view of fiction as a natural medium of truth may well have something to do with the relative underdevelopment of journalism, public political discourse and academic philosophy in the 19th-century Russian Empire. Considering that Soviet political and ideological censorship of the public sphere was, if anything, even more intense, it is then little wonder that a radically cognitivist view of literary fiction did not go away. Many Russian and Soviet readers alike would read fiction hoping to glimpse the truth about their lives that was not available anywhere else.
From a modern Western point of view, such cognitive reliance on fiction seems abnormal, and efforts to cut fiction down to size as regards its truth claims are intuitively appealing. However, the Weak Claim as defended by Stolnitz does seem to have some blind spots. They are the subject of the next section.
5. Undermining the Weak Claim
Catherine Elgin has argued that much of the skepticism about the cognitive value of fiction presupposes an “information-transfer model of cognitive progress”. According to this model, knowledge consists of “discrete bits of information”. Our epistemic goal is then to “amass as many true bits and as few false bits as possible” (Elgin, 2007, p. 44).
The information-transfer model is evident in Stolnitz’s treatment of fiction. The discrete units of information he operates with are propositions. Consider his proposal for the universal truth supposedly conveyed by Pride and Prejudice (Stolnitz, 1992, p. 193):
[It is true that] “[s]tubborn pride and ignorant prejudice keep attractive people apart”.
If we want to condense the main theme of Austen’s novel in one proposition, preferably free of any time-specific or place-specific detail, Stolnitz’s summary is as good as any other. However, the question is whether this proposition – or, for that matter, any other proposition – offers the same cognitive pay-off as the novel itself, when read from cover to cover. What I mean by this is not that we might need many more propositions in order to do justice to Pride and Prejudice. Rather, my concern is what exactly we manage to communicate when we say “stubborn pride”, “ignorant prejudice” or “keep people apart” – or when we use any other noun phrases and predicates to summarise an accomplished novel as a list of propositions. In other words, I suspect that certain truths may be hard to communicate in non-narrative, stripped-down propositional form.
Yury Lotman once observed that a completely accurate transmission of any “sufficiently complex message” requires conditions that are impossible to meet “in a natural situation”. For a truly flawless transmission, we would need two people who encode and decode messages in exactly the same way. Besides speaking the same language (“English, Russian, Estonian etc.”), they would have to follow identical rules of reference and pragmatics. They would need to have had the same linguistic and cultural experiences. Basically, they would need an identical set of memories. This is why in actual human communication “a perfect match between the code of the transmitter and that of the receiver is only possible to some degree of approximation” (Lotman, 2016, p. 20, my translation).
What is a “sufficiently complex message”? I am not in a position to offer a theory of semantic complexity. Fortunately, I do not need one; for my current purpose it is enough to accept that the degree of approximation involved in transmitting some messages is simply greater than in others. For example, it seems intuitive that a message such as “Pride and prejudice keep attractive people apart” stands more chance of being construed in wildly different ways than the claim that it rains in England.
Now recall the proposition that I used earlier to sum up one of the key themes of Grossman’s Life and Fate:
[It is true that] war is bad.
The formulation is deceptively – should I say “seductively”? – simple. But what does it actually say? There is a multitude of ways in which a complex phenomenon such as war can be bad for different people, non-human animals, or the planet as a whole. Even those with first-hand experience of war may not be fully aware of many of its terrible consequences. Then there is the normative aspect of the proposition. “War is bad” sounds like a claim with straightforward normative implications, but it is unclear what kind of “ought” we are supposed to derive from it. Is war bad as in “we ought to do everything we can to avoid it”? Or is it bad as in “we only ought to wage war if we really want to expand our colonial holdings”? And so on.
All of this suggests that, despite its formal simplicity, “War is bad” carries a relatively complex message. If we want to communicate that message with a reasonable degree of approximation, we have two options. We could look for a receiver who is sufficiently like us and hope that they decode “War is bad” the way we want them to. Alternatively, we could try to encode the message in such a way that, to use a computer metaphor, it might gradually “self-extract” and “install” itself in the receiving mind by imitating some of the experiences necessary for its decoding. One thing the anti-cognitivist seems to overlook is that, when it comes to complex messages about the human condition, literary fiction might be particularly suited to such life-imitating message encoding. The key advantage of fiction here is the freedom of what Peter Swirski calls narrative modelling (Swirski 2000). An author of fiction is free to use whatever reconfiguration of real and imaginary features she finds necessary to provoke a response in the reader’s mind. She can verbalise her characters’ stream of consciousness; she can have them speak in catchy one-liners and follow a dramatic narrative arc. By contrast, nonfiction writers have the freedom of narrative modelling only to the extent they are willing to fictionalise their texts (e.g. by imagining people’s thoughts and feelings on particular occasions or “re-creating” unrecorded dialogue, not to mention fictionalising by omission, i.e. by leaving out potentially significant facts that interfere with the desired narrative).
To summarise the discussion so far, one potentially distinct cognitive role for fiction is that of bridging the experiential gap between the author and the reader, allowing complex messages about the human condition to be transmitted more efficiently. Earlier I have described the cognitive progress of our civilization as a factor of the accumulated knowledge stored by our technology and shared by individual humans. On the information-transfer model of cognitive progress, all knowledge can be stored and shared as lists of discrete propositions, ideally worded as single sentences of manageable length. However, as long as we have reason to suspect that certain kinds of knowledge cannot be stored and transmitted in that way, we need to look for cognitive tools beyond lists of propositions. Fiction may well be one such tool.
Another potential cognitive role for fiction is, in a sense, an extension of the one just discussed. Here the key idea is not that Life and Fate (the novel) and “War is bad” (the proposition) may transmit the same message with a different degree of accuracy. Instead, the focus is on the fact that the very concepts “war” and “bad” may come to acquire new meanings for someone who has read Grossman’s novel. As Eileen John puts it, fiction can challenge and refine our conceptual scheme; it can put into question “the very terms of our thought”, causing us to use them in novel ways (John, 1998). Since our cognitive progress must involve a feedback loop between empirical and conceptual investigation, such conceptual probing and stretching by means of fiction may eventually help us to learn new truths about the real world. John admits that this view assumes a continuity between the use of concepts in fictional contexts and their application in real life (1998, 341-342). This assumption, however, seems psychologically plausible – or at least more plausible than the competing claim that readers routinely distinguish between concepts as used in fiction and concepts as used elsewhere.
A particularly helpful way to understand how fiction can challenge and refine our conceptual habits is to think of certain works of fiction as extended thought experiments. Peter Swirski defends and develops this approach at book length in Swirski (2007), arguing that literary fictions can generate “nonfictional knowledge” thanks to “their capacity for doing what philosophy and science do – generating thought experiments” (p. 4). Just like thought experiments in philosophy and science, literary Gedankenexperimente tease out “consequences of events that by definition did not occur” (p. 6) and thus alert us to what can happen in the real world, given similar circumstances. As long as we are willing to grant cognitive value to an account of an imaginary event in a philosophy paper, we should be willing to do the same for an imaginary event in a work of fiction.
Catherine Elgin is another scholar who offers an account of the importance of literary thought experiments for cognitive progress (Elgin, 2007). Works of fiction, Elgin argues, can train us to notice the cognitively salient features of a situation. Quite often, our epistemological challenge is not that we have too few facts at our disposal; rather, it is that we have too many. This is why, to make sense of what is going on, we need to decide which facts to ignore and which to keep in focus; and we need to decide how to arrange the facts we keep so that they causally hang together (Elgin, 2007, p. 44). To use another computer-inspired metaphor, we need to impose a “select and crop” pattern on an unpatterned flow of reality. Now, imposing a causal pattern on a set of events could easily serve as a definition of building a narrative. It therefore stands to reason that fiction writing, as the narrative activity par excellence, might help us to produce new “select and crop” patterns to impose on the world. Equipped with these patterns, we might then “discern truths that we would otherwise not see or not see so clearly” (Elgin, 2007, p. 53).
To sum up, I have tried to show that there are at least two plausible roles fiction can play in the cognitive progress of our species. Firstly, we can use fiction to store and transmit complex messages whose efficient decoding requires a high degree of similarity between the transmitter and the receiver. Fiction may be particularly suited to this purpose because it can freely model and imitate various experiences in the reader’s mind. Secondly, we can view works of fiction as extended thought experiments. Like thought experiments in other domains, they can make us think about the way we use our concepts, and they can offer us conceptual models for making sense of the real world. In other words, an author of good fiction such as Tolstoy may not be able to give us an istina, i.e. profound truth, about humankind, but his narrative modelling might well help us on the way towards that cognitive goal. That this help comes in the form of conceptual, rather than empirical, reasons to believe new truths about the world need not detract from its contribution. As the second half of the well-worn Kantian adage has it (KrV, A 51, B 75), “Anschauungen ohne Begriffe sind blind”; we have to impose concepts on observations – our “Anschauungen … unter Begriffe zu bringen” – to see and make sense of the world, and we ought to keep working on the concepts we use for that purpose.
There are at least two obvious objections available to the anti-cognitivist, and both of them arise even if we accept the cognitive roles of fiction I have just described. As regards the first role (bridging experiential gaps), the anti-cognitivist might argue that storing or even spreading truths is not the same as arriving at them or confirming them. No one denies that fiction can serve a didactic purpose, but does that really count as a contribution to the cognitive progress of our species in the strict sense? As for thought experiments in literary fiction, it is not immediately clear what makes them distinct from thought experiments in philosophy or science. Can a Gedankenexperiment built into a novel do something that a strictly philosophical thought experiment cannot? And even if we grant that literary thought experiments are somehow distinct, one does wonder if “distinct” in this case is not synonymous with “distinctly inferior”. All those additional narrative and aesthetic dimensions one typically finds in fiction – do they not rather distract from whatever cognitive value the author has managed to produce?
Elgin (2007) and especially Swirski (2007) both go some way towards answering the second objection, and I believe there is a way to diffuse the first objection as well. Dealing with these objections, however, goes well beyond the scope of this essay. As they say, I hope to be able to return to them in the future. In the meantime, I will conclude with a farewell quote from Swirski (2000, p. 76), writing here about Stanisław Lem, an author responsible for much of my cognitive development in my early to mid-teens:
In [Lem’s] hands fiction becomes a flexible and versatile instrument of inquiry, while his sophisticated use of thought-experiments, counterfactual scenarios, or various semantic, semiotic, and mimetic games shows that there are almost no limits to its modelling power.
Whether philosophy itself, however presented, has contributed to the cognitive progress of our civilization is a different matter. For the sake of this discussion, I simply assume that it has.
With the possible exception of highly trained academics.
Swirski’s treatment of fictional thought experiments is both comprehensive, insightful and somewhat dispiriting since a mere reference to his monograph would likely be a better answer to the question of this assignment than anything I might ever say.
In case anyone cares to cite this essay
Zarubin, K. (2018). Can we learn from fiction? Unpublished manuscript. Retrieved from https://kostia.me/english-deutsch/can-we-learn-from-fiction/
Beavers, W. (2013). Life and Fate by Vasily Grossman. Goodreads. Retrieved 9 December 2018, from https://www.goodreads.com/review/show/621152021
Elgin, C. Z. (2007). The laboratory of the mind. In W. Huemer, J. Gibson, & L. Pocci (Eds.), A Sense of the World: Essays on Fiction, Narrative and Knowledge (pp. 43–54). London: Routledge.
John, E. (1998). Reading fiction and conceptual knowledge: Philosophical thought in literary context. Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 56(4), 331–348.
Lamarque, P. (2006). Cognitive values in the arts: Marking the boundaries. In M. Kieran (Ed.), Contemporary debates in aesthetics and the philosophy of art (pp. 127—39). Blackwell.
Lamarque, P. (2009). The philosophy of literature. Oxford: Blackwell.
Lotman, Y. (2016). Vnutri myslyashchih mirov. St. Petersburg: Azbuka-Klassika. Non-Fiction.
Nelkin, A., & Furayeva, L. (2013). 10 klass. Literatura. Rabochaya tetrad’. St. Petersburg: SMIO-Press.
Stolnitz, J. (1992). On the cognitive triviality of art. British Journal of Aesthetics, 32(3), 191–200.
Swirski, P. (2000). Between literature and science: Poe, Lem and explorations in aesthetics, cognitive science, and literary knowledge. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
Swirski, P. (2007). Of literature and knowledge: Explorations in narrative thought experiments, evolution and game theory. New York: Routledge. | <urn:uuid:9ca8ba72-10d3-41f6-96dd-25c6134c5b99> | {
"date": "2019-03-20T19:33:10",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202450.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20190320190324-20190320212054-00061.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9528972506523132,
"score": 2.546875,
"token_count": 6565,
"url": "https://kostia.me/english-deutsch/can-we-learn-from-fiction/"
} |
Definitions of whittle
n. - A grayish, coarse double blanket worn by countrywomen, in the west of England, over the shoulders, like a cloak or shawl. 2
n. - Same as Whittle shawl, below. 2
n. - A knife; esp., a pocket, sheath, or clasp knife. 2
v. t. - To pare or cut off the surface of with a small knife; to cut or shape, as a piece of wood held in the hand, with a clasp knife or pocketknife. 2
v. t. - To edge; to sharpen; to render eager or excited; esp., to excite with liquor; to inebriate. 2
v. i. - To cut or shape a piece of wood with am small knife; to cut up a piece of wood with a knife. 2
The word "whittle" uses 7 letters: E H I L T T W.
No direct anagrams for whittle found in this word list.
Shorter words found within whittle:
eh el elhi et eth he heil het hew hi hie hilt hit it lei let li lie lit lite lithe lwei tel tet teth tew the thew ti tie til tile tilt tilth tit tithe title twit we welt wet whet while whit white wile wilt wit wite with withe
List shorter words within whittle, sorted by length
All words formed from whittle by changing one letter
Browse words starting with whittle by next letter | <urn:uuid:d4d11457-b30f-4b5e-ac81-965b4c93fb19> | {
"date": "2014-12-21T11:27:23",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802771091.111/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075251-00083-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8344066739082336,
"score": 2.6875,
"token_count": 334,
"url": "http://www.morewords.com/word/whittle/"
} |
Mandy Copley Nutritional Therapist BSc NHFDip NHFClinDip MFHT
Have you ever heard anyone say that breakfast is the most important meal of the day? Well, if you have you know that they were right! Breakfast truly is the most important meal of the day.
There is a brand new day ahead of you each morning. Eating breakfast can help you to have a great day. Our bodies cannot run on empty until lunch time. How many people eat a really healthy lunch? When our bodies do not have proper nutrition they do not function to their fullest. We will not feel good if we do not eat breakfast.
Our energy levels -Breakfast gives our body nutrition and substance. This is where our energy comes from. People who do not eat breakfast have considerably less energy than people who do. Think about it. Breakfast is the first meal after dinner. We eat dinner then sleep through the night. That’s eight or more hours without eating. Our bodies need to be nourished in the morning. They’ve gone without food for hours. If we do not eat in the morning our bodies will not be able to produce the energy we need for the day.
Concentration – People who do not eat breakfast often have a hard time concentrating. People who do eat breakfast tend to be much more focused on the task at hand. They do not have trouble concentrating nearly as much as those who do not eat breakfast.
Your mood – Did you know that hunger can cause mood swings and irritabiliaty? So can running on empty. Your body is lacking nourishment and this affects your whole system. People who do eat breakfast tend to be much less irritable than those who do not.
Breakfast truly is the most important meal of the day. Start your day off right, as a family. It is especially important for kids to eat breakfast. What better way to set a great example than you eating breakfast with them.
BREAKFAST POWER SMOOTHIE
- Handful of spinach, kale or chard
- Handful of Blueberries
- 1 tablespoon shelled hemp seeds
- 1 tablespoon natural yogurt
- 1 tablespoon flax oil
- 1 tablespoon lecithin granules
- 1 teaspoon barley grass powder
- Apple juice to required consistency
Hempseeds to give you protein and good essential fatty acids, blueberries for antioxidant boost, spinach for iron and magnesium, banana for potassium, probiotics from natural yogurt, lecithin as an emulsifier for the oils and good source of choline for the brain, good amino acid support from barley grass – all this goodness in one glass !!!! (A good alternative is to use almond milk instead of apple juice and omit the natural yogurt, add a few dates for sweetness). | <urn:uuid:4d1022aa-baf7-4dae-84cf-d35e573e2add> | {
"date": "2017-07-23T14:36:26",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424564.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170723142634-20170723162634-00416.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9526894092559814,
"score": 2.625,
"token_count": 579,
"url": "http://broadstoneclinic.co.uk/why-eating-breakfast-will-make-you-feel-great/"
} |
The Delaware Geological Survey undertook a drilling operation to obtain continuous core samples through the confined aquifers of the Milford area.
With the cooperation of Delaware Nature Society and the Delaware Division of Fish & Wildlife, they selected a site at Abbott’s Mill Nature Center that was ideally located for this purpose. In June, a DGS research team drilled a 630-foot-deep hole during a two week period with the DGS’s CME 55 truck-mounted drill rig. The operation recovered hundreds of feet of sediment core that yield insights into the geological characteristics of the aquifers and the history of their formation. Wireline coring requires specialized drilling equipment and knowledge by the driller to maintain an open hole while making progress and recovering core.
The DGS team had the opportunity to demonstrate this drilling technology and discuss earth science and drinking water with students from Seaford’s Frederick Douglas Elementary School, allowing them to examine and touch a new core sample that was retrieved from more than 300 feet underground.
Preliminary results indicate that the Miocene-age — 10 to 25 million years old — sediments were deposited on the sea bottom as the ancient Atlantic Ocean repeatedly flooded and retreated from the area that is now southern Delaware. The succession of alternating sea-bottom sands and muds deposited six aquifers and intervening confining beds. The new cores provide insights into the geological factors that affect how much groundwater these aquifers can yield.
In addition, this new borehole helps the DGS to better understand the connection of aquifers — essentially the underground plumbing of the groundwater system — between Milford and parts of Kent County to the northwest and Sussex County to the south.
The cores are now housed in the laboratories of the DGS on the campus of the University of Delaware and will be the focus of additional analyses in the coming months. The new geological data will be compared to results from similar cored boreholes at Bethany Beach and Marshy Hope Wildlife Area and will be documented in future Delaware Geological Survey reports.
Groundwater is the sole source of drinking water and the main source of freshwater for agriculture and industry in central and southern Delaware. Groundwater is pumped from sediment layers under the Delaware Coastal Plain. In the areas of southeastern Kent County and northeastern Sussex County near Milford, the principal groundwater sources include the near-surface, water-table aquifer and a series of deeper aquifer sands. The deeper aquifer sands are of special interest because they store groundwater in “confined aquifer” layers that are isolated from the land surface by less permeable, muddy horizons that are referred to as “confining beds.” | <urn:uuid:038b2a21-ff45-47ab-821f-6ae4158e8b50> | {
"date": "2017-08-18T14:39:03",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-34",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886104681.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170818140908-20170818160908-00056.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9442418813705444,
"score": 3.234375,
"token_count": 543,
"url": "http://www.doverpost.com/news/20170801/geological-society-takes-core-samples-from-milford-area-aquifers"
} |
Each time Duchess and her baby, K2, swam by the window separating the dolphins' pool from the humans' observation room, she watched the people as they watched her.
Maybe there was a bit of anthropomorphizing going on but that dolphin had a look in her eye, like she could tell you a thing or two if you only spoke her language. Not right now, though. Now, she had to teach her baby how to swim laps around the pool as fast as possible.
There was no need to teach K2 how to attract attention as the new calf, born at The Mirage Dolphin Habitat July 3, has been getting plenty of that. K2 was the first of two baby dolphins born this summer. The latest one, born Aug. 20, has yet to be named.
In the facility's underground viewing area on a recent Wednesday, a crowd of visitors jostled for position in front of the window that provided the best view of K2 and its mother. Parents held children up so they could see firsthand the animals they had only seen in pictures or movies before today.
People smiled and pointed at each flip of a tail fin but it was the dolphins' smiling, gray and white faces that drew the biggest reaction from the audience. "Oohs" and "ahhs" were mixed in with amazed disbelief.
It's kind of weird, one woman said to her companion, that you can see dolphins in the desert.
While Las Vegas is certainly a long way from the natural habitat of the animals, their presence here makes perfect sense for a facility that claims research and education to be its main purposes, says David Blasko, director of The Mirage's department of animal care.
"The Mirage Dolphin Habitat was built to educate people about dolphins," Blasko says of the attraction, which opened in 1990. "The goal is to get kids who go through here to learn about dolphins and to teach them how what they do affects the oceans."
Over the years, the staff has conducted research with the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Texas A&M University and the University of Ohio. They have studied assisted reproduction in dolphins, starting a dolphin semen bank 10 years ago to help diversify the gene pool for breeding, Blasko says. The habitat also has worked with the U.S. Navy to study the effects of sonar and ship noises on dolphins. An animal husbandry committee vets all research proposals and selects those that the habitat will participate in.
Since opening, the habitat has experienced its share of controversy. In 2004, The Mirage hired outside experts to audit the exhibit. Eleven of 16 dolphins had died since 1990, most because of natural causes. Animal rights' groups have spoken out about the presence of dolphins in the desert. In 2005, the hotel came to an undisclosed agreement with the USDA, which sets and enforces standards that animal exhibitors must meet. Voluntary changes were made to the way the dolphins were cared for.
The habitat is inspected at least once a year by a USDA inspector, says Dave Sacks, spokesman for the agency. The dolphin habitat has been inspected five times since 2009, most recently in September, 2010. It passed each one.
Because the habitat's focus is educational, the dolphins don't perform aquarium-style shows. Visitors who pay the $17 admission will be able to walk around and watch the dolphins swimming or the trainers interacting with them. That's as close to a show as they get.
Those who want a more personal experience can pay $550 to be a trainer for a day. The program enables guests to "work" as a trainer, feeding the dolphins and learning commands to give them. Participants also can swim with the dolphins by grasping their dorsal fins. The package includes a continental breakfast, a three-course lunch, photos, admission to the habitat and Siegfried & Roy's Secret Garden, as well as a T-shirt.
The staff interacts with all guests, providing dolphin facts and figures for those who want more than just a glimpse of these marine mammals. At any given time, visitors may be able to watch as one of 12 dolphin trainers performs a variety of routines with the dolphins, running them through natural behaviors that they perform in the wild. When a dolphin flips into the air, it's not doing a trick, says curator of dolphin care Philip Admire. It's doing what it does in its natural ocean environment.
"Dolphins are a puzzle you have to figure out on a daily basis," says Admire, who has been working with the animals for 23 years.
Most of the trainers have bachelor's degrees; Admire, a former U.S. Marine, has a degree in biology. You won't get rich working as a dolphin trainer so you've got to a have a real love of the animals and a desire to advocate for them, he says.
As curator of dolphin care, Admire's duties include overseeing the health and well-being of the dolphins, conducting staff development, teaching behavioral techniques to the staff and helping to develop educational programs for the dolphins.
Dolphins are intelligent with well-developed personalities and, like humans, they can have good and bad moods. This may cause people to project human characteristics on them but that's a mistake, Admire says. And just because they look friendly and are depicted in the media as human-friendly animals, that doesn't mean they are.
The habitat helps dispel such myths, he says.
"Most people are never going to see these animals in person unless they come to a facility like ours," Admire says. "We're about protecting these animals, the wild is no longer a safe place for these animals. I see it as my duty to help protect these animals and teach the public."
For more information, visit miragehabitat.com.
Contact reporter Sonya Padgett at spadgett@review journal.com or 702-380-4564. | <urn:uuid:031accc0-0f70-48c3-b055-7f298d571bd6> | {
"date": "2014-10-31T04:25:14",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637898844.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025818-00169-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9772223830223083,
"score": 2.71875,
"token_count": 1221,
"url": "http://www.reviewjournal.com/entertainment/shows/mirage-dolphin-habitat-serves-attraction-research-facility?ref=859"
} |
Land traded hands frequently in late 1800s
The former Mack School can be seen at the northeast corner of the intersection of County Highway 89 and Territorial Road in the town of Richmond. The tiny building is now a private home.
This school received its name because in 1891 the owner of the surrounding property was William Mack. He owned 160 acres in that location. He was not the first white owner of that farm. The 1857 plat map shows the owner as E.M. Rice. The 1873 plat book lists the owner of this farm as B.B. Freeman.
Rice was born in Vermont, according to the 1882 “History of Walworth County.” He came to Wisconsin with his wife, Laura, in 1841 and settled on the farm in Section 5, town of Richmond.
He was elected superintendent of the poor in 1856 and served in that office for six years. They had two daughters, Mary B. and Ada E. In 1867 the family moved to Whitewater.
The 1882 “History of Walworth County” indicates that Freeman was born in New York and moved first to Rock County in 1840. He moved to this Richmond location in 1867. He died Feb. 9, 1875.
In the 1891 plat book, William Mack is shown as the owner and the school is shown in the intersection corner along with School No. 5. The 1921 plat book shows Charles Mack as the owner of this farm. In 1930 it changes to Warren Mack.
Sometime in late 1930 the owner is listed as Wade Bros. Then in 1961 and into the 1990s the owners are shown to be Howard, Harland and Martha Wade. The 2012 book now lists the owner of the farm surrounding the former schoolhouse as Ronald W. Wade.
Mack School District No. 5 in the town of Richmond also was known as Pioneer School. The first school was built in 1849 on land deeded by the government on April 5, 1849. The school was 23-by-19-feet and had 44 square feet of blackboard.
The teacher in 1871 was Emogene Smith. In 1902 the district clerk was E.M. Davis. Emma Roe was the teacher from 1909 until 1911. She received $30 per month for teaching eight students. The next year she received $35/month and had only six pupils. A Miss Weyher was the next teacher.
The school closed for the 1941-'42 school year. The last teacher was Jansina Mawhinney.
At that time she received $85 a month and had only four pupils. In 1950 the district joined with Rock County.
Ginny Hall, a historian from Delavan, is author of the “Walking around ...” and “Meandering ... ” books, which highlight the history of Walworth County communities. | <urn:uuid:b80d8209-fee8-47b6-9260-2d1c927f060a> | {
"date": "2015-02-27T11:46:02",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-11",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936461216.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074101-00059-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9888983964920044,
"score": 2.65625,
"token_count": 590,
"url": "http://www.walworthcountytoday.com/article/20140418/WC/140419690/1157"
} |
In the course of this project I have read more about the Chaconne than about any piece of music I have ever studied. Because this work looms so large in Bach’s output it has been the subject of countless essays and analyses. Everything that I have encountered has been interesting, and it has all helped to shape my understanding of the piece and my approach to its performance. But perhaps nothing I have read up to this point is as provocative as Alexander Silbeger’s “Bach and the Chaconne,” published in the Journal of Musicology in summer 1999.
The article begins with a brief survey of works by Bach that evoke, either through title or construction, the chaconne or its close cousin the passacaglia. As noted in a previous post, Bach wrote two works titled ciaconna—the work we’ve been studying and the closing movement of Cantata 150. He also wrote a passacaglia for organ (BWV 582). In addition to these titled works, Silbiger identifies five other works that, because of their construction, can be linked to one of the two forms.
Silbiger goes on to describe two different styles of ciaconna or chaconne; the former more Italianate and represented by composers like Frescobaldi and the latter more French and represented by composers like Lully. He points to examples by other composers of works in both forms that were in a set of manuscripts collected by Bach during his lifetime, thus demonstrating Bach’s familiarity with the different styles. Silbiger then proceeds to discuss the differences in the two styles, the ways in which they were adapted by other Germanic composers, and finally how they are reflected in Bach’s work.
All of this is fascinating, clearly explained, and well-documented with sources and examples. Of course, I am an easy audience for such things at this stage. To paraphrase Jerry Maguire, he had me at chaconne.
But the article takes an unexpected turn—and this is the provocative part. Of Bach’s great D minor work for violin, he says
“In fact, one can detect traces in this chaconne of much more ancient traditions, perhaps even of the early Spanish guitar improvisations. I am not proposing that Bach was aware of the Spanish guitar roots of the chaconne—although that possibility certainly cannot be ruled out—but that there were certain devices that had formed part of the chaconne bag-of-tricks from its beginning and had been passed on, even if awareness of their origins became lost along the way.”Silbiger, Alexander: Bach and the Chaconne. Journal of Musicology, Vol. 17, No. 3 (Summer, 1999), p. 374
There’s no controversy in suggesting that the chaconne has Spanish roots; the chacona first appears in the Spanish colonies in the New World as mentioned in an early post. But such a specific association with Spanish guitar music is not something I have encountered in any other writing about the piece. When Segovia first made a public splash with his performance of the Chaconne in Paris in the 1930s there were critics who suggested it was heretical for him to even attempt the piece on the guitar. And yet here we have a musicologist suggesting that nothing could be more appropriate. Provocative indeed!
As an example, Silbiger cites a device he refers to as “the stalling on a pitch” which usually appears toward the conclusion for a “last minute heightening of the tension,” which he calls “an almost mandatory trope in the early Italian ciaconnas and passacaglias.” In Bach’s Chaconne this device appears near the very end beginning in measure 229:
It’s easy to find a Spanish parallel for this device; one need look no farther than “Asturias” from the Suite Espagnole No. 1—a work by Isaac Albéniz originally written for the piano but performed far more frequently in a guitar arrangement. The intentional evocation of flamenco is evident.
He goes on to say “[T]hose searching for other Spanish guitar evocations will have no trouble finding them..”:
“Batteries of repeated strumming..”
“Sudden foot stamping…”
This last might seem particularly farfetched, but is it really? Consider this demonstration of flamenco dance in the zapateado (also in a triple measure)
Or Rob MacKillop’s evocative performance of one of the earliest notated works for plucked strings—“Guardame las vacas” by Luis Narvaez; a work that precedes Bach’s Chaconne by 200 years. Note particularly the passage that starts around 1:37:
As a side note, MacKillop is a guitarist who advocates strongly for playing without the use of fingernails.
Having led us down this unexpected path, Silbiger hedges a bit, acknowledging that “not everyone may be willing to accept that Bach was aiming for exotic folkloric effects in these passages” and, personally, I do find that notion hard to swallow. But he goes on to point out that “the important point is that many of the traditions accompanying the chaconne had nothing to do with structural schemata.” This seems to be a reasonable statement, particularly since we cannot pinpoint the specific roots of the original chacona and its initial transmission from the New World to the old.
In the end, whether or not I agree with Silbiger’s theory about these folkloric elements, it is impossible for me to think about these passages without at least considering the question, and it has provided yet another interpretive option to consider. That is what good scholarship can and should do.
The full article is available online at JSTOR; a free account is required to read any materials there. | <urn:uuid:b1cd2775-356a-4110-85c0-7e4f1b3a0ade> | {
"date": "2020-01-21T02:50:04",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601241.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121014531-20200121043531-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9655722379684448,
"score": 2.828125,
"token_count": 1263,
"url": "https://thechaconneproject.home.blog/2019/07/"
} |
Send the link below via email or IMCopy
Present to your audienceStart remote presentation
- Invited audience members will follow you as you navigate and present
- People invited to a presentation do not need a Prezi account
- This link expires 10 minutes after you close the presentation
- A maximum of 30 users can follow your presentation
- Learn more about this feature in our knowledge base article
Transcript of One-Point Perspective
This is a presentation over One-Point Perspective using the Surrealist work of Dali, real life examples, and student examples.
One-point perspective was created to aid artists in creating three-dimensional scenes. All that is needed in one-point perspective is a horizon line and a vanishing point.
This video will show you how to make the lines on your paper.
Pass Standard for 9-12th
(Standard 1:3 ) Identify and apply the elements of art: line, color, form, shape, texture, value (light and dark), and space in works of art. Discriminate between types of shape (geometric and organic), colors (primary, secondary, complementary, intermediates, neutrals, tints, tones, shades, and values), lines (characteristics, quality), textures (tactile and visual), and space (background, middleground, foreground, placement, one-, two-, and three-point perspective, overlap, negative, positive, size, color) in personal artwork, and the art work of others.
Given a Prezi presentation, students will identify the technique of perspective by viewing instructional slides and creating their own Surrealist perspective painting with 80% accuracy.
A vanishing point is the point at which all parallel lines converge.
The trees, the road, and the land all go towards a single point, the vanishing point.
What is a vanishing Point?
What is a Horizon Line?
This graph shows us that we can not only draw outdoor scenes with one-point perspective, but we can also create indoor scenes.
One-Point Perspective in Surrealism
In "real life the horizon line is where the land or sea meets the sky
You may not always see the horizon line, but you still need to draw it out to create a painting or drawing in perspective.
Surrealism was known for it's artworks and writings. Their aim was to change the way people thought of dreams and reality.
The Surrealist painting styles of artist's such as Salvador Dali, were often illogical, unnerving and fantastical.
The vanishing point can move along the horizon line if you desire to change the direction of what your drawing.
First Days of Spring 1929
By Salvador Dali | <urn:uuid:7869477d-568e-4cfd-8bec-162ffa8a648e> | {
"date": "2019-01-22T07:28:43",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-04",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583829665.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20190122054634-20190122080634-00336.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9107567667961121,
"score": 3.390625,
"token_count": 558,
"url": "https://prezi.com/xvdc0dpxci52/one-point-perspective/"
} |
Croagh Patrick is a mountain in county Mayo also known as The Reek or Patrick’s sacred mountain. Each year thousands of people climb Croagh Patrick on a pilgrim to honor the patron saint of Ireland.
The pilgrimage to the summit of Croagh Patrick takes place on the last Sunday of July, which also coincides with the pagan festival of Lughnasadh.
History of Croagh Patrick
The mountain is significant in Irish history and is considered a place of worship pre-dating the arrival of Christianity in Ireland. It was believed Irish druids celebrated Lughnasadh by climbing to the summit of Croagh Patrick, a common practice during the August festival.
In the 5th century St Patrick climbed to the summit of Croagh Patrick and completed a forty day Lenten ritual of fasting and penance. An archaeological excavation performed during the 90’s discovered the remains of a small chapel dating to the time of St Patrick
The pilgrimage today
The last Sunday in July is called Reek Sunday and its when the pilgrimage starts. It is estimated that between 30,000 – 40,000 make the pilgrimage each year, most of them on barefoot. From children to elders, the pilgrimage is considered an important event to complete.
Safety concerns are constantly considered due to erosion of the mountain and in some years bad weather. In 2015 bad weather covered the mountain and due to the high risks the pilgrimage was cancelled. Emergency services, including the Irish Coastguard, are on constant standby when the pilgrimage takes place.
This article was first published on 30-07-2017 and last modified on 30-07-2017. | <urn:uuid:ead2a536-19b4-46e9-acc4-784fe9a06f93> | {
"date": "2017-12-15T06:10:33",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-51",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948567042.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20171215060102-20171215080102-00656.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9615529179573059,
"score": 3.453125,
"token_count": 330,
"url": "https://www.yourirish.com/traditions/pilgrimage-croagh-patrick"
} |
Thank you for using the timer!
We noticed you are actually not timing your practice. Click the START button first next time you use the timer.
There are many benefits to timing your practice, including:
Some teachers claim that students would not learn curricular [#permalink]
01 Mar 2007, 11:56
0% (00:00) correct
0% (00:00) wrong based on 1 sessions
Some teachers claim that students would not learn curricular content without the incentive of grades. But students with intense interest in the material would learn it without this incentive, while the behavior of students lacking all interests in the material is unaffected by such an incentive. The incentive of grades, therefore, serves no essential academic purpose.
The reasoning in the argument is flawed because the argument
(A) take for granted that the only purpose of school is to convey a fixed body of information to students
(B) takes for granted that students who are indifferent to the grades they receive are genuinely interested in the curricular material
(C) fails to consider that the incentive of grades may serve some useful nonacademic purpose
(D) ignore the possibility that students who lack interest in the curricular material would be quite interested in it if allowed to choose their own curricular material
(E) fails to consider that some students may be neither fascinated by nor completely indifferent to the subject being taught | <urn:uuid:b1af8e9c-2fa7-440c-85bc-b14a0a144223> | {
"date": "2015-08-03T20:31:15",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-32",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042990112.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002310-00302-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9434519410133362,
"score": 2.515625,
"token_count": 286,
"url": "http://gmatclub.com/forum/some-teachers-claim-that-students-would-not-learn-curricular-42756.html"
} |
History - Though not officially formed until 1918, the history of Ball State really begins in 1899. A private school, Eastern Indiana Normal School existed at the current site to educate teachers. It closed due to lack of funding in 1901. In 1902 the school re-opened as Palmer University, and a few years later became Indiana Normal College. It closed due to lack of funding in 1907. In 1912, the school re-opened as the Indiana Normal Institute. It closed due to lack of funding in 1917.
During the summer of 1917, local wealthy industrialists the Ball brothers of Ball jar fame bought the property and donated it to the state. The school was operated under the auspices of the Indiana State Normal School in Terre Haute, but due to the continued contributions of the Balls, the name was changed to Ball Teachers College in 1922 ("Huh-huh-huh, you said 'ball teachers'"). In 1961 it was renamed Ball State Teachers College, and finally Ball State University in 1965.
Location - Muncie, Indiana. Muncie can be summed up by its pseudonym, Middletown. During the 1920s and then later during the Great Depression, there were two major sociological studies conducted in Muncie to observe changes in culture of a small American city. The authors of the studies, Robert Staughton Lynd and Helen Merrell Lynd used Muncie as a typical American town, thus the name "Middletown." Even today, Muncie is viewed as an average American small city, as many news agencies and pollsters use the town as an example of "how America thinks." There's nothing spectacular about Muncie other than its average and typical characteristics.
Nickname - Cardinals. The nickname was a result of a naming contest in 1927. So for the second week in a row, Michigan will be playing a team with a horribly generic nickname. I guess that makes sense for a school from
Mascot - Charlie the Cardinal is the athletic mascot. He looks kind of angry doesn't he? The university uses him for athletic and fundraising events. The most curious way Charlie is employed at BSU is as "Concerned Charlie," where he answers questions from students as part of a counseling center program. OK, it's not the drunken mascot who does the answering (at least I hope not), but the name is invoked.
In addition to Charlie, Ball State also has an academic or campus mascot, Beneficence. The name is also the motto of the university, and means the quality or state of doing good. Beneficence is also a statue on campus, and was the final work of Daniel Chester French, the sculptor who created the sitting Lincoln at the Lincoln Memorial. Unveiled in 1937, the bronze statue is of a robed and winged woman handing out gifts of jewels from a half-opened casket she holds in one hand. She stands in front of five pillars, each of which represents a Ball brother. But most importantly, Ball State students refer to this most respected and treasured representative of the university as "Benny."
Colors - Cardinal and White. We covered the red and white combo in our Wisconsin Your your Foe. As we said then, red looks great in a group, but the red and white combo is nothing special and very common. Many Michigan fans have pointed to this game and next week's contest against Indiana as a good warmup for tOSU since these teams have mobile quarterbacks. I think it'll be good preparation for seeing red on the field. What is it about red that makes their fans wear it so proudly? And what's with all the different names for it? Whether it's Cardinal this week, Crimson next week, or Scarlet the week after, the Wolverines will be seeing a lot of red in the next three games.
Logo - From 1971 through 1989, Ball State used the same logo as the St. Louis Football Cardinals. Perhaps because were disappointed that the team moved to Arizona in 1988, or maybe because they just didn't want to be associated with the Arizona Cardinals, BSU changed their logo to the one they currently use in 1990. It's standard fare, I'm sure designed by committee, and introduced with a press release about how the logo reflects the teams going forward and moving in the new direction. At least they didn't change the colors. The current Cardinal is more modern looking but less ornithologically correct - what kind of cardinal has a white beak? Besides, to me it looks like a bird in the process of a crash landing. Not the type of image they were going for, I'm sure. In the history of Ball State helmets, the best one has to be the one used in the 1970 season. Sure, it's not red, and it looks like some sort of ghost, but it's much cooler than the one they use now.
Fight Song - Fight Team Fight. Could there be a more generic name for a fight song? That sounds like the title of the fight some from some fictitious school in some bad
Academics - According to The U. S. News' ranking of America's Best Colleges, Ball State is "third tier." What does that mean? Well the magazine ranks 248 "National Universities." Just over half (126) of these are considered "First Tier." The third tier is the next 25% of schools. That's equivalent to a percentile ranking between 25 and 49. This is one area where Ball State fails to live up to being average.
Long known as a teacher's college, hence the Normal attached to its prior names, BSU now has strong programs in broadcasting, nursing, architecture and landscape architecture. Plus, it ranked as the nation's top wireless campus in a 2005 survey conducted by Intel Corporation and published in U.S. News & World Report.
Athletics - Ball State competes in the Mid-American Conference which is very familiar to Michigan fans. They offer 12 women's sports and seven men's sports on a varsity level - the same number as the Big Ten's Northwestern. The Cardinals last won the MAC in 1996, with their third title in eight years. They lost all three bowl appearances after these titles. The men's basketball team has had some success, winning six MAC titles in the past 21 years. But BSU is not really known for being good in any one sport, and has very few former players in professional leagues.
Famous alums - In honor of Ball State's most famous alum, David Letterman, I was going to make this category a Top Ten List. But I got stuck at #4 after Garfield creator Jim Davis, and Joyce DeWitt, the dark-haired chick on Three's Company. Even their sports teams haven't produced many notable professionals. The best is probably NBA itinerant Bonzi Wells or Chicago Bears punter Brad Maynard. This compares very poorly to the other MAC school Michigan faced, Central Michigan.
The Game - This game couldn't be more boring than last Saturday's 17-3 win over Northwestern, could it? It certainly won't be a nail biter and there will be plenty more for Wolverine fans - if they show up - to cheer for. Michigan 41, Ball State 9. | <urn:uuid:2c13ac91-2412-4fbb-9f3a-6e37920eb8ed> | {
"date": "2014-11-26T23:03:25",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-49",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931007607.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155647-00212-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.975978434085846,
"score": 2.546875,
"token_count": 1482,
"url": "http://michiganzone.blogspot.com/2006/11/know-your-foe-ball-state.html?showComment=1162564740000"
} |
"Energy and Global Warming News for December 17: The Green Rush is on in China — clean energy market there “could eventually be worth as much as $500 billion to $1 trillion a year.”"
“Workers in Shanghai walk on the roof of the Theme Pavilion, built for the World Expo 2010. The roof is covered with solar panels.”
A new gold rush in China is actually a green rush “” an urgent drive to develop green technologies. One group of Western companies, the Cleantech Initiative, suggests China’s market for renewable energy could eventually be worth as much as $500 billion to $1 trillion a year.
Now, Obama administration officials are warning that the U.S. could risk losing the race in green technologies.
“The future of sustainable energy is here.” The words are emblazoned on a wall at the world’s largest nongovernmental solar research center. It was built by an American company, Applied Materials, in the central Chinese city of Xian.
The cost of solar panels has dropped dramatically “” 30 percent in the past year alone. One major reason is the “China price,” or the competitive advantages offered by Chinese manufacturing, with its cheap labor and economies of scale. China is now the world’s biggest producer of photovoltaic solar panels, making about 40 percent of all panels, according to the China Daily, mostly for export.
For more on China eating our lunch on clean energy, see “Invented here, sold there.” The NPR story continues:
At Applied Materials’ $250 million research center in Xian, Elizabeth Mayo, a process engineer from Santa Clara, Calif., is working with local staff testing solar panels in the Sunfab panel reliability test lab. This simulates extreme weather conditions, and the company boasts that it is the world’s only laboratory capable of testing 61-square-feet solar panels.
Mayo is impressed by the facilities in Xian. “We don’t have facilities like this in the U.S. We don’t have anything of this magnitude,” Mayo says.
Catrina Ren, an enthusiastic English-speaking engineer, beams while showing a visitor another facility at the research center: vast empty hangars waiting for new pilot lines for crystalline silicon, and thin film solar technology to be installed. “I’m very proud I have chance to work here,” she says. “This is most advantaged tech center in world. I graduated from university only two years ago. I’m very proud.”
And Applied Materials is no doubt overjoyed to have Catrina and her former classmates on staff. Costs in China are much cheaper than in the U.S. An engineering graduate in Xian earns one-tenth of her American counterparts.
And the biggest draw is the eternal lure of China’s fabled market. Gang Zhou, general manager of Applied Materials Xian facility, says the company has decided to put its money where its customer base is.
“China is No. 1 producer of solar panels. That’s where our market is. The China new R&D center, that’s where we validate a lot of R&D work that is being carried out in U.S. and in Europe,” he says.
As President Obama prepared to visit the historic climate conference here, there were signs Wednesday of a break in the impasse between rich and developing nations.
The United States and Japan agreed to make major contributions to the developing world to keep prospects of a deal alive. And the leader of a bloc of African nations said they would accept a smaller — though still sizable — package of financial aid, in return for going along with an agreement.
But tear gas hung in the air outside the conference center, as protesters demanding faster and more stringent cuts in greenhouse-gas emissions clashed with police. And, inside, talks were slowed by disagreements within the developing world — which has proved a more powerful, and more fractious, force than expected.
Some environmentalists expressed hope that Obama’s appearance Friday, the final day of the 12-day talks, could help end the two chaotic weeks on a successful note.
“If the pieces are here, President Obama is the only person who can pull them together into an agreement,” said Fred Krupp, president of the Environmental Defense Fund. “We expect him to do so.”
Even before the United Nations-led talks began, it was clear they would not deliver what environmental groups had initially hoped for: a global treaty on climate change, with high-emitting countries formally pledging to reduce their greenhouse-gas emissions in the coming decades.
Instead, the goal was to sign a “political agreement,” in which nations would pledge to tackle emissions but without making a binding commitment under international law. The understanding was that a formal treaty would come in 2010.
That goal still seemed within reach Wednesday, one day before Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton arrives to take part in the negotiations.
Carbon emissions legislation may remain at a crossroads in Congress, but large swaths of citizens in other countries seem to think President Barack Obama could break that stalemate.
A new poll, released Wednesday, finds majorities or pluralities in 21 of 25 surveyed countries believe the president will persuade the United States to commit to “significant measures” to address global climate change.
That sentiment is especially pronounced among those in Brazil, Britain, France, Germany and Spain, according to the Pew Research Center’s Global Attitudes Project. In those countries, more than two-thirds expressed faith that the president will provide the boost necessary to get climate change legislation rolling.
Interestingly enough, it is unclear whether U.S. citizens and lawmakers feel similarly about the White House’s ability to spearhead a campaign to address global warming.
For one thing, Obama’s forthcoming trip to Copenhagen for an international climate change summit has already drawn the ire of many members of Congress, some of whom have clearly signaled they will oppose any carbon reductions treaty the president and other world leaders draft there.
At the same time, the future of Democrats’ cap-and-trade legislation remains totally uncertain. Healthcare has to some degree relegated that legislation to the back burner in the Senate, which is trying to address its top priority before it departs Washington for the holiday season
U.K. Prime Minister Gordon Brown urged delegates at the Copenhagen meeting on climate change to reach a legally-binding agreement within six months and said rich countries should find extra money to help poor nations cut pollution.
“People rightly say: if we can provide the finance to save our banks from the bankers, we can, with the right financial support, save the planet from those forces that would destroy it,” Brown said in a speech. “Nothing matters more to any nation’s interest than the fate of the only world we have.”
World leaders from China, the U.S., the European Union and India, the top polluters, today take charge of the talks from envoys who have bickered over key provisions since Dec. 7. The talks are scheduled to finish tomorrow, with U.K. Climate Change Secretary Ed Miliband saying they’re in “grave danger.”
Developed nations such as the U.S. and Japan may agree by tomorrow to cut greenhouse-gas emissions by less than what United Nations scientists say are needed to keep the planet from overheating, according to analysts.
Brown called for an agreement with “transparency in accounting” on greenhouse gas levels for both developed and developing nations. Acknowledging that a final pact is unlikely to come this week, Brown called action that could become “a legally-binding instrument within six months to a year.”
In a line aimed at reassuring countries including China suspicious of targets, Brown said national sovereignty wouldn’t be diminished by the deal.
“I do not ask my country or any country to suspend its national interest but to advance it more intelligently,” Brown said.
The clean-coal industry has been shut out of the global emissions trading scheme at the Copenhagen climate change talks, dealing a blow to the UK, US and Australia.
The three Western countries and Saudi Arabia had strongly argued that advanced new clean-coal plants, which trap emissions underground, ought to earn credits for being a low-carbon source of energy.
But a United Nations committee decided not to include the industry in its Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), which rewards companies that invest in green energy.
Ed Miliband, Energy and Climate Change Secretary, is a strong supporter of the fledgling technology, which attempts to siphon off carbon dioxide when coal is burnt and pump it into geological formations such as disused gas fields.
The UK Government has committed to funding four £1bn trial carbon-capture and storage plants, with the first due to be completed either by Scottish Power in 2014 or by E.ON in 2016.
It is understood that Brazil was largely responsible for blocking the inclusion of carbon capture and storage on the list of approved clean energy over concerns about “the long-term liability for the storage site, including liability for any seepage”.
More work will be done on the proposal before the next summit to be held in Mexico next year and South Africa in 2011.
The Clean Development Mechanism – where polluting companies can buy carbon allowances from approved renewable energy projects in the developing world – has come under heavy criticism at the summit.
A new report by Point Carbon showed this week that inadequate project preparation means almost one third of all the projects under the United Nations’ carbon-trading system fail to deliver any benefits.
The UN last week banned several Chinese wind farms from participating in the scheme, having temporarily suspended the whole country, over fears they had been playing the system. | <urn:uuid:9f34a9ad-7931-41c4-b251-dba427fe3821> | {
"date": "2014-03-11T05:12:44",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-10",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011129529/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091849-00006-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9547670483589172,
"score": 2.5625,
"token_count": 2074,
"url": "http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2009/12/17/205215/energy-and-global-warming-news-for-december-17-the-green-rush-is-on-in-china-clean-energy-market-there-could-eventually-be-worth-as-much-as-500-billion-to-1-trillion-a-year/"
} |
The classic example of "brain drain" is well known: an overworked doctor from an impoverished country that does not have enough people with medical skills migrates to a developed country in search of better pay and conditions. The result: the origin country has lost one of its most valued people.
This article describes our recent work to better understand both brain drain — the departure of skilled migrants from their place of origin to another country — and brain circulation, defined here as skilled people returning to their home countries.
The work uses a fairly broad definition of "skilled migrant," which refers to people who have either tertiary education or work experience that provides them with equivalent skills. This means we examine all categories of professionals, not only the doctors and nurses who are sometimes most associated with the term brain drain.
We have examined a range of evidence that finds that five factors — wages, employment, professional development, networks, and socioeconomic and political conditions — drive skilled people to migrate.
We also identify three reasons that motivate the highly skilled to return: improvement of the situation at home, the feeling of belonging to one's culture and society, and the achievement of a specific goal.
Our final typology looks not only at the broad trends but also explores how motivations vary across different contexts and groups of migrants. For example, a potential migrant fresh out of university will be more willing to migrate for a reason that is less important to a potential migrant who is midway through his career.
It should be noted that the studies we examined were produced prior to the recent financial crisis and onset of recession in most countries, meaning that little insight is provided into how trends might have changed. Where possible, however, potential implications of the recession are drawn out.
This research does not take a particular view on the circumstances under which brain drain damages development — or indeed if brain drain should be a policy priority at all. Our research is not intended to contribute directly to the vigorous debate on brain drain's impacts. Rather, we seek to better understand what drives skilled people to move, leaving the assessment of when and how governments might try to intervene to other analyses.
Economists frequently use sophisticated data analysis to try to explain the degree of brain drain that a country experiences. Much of this work has supported traditional economic theories of migration, which state that wage differentials are very important in triggering flows.
These techniques provide insight into the general conditions that could potentially lead to brain drain. However, they are less able to explain skilled migrants' motivations. Some of these motivations will have greater importance than others, depending on the characteristics of the migrants and the context in which the migration is taking place.
Surveys that ask actual migrants about their reasons for moving — or potential migrants about their migratory intentions, though bearing in mind that intentions do not always translate into action — are better able to address this problem.
By comparing individuals' responses, we can draw out which factors seem to be most important across all respondents. This approach also allows us to examine the micro characteristics (e.g., skill level or age) and macro characteristics (e.g., the political or economic environment they are living in) that might distinguish one subgroup of respondents from another.
Most surveys focus on potential emigrants in one country. To understand larger trends, we analyzed 11 papers that surveyed skilled migrants and potential migrants from 28 countries in Eastern Europe, Asia, Latin America, the Caribbean, South Asia, and Africa between 1997 and 2008. Their samples were not nationally representative but usually were generated by focusing on specific institutions and professions and by using the "snowball" methodology in which referrals from initial subjects generate additional subjects.
What Drives Brain Drain?
While a diverse range of motivations lie behind skilled migrants' intentions to move, it is possible to draw out five common factors:
Our analysis tells us, however, that these five factors are not of equal importance to all potential skilled migrants. The priority given to each issue typically depends firstly on the skill and profession of the migrant, and secondly on how far they have progressed in their career.
Wage differentials emerge as perhaps the most important cause of brain drain, as economic theories would expect. Groups that highlighted wages as a key motivating factor included students and those working in professions like health care, where the wage differential between countries is wide and where skills are easily transferable.
For example, one survey of final-year university science students in Macedonia by economist Verica Janevska found that the opportunity to earn more was the main reason students wanted to emigrate. In addition, a Southern African Migration Project (SAMP) survey of migration intentions of final-year university students in a variety of programs in six Southern African Development Community countries found that in Botswana and Swaziland, higher remuneration ranked first, while in Namibia it was second.
Several surveys of health professionals point to higher income as a key motivating factor for migration. For example, in a survey of physician migration across Colombia, Nigeria, India, Pakistan, and the Philippines by sociologist Avraham Astor and colleagues, 91 percent of all respondents rated desire for higher income as highly significant.
Similarly, a 2004 study in which economist Binod Khadria interviewed returned doctors and nurses in India found better income prospects overseas as a significant reason driving migration, with nurses highlighting it as the most important reason.
In geographer Abel Chikanda's 2002 survey of health professionals in Zimbabwe, 77 percent of respondents gave pay as a key reason to migrate. Recent research on Polish and Bulgarian natural scientists based in Germany and the United Kingdom show similar findings.
The focus students place on wages may simply reflect the fact that they were living on low incomes while studying and were keen to enjoy a better standard of living. However, more interestingly, it may also demonstrate the importance of wages to skilled people generally.
University students are on the cusp of becoming "brains," as their education gives them a high level of skills and knowledge. As a result, surveys of general student populations allow us to look at the motivations of the complete "set" of the highly skilled, before any have had the chance to depart. The fact, then, that wages emerge as a key factor for students shows the importance of wages in migration decisions.
Wages are also likely to be important in professions such as engineering and computer programming where skills are more easily transferable. This makes it feasible for would-be migrants to move directly into high-wage positions in the destination country.
In the health sector, some developed countries, particularly the United Kingdom, have actively recruited doctors and nurses from developing countries to address skill shortages. Such practices exacerbate this trend. About one in three of the 71,000 hospital medical staff working in the UK National Health Service in 2002 obtained their primary medical qualification in another country, according to the UK Department of Health.
In contrast, prospective migrants who work in industries where either the knowledge or the skills are less transferable (e.g., the legal field or advertising, which can be very culturally specific) are unlikely to be able to earn — at least in the short term — the wages on offer to similarly qualified local people. For these individuals, their expertise, credentials, or both would not be recognized, making wage differentials less important in the decision to migrate.
The priority skilled migrants give to employment opportunities varies strongly according to where they are in their career.
Students are more likely to give employment as a very high priority for migrating compared with those who are already qualified. For example, the SAMP survey of students in southern Africa reveals that the desire to be in employment or have job security follows closely behind higher income opportunities; students in Lesotho and Namibia ranked employment ahead of wages.
In contrast, Khadria found that only 11 percent of return IT professionals in Bangalore gave securing employment as a reason for going abroad. In the same 2002 survey, nurses and doctors ranked employment as the sixth and seventh priorities, respectively, as motivations for emigration.
On the whole, skilled migrants who are already working say other factors are more important to them as motivations for migration.
For a skilled would-be migrant who is already employed, access to professional development opportunities, such as better training and more varied experiences, can be a strong reason for leaving. Unsurprisingly, relatively new entrants to the labor market, as well as those in mid-level positions looking to make their next career step, were most interested in and felt they had the most to gain from working abroad.
Skilled people across a range of sectors highlighted the importance of professional development as a reason to migrate. Indian IT professionals ranked "gaining experience" as the top motivating factor for going abroad, and 37 out of 45 respondents in the 2003 study by Khadria agreed that "knowledge and skills gained overseas through higher education and on the job training are highly useful for current jobs in Bangalore."
Indian doctors also ranked higher education as the most important draw. Just under 75 percent of doctors said in Khadria's survey that they were planning to go abroad to "get jobs with better training opportunities," and just over 40 percent said their purpose for going abroad was to get "medical experience not easily available in India."
Many skilled migrants also mentioned the state of working environments when describing their decisions to migrate. Access to the latest technology, for example, remained a critical factor for those working in the health, science, engineering, and IT sectors. For instance, the Macedonian study revealed that young scientists and science teachers ranked poor facilities and poor resources higher than income remuneration as reasons for intending to emigrate.
In Zimbabwe, the state of the working environment ranked highly as a reason for health-care workers to want to migrate (just after wages and other economic considerations). Those Chikanda surveyed in 2002 felt Zimbabwe suffered from a lack of resources and facilities, heavy workloads, and insufficient opportunities for promotion and self-improvement.
Similarly, when Chikanda asked Zimbabwean health personnel which factors would encourage them to stay, their answers corresponded strongly to the initial reasons given for leaving: better salaries (77 percent) and better fringe benefits (71 percent), followed by more reasonable workloads (60 percent), and improved facilities and resources (64 percent).
It is interesting that a migrant's perceptions of their career prospects at home appear to influence whether they intend to move permanently. In India, for example, the majority of nurses Khadria surveyed had no plans to return, which appears to be related to their feeling that their career paths were limited in India. However, Indian doctors, who reported feeling their prospects were good in India, were more inclined to go abroad temporarily.
IT-professional returnees in the city of Bangalore said in Khadria's survey that the most important reason for returning to India, after family reasons, was "recognition of India as an emerging IT power in the world" and because they viewed Bangalore as the "corridor for the international mobility of IT professionals."
Prospects for professional development and success can therefore not only determine whether to migrate in the first place but also whether to return.
Several surveys highlight the importance of social and professional networks in shaping the desire to leave, as well as to return home. For some potential migrants, networks makes the person realize he could migrate; for some, networks, particularly close family abroad, become a reason to move; and for others, networks make the possibility of migrating a reality. These reasons make networks an important facilitator of migration for many kinds of skilled people, not just those in particular professions or at particular stages of their career, as was the case for the three factors already discussed.
Khadria investigated sources of inspiration distinct from reasons for migration. Indian doctors and nurses said friends overseas were the most important source of inspiration for intended emigration, after self-motivation. In addition, 25 percent of Indian nurses said having relatives living in the host country was a motivating factor for going abroad.
The role of family networks in inspiring or sanctioning migration is clearly visible among highly educated students in sub-Saharan Africa. For example, in Lesotho, 47 percent of the students SAMP surveyed indicated that their families would encourage them to leave Lesotho, while only a third said their families would discourage them. However, the majority of students (70 percent) said the ultimate decision was in their hands, with only 10 percent saying their spouse or parents would make the decision.
As for intentions to return home, networks of family, friends, and colleagues exert a significant pull for some skilled migrants. Indian IT professionals gave family as the most important factor in return. One respondent told Khadria that "his parents were getting older and nobody was there to look after them in India."
Moreover, several surveys that questioned skilled migrants about their return intentions highlighted family as the principal reason. For example, economists Nil Demet Güngör and Aysit Tansel's 2002 investigation of Turkish students' return intentions indicated that having family support strongly encourages return to Turkey.
Socioeconomic and Political Conditions
Many surveys emphasized the importance of the wider socioeconomic and political climate at home in influencing an individual's intention to migrate (with some skilled migrants forced to depart their country of origin as asylum seekers or refugees). In Janevska's study, students, teaching staff, and researchers in Macedonia cited political instability as a motivation to leave.
A 2004 World Health Organization survey of migration intentions among South African health professionals found that 38 percent of respondents commonly cited violence and crime or lack of personal safety as motivations for emigration.
In some other African countries, the risk of contracting HIV figures more prominently as a reason for leaving. Almost half of the students interviewed in Namibia as part of the SAMP survey said the prevalence of HIV/AIDS might influence their decision to move. In Uganda and Senegal, 85.3 percent and 70 percent, respectively, of health physicians Magda Awases and colleagues surveyed in 2001 and 2002 worried about contracting HIV through work-related incidents.
Socioeconomic and political conditions also appear to influence the length of time migrants intend to stay away for. For example, the SAMP survey of Lesotho revealed a widespread belief that Lesotho's economic conditions were not going to improve in the foreseeable future. Not surprisingly, three-quarters of students said those who left Lesotho permanently are better off than when they were in Lesotho — a sentiment that is likely to have increased the level of emigration from the country.
In contrast, the Namibia SAMP survey found that only 27 percent and 22 percent of respondents were dissatisfied with their own circumstances and national economic conditions, respectively. This may partly explain why even the minority who would like to emigrate tend to see it as only a temporary option.
It is notable, however, that while the circumstances in destination countries must play a role in driving migration (indeed, it is only by gathering information about circumstances elsewhere that potential migrants can really evaluate the situation at home), few migrants explicitly cited circumstances in the destination country, such as public safety or opportunities for their children, as reasons to move. Socioeconomic and political conditions at "home" seem more important.
Reasons for Return
Researchers and policymakers traditionally viewed brain drain as permanent. In the last decade, they have begun to observe and recognize that skilled migrants often return, or move back and forth between different destinations, a phenomenon sometimes called "brain circulation." The surveys we examined give three insights into these kinds of movements.
First, it seems likely that if the original reasons for departure diminish in importance, many would consider returning. If new graduates were leaving a country in part because employment opportunities there were poor — why many left Poland in recent years, going to the United Kingdom and Ireland among other destinations, as a 2008 survey by political scientist Naomi Pollard and colleagues showed — then a substantial increase in employment opportunities in their country of origin might encourage them to return.
However, the change needs to be substantive to make a difference. Marginal differences in wages or slight improvements in professional opportunities appear unlikely to motivate migrants to return to their country of origin, particularly given the costs, financial and emotional, of moving — a point the recession has made clear. Most evidence suggests that few migrants have left the major countries of destination, even though the recession tended to be more severe there. This seems to be because circumstances in their places of origin had not improved enough to make return seem worthwhile.
Second, intending to return after achieving a specific objective, such as saving a certain amount of money, encourages return. In Jamaica, a Global Development Network and ippr study by Elizabeth Thomas-Hope and colleagues showed that 20 percent of migrants returned after achieving a certain goal they had set themselves before migrating.
Last, a feeling of belonging to the culture and place of origin also seemed to play an important role. The SAMP study found that the majority of Namibian students were keen not to migrate permanently, expressing a desire to want to help build their country.
There are similar findings in several of the other surveys, too. Economist Mari Kangasniemi and colleagues discovered in their survey of foreign-born doctors in the United Kingdom that those who had come from low-income countries were particularly eager to return for this reason.
A Typology of Factors Driving Brain Drain and Brain Circulation
Having explored the roles of various factors in driving brain drain and encouraging brain circulation, we bring these together into a basic typology (see Table 1).
As well as highlighting key factors, the typology shows which factors are most important for which types of migrants, looking at age, professional experience and skill set, and the characteristics of the countries they come from.
As the surveys cited here demonstrate, skilled people who leave their home countries are not motivated by the same forces, though wages seem important to most groups. It may be that the global economic downturn marginally blunted this motivation to migrate, but it seems unlikely that it will have dramatically affected skilled peoples' decision-making. Drops in wages in major countries of destination have only been relatively small compared to the structural wage differences that continue to exist between countries.
Policies dealing with brain drain — in both origin and destination countries — need to consider whose departures are of particular concern and address why they want to leave and what they hope to gain through migration. We hope the insights offered here will contribute to more nuanced and effective policies.
Astor, A., T. Akhtar, M.A. Matallana, V. Muthuswamy, F.A. Olowu, V. Tallo, and R.K. Lie. 2005. Physician migration: Views from professionals in Colombia, Nigeria, India, Pakistan and the Philippines. Social Science and Medicine, December 61(12).
Awases, M., A. Gbary, J. Nyoni, and R. Chatora. 2004. Migration of health professionals in six countries: a synthesis report. WHO Regional Office of Africa. Available online.
Beine, M., F. Docquier, and H. Rapoport. 2006. Brain drain and human capital formation in developing countries: winners and losers. Belgium: Université Catholique de Louvain. Available online.
Chikanda, A. 2004. Skilled health professionals' migration and its impact on health delivery in Zimbabwe. Oxford: COMPAS, University of Oxford. Available online.
Crush, J., E. Campbell, T. Green, S. Nangulah, and H. Simelane. 2005. State of Vulnerability: The Future Brain Drain of Talent to South Africa. Migration Policy Series 42, Southern African Migration Project (SAMP). Available online.
Dalen, H.P., G. Groenewold, and J.J. Schoorl. 2003. Out of Africa: What drives the pressure to emigrate? Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper. Available online.
Gungor, N.D. and A. Tansel. 2007. Brain Drain from Turkey: An Investigation of Students' Return Intentions. Ankara: Economic Research Center, Middle East Technical University. Available online.
Janevska, Verica. 2003. Migration of Highly Educated and Skilled Persons from the Republic of Macedonia. Skopje: Institute of Economics.
Kangasniemi M., L.A. Winters, and S. Commander. 2004. Is the Medical Brain Drain Beneficial? Evidence from Overseas Doctors in the UK. CEP Discussion Paper 618. London: Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics and Political Science. Available online.
Khadria, Binod. 2004. Migration of Highly Skilled Indians: Case Studies of IT and Health Professionals. OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers 2004/06. Available online.
Pollard, N., M. Latorre, D. Sriskandarajah. 2008. Floodgates or turnstiles? Post-EU enlargement migration flows to (and from) the UK. London: ippr. Available online.
Schoorl, J.J. et al. 2000. Push and Pull Factors of International Migration: A comparative report. Luxembourg: European Communities. Available online.
Thomas-Hope, E., C. Kirton, P. Knight, N. Mortley, M-A. Urquhart. 2009. A Study of Migration's Impacts on Development in Jamaica and how Policy Might Respond. Development on the Move: Measuring and Optimising Migration's Economic and Social Impacts. With N. Claudel, H. Robertson-Hickling, and E. Williams. London: ippr. Available online.
UK Department of Health. 2003. Hospital, Public Health Medicine and Community Health Services Medical and Dental staff in England: 1992-2002. London: Department of Health.
Vertovec, Steven. 2002. Transnational networks and skilled labor migration. Paper presented at the Ladenburger Diskurs Migration conference, Gottlieb Daimler- und Karl Benz-Stiftung, Ladenburg, February 14-15, 2002. Available online. | <urn:uuid:1e496cb3-085b-4848-8cca-3d520777567f> | {
"date": "2015-03-29T22:56:52",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-14",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131298755.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172138-00198-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.957007110118866,
"score": 2.8125,
"token_count": 4532,
"url": "http://migrationpolicy.org/print/4372"
} |
The universe is vast. The Earth seems large, yet when examined on a cosmic scale, it is like a spec of dust, even less than a grain of dust. The sun itself is large enough to hold about one million Earths. And the sun is only an average star in a galaxy containing many, many stars in a universe of many, many galaxies.
If we stop to think about it, the vastness of the universe is amazing. While we go about our day-to-day business, we may think of the Earth as being the entire realm of reality. Yet this whole planet is like a spec of dust in the solar system. And the solar system is like a spec of dust when compared with the galaxy. And the galaxy—there are clusters of galaxies, and even superclusters.
The universe is undoubtedly large, almost beyond imagining. Yet, all this majestic expanse of galaxies, stars, and other celestial bodies, could not exist if certain values were not precisely what they are. There are many constants, such as the gravitational constant, that could be any value, yet they are the correct value for the universe to exist, and in some cases for life to exist.
Laws, such as Newton's Law of Gravitation, involve a constant. But the value of the constant is not determined by the Law—it could be any of a range of values. Experimental measurement is needed to show the value of these constants. (Here we are referring to constants which cannot be derived from other constants.) These constants in many cases have no reason to be what they are. Theories may involve canceling out of infinities, resulting in some finite value, but the precise value may not be specifically determined by the theory. However, that value happens to be precisely what it would have to be in order for life to exist.
The point is that theory does not determine precise values of all these constants. What does? And why is that determined value just precisely what is needed for life?
There are many constants: the gravitational constant, the fine-structure constant, the masses of the proton, electron and neutron, the charge of the electron, the speed of light, Planck's constant, and so forth. And certain constants have to be certain values for the universe and for life to exist.
Scientists tell us that if some of these constants were off, even a little bit, that atoms would not exist, or stars would not exist, or water could not exist.
This is an amazing coincidence—that the values of certain constants are exactly what would be needed for the universe and for life to exist. The probabilities of this happening by chance are small—so small, in fact, that scientists have argued about how to explain the fact that these constants do have the values needed for life and matter to exist.
Here are just a few examples of the just-right values of these constants of nature.1
electron charge: if slightly different, stars would not be able to fuse hydrogen into helium
nuclear strong force: if it was only 2% greater in strength, the universe would be without atoms - only 5% weaker, and there would be no stars
gravity is millions of millions of times weaker than electromagnetism: if gravity was stronger, stars would burn out much faster
nuclear weak force: if it had been slightly weaker, all the hydrogen in the universe would be helium now - and water would be impossible
proton/neutron mass difference: if the were not exactly what it is, about 1/2000 the mass of a proton, we would not have chemistry or life
density of ice: if ice didn't float on water, the oceans would freeze from the bottom up. The density of ice is related to the properties of the hydrogen atom.
How unlikely is it that the universe could exist? Roger Penrose (a mathematical physicist, one of whose students is the famous Stephen Hawking) has calculated the chances of the appearance of our universe to be one chance in a very large number.2 This large number is greater than the estimated number of atoms in the universe! In fact, this number is several billion times greater than the estimated number of atoms in the universe. This number is 101030, while the estimated number of atoms in the universe is a 10 with an exponent somewhere between 70 and 100.
One explanation has been offered for the extremely unlikely occurrence of the universe and life, along with all the appropriate values of the physical constants. It is called the Anthropic Principle and states that the reason all these values of important constants of physics are what they are, is simply that they would have to be what they are in order for us to exist and be able to debate their meaning.
This seems obvious. Of course, we are here, and therefore the universe and life have to exist, and also the constants had to have been such as to allow life and the universe to exist. But this merely says that it happened—that the constants did have and do have the appropriate values. It does not explain why the constants are what they are, against the odds.
This, in a sense, merely states the obvious without explaining why the obvious exists. Yes, we are here and yes, life does exist. And obviously, any and all conditions needful for us to be here had to have been met, since we are here. But still this leaves us asking, "Why? Why did it happen?" In a real sense, this merely states that it absolutely did happen, not why it happened. Why? One answer is that it all happens by chance. Another is that it is by design.
The values for some of these constants that have to be just so are based on assumptions of a Big Bang and/or on other assumptions. But even if the assumption is contrary to creation, even if the assumption is of an evolutionary process, it still argues for design. In such a case, consider the following. If the specific values of constants are based on assumptions of evolutionary processes, the evolutionary process must be highly unlikely, and this argues against the evolutionary process.
If one argues for creation on the basis of the unlikely chance occurrence of the precise values of certain physical constants, with these evolutionary process assumptions involved in the calculation of the likelihood of their values, someone might say, "Your argument is not valid! You are arguing for creation but your argument assumes evolutionary processes."
This may be true, but consider this: If we assume those evolutionary processes, then this means we must have certain values of constants for those processes to occur—values which are highly unlikely to have occurred. It is not just one value of one constant—don't misunderstand—but several different constants that all have to be certain values, as required by accepted evolutionary theories.
Consider what William Bradley, Ph.D., Distinguished Professor of Engineering at Baylor University, says:
"There are so many different requirements that are interrelated, it seems difficult to imagine how all of these ‘accidentally' happened to be exactly what they need to be. Because of the many cross constraints, it appears unlikely that there is an alternative set of values for these constants which would ‘work'. Furthermore, the necessary values range over thirty orders of magnitude (1030), making their accidentally correct ‘selection' all the more remarkable. It is quite easy to understand why so many scientists have changed their minds in the past 30 years, agreeing that it takes a great deal of faith to believe the universe can be explained as nothing more than a fortuitous cosmic accident. Evidence for an intelligent designer becomes more compelling the more we understand about our carefully crafted habitat."3
Since the need for certain values of certain constants assumes evolutionary processes, what can be made of it? This: that the evolutionary processes require certain things to occur (or certain values of certain constants to exist) which are highly unlikely, based on current knowledge. Thus, we see the implication, the unlikelihood of those evolutionary processes.
There are two possibilities concerning these constants (that are needed for life to exist):
evolutionary processes require certain values of the constants.
the existence of life (and/or the universe) requires certain values of the constants.
Of course, many will see some overlap in these two categories.
In the first case, the clear implication is that the evolutionary processes are unlikely to have occurred by chance, since the fine-tuning is so unlikely. In the second case, the existence of life (or the universe itself) is unlikely to have occurred by chance. In either case, we have the unlikelihood of the existence of life (or the universe) by chance or the unlikelihood of the occurrence of evolutionary processes to bring about the occurrence of the life and the universe. In both cases, the chance occurrence of the universe and of life seems unlikely.
Then, what about the non-chance, by-design, existence of the universe? Hear what some scientists have to say: "Cosmic constants provide the strong appearance that the universe was designed with life in mind. The prominent astronomer and former atheist, Fred Hoyle, concludes that, ‘a superintellect has monkeyed with physics, as well as with chemistry and biology.' Similarly, Paul Davies, a prominent physicist moved from promoting atheism in 1983 to conceding in 1984 that ‘the laws [of physics]...seem themselves to be the product of exceedingly ingenious design.' One year after this statement, Davies said that there ‘is, for me, powerful evidence that there is something going on behind it all. The impression of design is overwhelming.' Robert Jastrow, Founder-Director of NASA's Goddard Institute of Space Studies refers to cosmic constants as ‘the most theistic result ever to come out of science.'"4
2 Davies, Paul. (1983) God & the New Physics, Simon & Schuster, Inc., New York, 178-179.
3 Bradley, William L. (1999) The Designed "Just So" Universe. http://www.leaderu.com/offices/bradley/docs/universe.html
4 Licona, Michael. God Spoke And Bang! It Happened. http://www.cbn.com/spirituallife/ChurchAndMinistry/Evangelism/God_Spoke_... | <urn:uuid:6f67dc96-b2bc-49b2-8c9f-e8bb7365f982> | {
"date": "2017-06-28T12:16:54",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323680.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628120308-20170628140308-00457.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9565085768699646,
"score": 3.9375,
"token_count": 2113,
"url": "http://tasc-creationscience.org/content/universe-accident-or-design"
} |
Born into a poor Italian family, young Seraphin lived the life of a shepherd and spent much of his time in prayer. Mistreated for a time by his older brother after the two of them had been orphaned, Seraphin became a Capuchin Franciscan at age 16 and impressed everyone with his humility and generosity.
Serving as a lay brother, Seraphin imitated St. Francis in fasting, clothing and courtesy to all. He even mirrored Francis' missionary zeal, but Seraphin's superiors did not judge him to be a candidate for the missions.
Faithful to the core, Seraphin spent three hours in prayer before the Blessed Sacrament daily. The poor who begged at the friary door came to hold a special love for him. Despite his uneventful life, he reached impressive spiritual heights and has had miracles attributed to him.
Seraphin died on October 12, 1604, and was canonized in 1767. | <urn:uuid:74f35356-64a3-46e4-94d2-6886aace5395> | {
"date": "2016-06-29T16:27:13",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397749.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00128-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9891127347946167,
"score": 2.859375,
"token_count": 192,
"url": "http://americancatholic.org/Features/Saints/saint.aspx?id=1166"
} |
I set up an experiment where I put a glass plate on a MK3 heatbed, and measured the temperature using the thermistor in the middle of the MK3 and a second thermistor taped to the top of the glass. This is not a very scientific test, but it gives a rough idea. It's a mistake to treat the values from the two thermistors as strictly comparable, as they they are not very precisely calibrated, but looking at the difference between them provides some insights. For the experiment, I started with the heater off and the bed cool and then raised the temperature 10C at a time from 30C to 80C, waited for the values to stabilize, read the temperatures and took their difference. I did the experiment on three different kinds of glass: window glass, thickness 2,2mm; mirror glass with a silvered backing, thickness 2.9mm; and borosilicate glass, thickness 3.1mm. The values are stable to within about +/-0.2C. In addition, for one reading on each material, I estimated how long it takes for the temperature on top to settle after the temperature on the bottom has done.
Here's the results. A delta of 1.9 means the reading on top was 1.9C below the reading underneath, so for example 28.1 if the reading underneath was 30.2.
|Set temp||Delta (window glass)||Delta (mirror glass)||Delta (borosilicate)|
I estimated the settling time at the 40C reading, and it was around 30s in each test, perhaps slightly more for borosilicate.
Some things to note. The delta gets larger at higher temperatures. The mirror glass delta gets larger at a greater rate than the window glass delta. This is important, as the deltas are not strictly comparable due to exactly how the top thermistor was attached to the glass. This wasn't apparent for borosilicate (and I don't know what happened with the last reading). To make the point, here are the deltas for mirror glass and borosilicate minus the delta for window glass:
|Set temp||Delta (mirror glass-window glass)||Delta (borosilicate-window glass)|
What does this mean? First, don't trust absolute temperatures. For example, if someone says print on a bed at 60C, figure out what this means for your printer, as you might have a different bed configuration. This shouldn't be news to most people.
Second, if you are switching between different bed types, you probably don't need to worry about changing the temperature if you are printing at 50C (my usual value). It's only a couple of degrees different between the different types. But at higher temperatures, such as 80C and above, you might need to do some adjustment.
Thirdly, consider inserting a delay in your start gcode after the bed reached temperature and before you start printing. If you are heating the bed first and then the hotend, you probably have enough delay already.
You should treat all this with a healthy dose of skepticism. I was really interested in just one question: what should I expect when switching between the piece of glass that I have? It's not a detailed study or guidance on the kind of glass you should choose. | <urn:uuid:f5ee25b2-faa9-4f73-a104-b501189c8261> | {
"date": "2017-06-25T08:47:55",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320476.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625083108-20170625103108-00137.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9440221786499023,
"score": 2.921875,
"token_count": 685,
"url": "http://moosteria.blogspot.com/2016/06/"
} |
What do data scraped from the Internet tell us about a range of social, economic, political, and even environmental processes and practices? As ever more people take to social media to share and communicate, we are seeing that the data shadows of any particular story or event become increasingly well defined.
The ongoing UK floods offer a useful example of some of the links between digital data trails and the phenomena they represent. In the graphics below, we mapped every geocoded tweet between Nov 20 and Nov 27, 2012 that mentioned the word "flood" (or variations like "flooded" or "flooding").
Unlike many maps of online phenomena, careful analysis and mapping of Twitter data does NOT simply mirror population densities. Instead concentration of twitter activity (in this case tweets containing the keyword flood) seem to closely reflect the actual locations of floods and flood alerts even when simply look at the total counts.
This pattern becomes even clearer when we do normalise the map (see the graphic at the top of the article, which uses a location quotient where everything greater than 1 indicates that there are more tweets related to flooding than one would expect based on normal Twitter usage in that area), with the data even more closely mirroring the Environment Agency's flooding map.
The Met Office's map of rainfall between 19 and 27 November is perhaps even more closely matched to the data illustrated in our graphics. Only in South Wales do we see a significant difference between digital references to floods and meteorological data on precipitation.
As we demonstrated with our maps of Hurricane Sandy, it is important to approach these sorts of maps with caution. At least in the information-dense Western world, they are often able to reflect the broad contours of large phenomena.
Indeed as our analysis of a recent earthquake in eastern Kentucky revealed, this approach can come within six miles of identifying the epicenter of an earthquake that took place in a largely rural region. But, because we are still necessarily measuring subsets of subsets, our big data shadows start to become quite small and unrepresentative at more local levels.
This is particularly an issue when the use of the relevant technology is unevenly distributed across demographic sectors such as was the case in post-Katrina New Orleans.
Nonetheless, with every new large event, movement, and phenomena, we are undoubtedly going to see a much more research into both the potentials and limitations of mapping and measuring digital data shadows. This is because physical phenomena like hurricanes and floods don't just leave physical trails, but create digital ones as well. | <urn:uuid:78942850-7599-4ae9-9c40-a2076f716443> | {
"date": "2014-12-22T04:18:56",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802773201.145/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075253-00035-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9528279900550842,
"score": 2.90625,
"token_count": 518,
"url": "http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/nov/28/data-shadows-twitter-uk-floods-mapped"
} |
(University of Manchester, UK)
Keywords: Osteology, Burial, Demography, Archives
The rate of loss of human bone in burial contexts is a topic which is of interest to archaeologists and forensic scientists alike. In excavated cemeteries it is frequently contended that large portions of the initial burial population, especially children, are rapidly lost through taphonomic processes. Burial records are one under-utilized means of assessing this attrition in cemetery populations. Such records provide a glimpse into the health risks of the population and furnish an initial mortality estimate, which allows for the study of taphonomic loss. Three excavated historic period cemeteries (St. Benet Sherehog, London N=187; Alameda Stone, Tucson N=1166; and the Voegtly Cemetery, Pittsburgh N=555) were compared to associated parish burial records (St. Benet Sherehog N=1513; San Agustin N=5099; and Voegtly Church N=806). The resulting mortality profiles were fitted against Model West life tables. Though very demographically different from one another, all cemetery records demonstrated plausible infant (0 – 1.9 year-old) mortality rates, ranging from a relatively high 52% to a moderate 21%. Mortality estimates derived from the osteological evidence in this age category were consistently 5 – 7% lower than those obtained from burial records for the same cemetery. The absolute loss of individuals varied markedly between samples. However, it was found to be quite similar across age groups within each cemetery, with attrition in the infant category only 3 – 14% greater than losses among adults. | <urn:uuid:7351efe3-6f2e-4bb8-804c-0ade0ff5ecbb> | {
"date": "2019-12-08T07:44:01",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-51",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540507109.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20191208072107-20191208100107-00496.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9458111524581909,
"score": 2.796875,
"token_count": 338,
"url": "https://www.chnt.at/lost-but-not-alone-burial-records-as-a-means-of-determining-absolute-taphonomic-loss-by-age-in-cemetery-populations/"
} |
Boolean searching is as relevant to recruiters today as it was 10 years ago and by mastering Boolean you will be able to source candidates faster and smarter.
Because it is such a widely used logic, Boolean searching techniques can be applied to virtually any database including social networks, job boards and search engines. What’s more, it’s a universal concept – what’s not to like!
It allows recruiters to quickly find relevant candidate information, rather than wasting time sifting through a broad search.
Having a few standard Boolean searches saved, recruiters can quickly find candidates, by simply changing one or two words in the Boolean string. This can be much quicker than even a broad search on Google, and yield much better results.
A brief history of Boolean
The Boolean search dates back to 1854! It was invented by British mathematician George Boole, who outlined Boolean logic in his book The Laws of Thought. Boolean logic is a theory of mathematics in which all variables are either “true” or “false”, or “on” or “off”.
Boolean logic is not just the foundations of Boolean searching, but is widely credited as the founding theory of the age of information. Boolean logic still exists in all digital devices, and in virtually every line of code.
But Boole’s brilliance wasn’t instantly recognised back in 1854. In fact it took until 1937 for Claude Shannon to realise that electronic relays in telephone routing switches could be used to solve Boolean logic. With Boole’s theory and Shannon’s application, the basis of the first computers took shape.
Boolean Operators: AND/NOT/OR
- AND: Just like in written and spoken English AND is used to join parts of a sentence together. If you are searching for someone who worked in Marketing and Events you could search for Marketing AND Events, so searching for candidates who have both those words in their CV or profile. Remember though that AND is often case sensitive so always capitalise AND in your searches – this tells the system that you are not looking for the word ‘and’ itself.
Key point: AND always narrows a search.
- OR: Helps you find candidates with multiple skills or experience, either alone or together. Using the Marketing OR Events example we can use the OR operators to search for a candidate with experience in either Marketing OR Events. You could also add in seniority such as Director/Manager.
Key point: OR widens a search to look for candidates with any of the expressions in the string. It can help recruiters find hidden gems - candidates who have expressed their skills in ways you wouldn’t expect.
- NOT: excludes candidates with a particular keyword in their CV or profile. For example, Marketing NOT Events will find candidates who only have Marketing in their profile.
Key point: Using NOT enables you to remove false positives from your search.
But Boolean doesn’t end there, you can refine your search further - are you ready?
A parentheses or bracket is like adding punctuation to a sentence. In the same way a long sentence doesn’t make much sense without a comma or two, a long Boolean string doesn’t make much sense without parentheses.
For example: I want to find candidates who have Marketing OR Events in their profile or CV, but also Manager. (Marketing OR Events) AND Manager
I want to find candidates who have to have the word Marketing or they could have the words Events and Manager instead. Marketing OR (Events AND Manager)
Basically if you’ve written OR somewhere in your search, think about where the brackets will go because their placement will affect how your database will solve your Boolean search query.
Don’t worry we know there is a lot to take in here and so we have developed a free ebook for you learn more about mastering Boolean with tips and key points to remember; ‘The Recruiters Guide to Mastering Boolean’.
Quotations work in a similar way to parentheses, in that they encapsulate information. They section off a part of your Boolean string and tell it that “I want you to consider this as a whole” – keywords or phrases.
Please remember you must use double quotation marks (“ “ not ‘ ‘) if the keyword (or key phrase) you are looking for contains more than one word.
There’s more…Advanced Booleanteering!
And finally, while many databases accept some of these advanced terms, one of the most powerful ways is to use Google. The ebook guide will share how best to power up your searching for the ideal candidates using advanced techniques to such as * / filetype / within / @ / # / Site: / related:
The important takeaways are to think like a job seeker and how CV’s are worded. Try not to make your search string too narrow and know how to use Boolean in Google – it is different than using the standard methods but can deliver advanced results. So, there’s no better time than now to get started by downloading the free Recruiter’s Guide to Mastering Boolean Search | <urn:uuid:86bb7a22-9f84-4409-810a-1d8773f80f80> | {
"date": "2018-06-21T23:54:14",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864303.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20180621231116-20180622011116-00416.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.935995876789093,
"score": 2.59375,
"token_count": 1079,
"url": "https://www.recruitmentgrapevine.com/content/article/insight-2018-03-07-boolean-searching-is-still-big-business-in-recruiting-heres-how-to-master-it"
} |
Vampires are proved to exist
Legends about vampires, so popular among gothic-style fans, have a real base. People that fear daylight, have yellow fang-like teeth, animal-looking nails and are allergic to garlic do exist, not to mention those who merely wear black, gothic jewelry, gets fang implants and bites innocent old ladies while high. By the way, the fact that old ladies are bitten isn’t a myth; in the Kaliningrad region a teenager killed 2 pensioners for a special vampire ceremony. The cruelest accident happened in Great Britain 4 years ago. Then a 17-year teenager slaughtered his female neighbor, teared out her heart and sucked out blood to gain immortality.
Almost each nation has legends about vampires that hunt people at night and drink their blood. In these legends vampires are cruel, heartless, half-decayed creatures. For example, Slavic mythology has a belief that a vampire won’t get out of grave if you throw some corn inside. The vampire will count corns all night long. But the image of a vampire has changed. Today it is an enigmatic sexy superstar that kept its peculiar traits: love of blood, hate for garlic, and fear for the sun. In the Middle Ages the legend about vampires was complemented with the information that they fear cross and Holy Water. That remained a myth until 1963, when a British doctor Li Illis made a stunning announcement: vampire-werewolf is nothing more than a victim of a genetic pathology – porphyria.
This is a rare disease – only 1 in 20000 people suffers from it. The body doesn’t produce red corpuscles and thus a person’s blood lacks oxygen and iron and this leads to hemoglobin breakdown under the sunshine. Soon blisters and ulcers pop up; a person starts to have sun energy and can even die. This disease can also cause nose, ears and cartilages deformation. His fingers start to convolve; the skin around mouth gets dry and reveals gums, which turn yellowish because of porphyrine deposition on the teeth. Garlic that stimulates red corpuscles emission in the body of healthy person causes the exacerbation of symptoms among the ill people. This goes hand in hand with harsh pain, so these people also often suffer from mental disability.
If you sum up all the symptoms of this disease, you get the exact same picture of a vampire shown on TV. In France only in the 17th century 30 thousand people were declared werewolves according to the signs described by Illis. All of them were hanged. The Czech archeologists found the burying that dates back to the 11th century. There were 13 people lying with tied hands, chopped off heads and stakes in the chest.
Porphyria is not infective – it is an inherited disease. If one of the parents suffers from it, the child is 25 percent probable to inherit it. The reason for it can be hepatitis C, incest and excessive alcohol drinking.
They say that in the Middle Ages people that had porphyria were cured by blood, though it’s pointless as it doesn’t stanch pain. Today patients get blood-based injections. This disease though is neither examined nor cured.
Russian scientists don’t pay attention to this problem. In distinction from the West, we have neither qualified specialists, nor equipped medical centers to deal with this disease.
Translated by Lena Ksandinova | <urn:uuid:54eafaaf-365d-49e2-8233-957b37a2e3c9> | {
"date": "2015-08-29T09:22:34",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-35",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644064420.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025424-00055-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9470165967941284,
"score": 2.546875,
"token_count": 715,
"url": "http://english.pravda.ru/science/mysteries/30-04-2008/105036-vampires-0/"
} |
What should be especially forbidden?
All pies, tarts and pastry of every description, jam, syrups and preserved fruits; nuts, candy and dried fruits.
Does “a little” do any harm?
Yes, in that it develops a taste for this sort of food, after which plainer food is taken with less relish. Besides the “little” is very apt soon to become a good deal.
Does not the child’s instinctive craving for sweets indicate his need of them?
That a child likes or craves sweets is the usual excuse of an indulgent parent. Every child likes his own way, but that is no reason why he should not be trained to obedience and self-control; a child’s fondness for sweets can hardly be considered a normal instinct. As a matter of fact, supported by everyday experience, no causes are productive of more disorders of digestion than the free indulgence in desserts and sweets by young children. It is a constantly increasing tendency, not easily controlled as a child grows older; and in early childhood, the only safe rule is to give none at all.
Are fruits an essential or important part of the diet?
They are a very important part and should be begun in infancy. They are particularly useful for the effect they have upon the bowels. It is important that they should be selected with care and given with much discretion, especially in cities. In the country where fruit is absolutely fresh, a somewhat greater latitude may be allowed than is given below.
What fruits may safely be given to children up to five years old?
As a general rule, only cooked fruits and the juices of fresh fruits.
What fruit juices may be used?
That from sweet oranges is the best, but the fresh juice of grape fruit, peaches, strawberries and raspberries may also be used.
What stewed fruits may be given?
Stewed or baked apples, prunes, pears, peaches and apricots.
What raw fruits are to be particularly avoided with young children?
The pulp of oranges or grape fruit, also cherries, berries, bananas and pineapple.
What precautions should be emphasized regarding the use of fruits?
That they should be used with greater care in hot weather and with children who are prone to attacks of intestinal indigestion.
What symptoms indicate that fruits should be avoided?
A tendency to looseness of the bowels with the discharge of mucus, or frequent attacks of abdominal pain or stomach ache.
Is there any special choice of meals at which fruit should be given?
The fruit juice given early in the morning, upon an empty stomach, works more actively upon the bowels than if it is given later in the day.
It is not, as a rule, wise to give cream or milk with sour fruits. Usually the fruit is best given at the mid-day meal, as a dessert, at a time when no milk is taken. It is in all cases important that the quantity of fruit should be moderate. | <urn:uuid:02c81099-f4e1-42b7-bc40-79890337ae50> | {
"date": "2016-12-06T17:57:55",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-50",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541950.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00504-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9475567936897278,
"score": 2.625,
"token_count": 630,
"url": "http://www.bookrags.com/ebooks/15484/48.html"
} |
2 Thessalonians 3:3
This verse is the December verse for 2nd grade. One of the possible activities is a perforation.
To do a perforation, start with a fill in the blank worksheet, and a second worksheet with the words that belong in the blanks.
Cut the words for the blanks out.
Take the paper to a carpet. Using a push pin, punch the pin through the paper layers, outlining each letter.
Remove the top white paper from the black construction paper.
Tape the colored construction paper onto the fill in the blank worksheet. (If you use glue, it will ooze through). You can see the white paper shining through the holes of the construction paper.
You can do this perforation with any verse or Bible class activity.
Attached to this blog are the worksheets for 2 Thessalonians 3:3, the December Hide the Word verse for 2nd Grade. | <urn:uuid:d6865b73-f3ee-4649-9dca-42f0f20eb2d2> | {
"date": "2017-10-24T02:06:53",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-43",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187827853.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20171024014937-20171024034937-00356.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8833363056182861,
"score": 3.21875,
"token_count": 203,
"url": "http://kidsandthebible.blogspot.com/2013/08/second-grade-2-thessalonians-33.html"
} |
First issue of Life is published
On November 23, 1936, the first issue of the pictorial magazine Life is published, featuring a cover photo of the Fort Peck Dam by Margaret Bourke-White.
Life actually had its start earlier in the 20th century as a different kind of magazine: a weekly humor publication, not unlike today’s The New Yorker in its use of tart cartoons, humorous pieces and cultural reporting. When the original Life folded during the Great Depression, the influential American publisher Henry Luce bought the name and re-launched the magazine as a picture-based periodical on this day in 1936. By this time, Luce had already enjoyed great success as the publisher of Time, a weekly news magazine.
From his high school days, Luce was a newsman, serving with his friend Briton Hadden as managing editors of their school newspaper. This partnership continued through their college years at Yale University, where they acted as chairmen and managing editors of the Yale Daily News, as well as after college, when Luce joined Hadden at The Baltimore News in 1921. It was during this time that Luce and Hadden came up with the idea for Time. When it launched in 1923, it was with the intention of delivering the world’s news through the eyes of the people who made it.
Whereas the original mission of Time was to tell the news, the mission of Life was to show it. In the words of Luce himself, the magazine was meant to provide a way for the American people “to see life; to see the world; to eyewitness great events … to see things thousands of miles away… to see and be amazed; to see and be instructed… to see, and to show…” Luce set the tone of the magazine with Margaret Bourke-White’s stunning cover photograph of the Fort Peck Dam, which has since become an icon of the 1930s and the great public works completed under President Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal.
Life was an overwhelming success in its first year of publication. Almost overnight, it changed the way people looked at the world by changing the way people could look at the world. Its flourish of images painted vivid pictures in the public mind, capturing the personal and the public, and putting it on display for the world to take in. At its peak, Life had a circulation of over 8 million and it exerted considerable influence on American life in the beginning and middle of the 20th century.
With picture-heavy content as the driving force behind its popularity,the magazine suffered as television became society’s predominant means of communication. Life ceased running as a weekly publication in 1972, when it began losing audience and advertising dollars to television. In 2004, however, it resumed weekly publication as a supplement to U.S. newspapers. At its re-launch, its combined circulation was once again in the millions.
For more events of this day, visit History.com
This was not really the first publication of Life Magazine. To find out more about the incarnations of the magazine, click the cover photo at the top of this page. | <urn:uuid:7676d977-8eec-4a70-a21d-2831c31baac3> | {
"date": "2016-02-12T05:47:46",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-07",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701163438.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193923-00324-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9767038226127625,
"score": 2.640625,
"token_count": 641,
"url": "http://www.berthoudrecorder.com/on-this-day-november-23-1936/"
} |
Theory of the Manifesto: CATTt
Home | Contrast | Analogy | Theory | Target | tale
A manifesto publicly announces something new: an original political philosophy, an avant-garde artistic method, a revolutionary way of living.
In addition to being a "polemical attack on the worldview" of a tradition (Ulmer 10), a manifesto is also a practical effort to make this new method or approach replicatible by other people, rather than just an isolated, individual practice. A manifesto asks us to join the movement!
Writing the manifesto is more than just an announcement, however; it can actually contribute to the process of invention itself. In his book, Heuristics: The Logic of Invention, Gregory L. Ulmer lays out a method of writing a manifesto and so of conceiving new ways of doing and thinking.
Ulmer summarizes the steps of this method in the acronym "CATTt," which stands for the following operations, which will be further explained below:
C = Contrast (opposition, inversion, differentiation)
Let's take these one at a time.
Ulmer observes that the manifesto writer "begins by pushing away from an undesirable example or prototype, whose features provide an inventory of qualities for an alternative method" (8). Essentially, if you want to do something new and revolutionary, it helps to have something old and established as a foil. Everything about that Old Way is opposite of what is wanted: they have it exactly wrong , so to speak.
For Plato establishing his own philosophical method in Phaedrus, for example, the "undesirable...prototype" is the Sophist's philosophy (Ulmer 8). More....
To help define the workings of this new alternative practice, says Ulmer, the manifesto writer finds analogies for the new method from other contexts or realms of knowledge which enables a fresh perspective. In Phaedrus, for instance, Plato invents the philosophical concept of dialectic partly by making "an analogy between proper rhetoric and medicine. 'In both cases'" says Plato, "'there is a nature that we have to determine, the nature of the body in the one, and of soul in the other" (Ulmer 9).
If you are inventing a new method of painting, for example, you might make analogies to something that is unlike painting: say, engineering, dreams, or politics. More...
Though manifestos are by nature revolutionary, writers ground their arguments by basing them, says Ulmer, "on the authority of another theory whose argument is accepted as literal rather than a figurative analogy" (as above) (9). Basically, revolutions and movements need fore-fathers and -mothers, and manifestos present their new ideas and methods as updatings and creative re-applications of great ideas.
If we base our radical new philosophy of movie-making on Freudian theory, for instance, we are not just making an analogy, but saying that Freudian psychology is the best explanation for human experience and behavior, and the truest films are therefore constructed on its principles.
Frequently, manifesto writers go outside their fields for these grounding theories. "In the Western tradition of method," notes Ulmer, "mathematics has been the favorite authorizing theory for invention in other areas" (9). More....
The "Target," according to Ulmer, is the "area of application that the new method is designed to address...an institution whose needs have motivated the search for a method" (9). This one is usually obvious. Artistic manifestos are aimed at the art world and artistic practice. Plato's target "is education" (9). More...
The "tail/tale" of the CATTt is the final form that the method takes, the "form or genre" of this new, revolutionary practice. For Plato, the form is a dialogue: says Ulmer, "Plato's dialogues represented his premise that learning much be face-to-face conversation" (9). The "tale" of a manifesto of teaching would be aimed at classroom practice. For painting, it would be the picture. Without a tale, our manifesto is just an attitude. More... | <urn:uuid:2f4a2c43-f029-4d4a-ab85-2edb00f8cb9a> | {
"date": "2014-11-27T04:47:05",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-49",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931007797.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155647-00204-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9400666356086731,
"score": 2.828125,
"token_count": 866,
"url": "http://www.d.umn.edu/~cstroupe/techniques/page_properties/index.html"
} |
Incense is being used by most Asian nations for religious and spiritual ceremonies, but are also widespread in Western countries nowadays. For Asian families it is traditional to burn incense regularly, and their homes are always fulfilled with different sweet scents. However, despite of pleasant scents, incenses can also lead to cancer.
Here I would like to make a point saying that I have followed that the incense used in Christian churches seem to smell different than the incense that I smell in Asian families and particularly that I have seen being sold in gas stations, run by Asian owners. Therefore, more clarification is needed to find out what type of incense may be linked to respiratory tract cancer risk.
Incenses are generally made of "fragrant plant materials, tree bark, resins, roots, flowers and essential oils". While burning, these materials are known to produce cancer causing gases, such as benzene and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. This is the first of its kind research showing that inhaling these substances regularly can lead to respiratory tract cancers.
A team of researchers from Statens Serum Institute in Copenhagen examined 61,320 Singapore Chinese men and women aged from 45 to 74 during a 12 year period of time. Study participants were checked for different types of cancer and were found to be healthy at the beginning of the study.
They were questioned about their incense burning habits and were also adjusted according to smoking, dieting and alcohol drinking habits to exclude other risk factors.
Researchers found that heavy incense users are at 80% higher risk for upper respiratory tract cancers, than non-users.
By the end of the study there were 325 participants who developed upper respiratory tract cancers, such as nasal, oral or throat cancer, and 821 participants who developed lung cancer. Researchers concluded, that upper respiratory tract cancers, apart from nasopharyngeal cancer, are linked to heavy incense use, but lung cancer is not. Squamous cell carcinoma rates were also high among incense users.
The link between incense burning and upper respiratory tract cancers is evident and this study's figures are statistically significant. This is why further researchers need to be conducted to examine different types of incenses and define limitations for incense use.
I would like to repeat this, more studies need to be conducted on the types of incenses that are linked to increase respiratory tract cancer risk.
Incense use and cancer is a sensitive topic as incense is used in many religious ceremonies.
However, it is important to note that incense can be made of different materials and it should be clearly defined which types of incense may be linked to cancer.
The Catholic Encyclopedia has the following definition of the nature of incense used in the church "In ancient times incense was furnished by two trees, viz. the Boswellia sacra of Arabia Felix, and the Boswellia papyrifera of India, both of which belong to the Terebinthian family. Mention is made of it in Num., vii, 14; Deut., xxxiii, 10, etc. It was procured from the bark much as gum is obtained at present. To enhance the fragrance and produce a thicker smoke various foreign elements were added (cf. Josephus, "Bell. Jud.", V, 5).
These ingredients generally numbered four, but sometimes as many as thirteen, and the task of blending them in due proportion was assigned under the Old-Law ordinances to particular families (Cant., iii, 6)."
No responsibility or liability shall attach itself to either myself or to the blogspot ‘Clerical Whispers’ for any or all of the articles placed here.
The placing of an article hereupon does not necessarily imply that I agree or accept the contents of the article as being necessarily factual in theology, dogma or otherwise. | <urn:uuid:64f2b601-8540-4c8e-b068-484378a1a6b5> | {
"date": "2017-04-26T17:32:59",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121528.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00235-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9656620621681213,
"score": 2.8125,
"token_count": 785,
"url": "http://clericalwhispers.blogspot.com/2008/08/heavy-incense-burning-may-increase.html"
} |
Special education needs.
The last fifty years have seen significant changes in the education of students with special learning needs. An estimated 1.7 million pupils in the UK have special educational needs (SEN), with over 250,000 having statements of SEN (Russell 2003, 215). Many positive advances have been made in educating these children, with special needs children receiving more options and learning opportunities. How these opportunities are presented has been an ongoing source of debate. There are basically two schools of thought in special education: one advocates mainstreaming and inclusion, the other supports special schools and segregated programmes. Legislation and educational policy have swung back and forth between the two camps, and while there continues to be disagreement on how best to serve SEN children, legal advances regularly provide for better provision overall for these children’s learning needs. Entering the 1950s, SEN provision was based on the 1944 Education Act, which called on LEAs to decide a child’s need for special treatment and appropriate educational measures (Anon 2004, 1). Children deemed “ineducable’ were sent to special schools (Anon 2004, 1). These post-war educational classifications, while seemingly harsh by today’s standards, “were seen as a positive improvement” (Potts 1995, 399). By the 1960s, terminology changed from 'mentally deficient' and ‘feeble-minded’ to 'educationally sub-normal,' and an emphasis on mainstreaming SEN students into regular public schools grew (Potts 1995, 399). The Warnock Report, The Education of Handicapped Children and Young People, was published in 1978 (Potts 1995, 398). The document “provided the foundation for revolutionary change in thinking about the educational needs of children with special needs” (Anon 2004, 2). The report sought to cover any student learning needs that could not be met by teachers in a typical mainstream classroom, and advocated inclusion rather than special schools (Anon 2004, 2). Lady Warnock contended in her report that “we should consider the ideal of including all children in the common educational enterprise of learning, wherever they can best learn” (Kent 2005, 29). The Warnock Report was soon followed by the Education Act of 1981, a sweeping legislation regarding education in general, but with significant impact for students with special learning needs (Potts 1995, 398). The definition of SEN broadened considerably, and more children were required to be evaluated for SEN, leading to steady increases in the number of special education students throughout the next two decades (Potts 1995, 398). Importantly, the Act prevented any child from being denied education, regardless of impairment, and strongly supported mainstreaming and inclusion whenever possible (Kent 2005, 29). The 1981 Education Act requires a formal assessment of all potentially SEN children, a provision retained by subsequent legislation (Kenworthy and Whittaker 2000, 220). A ‘Statement of Special Educational Needs’ is produced by educational authorities, who are responsible for defining the child’s areas of need and proposing educational guidelines to best serve the child (Kenworthy and Whittaker 2000, 221). The SEN Statements are to place children in mainstream schools if the child’s needs can be met there, his or her presence does not interfere with other children’s learning, and inclusion is an efficient use of resources (Kenworthy and Whittaker 2000, 221). The UN Rights of the Child Convention, adopted by the UK in 1991, continued the 1981 Education Act’s emphasis on inclusion. The Convention contended, amongst other things, that disabled children “should have effective access to and receive education which encourages the fullest possible social integration and individual development” (Anon 2004, 2). Not all parents or LEAs supported inclusion, however, and many families argued they should have more input into decisions regarding...
Please join StudyMode to read the full document | <urn:uuid:d336f552-3828-45be-8861-550327c50ad4> | {
"date": "2018-03-18T14:30:44",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645775.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20180318130245-20180318150245-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9497891664505005,
"score": 3.734375,
"token_count": 796,
"url": "http://www.studymode.com/essays/Special-Educational-Needs-504696.html"
} |
Popcorn Lung Overview
Popcorn Lung (bronchiolitis obliterans) is a devastating condition where the lung's tiniest airways are damaged causing shortness of breath and coughing. It is known to because by chemical (diacetyl) exposure used to flavor popcorn heated in microwaves. However, lung illnesses and exposure to other types of chemicals can also be the cause.
The name popcorn lung was derived from factory workers that packaged microwave popcorn who developed bronchiolitis obliterans at a higher rate compared to individuals who did not work there. This was first detected in 2004 when the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention received reports involving bronchiolitis obliterans in microwave popcorn plant workers in Missouri four years earlier. As a result, many microwave popcorn manufacturers discontinued using the flavoring chemical. However, it is still widely used in the manufacturing of E-cigarette flavors.
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health investigated the problem and isolated diacetyl (a buttery tasting flavoring agent) as the root cause of developing the illness. Many workers developed shortness of breath, dry cough, and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). The federal agency determined that developing the condition was irreversible by using available therapy.
Who Is at Risk for Popcorn Lung?
Bronchitis obliterans is a rare condition. However, it was first described in 1956, long before microwave popcorn and the microwave oven was first available for consumer use. Individuals who have the highest incident rate of developing popcorn lung are those who are exposed to the chemical acetaldehyde in electronic cigarette and marijuana smoke. The chemical was known to damage the lining of the stomach, throat, and mouth. Other chemicals that are known to cause the development of bronchiolitis obliterans include:
- Sulfur mustard (mustard gas)
- Metal oxide fumes (Welder’s Disease)
- Nitrogen oxide
- Sulfur dioxide caused by burning fossil fuels
- Formaldehyde used in building materials and glues
- Hydrochloric Acid
Individuals who have suffered a serious illness that affects the lungs can also develop bronchiolitis obliterans (popcorn lung). This includes individual suffering from rheumatoid arthritis or of had a lung transplant where it develops when the body attempts to reject the new organ. Popcorn lung is the leading cause of death in individuals who have undergone a liver transplant. Textile workers and employees at battery factories or at risk for developing popcorn lung.
In some cases, popcorn lung is fatal. However, doctors or finding new medications to stop the progression of the condition and treat the associated symptoms. A lawsuit was filed in Colorado by a plaintiff who had developed popcorn lung (bronchiolitis obliterans) after consuming microwave popcorn every day for over a decade. A $7 million settlement was reached in the case because the plaintiff’s attorneys proved at the supermarket and popcorn manufacturer should have realized the potential risk of developing lung disease by consuming the microwaveable popcorn.
In 2009, another plaintiff filed suit against the food manufacturing company making the claim that he had developed bronchiolitis obliterans after working in the facility for years while inhaling diacetyl used to flavor their frozen biscuits.
Unfortunately, the FDA (Food and Drug Administration continues to allow the chemical to be used in flavoring e-cigarette brands. In addition, The Occupational Safety and Health Administration has yet to formally regulate work environments to minimize exposure to the chemical. Instead, they advise workers where protective gear and use respirators when working with the chemical.
Common symptoms associated popcorn lung include:
- Night sweats
- Dry cough
- Unexpected weight loss
- Peeling skin
- Shortness of breath
- Inflamed eyes, skin, nose, or throat
Most of the symptoms are not immediate when popcorn lung first develops. The symptoms take upwards two weeks or two months before the illness presents itself after exposure to toxic gas. Many of the symptoms occur after rigorous exercise or heavy labor. Individuals who have undergone a lung transplant will display the first signs or symptoms several years after the procedure.
Severe cases can produce major inflammaton of mucosal surfaces including the throat, nose, and eyes along with skin inflammation. Nicotine-associated conditions, including those involving electronic cigarettes, can result in asthma.
Diagnosing Popcorn Lung
Many doctors often misdiagnose bronchiolitis obliterans believing it is pneumonia, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, or asthma. However, there are numerous tests that can correctly diagnose the condition. These include:
- Chest x-rays at different angles
- High-resolution CT (computerized tomography) scans
- Lung biopsies
- Lung Volume Tests
- Diffusing Capacity of the Lung Tests
Many of these tests can reveal the lungs are malfunctioning by holding in excessive volumes of air. Usually, the doctor will take a biopsy, a small section of the lung, to closely examine the cells under a microscope. This is usually performed using a long needle inserted into the chest cavity or through a surgical procedure.
Popcorn Lung Treatments
Popcorn lung (bronchiolitis obliterans) usually causes lifelong damage to lung cells. However, early diagnosis of the condition and effective treatment could possibly slow the progress of the disease from becoming worse. The doctor will determine treatments based on how the condition was acquired.
- Protective Gear – If the doctor determines that the condition was the result of breathing dangerous chemicals, they will likely recommend providing a barrier by wearing protective gear or maybe suggest changing jobs to avoid additional exposure.
- Medications – The doctor can prescribe steroids or antibiotics to ease many of the symptoms associated with inflamed scar tissue in the lungs and airways.
- Immune Boosting Drugs – Certain medications can give a boost to the body’s immune system to protect the bronchioles and the lungs from further damage.
- Oxygen – Breathing and pure oxygen and taking certain prescription medications to minimize coughing, supply more oxygen to the bloodstream and make it far easier to take a deep breath consistently.
- Lung Transplant – Most cases of popcorn lung are irreversible and necessitate a lung transplant to improve the patient’s lifelong jeopardy. However, the patient might be at risk for the recurrence of the disease. This is because popcorn lung is known to chronically reject the new organ in the body.
Currently, no federal agency has developed specific standards for exposure to harmful chemicals known to cause popcorn lung. | <urn:uuid:598b06a0-debb-4bff-8fee-b70a3d0fea33> | {
"date": "2017-08-24T02:55:08",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-34",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886126027.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170824024147-20170824044147-00656.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9389048218727112,
"score": 3.546875,
"token_count": 1337,
"url": "https://www.rosenfeldinjurylawyers.com/popcorn-lung.html"
} |
Radioactive Decay Rates Not Stable
by Brian Thomas, M.S. *
For about a century, radioactive decay rates have been heralded as steady and stable processes that can be reliably used to help measure how old rocks are. They helped underpin belief in vast ages and had largely gone unchallenged. But certain decay rates apparently aren’t as stable as some would hope.
Several decades ago, strange fluctuations were observed in several radioactive decay systems. These systems have unstable nuclei that emit various particles and radiation until they stabilize. It was finally established that these seasonal fluctuations corresponded to the distance between the earth and the sun. When the earth is closest to the sun, solar neutrinos evidently accelerate nuclear decay.1
Now, Italian research shows evidence that a process called “cavitation” accelerated the nuclear decay of thorium (Th228). In particular, it seems that cavitation caused radioactive thorium decay to accelerate by a factor of 10,000 times during a 90-minute experiment.2 Cavitation can occur when water flows so fast that vapor bubbles are produced. These bubbles collapse to produce shock waves—very powerful on tiny scales—that have been known to rapidly destroy boat propellers and pump parts, catastrophically erode water tunnels, and create light sparks. Cavitation may also affect the nuclei of atoms in heavily resonating solutions.
The mutability of decay rates is not a surprise to some scientists. Creation researchers had found clear evidence that radioactive decay was accelerated dramatically in the recent past. For example, some radioactive decay acceleration event must have been the cause of the profusion of helium atoms that exist in zircon crystals associated with radioactive uranium.3
Whether cavitation, neutrinos, or something else had a part in the accelerated nuclear decay of earth’s past is not yet known. What is known, however, is that the stability of radioactive decay is open to question. Likewise, the vast age assigned to the earth based on radioactive measurements is by no means set in stone.
- Mullins, J. 2009. Solar ghosts may haunt Earth's radioactive atoms. New Scientist. 2714: 42-45.
- Cardone, F., R. Mignani R. and A. Petrucci. 2009. Piezonuclear decay of thorium. Physics Letters A. 373 (22): 1956-1958.
- Humphreys, D. R. Young Helium Diffusion Age of Zircons Supports Accelerated Nuclear Decay. In Vardiman, L., A. A. Snelling, and E. F. Chaffin (eds.). Radioisotopes and the Age of the Earth, Volume II. El Cajon, CA: Institute for Creation Research, and Chino Valley, AZ: Creation Research Society: 25.
* Mr. Thomas is Science Writer at the Institute for Creation Research.
Article posted on August 5, 2009. | <urn:uuid:6e3bdc61-82d9-4900-873b-93a0bde3c8f9> | {
"date": "2017-01-21T22:12:55",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-04",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281226.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00220-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9251756072044373,
"score": 3.859375,
"token_count": 600,
"url": "http://www.icr.org/article/4816/261/"
} |
Following several delays, a new range of social domestic robots is expected to enter the market at the end of this year. They are no ordinary bots. Designed to provide companionship and care, they recognise faces and voices of close family and friends, play games, tell jokes and continue to learn from each interaction.
They also have one feature in common. They are intended to be extraordinarily cute and appealing.
Our research explores how cute design influences our relationship with home robots, including our perception of the risks associated with their unprecedented access to personal information.
The power of cuteness
Social home robots are designed to manage household tasks as well as relationships.
They are networked with the internet and smart home devices, and they use cameras and voice control to provide empathetic interactions. Researchers are exploring how their cute design counteracts the possible risks associated with such companions.
In a recent publication, New York University digital media scholar Luke Stark argues that the materiality of digital devices is tied to our feelings about them. The more “warmly” we feel about our devices, the more we lower our barriers to privacy.
The context for our feelings shapes what we intuit as appropriate in terms of our desire for privacy. Yet our affective and emotional connection to the hardware and interfaces of our devices is precisely what prompts us to be less conscious, and thus less uneasy, about what is the most critical element of information privacy: our device content, our own ‘small’ trails of data and metadata.
We are tapping into an emerging field of research called cute studies to argue that the cuteness of these robots is likely intended to push our Darwinian buttons (in Sherry Turkle’s words). Cute robots appear vulnerable, weak and in need of protection.
We believe that this not only encourages the consumer to adopt the robot as a member of the family, but also appears to establish a clear power dynamic between the robot and the human user. The robot occupies a position of lesser power.
We have studied several robots, including Jibo and Kuri, and a striking similarity is that they have all been deliberately stunted or enfeebled in some way. Some of them don’t have limbs, some have no speech capacity, and some can’t move. None of the new home robots can do everything, even though it would be entirely possible, from a design and engineering perspective, to make a robot that can.
The cute face of personal data
As helpful home robots, each needs help and input from their users. Their cute aesthetic becomes even more pronounced through their design-led incapacitations, which function as visible signs of powerlessness.
There are obvious reasons why roboticists would want their creations to appear less powerful than humans. After all, if popular culture has taught us anything, it has taught us to be wary of opening our homes to robots.
A number of concerns arise in relation to the emotional engineering of these new home robots. As they will have access to an unprecedented amount of personal data, they are clear targets for hacking. There is also little contractual information available about what consumers are signing up for with a home robot.
Concerns are also ethical and moral. What is the status of the home robot? Is it a pet, child, friend, lover, servant, slave or do they represent the evolution of a new species?
Confronting robotic mortality
The appeal of cuteness (in commodity items, at least) is notoriously short lived. Cute commodities are well known to have instant consumer appeal, and some studies have linked cuteness to impulse buying.
Jonathan Chapman has described cuteness as a kind of flirtation with the consumer, and has likened the cute object to a film with an incredible opening line, which just continues to be repeated throughout.
This might very well pose some long-term problems for human-robotic interaction, which relies on the creation of a long-term, shared narrative between the home robot and the adopting family.
We know from Chapman’s research in the area of emotionally durable design that if objects want to create long-term emotional connections with consumers, they need to be more than simply cute.
They need to intrigue, and in order to intrigue they need to show some signs of otherness. This would require home robots to surpass their limitations established by their cute aesthetic, but this has the potential to destabilise the strict user-robot hierarchy.
A further complication arises in the relationship between the technology and the permanence of these home robots. As their networked “brains” and memories outlive their material bodies, a gap will likely emerge between the “immortal” nature of the data they have collected about each individual user or family, and the “mortality” of their material technologies.
Home robots are susceptible to the obsolescence of electronic goods and the fantasies of greater intimacy – both promises of newer social technologies. | <urn:uuid:d37444da-632c-44b1-a267-02b3d8879849> | {
"date": "2019-01-16T23:21:20",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-04",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583657907.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20190116215800-20190117001800-00016.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9582498073577881,
"score": 2.71875,
"token_count": 1015,
"url": "https://sciblogs.co.nz/guestwork/2017/10/09/cute-robots/"
} |
The Cactus Moth Detection and Monitoring Network (CMDMN)
The Cactus moth (Cactoblastis cactorum Berg.) is a widely used biological control agent of pricklypear cactus in Australia and South Africa. Cactus moth appeared in the Florida Keys in 1989, spreading as far as South Carolina and Louisiana. Cactus moth quickly destroys a stand of pricklypear, and is a threat to natural biodiversity, horticulture, and forage in the southwestern United States and Mexico.
In the effort to monitor the progress of the cactus moth, sentinel sites have been established along the leading edge. These sites are monitored on a regular basis for the presence of the cactus moth.
Scientific Name: Cactoblastis cactorum
(Berg) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Common Name: Cactus moth
Native To: Argentina
Introduced To: Australia, Hawaii, India, South Africa, and the Caribbean
Invaded: The southeastern U.S. and threatens Mexico
Host Plants: Pricklypear cacti ( Opuntia spp.)
Damage: Total destruction of plant
Dissemination: Adult moths can fly (distance unknown). Storm (hurricane) winds can carry adults. Investations can spread by consumers through nurserys and by transplanting from one area to another.
Threatens: Rangeland grazing, nursery plants and landscaping, production of fruits, pads, and cochineal dyes for human use, desert ecosystems and biodiversity, human welfare and economy of the southwestern U.S. and Mexico.
Originally from Argentina, Cactoblastis was found to be one of the most successful biological control agents in history. After being introduced into Australia in the 1920s, the cactus moth drastically reduced the exotic and invasive pricklypear cacti. For Australia, control of the Opuntia populations was a necessity in order to convert large areas of land back to agriculture.
For similar controls, the moth was introduced in India (year uncertain), South Africa in 1933, and Hawaii in 1950. Then in 1956, the cactus moth was introduced to the Caribbean island of Nevis from where it spread to the other islands. Eventually, the invader was detected in the Florida Keys in 1989, and may have been introduced as a hitchhiker on ornamental cacti imported from one of the Caribbean islands. Today, free-living populations are found as far north as Bull Island, South Carolina along the Atlantic Coast and as far west as east Louisiana along the Gulf Coast. It appears that cactus moth populations are concentrated on barrier islands and coastal areas of the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts.
Ironically, what was a control agent has become an invasive species that threatens native and endemic pricklypears as well as the cactus industry and desert ecosystems of the Southwest and Mexico. The cactus moth in the United States, directly threatens a total of 31 species of native pricklypear cacti plus numerous other native species associated with cacti. In Mexico, 53 species of pricklypear are threatened, including 38 endemic species.
The female moth lays eggs stacked on top of each other like pancakes to form an "egg stick" that resembles a cactus spine. Each female can lay 60-100 eggs in a single egg stick and can lay 200-300 eggs within a few days. Egg sticks are about an inch long and are usually on the undersides or other protected parts of the plant pads. The egg stage lasts 3-4 weeks. The caterpillars burrow into a pad after hatching and feed together as a group. The infestation by the lightly colored young larvae may be difficult to detect without splitting the pad open.
As the larvae mature, frass and sap may be pushed out of openings in the pad and onto the ground. Eventually the pad will become transparent and hollow. Larvae may move to additional pads to complete development, especially if the initially infested pad is small. Larvae mature in 4-5 weeks. Mature larvae leave the plant and pupate under dead leaves or between the pads where they spin white cocoons. The pupal stage lasts 15-20 days. They emerge as adult moths and the cycle starts over.
Symptoms of internal feeding on pricklypear can be seen at anytime of the year, however, larvae may be difficult to find during the colder months. Larvae tend to congregate in the lower parts of the plant and are not seen feeding in galleries when it is cold. If daytime temperatures reach a certain point, larvae will migrate to the upper cactus pads, and even sometimes be seen on the exterior of the pad on the sunny side of the plant.
In Argentina, Australia, and South Africa, Cactoblastis normally undergoes two generations per year. However, on the U.S Gulf Coast, the cactus moth has been observed having three generations per year. The extra generation is contributed to the warmer climte. Adult flight and mating periods are as follows:
- 1st flight period - late March through May
- 2nd flight period - July through August
- 3rd flight period - late September through mid-November
The pricklypear cactus is a cultural icon in Mexico where its image is on the Mexican flag and coins. Pricklypears are commonly relied upon as food as the fruit are processed into jam and syrup while the plant itself is commonly boiled or pickled. The cactus has its place in the pharmaceutical market as well as cattle fodder mainly during the dry years. Cactus is a $50 million to $100 million a year industry in Mexico. In the U.S., it is estimated that pricklypear cactus has a trade, nursery, landscape, crop, and forage value of up to $70 million a year, mainly in the Southwest. Environmentally, cacti prevent erosion and are a habitat and food source for many species of invertebrate, birds, mammals and other animals.
Pricklypear cactus is an important plant resource to the U.S. nursery and landscape industry. The growth of xeriscape landscape design in high population growth areas such as Phoenix and Tucson, Arizona, and Las Vegas,Nevada, has been promoted by state and local governments. In Arizona alone, the ornamental pricklypear cactus industry encompasses over half a million plants with a wholesale and retail value estimated to be more than $15 million.
Other impacts on the economic effects can be found in a USDA-PPQ white paper.
View the destruction gallery.
Infestation by Cactoblastis may be indicated by the presence of egg-sticks, which resemble cactus spines. However, native cactus-feeding Lepidoptera lay similar egg sticks that currently cannot be distinguished reliably from those of the cactus moth. Identification has to wait until the larvae appear.
The mature larvae are more distinct with a characteristic orange to red color interrupted by dark banding or spots on the body and are relatively easy to distinguish from those of native species. However, younger stages of Cactoblastis are similar to those of native species and the two sometimes have been misidentified. Available larval identification keys are limited to differences in color of mature larvae. Also, records of some species may only be known from limited reference material. If you suspect the presence of the cactus moth, please view important information below.
The adult cactus moths are non-descript brownish-gray moths that can only be definitively identified by a microscopic examination of dissected male genitalia, although the native species differ from Cactoblastis in having a more plumose antenna. Click on the moth image to the right for a comparison between the native moth Melitara and Cactoblastis. High resolution images are also provided for Melitara and the Cactoblastis.
They generally appear as typical pyralid moths with pronounced labial palps of the female, thus the name "snout moths". The forewings show a characteristic banding pattern, however other related Phycitinae have similar banding. If you suspect the presence of the cactus moth, please view important information below.
Additional Help for Identification
For more information and a key to the cactus feeding species in the Southeastern US, see:
Solis, M. Alma, Stephen D. Hight, and Doria R. Gordon. 2004. Tracking the Cactus Moth, Cactoblastis cactorum Berg., as it flies and eats its way westward in the U.S. News of the Lepidopterists Society 46(1) 2-3.
Do you suspect the presence of the cactus moth?
Knowing where the cactus moth are located is critical in the efforts to monitor and control its spread. Please do not disregard the importance of proper notification and identification. If you suspect your pricklypear cactus is infested by the cactus moth, please notify Dr. Victor Maddox and Dr. Richard Brown at Mississippi State University. Dr. Maddox will collect information about your cactus species and Dr. Brown will perform the identifications on insect samples that are submitted.
Insect samples should be prepared before shipping. Larvae encountered on pricklypear should be collected, killed in boiling water, and preserved in 70% ethyl alcohol or by following specific instructions from Dr. Brown. These should be sent, with all collection information and any digital photos, to Dr. Richard Brown (contact information below). Information about confirmed infestations will be provided to appropriate state and federal officials who will determine a proper course of action for addressing the problem.
Dr. Brown is also interested in receiving specimens of any Lepidoptera found on pricklypear in the U.S., including different stages, accompanied by adults reared out from larval collections. Digital photos of live larvae will also be helpful in documenting color variations and providing future visual keys to surveyors.
Dr. Richard Brown, Director
Mississippi Entomological Museum
Box 9775 (103 Clay Lyle for FEDEX/UPS)
Mississippi State, MS 39762
Phone: 662-325-2085 Email: [email protected]
Pricklypear cacti belong to the Cactaceae Family and the Genus Opuntia. In the United States, it is a large genus of cacti with approximately 93 species. The genus Opuntia consists of all pricklypear cacti, those having flat-pad stem forms, or cladodes.
The list of known hosts for Cactoblastis cactorum (the cactus moth) are pricklypear cactus species, in the genus Opuntia, with the exception of a few records from one species in the related genus, Nopalea. While other host records appear in the literature, none of these records of the cactus moth attacking any other cactus species are reliable. Cylindropuntia are not thought to be hosts. Another related genus, Grusonia, appears in older literature as Opuntia, but species in that genus are also not known to be hosts. Images are available to help the identification of some of the most common Opuntia species within the southeastern U.S. See the table below for a list of all native Opuntia species (within the Platyopuntia group). Many ornamental species found in nurseries or used in landscaping are native but, others may be from Mexico or South America. (Naturalized indicated by *)
|Species / State||AL||AZ||CA||CO||FL||LA||MS||NM||NV||TX||UT|
(syn. Nopalea cochenillifera)
(Syn. Consolea corallicola)
Images to help identify the most common species within the southeastern U.S.
To prevent further spread of cactus moth in the U.S., it is very important to detect, report and rapidly respond to all new outbreaks of the pest. The first priority must be to make a serious attempt to eradicate such infestations.
Be aware there are a number of native species of Lepidoptera larvae that can be found feeding on pricklypear and may be confused with Cactoblastis cactorum. These native species are not considered a threat to the pricklypear population. Correct identification by a qualified entomologist is important. Please refer to the Identification section for what to do if you suspect a cactus moth infestation.
Sterile insect release technology and other control methods are being developed and tested by the USDA Agriculture Research Service and other groups. Effective control of the cactus moth using insecticides is still in the testing phase and is proving difficult. Since the larvae spends most of its time within the cactus pad, insecticides are having little effect. Confirmed infestations should be eradicated by manual removal and destruction of egg-sticks and infected cacti stems.
Invasive species are a significant problem for terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in the United States, degrading their biodiversity and the ecosystem services they provide to our society. Despite this, little attention has been directed to this significant problem until the last decade, when federal and state governments and nongovernmental organizations alike have suddenly become painfully aware of this burgeoning problem.
While the awareness of the problem has been widespread, the reaction to this threat has not been uniform, and tools to deal with these problems are restricted. In particular, response within the Mid-South states lags behind that of other regions where more resources have been allocated towards dealing with invasive species.
Mississippi State University is developing and implementing a program of planned research, extension, and regional coordination to address these needs. Our approach is multidisciplinary, and involves biologists, ecologists, computer scientists, economists, engineers, and others acting together as a research team.
Graduate and summer student opportunities are available. Students interested in educational opportunities should view the Invasive Species Program Poster for more information, or send a general inquiry to:
Dr. John D. Madsen
Box 9652, Mississippi State, MS 39762-9652
Ph: 662-325-2428, Fax: 662-325-7692
The ability to monitor the spread of the cactus moth entirely rests on knowing where cacti are located. Information is urgently needed on locations where native and ornamental varieties of cacti are known to occur in the Mid-South. Information on cactus locations can be sent to Dr. Victor Maddox. Cactus plants that are within 30 meters of one another are considered the same population. Information that is needed on each cactus population is as follows:
- Physical Address (or the best of one you can provide)
- GPS Location of Cactus
- Land Use (Natural, Residential, Commercial, Agricultural, Nursery)
- Ownership (Private, Local, County, State, Federal Agency)
- Contact Person for the Population (Name, Address, Phone)
- Species of Cactus (if not known, please provide good digital photos)
- Approximate Number of Plants
- Size of Population Area (# acres, # sqft)
- Do You Suspect the Cactus Moth is Present?
If you are interested in volunteering, providing cactus information, or just for more information on how you can help, please contact:
Dr. Victor Madddox
Box 9555, Mississippi State, MS 39762-9555
- Cactus Moth Survey Manual
- Information about collecting survey information for cactus locations, visual observations for the cactus moth, and trap monitoring stations.
- Cactus Moth Detection Network Fact Sheet
- Fact sheet on the Early Detection and Reporting of Cactus Moth in the U.S.
- Cactus Moth Brochure
- A tri-fold brochure on the cactus moth used as handouts in information packets.
- Opuntia Handout
- A handout used to inform the public of the need to locate populations of Opuntia Cacti and describes how the public can help in that effort.
- PEST ALERT: Cactus moth Cactoblastis cactorum (APHIS PPQ)
- DiscoverLife's online Opuntia Identification Guide
- The Nature Conservancy - Global Invasive Species Initiative Cactus Moth Alert
- National Invasive Species Council's Cactus Moth Information
Our major partners are U.S. Geological Survey Biological Resources Division (USGS BRD) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine (USDA APHIS PPQ). Please visit the USDA APHIS PPQ Cactoblastis Management Program website for more information about the overall cactus moth program.
Our Partners (Cactus moth and Opuntia resources from our partners will be listed under Resources.)
USDA-APHIS has a volunteer coordinator in the Gulf Coast area, and there are USDA Pest Survey Specialists that cover various regions of the U.S. conducting surveys for various pests. If you need personal assistance, please contact Joel Floyd or go to the following URL to obtain contact information for the Pest Survey Specialists covering your area.
John D. Madsen, Ph.D.
Mississippi State University
Mississippi State, MS 39762-9652
ph. 662-325-2428 fax 662-325-7692
Victor Maddox, Ph.D.
Mississippi State, MS 39762-9555
Cactus Moth Identification
Richard L. Brown, Ph.D.
Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology
Box 9775 (103 Clay Lyle for FEDEX/UPS)
Mississippi State, MS 39762-9775
Web Database System, Webmaster
Mississippi State, MS 39762-9652
Coordinator for Federal, Public,
and Private Conservation Lands
Randy G. Westbrooks, Ph.D.
USGS BRD - National Wetlands Research Center
233 Border Belt Drive
Whiteville, NC 28472
This material/application/database is based upon work previously supported
by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Biological Information Infrastructure (NBII) Program.
by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Biological Information Infrastructure (NBII) Program. | <urn:uuid:1886fa38-aa8a-44d5-8d79-8153db91b3cd> | {
"date": "2018-11-15T06:48:33",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-47",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742567.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20181115054518-20181115075745-00036.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8874627351760864,
"score": 3.578125,
"token_count": 3867,
"url": "http://www.gri.msstate.edu/research/cmdmn/"
} |
Volume XII - The Divinity of the Human Soul
Part I: The Vision of God and Man and other Lectures
THE difference between a scientist and a mystic is that the former analyzes the things he is interested in, studying them by different methods in order to ascertain as much information about them as he can, the ways in which they can be of any benefit, their uses, and their nature, whereas the mystic, though in a way doing the same, first aims at lighting that light within himself by which he can see in this world of darkness and illusion, instead of using some technical instrument or special scientific process. As it is said, ' Seek ye first the kingdom of heaven', so his first task is to light the candle within.
The story of Aladdin illustrates this truth. Aladdin could only win the princess if he first obtained the lamp, which she desired. He goes out into the world but cannot find the lamp there, so he goes into the forest where he meets someone who is able to show him the way to reach it. But the man cannot himself give it to him, which means that emotion by itself does not suffice to bring it. Aladdin is told to go to a certain mountain and repeat certain words, which will cause the side of the mountain to open. He does this, and the mountain opens, but when he is within the cave he begins to suffocate because there is no air. Nevertheless, persevering, he penetrates farther into the mountain and in time he comes upon the lantern.
It is with this light that the mystic gains the knowledge within himself. As soon as he has gained possession of this candle every-thing discloses its secret, and he gains a wisdom greater than that possessed by any scientist. One may think that a mystic cannot find out all that the scientist knows. True, but though the details discovered by the scientist may appear different, yet the mystic perceives the same truths, which the scientist is seeking. He does not use the same words or terms; he does not know about all the processes that the scientist does, and yet he finds the outlines of the whole of what the scientist gets to know by his laborious methods.
Some scientists have happened to be Sufis; Avicenna was one; Luqman was another; and their knowledge was greater because of their having the candle. Perhaps even without any technical training the mystic may have the greater knowledge, He may not know exactly how to make a chemical substance as a scientist may claim to do, but he can see the secret behind every object and the purpose which underlies it.
The mystic can analyze the whole world very easily and understand it through the vehicle of one individual body. It is true that he cannot realize everything at once, but when he sets about knowing some particular thing he will do so much sooner than anyone else can, because he has the light within him.
His method is meditative. The object of meditation is to raise the soul above the body and the mind. It is like opening oneself; opening the vehicles, the senses, and the various unseen faculties of the mind, the abstract faculties, which are beyond the perceptive faculties. These vehicles are open by way of meditation, and the soul now works through all parts, seen and unseen, instead of only blindly through one part of the being as hitherto. Even the bodily senses become more sensitive. The sense of touch becomes more acute; the sense of sight becomes more keen, as also the sense of hearing and the sense of taste and smell. In fact, activity as a whole, vigor of action, enthusiasm, all increase after meditation. When the bodily energy and its sensitiveness are greater this indicates that the other faculties which are not seen have also been increased; the reason, the imagination and its power of creation, the memory and its power of retaining thought. The ego is also developed; then after all these have been developed a still higher part of one's being begins to develop, the abstract being which is linked up with the others. The mind becomes the mind of another person; the thought becomes the thought of someone else. After this the mystic begins to work through objects and not merely through the people around him, and from this time on the objects work, as he desires them to work.
The mystics experiences and also his dreams are now more than mere phenomena; and so when a thought comes to him it grows into something greater than mere imagination, and it becomes a force acting through his mind to achieve an effect, be it constructive or destructive. Whatever arises in his mind becomes a reality, and the further he develops the more real does his kingdom become.
It is better to receive personal help than to practice yoga; there can be no system of training in which all the pupils receive the same, for each needs a different method which is adapted to his condition of life, his type of mind, his environment, his age, his education, the spiritual development to which he has attained, and his devotional tendency. Is devotion the best method, or is study or are practices best? This depends upon the pupils needs and capabilities. It is exactly the same as when a physician prescribes for a person: he must use different medicines according to the individual's type and personality. Patent medicines will not always do!
Man must realize that he has a power in him, which is greater than all other powers, this power is his will. Anger is a power, for it is a part of the energy, which manifests as anger. Excitement, passion, and other emotions are manifestations of one energy, yet all such powers are in the hands of one single power, namely the will. They are ruled, controlled, and utilized by it. A person can not be angry unless his will is at the back of it. He has to have the will power to defend himself; otherwise the anger would be helpless. The anger is there, but the will power is greater. If the will power is not behind it the faculty will not work, even if not suppressed. As long as the will power does not help, the faculty is ineffective, though present.
This one power, the will power, is within. Should this power work with the consent of wisdom, everything would become allowable – anger, calmness, war, fighting, peace, love, hate. For instance there is a time when anger helps, and there is a time when peace helps, when calmness helps. We have to understand their rhythm, for, as in music, if we do not keep the right time it is because we do not understand the rhythm; but if we understand it, it will not matter what we do; things will turn out all right. All is right when wisdom, counsel, and will power are in harmony, but if the will is under control of anger or other passions, so that they manifest regardless of wisdom and come into play at their own time, which again depends on the person's habits, then he will surely get angry every day. He gets cross because he has made it a habit, and his will has submitted. If this happens every day for eight days it will happen also on the ninth, or else perhaps he may fall ill. The power which should be obedient to the will controls it instead, and so the will works without wisdom, in spite of the fact that wisdom is the only reliable power which God has given to man.
There is a passage in the Quran which says, ' Rise to pray during the night or part of it and recite the Quran; surely We will light upon you a weighty word... And remember the Name of thy Lord...' What speculation this passage has aroused! The solution of its mystery is this, that desire for comfort controls the will so much, the will power has become so subjected to desire for comfort, that comfort controls the will. The will has become a slave to experiences of joy and pleasure that we get from all kinds of comfort. For instance there is no greater comfort than sleep, so when we have to get up before dawn to repeat the name of the Lord we do not feel inclined to do this. We have to fight the greatest comfort we can experience each day, but once we have started fighting we begin to crush the power on the surface, which is pleasure and comfort. It is the ego, fed on pleasures and comforts of all kinds, which is our enemy. Therefore once we crush our ego our will becomes the ruler over our pleasures, and when the will is master we are master. The variety of our past life is now submitted to the unity of our being.
There is one part of our being which we can call, ' my self,' and that one part must control the many beings – the nose, eyes, ears, etc. – which belong to us. Once we have gained control we can proceed without interference by them; we can keep them out whenever we please. From that time light comes, and we get to know and understand all the things we never knew before. The light has now been disclosed to us by God.
There are three things, which we should master during our every day life, and three ways of achieving them. Consider the power of half-an-hour's concentration as compared with the weakness of giving in all day long! We can control ourselves in all the requirements of the body and of our senses, and the mind must give permission to every demand on their part, without being confused in the matter. There is the beginning of the act, there is the act itself, and there is the result of the act; and these three stages in the life of self-mastery or self-control bring increasing happiness and satisfaction, There is the satisfaction in the thought of fulfilling some particular desire; there is the satisfaction during the time it is being fulfilled; there is the satisfaction after it has been fulfilled. When there is no confusion or depression or despair or remorse or repentance, then the happiness increases. There is no other proper way of directing one's life.
The various practices recommended by the mystics all have the same purpose, whether it be fasting, stretching out the hands, clasping the fingers, or whatever it may be. The mystic withholds all activity for a moment, for half a minute, perhaps for fifteen minutes, Nature wants motion, so when we stop the desire, and sit straight and erect, the mind at once gets a grasp on the whole body, for the whole body is now under discipline. It is discipline when the body obeys the mind; that is why all through life our mind should be in control of all things.
The next thing to consider is character. We must take care never to do anything which, when we see another person do it, we consider a mistake or undesirable or foolish. If it is something we do not approve of we must resist the inclination to do such an undesirable thing ourselves, to do something we can not tolerate when another person does it. It is by this resistance of impulses that we control ourselves.
A more perfect way of behaving is the religious way. We should realize that the essence of every religion is to regard as our goal the God whom we are worshipping. He whom we seek is nowhere else but in the human heart. By reflecting on this thought we come to recognize that whatever kind of person we meet, be he foolish or wise, weak or strong, poor or rich, wicked or virtuous, we are in the presence of the Lord before whom we all bow; for if He is anywhere it is in the human heart, even in the heart of a wicked person. We must say to ourselves, ' My ideal, my desire, is to please my Lord before whom I bow my head. So when I stand before anyone I stand before the Lord, my God.' This is the real religion; but if we were careful not to hurt a loved one or a friend but did not mind hurting a servant or a wicked or foolish person, that would not be real religion.
Love will recognize the ideal of love, the divine ideal, in every heart, and will refrain from using words which will make another unhappy: words expressing pride, thoughtless words, sarcastic words, any words that will disturb a person's peace of mind or his sensibilities. So an abrupt action is harmful too. What can one gain by it?
Thus when developing fineness of character one learns to consider another person's feelings. A man may consider himself very sensible, and at the same time wish that another person would not hurt or insult him. He thinks to himself, 'This man talks too much; he annoys me; how badly he dresses, etc.' Whereas we believe one person to be sensible and understanding another we think is not; but we should forget what we ourselves think, and bethink ourself of what another thinks. It shows so much greater fineness of character when one does not give grounds for offense to others, but it is very difficult to attain this. There is no benefit in making our life so regular and orderly that it offends everybody else; it is in the understanding and consideration of other people's feeling that true religion lies. | <urn:uuid:94572667-1394-4f9c-8848-0d6de6acd9b7> | {
"date": "2019-06-26T12:32:33",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560628000306.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20190626114215-20190626140215-00336.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.974067747592926,
"score": 2.59375,
"token_count": 2680,
"url": "https://wahiduddin.net/mv2/XII/XII_I_15.htm"
} |
|Catherine the Great|
AKA Sophie Auguste Frederike von Anhalt-Zerbst
Birthplace: Stettin, Prussia
Location of death: St. Petersburg, Russia
Cause of death: Stroke
Remains: Buried, Petropavlovskaya Krepost, St. Petersburg, Russia
Religion: Russian Orthodox
Race or Ethnicity: White
Sexual orientation: Straight
Executive summary: Tsarina of Russia, 1762-96
Catherine II, surnamed "the Great", Empress of Russia, was the daughter of Christian Augustus, prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, and his wife, Johanna Elizabeth of Holstein-Gottorp. The exact date and place of her birth have been disputed, but there appears to be no reason to doubt that she was right in saying that she was born at Stettin on the 2nd of May 1729. Her father, who succeeded to the principality of Anhalt-Zerbst in 1746 and died in 1747, was a general in the Prussian service, and, at the time of her birth, was military commandant at Stettin. Her baptismal name was Sophia Augusta Frederica. In accordance with the custom then prevailing in German princely families, she was educated chiefly by French governesses and tutors. In 1744 she was taken to Russia, to be affianced to the grandduke Peter, the nephew of the empress Elizabeth, and her recognized heir. The princess of Anhalt-Zerbst was the daughter of Christian Albert, Bishop of Lübeck, younger brother of Frederick IV, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, Peter's paternal grandfather. The choice of her daughter as wife of the future tsar was the result of not a little diplomatic management in which Frederick the Great took an active part, the object being to strengthen the friendship between Prussia and Russia, to weaken the influence of Austria and to ruin the chancellor Bestuzhev, on whom Elizabeth relied, and who was a known partisan of the Austrian alliance. The diplomatic intrigue failed, largely through the flighty intervention of the princess of Anhalt-Zerbst, a clever but very injudicious woman. But Elizabeth took a strong liking to the daughter, and the marriage was finally decided on. The girl bad spared no effort to ingratiate herself, not only with the empress, but with the grand-duke and the Russian people. She applied herself to learning the language with such zeal that she rose at night and walked about her bedroom barefoot repeating her lessons. The result was a severe attack of congestion of the lungs in March 1744. During the worst period of her illness she completed her conquest of the goodwill of the Russians by declining the religious services of a Protestant pastor, and sending for Simon Todorskiy, the orthodox priest who had been appointed to instruct her in the Greek form of Christianity. When she wrote her memoirs she represented herself as having made up her mind when she came to Russia to do whatever had to be done, and to profess to believe whatever she was required to believe, in order to be qualified to wear the crown. The consistency of her character throughout life makes it highly probable that even at the age of fifteen she was mature enough to adopt this worldly line of conduct. Her father, who was a convinced Lutheran, was strongly opposed to his daughter's conversion, and supplied her with books of controversy to protect her Protestantism. She read them, and she listened to Todorskiy, and to other advisers who told her that the Russian crown was well worth a mass, or that the differences between the Greek and Lutheran churches were mere matters of form. On the 28th of June 1744 she was received into the Orthodox Church at Moscow, and was renamed Catherine Alexeyevna. On the following day she was formally betrothed, and was married to the archduke on the 21st of August 1745 at St. Petersburg.
At that time Catherine was essentially what she was to remain until her death fifty-one years later. It was her boast that she was as "frank and original as any Englishman." If she meant that she had a compact character, she was right. She had decided on her line in life and she followed it wholeheartedly. It was her determination to become a Russian in order that she might the better rule in Russia, and she succeeded. She acquired a full command of all the resources of the language, and a no less complete understanding of the nature of the Russian people. It is true that she remained quite impervious to religious influences. The circumstances of her conversion may have helped to render her indifferent to religion, but their influence need not be exaggerated. Her irreligion was shared by multitudes of contemporaries who had never been called upon to renounce one form of Christianity and profess belief in another in order to gain a crown. Her mere actions were, like those of other and humbler people, dictated by the conditions in which she lived. The first and the most important of them was beyond all question the misery of her married life. Her husband was a wretched creature. Nature had made him mean, the smallpox had made him hideous, and his degraded habits made him loathsome. And Peter had all the sentiments of the worst kind of small German prince of the time. He had the conviction that his princeship entitled him to disregard decency and the feelings of others. He planned brutal practical jokes, in which blows had always a share. His most manly taste did not rise above the kind of military interest which has been defined as "corporal's mania", the passion for uniforms, pipeclay, buttons, the "tricks of parade and the froth of discipline." He detested the Russians, and surrounded himself with Holsteiners. For ten years the marriage was barren, and the only reason for supposing that the future tsar Paul, who was born on the 2nd of October 1754, was the son of Peter, is the strong similarity of their characters. Living in the grossly animal court of the empress Elizabeth, bound to a husband whom she could not but despise and detest, surrounded by suitors, and entirely uninfluenced by religion, Catherine became and remained perfectly immoral in her sexual relations to men. The scandalous chronicle of her life was the commonplace of all Europe. Her male favorites were as openly paraded as the female favorites of King Louis XV. It may be said once and for all that her most trusted agents while she was still grand-duchess, and her chief ministers when she became empress, were also her lovers, and were known to be so.
For some time after the marriage, the young couple were controlled by the empress Elizabeth, who appointed court officials to keep a watch on their conduct; but before long these custodians themselves had become the agents of Catherine's pleasures and ambition. After the birth of Paul she began to take an active part in political intrigues. Her abilities forced even her husband to rely on her judgment. When in difficulty he ran to her and flattered her with the name of Madame La Ressource -- Madame Quick Wit -- which did not prevent him from insulting and even kicking her when the immediate need of her help was over. In 1758 he endeavored to turn the empress Elizabeth against her, and for a time Catherine was in danger. She faced the peril boldly, and reconquered her influence over the sovereign, but from this time she must have realized that when the empress was dead she would have to defend herself against her husband. That Peter both hated and dreaded her was notorious. The empress Elizabeth died on the 5th of January 1762. The grand duke succeeded without opposition as Peter III. His behavior to his wife continued to be brutal and menacing, and he went on as before offending the national sentiment of the Russian people. In July he committed the insane error of retiring with his Holsteiners to Oranienbaum, leaving his wife at St. Petersburg. On the 13th and 14th of that month a "pronunciamiento" of the regiments of the guard removed him from the throne and made Catherine empress. The history of this revolt is still obscure. It has naturally been said that she organized the mutiny from the first, and some plausibility is conferred on this belief by the fact that the guards were manipulated by the four Orlov brothers. The eldest, Gregory, was her recognized chief lover, and he was associated with his brother Alexis in the office of favorite. On the other hand, there does not appear to have been any need for organization. The hatred felt for Peter III was spontaneous, and Catherine had no need to do more than let it be known that she was prepared to profit by her husband's downfall. Peter, who behaved with abject cowardice, was sent to a country house at Ropcha, where he died on the 15th or 18th of July of official "apoplexy." The truth is not known, and Frederick the Great at least professed long afterwards to believe that Catherine had no immediate share in the murder. She had no need to speak. Common sense must have shown the leaders of the revolt that they would never be safe while Peter lived, and they had insults to avenge.
The mere fact that Catherine II, a small German princess without hereditary claim to the throne, ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796 amid the loyalty of the great mass of the people, and the respect and admiration of her neighbors, is sufficient proof of the force of her character. Her title to be considered a great reforming ruler is by no means equally clear. Voltaire and the encyclopaedists with whom she corresponded, and on whom she conferred gifts and pensions, repaid her by the grossest flattery, while doing their best to profit by her generosity. They made her a reputation for philosophy, and showed the sincerity of their own love of freedom by finding excuses for the partition of Poland. There is a very great difference between Catherine II as she appears in the panegyrics of the encyclopaedists and Catherine as she appears in her correspondence and in her acts. Her foreign admirers amused her, and were useful in spreading her reputation. The money they cost her was a small sum in comparison to the £12,000,000 she lavished on her long series of lovers, who began with Soltykov and Stanislaus Poniatowski before she came to the throne, and ended with the youthful Platon Zubov, who was tenant of the post at her death. She spent money freely on purchasing works of art and curios. Yet she confessed with her usual candor that she had no taste for painting, sculpture or music. Her supposed love of literature does not appear to have amounted to more than a lively curiosity, which could be satisfied by dipping into a great number of books. She had a passion for writing, and produced not only a mass of letters written in French, but pamphlets and plays, comic and serious, in French and Russian. One on the history of Oleg, the more or less legendary Varangian, who was guardian to the son of Rurik, was described by her as an "imitation of Shakespeare." The scheme is not unlike that of a "chronicle play." Her letters are full of vivacity, of color, and at times of insight and wit, but she never learned to write either French or German correctly. The letters to Voltaire attributed to her are not hers, and were probably composed for her by Andrei Shuvalov. The philosophers and encyclopaedists who, by the mouth of Denis Diderot, complimented Catherine on being superior to such female affectations as modesty and chastity, flattered her to some extent even here. She enforced outward decency in her household, was herself temperate in eating and drinking, and was by no means tolerant of disorderly behavior on the part of the ladies of her court. They flattered her much more when they dwelt on her philanthropy and her large share of the enlightenment of the age. She was kind to her servants, and was very fond of young children. She was rarely angry with people who merely contradicted her or failed to perform their service in her household. But she could order the use of the knout and of mutilation as freely as the most barbarous of her predecessors when she thought the authority of the state was at stake, and she did employ them readily to suppress all opinions of a heterodox kind, whether in matters of religion or of politics, after the beginning of the French Revolution. Her renowned toleration stopped short of allowing the dissenters to build chapels, and her passion for legislative reform grew cold when she found that she must begin by the emancipation of the serfs. There were exceptions even to her personal kindness to those about her. She dropped her German relations. She kept a son born to her shortly before the palace revolution of 1762, whose paternity could not be attributed to Peter, at a distance, though she provided for him. He was brought up in a private station under the name of Bobrinski. She was a harsh mother to her son Paul. It seems highly probable that she intended to exclude him from the succession, and to leave the crown to her eldest grandson Alexander, afterwards the emperor Alexander I. Her harshness to Paul was probably as much due to political distrust as to what she saw of his character. Whatever else Catherine may have been she was emphatically a sovereign and a politician who was in the last resort guided by the reason of state. She was resolved not to allow her authority to be disputed by her son, or shared by him.
As a ruler, Catherine professed a great contempt for system, which she said she had been taught to despise by her master Voltaire. She declared that in politics a capable ruler must be guided by "circumstances, conjectures and conjunctions." Her conduct was on the surface very unstable. in a moment of candor she confessed that she was a great commenceuse -- that she had a mania for beginning innumerable enterprises which she never pursued. This, however, is chiefly true of her internal administration, and even there it should be qualified. Many of her beginnings were carried on by others and were not barren. Her foreign policy was as consistent as it could be considering the forces she had to contend against. It was steadily aimed to secure the greatness and the safety of Russia. There can be no question that she loved her adopted country sincerely, and had an affection for her people, and an opinion of their great qualities which she did not hesitate to express in hyperbolic terms. Her zeal for the reputation of the Russians was almost comically shown by the immense trouble she took to compile an answer to the Voyage en Sibérie of the French astronomer Chappe d'Auteroche. The book is in three big quartos, and Catherine's answer -- which was never finished -- is still larger. Chappe d'Auteroche had discovered that Siberia was not a paradise, and had observed that the Russians were dirty in their habits, and that masters whipped their servants, male and female. Her patriotism was less innocently shown by her conquests. Yet it may be doubted whether any capable ruler of Russia could have abstained from aggressions at the expense of the rights of the Saxon family in Courland, of Poland, and of Turkey. It does seem now to be clearly proved that the partition of Poland was not suggested by her, as has been frequently asserted. Catherine would have preferred to control the country through a vassal sovereign of the type of Stanislaus Poniatowski, the old lover whose election she secured in 1763. Poland was incapable of maintaining its independence at the time of the first partition (1772), and the division of the unhappy country was forced on by Austria and Prussia. In the case of the second partition in 1793, she did show herself to be very unscrupulous. Her opposition to the reform of the Polish government was plainly due to a wish to preserve an excuse for further spoliation, but her conduct was less cruel and base than that of Prussia.
Catherine had adhered to her husband's policy of a Prussian alliance. While Frederick the Great lived she was impressed by his ability. But the Prussian alliance became hateful to her, and her later correspondence with Grimm overflows with contempt of his successor Frederick William II, who is always spoken of by her as "Brother Gu." Her exasperation with the affectations of the Prussian king was unquestionably increased by her discovery that he would not be induced to apply himself to a crusade against the French Revolution, which by employing all his forces would have left Russia free to annex the whole of what remained of Poland. But at least she did not enter into a solemn engagement to defend the Poles who were engaged in reforming their constitution, and then throw them over in order to share in the plunder of their country.
Catherine's Turkish policy was at first marked by a certain grandiosity. When the Turks declared war in 1768 in order to support Poland, which they looked upon as a necessary buffer state, she retaliated by the great Greek scheme. For a time it was a pet idea with her to revive the Greek empire, and to plant the cross, with the double-headed Russian eagle, at Constantinople. She formed a corps of Greek cadets, caused her younger grandson to be christened Constantine, and began the policy of presenting Russia to the Christian subjects of the Porte as their deliverer. In pursuit of this heroic enterprise, which excited the loud admiration of Voltaire, she sent a fleet under Alexis Orlov into the Mediterranean in 1770. Orlov tempted the Greeks of the Morea to take up arms, and then left them in the lurch. When Catherine found herself opposed by the policy of France and England, and threatened by the jealousy of Prussia and Austria, she dropped the Greek design, observing to Voltaire that the descendants of the Spartans were much degenerated. The introduction into the treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji of 1774 of a clause by which the Porte guaranteed the rights of its Christian subjects, and of another giving Russia the right to interfere on behalf of a new Russian church in Constantinople, advertised the claim of the tsars to be the natural protectors of the Orthodox in the Ottoman dominions; but when she took up arms again in 1788 in alliance with Joseph II, it was to make a mere war of conquest and partition. The Turkish wars show the weak side of Catherine as a ruler. Though she had mounted the throne by a military revolt and entered on great schemes of conquest, she never took an intelligent interest in her army. She neglected it in peace, allowed it to be shamefully administered in war, and could never be made to understand that it was not in her power to improvise generals out of her favorites. It is to her credit that she saw the capacity of Suvorov, yet she never had as much confidence in him as she had in Potemkin, who may have been a man of genius, but was certainly no general. She took care never to have to deal with a disciplined opponent, except the Swedes, who beat her, but who were very few.
It was the misfortune of Catherine that she lived too long. She disgraced herself by living with her last lover, Zubov, when she was a woman of sixty-seven, trusting him with power and lavishing public money on him. The outbreak of the French Revolution stripped off the varnish of philosophy and philanthropy which she had assumed in earlier years. She had always entertained a quiet contempt for the French writers whom she flattered and pensioned, and who served her as an advertising agency in the west. When the result of their teaching was seen in Paris, good-natured contempt was turned to hatred. She then became a persecutor in her own dominions of the very ideas she had encouraged in former years. She scolded and preached a crusade, without, however, departing from the steady pursuit of her own interests in Poland, while endeavoring with transparent cunning to push Austria and Prussia into an invasion of France with all their forces. Her health began to break down, and it appears to be nearly certain that towards the end she suffered from hysteria of a shameful kind. It is plain that her intellect had begun to fail just before her death, for she allowed the reigning favorite, Platon Zubov, to persuade her to despatch his brother Valerian, with the rank of field marshal and an army of 20,000 men, on a hare-brained scheme to invade India by way of Persia and Tibet. The refusal of the king of Sweden to marry into her family unless the bride would become a Lutheran is said to have thrown her into a convulsion of rage which hastened her death. On the 16th of November 1796, she was seized by a fit of apoplexy, and died on the evening of the 17th.
Father: Christian August Prinz von Anhalt-Zerbst (b. 29-Nov-1690, d. 16-Mar-1747)
Mother: Johanna Elisabeth Prinzessin von Holstein-Gottorp (b. 24-Oct-1712, d. 30-May-1760)
Brother: Wilhelm Christian Friedrich von Anhalt-Zerbst (b. 1730, d. 1742)
Brother: Friedrich August von Anhalt-Zerbst (b. 1734, d. 1793)
Sister: Auguste von Anhalt-Zerbst (b. 1736, d. 1736)
Sister: Elisabeth von Anhalt-Zerbst (b. 1742, d. 1745)
Husband: Tsar Peter III (b. 21-Feb-1728, m. 1-Sep-1745, d. 17-Jul-1762, assassinated)
Son: Tsar Paul I (b. 1-Oct-1754, d. 24-Mar-1801, assassinated)
Daughter: Anna (b. 20-Dec-1757, d. 19-Mar-1759)
Tsar of Russia (1762-96)
Do you know something we don't?
Submit a correction or make a comment about this profile
Copyright ©2014 Soylent Communications | <urn:uuid:377394fe-fa9a-4a92-b9d9-9421b32d6635> | {
"date": "2015-07-03T06:12:58",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-27",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375095775.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031815-00276-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9882435202598572,
"score": 2.640625,
"token_count": 4646,
"url": "http://www.nndb.com/people/575/000078341/"
} |
Oxford University Press (2000)
|Abstract||What, if anything, has art to do with the rest of our lives, and in particular with those ethical and political issues that matter to us most? Will art created today be likely to play a role in our lives as profound as that of the best art of the past? A Theory of Art shifts the focus of aesthetics from the traditional debate of "what is art?" to the engaging question of "what is art for?" Skillfully describing the social and historical situation of art today, author Karol Berger argues that music exemplifies the current condition of art in a radical, acute, and revealing fashion. He also uniquely combines aesthetics with poetics and hermeneutics. Offering a careful synthesis of a wide breadth of scholarship from art history, musicology, literary studies, political philosophy, ethics, and metaphysics, and written in a clear, accessible style, this book will appeal to anyone with a serious interest in the arts.|
|Keywords||Arts Philosophy Aesthetics Poetics|
|Categories||categorize this paper)|
|Buy the book||$11.55 used (92% off) $46.29 new (23% off) $57.00 direct from Amazon (5% off) Amazon page|
|Call number||BH39.B393 2000|
|ISBN(s)||9780195128604 0195128605 0195158520|
|Through your library||Configure|
Similar books and articles
Stephen Davies (2006). The Philosophy of Art. Blackwell Pub..
David Kenneth Holt (2001). The Search for Aesthetic Meaning in the Visual Arts: The Need for the Aesthetic Tradition in Contemporary Art Theory and Education. Bergin & Garvey.
Kathleen Kadon Desmond (2011). Ideas About Art. Wiley-Blackwell.
Richard Thomas Eldridge (2003). An Introduction to the Philosophy of Art. Cambridge University Press.
Noël Carroll (2001). Beyond Aesthetics: Philosophical Essays. Cambridge University Press.
Lars Aagaard-Mogensen (ed.) (1976). Culture and Art: An Anthology. Humanities Press.
Jerrold Levinson (2006). Contemplating Art: Essays in Aesthetics. Oxford University Press.
James O. Young (2001). Art and Knowledge. Routledge.
Added to index2009-01-28
Total downloads12 ( #101,164 of 722,863 )
Recent downloads (6 months)1 ( #60,917 of 722,863 )
How can I increase my downloads? | <urn:uuid:baa95025-0cd5-4072-9958-f362104c4971> | {
"date": "2013-12-07T15:18:31",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163054867/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131734-00002-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8003630042076111,
"score": 2.59375,
"token_count": 552,
"url": "http://philpapers.org/rec/BERATO"
} |
What do these:
and these have in common?
Well that is what my students found out today!
It’s getting towards the end of semester. Exams are coming up, coursework’s been handed in and people are knackered! My students had an in -class exam today, followed by a lecture so I thought for the group-work bit of the class I’d do something a little more fun.
The tragedy of the commons is a key bit of theory my students need to know, but it can be a little bit dry and the original paper is one you really have to wade through. In summary what it is basically talking about is situations where you have a resource (e.g. a lake full of fish) that people have access to. One researcher, Hardin proposed in 1968 that in such situations people will always use the resource for short term gains, NOT long term sustainability. By this I mean they will take as many fish as they can now, rather than leaving some in the lake to reproduce for next year. He proposed that users of these types of “open access resources” (i.e. resources anyone can access), tend not to establish rules about how to use the resource and as such it will end up being depleted – this is the tragedy of the commons.
In contrast another group of researchers, Ostrom et al, in 1999, proposed that in situations like this the resource is never truly open access and that in fact there will be rules and regulations about who can use the resource and how. It recognises that one person’s actions will impact on other people’s. So in the lake example – you might have a village of fishermen and it may be that only the older men are permitted to fish, and only in certain months. These resources are in effect communally owned which is why the rules exist.
So in order to get my students thinking about this, and to have some fun, we did a little bit of group work. They were divided into groups of 4 or 5. Each group represents a village of fishermen. Each village has a lake within which are enough fish for 4 per person (or smarties in this case!). If they go fishing and catch only 1 fish their family will starve. If they catch 2 their family will have enough food to survive until next year. I however they take 3 or 4 fish they can sell the surplus for money.
In the first round no one is allowed to communicate, so each “fisherman or woman” is acting indepently. The fishing season opens and in year one they are allowed to take 0 – 4 fish – it’s up to them how many they choose.
At the end of the first year of fishing we see how many fish (smarties!) are left in the lake. The fish then reproduce – so if there were 4 left they each reproduce resulting in 8 (hence the big bag of smarties!). Then the second year of fishing begins and once again they can take as many fish as they want to (up to 4).
This continues year by year until there are no fish in the lake.
Now the first time around, remember no one is allowed to talk to each other, so they’re all acting for themselves. What they very quickly find out is that the fish run out! In today’s example – one group only had 2 years fishing before the lake was left with no fish, the other groups only got 3 years. Meanwhile some fishermen had starved and others had grown fat on the profit of excess fish sales. This is an example of the tragedy of the commons – people tend to act more selfishly which results in not only depletion of the resource but also social inequalities.
So in the next round they are now allowed to communicate and decide as a community how they want to operate the fishing and what people will be allowed to take. So the fishing starts again – back at year 1, but this time it takes a bit longer as everyone discusses how many fish to take….
After year 1 the fish reproduce again and we move to year 2 etc. Interestingly this time around everyone takes only 2 fish. So no one starves, and no one benefits from extra money from selling fish. As a result they can continue to fish well into year 5, 6, 7, etc (until I run out of smarties!) because the lake is now sustainable. They are taking enough fish to feed themselves but not so much that the populations is depleted. And of course there are no social inequalities – everyone is getting the same.
So as a result all the villages keep on fishing, every year – well until the very last year.. when they know it’s the end and all dive in for the smarties!
So this demonstrates Ostrom et al’s idea of common property resources. Everyone has access to the resource but they all have a stake in wanting that resource to be maintained. They’ve all seen the consequences of acting selfishly (they all starved after 3 years), so rules come in to play – only 2 fish can be taken by each person.
Now this was a bit of fun for the students, a chance to have a bit of a less intense class (and have some chocolate) but it does very nicely demonstrate the principles of these theories. So what? Well let’s have a think about this and how it might impact on us – the most obvious example that springs to mind is the North Sea Fisheries. There we have a potential open access resource which, aside from close to national coastlines, is basically a big free for all. One country takes all it can of one species, whilst others try to get more for their own country etc and what do we end up with? Massively depleted fish stocks. Now of course in national waters there are quotas and rules introduced (just like in round 2 of the exercise) which help to control fish stocks and try to maintain them…
This can be applied to a whole variety of conservation scenarios (and economic ones) and is a really important thing to consider when trying to manage resources and local people. The assumption that people will act altruistically when given the chance is generally wrong – most people tend to go for looking after themselves and their family in the here and now.
Anyway – something to think about and the students certainly seemed to enjoy it!
Read Full Post » | <urn:uuid:d8386f2e-caf4-419e-a650-249e00e11155> | {
"date": "2017-04-29T21:18:45",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123590.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00002-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9718281030654907,
"score": 3.03125,
"token_count": 1320,
"url": "https://nancypriston.com/tag/fundraising-primate-conservation/"
} |
Kids, Heartburn, Constipation and Abdominal Pain
In my practice, I commonly encounter kids that have intermittent abdominal pain usually with some degree of heartburn and constipation. By the time I see them, they have already been to the pediatrician and gastroenterologist (intestinal specialist) without much improvement in their symptoms.
These kids are all having the same kind of problem, poor forward motility of their intestinal tract.
The Intestinal Tract is A One-Way Conveyor Belt
The intestinal tract is essentially a one-way conveyor belt pushing your intestinal contents forwards. Food should pass through the mouth into the esophagus, from the esophagus into the stomach, then through the small and large intestines and finally passed out the rectum.
If the intestinal conveyor belt slows down at all, we get symptoms such as food sticking in our throat or esophagus, bloating and acid build-up in the stomach, abdominal cramps (such as in Irritable Bowel Syndrome) or constipation.
The poor functioning of the intestinal tract is because the autonomic nervous system is not working correctly.
The Autonomic Nervous System and Intestinal Motility
Briefly, the autonomic nervous system is a portion of your nervous system that controls all the organ functions of your body. It helps the bladder to empty, helps maintain proper blood pressure to the brain, regulates the sweating of our skin, coordinates erection and ejaculation as well as coordinates the muscles and valves that push the contents of our gastrointestinal tract forward.
Excessive stomach acid accumulates leading to symptoms of heartburn or nausea, poor coordination of peristalsis (muscle coordination of the intestines that pushes the contents forward) results in cramping and slow motility in the colon (also referred to as large intestine) leads to constipation.
Autonomic Dysfunction is a Harbinger of Future Illness
There is accumulating evidence that the excessive amount of carbohydrates in our diet is impairs autonomic nervous system function and results in problems such as heartburn abdominal cramps, constipation, lightheadedness, headaches and bladder dysfunction leading to urinary frequency, urgency and hesitation.
As I’ve written before, excessive carbohydrate intake is responsible for the development of insulin resistance and diseases such as type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure and heart disease.
The damage to the autonomic nervous system from excessive carbohydrates often precedes the development of insulin resistance and in my opinion, the symptoms of autonomic dysfunction should be viewed as harbingers of type 2 diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure and cancer.
The sequence of events surrounding carbohydrate toxicity unfolds as follows:
- Consume excessive amounts of carbohydrates for many months to years.
- Carbohydrates cause your autonomic nervous system to operate erratically.
- Insulin resistance develops with continued excessive carbohydrate consumption.
- Diseases such as type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, PCOS or gout develop.
- Culminating in the onset of cancer, heart attacks or strokes with prolonged inflammation from underlying insulin resistance
Lower Your Child’s Carbohydrate Intake to Reverse Their Symptoms
Fortunately, a reduction in carbohydrates can result in complete reversal of many of these problems. Simply cutting out all the soda and juices in a child’s diet can result in nearly complete reversal of these symptoms within just a few weeks.
If they don’t drink any soda or juice, start cutting back on the bread, pasta or potatoes in their diet.
The bottom line is you have to cut back on the carbohydrates or their symptoms won’t go away.
Childhood Heartburn, A Warning Sign for Your Child’s Future Health
It goes without saying that no one wants their child to be ill but I believe the most important aspect of this problem is that a child with these problems is a child that is progressing towards more serious illnesses in early adulthood.
High blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease, polycystic ovarian disease, gout, obesity, sleep apnea and all triggered by excessive carbohydrates consumption. If your child has any of these symptoms, they are on the fast track to develop these other illnesses at an early age as well.
Your child’s lifelong eating habits and taste preferences are formed when they are young. It is imperative you change their eating habits by controlling the foods that come into the house, their choices when eating out and the foods they eat at school. You must take charge because no one else is looking out for them.
It’s not too late to change their future. Start today by pledging not to bring anymore soda, juices, chips, cookies, fruit roll-ups, donuts or ice cream into the house. These should be foods that are eaten only infrequently. Save them for the rare celebration.
Your kids don’t NEED these foods. Sure they will gripe and complain. But with time, they will adapt and in the process you may literally save their life. | <urn:uuid:954f580e-53b8-4462-bf18-a74f45efd4d1> | {
"date": "2019-11-12T03:53:13",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-47",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496664567.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20191112024224-20191112052224-00376.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9291216731071472,
"score": 2.515625,
"token_count": 1028,
"url": "https://www.nemechekconsultativemedicine.com/blog/kids-heartburn-constipation-and-abdominal-pain/"
} |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.