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USGS Scientist, Justin Hagerty, honored by President Obama24 July 2012
Dr. Justin Hagerty, a research geologist with the U.S. Geological Survey, was named one of President Obama's recipients of the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers, the highest honor bestowed by the United States government on science and engineering professionals in the early stages of their independent research careers.
Hagerty, an accomplished research geologist, studied the formation of the Moon and discovered the answer to a long-standing riddle of the Moon’s early history. His use of chemical tracers and remote sensing data allowed him to discover why certain elements are concentrated in some areas and not in others, a puzzle which had complicated the primary theory of how the Moon came to be. (USGS press release) | <urn:uuid:9256fcb3-e81c-4316-9b92-0c9390b8f4d1> | {
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By Cameron Chai
A team of researchers from the National University of Singapore’s Centre for Computational Science and Engineering and Zhejiang University has developed a new technique to control the interaction between electrons and vibrations on electronic transport.
This technique paves the way to effectively control data transportation in quantum computers as it improves the transportation of qubits, which are information encoded in electrons. The research team devised an electron transport model to evaluate the current fluctuations of electrons under the influence of phonons, which are quantized modes of vibration.
In the model, a nanomechanical resonator is used for exciting the phonons. The resonator is connected to a system known as double quantum dot (DQD), which can detain one or multiple electrons, to effectively examine the electron transport.
In this study, contrary to earlier studies, powerful random coupling regimes are imposed between the phonons generated by the resonator and electrons in the DQD. The researchers were able to control the phonon excitations without affecting the transportation of qubits. To achieve this, the researchers have utilized coherent phonon states method to decouple the interaction between the phonons and the electrons. The coherent phonon states technique is relied on attaining phonon resonance modes.
The research team has demonstrated that electrons can attain resonance and travel from one quantum dot to another if the surplus energy between the DQD system’s two quantum dots is adequate to form an integer number of phonons. Multi-phonon excitations in powerful electron-phonon coupling regimes improve the electron transport. When the electron-phonon coupling becomes more powerful, the phonon scattering phenomenon suppresses the electron transport and detains the electrons. Thus, electron current fluctuations can be controlled effectively by adjusting the electron-phonon coupling, making it a better quantum switch for controlling the data transportation in quantum computers. | <urn:uuid:0fc7357c-d65d-4bd9-b0ff-56937ca11bae> | {
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and undersea medicine for the
non-medical diver, the
physician and the specialist.
What is it?
Nitrogen narcosis is an effect on
brain of gaseous nitrogen that occurs to divers who go
100 FSW, due to the laws of partial pressures.
Nitrogen is an inert
gas existing in largest quantity in the atmosphere,
in air. It is inert, meaning that it does not take part in
It is the gas that causes nitrogen narcosis through the
Dalton's and Henry's laws and it is the gas that causes
sickness on ascent from
depth with reduction of pressure, (Boyle's Law). Nitrogen is
determines decompression schedules.
What are some of the
Complex reasoning decreases 33%
dexterity decreases 7.3%. The condition causes loss of motor
decision making ability and can be more clearly defined as
to become "drunk", as with alcoholic beverages. The
had "three Martinis" is apt, and it has been stated that one
the narcotic effect of one Martini for every 50 feet of sea
What are Dalton's and Henry's Laws?
Dalton's Law states that the
exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum
pressure of each of the different gases making up the
each gas acting as if it alone was present and
volume. This same law causes oxygen toxicity and enhances
the role of
gases such as carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons.
pN2 + p other gases
fN2 x ATA
Henry's law states that, in a fluid the volume of a gas is
proportional to the pressure above the fluid, or the partial
of the gas to which the fluid is exposed.
How does nitrogen
the nervous system?
There is a critical volume
that states there to be an increased volume of nitrogen in
and this relates to solubility. This explains the pressure
Nitrogen narcosis is potentiated by
increased CO2 levels.
can it be prevented?
Avoid deep diving below 100 feet
Certain factors increase the possibility of nitrogen
- Heavy work and fatigue
- CO2 retention
How is nitrogen narcosis
Treatment of nitrogen narcosis is
controlled ascent to the surface, with the buddy or
the diver for unusual behavior, administration of O2 and
of diving. Prevention should be the best treatment, with no
below 100 feet.
of Harm possible - Drowning would be
the worst case scenario.
of Harmful Outcome. The likelihood of a serious
upon numerous factors we are unable to predict.
Given the usual
recreational diving situation a harmful outcome is
factors, Avoidable? Yes [see modifiers above]
it Worth It? Yes. The risk of nitrogen narcosis is
far overweighed by
personal advantages of recreational scuba diving.
This is a personal | <urn:uuid:ea8898d9-d2a5-4cfc-b778-6cb123857cea> | {
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So some years later, he naturally found himself on that bike path with three blind companions. Two of the bikers, Daniel Kish and Brian Bushway, were experts at echolocation. The third, Megan O'Rourke, was a beginner, at least as far as biking was concerned, and she was a bit nervous.
"They did a few things to make sure they didn't run into each other," Rosenblum said. They twisted plastic ties onto their spokes to make a clicking sound so they could always know where the other bikers were. They also made a clicking sound with their tongues, about once every two seconds, he added, which they could hear reflected back from the curbs, shrubs, parked cars, and other obstacles.
Riding down the street was the scariest part, but "once they were on the bike trail they just went nuts," Rosenblum said. "They had a great time. They never went off the trail. They can hear texture. They can hear the difference between the dirt trail and the grass along the side of the trail."
Of course, he's not suggesting that biking blindfolded down a narrow path is easy. Both Kish, who was diagnosed with retinoblastoma in both eyes at four months and has never been able to see, and Bushway have honed their skills to near perfection over the years. It takes practice to get that good.
But here's something anyone can try. Make a sound -- even hissing will work -- as you approach a moveable wall blindfolded. The sound changes slightly, depending on the distance to the wall, and after about 10 minutes you should be able to do it consistently without running into the wall. At least that's how it works in Rosenblum's lab.
Echolocation is just one of several ways that we can use our various senses much more effectively. Your nose, for example, is a bit of a marvel.
Rosenblum soaked a long rope in oil, giving it a faint smell, and laid it out in a twisted pattern on the lawn at the Riverside campus. His students were blindfolded and equipped with headphones and heavy gloves. Using only their noses, they were told to find the rope and follow it.
"The difference in odor intensity between the two nostrils allows us to track a scent like a dog," he said. If the odor is strong in the right nostril than the left, turn right.
The students, he said, had no trouble finding the rope and following its meandering course.
Some changes in sensor perception take a little longer to accomplish, but not as long as might be expected. In just 90 minutes, he said, a blindfolded person should see improvements in hearing, and possibly even smell.
The brain makes that adjustment in the same way that blind persons enhance their hearing, by redirecting traffic from the visual cortex to the auditory system, but in the case of a blindfolded person, the change is temporary. After about 24 hours, the system returns to its default settings. | <urn:uuid:73f1ff61-080d-40a5-bc7c-9e9ea19a0699> | {
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M3A1 Grease Gun Submachine Gun
The M3A1 was an American submachine gun that first saw action in the European Theater during World War II. The United States military started to believe in the value of submachine guns after a successful British Sten Mark series and the famous German MP40 Submachine gun. Unfortunately, the M3A1 was not met with much fanfare.
The shortcomings of this simply produced submachine gun became apparent in battle field conditions. Many soldiers were in favor of using the M1 Thompson "Tommy Gun", or even a German MP38 or MP40 if they found one. Even the .30 caliber M-1 Carbine was more appealing for many soldiers. Nevertheless, the M3 Grease Gun was pressed into service and was used by many soldiers throughout the war.
In 1944 the Grease Gun was produced in an even simpler and effective way. It jammed less but was still not the most appealing weapon, with many reports of accidental discharges. The U.S. soldiers never fully accepted the Grease Gun even though 700,000 were made in the United States alone. | <urn:uuid:64bf850e-5ed3-4fe0-b3f0-a2e84840450a> | {
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This course covers generic syllabus for Basic Civil Engineering & Engineering Mechanics.
UNIT 1: Building Materials & Construction
Stones, bricks, cement, lime, timber-types, properties, test & uses, laboratory tests concrete and mortar Materials: Work ability, Strength properties of Concrete, Nominal proportion of Concrete preparation of concrete, compaction, curing. Elements of Building Construction, Foundations conventional spread footings, RCC footings, brick masonry walls, plastering and pointing, floors, roofs, Doors, windows, lintels, staircases – types and their suitability.
UNIT 2: Surveying & Positioning
Introduction to surveying Instruments – levels, thedolites, plane tables and related devices. Electronic surveying instruments etc. Measurement of distances – conventional and EDM methods, measurement of directions by different methods, measurement of elevations by different methods. Reciprocal leveling.
UNIT 3: Mapping & Sensing
Mapping details and contouring, Profile Cross sectioning and measurement of areas, volumes, application of measurements in quantity computations, Survey stations, Introduction of remote sensing and its applications.
UNIT 4: Forces and Equilibrium
Forces and Equilibrium: Graphical and Analytical Treatment of Concurrent and non- concurrent Co- planner forces, free Diagram, Force Diagram and Bow’s notations, Application of Equilibrium Concepts: Analysis of plane Trusses: Method of joints, Method of Sections. Frictional force in equilibrium problems.
UNIT 5: Center of Gravity and moment of Inertia
Center of Gravity and moment of Inertia: Centroid and Center of Gravity, Moment Inertia of Area and Mass, Radius of Gyration, Introduction to product of Inertia and Principle Axes. Support Reactions, Shear force and bending moment Diagram for Cantilever & simply supported beam with concentrated, distributed load and Couple. | <urn:uuid:46dcbcc1-bd3c-41bf-bfc9-5092af6d5dca> | {
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DEFINITION of 'Segment Margin'
The amount of profit or loss produced by one component of a business. With large companies, just knowing the gross margin for the entire business is not always enough. Knowing the segment margins for each division of the company that generates both expenses and revenues provides a more accurate picture of where the company is creating the most value and where its strengths and weaknesses lie.
BREAKING DOWN 'Segment Margin'
For example, an athletic shoe company might report its profit margin for the company as a whole. To provide greater detail, it could report segment margins - the profit margins for different components of the business, such as women's shoes, men's shoes, children's shoes and athletic accessories. If the company has multiple locations, it could also report the segment (geographic) margins for its Seattle stores, its Chicago stores and its Philadelphia stores, for example. | <urn:uuid:2e9df398-3407-4024-965f-eb4c52cbd374> | {
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清 佚名 大運河地圖 (從北京至長江) 卷 Map of the Grand Canal from Beijing to the Yangzi River
Unidentified Artist Chinese, late 18th or early 19th century
Qing dynasty (1644–1911)
late 18th or early 19th century
Handscroll; ink and color on silk
21 7/8 x 367 in. (55.6 x 932.2 cm)
Purchase, Friends of Asian Art Gifts, 2003
Not on view
Managing China's complex network of rivers, canals, and irrigation systems has been one of the abiding concerns of its rulers. From the fourteenth century, the Grand Canal served as the major artery for transporting grain from the wealthy agricultural regions south of the Yangzi River to the capital city of Beijing in the north. Of equal importance was the constant threat of flooding from the Yellow River and other river systems that traversed the canal. Under the Manchu Qing dynasty (1644–1911), both the Kangxi (r. 1662–1722) and Qianlong (r. 1736–95) emperors personally inspected the hydraulic management measures in this region on their periodic tours of the empire.
This map follows the course of the Grand Canal from the vicinity of Beijing southward to the Yangzi River. Artistically, it stands halfway between modern cartographic records and the more pictorial approach to mapmaking that was commonly used prior to the twentieth century in China. While most elements are schematically rendered, images of the Forbidden City, the Yangzi River, and certain mountains and topographic features are treated in pictorial terms. All of the rivers, canals, dams, sluice gates, dikes, and catchment basins as well as the walled cities and important towns situated near the canal are depicted and labeled. The linchpin of the entire hydraulic system was the confluence of the Yellow and Huai Rivers with the Grand Canal. Based on documented changes to the configuration of the Huang-Huai confluence and other areas, the content of the map can be dated to the period from 1737 to 1761.
Inscription: Artist’s inscriptions (multiple columns in standard script) | <urn:uuid:9f9a0282-9aeb-43a7-b891-d9550e56ab60> | {
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Astronotes writes that Red Dwarf stars could be the most important type of star in the universe.
A G-type star has but a brief window for life to flourish on its planets, before it expands to a red giant in a cosmic eye blink, then spending perhaps a quadrillion years as a cooling white dwarf. In contrast, a red dwarf will shine steadily but faintly on its children across a lifetime perhaps a thousand times that of the Sun. Eventually there will be a time when red dwarfs are the only living stars in the Universe, all the others which gleam so bright today will be dead stellar husks. If thinking beings can arise on the planets of red dwarfs, one day the Universe will belong to them.
The Sun is expected to exist as a main sequence star for some 10 billion years, but a red dwarf one tenth its size ought to shine on for a thousand times longer, ten trillion years.
Red dwarfs not only outnumber every other type of star in the Universe but will outlive every other type of star.
Centauri Dreams considers the transition from interplanetary travel to interstellar travel.
As we continue our push out into the Solar System, we’re going to run into the natural limits of our navigation methods. The Deep Space Network can track a spacecraft from the ground and achieve the kind of phenomenal accuracy that can thread a Cassini probe through a gap in the rings of Saturn. But positional errors grow with distance, and can mount up to 4 kilometers per AU of distance from the Earth.
To go beyond the Solar System, we’ll need a method that works independently, without the need for ground station assistance. Pulsar navigation is one way around the problem.
A pulsar interstellar GPS system in a recent simulated test had the accuracy of the order of a few hundred meters if a continuous set of data is assumed.
An X-ray pulsar based positioning system could pinpoint an object to within 10 meters, an improvement on the 100-meter or so accuracy of the radio pulsar system. Either system would be accurate enough to track a spacecraft speeding at 19,000 meters per second. X-ray antennas are also smaller and lighter than radio antennas.
Pulsars are extremely weak radio sources and detecting them normally requires a large radio telescope -- a heavy payload for spacecraft. So the researchers propose to create their own sources of pulsing radiation by planting bright radio wave emitters on celestial bodies like Mars, the moon or even asteroids. Pulsars that emit X-rays, a much brighter signal.
Pulsar-based systems may not be as precise as GPS, but they could be a backup system for GPS if the ground control for the satellites fails.
This site had the following in the 180th carnival of space -
My God its three times more full of stars. A better count of red dwarf stars finds 20 times more in elliptical galaxies. The estimate for stars in the universe is now 300 Sextillion.
There is probably a dark jupiter (or several) around the edge of the solar system
Life can have arsenic instead of phosphate as a basic building block. NOTE: there has been a lot of recent controversy about the quality of the research.
If you liked this article, please give it a quick review on ycombinator or StumbleUpon. Thanks
Ocean Floor Gold and Copper
Ocean Floor Mining Company | <urn:uuid:8087b09e-846c-4f54-85d8-4451e85b918f> | {
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Hidden features in Killerton garden
This section of the page features an image gallery, so if you're using a screen reader you may wish to jump to the main content.
Like many manorial gardens, Killerton is dotted with quirky features, some of which are more hidden than others...
On the hill stands the Bear’s Hut, a charming rustic summerhouse. Hidden behind it is the Rock Garden and secreted at the top is the Ice House entrance, built in 1808.
The Rock Garden
The old quarry area was transformed with ferns, conifers and tumbled rocks. A basalt stone column brought back from the Giant’s Causeway by Sir Thomas Dyke Acland, 10th Baronet, and his wife Lydia stood as a focal point.
Sir Charles Dyke Acland, 12th Bt, and his wife Gertrude remodelled this area in the early 20th century, turning it into a contemporary rock garden with alpine plants. It has recently been replanted with Himalayan species, chosen for suitability and a connection with the Aclands: Sir Francis Dyke Acland, 14th Bt, sponsored Frank Kingdon-Ward’s plant-hunting expedition to the Himalayas in the 1920s.
The Rock Garden features rocky outcrops and a myriad of fascinating plants, with a central pool fed by a stream running down the rock face.
The Deer Wall
Near the Bear's Hut is the early 18th-century deer park pale, designed to keep the deer herd in. Originally the pale was formed by a ditch, wall and bank with wooden paling along the top.
Stone-facing was put on the wall by labourers left without work when Isambard Kingdom Brunel’s Great Western Railway suffered funding problems. As a nearby landowner Sir Thomas, 10th Bt, hired the labourers to prevent unemployment.
The structure remains as a wall and planted ditch, forming what is known in Devon as a ‘Goyle’ – a dark sunken path. You can see the Goyle and remaining stone-facing from the Rustic Bridge near the Bear’s Hut. | <urn:uuid:2ff5cef0-10b3-4ee0-90b2-61fb0eb176f1> | {
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Some bacteria that cause mastitis respond to common mastitis treatments and should be treated that way. However, evidence shows that many cases of clinical mastitis do not respond to antibiotic treatment and so should not be treated with antibiotics. How can someone know the difference?
The answer is by culturing the milk of clinically infected cows to at least categorize the pathogens as a type that responds or a type that does not. Many will say sending milk away for culture takes days and by then the cow should have been treated. That may be true, but dairy producers culturing their own milk is an alternative with a much shorter time until the results are known (see article “On-YOUR-farm milk culturing?”).
At least three dairy producers in northeast Michigan do their own on-farm milk cultures. All three of these producers consistently produce milk from cows with average bulk tank somatic cell counts (SCC) less than 100,000. Culturing milk is part of their complete program for cow health and quality milk, not only because it provides information for treating the cow with mastitis, but because it helps them monitor the herd udder health and fine-tune their prevention program.
Julie Nelkie and her daughter, Abigail O’Farrell, at Lemajru Dairy Farm, LLC of West Branch have been culturing milk samples for about 7 years. Charina Dellar of Dellar Dairy Farm in Harrisville got started almost two years ago and Keith Kartes of Circle K Farms in West Branch has been culturing milk for about a year now.
Even with a low average SCC, do these farms think it is worth it to culture clinical cows? “Yes” is how they all responded emphatically. In fact, they agree that culturing milk is a key to their maintaining low SCC.
Culturing milk provides greater information with which they can manage both the individual and the herd. In regard to the individual, it means that they make the decision often to not treat cows with clinical mastitis. Does the decision not to treat have risks?
Researchers have examined that question. Studies involving eight dairy herds in two states; Minnesota and Wisconsin, as well as Ontario, Canada, looked at the effect of treating all clinical cows or just treating cows likely to respond to antibiotic based on on-farm culturing. There were a total of 7,360 cows on these farms with 422 cases of mild or moderate mastitis during the study period.
Articles by Dr. Alfonso Lago et. al. detailing the results of this study and an associated one were published in the September 2011 issue of the Journal of Dairy Science (94:4441-4456). A second article details the impact of treatment decision on cow performance measures. | <urn:uuid:d9664cf4-28e5-4c59-b767-6fbcfcf15233> | {
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MULTIPLE CORRESPONDENCE ANALYSIS
Correspondence analysis and multiple correspondence analysis are techniques from multivariate analysis. You can use the techniques to find clusters in a data set. Correspondence and multiple correspondence analysis are similar to principal component analysis, in that the analysis attempts to reduce the dimensions (number of columns or rows) of a set of intercorrelated variables so that the smaller dimensioned (number of columns or rows) variables explain most of the variation in the original variables. However, correspondence and multiple correspondence analysis are for categorical variables rather than the numerical variables of principal component analysis. Correspondence analysis was developed by Jean Paul Benzecri and measures similarities of patterns in contingency tables.
The Mathematics Behind Correspondence Analysis
Correspondence analysis is used in the analysis of just two categorical variables. In correspondence analysis, the reduced variables are found by applying singular value decomposition to a transformation of the contingency table created from the two original variables. The transformation replaces the value in each cell of the contingency table by the original value minus the product of the row total and the column total divided by the overall total, with the difference divided by the square root of the product of the row total and the column total. The resulting cells then contain the signed square roots of the terms used in the calculation of the chi square test for independence for a contingency table, divided by the square root of the overall total.
The Mathematics Behind Multiple Correspondence Analysis
For multiple correspondence analysis, more than two categorical variables are reduced. The reduced set of variables is found by applying correspondence analysis to one of two matrices. The first matrix is a matrix made up of observations in the rows and indicator variables in the columns, where the indicator variables take on the value one if the observation has a quality measured by the variable and zero if the individual does not. For example, say there are three variables, ‘gender’, ‘hair color’, and ‘skin tone’. Say that the categories for gender are ‘female’, ‘male’, ‘prefer not to answer’; for hair color, ‘red’, ‘blond’, ‘brown’, ‘black’; and for skin tone, ‘light’, ‘medium’, and ‘dark’, then, there would be three columns associated with gender and, for a given person, only one would contain a one, the others would contain zeros; there would be four columns associated with hair color and, for a given person, only one would contain a one, others would contain zeros; and there would be three columns associated with skin tone and, for a given person, only one would contain a one, the others would contain zeros.
The second type of matrix is a Burt table. A Burt table is multiple sort of contingency table. The contingency tables between the variables make up blocks of the matrix. From the example above, the first block is the contingency table of gender by gender, and is made of up of a diagonal matrix with the counts of males, females, and those who did not want to answer on the diagonal. The second block, going horizontally, is the contingency table of gender by hair color. The third block, going horizontally, is the contingency table of gender by skin tone. The second block, going vertically, is the contingency table of hair color by gender. The rest of the blocks are found similarly.
Plotting for Clustering
Once the singular value decomposition is done and the reduced variables are found, the variables are usually plotted to look for clustering of attributes. (For the above example, some of the attributes are brown hair, male, red hair, light skin tone, each of which would be one point on the plot.) Usually just the first two dimensions of the reduced matrix are plotted, though more dimensions can be plotted. The dimensions are ordered with respect to how much of the variation in the input matrix the dimension explains, so the first two dimensions are the dimensions that explain the most variation. With correspondence analysis, the reduced dimensions are with respect to the contingency table. Both the attributes of the rows and the attributes of the columns are plotted on the same plot. For multiple correspondence analysis, the reduced dimensions are with respect to the matrix used in the calculation. If one uses the indicator variable matrix, one can plot just the attributes for the columns or one can also plot labels for the rows on the same plot (or plot just the labels for the rows). If one uses the Burt table, one can only plot attributes for the columns. For multiple correspondence analysis, the plots for the columns are the same by either method, thought the scaling may be different.
Interpreting the Plot
The interpretation of the row and column variables in correspondence anaylsis is done separately. Row variables are compared as to level down columns and column variables are compared as to level across rows. However if a row variable is near a column variable in the plot, then both are represented at similar relative levels in the contingency table.
The interpretation of the relationship between the variables in the indicator or Burt table is a bit subtle. Within an attribute, the levels of the attribute are compared to each other on the plot. Between attributes, points that are close together are seen at similar levels.
An Example Using the Deficit by Political Party Data Set
Below is a multiple correspondence plot for which only the column reduction is plotted. We look at the size of the deficit (-) / surplus (+) using the political affiliation of the President and the controlling parties of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The size of the onbudget budget deficit (-) / surplus(+) as a percentage of gross domestic product for the years 1947 to 2008 was classified into four classes. The largest deficit over the years was -6.04 percent and the largest surplus was 4.11 percent. The class breaks were -6.2, -4, -2, 0, and 4.2, which gives four classes. (There was only one observation with a surplus greater than 2, so years of surplus were all classed together.) Each of the President, Senate, and House variables were classified into two classes, either Democrat or Republican. Since the budget is created in the year before the budget is in effect, the deficit (-) / surplus (+) percentages are associated with the political parties in power the year before the end of the budget year.
The first principal axis appears to measure distance between the relative counts for the parties of the senate, and house. On the plot, the greatest distances on the first principal axis are between the Republican and Democratic senates and the Republican and Democratic houses. Looking at the tables below, the lowest counts were for the Republican senates and houses, which means the highest counts were for the Democratic senates and houses. For the deficit classes, classes (0,4.2] is the smallest class in the table and, like the Republican senates and houses, is to the left on the plot. Still there is not much difference between the deficit classes on the first principal axis (or the parties of the presidents).
The second principal axis appears to show how the differing levels of deficit (or surplus) are associated with the political parties of the presidents, senates, and houses. Looking at the senates and houses, there is not a lot of difference between the Democrats and the Republicans on the second principal axis, both cluster around the deficit class (-4,-2]. For the presidents, however, there is a great difference. Democratic presidents are near the deficit classes (-2,0] and (0,4.2] on the second principal axis while Republican presidents are between the deficit classes (-4,-2] and (-6.2,-4].
Below are two classifications of the data.
In this example, we have treated the deficit, which is a numeric variable, as a categorical variable. In the post before this post, an example of principal component analysis, the same data is analyzed, with all of the variables treated as numeric rather than categorical. | <urn:uuid:ae266267-f18b-42c2-b94e-a4bf99a94683> | {
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The problem of quantizing general relativity (GR) is a very hard one. To this day, and despite continuing efforts, there is not a completely satisfactory theory of quantum gravity. In order to acquire the necessary intuition to deal with the very many issues whose resolution is required, it is often useful to concentrate on simplified models that exhibit only some of the difficulties present in the full theory (and hopefully in a milder guise).
A natural way to get simplified versions of a physical system is to introduce symmetries. They often allow us to get particular solutions in situations where a complete resolution is out of reach. Usually this happens because the effective dimensionality of the problem is reduced by the symmetry requirements. In the case of classical (i.e., non-quantum) systems, symmetry is often used at the level of the equations of motion. Actually, a good way to start exploring the concrete physics of a given model is to look for symmetric configurations. The effectiveness of this approach is reinforced by the fact that, in many instances, they are good approximations to real physical situations. For example, the waves produced on a water pond by a falling stone are very well described by rotationally-invariant functions satisfying the two-dimensional wave equation. This is so because the initial disturbance producing the wave is rotationally symmetric to a good approximation. This very same philosophy is used in many branches of physics. In GR, for instance, the most important and useful metrics solving the Einstein field equations exhibit some type of symmetry – just think of the Schwarzschild, Kerr, or Friedman spacetimes. Actually only a few closed form solutions to the Einstein field equations with no Killing fields are known .
There is a vast literature devoted to the classical aspects of the symmetry reductions that covers topics ranging from purely mathematical issues to physical applications in the fields of cosmology and black hole physics. These simplified systems also provide interesting quantum theories that are easier to handle than full gravity. There are two main types of models that can loosely be defined as those with a finite number of degrees of freedom (minisuperspaces) and those that require the introduction of infinitely many of them (midisuperspaces). The purpose of this Living Review is to explore the quantization of the latter, hence, we will only discuss those classical aspects that are of direct relevance to their quantization (for example the Hamiltonian description).
The paper is organized as follows. After this introduction we will review the history of midisuperspaces in Section 2. To this end we will give a general overview of symmetry reductions of GR. A very important idea that plays a central role in this subject is the principle of symmetric criticality. It provides a very useful simplification – especially when considering the Hamiltonian framework – because it allows us to derive everything from a symmetry-reduced variational principle obtained by restricting the Einstein–Hilbert action to the family of symmetric solutions of interest. Though not every reduced system is of this type, this happens to be the case for all the models that we will consider in the paper. After a discussion on some aspects concerning the mathematical description of superspace we will comment on the differences between minisuperspaces and midisuperspaces.
General issues concerning quantization will be addressed in Section 3, where we will quickly review – with the idea of dealing with the quantization of symmetry reductions – the different approaches to the quantization of constrained systems, i.e., reduced phase-space quantization, Dirac quantization, quantization of fully and partially gauge-fixed models and path-integral methods. We will end this section with a discussion of the differences between the “quantizing first and then reducing” and the “reducing first and then quantizing” points of view.
Section 4 is devoted to the discussion of some relevant classical aspects of midisuperspaces. We will consider, in particular, one-Killing vector reductions, two-Killing vector reductions and spherically-symmetric models and leave to Section 5 the main subject of the paper: the quantization of midisuperspaces. There we will review first the one-Killing vector case and then go to the more important – and developed – two-Killing vector reductions for which we will separately consider the quantization of Einstein–Rosen waves, Gowdy cosmologies and other related models. A similar discussion will be presented for spherically-symmetric midisuperspaces. We will look at both metric and loop quantum gravity (LQG) inspired quantizations for the different models. We conclude the paper with our conclusions and a discussion of the open problems.
We want to say some words about the philosophy of the paper. As the reader will see there is an unusually low number of formulas. This is so because we have chosen to highlight the main ideas and emphasize the connection between the different approaches and models. We provide a sizable bibliography at the end of the paper; technical details can be found there. We feel that the proper way to master the subject is to read the original papers, so we believe that we will have reached our goal if the present work becomes a useful guide to understanding the literature on the subject. We have tried to give proper credit to all the researchers who have made significant contributions to the quantization of midisuperspaces but of course some omissions are unavoidable. We will gladly correct them in coming updates of this Living Review.
Living Rev. Relativity 13, (2010), 6
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License. | <urn:uuid:32dc6672-ee78-41c0-9b9b-94940e71bbdc> | {
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I dont understand a line of code that Bucky writes in tutorial 66.
using namespace std;
cout<<"Enter players ID, Name and account"<<endl;
cout<<"Press Cntrl + Z to quit"<<endl;
fobj<<"ID "<<"LastName "<<"FirstName "<<"Balance"<<endl;
while(cin>>id>>lname>>fname>>money) //What does this line mean?//
fobj <<id<<" "<<lname<<" "<<fname<<" "<<money<<endl;
The line of code is while(cin>>id>>lname>>fname>>money)
What does this mean?
C++ Tutorial 66 Concept Problem
Post a Reply
|Oldest Newest Rating|
· July 20, 2014
Yup kroothusas is correct. The while loop with input (which is cin) as a conditional means that the loop will continue as long as the input is correct. It will only terminate if the user put an incorrect type or the user entered/reach the EOF (End-of-File) which is Ctrl+Z
Used in many types of software including music players, video games, and many large scale applications.
|Bucky Roberts Administrator| | <urn:uuid:b2cb5e29-3875-40a5-a7df-ef65f2c706a7> | {
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A large Diana statue, carved in Vicenza stone with deer sculpture (deer with bronze horns). Artemis was one of the most widely venerated of the Ancient Greek deities. Her Roman equivalent is Diana. Some scholars believe that the name and indeed the goddess herself was originally pre-Greek. Homer refers to her as Artemis Agrotera, Potnia Theron: "Artemis of the wildland, Mistress of Animals".
In the classical period of Greek mythology, Artemis was often described as the daughter of Zeus and Leto, and the twin sister of Apollo. She was the Hellenic goddess of the hunt, wild animals, wilderness, childbirth, virginity and young girls, bringing and relieving disease in women; she often was depicted as a huntress carrying a bow and arrows. The deer and the cypress were sacred to her. In later Hellenistic times, she even assumed the ancient role of Eileithyia.
Dimensions: Height Cm. 220 ( 86" ) | <urn:uuid:113e3d4c-7f65-4929-9863-8979345a09db> | {
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The decadal survey for where astrophysics and astronomy is headed for the next ten years has been here for a few months now. The dust has settled; our course is set and we are full speed ahead. 23 scientists headed by Roger Blandford, a Stanford professor put their heads together and came up with a list of needs that focus on Extra solar planet searching, researching supernovae, defining dark matter and the origin of the universe within a tight budget. Now that is quite the tall order. Blandford , notes that astronomers are watching their budget: "The program of research that we recommend will optimize the science return for future ground-based projects and space missions in a time of constrained budgets and limited resources," he says. Astrophysics on a shoestring budget. To do this, missions for the next decade need to be multiple pronged in their data collection. This will involve some great planning and innovation for these future projects to be successful. Ten years ago little if anyone had heard of dark matter. Now the race is on to pin DM down and make it give up it's secrets.
The tools needed for this decade long push come in the form of the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST), previously known as the Joint Dark Energy Mission. The new $1 billion-plus space telescope will enable researchers to study dark energy, find Earthlike exos , and survey multiple galaxies, including the Milky Way.
The second front of exploration will be earth based and is named the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST), a massive wide-field optical scope that will also help investigate dark energy. Scientist are looking to broaden their understanding of how the first stars, galaxies and black holes formed; to unravel the physics that drive these processes, including gravity and to find the closest habitable Earth-like exoplanets so scientists can study them in greater detail.Would you believe it both top-priority telescopes are already under way.The date of operation for this wonderful scope is 2015 so far...
Ten years have gone by and we are still waiting for the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to get off the ground (launch)The JWST is a large, infrared-optimized space telescope, scheduled for launch in 2014/2015. JWST will find the first galaxies that formed in the early Universe, connecting the Big Bang to our own Milky Way Galaxy. JWST will peer through dusty clouds to see stars forming planetary systems, connecting the Milky Way to our own Solar System. JWST's instruments will be designed to work primarily in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum, with some capability in the visible range.
The James Webb Space Telescope has a 6.5-meter primary mirror. and will be the premier observatory of the next decade, serving thousands of astronomers worldwide. It will study every phase in the history of
our Universe, ranging from the first luminous glows after the Big Bang to the formation of solar systems capable of supporting life on planets like Earth. The evolution of our own Solar System will also be in the wheelhouse of this big space scope. JWST was formerly known as the "Next Generation Space Telescope" (NGST). JWST was renamed in Sept. 2002 after a former NASA administrator, James Webb. The next ten years will see three new telescopes. The Webb is a very big drain in the exploration column of NASA's budget. That may hinder funneling money into the other two projects right away.
I am excited for the next ten years tight budget or not. If history is any indicator; the economy will rebound and budgets will increase. We have so much data to crunch right now from all of the many space telescopes and ground base scope doing research that we have a lot to look forward to these next few years. I parallel these time to the times of Galileo. The discoveries made with the new technology of the day (the Telescope) turned the science world on its ear and out of it modern astronomy was born. We are finding so much so fast in these hi-tech days and truly it is amazing to watch and take in. It is fun to wonder what the next ten years will uncover and wonder I will.
until the next time,
Keep looking up! | <urn:uuid:a3793379-5ef3-4e5d-aea7-2690420d2300> | {
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High Risk Pregnancy
Maternal-fetal medicine (perinatology) provides specialized care for mothers and unborn babies considered at higher risk for complications. It is a subspecialty of obstetrics and gynecology. The physicians and staff at Greenwich Hospital are expert at the medical management of high-risk pregnancies. Comprehensive services are available to women in a caring and compassionate environment. These services may include testing as well as treatment, depending upon test results and diagnosis.
When a Maternal-Fetal Specialist Can Help
- Healthy women whose pregnancy is considered high risk, due to conditions such as:
- Advanced maternal age (35 years or older)
- Abnormal AFP (alpha fetoprotein) blood test
- Multiples (twins, triplets or more)
- Recurrent preterm labor and delivery
- Premature rupture of membranes
- Recurrent pregnancy loss
- Suspected fetal growth restriction (baby appears to be growing slowly)
- Suspected zika virus infection
- Women with health problems such as:
- Heart disease
- High blood pressure
- Preeclampsia (toxemia)
- Diabetes or other endocrine disorders
- Kidney or gastrointestinal disease
- Infectious diseases
Most women are referred to the maternal-fetal medicine department by their obstetricians or infertility specialists. Some patients may refer themselves.
Depending upon individual circumstances, a woman may see a maternal-fetal specialist once or more during her pregnancy. Most women remain under the care of their personal obstetrician, who continues to manage the pregnancy and will deliver the baby.
If necessary, the maternal-fetal specialist will develop a care plan tailored to the patient's personal needs and medical history. The maternal-fetal specialist is typically not present at the birth of the baby. This specialist may, however, consult with a neonatologist (who specializes in premature babies) before the delivery to make sure all necessary services are in place.
Pregnancy Exercise and Nutrition Initiative Program
Women with a Body Mass Index (BMI) at or above 30 are at higher risk of developing health problems and so are their babies. This is why we developed the Pregnancy Exercise and Nutrition Initiative (PENI) Program, which provides coordinated, multidisciplinary care to women with a BMI at or above 30 who are pregnant or are working with a Reproductive Endocrinologist to become pregnant. The goal of the program is to help women have a healthy pregnancy and deliver a healthy baby.
How the PENI Program works:
- Patients are seen from pre-pregnancy through post-pregnancy and can enter the program at any time.
- The PENI team consists of board-certified Perinatologists, Registered Dietitians, Physical Therapists, an Exercise Physiologist and a Coordinator who will help schedule appointments, answer questions and coordinate care.
- A health plan is tailored to help each woman meet her personal goals and provides her with the resources and support she needs to accomplish them.
- Women enrolled in the program can expect to go to Greenwich Hospital at least once a week for an hour to attend a nutrition class, meet with a Perinatologist or a physical therapist, use the hospital’s fitness equipment or participate in a supervised exercise program.
For more information about the Pregnancy Exercise and Nutrition Initiative Program, call 203-863-4585.
Expert and Compassionate Care
Our maternal-fetal medicine team has one of the area’s highest levels of specialty certification. It includes board certified maternal-fetal physicians, obstetricians, ultrasonographers, neonatologists, genetic counselors, and nurses. All work together to provide superior expertise and care for mother and baby.
Because the uncertainty of a high risk pregnancy can be difficult, the team is focused on patient education and clear communication – from diagnosis through treatment and delivery. The staff clearly explains every aspect of care, discussing all appropriate options to help patients and their families make the best decisions.
Early test results (sometimes within 24-36 hours) for CVS and amniocentesis are provided whenever possible.
Learn more about maternal-fetal tests and procedures
As the due date approaches, the maternal-fetal physician remains in close contact with the obstetrician who will deliver the baby. If necessary, the staff will also coordinate care with neonatologists in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.
Learn more about preparing for labor and delivery
Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
It's reassuring for parents-to-be to know that Greenwich Hospital offers a Level III Neonatal Intensive Care Unit for sick and premature newborns.
Learn more about Neonatal Intensive Care
To make an appointment or for more information about Maternal-Fetal Services at Greenwich Hospital, please call 203-863-3674. | <urn:uuid:3ff4d3e4-f7f3-421f-b235-484a4dfbf557> | {
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It’s easy to take your ability to see well for granted until you lose it. No, we’re not talking about grabbing your reading glasses to see the menu in a dimly lit restaurant – but more serious vision problems that rob you of your ability to see. Two of the most common causes of age-related visual loss are a condition called age-related macular degeneration and cataracts. Fortunately, there’s growing evidence that diet plays a role in whether you develop either of these eye diseases.
What is age-related macular degeneration (AMD)? First, how does your vision work? It’s your retina, a light-sensitive tissue in the back of your eyes that converts the light you see into signals your brain can process. Once these signals reach your brain through the optic nerve, the brain translates them into visual information you can see. In the center of the retina is an area called the macula. It’s this part of your eye that is responsible for central vision. Age-related macular degeneration attacks the macula, slowly destroying it. As you might expect, this makes things you see in the center of your eyes blurry. Eventually, AMD can progress to complete blindness.
Cataracts, you’re probably familiar with. With this common, age-related condition, the lens in the eye becomes cloudy and opaque. When you have cataracts, the world looks cloudy and lackluster, as if there’s a gray film covering it. Cataracts are the most common cause of visual loss in people over the age of 40. Chances are, you know someone who has had cataracts. Fortunately, they can usually be surgically corrected – but isn’t it better to prevent them? Although genetics is a factor with visual loss, there’s lots of evidence that diet lowers the risk of AMD and cataracts.
Preventing Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Cataracts
The macula of your eye, the portion that’s affected by age-related macular degeneration is made up of zeaxanthin and lutein, compounds called carotenoids. Guess where you find carotenoids naturally? In a variety of fruits and vegetables. In fact, the job of carotenoids in the macula of the retina is to absorb ultraviolet light from the sun and protect the retina from damage. So, it makes sense that getting more carotenoids in your diet might give your retina additional protection against damage. Those extra carotenoids absorb UV light so that the delicate tissues in your retina aren’t harmed by it. Exposure to ultraviolet light plays a role in both age-related macular degeneration and cataracts.
Carotenoids are only one dietary component that could play a protective role against visual loss. The mineral zinc may too and the antioxidant vitamins A, C, and E as well. The reason antioxidant vitamins, like A, C, and E, are important is that oxidative stress likely plays a role in these eye diseases. These vitamins help to counteract oxidative stress.
Supporting the idea that carotenoids protect against age-related macular degeneration is a study published in JAMA of Ophthalmology showing those who consumed the most carotenoid-rich foods had a 25% to 35% lower risk of developing this common disease compared to those who ate the least. Another study showed a 40% reduction in age-related macular degeneration in people with the highest carotenoid intake.
Most of the studies looked at the intake of specific carotenoids, including common ones like zeaxanthin, lutein, and beta-carotene but there are more than 600 pigments in the carotenoid family. Although lutein and zeaxanthin are the carotenoids in the retina, it’s possible that other carotenoids may be of benefit as well. That’s why the best way to get this class of eye-protective nutrients is naturally – from the foods you eat.
Sources of Carotenoids
Of course, you want to protect your vision – so what foods should you eat? Carotenoids are most abundant in orange fruits and vegetables, such as carrots, sweet potato, and pumpkin, while green, leafy vegetables also have high quantities of carotenoids. The reason leafy vegetables don’t look orange is that the chlorophyll in these foods masks the orange pigment. Considering that antioxidants and carotenoid pigments may offer eye-protective benefits, the best approach is to eat a wide variety of fruits and vegetables since all vegetables contain antioxidants that may be beneficial. There’s also some evidence that getting more of the omega-3 fatty acid DHA in fatty fish might offer protection against age-related macular degeneration because these fats reduce inflammation. However, a recent study didn’t support this.
How about Cataracts?
According to research and the American Optometric Association, adding more vitamin C to your diet may lower your risk of cataracts. There’s also evidence that vitamins C and E, both antioxidants, slow the progression of cataracts. As with age-related macular degeneration, adding more carotenoids (lutein and zeaxanthin in particular) may reduce the risk as well. If everyone ate five or more servings of fruits and vegetables daily, the incidence of cataracts and AMD would likely plummet. Produce isn’t just healthy for your heart but for your brain and vision as well.
Other Ways to Lower Your Risk of Visual Loss
Diet is one of the biggest factors in terms of protecting your eyes. Another big one is shielding your eyes from ultraviolet light. Make sure you’re wearing a pair of sunglasses that offers full protection against ultraviolet light and wear them religiously. It doesn’t hurt to wear a cap too when you’re out in direct sunlight – anything to reduce the amount of ultraviolet light that hits the retina in the back of your eyes. Finally, if you smoke, kick the habit. Smokers are more prone towards cataracts and, possibly, age-related macular degeneration as well.
The Bottom Line
It’s nice to know that you can lower your risk of visual problems by eating a healthy diet. Now you have another reason to eat your fruits and vegetables.
Dev Ophthalmol. 2005;38:70-88.
JAMA Ophthalmol. 2015 Dec;133(12):1415-24. doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2015.3590.
Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. “Pigments in colorful vegetables may ward off macular degeneration”
Medscape Family Medicine. “Do Omega-3 Fatty Acids Help Prevent AMD?”
American Optometric Association. “Nutrition and Cataracts”
Related Articles By Cathe: | <urn:uuid:4ea34ea5-ce68-4041-93d2-7719211a244b> | {
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A recent study has shown that emissions in major cities caused by restaurants such as pizzerias and steakhouses using wood burners can be damaging to the urban environment.
The findings published in the journalAtmospheric Environment points out the underlining pollution causes of the Latin American city of Sao Paulo in Brazil. This work is a collaborative effort by ten leading air pollution experts from seven universities, led by the University of Surrey’s Dr Prashant Kumar from the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, under the umbrella of University Global Partnership Network (UGPN).
The Latin American megacity of São Paulo is the only megacity worldwide that uses a much cleaner bio-fuel driven fleet. With about 10% of Brazil’s total population, Sao Paulo’s inhabitants fill their vehicles with a biofuel comprising of sugarcane ethanol, gasohol (75% gasoline and 25% ethanol) and soya diesel.
Dr Kumar said: “It became evident from our work that despite there not being the same high level of pollutants from vehicles in the city as other megacities, there had not been much consideration of some of the unaccounted sources of emissions. These include wood burning in thousands of pizza shops or domestic waste burning.”
Despite feijoada (a pork and bean stew) being the often hailed Brazil’s national dish, pizza is revered by the residents of Sao Paulo. The ‘pizza day’ is celebrated every July and the neighbourhood pizzeria is the Sunday dinner with the family venue for most of the city’s residents. People of all ages line up for hours outside pizzerias every Sunday evening and the city is home to around 8,000 pizza parlours that produce close to a million pizzas a day and can seat up to around 600 people a time. In addition to the 800 pizzas a day being made using old-fashioned wood burning stoves, a further 1,000 a day are produced for home delivery, with Sunday being the busiest day of the week.
Dr Kumar continued, “There are more than 7.5 hectares of Eucalyptus forest being burned every month by pizzerias and steakhouses. A total of over 307,000 tonnes of wood is burned each year in pizzerias. This is significant enough of a threat to be of real concern to the environment negating the positive effect on the environment that compulsory green biofuel policy has on vehicles.”
Co-author Prof Maria de Fatima from the University of Sao Paulo added, “Although the huge number of passenger vehicles and diesel trucks are the dominant contributor to particle emissions, at least we understand the impact that this is having on the environment and can factor in solutions. The important contributions to particle emissions gained from burning of wood and the seasonal burning of sugar cane plantations need to be accounted in future studies as they are also significant contributors as a pollutant.”
Additional co-author Prof Yang Zhang from the North Carolina State University explained, “Once in the air, the emitted pollutants can undergo complex physical and chemical processes to form harmful secondary pollutants such as ozone and secondary aerosol. While most studies in Brazil have focused on impacts of vehicle emissions on air quality and human health, the impacts of emissions from wood/coal burning and meat-cooking in pizzerias and restaurants are yet to be quantified”
In addition, another part of the problem is the impact of the neighbouring Amazon rainforest. Biomass burning from the south southern edge of the forest can be transported across the Atlantic coast to Brazil and had to be included in the qualitative assessments of the city air pollution.
Citing this recent work, Dr Kumar, continued: “We believe that the contents of this new direction article provide an unprecedented approach in examining the adverse impact of air pollution in such a unique megacity as São Paulo.”
Professor Vince Emery, Senior Vice-President of Global Strategy and Engagement, University of Surrey commented: “This is another excellent example of how global challenges such as air pollution in cities need global networks to identify the problems and ultimately create innovative solutions”.
Paul Smith, Associate Dean in the Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey added “It is great to see that the seed funding invested by UGPN partners has facilitated internationally co-authored work in such an important research area”. | <urn:uuid:ed0504cc-8af0-47a4-9b5e-526012a3563f> | {
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Michael Mazengarb /flickr
Rooftop solar owners in Arizona will pay higher costs for utility service under a new decision by state regulators, but the increase was much lower than the amount sought by Arizona Public Service, the state’s largest utility company. Both sides claimed victory. The case is part of a growing trend of more states reviewing these charges.
What is net metering?
The case involves a practice known as “net metering” where the utility pays rooftop solar owners for the excess energy the rooftop solar panels send back to the grid. Most states allow net metering. In many states, the utility company pays rooftop solar owners the full price the utility charges for power it delivers to customers. Utility companies claim this price is higher than their actual cost to produce electricity. The rooftop solar industry claims that raising costs would crush a new industry that provides cheap, clean energy and fails to recognize the benefits provided by rooftop solar.
Regulators must find the right balance between utilities and the rooftop solar industry by allowing utilities the opportunity to recover all their costs while ensuring that rooftop solar owners receive full credit for the benefits they provide to the electric distribution system.
The Arizona Public Service case
The case was widely followed because rooftop solar has grown rapidly in Arizona in recent years. Arizona Public Service started the dispute earlier this year by requesting approval to raise its monthly charge to rooftop solar owners by an average charge of $50 per month. The regulators approved an average charge of roughly $5 per month.
Arizona Public Service claimed victory because the regulators acknowledged the utility’s higher cost for serving rooftop solar customers. The rooftop solar industry claimed victory because the new charge will be much lower than the amount the utility company had requested.
The ruling is only a temporary fix because regulators will re-examine the issue in a few years, when Arizona Public Service files its next case to raise overall rates. Many other states are reviewing their net metering charges.
What the ruling means for everyone else
State regulators will need to examine the full range of benefits provided by rooftop solar. These benefits include cleaner air emissions, lower delivery costs and providing power during hot afternoons, when electricity from other power plants can entail more harmful air emissions and be more costly. As more states study this issue, states will recognize and measure these new types of benefits provided by rooftop solar and utility companies will reflect these benefits in their payments to rooftop solar owners. At the same time, utilities will be permitted to re-design their rates such that rooftop solar owners pay the full cost the utility incurs for serving them.
This strikes the right balance for ensuring a vibrant future for the rooftop solar industry while ensuring that utility companies are not required to serve rooftop solar customers below the utilities’ cost. This is exactly the type of market-based solution for clean energy policies that EDF supports. | <urn:uuid:87d435a5-c648-463f-8f14-34fe25b0ce07> | {
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Royal Urn Monumental Tomb
Royal Urn, is a monumental tomb from the Kings Wall. These magnificent hand carved tombs are on the Western Wall of Jebel Khubtha. What magnificence! Here at the Kings Wall are four enormous tombs of mega importance. These are tombs of the kings! They are tombs to be remembered. They are carved into the rocks at the foot of the mountain. They stand guard over the city! The first is the Royal Urn Tomb. The other three are the Silk Tomb, the Corinthian Tomb, and the Palace Tomb. They are marvelously built! Their architecture is one of excellence! You have arrived at the Kings Wall!
These marvelous tombs were connected to the Nabataean Water System. Water cascaded down from above into cisterns below located below. This amazing waterfall created the center of the town below. What excellence of design! What beauty abounded! Welcome to Jebel Khubtha and the beautiful City Center Gardens.
The Urn Tomb was built in 446 BC and finished in 7 AD. It is a tomb of grander. Royal Urn Tomb is the largest of the four tombs of the Kings. It is the final resting place of a great king! Royal Urn Tomb is the finest of all the tombs. It is the resting place of an unknown king. Many archaeologists believe it may be the tomb of Nabataean King Malchus II. Whoever was buried here, was buried with great honor.
Petra is home to an amazing number of fantastic tombs. These tombs were a grand celebration of the accomplishments of the dead. They are a celebration of their achievements while on earth. Where the inscriptions were carved, they remain to this day. It is believed though, that many were hand painted. Those have perished with time. These extraordinary tombs continued to be built well into the Second Century AD.
Archaeologists have located inscriptions on Papyruses in other locations. These discoveries have enabled them to know the succession of Nebataean Kings. However, they are still unsure which of the Royal Tombs were built for which King. They are still studying! They are still digging! They still hope to learn which tomb belongs to which King. This is a perfect example of how this mysterious city of Petra, has kept hidden some of her best secrets. Perhaps one day an adventurous climber will find a new clue. Petra has many hidden secrets, just waiting to be discovered! This is a city of adventure! Will you be the next one to discover a clue!
The Royal Urn Tomb was so large and extraordinary that during the Byzantine period in the year of 446 AD, it was converted into the large Byzantine Church. This Church was built directly over the Nabataean and Roman remains. What a beautiful Cathedral! It was designed and built with imported marble, astonishing mosaics, and building materials from previous monuments. The Urn Tomb was now a Cathedral of excellence! Welcome to the Cathedral of Petra!
Like most archaeology site, there are many layers of the city of Petra. It adds to the excitement! It makes for an adventure like no other. One day, someone will stumble on a valuable clue. Will it be you? Make this the year for discovering the secrets of Petra. Explore the Kings Wall! The exploration of a life-time is waiting! | <urn:uuid:3cef913a-2843-495e-badc-e41d4b4d243a> | {
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I’m glad I held on to the very end of this year before proclaiming what the coolest news of 2007 was, because it’s just arrived, and I would have hated to prematurely give the crown to something else. Scientists at UC Davis have pinned down the age of the solar system to 4,568 million years, with a margin of error of about one million either way. This is by far the most precise estimate of the age of the solar system I’ve ever seen. In my astronomy classes (from 2003-2007) we were taught that the solar system was 4.5 billion years old. Now we have two more significant figures! I can’t really explain why, but knowing that figure with such precision is meaningful to me. I’ve already committed it to memory and I shan’t forget it. It’s easy to remember; each digit is monotonically increasing, with the first three being sequential (yeah, that’s how I handle larger numbers).
In the brief period of time between when I saw the headline and when I read the rest of the article, all sorts of thoughts raced through my mind. The most prominent was, “How did they do it?” My first guess was radioisotope dating of material from asteroids (as there’s no rock native to Earth that dates back that far). Uranium-238 has a really long half-life (4.468 billion years), so that was my guess as to what isotope they used to do the dating. The other possibility I came up with was that they used some form of advanced computer modeling of the dynamics of the solar system, but I would be really surprised if anyone could get such accuracy from a simulation.
Well, it turns out my first guess was correct. The scientists at UC Davis performed a radioisotope analysis on samples from asteroids that date back to the beginning of the solar system. My guess of uranium-238 was incorrect though; they actually used manganese-53, which decays to chromium-53 with a half-life of 3.74 million years. That’s a very short half-life relative to the age of the solar system, so the final amount of manganese-53 left in these asteroid samples is incredibly minuscule compared to what it once was. But thankfully, there was still enough left with which to measure to determine the age. As for the type of radioisotope analysis performed, they specifically used radioisochron dating, which compares relative quantities of the unstable isotope (manganese-53) with its resultant decay product (chromium-53) to determine age.
Of course, I was so excited about this news that I immediately told everyone about it, including all of my friends who happened to be online at the time, a friend who happened to call me, and my family. There were two common misconceptions that I’d like to address just in case anyone else who reads this joyous news happens to wonder about them.
How do we know it’s from the solar system? The vast, vast majority of the stuff in our solar system was all born here, and at the same time to boot. The chance of some substantive object being propelled with enough velocity to leave another star system and then get captured by ours is incredibly small. Pick anything at random in this solar system (Sol itself, the planets, moons, asteroids, comets, dust, etc.) and the odds are incredibly good that it’s from around here. But to deal with the off-chance that you end up with something not from around here, you perform the same test on a variety of different asteroids. The chance that they all happen to be from outside the solar system is negligible.
How do we know it’s from the beginning of the solar system? This is a very valid question to ask, at least of materials found on Earth. Earth is a very lively place, with all sorts of geological and chemical processes going on that continually break down older rocks. There isn’t anything on Earth that has been left untouched since the formation of the solar system (if I remember correctly, the oldest rock we’ve found dates back to a paltry 3.8 billion years). So that’s why you need to look at asteroids. Asteroids are too small to have tectonic activity capable of metamorphosing rocks, and out in space, they certainly aren’t hot enough to cause the other kind of metamorphic activity that would change the structure of the rock. So they’re unchanged since the formation of the solar system simply because there’s no mechanism that could change them.
And keep in mind, everything in the solar system formed at the same time in a very rapid process (hey, less than a million years is definitely rapid compared to 4.568 billion years). So all you have to do is test a variety of different asteroids and note that the oldest of the resultant ages all tend to cluster around one number. We wouldn’t expect to find any chunk of asteroid older than the age of the solar system, and indeed, we haven’t. You know it’s good science when the experimental results are repeatable, and these are definitely repeatable.
So look for scientists to continually narrow down the age of the solar system even further in the coming decades as they get more data and more accurate test equipment, but never again will we experience a jump from imprecise estimate to quantified value — with margin of error! — in this number so meaningful to us, the age of the solar system. Remember this day. | <urn:uuid:45f3f0f5-258f-4e7c-b4e6-3870832e4e2b> | {
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WASHINGTON (AP) - It's been called the noblest and most powerful of environmental laws, and also the most despised and feared.
When the Endangered Species Act became law 25 years ago, few lawmakers imagined the controversy it would unleash: fights pitting the protection of plants and animals against the rights of humans to own and manage their land, perform their job and meet the needs of a growing population.
"It's the most visionary environmental law that has ever been passed," says Interior Secretary Bruce Babbitt.
Yet even as they celebrate the law, Babbitt and many environmentalists agree new ways must be found to address the natural conflict between landowners and species.
Passed by Congress with hardly any opposition - 92-0 in the Senate and 355-4 by the House - the law protecting imperiled species was signed by President Nixon on Dec. 28, 1973.
Strangely, it received only scant attention at a time when the country grappled with an oil embargo, long gasoline lines and a president threatened with impeachment.
It seemed only right then to protect an array of dwindling birds and animals: the majestic bald eagle, the powerful grizzly, the picturesque whooping crane, the condor with 10-foot wingspan and the feared alligator.
Few realized it also would protect the snail darter, kangaroo rat, Delhi fly, black-spored quillwort and the much-maligned furbish lousewort (a flowering plant in Maine).
When Nixon signed the bill, there were 109 species believed to need protection. Today there are 1,177 species under the law's umbrella, six of every 10 of them plants.
But while the number of protected species has grown dramatically, only a handful have recovered or are even moving toward recovery. Only 27 species have been removed from the list and of those 16 disappeared or had been listed by mistake.
These numbers have been used by critics as evidence of the law's failure.
"This law is being judged by its intentions and not by its results," argues Rob Gordon of the National Wilderness Institute.
, which advocates property rights.
But most environmentalists maintain the recovery figures are no accurate barometer, either. The law, they say, has prevented the disappearance of hundreds of species and changed public attitudes.
"It's been the catalyst for a profound change in how we view and treat the land," says Mark Van Putten, president of the National Wildlife Federation.
Rodger Schlickeisen, president of Defenders of Wildlife and a Senate staffer when the law was passed, marvels at its vision. It demanded that species be protected on the basis of science, not politics, and seeks to protect from ecological harm "future generations that don't vote today."
In its history, the law has on more than a few occasions raised the blood of those in its line of sight.
"It's done violence to property rights," says Rep. Helen Chenoweth, R-Idaho, who considers the law unconstitutional though it's passed Supreme Court muster a number of times.
Rep. Richard Pombo, R-Calif., who headed a legislative task force that urged a top-to-bottom overhaul, sees its reach as "de facto federal control of private property."
It was only a few years after its virtual unanimous endorsement by Congress that the first sign of strife emerged - in the fight over a Tennessee dam and the snail darter.
Lubbock Avalanche-Journal ©2014. All Rights Reserved. | <urn:uuid:ba00ce8c-aea3-4760-bcea-a45d6a867559> | {
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Beihai Park is an imperial garden to the northwest of the Forbidden City in Beijing. First built in the 10th century, it is amongst the largest of Chinese gardens, and contains numerous historically important structures, palaces and temples. Since 1925, the place has been open to the public as a park. It is also connected at the south to the Shichahai.
The Park has an area of more than 69 hectares, with a lake that covers more than half of the entire Park. At the center of the Park is an island called Qiónghuá Island with a highest point of 32 m. In the north of the park there is a large pool called the Taiye Pool connecting the two other pools, which are called the Middle Sea and the South Sea respectively. Therefore the Taiye Pool is also called the Beihai.Beihai literally means "Northern Sea". There are also corresponding "Central" and "Southern Seas" (Zhongnanhai). The complex of buildings around Zhongnanhai houses China's paramount leaders.
The Beihai Park, as with many of Chinese imperial gardens, was built to imitate renowned scenic spots and architecture from various regions of China; the taihu lake, the elaborate pavilions and canals in Hangzhou and Yangzhou, the delicate garden structures in Suzhou and others all served as inspirations for the design of the numerous sites in this imperial garden. The structures and scenes in the Beihai Park are described as masterpieces of gardening technique that reflects the style and the superb architectural skill and richness of traditional Chinese garden art.
The Bai Ta (White Pagoda) is a 40 m high stupa placed on the highest point on Qiónghuá Island. Its body is made of white stone. Sun, moon and flame engravings decorate the surface of the tower. Destroyed in 1679 by an earthquake, it was rebuilt the following year, and restored again in 1976, because of an earthquake which occurred at Tangshan, near Beijing. A reliquary, secreted inside the structure are Buddhist Scriptures, monk's mantles and alms bowl, and the bones of monks (their remains after cremation).
There are several renowned Buddhist temples located within Beihai Park, such as the Yong'an Temple (Temple of Everlasting Peace) and the Chanfu Temple.
On the north bank lies the Five-Dragon Pavilions, five connected pavilions with spires and pointed upswept eaves, which was built in the Ming Dynasty.
The Nine-Dragon Wall lies north of the Five-Dragon Pavilion. It was built in 1402 and is one of three walls of its kind in China. It is made of glaze bricks of seven-colors. Nine complete dragons playing in the clouds decorate both sides of the wall.
Also on the north bank is the Jingxin Room (Quieting Heart Room). It is a garden within the garden, and covers an area of more than 4,000 m². Many small traditional Chinese gardens exist throughout the park.
The Circular Wall (Tuancheng) has as its main structure the Hall of Received Light (Chengguangdian), a spacious building with a double-eaved roof made of yellow glazed tiles bordered in green. Inside there is a 1.6 m tall Buddha presented to Emperor Guangxu by a Cambodian (Khmer) king. It is carved from a single piece of pure white jade inlaid with precious stones. The Eight-Nation Alliance damaged the statue’s left arm in the Battle of Peking in 1900.
In the Beihai Park, one could find Taihu rocks shipped from the Henan province and a variety of art collections ranging from jade jars from the Yuan-era to a collection of 495 steles bearing inscriptions by trees of hundreds of years old. | <urn:uuid:6c20a230-5458-4714-8d84-a661ed39298d> | {
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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a common cause of water-borne acute hepatitis in areas with poor sanitation. In 2004 an outbreak of HEV infection affected around 2,000 people in Eastern Chad (Dar Sila). This paper describes the decrease in the incidence of acute jaundice syndrome (AJS) from 2004 until 2009 when a mean incidence of 0.48 cases/1,000 people/year was recorded in the region. Outbreaks of AJS were identified in some of the camps in 2007 and 2008. Moreover, water samples from drinking water sources were screened for human adenoviruses considered as viral indicators and for hepatitis A virus and HEV. Screening of faecal samples from donkeys for HEV gave negative results. Some of the samples were also analysed for faecal coliforms showing values before disinfection treatment between 3 and >50 colony forming units per 100 mL. All water samples tested were negative for HEV and HAV; however, the presence of low levels of human adenoviruses in 4 out of 16 samples analysed indicates possible human faecal contamination of groundwater. Consequently, breakdowns in the treatment of drinking water and/or increased excretion of hepatitis viruses, which could be related to the arrival of a new population, could spread future outbreaks through drinking water.
Keywords: acute jaundice syndrome, drinking-water, Eastern Chad, HEV, HAdV, humanitarian action | <urn:uuid:5ea57c6a-8335-4f08-8847-2e02bfdc6b5b> | {
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February 6, 2018
In Defense Of America’s Dreamers
In rural regions of Colombia, a village’s community health center is sometimes a several hours away by walking or boat – leaving hundreds of communities without easy access to basic healthcare. Incidents of malnutrition are common and many suffer from diseases caused by drinking contaminated water.
Rural communities have also been affected by Colombia’s decades of conflict, with violence against women being a significant problem. Around 30% of those we treat at our mobile clinics suffer from anxiety, depression, PTSD or have experienced sexual violence at some point in their lives.
In the rural regions of Nariño, Meta, and Guaviare, Doctors of the World runs mobile health clinics with a focus on sexual and reproductive health. We provide family planning advice such as antenatal and postnatal care, contraception distribution, malnutrition screenings for pregnant women and young children, and if a woman wishes to have an abortion we refer her to the relevant services. We also provide medical and psychological support to women who have been victims of violence. In 2016 we provided 12,054 medical treatments, screened 3,832 women and children for malnutrition and provided 1,735 people with family planning advice.
In addition to our sexual and reproductive health work, we also work on increasing awareness amongst children and families about the dangers of drinking contaminated water. Our teams run educational workshops and distribute water filters to communities in order to prevent the spread of waterborne diseases. Following 2016’s peace treaty between the Colombian government and the rebel group FARC, we are also starting to strengthen our partnerships with public health services to guarantee continued access to care for these communities. | <urn:uuid:db7321f3-b483-4c0c-8eee-d6afb3d4895c> | {
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What do we mean by being an ethical leader and does it deliver any value to the organisation and employees within it?
We could define an ethical leader as someone whose behaviour is consistent with broader societal values and beliefs (Mayer, 2014). Consistency and ‘walking the talk’ is a critical component to coming across as an ethical and thoughtful leader. Behaving ethically delivers value to the individual leader – behaving in line with our values delivers greater levels of self esteem, confidence and benefits our overall well being.
But are there any benefits to being led by an ethical leader?
Research demonstrates that when followers view their leader as ethical they are more likely to be satisfied with their jobs and report greater commitment to their organisation. They are also more likely to view their work as more important and meaningful, conduct themselves more ethically and actually perform better on the job (Mayer et al, 2010). As ethical leaders promote desireable behaviour, their followers are also more likely to give a little more, beyond the job description, helping out colleagues and customers.
Reciprocity plays a part. If a leader is good to you, plays fair, does the right thing etc., then chances are you will want to do the right thing by them, by colleagues and by the organisation. Leaders set the tone and provide the example of what acceptable behaviour is within an organisation and therefore an ethical leader is likely to encourage ethical behaviour. When organisations are run by ethical leaders a virtuous circle is created.
How do we develop ourselves as ethical leaders?
How can you be seen to be an ethical leader? There are a few tried and tested ideas:
- Talk about it as well as walk it – it is important that leaders provide an opportunity for individuals to discuss issues about ethics and values so that individuals understand how the decisions they make fit with the company’s espoused values and mission. However, talking about ethics is not enough. Ethical leaders must behave in line with their words.
- Find your mantra – having a mantra is a way to keep one’s values front of mind. Before taking an action, apply your mantra to guide your decision. For instance, this mantra could be “What would Mum/my kids think of this?” or “Would I feel comfortable if this appeared on the front page of The Times?”. An inspirational quote on a yellow stickie placed somewhere around your work area helps remind you of what’s important.
- Question self serving behaviour – as humans we have a unique gift for rationalising our past behaviour. We may put ourselves forward for a new project as we are aiming for a promotion and then rationalise that by saying we are the right person for the job. We may well be but pausing and thinking about whose interests are best served here may stop you falling into the self serving pitfall.
- Have a critical friend – developing a high quality relationship with someone who is not afraid to hold a mirror up to your behaviour becomes even more important as you move through the organisation.
There are things an organisation can and should be doing to encourage and enable ethical leadership. An ethics audit is one way in which an organisation can understand what’s actually going on in such areas as hiring, performance management, or reward. Employees must feel that their responses are confidential so employing an outside consultant is key here.
In addition, involving leaders in the development of an ethical leadership model reflective of the organisation’s values and mission provides a forum for leaders to share and develop their thinking in the area. Being an ethical leader cannot be a stand alone exercise – it needs the help, support and continual reinforcement of the organisation and colleagues.
If you would like help in developing an ethical leadership model or feel you might benefit through coaching to better understand your values and priorities, do get in contact. | <urn:uuid:7fb28963-df04-4e82-9136-6616aacdde57> | {
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One of the great American ideals is that everyone has an equal chance to succeed in life. A cornerstone of this ideal is our public education system. American public schools are meant to ensure that every child — regardless of race, religion, or background — has access to a good education. At their best, our public schools establish a common foundation upon which an informed democratic citizenry can be built.
It's no secret, though, that our public schools are in trouble and not always living up to these ideals. In communities across the country, a growing and influential group of private school advocates has been pushing school vouchers as a cure-all for the deficiencies of our public education system. But when you consider that vouchers undermine the separation of church and state, have done little to improve student performance, and divert desperately needed funding from public schools, they begin to look a lot less like an antidote and more like snake oil.
The controversy surrounding government funding of religious education is not new. James Madison, the primary architect of the First Amendment, opposed efforts in Virginia in 1785 to compel citizens to support "Teachers of the Christian Religion." Madison believed that taxing the public to support private religious instruction was an unjustifiable and coercive interference with liberty of conscience. He wrote: "Who does not see . . . [t]hat the same authority which can force a citizen to contribute three pence only of his property for the support of any one establishment, may force him to conform to any other establishment in all cases whatsoever?"
Thomas Jefferson likewise insisted that "compel[ling] a man to furnish contributions of money for the propagation of opinions which he disbelieves and abhors, is sinful and tyrannical." Jefferson also believed that public financing of religion would ultimately corrupt and weaken it and that a wall of separation between church and state was essential to protecting the integrity of every faith tradition.
Many states have recognized and enshrined these tenets in their laws and constitutions, providing even greater protection for the separation of church and state. Thus, while the U.S. Supreme Court has upheld at least one type of voucher program under federal law, school vouchers often run afoul of state constitutional prohibitions.
The American Civil Liberties Union has been fighting to preserve these religious freedom principles by challenging voucher programs across the country. Most recently, we helped parents, clergy, and taxpayers in Douglas County, Colo., stop a program that diverted taxpayer money to pay students' tuition at primarily religious, private schools.
The school district claimed that the voucher program would increase families' educational choices, but almost all of the approved private schools were religious and aimed to indoctrinate students. Indeed, for high school students who were not gifted or disabled, their only choice, if they wished to receive a voucher, was to attend a religious school. Most of these schools practiced religious discrimination in enrollment and hiring, and some also discriminated on grounds of sexual orientation and disability.
This is not to say that parents don't have the right to provide their children with a religious education. The principles of religious liberty protect the rights of those who wish to observe their faith as they see fit. What these legal precepts should not allow, however, is for a religious education to be provided at taxpayer expense.
The eagerness of some to pursue vouchers, in spite of the serious harm they cause to religious freedom, is especially troubling given that vouchers are not the panacea their proponents claim. Studies of voucher programs in Washington, D.C., Cleveland, Milwaukee, and other areas have shown that vouchers do not have a strong effect on students' academic achievement. The negligible academic gain hardly seems worth the effort.
Public education funds should be dedicated to improving our public schools. Every dollar that goes to a private institution could be spent instead on increasing training for teachers, providing schools with computers and other resources to enhance education, or funding school lunch programs to give low-income children an incentive to attend school.
Ultimately, quick fixes like voucher programs do nothing to solve our education crisis and will only exacerbate the problems of struggling public schools. Vouchers are simply not worth sacrificing our national commitment to religious liberty and equal opportunity for all. | <urn:uuid:e194a7f9-6cae-49cd-9881-6acabce0ddd1> | {
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Obesity can lead to all sorts of health problems—Type-2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol are some of the more common issues. But increased "risk" of a disease doesn't always jolt people out of their habits. Here's a more stark conclusion that might: Obesity can also actually age you 10 years. And if you're a young adult between 10 and 19, it could be as much as a whopping 20 years.
These statistics come from Practice Fusion, a large electronic health record company with a data set of millions of clinical records (made anonymous for this analysis). They found that an obese 10-year-old has the same number of co-morbidities (or concurrent conditions like Type-2 Diabetes) as an average 30-year-old. A 40-year-old has the same number of co-morbidities as a 50-year-old.
"Our data set is really unique in that it is so large, and updated in real-time every night," says Lindsay Jorgensen, a data scientist at Practice Fusion. "It usually takes years to collect data, and it's outdated by the time you use it."
Jorgensen and the Practice Fusion data science team are always on the hunt for trends in their data set. They decided to focus on obesity because of two factors: a pair of obesity-fighting drugs were recently released, and this past summer, the American Medical Association declared obesity to be an actual disease.
In spite of all that, only 12% of people with an obese body mass index in Practice Fusion's data set were given a diagnosis of obesity by their doctors. "Doctors aren't necessarily viewing this as a disease. It's more a physical characteristic in their minds," says Jorgensen. (There is such a thing as being healthily obese, without any of the normal co-morbidities).
She is hopeful that statistics like the ones discussed here—as well as other pieces of research showing how obesity has a detrimental effect on overall health—will change how doctors view obesity.
[Image via Shutterstock] | <urn:uuid:7c9bb72e-1eb8-43be-b3a5-ac113c6aace2> | {
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MYSTERY WRAPPED IN AN ENIGMA
During warfare, one of the key aspects of communications is the ability to transmit messages within the military and allies in utter secrecy and security. Today this is fairly easy with the plethora of high-tech digital encryption systems that are available. However, during World War II, the need for secrecy forced allies and enemies alike to develop their own various forms of encrypted communication. The methods used were numerous. They included traditional practices such as placing spies and sending trained carrier pigeons, as well as newer electronic encryption systems. When the Germans developed a new machine, they thought it was completely undecipherable.
The German machine was known as Enigma. It resembled a typewriter that could produce highly encrypted text messages. To use the Enigma, the operator first typed the text. Then, by turning a few wheels, they could scramble the message through the machine. On the receiving end, the other operator would need to set their machine with the same wheel or rotor order to unscramble the message. Codebooks were distributed to message operators so that they could enter in the correct decryption key when receiving a transmission. Originally the Enigma had been invented for commercial purposes, before the German military saw its obvious potential.
In theory, if the Germans had stuck to strong standardized operating procedures, their codes would indeed have proven almost impossible to decipher. However, they became careless when it came to this aspect, which ultimately became the main weakness that helped the Allies to decrypt the codes. As the German troops were attacking fast and relentlessly, it became vital for the Allies to intercept and decrypt their intelligence. At the end of 1932, the Cipher Bureau in Poland obtained an Enigma machine. They shared their information with the British and French to develop code-breaking techniques. To create a dedicated effort towards this end, the British government set up the Code and Cipher School, located in Buckinghamshire’s Bletchley Park. There, they brought in experts in mathematics, logic, and problem solving. These new recruits worked together to create prototypes of electronic machines (comparable to computers) to produce decryption on a larger and faster scale. They kept these efforts highly secretive so that word would not leak to the German forces. Still believing their codes to be fully secure, the Germans had by this time adopted the Enigma ciphers within their army, navy, air force, and secret services. In the early days, a few ciphers were cracked but revealed little helpful information. In 1941, new decryptions revealed information about Germany’s plans for invading Greece. Soon after, the experts at Bletchley decrypted secret intelligence regarding the Italian navy, resulting in an Allied victory during the Battle of Cape Matapan.
Subsequently, further messages that were intercepted and decoded helped the Allied troops gain a significant advantage. Even after the war, these encoded communication machines and techniques greatly influenced a number of other areas, especially in the field of computer science and electronic communications.
Explore these resources to discover more about encrypted communications methods & devices during World War II.
Cracking the Enigma Code – Read how large number of code breakers worked together to crack Germany’s seemingly impossible codes.
WWII Coded Communications – A few key errors on the part of the German troops allowed the Allies to crack the Enigma codes.
German Code Breaking – This is a look at examples of German codes and how they were deciphered.
Bletchley Park – Learn about the significance of Bletchley Park and its role in codebreaking efforts during WWII.
Native Indian Codes – Since Navajo is a complex and unwritten Native American language, it proved an excellent solution for transmitting coded messages among the Allies.
Colossus – This article explores the development of the top-secret machine that Allies developed to electronically crack German codes.
SIGSALY – See how the highly encrypted speech system used by the Allies was developed.
U.S. Codebreakers – U.S. experts worked hard during the war to break the enemy’s codes while developing some of their own.
Encryption Technology – A Polish man working in Germany was the first breakthrough for the British in terms of decoding enemy ciphers.
Military Intelligence – Compare the different types of military coded communication from traditional to state of the art technology of the time.
The Enigma Machine – Look at a real Enigma machine and read about how it worked.
Japanese Transmissions – Japanese troops were inspired by the Germans when it came to developing their own form of encryption.
Code Breakers – During WWII, even college students were secretly trained and recruited in encrypted messaging.
Purple – This introduction and timeline examines the Japanese encryption system, known as Purple.
WWII Code Breaking (PPT) – View a presentation on how code breakers worked during the war.
Code Talkers – The Native Americans who acted as communications specialists during WWII are hailed as unsung heroes who played a large role in helping to win the war.
German Cipher Machines – View a video on the complex cipher machines developed in Germany.
Breaking the Code (PDF) – Read a first-hand account of U.S. recruit who worked with code breakers in the 1940s.
WWII Encryption – Learn about some of the devices and technologies used for encryption in WWII.
Russian Fialkas – Fialka’s were Russia’s answer to a sophisticated encryption system. | <urn:uuid:7b35e171-ac6f-47a9-97f6-89c8c68f48c0> | {
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For every compilation we release we ask someone to write a short article to frame the collection of songs. I’m especially excited for you all to read this article by Scott Redd for our most recent compilation on the Hallel Psalms (113-118). Scott and I went to seminary together and I worked briefly with him a few years back at my current church in Raleigh – Christ the King. Besides being the newly minted president of RTS-DC he is a brilliant scholar (PhD in OT), pastor, and friend.
“Hallel Psalms and Christian Worship”
Download as PDF
The Psalter is not only ancient Israel’s hymnal, consisting of corporate praise and prayer to God; it is also its teaching, preaching exhortation, and admonition to the assembly. As Israel’s earliest liturgical expression, it proclaims the good news of the covenant that worship transmits down the generations.
The psalter has presented readers with a multitude of ways to divide, categorize, and sort its collection of songs, poems, prayers, and hymns, but one of the oldest classifications is the small subgroup known as the hallēl psalms. The term hallēl is a Hebrew classification derived from a word meaning “to praise” or “to cheer.”
The Egyptian Hallel
These psalms have a long tradition in both Jewish and Christian liturgical practice. Among the more frequently used of the Hallel are the “Egyptian Hallel” (Psalms 113-118), so-named because of the description of the Exodus in Psalm 114 and their connection with the Passover Seder meal. It is interesting to point out that the Greek translation of these psalms all begin with the Greek transcription of the Hebrew verb allelouia meaning “praise the Lord,” even though the Hebrew word is only present in the Psalms 113. This addition in the Greek translation of these psalms indicates that they were understood to comprise a subcategory already at an early stage of the development of the Psalter
The Egyptian Hallel (EH) were commonly used during the great festivals of the Old Testament period. Early Jewish texts describe how they were sung during Sukkoth (Booths), Hanukkah, the first day of Passover, and the Shabu’oth (Pentecost or Weeks). During the Passover Seder meal, Psalms 113-114 were sung prior to the second cup of wine (following the answering of the children’s questions [see Exod 12:26-27]) while Psalms 115-118 were sung near the end following the hand-washing and right before the fourth cup of wine.
It is also historically likely that the EH comprised the hymn sung by Jesus and his disciples following the Last Supper as recorded in Matt 26:30 (cf. Mark 14:26). Over the course of its history, the Christian church has incorporated the EH into its liturgical repertoire, and it is not hard to understand why in light of Christ’s apparent usage of the psalms. The possibility of worshiping as Jesus worshiped, not to mention the suitability of the Psalms 113-118 to the setting of the Passover Seder meal and the subsequent Christian sacrament of the Lord’s Supper, is a prospect so exhilarating that it would be difficult for the follower of Jesus to pass it up.
The use of the EH in the Last Supper, as a Passover meal, provides us with one of the few instances of a liturgy being directly connected to an actual sacramental practice. One thinks perhaps of the Aaronic blessing (Num 6:23-27), but there are not many such cases of liturgy and sacrament, of even liturgy and sacred calendar, being so closely associated (for example, the “Songs of Ascent” [Psalms 120-134] and the yearly feasts).
Because of their use in the Last Supper, the EH have been incorporated in the Christian liturgy surrounding the Lord’s Supper. Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) developed an approach to Reformed eucharistic liturgy that included a recitation not only of the Gloria and the Apostles’ Creed but also Psalm 113. The 1542 Genevan Psalter of John Calvin called for use of several of the EH in the Communion liturgy. After the sacrament had been received by the people, they were to respond with, among other psalms, Psalms 113, 116, 117, or 118. The Genevan sacramental liturgy then was completed with the administration of the Aaronic blessing (Num 6:23-26).
For the Worshipping Community
As mentioned above, the EH seem particularly suited to events of Passover and the Lord’s Supper. Their recitation populates these sacramental meals with images of deliverance, covenant, and thanksgiving, and their poetic rhythm brings all of the participants together in a corporate act of claiming God’s blessings in both the past and the future.
As a collection, the EH offers a succinct liturgical text that engages multiple aspects of the worshiping experience. With the words of the EH, the worshipers are able to participate in uniquely covenantal worship: prayers of supplication, appropriation, story-telling, and praise.
1. In supplication, the worshipers place the needs and desires before the Lord, relying on him for these particular concerns as well as every blessing of life. See Psalm 115, 118.
2. In appropriation, the worshipers lay claim to God’s blessings by the very act of thanking and praising him for them. Old describes appropriation like this,
By giving thanks for God’s gifts, one appropriated them to one’s own use (see 1 Tim 4:3-4). This is an old principle of biblical prayer. Giving thanks blesses or consecrates the gifts one has received so that one may use those gifts for one’s own enjoyment and profit.
By acknowledging the Lord as the source of their blessings, the faithful implicitly lay claim to the fruit of that blessing and their subsequent use of it. This is an important, but often ignored, aspect of biblical worship. See Psalm 113, 118.
3. Story-telling is similar to appropriation though it extends beyond it by giving expression to the history of redemption as the autobiography of the worshiping community. The gathered community recounts to each other the story of their salvation and the hope that they expect from the future in light of it. In the case of the Lord’s Supper, the recitation of the story is also performed in the sacrament, which is both representative (sign) and powerful (seal) as a means of grace. See Psalm 114, 116, 118.
4. Lastly, praise is worship that reflects the glory of God back to him, celebrating his attributes, recruiting the nations to similar praise, and acknowledges God’s uniquely worship-worthy character. See Psalm 113, 115, 117.
If read in succession, the EH are plainly covenantal in that they lay hold of the blessings of the past, e.g., justice for the weak (Psalm 113,) Exodus (Psalm 114), God’s faithfulness and lordship (Psalm 115). They provide an individual song of petition and thanksgiving (Psalm 116), a call for global worship (Psalm 117), and a royal song of future victory for God’s faithful (Psalm 118).
The EH bring the worshiper into the drama of the redemptive act. In the context of the Last Supper, it is particularly poignant to read the lines of Psalm 118 in light of the betrayal that is to follow it for Christ in the Garden of Gethsemane:
I will not die, but I will live,
and proclaim the works of the LORD.
The Lord has surely disciplined me,
but he has not given me over to death.
Open for me the gates of salvation,
that I may enter into them; I will thank the Lord.
(Ps 118:17-19; my translation)
In the ancient Israelite setting of these verses, the resolute stance of these lines looks forward to a day of opposition and resilience, preservation perhaps in the face of persecution. On Christ’s tongue, however, they take the shape of an imminent existential dilemma. How will he die and yet be delivered from death that he might enter the “gates of salvation”? Of course, the answer goes to the heart of the Christian’s hope, that through death, Christ conquered death so that he and those he brings with him might live again to proclaim the works of the Lord. This final psalm of the EH is part of that hope, because, in itself, it represents the proclamation for which the singer yearns.
EH in Practice
The EH are well-suited to the calendar of Holy Week for those who observe the practice of the sacred calendar. The six psalms can be divided up among the six days that lead up to the Easter Sunday worship. Each day can be opened and closed with a reading and meditation on its respective psalm, not only as a text by itself but in the broader story of redemption and its climax in the death and resurrection of Christ.
The EH can be read morning and evening of the three days of the Triduum (Evening of Maundy Thursday through Resurrection Sunday), so that Psalms 113-114 are read morning and evening respectively on Good Friday, Psalms 115-116 are read morning and evening respectively on Holy Saturday, and Psalms 117-118 are read morning and evening respectively on Resurrection Sunday. The thematic arc of the EH fit well with the themes of these days within the Holy Week. The tone of thankfulness for past blessing (Psalms 113, 114) sets the mood of Good Friday. Faithfulness in the face of doubt (Ps 115:2), and desperate prayer for deliverance (Ps 116:1) attend to the solemn tone of Holy Saturday. The triumphal proclamation (Psalms 117, 118) gives voice to the joy of Easter.
Furthermore, many churches observe a Good Friday service, which could be structured around a reading, both individually and collectively of the EH, interspersed with a short homily or meditation of each psalm. For those churches with the resources, some of the EH (Psalm 116 or 117, for instance) could be put to song.
In corporate worship, the EH can be sung antiphonally, as was the practice in rabbinic Judaism and is recorded in the Babylonian Talmud (b. Sotah 30b). The worship leader might experiment with call and response where the congregation responds with a refrain, whether from within the particular psalm or from Psalm 117, which serves as a sort of refrain for the entire EH family.
Regardless of how they are used, the EH provide a poignant, biblical liturgy by which a worshiping community can give vibrant expression to the personal work of the redemption they have received due to the accomplished work of Jesus Christ. Using the EH for Easter worship, or simply as a text for the Lord’s Supper on Sunday morning, is a wonderful way to connect one’s community to the doxological practice of the communion of saints in history.
Ellen T. Charry, God and the Art of Happiness (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 2010), 195.
In the Greek, Psalm 113 unites what is Psalm 114 and 115 in the Hebrew, and so there is no discrete psalm equivalent to the Psalm 115 of the Hebrew text. As a result Psalm 113:9 of the Greek matches Psalm 115:1 of the Hebrew, but the transcription allelouia does not appear in either text.
See Pesaḥim 9.6-7. The Mishnah also describes how the Levites sang the EH as they prepared and slaughtered the paschal lamb: “If they finished [the EH], they sang it anew, and if they finished it a second time they sang it a third time, although it never happened that they thrice completed it. R. Judah says: Never during the turn of the third group did they reach so far as I love the Lord because he had heard [my voice], since the folk in that group were but few” (Pesaḥim 5.7).
Lightfoot is confident on the question. After describing the use of the Hallel in later Passover meals, he write, “it is certain he used the hymn, as the evangelist tells us” (J. Lightfoot, A Commentary on the New Testament from the Talmud and Hebraica [4 vols.; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1859; repr. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 1997], 353).
Old classifies this as covenantal doxology, because it “emphasizes that when the assembly of God’s people is united in sacral bond, giving thanks for the works of redemption, confessing their covenantal obligations, and witnessing to the faithfulness of God, then God is worshiped.” Hughes Oliphant Old, Themes and Variations for a Christian Doxology: Some Thoughts on the Theology of Worship (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1992), 111; He categorizes Psalm 116 as such (pp. 126-127).
Hughes Oliphant Old, Worship: Reformed According to Scripture (Louisville, Ky.: Westminster John Knox, 2002) 113.
James K.A. Smith discusses this aspect of liturgy, both sacred and profane, in Imagining the Kingdom: How Worship Works (Volume 2 of Cultural Liturgies; Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker, 2013) 108-110.
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|Home | Stressors | Land Development | Fragmentation||site map|
While there are a number of negative effects on natural systems associated with land development and urban expansion, the most direct impact is simply the outright destruction of complex functioning natural communities and the replacement of these communities with simplified, ecologically depauperate landscapes. Healthy ecosystems provide a multitude of services for both humans and wildlife; erosion control, sediment retention, soil formation, nutrient cycling, waste treatment, pollination, water supply and water regulation are just a few examples. Short of outright habitat destruction, however, fragmentation of the remaining habitat results in myriad negative effects on ecosystem function, habitat quality, species diversity and species abundance.
For more information, see: Habitat Assessment, Section V (PDF) | <urn:uuid:f3e4aff1-4221-4daa-8c22-550082c2e16f> | {
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This species has a very large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criterion (Extent of Occurrence <20,000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent/quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population trend criterion (>30% decline over ten years or three generations). The population size is very large, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion (<10,000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be >10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern.
AERC TAC. 2003. AERC TAC Checklist of bird taxa occurring in Western Palearctic region, 15th Draft. Available at: #http://www.aerc.eu/DOCS/Bird_taxa_of _the_WP15.xls#.
Cramp, S.; Perrins, C. M. 1977-1994. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
del Hoyo, J.; Collar, N. J.; Christie, D. A.; Elliott, A.; Fishpool, L. D. C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge UK: Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International.
The overall trend is suspected to be increasing (Wetlands International 2006).EcologyBehaviour
This species is fully migratory and travels on a narrow front (Kear 2005a) between extremely localised breeding and wintering areas (del Hoyo et al
. 1992). It is present on its breeding grounds from May or June to August or September (Kear 2005a) where it breeds in small but often closely packed colonies (Madge and Burn 1988, del Hoyo et al
. 1992) of 5-50 pairs, occasionally singly or in groups of up to 150 pairs (Snow and Perrins 1998). It uses the same nesting sites year after year (Johnsgard 1978) and sometimes nests among seabird colonies (Madge and Burn 1988). After the young hatch the adults undergo a flightless moult period near the breeding grounds between mid-July and mid-August that lasts for 3-4 weeks (Scott and Rose 1996). The species migrates to autumn staging areas in September (Kear 2005a) from which it travels via regular stop-over sites (Madge and Burn 1988) to the wintering grounds, arriving in late-September (Kear 2005a). The return migration begins in April or May, the species moving to spring staging areas where it may be present for 20-30 days before migrating northwards (Kear 2005a). The species is highly gregarious outside of the breeding season, often feeding in dense concentrations on coastal grasslands during the winter (Madge and Burn 1988). In winter habitats it roosts on water (Madge and Burn 1988) or on sandbanks near saltmarshes and pastureland (Peberdy 1991). Habitat Breeding
The species breeds in Arctic semi-desert tundra (fjellmark) (Kear 2005a)on crags, rocky outcrops (del Hoyo et al
. 1992), cliffs, rocky slopes (Johnsgard 1978) and coastal islands (Svalbard) (Kear 2005a) near wetlands such as lakes, rivers, marshes, the upper parts of fjords, coastlines (Johnsgard 1978), wet meadows and mudflats (Kear 2005a). In years when the snow is slow to melt the species first forages on grassy vegetation on south-facing mountain slopes fertilised by the droppings of cliff-nesting seabirds before moving down to breeding areas (Kear 2005a). It also returns to these slopes after the moulting period before autumn migration (Kear 2005a). After the young hatch families may disperse away from rocky ground to more vegetated areas surrounding tundra lakes and rivers (Kear 2005a). Non-breeding
During the non-breeding season the species frequents tidal mudflats, saltmarshes (Johnsgard 1978, Kear 2005a) and adjacent coastal meadows (Johnsgard 1978, del Hoyo et al
. 1992) (especially improvedrough pasturesand arable land (del Hoyo et al
. 1992, Kear 2005a)), with agricultural fields becoming increasingly more important as winter feeding areas (Scott and Rose 1996). Diet
The species is herbivorous (del Hoyo et al
. 1992) its diet consisting of the leaves, stems and seed-heads of grasses, sedges, aquatic plants (del Hoyo et al
. 1992, Kear 2005a), mosses (Kear 2005a), various herbs (especially white clover Trifolium repens
in the winter) (Peberdy 1991, Vickery and Gill 1999) and shrubs (e.g. arctic willow Salix arctica
) (Johnsgard 1978). It may also take agricultural grain and vegetables during the winter (del Hoyo et al
. 1992). Breeding site
The nest is a shallow depression in a low mound of vegetation (Snow and Perrins 1998) positioned on rocky ground (del Hoyo et al
. 1992, Kear 2005a), rocky outcrops (Johnsgard 1978, Snow and Perrins 1998), among rocky crags, on steep cliffs (Johnsgard 1978, Madge and Burn 1988, Snow and Perrins 1998), on the tops of low hills (Johnsgard 1978), or on low vegetation hummocks and snow-free patches on islands in river channels (Snow and Perrins 1998). Nesting sites accumulate nesting materials as they are often used year after year (Johnsgard 1978), and the species may sometimes nest among seabird colonies (Madge and Burn 1988). Management information
An investigation carried out in one of the species's wintering areas (UK) found that it was most likely to forage on improved grasslands with high abundances of the grass Lolium perenn
e and white clover Trifolium repens
(Vickery and Gill 1999) (the growth of which is greatly influenced by the amount of summer grazing, which controls the grass height) (Peberdy 1991). Preferred fields were between 4 and 10 ha in area (the species avoided fields of less than 2-3 ha), and at an optimal distance of less than 5 km away from roosting sites (maximum 7 km away) (Vickery and Gill 1999). The species was also found to show a preference for grasslands with swards less than 10 cm in height (optimum 2 cm) in fields that had been cut for silage and then grazed (although there was no major difference in feeding intensity on pastures grazed with different livestock) (Vickery and Gill 1999). Overall winter use of grassland fertilised with large amounts of nitrogen was significantly greater than the use of unfertilised grassland by the species (Vickery and Gill 1999). The Barnacle Goose Management Scheme (BGMS) in Scotland, UK recommends fertilising farmland adjacent to reserves containing wintering groups of this species at times when geese are present (e.g. autumn or winter) and grazing stock (sheep or cattle) are absent (Cope et al.
2003). The BGMS also awards payments to farmers who manage pastures outside of established reserves for reducing the level of disturbance (e.g. scaring away feeding flocks) on their land (Cope et al.
Today the species is fully protected throughout its range, although adults, eggs and down were once exploited by humans (Kear 2005a), and the species may be disturbed by shooting even though it is not directly hunted (Peberdy 1991). The species faces possible threats from persecution (disturbance) by farmers as in winter it favours grasslands and pastures used for grazing livestock (Cope et al.
2003). The species also suffers from nest predation by arctic fox Vulpes lagopus
in Svalbard (Madsen et al
Cope, D. R.; Pettifor, R. A.; Griffin, L. R.; Rowcliffe, J. M. 2003. Integrating farming and wildlife conservation: the Barnacle Goose Management Scheme. Biological Conservation 110: 113-122.
del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A.; Sargatal, J. 1992. Handbook of the Birds of the World, vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain.
Delany, S.; Scott, D. 2006. Waterbird population estimates. Wetlands International, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Johnsgard, P. A. 1978. Ducks, geese and swans of the World. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln and London.
Kear, J. 2005. Ducks, geese and swans volume 1: general chapters; species accounts (Anhima to Salvadorina). Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K.
Madge, S.; Burn, H. 1988. Wildfowl. Christopher Helm, London.
Madsen, J.; Bregnballe, T.; Hastrup, A. 1992. Impact of the Arctic Fox Alopex lagopus on nesting success of geese in south-east Svalbard, 1989. Polar Research 11(2): 35-39.
Peberdy, K. 1991. The use of grazed saltmarsh by Branta leucopsis (barnacle goose) in relation to refuge establishment and management. In: Finlayson, C. M.; Larsson, T. (ed.), Wetland management and restoration, pp. 95-107. Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Solna.
Scott, D. A.; Rose, P. M. 1996. Atlas of Anatidae populations in Africa and western Eurasia. Wetlands International, Wageningen, Netherlands.
Snow, D. W.; Perrins, C. M. 1998. The Birds of the Western Palearctic vol. 1: Non-Passerines. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Vickery, J. A.; Gill, J. A. 1999. Managing grassland for wild geese in Britain: a review. Biological Conservation 89: 93-106.
Further web sources of information
Detailed regional assessment and species account from the European Red List of Birds (BirdLife International, 2015)
Detailed species account from Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status (BirdLife International 2004)
Explore HBW Alive for further information on this species
Jump to the case study for this species in Wildlife comeback in Europe: The recovery of selected mammal and bird species (Deniet et al. 2003)
Search for photos and videos, and hear sounds of this species from the Internet Bird Collection
Text account compilers
Ekstrom, J., Butchart, S., Malpas, L.
IUCN Red List evaluators
Butchart, S., Symes, A.
BirdLife International (2015) Species factsheet: Branta leucopsis. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 01/12/2015.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2015) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 01/12/2015.
This information is based upon, and updates, the information published in BirdLife International (2000)
Threatened birds of the world. Barcelona and Cambridge, UK: Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, BirdLife International (2004)
Threatened birds of the world 2004 CD-ROM and BirdLife International (2008) Threatened birds of the world 2008 CD-ROM. These sources provide the information for species accounts for the birds on the IUCN Red List.
To provide new information to update this factsheet or to correct any errors, please email BirdLife
To contribute to discussions on the evaluation of the IUCN Red List status of Globally Threatened Birds, please visit BirdLife's Globally Threatened Bird Forums.
Additional resources for this species | <urn:uuid:ae017b73-9a9c-40f8-9dfd-66b10c0d2a3c> | {
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‘Number sense’ lets kids do basic algebra
Confronted with a simple mathematical problem, most children ages 4 to 6 can use algebraic concepts intuitively to solve for a hidden variable, say researchers.
“These very young children, some of whom are just learning to count, and few of whom have even gone to school yet, are doing basic algebra and with little effort,” says Melissa Kibbe, a post-doctoral fellow at Johns Hopkins University. “They do it by using what we call their ‘Approximate Number System:’ their gut-level, inborn sense of quantity and number.”
Kibbe, lead author of a report in the journal Developmental Science, says the “Approximate Number System,” or “number sense,” is the ability to quickly estimate the quantity of objects in their everyday environments. Humans and a host of other animals are born with this ability, probably an evolutionary adaptation to help them survive in the wild, scientists say.
Previous research has revealed that adolescents with better math abilities also had superior number sense when they were preschoolers, and that number sense peaks around age 35.
Kibbe, working in the Johns Hopkins lab of Lisa Feigenson, associate professor of psychological and brain sciences, wondered if preschool children could harness that intuitive mathematical ability to do something akin to basic algebra. The answer was “yes,” at least when the algebra problem was acted out by two furry stuffed animals—Gator and Cheetah—using “magic cups” filled with objects like buttons, plastic doll shoes, and pennies.
Children sat down individually with a researcher who introduced them to the two characters, each of whom had a cup filled with an unknown quantity of items. Children were told that each character’s cup would “magically” add more items to a pile of objects already sitting on a table. But children were not allowed to see the number of objects in either cup: they only saw the pile before it was added to, and after, so they had to infer approximately how many objects Gator’s cup or Cheetah’s cup contained.
At the end, the examiner pretended that she had mixed up the cups, and asked the children—after showing them what was in one of the cups—to help her figure out whose cup it was. The majority of the children knew the correct answer, revealing for the researchers that the pint-sized participants had been solving for a missing quantity, the essence of basic algebra.
“What was in the cup was the x and y variable, and children nailed it,” says Feigenson, director of the Laboratory for Child Development. “Gator’s cup was the x variable and Cheetah’s cup was the y variable. We found out that young children are very, very good at this. It appears that they are harnessing their gut level number sense to solve this task.”
Why’s it so hard?
If this kind of basic algebraic reasoning is so simple and natural for 4-, 5-, and 6-year-olds, the question remains why formal, more complex algebra problems can be so difficult for teens and others.
“One possibility is that formal algebra relies on memorized rules and symbols that seem to trip many people up,” Feigenson says. She and her team want to explore if encouraging teachers to foster children’s gut-level ability—which they can use long before mastering symbols—can help.
“Teachers may be able to help children master these kind of computations earlier, and more easily, giving them a wedge into the system,” Feigenson says.
The researchers also found that ANS aptitude does not split across gender lines. Boys and girls answered questions correctly in equal proportions during the experiments, the researchers say.
Although other research shows that even young children can be influenced by gender stereotypes about girls’ versus boys’ math prowess, “we see no evidence for gender differences in our work on basic number sense,” Feigenson says.
The National Science Foundation and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development supported the research.
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Barack Obama: "Change"
1) Position Importance
From getting sworn in, to serving his four-year term in office, the president's position plays an important role in our government due to the tremendous responsibility that is put on his shoulders. Acting as the symbol of our nation the president enforces the laws, sends our troops into battle, makes treaties with foreign nations, and is the spokesmen working closely with congress proposing new legislations. The president is also who we tend to blame when certain aspects of the government don't go our way. Because of his title he is basically representing America, acting as our commander in chief, carrying the voice of the nation and his responsibilities far outweigh any of the other public servants.
2) Historical Outline
Currently residing as America's 44th president for his second term in office, President Barack Obama is still working to get our nation's economy on the right track and out of the recession.
Barack Hussein Obama, Jr. was born on August 4th, 1961 in Honolulu, Hawaii where he spent the majority of his childhood, graduating in 1979 from Punahou Academy. Being one of the three only African-Americans in his school, Barack Obama learned how being a minority would impact his life mentally, struggling with the fact that he was so different than the people around him. "I began to notice there was nobody like me in the Sears, Roebuck Christmas catalogâ¦and the Santa was a white man, I went to the bathroom and stood in front of the mirror with all my senses and limbs seemingly intact, looking the way I had always looked, and wondered if something was wrong with me" (Shaw 2011, 309).
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Both of these images are from 2200 UTC. The image on the left is the visible image and on the right is the infrared.
Note the area of stratus identified earlier off the Canterbury coast (red arrow) doesn’t appear in the infrared image.
If all you looked at was the infrared image, you might think there was a lot of cloud over Dunedin. However, the visible image shows this to be a thin layer of cloud. It must be cirrus because the tops are so cold in the infrared image.
This example highlights the importance of using satellite and radar images together.
Both of these images are from the same time. This is an example of a southwest flow over New Zealand, with lots of bubbly (cumuliform) cloud west of the country and along the east coast. The radar shows showers clipping Banks Peninsula and running up the east coast towards southern Wairarapa. There are also showers appearing on the Mahia Radar.
Look at the visible image on the left and note the appearance of the cloud associated with the showers heading into southern Wairarapa. The same type of cloud extends all the way up into northern Wairarapa and Central Hawke's Bay, as well as right up into Gisborne.
There are no showers appearing on the radar in northern Wairarapa, southern and Central Hawke's Bay (the area shown by the red arrow) because they are a long way from the radar, so are below the beam. However, we can infer from the satellite image that there are showers right up the east coast of the North Island. | <urn:uuid:e82c739d-6786-4a52-990c-6f25a02ebb5c> | {
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As issues like fossil fuel emissions, as well as climate change, continue to make headlines and take their toll on the environment, the ultimate home improvement project is now centred on making your home as energy efficient and as “green” as possible.
While this does require quite a bit of an upfront investment you shouldn’t be dissuaded by the costs because, in the long run, you’ll actually save money and be more likely to get a higher return on your investment when ready to sell you property. But how exactly does someone convert any home into one that runs solely on clean solar power? Continue reading to learn more.
Installing Solar Panels in Ideal Locations
In order to get as much power from the sun as possible, you have to choose the ideal locations for the panels that will be placed on your roof. The perfect roof for solar panels is south facing and angled between 30 and 45 degrees. Solar panels installed on roofs like this will receive the maximum amount of sunlight. However, east and west facing roofs can also have solar panels installed. The solar panels will be just 15% less effective, so they are still a good option.
In terms of the amount surface area needed to install a large system that will be able to generate enough electricity to power your entire home, you may need up to 93 square metres of space and ample amounts of sunlight throughout the day to achieve the highest benefits. Therefore, if the roof is shaded by obstructions such as trees, the solar panels will be less effective.
Calculate How Many Solar Panels You Need to Install
Another factor to consider is how many panels you need to install in order to address your particular energy needs. Some households consume more energy than others, so you should perform a calculation to figure out the ideal number of panels for your property if you want to run your home completely on solar power.
Begin by calculating the daily average for electrical demand for your household. This should be in kilowatt-hours. Then multiply this number by 0.25 to get an idea of the size of the solar array you’ll need to meet this daily demand.
Remember, though, that other factors should be considered as well, including the angle of your roof, how shaded it is, and the climate of your region.
Other Installation Options
For homes that are unable to get enough solar panels on the roof to fulfil energy demands, there are other installation options. These include pergola applications, ground mounts, and trellis options.
Solar Energy to Heat Your Home
If you’re able to carefully and precisely route your home’s plumbing system, you can heat water that can then be used to heat your home as it pumps throughout your property. This would reduce your need to use fuel or electricity to keep your home comfortable when the temperature drops.
Technology That Continues to Improve
The technology behind today’s solar panels is really just the beginning. It’s continually improving, so these panels and the means by which humans can fully harness the energy of the sun’s rays will only get better with time. Take, for example, the news released about fully transparent solar cells that can be used on any screen or window on a variety of buildings, as well as on small handheld devices like smartphones. Researchers want to keep these types of solar cells affordable so more people can employ them for private and commercial uses.
These transparent pieces of glass or plastic would make solar energy production more aesthetically pleasing, drawing in the types of people who’d otherwise avoid the use of solar power because of the unattractive appearance of conventional panels.
There are plenty of great reasons to convert your home into one that no longer relies upon fossil fuels and instead uses clean energy to power your every need. The sun’s rays that shine down onto the Earth every day are strong enough to allow life to flourish all over the planet, so they’re also strong enough to power your appliances and electronics. Taking the step to run your home completely on solar power would be a cost-effective, environmentally friendly way to boost your property’s value and modernise it for the 21st century. | <urn:uuid:5f6123ad-5431-4813-8e8a-c846aa451789> | {
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What is Trase?
Trase is a supply chain transparency initiative that transforms our understanding of globally traded agricultural commodities. It empowers companies, governments and others to address sustainability risks and opportunities by linking supply chain actors to production landscapes across the world.
At the core of the Trase initiative is trase.earth, a new open-access online platform providing greater supply chain transparency. The platform, based on an innovative approach to mapping agricultural supply chains at scale, offers a powerful response to the urgent need for credible information on the traceability and sustainability performance of commodity supply chains, covering entire countries and production systems.
What does the Trase platform do?
Trase allows users to map supply chains of internationally traded agricultural commodities, such as palm oil and soy, at scale, from the countries where they are produced to the countries that import them, identifying the key supply chain companies along the way. This information can then be mapped against environmental and social indicators to support improved decision making around responsible production, sourcing and investments, as well as monitoring and enforcement. One of the main innovations of Trase is the fact that we map this central portion of global commodity supply chains - from jurisdictions of production to countries of import - for the entire exports of a given commodity.
What commodity supply chains does Trase cover?
Currently, Trase maps soy exports from Brazil and Paraguay, traceable to the level of producer municipalities in Brazil and departments in Paraguay, as well as national level soy and cattle exports from Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina, and Indonesian palm oil. Work is ongoing to map the supply chains of these commodities back to sub-national regions of production. Over the next five years, Trase aims to cover over 70% of the total traded volume in major forest risk commodities, including soy, beef, palm oil, timber, pulp and paper, coffee, cocoa and aquaculture.
What data does Trase include beyond commodity exports?
Trase currently includes a range of sustainability indicators associated with the production of agricultural commodities including deforestation and related impacts, including water, biodiversity, greenhouse gas emissions, rural development and livelihoods. Trase also includes data on the economic value of exports, and we will soon be adding indicators of good agricultural management practices and good territorial governance to support decisions around investment priorities.
We are only at the beginning of exploring the range of environmental, social and economic indicators that can be linked to Trase. See Data and Methods for more information on the indicators that are currently available.
How does the supply chain mapping in the Trase platform work?
The supply chain mapping at the core of Trase balances scale and resolution of data, so that it is possible to map entire commodity supply chains, covering countries and sectors (e.g. Brazilian soy) through to local level (e.g. municipalities in Brazil). This approach maps the entire middle section of a supply chain, linking regions of production to countries of import, via the individual companies that export and import a particular traded commodity.
This pioneering approach to supply chain mapping is an enhanced form of material flow analysis, first published by Godar et al. (2015) who termed the approach Spatially-Explicit Information on Production to Consumption Systems (SEI-PCS). Different versions of SEI-PCS have been developed used in subsequent Trase releases.
The latest version of SEI-PCS supply chain mapping is v.2.2 for Brazilian soy that uses direct matching of per-shipment customs information with asset-level company tax registration data. For more information see Data and Methods.
What is that diagram that looks like strands of spaghetti?
The Trase platform represents flows of commodities using Sankey diagrams (invented by an Irish ship’s captain, Matthew Sankey). These can show not only the direction but also the scale of flows between points in the supply chain. The interactive Sankeys on the Trase platform were developed by researchers at the Stockholm Environment Institute in partnership with Vizzuality. They allow users to customize the Sankey diagram to show material flows according to a particular node (e.g. place, company, country) or set of nodes in the chain, or particular characteristics related to the commodity flow (e.g. mass, dollar value, or embedded indicators such as land-use and deforestation).
Can Trase tell me which companies and countries are directly responsible for deforestation?
No. Trase assesses a supply chain actor’s exposure to the reputational, legal, operational and other risks associated with deforestation. These risks are linked to the amount of deforestation that took place in the jurisdictions (e.g. municipalities) where a forest-risk commodity handled by the company was produced, during a given period. Read the blog on trase.earth “How Trase links companies and commodities to deforestation risk” for more information on how Trase measures and assesses risk.
Trase cannot provide a definitive assessment of the deforestation or other impacts that are associated with a given company because it does not have the details of the location of individual producing properties. However, Trase provides a powerful first step in helping to filter and identify the extent to which deforestation in a sourcing region is likely to be linked to a given commodity and locality, helping to inform critical sourcing decisions, as well as guide the investments and monitoring protocols that are needed to make production practices more sustainable.
Can Trase tell me what consumer goods are deforestation-free?
No. Currently Trase only maps export commodity supply chains to the first country of import. From there, the commodity may undergo several further steps of processing, sales and exports before it reaches the consumer market in its final form. Trase is currently conducting further research and data scoping to investigate the potential to link commodity flows in Trase to specific consumer goods.
How reliable is the Trase data?
Can I download the Trase data?
Yes! Please visit the data portal to download Trase data either as bulk downloads or filtered according to your interest. Please let us know how you use our data and share any insights you gain that can help us improve the platform.
How do I find out more about Trase and its evolving capabilities?
Please sign up for our quarterly newsletter. We promise not to send lots of emails, just significant announcements.
How can I get involved?
We are actively seeking to build relationships with new partner institutions and funders to further the development and applications of the platform to include new countries, commodities, capabilities and data - and to identify concrete opportunities for mainstreaming the uptake of Trase.
Work on Trase has also helped establish the Supply Chain Transparency Network, a learning and knowledge exchange community of practitioner organizations working on transparency for supply chain sustainability.
Contact us at [email protected].
Who is behind Trase?
Trase was founded through a partnership between the Stockholm Environment Institute and Global Canopy.
We work closely with the European Forest Institute, Vizzuality, and many other partners. To date these include Agrosatelite, BV Rio, Chalmers University, Conservation International, Gibbs Land Use and Environment Laboratory at Wisconsin University, International Institute for Sustainability, Imaflora, InfoAmazonia, León University, Louvain University, Luc Hoffman Institute, The Nature Conservancy, Transitions, University of Bonn, University of Hawai’i, University of Santa Barbara, University of Sao Paulo, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, World Resources Institute, and WWF.
Trase is made possible by the generous funding of the European Union, Global Environment Facility, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, The Nature Conservancy, the Swedish Research Institute Formas, the Swedish Development Agency Sida, and WWF. | <urn:uuid:89cb04a6-1e0c-446f-9df0-712fb6ce9b57> | {
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Foods Labeled ‘Low Cholesterol’
When you’re shopping and you see an item that says it’s low in cholesterol, you still need to check the nutrition label. If it’s high in saturated fat, it can raise your LDL (“bad”) cholesterol. Also check the serving size. It might be smaller than you think, and if you eat too much, you’ll get more cholesterol than you realized.
Your morning cup of joe just might give your cholesterol level an unwanted jolt. French press or Turkish coffee lets through cafestol, which raises levels of LDL, or “bad,” cholesterol. Espresso does too, but serving sizes are small, so there’s less to worry about. If you drink drip coffee, you’re in the clear. The filter catches cafestol, so stick to drip.
Thai food is spicy and delicious, but it can raise your cholesterol if you don’t choose carefully. The secret ingredient? Coconut milk. It makes curries smooth, and it’s high in saturated fat. Scan the menu instead for stir fries or noodle dishes, and ask to have your dinner steamed or made with vegetable oil. Choose chicken rather than beef, throw in some extra veggies, and enjoy your takeout guilt-free.
Do you hear “granola” and think “health food”? That chewy, crunchy goodness often comes with a hefty serving of saturated fat. Even brands of “low-fat” granola can be higher in saturated fat than some other kinds of cereal. A whole-grain cereal topped with fresh fruit may be a better choice.
You’ve probably heard seafood is a good choice when you’re watching cholesterol. That’s true, but shrimp is an exception. One serving, even if you cook it without fat, has about 190 milligrams of cholesterol. The American Heart Association recommends limiting cholesterol to 300 milligrams per day, or 200 milligrams per day if you have heart disease or high cholesterol. Try the scallops instead. They have less than a quarter of the cholesterol of shrimp.
To build a better taco, you have to start with the foundation. Flour tortillas — even the whole wheat ones — may sound like the best choice, but they’re not. They’re higher in saturated fat than corn tortillas. (Assuming you don’t fry your corn tortillas in oil, of course.) Start with a corn tortilla (check the label to make sure it wasn’t made with lard) and add those healthy toppings: grilled chicken, juicy tomatoes, and chopped lettuce.
“Nose to tail” eating may be trendy in the restaurant world, but it could leave your cholesterol trending up. Organ meats such as liver, kidneys, and sweetbreads are higher in cholesterol than other cuts of meat. Beef liver is high in iron, though there are other foods that aren’t organs that give you iron. Enjoying a 3-ounce portion once a month is OK.
Butter vs. margarine can be a tricky choice. Both have saturated fats and should be used sparingly. But here’s the easy part: If you’re using margarine, choose soft tub margarine rather than the stick variety. Tub varieties are lower in fats and are better for your LDL or “bad” cholesterol level. Read the nutrition label, and look for one low in saturated fats and with no trans fat.
The Mediterranean diet is supposed to be good for lowering cholesterol, right? And it is, as long as you make the right choices. Think marinara or marsala, not meatballs, and linguine with clams, not lasagna. As long as you steer clear of sauces with butter or cream bases and avoid pastas stuffed with meat or cheeses, pasta can be a healthy part of your diet. Just don’t eat too much.
They’re marketed for people who work out, so energy bars have to be a good choice, right? Maybe. Check the nutrition label. You might be surprised at the amount of saturated fat in some. Look out for those with tropical oils like palm oil and palm kernel oil, which add saturated fat.
Indian food can be a fine choice, but only if you hold the ghee. What is ghee? It’s clarified butter — and that means saturated fats and cholesterol. How much? One tablespoon of ghee has 33 milligrams of cholesterol, about 11% of the recommended daily amount. It’s a staple of Indian cooking, so if you’re eating out, ask your server how much ghee is in your dish, and if you’re cooking, check the recipe to make sure it fits your diet.
If chicken and turkey are good low-cholesterol choices, duck should be too, right? Not so. Duck and goose are both higher in cholesterol than chicken and turkey. One cup of cooked duck or goose — even with the skin removed — has about 128 milligrams of cholesterol. The same portion of chicken has only 113 milligrams of cholesterol, and turkey is an even better choice at 93 milligrams.
Some Dairy Products
How many times did Mom tell you to finish your milk because it was good for you? She’s right: Dairy helps you get the calcium and vitamin D you need. Just look for fat-free and low-fat versions, which deliver the nutrients without the same amount of cholesterol. You can also switch yogurt for sour cream in recipes to further cut the saturated fat and cholesterol.
© 2014 WebMD, LLC. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:f0ba4894-69c8-4d99-9047-7a58a0d4516a> | {
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Bladder infection (cystitis) is the most common infection of the lower urinary tract. Bladder infection is usually caused by bacteria that get into the bladder by traveling up the urethra.
Bladder infections are more common in girls and women than in boys and men.
Symptoms of a bladder infection can range from mild to severe, and may include:
Symptoms of a bladder infection in children depend on the age of the child. A very young child with a bladder infection may only have a fever. Or he or she may cry when urinating or may vomit. It may be hard to know if the symptoms are a result of urinary problems or another cause.
If untreated, bladder infections can lead to more serious kidney infections that cause fever and lower back (flank) pain, and may damage the kidneys. Bladder infections are treated with antibiotics.
Primary Medical ReviewerJohn Pope, MD - Pediatrics
Specialist Medical ReviewerAvery L. Seifert, MD - Urology
Current as ofNovember 20, 2015
WebMD Medical Reference from Healthwise | <urn:uuid:3815c91d-e9c1-4ed9-8d28-600ae3a5b186> | {
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“Green Learning Lab” is Ball’s winning program. Judsonia Elementary lacks an area for students to observe nature and its surroundings. They currently have 12-foot-by-12-foot planter beds for each grade level to enhance their learning experiences. Designed to benefit all 330 students in grades kindergarten through sixth, the finalization of the Green Lab will enhance their learning process and meet the required Arkansas Standards. They will be able to observe environmental changes, and record and compile data that will then be turned into charts, graphs and photos. Students will also conduct experiments, record processes as well as discoveries in their journals while sitting in their outdoor classroom because of the metal outdoor tables purchased with the ING grant funds. The lab will also supplement students’ knowledge by allowing them to touch and see first hand how plants and animals live together. Ball, who lives in Judsonia, believes that using these methods of record keeping and organization will allow students to interact and follow processes that occur in nature through the years. | <urn:uuid:c4809cd2-061e-4438-a948-1889bf6dc6d4> | {
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SyntaxError: missing variable name (Firefox) SyntaxError: Unexpected token = (Chrome)
What went wrong?
A variable is missing a name. This is likely due to a syntax error in your code. Probably a comma is wrong somewhere or you struggled with coming up with a name. Totally understandable! Naming things is so hard.
Missing a variable name
var = "foo";
It's tough coming up with good variable names. We all have been there.
var ohGodWhy = "foo";
Reserved keywords can't be variable names
There are a few variable names that are reserved keywords. You can't use these. Sorry :(
var debugger = "whoop"; // SyntaxError: missing variable name
Declaring multiple variables
Pay special attention to commas when declaring multiple variables. Is there an excess comma? Did you accidentally add commas instead of semicolons?
var x, y = "foo", var x, = "foo" var first = document.getElementById('one'), var second = document.getElementById('two'), // SyntaxError: missing variable name
The fixed version:
var x, y = "foo"; var x = "foo"; var first = document.getElementById('one'); var second = document.getElementById('two');
var arr = 1,2,3,4,5; // SyntaxError: missing variable name
This would be correct:
var arr = [1,2,3,4,5]; | <urn:uuid:1da8ea68-5813-4048-9546-4bc55ab37c18> | {
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The belt of belt conveyor moves according to the principle of friction transmission. It is suitable for conveying powder, granular and small pieces of materials and bagged materials, such as coal, gravel, sand, cement, fertilizer, grain, etc. The total length and assembly form of the belt conveyor can be determined flexibly according to the user's requirements. The driving device can be either electric drum or belt drive frame.
Belt conveyor is mainly composed of driving device, driving drum, conveyor belt, idler, tension device, cleaning device and so on.
The driving device transmits the driving force of the motor to the conveyor belt, which provides power for the continuous operation of the conveyor belt. It consists of motor, mechanical reducer, coupling and other components.
Driving drum of belt conveyor is a device for power transmission. It can be divided into single-drive drum and double-drive drum in actual production. It is usually connected and installed by special steel plate through welding. It has the advantages of simple transmission, easy assembly and disassembly.
The conveyor belt of belt conveyor is the part that pulls and carries the material, so the belt should have enough strength.
The supporting rollers of belt conveyor mainly provide enough support force for the belt, and the supporting rollers are distributed uniformly under the belt to ensure that the belt can run safely and smoothly when the load is large.
The tension device of belt conveyor provides sufficient pre-tightening force for the belt, so that there is a large friction force between the conveying belt and the drum when conveying material.
Cleaning device of belt conveyor is mainly used to clean the inclusions between conveyor belt, transmission drum and idler to provide a clean and safe operation environment for belt conveyor.
Belt conveyor can be used for horizontal or inclined conveying. It is very convenient to use. It is widely used in various modern industries, such as mine conveying, mining conveying and fertilizer production line conveying. According to the conveying requirements of the production process, the conveying system can be an independent or multiple conveyor, or can be composed of horizontal or inclined conveying system with other conveying equipment to meet the needs of production lines with different layout forms. | <urn:uuid:fdf44511-b72b-4823-82ee-676e04b7f9c7> | {
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A senior Sri Lankan parliamentarian has proposed setting up of a common memorial in the country to commemorate thousands of Tamils killed during the three-decade-long brutal civil war against the LTTE.
Tamil minority groups in Sri Lanka observe May 18 as the day of commemoration every year, it is the same day when the 30-year-old conflict ended in 2009 with the death of the LTTE leader Velupillai Prabakaran.
Leader of the pro-government Eelam Democratic People’s Party (EPDP) Douglas Devananda called for setting up of a war memorial to remember the Tamils who were killed in the conflict.
He said the Sri Lankan government is not against setting up of the memorial.
“It is absolutely vital that we commemorate each and every person who died in the war. This should not be limited to one race or community. Sinhalese, Tamils, Muslim and Burghers were all affected by the war,” Ruwan Wijewardene, Sri Lanka’s State Minister for Defence said, responding to a private members’ motion by Devananda.
Devananda said since a majority of the victims came from north and eastern districts the defence ministry felt that the monument could be constructed at the north central capital of Anuradhapura. The third Friday of May could be kept as the day of commemoration.
The Sinhala majority groups resist such commemorations.
Reacting to the government’s willingness to set up a war memorial, Joint Opposition spokesman Ranjith Soysa said that the move would be harmful to reconciliation and peace among communities.
“This would only divide the communities,” Soysa said.
According to the government estimates, around 20,000 people are still missing due to various conflicts including the 30-year-long separatist war with Lankan Tamils in the north and east which claimed the lives of at least 100,000 people. | <urn:uuid:3026c4bd-90eb-4cab-97f6-9c3a0e1af7e7> | {
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Most archaeologists agree that people have lived amongst the Emerald Isle for more than 9,000 years, which means Ireland is absolutely bursting with cultural history valuable to all of humankind.
Perhaps that is why UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization) has seen fit to award the coveted designation of World Heritage Site to no fewer than three distinct locations on the tiny island — and the organization is considering adding at least three more to its list of protected sites.
To understand the hype, you may want to plan a trip to Ireland to see these six outstanding Irish sites worthy of such high cultural and historical significance.
Brú na Bóinne, or Newgrange in English, is a massive earthworks in County Meath that is one of the British Isles’ most recognizable and significant New Stone Age sites, and thus well-deserved of its UNESCO title.
More than 5,000 years old (about 1,200 years older than Stonehenge) and cumulatively weighing about 200,000 tons, the earthworks take the form of a giant circular cairn, surrounded by walls of white quartz and granite. Many of the stones inside and out are intricately carved with designs and stylized figures; indeed, the site is recognized as one of the prime examples of what Neolithic artists could achieve.
Archaeologists can’t say exactly what the intended purpose of Newgrange was, but it is clear that the site was used for innumerable functions (including social, religious, and funerary) by the countless civilizations who lived in this region of Ireland.
2. Skellig Michael
Just west of Iveragh Peninsula, about seven miles into the Atlantic Ocean, lay two tiny islands, the larger of which contains the remains of what was once a thriving community of ascetic monks. Sometime between the 6th and 8th centuries, a small group of no more than 12 monks build two stone oratories in which they could live and cultivate a greater relationship with God. For more than five centuries, the monks of Skellig Michael were alone and self-sufficient.
In truth, it is easy to feel the powerful spirituality of the place, which is still quite removed from the hustle and bustle of modern civilization. Visitors can reach Skellig Michael through boat tour operators, but access is strictly regulated to keep the UNESCO site clean and erect.
3. Giant’s Causeway
Unlike the previous two sites, which are culturally significant due to the effort and creativity of previous peoples, the Giant’s Causeway is noteworthy for its astounding natural beauty.
On the beautiful Antrim Coast, the causeway stands out as 40,000 interlocking basalt columns that look anything but nature-made. Legend states that an Irish giant challenged a Scottish giant to a duel, and thus they built the causeway across the channel in order to do battle; however, the truth is that substantial volcanic activity about 50 million years ago spread the basalt on both Irish and Scottish coasts, and when the basalt cooled, it cracked into the distinctive pattern we see today.
Technically, Giant’s Causeway is a UNESCO site in County Antrim, Northern Ireland, which means it is property of the United Kingdom. However, visitors can still make the trek to the causeway and stay on budget by flying to Belfast from Dublin through Flights.com.
4. Céide Fields
Céide Fields may look like a barren series of flat hills, but it is in truth a treasure trove for information about Neolithic peoples. Indeed, the hills and valleys are the most extensive Stone Age site in the world, offering the oldest cultivated field system currently discovered, reaching back more than 5,700 years. Archaeologists are campaigning to make the site UNESCO-certified for its significance in Neolithic studies.
5. Hill of Tara
According to legend, the Hill of Tara was once the seat of the High King of Ireland, who protected all of Ireland and its peoples from various threats. As such, the hill is home to a number of impressive ancient monuments. One of the most iconic is a circular earthworks fort which features at its center a standing stone known as the Stone of Destiny. It is said that the stone oversaw the coronations of all of Ireland’s kings, which makes the site particularly important to the island’s cultural history.
6. Historic Dublin
Any visitor to Ireland would be remiss to avoid the thriving capital of Dublin, but beneath its modern exterior lies a majestic, timeworn city that was the second most important in the British Empire during the Georgian period. Historic Dublin’s buildings are elaborately decorative, designed by Ireland’s top artisans for Britain’s wealthiest aristocrats. Ultimately, the gorgeous city attracted hordes of artists, including Nobel-winning writers like Yeats, Shaw, and Becket. | <urn:uuid:828981d9-7079-43b4-90ca-de079dc2aa30> | {
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A backyard pond or water garden is a little world and eco-system we created that may need our help occasionally to achieve the natural balance necessary to sustain pond life and healthy pond fish. This is usually not difficult.
It is very important to eliminate chlorine when filling the pond. Many products are available to accomplish this. Pond fish cannot live in Chlorinated Water. A pond filter is usually necessary if pond fish are present in the garden pond. A pond filters main purpose is to keep the pond fish healthy by establishing a beneficial bacterial colony that converts fish waste into harmless water components. It is important not to clean the pond filter with chlorinated tap water because the chlorine will kill the beneficial bacteria.
Nitrite and Ammonia levels need to be tested regularly, especially in a new pond. It may take a few weeks for beneficial bacteria to establish a colony large enough to handle the waste produced by the pond fish. It is usually advisable to add bacteria to a new ponds and every spring to established garden ponds. Start out slowly when adding fish to a new pond, no more than two or three a week, so the fish waste does not overwhelm the bacteria colony. Do not feed the pond fish the first few days in the new pond, so the waste produced is kept to a minimum.
Testing for pH levels is also very important. Nothing in the pond will thrive if the pH is too far out of balance. The pH of the pond should be as close to neutral (6.8 – 7.4) as possible. Many good products are available to test and adjust the pH.
Other tests, such as salt level and ammonia and nitrite levels can be performed if needed.
Once the garden pond is established it is usually sufficient to test in early spring and every few weeks after that. The pond will generally take care of itself once the natural balance has been achieved by adding bacteria and Pond Plants, unless substantial water changes are made. | <urn:uuid:a043dc43-5956-4deb-a103-051a1b4c0a38> | {
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The Construction of Homosexuality in National Socialist Germany
Why homosexual women and men have been discriminated against up to our present age is a problem with multiple psychosocial causes that cannot be fully treated within the constraints of this chapter. However, I will attempt to investigate the state-sanctioned persecution of homosexuals in the Third Reich and how the ideological construction of "homosexuality" by the National Socialists justified the police and legal actions that followed 1933. It must be pointed out that the government's homophobia did not end concomitantly with the destruction of National Socialist Germany. Paragraph 175, which outlawed homosexuality, was reworded in 1935 in order to streamline the procedure for obtaining a conviction and interning the offender in a concentration camp. This revised version survived intact until 1969 and was removed from the list of criminal offenses in January 1991.
The construction of homosexuality as a punishable crime was used as a method of regulating social control long before National Socialist Germany. However, the persecution of homosexuals by the Nazis reached a heretofore unseen systematicity. The attempted suppression of homosexual desire, through the agency of criminal law, forms a historical continuum from Christian antiquity to our so-called enlightened present. In 538 of the Common Era, Justinian of Christian Rome criminalized in his Codex Justinianus "acts contrary to nature" and "the defilement of males." The Christian-influenced criminalization of homosexuality was also seen in secular law by the year 1270 in France1 The penalty for men was as follows: "He who has been proved to be a sodomite must lose his testicles. And if he does it a second time, he must lose his member. And if he does it a third time, he must be burned" (Crompton: 13).
In more recent times, the precepts of Christian morality were not as predominant as the military and economically motivated ideologies surrounding human reproduction. The founder of modern German penal law, | <urn:uuid:9ba4d788-e00a-4d61-82ec-27ab1e365304> | {
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In the Garden:
Northern & Central Midwest
Don't cover your tree trunks with "Volcano Mulch!"
Midsummer Garden Tasks
As I make my daily walks around my neighborhood, it makes me feel so good to see the efforts everyone is making to beautify their homes and landscapes, not to mention growing food. I thought I'd offer a few tips and reminders for keeping landscapes healthy as you begin to sit back and enjoy the summer.
If you were inspired to plant new trees and shrubs in your yard, be sure to give them an inch of water every week. Mother Nature often cooperates with rain, but keep an eye on the moisture levels as the summer heats up.
Use Plenty of Mulch
Be sure to add mulch to your plantings. If you can bring a mulch circle out from a tree trunk to at least its drip line, the tree will grow stronger. And, one thing I see frequently is "volcano" mulch. Mulch should not be piled against the trunk because it can cause disease. Spread mulch about 3 to 4 inches deep and pull it back a few inches from the trunk.
Remove Nursery Tags
Another frequent observation is fluttering tags left on trees and shrubs. These nursery tags are made of materials that don't decompose easily, and if left on can eventually choke off the movement of water and sugars through a branch or trunk. If you want to remember the name of the plant, take off the tag and any strings and stick it in a garden journal or on the refrigerator where it will always be accessible. You plants will thank you!
Now that it's midsummer, finish all of your pruning. There's still time to snip junipers and yews, to prune limbs off of larger trees, and to shape flowering shrubs. Every time you make a pruning cut, it stimulates new growth. New growth produced after about the middle of July may not have enough time to harden off or toughen up enough to withstand winter and may die back.
The middle of July is also the time to stop fertilizing woody plants and perennial flowers for the same reason. You should still continue fertilizing annuals and vegetables, though, since they need the extra boost and die for winter anyway.
Discard Diseased Plants
If you have any diseased plants in the vegetable or annual garden, be sure to pull them and discard them away from the garden -- send them off to the city compost site or put them in your own working compost pile. Diseased tissue will be rendered harmless by hot composting, and won't be around to let spores fly back to your healthy plants.
The most important task I'm going to give you is to sit back and enjoy. Take the time to just wander, at dawn, at dusk and anytime in between. It'll make you healthy and happy!
Care to share your gardening thoughts, insights, triumphs, or disappointments with your fellow gardening enthusiasts? Join the lively discussions on our FaceBook page and receive free daily tips! | <urn:uuid:64993edc-5eee-4335-b9d4-4f1af0997ef6> | {
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With stories in the news lately about hackers from China breaking into corporate computers and stealing proprietary software and information (for example, this 60 Minutes’ feature: The Great Brain Robbery), here’s a little historical gem about Robert Fortune (1812-1880) who accomplished the reverse. The low-tech version.
From 1845-1848, this Scottish botanist managed to acquire China’s closely-guarded tea-growing and production secrets, along with actual plants to transplant in India. For the tea-drinking world, this was a game-changer. Within a short time, China no longer had a monopoly on tea, and Brits had control over the production of their favorite beverage.
Robert Fortune was working for the Horticultural Society of London and had already traveled to China and learned a great deal about tea production, along with some surprises:
Chinese merchants had been telling their customers for decades that green and black teas came from different plant varieties. Fortune learned that the difference between black and green teas wasn’t the variety of plant, but the method of drying the leaves. He also discovered that the Chinese were dyeing the green tea purchased by the English.
He published his discoveries in book entitled Three Years’ Wanderings in the Provinces of China. It drew the attention of the East India Company, which commissioned him to return to China and acquire tea plants for them. In Fortune’s own words:
I was deputed by the Honourable the Court of the Directors (sic) to proceed to China for the purpose of obtaining the finest varieties of the Tea-plant, as well as native manufacturers and implements, for the Government Tea plantations in the Himalayas.
Fortune had no ethical problem with such a request. In his view, plants belonged to the world for everyone’s use.
The Chinese were incredibly secretive (and rightly so, given what did happen) about how their tea was produced. Fortune spent two and half years in China, shaving his head and adopting the attire of a Chinese merchant (read Sarah Rose’s fascinating book, listed below, for more details). It was sometimes a challenge to evade China’s in-port restrictions, which only allowed foreigners to travel one day’s distance from the ports allowed to Europeans by treaty. But Fortune managed to travel to areas few Europeans ever saw.
Here is Fortune’s own account of how he transported the tea plants he collected, using what was called a glazed case, first devised by Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward:
The mission was a rousing success:
Upwards of twenty thousand tea-plants, eight first-rate manufacturers, and a large supply of implements were procured from the finest tea-districts of China, and conveyed in safety to the Himalayas.
Wow, 20,00! And the equipment and experts to successfully start a tea-growing operation in India. Can you imagine?
Want to read more?
Fortune, Robert. Three Years Wanderings in the Provinces of China. London: Spottiswoode and Shaw, 1847.
Fortune, Robert. A Journey to the Tea Countries of China; Including Sung-Lo and the Bohea Hills. London: W. Clowes and Sons, 1852.
Rose, Sarah. For All the Tea in China: How England Stole the World’s Favorite Drink and Changed History. New York: Viking Press, 2010. Click here for Amazon link.
Happy tea drinking,
P.S. – Be sure to check out the following post for my giveaway and flash fiction fun! Entry deadline is January 31. | <urn:uuid:6d4eb8cc-24f4-42ba-9203-d164fce623c4> | {
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A new study reveals that some Himalayan glaciers in the Karakoram mountain range may actually be getting bigger, according to a study published in the April issue of the journal Nature Geoscience -- a surprising quirk in the planet’s response to a changing climate.
The Karakoram range runs along the India-China-Pakistan border and is home to about half the volume of the Himalayan glaciers, including K2 -- the world's second highest peak. Using computer models to compare the ice volume in satellite photos from 1999 and 2008, the study showed that some glaciers are holding steady and even gaining ice mass.
The new finding appears to align with another startling report published Feb. 9 in the science journal Nature, which found that the Himalayas have barely melted at all in the past 10 years.
Yet the surprising growth of some glaciers isn’t commonplace, said study researcher Julie Gardelle, of CNRS-Université Grenoble, France. She told LiveScience that the larger trend was clear: all the other glaciers are melting.
"The rest of the glaciers in the Himalayas are mostly melting, in that they have negative mass balance; here we found that glaciers aren't," Gardelle told LiveScience. "This is an anomalous behavior."
The earlier study disagreed.
The Nature report offered the first comprehensive study of the world’s glaciers and ice caps, using GRACE -- a pair of orbiting satellites racing around the planet at an altitude of 300 miles. That study concluded that the Himalayas have barely melted at all in the past 10 years.
"The GRACE results in this region really were a surprise," said University of Colorado at Boulder physics Prof. John Wahr, who led the study.
Glaciologist Jonathan Bamber (who was not part of the research team) cautioned that the Nature study doesn't alter his view that the climate is changing.
“This new study doesn't change our view of the risks and threats from climate change,” he said in an online chat at the Guardian. “What it does do is improve our knowledge of the recent behavior of one part of the climate system.”
Indeed, Wahr’s study clearly notes that lower-altitude glaciers and ice caps are melting, to the tune of about 150 billion tons of ice annually, which the study predicts could lead to an overall rise in sea levels. He concluded that the higher altitude and therefore colder Himalayan peaks may be temporarily impervious to factors causing melting.
"One possible explanation is that previous estimates were based on measurements taken primarily from some of the lower, more accessible glaciers in Asia and were extrapolated to infer the behavior of higher glaciers. But unlike the lower glaciers, many of the high glaciers would still be too cold to lose mass even in the presence of atmospheric warming," Wahr said.
Glaciers grow and shrink based on how much snow falls and the temperatures in the area, LiveScience said. Why the Karakoram range isn't melting is still a mystery. "For now we don't have any explanation," Gardelle said. "There's been a study reporting an increase in winter precipitation; this could maybe be a reason for the equilibrium, but that's just a guess."
The United Nations’ climate arm warned incorrectly in 2007 that the Himalayan glaciers would melt completely in 25 years, vanishing by the year 2035 due to the effects of climate change.
Rajendra Pachauri, head of the U.N.'s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and director general of the Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) in New Dehli, India, ultimately issued a statement offering regret for what turned out to be a poorly vetted statement. | <urn:uuid:868f02f9-40a2-4fe9-95cf-b3b616f85cc4> | {
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Splenomegaly (spleen enlargement) is a condition that often involves hypersplenism, where overactivity the organ results in excessive removal of red blood cells. The been shaped spleen is an essential organ of the body that controls the immune system. Located under the diaphragm on the upper left quadrant of the abdominal cavity, it works to normally clear away invading organisms (bacteria) in the bloodstream and remove abnormal blood cells.
However, the organ can become enlarged, usually as a response of other medical conditions including infections, blood disorders, elevated splenic blood flow and any condition that invades the spleen. Splenomegaly is not necessarily an abnormal condition and an enlargement in some cases will not necessarily result in abnormal function. An enlarged spleen might occur simply because the organ has been simply over performing.
Normally, the spleen is too small to be palpated or felt through the skin. However, when it becomes enlarged, the organ becomes easier to identify when palpating the abdomen.
- Who Is at Risk for Splenomegaly?
- What Causes an Enlarged Spleen?
- Common Symptoms
- Diagnosing Splenomegaly
- Treating Splenomegaly
Who Is at Risk for Splenomegaly?
Any individual of any age can develop splenomegaly. However, there are specific groups attend have a higher potential of developing the condition based on certain risk factors that include:
- Teenagers, children and toddlers with infections like mononucleosis
- Travelers who have visited areas were malaria is both present and common
- Those who suffer with Niemann-Pick disease, Gaucher's disease or another inherited metabolic disorder that affects the spleen and the liver
While an enlarged spleen is not necessarily a severe problem, it can produce potential complications including:
- Ruptured Spleen – The soft tissue of a healthy spleen can become easily damaged, especially in automobile accidents or other trauma to the abdomen. If the spleen is enlarged, the potential of a rupture is significantly heightened and can produce life-threatening bleeding out of the organ into the abdominal cavity.
- Infection – An overactive spleen reduces the number of healthy platelets, white blood cells and red blood cells by removing them from the bloodstream unnecessarily. This increases the potential of causing frequent infections, increase bleeding and/or anemia.
What Causes an Enlarged Spleen?
In many cases, the large spleen is the result of an overactive organ and not an underlying cause a disease or infection. However, the most common causes of splenomegaly include:
- Mononucleosis and other viral infections
- Endocarditis (infected interlining of the heart), syphilis or other bacterial infection
- Malaria or other parasitic infection
- Myeloproliferative neoplasms, leukemia and other blood cancers including Hodgkin's disease and other lymphomas
- Niemann-Pick disease, Gaucher's disease and other metabolic disorders
- Pressure on veins in the liver or spleen
- Blood clots affecting the spleen or liver
Many individuals with an enlarged point never display or feel any symptoms associated with the condition. However, the most common splenomegaly symptoms for others involve:
- Easy bleeding
- Frequent infections
- A sensation of fullness or pain occurring in the area of the spleen (left upper abdomen) that spreads to the left shoulder
- A sensation of feeling full after consuming small portions of food or without eating
Any individual who experiences pain or extensive discomfort in the left upper abdomen that worsens when deep breathing should consider seeking out immediate medical attention.
Splenomegaly is typically detected during a comprehensive physical examination. The diagnostician can usually palpate (press on) and identify the spleen in the left upper abdomen because it has become enlarged. That said, normal-sized healthy spleen's can sometimes be palpated in slender individuals during an examination.
To confirm the diagnosis of splenomegaly the doctor will typically order tests and procedures that provide verification. These include:
- Complete Blood Count – This blood test can determine the number of white blood cells, platelets, and red blood cells in the bloodstream.
- CT (Computerized Tomography) Scan and Ultrasound Scan – These two scanning procedures can provide visual imagery of the spleen to identify its size, location, and if the condition has crowded other organs in the torso.
- MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) Scan – The scan can trace the flow of blood as it travels through the spleen to identify any blockage caused by an obstruction or pressure from another source.
- Bone Marrow Examination – Examining the makeup of bone marrow can help identify the number of drug blood cells, white blood cells, platelets being produced in the interior of the bones. This examination is performed using a fine needle aspiration technique where liquid samples of bone marrow are removed from the pelvis.
- Liver Functioning Tests – This test can help determine if the spleen is overly active or if the function of the liver is causing the spleen to become enlarged.
- Spleen Biopsy – Though rare, the doctor may recommend a needle biopsy were portion or sample of the spleen is removed for examination under a microscope in a laboratory setting. However, this procedure is rare because of the significant risk of organ bleeding.
Performing imaging tests for visual imagery is not always required to accurately diagnose splenomegaly. To obtain the best results, the patient should refrain from eating prior to the procedure.
The type of treatment the doctor will recommend will likely Bay based on the underlying issues that because the problem initially. If the doctor determines that the splenomegaly condition is the result of a bacterial infection, they will likely recommend an extensive treatment of antibiotic medications to kill off the invading bacteria. Other options for treating and a large spleen include:
- Watchful Waiting – If the doctor verifies a diagnosis of splenomegaly without determining an underlying cause and the patient does not experience any symptoms, it may be recommended to simply weight and watched to see if the condition corrects itself or does not worsen. Typically, the doctor will want to perform a reevaluation and examination within a year or sooner, especially if symptoms begin to develop.
- Spleen Removal – If the patient is experiencing serious complications associated with an enlarged spleen or the underlying cause is not identified or treated, a splenectomy (surgical removal of the spleen) is likely be only option. The best chance for recovery and critical and chronic cases is usually obtained through surgery.
There are associated risks involved in performing surgical operations on the spleen or removing the organ from the body. Because of that, electing to remove the spleen should be carefully considered. That said, many individuals live up healthy and active life after their spleen has been removed, especially if damage was caused by excessive trauma, like a car accident. However, many individuals who have had their spleen removed contract life-threatening or serious infections.
The doctor may choose to use radiation therapy to shrink the enlarged organ as a way of avoiding undergoing the knife and having the spleen removed. The doctor may recommend that the patient follow specific steps at reducing the potential risk of developing infections including undergoing a series of vaccinations to protect against meningitis, pneumonia, and joint/bone/blood infections.
Following an antibiotic regimen of penicillin before and after surgery can diminish the potential of developing an infection. Additionally, individuals should consider the dangers of traveling parts of the world that have malaria. | <urn:uuid:56f887df-4a63-4e76-a45b-9de19df57333> | {
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The Feel of Water
Haptics researchers in Japan bring fluidity to virtual-touch technology.
Most research on virtual-touch technology, or haptics, has focused on giving people the sensation that they’re feeling solid objects. Now researchers in Japan are developing ways to simulate the subtle feel of flowing water–inching us closer to the day when virtual-reality aficionados can enjoy the sensations of, say, rowing a boat or stirring a drink.
Representing flowing water requires churning through complex formulas that can slow a computer to a crawl. That’s a problem for haptics, which uses tactile interfaces to provide physical resistance that simulates the “feel” of actions depicted on a computer screen. “The computation of the force field has to be completed and updated within 1/500 of a second,” says Yoshinori Dobashi, an associate professor at Hokkaido University in Japan. “This is almost impossible.” Dobashi and colleagues got around this problem by doing some of the math in advance. Working with prototype games that simulate kayaking and fishing, Dobashi and his team created a model that approximates real-world forces associated with different water velocities and different rod or paddle positions. Then they precalculated and saved numerical representations of these forces. During a game, sensations are conveyed to the player via interfaces created by Makoto Sato of the Tokyo Institute of Technology. For example, motor-driven wires pull on the ends of a paddle in the player’s hand to simulate kayaking. | <urn:uuid:21223567-6237-4100-8155-1e33ae3def94> | {
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|| Home. | Universe Galaxies And Stars Archives. | |
|| Universe | Big Bang | Galaxies | Stars | Solar System | Planets | Hubble Telescope | NASA | Search Engine ||
Where's All the Antimatter?
- Where's All the Antimatter?
- Sun's Heat Pushes asteroids Out of Their Orbit
- Stardust Enters Safe Mode
- Orbital Sciences Signs Contract for TVSat Deal
WHERE'S ALL THE ANTIMATTER?
Experiments at the Fermi Particle Accelerator, located near
Chicago, have begun to provide clues as to why the universe
is mostly made up of matter, instead of anti-matter. If the
numbers had been equal, the universe would have annihilated
itself in a flash of energy.
SUN'S HEAT PUSHES asteroids OUT OF THEIR ORBIT
Because of their irregular shapes, asteroids are warmed
unevenly by the Sun. This force, called the 'Yarkovsky
effect' is thought to slowly push asteroids out of their
regular main-belt orbit. Astronomers believe that some of
these strays are picked up by Mars' gravity and hurled
into Earth-crossing orbits.
STARDUST ENTERS SAFE MODE
During testing and transmission of its first few images from
space, Stardust's main computer shut down non-critical systems,
and entered safe mode. The spacecraft resumed normal operations
later in the day when NASA engineers re-established contact.
ORBITAL SCIENCES SIGNS CONTRACT FOR TVSAT DEAL
B-SAT, Japan's Broadcasting satellite System Corporation recently
awarded the contract to Orbital Sciences to build and launch
two GEO orbit satellites.
Go To Print Article
Universe - Galaxies and Stars: Links and Contacts
|| GNU License | Contact | Copyright | WebMaster | Terms | Disclaimer | Top Of Page. || | <urn:uuid:6295f8e1-20ea-4255-b32f-b52609322d01> | {
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U.S. Department of Agriculture
Perhaps more than any other occupational group, agricultural workers are exposed to a tremendous variety of environmental hazards that are potentially harmful to their health and well-being. Farmers and farm workers suffer from increased rates of respiratory diseases, noise-induced hearing loss, skin disorders, certain cancers, chemical toxicity, and heat-related illnesses. There are precautions that can be taken to minimize or eliminate these potential hazards.
Farming situations present several respiratory hazards to farm workers. Exposure to these hazards has been linked to excessive coughing and congestion in 20 to 90 percent of farm workers and families. Symptoms of chronic bronchitis were observed in as many as 50 percent of swine confinement workers and grain handlers.
Organic Dust Toxic Syndrome (ODTS) is a common respiratory illness manifested by temporary influenza-like illness with fever, headache, and muscle aches and pains. Although much less common than ODTS, Farmer's Lung is an allergic reaction caused by inhaling dust from moldy hay, straw, and grain. Dairy and grain farmers are the most common victims. The months when moldy crops are handled indoors are the most dangerous. For those who are susceptible, repeated exposure damages lung tissue, ca sing shortness of breath and a growing inability to perform strenuous work. Victims eventually may find it a struggle even to get out of a chair.
Dust from moldy hay, grain, and silage can also cause ODTS, which has symptoms resembling Farmer's Lung. However, ODTS does not produce long-term illness or cause permanent lung damage.
Nuisance dusts and gases also are hazards. Suspended dust particles not containing spores from moldy organic matter are considered nuisance dusts. Repeated exposure can turn portions of the lung into hardened, nonfunctioning tissue and cause chronic bronchitis and occupational asthma.
A variety of disabling gases, including nitrogen dioxide (NO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), ammonia (NH3), Carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4), are produced during many routine operations. Exposure to low levels of NO2, H2S, or NH3 will produce lung and eye irritations, dizziness, drowsiness, and headaches. High levels of H2S, particularly, and NO2, secondarily, will quickly render a worker unconscious and death will follow.
The best prevention of respiratory disease is to wear a respirator approved by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Air-purifying respirators remove contaminants from the air, but can only be used in environments with enough oxygen to sustain life. Supplied-air respirators must be used in oxygen-limited environments, or in environments with acute toxic gas levels.
Agricultural noise is another common health hazard on the farm. It is estimated that 10 percent of U.S. farm workers are exposed to average daily noise levels above 85 decibels, which is the "action" level at which hearing conservation program are required for industrial workers. Studies at the Universities of Missouri, Wisconsin, Nebraska, and Iowa found that noise-induced hearing loss has been found to affect a quarter of younger farmers, and at least 50 percent of older farmers. Significant numbers develop a communication handicap by age 30.
Prolonged exposure to excessive noise, such as that produced by tractors, combines, choppers, grain dryers, and chainsaws, can cause permanent hearing loss unless noise-control measures are taken. Ears provide two warning signs for overexposure: temporary threshold shift (TTF) and ringing in the ears (tinnitus). The two types of hearing protection available are ear muffs and ear plugs. Ear muffs are more effective, but the level of protection varies due to differences in size, shape, seal material, shell mass, and type of suspension. Ear plugs may be custom fined or preformed rubber, plastic, or foam inserts. Preformed inserts are cheaper, but ear plugs properly inserted into the ear and custom-fitted by trained personnel are more effective because the ear canal shape may vary.
If you are continually exposed to loud noises, you should have periodic hearing tests. This test, called an audiogram, will reveal signs of hearing loss. If a hearing loss is noted, take steps to reduce exposure, thereby eliminating further damage to your ears.
Contact dermatitis is a skin disorder that occurs among agricultural workers. There are two general categories: irritant and allergic. Irritants act directly on the skin at the place of contact. Allergic sensitizers, however, cause changes in the immune system so that subsequent contact produces a reaction. Phototoxic or photoallergic reactions occur when light, in combination with certain substances, causes skin disease. Other types of agricultural dermatitis include heat rash, origin infections, and insect and plant irritants.
A number of factors predispose an individual to dermatitis, such as age, sex, race, temperature and humidity, previous skin disorders, skin damage, and personal hygiene. Work-related skin diseases are often easy to detect, but difficult to diagnose. It is important for the physician to know chemicals and other agents to which an individual has been exposed. Wearing proper protective clothing, and washing frequently are the most effective means of prevention.
Skin cancer is a concern on the farm due to the long hours farmers spend in the sun. Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer, with about 450,000 newly diagnosed cases in America each year. People at high risk include those with fair skin, blue eyes, and red or blond hair. Ninety percent of all skin cancers occur on parts of the body not usually covered by clothing. A place of particular concern for farmers is the back of the neck. Avoid overexposure, especially between 11 am. and 2 p.m.; use sunblocks that absorb or deflect ultraviolet rays; wear protective clothing, such as long-sleeved shirts, pants, and wide-brimmed hats; and conduct regular self-examinations for early detection.
There are three major types of skin cancer: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma. Basal cell carcinoma is the most common form. It rarely spreads, but if left untreated, can spread to underlying tissues and destroy them. It usually occurs as a small, shiny, pearly nodule that may ulcerate and crust. Squamous cell carcinoma, although rarely life- threatening, is more dangerous than basal cell carcinoma because it spreads more rapidly. It may begin as a nodule or as a red, scaly, sharply outlined patch. Malignant melanoma is the least common, but most deadly, type of skin cancer. It starts as a small, mole-like growth that increases in size and forms irregular borders. It may change color, ulcerate, or bleed from a slight injury. Melanoma is completely curable in its early stages, but if left untreated, spreads rapidly through the lymph system
Studies at the University of Iowa show that leukemia and lymphoma occur almost 25 percent more frequently in Iowa farmers than in the general population. Agricultural causes of these concerns have not been conclusively identified, but agents of concern include nitrate, pesticides, viruses, antigenic stimulants, and various fuels, oils, and solvents.
Many agricultural workers are exposed to chemicals on a daily basis. If they do not observe proper precautions, illness or even death may ensue. The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that there are close to 10,000 poisonings each year in America. Only about 28 percent of these occur on the job. The majority are the result of home-related poisonings.
Pesticides can enter the body through many routes, but the most common ways are through the skin and by inhaling. To prevent dermal (skin) contact and inhalation of pesticides, applicators should wear personal protective clothing and equipment.
When using diluted pesticides, the applicator should wear chemical-resistant coveralls or an apron. When handling concentrates during mixing and loading, a face shield, unlined rubber gloves and boots, and a lightweight rubber apron should be worn. Boots and aprons should be washed daily with soap and water and dried thoroughly, inside and out, to remove pesticide residues. All clothing worn while handling pesticides should be washed daily, separately from other clothing.
Wear a NIOSH-approved respirator when the chemical label calls for it, and be sure to choose the type that protects specifically against the pesticide you are using. Respirators must fit the face well to ensure a good seal. Long sideburns, beards, or glasses may prevent a good seal
Heat stress occurs when the body builds up more heat than it can handle. High temperatures, high humidity, sunlight, and heavy workloads increase the likelihood of heat stress. Use fans, ventilation systems, and shade whenever possible. A work area sometimes can be shaded by a tarp or canopy. Drink plenty of water before, during, and after work, and consider wearing cooling vests, which are garments with ice or frozen gel inserts.
Allow time to adjust to the heat and workload. People who are used to working in the heat are less likely to suffer heat stress. To become adjusted, do about 2 hours of light work per day in the heat for several days in a row; then, gradually increase the work period and workload for the next several days. An adjustment period of at least 7 days is recommended. If the warm weather occurs gradually, workers may adjust naturally.
Good health has long been acknowledged as one of the most critical elements to quality of life. The health of farm workers is a vital resource to protect. Following recommended precautionary measures to protect your health can go a long way to enhancing your quality of life.
This document is a Farm Safety Fact Sheet, United States Department of Agriculture Extension Service. Publication date: June 1992.
Bradley K. Rein, National Program Leader, Agri-Industry Systems/Farm Safety, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, 20250-2260.
Mention or display of a trademark, proprietary product, or firm in text or figures does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and does not imply approval to the exclusion of other products or firms.
Publication #: 102014
Disclaimer and Reproduction Information: Information in NASD does not represent NIOSH policy. Information included in NASD appears by permission of the author and/or copyright holder. More
Reviewed for NASD: 04/2002 | <urn:uuid:ce74d01b-7f88-48eb-a7ce-e3b99e5e74fa> | {
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What is leadership and empowerment?
Since Business Environments are changing rapidly, there is an immense need to develop more empowered employees in order to keep-up with today’s fast paced fluctuation global environment.
If we talk about EMPOWERING LEADERSHIP and talk discuss in particular about
WHAT IS LEADERSHIP…?
It would be an injustice to this title…
Leadership is a broad concept or if I say in scientific words LEADERSHIP IS a HOTSPOT IN THE FIELD OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCE.
Leadership doesn’t only involve leaders, followers and some targets to be accomplished, but it also talks a lot about HOW TO GET THE WORK DONE..! It would not be an overweighed statement if I say that “A GOOD LEADER IS THE ONE WHO CAN TRANSLATE VISION INTO REALITY”
EMPOWERING LEADERSHIP is basically concerned with providing an authority and flexibility to the front-line employees to make on-the-spot decisions. To empower means to give power and authority to someone else; to enable others. There are various ways which companies can follow to empower their team employees:
3. SHOW THEM RATHER BRING THEM IN CONFIDENCE THAT “THEY ACTUALLY MATTER”
4. Give them flexibility
5. Challenge them with new opportunities
6. Training for greater competency
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32¢ Electric Toy Trains
Celebrate the Century – 1920s
Issue Date: May 28, 1998
City: Washington, DC
Printed By: Ashton-Potter (USA) Ltd
Printing Method: Lithographed
In the 1920s, American children were introduced to a new type of plaything, the electric toy train. Often incorporated into realistic scenes of towns and rail stations, these miniature scale models of real trail locomotives, cars and tracks provided both children and adults with many hours of entertainment. Toy trains are one of the few types of toys that have remained popular for more than seven decades.
There are three common scales of electric toy trains. In relation to the real train, they are HO or 1/87 scale, N or 1/160 scale, and O or 1/48 scale. Enthusiasts create landscape elements, model buildings, and figures in the same scale to give their model railroads the correct proportions. Many model railroaders belong to clubs where they can work together to create larger railroad layouts on which two or more trains may run.
Model railroading gained further recognition when the hobby was on display at the Century of Progress Exposition in Chicago in 1933 and 1934. The public interest led manufacturers to create a greater variety of model railroading kits. By 1935, hobbyists had formed the National Model Railroad Association to establish uniform standards for tracks, wheels, and other electric toy train equipment. | <urn:uuid:ebca4a93-cc4a-4e22-89c0-e92408145d7a> | {
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(Follow-up to part 1 and part 2.)
Let’s clear up some potentially confusing points about fiat money on our island:
We said that when the government spends, it increases net dollar wealth, and that when it taxes, it decreases net dollar wealth.
So you can think of the total government debt as the “national savings account”. But it is important to note that when we say "savings", we are really referring to savings in the form of dollars (or Treasuries, which we’ll get to later).
If I chop up some wood and build a bird house for my pet woodpecker, I've created wealth and my net worth (assuming that other people are interested in buying the bird house) has gone up. But my dollar wealth is unchanged. Since the total number of dollars out there is the same but there are more goods it can buy (because that spectacular bird house has been built), overall prices might have to come down. So you could argue that the government has to issue more dollars to keep pace with the amount of “real wealth” that is created.
Where does the extra money "come from"? Is the government racking up a bunch of debt?
You might be confused at this point as to where the money used for deficit spending comes from. There are two possible answers: the government can "print" the money, or it can "borrow" the money.
Let’s start with borrowing, since that’s the case most familiar to a lot of us.
In order to borrow money, the government has to print up a bunch of IOUs and sell them. We'll call the island IOU's "Treasuries" to match the U.S. terminology. So the government prints some Treasuries and exchanges them for cash with "regular" civilians. For now, those civilians represent island citizens, but later we'll consider what happens if they are foreigners.
For instance, if the government collected $500,000 in taxes but wants to spend $520,000, it could issue $20,000 worth of Treasuries and sell them to island residents. In the process, the government has $20,000 worth of cash, and it can proceed to spend or give away the money. If Lenny the Lender purchased $100 worth of government Treasuries, then he's just as wealthy now as he was before. His cash has been reduced by $100 but he now has $100 worth of Treasuries.
So now when we refer to "dollar savings" we'll be referring to cash or Treasuries. Both are a form of dollars; the difference is the Treasuries are scheduled to "turn into" regular cash at a future date. Alternatively, you could say that cash is just a "zero maturity" Treasury, i.e. a Treasury that gets paid back by the government right now.
So how does “printing” money work?
Well, on the island, we can literally print it and spend it. It is our imaginary island after all.
But does the U.S. actually just print money and spend it?
This is a minor point, but the U.S. Treasury works slightly differently. (Thanks to ESM for spelling this out for me.) If the U.S. Treasury wants to "print money", the Treasury issues bonds to the Federal Reserve, and the Fed pays cash to the Treasury. Now the Treasury has cash to spend, and the Fed is holding onto a bunch of bonds. The Fed can either hold the bonds, sell them on the open market, or tear them up. In the last case (which is quite common), we can say that the Treasury effectively printed money, and for some reason, the amount that it printed is not added to the U.S. debt. This is horribly inconsistent, but it’s the way it is. It's as the government periodically get loans and the bank keeps forgetting to collect debt payments. | <urn:uuid:af5f645e-80c8-4e17-bdb5-f3ee943f4a59> | {
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Maintenance or middle insomnia: Changes in specific genes may put certain people at higher risk of anorexia. This can result in insomnia and disrupted sleep. Chronic insomnia is usually a result of stress, life events or habits that disrupt sleep. An evaluation may include a physical exama medical history, and a sleep history.
Chronic pain from conditions such as arthritis or back problems as well as depression or anxiety can interfere with sleep. Complications Sleep is as important to your health as a healthy diet and regular physical activity. Short-term anxiety develops when you worry frequently about the same specific issue, such as work or your personal relationships.
Depression, anxiety and other mood disorders Personality disorders. During menopause, night sweats and hot flashes often disrupt sleep. Not only does having insomnia cause sleep deprivation and typically day time fatigue, but, according to the Sleep Foundation, insomnia can also cause a number of other physical and mental problems.
It is typically triggered by something that makes you feel worried, upset or nervous, such as a big presentation at work, exam, health problem or relationship change. Be sure that it is dark, quiet, and not too warm or too cold. Other sleep disorders Some sleep disorders can cause insomnia or make it worse.
Raw milk — Although dairy can be problematic for some, a glass of raw milk before bed does help many get better sleep. If noise is a problem, try earplugs, a fan, or a "white noise" machine to cover up the sounds. Discover more ways to help your child sleep better. Additional common causes of insomnia include: Almost no body system remains unaffected.
Drinking alcohol before bedtime can cause frequent awakenings during the night. Causes include jet lag from traveling across multiple time zones, working a late or early shift, or frequently changing shifts. Experts suggest not exercising for at least three to four hours before the time you go to sleep.
Some people with anorexia may have obsessive-compulsive personality traits that make it easier to stick to strict diets and forgo food despite being hungry. In other words, sleeplessness can cause or be caused by other mental and physical ailments.
Many over-the-counter medications — such as some pain medications, allergy and cold medications, and weight-loss products — contain caffeine and other stimulants that can disrupt sleep. Chronic insomnia is usually a result of stress, life events or habits that disrupt sleep.
Travel or work schedule. Learn more about the connection between mental health issues and insomnia. Simple changes in your daily habits can often help. Anorexia is also more common among teenagers. For journaling, get out a notebook and start writing things down; you can even look at your schedule for the next day and write that down.
Processed fats — Too much fat at night can slow down digestion and may lead to indigestion. Eating too much late in the evening. Anemia Heart problems, such as mitral valve prolapse, abnormal heart rhythms or heart failure Bone loss osteoporosisincreasing the risk of fractures Loss of muscle In females, absence of a period In males, decreased testosterone Gastrointestinal problems, such as constipation, bloating or nausea Electrolyte abnormalities, such as low blood potassium, sodium and chloride Kidney problems If a person with anorexia becomes severely malnourished, every organ in the body can be damaged, including the brain, heart and kidneys.
Tryptophan foods include those high in protein, such as turkey, chicken or tuna. Mental disorders The relationship between sleep and mental health is complex.
Not sleeping in a very dark or cool enough room. He or she will likely want to perform a medical exam, talk to you about any recent life changes and discuss your medical history. With strict editorial sourcing guidelines, we only link to academic research institutions, reputable media sites and, when research is available, medically peer-reviewed studies.Additional common causes of insomnia include: Mental health disorders.
Anxiety disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, may disrupt your sleep. Awakening too early can be a sign of depression. Insomnia often occurs with other mental health disorders as well. Medications. Symptoms.
The physical signs and symptoms of anorexia nervosa are related to starvation. Anorexia also includes emotional and behavioral issues involving an unrealistic perception of body weight and an extremely strong fear of gaining weight or becoming fat.
Insomnia; Reduced interest in sex; Causes. The exact cause of anorexia is. They experience inattention, irritability and difficulty concentrating. Many times, the disorder causes distress and difficulties in social groups and at work, and both of these areas suffer.
Symptoms of Insomnia Disorder. Some of the symptoms of insomnia include: Waking up several times in the night.
Having difficulties falling asleep at night. Depression (major depressive disorder or clinical depression) is a common but serious mood disorder.
It causes severe symptoms that affect how you feel, think, and handle daily activities, such as sleeping, eating, or working. Causes Insomnia may be the primary problem, or it may be associated with other conditions.
Chronic insomnia is usually a result of stress, life events or habits that disrupt sleep. Insomnia is a sleep disorder that is characterized by difficulty falling and/or staying asleep.
People with insomnia have one or more of the following symptoms. Difficulty falling asleep; Waking.Download | <urn:uuid:f1193123-50ff-4791-a9e9-1147d9c0e05c> | {
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What is a Thaumatrope and How Do I Make One?
Invented in 1825 by Dr. John Aryton Paris, the thaumatrope became an instant phenomenon. Using science to look like magic, the thaumatrope tricks the eyes by spinning two images so quickly the human eye cannot follow one individually and instead combines the two.
There are many different kinds of thaumatropes, but two slightly different ones are easy to make and easy to use.
You will need:
- White card stock or light weight white particle board, four circles about three to four inches across
- String, two pieces about eight inches each
- Black pen or marker, bright colored pens or markers for contrasting colors
- A glass or roll of tape to use as a template for the circles. I usually use a roll of masking tape.
- A straight, long, thin stick like a barbecue skewer or a pencil.
- Glue stick
- Paper hole punch
The First Step: The Pictures
- For both thaumatropes you will two circles. Use the glass or the masking tape roll to trace out two identical circles. This will be the front and the back of the thaumatrope.
- Using a pencil make a small object, like a fish, in the center of the first circle. Make it small, with lots of room. It’s really important to make it small.
- On the other circle, make a large fish bowl with the pencil. Try to fill most of the circle, but definitely make it large enough that the fish on the other circle would fit inside. Also, make sure its centered.
- Use contrasting colors on the fish and fishbowl. For example, make the fish a golden orange, and the fishbowl a turquoise blue. Outline them both with black.
Thaumatrope on a Stick:
- Carefully place the two circles onto the stick, matching up the edges as close as possible. You can glue them together with the glue stick, or you can staple them together over the stick, using the stapler four times, twice on top of the circle on either side of the stick, very close to the stick and twice on the bottom of the circle on either side of the stick, very close to the stick. I like to staple them so that I can change out the picture for the same stick.
- Roll the end of the stick between your palms, very quickly. The eye will ‘fool’ you into seeing both pictures at once, in this case a fish in a bowl. Using contrasting colors really helps the viewer pick up on the illusion.
Pictured is a classic bird in a cage thaumatrope
Classic Thaumatrope on a String:
- Carefully place your two circles together, the bowl on one side and the fish on the other, glue them together.
- Give them a moment to dry and then, using the hole punch, make two holes, one on the right and one on the left, about 1/8 inch in from the edge.
- Double your string and tie the ends together, so that you have two loops of string.
- Fit one through the left hand hole and loop it together through itself, and do the same to the right.
- Hold the left side in your left hand the right in the right hand, and twist the disk in the middle.
- Once it is twisted you should be able to open and close your fingers inside the loops to spin the disk, taking turns with each hand. The fish will then appear in the bowl! | <urn:uuid:a72b7c76-c850-4b04-8d76-e3090dd90cbc> | {
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Home > Wellness Resources > Health Library > Tongue-Tie Surgery for Infants
A frenotomy is a procedure to release the tissue (lingual frenulum)
that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth. It is the preferred surgery
tongue-tie in babies younger than 1 year of age.
The procedure is done in the hospital's newborn nursery or in a
doctor's office without anesthesia or with a
During the procedure, the doctor lifts the baby's tongue
and clips the lingual frenulum. More than one cut may be needed to release the
tongue. Stitches usually are not required, and there is little bleeding after
You can feed your baby right away after the procedure. If you think
your baby has pain or discomfort, you can give him or her acetaminophen, such
as Tylenol. Be safe with medicines. Read and follow all instructions on the label.
Complications from tongue-tie surgery are rare but may
ByHealthwise StaffPrimary Medical ReviewerJohn Pope, MD - PediatricsAdam Husney, MD - Family MedicineSpecialist Medical ReviewerChuck Norlin, MD - Pediatrics
Current as ofNovember 20, 2015
Current as of:
November 20, 2015
John Pope, MD - Pediatrics & Adam Husney, MD - Family Medicine & Chuck Norlin, MD - Pediatrics
To learn more about Healthwise, visit Healthwise.org.
© 1995-2016 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated. | <urn:uuid:b00a53d9-7856-47ef-8231-2674de7dd382> | {
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Diagnose Black Display / No Display Output in Your Computer
Edited by Liezel, Eng, Robbi, Nuance and 1 other
Although you may be a USER, how are we supposed to use our computer effectively, if it isn't functioning properly, and there is no display output?.
Computers are no longer an option. In fact, they are pretty much a necessity for day-to-day life. They have become a fundamental tool for nearly everything we do, including what you are doing right now. You wouldn't have access to this article without some kind of device that allows you to go online. What used to be a privilege for a student to own a computer is now a necessity for every student in North America.
But now there's something wrong, and there is no display on your computer. This article will help you fix this issue on your computer, without having to call a technician. Before we proceed, please make sure you know how to protect yourself in case of a hazard - always safety first.
Diagnose Black Display on Your Computer
There are common issues that you may encounter when your personal computer is not properly shutdown or you experienced an unexpected power loss. Before checking the probable cause for the "No Display, issue you are facing, you need to prepare the following:
- Anti-Static Band.
- Screw Drivers.
- Pen Eraser.
- Wear closed shoes.
Now you're ready to start.
- 1Make sure it is connected properly to your monitor and to your system unit (CPU). You can see the problem you're having with your computer by watching your computer keyboard light status.Check your VGA cable to see if it's loose or not.Advertisement
- When you switch ON the power to the computer, Num lock LED will turn ON.
- If it does not turn ON, try to push Num lock button ON/OFF.
- If it is not responding and the Num LED is not lit, often this means you have a computer memory failure.
- 2You can do this by holding the switch on button.Switch off your computer and unplug the power cord.Advertisement
- Then open your system unit (CPU).
- Remove the memory card in the slot of the motherboard, slowly push up and push down the holder of the memory.
- Note: Don't touch the chips in any part of the motherboard and memory! You can only touch the edges or sides, otherwise you will damage of your computer.
- This is the sample of memory card. Proper handling of the computer's memory card:
- 3Clean all the gold pins of the memory card, but still follow the instruction above.
- Use pen eraser to clean the gold pins.
- After you clean the gold pins of the memory, choose only one memory to put back in the slot of motherboard. Do it perfectly.
- 4Switch your computer on again.
- Plug in the power cord, and keyboard, monitor.
- After you switch on, and LED light of number lock is open and responding (success), there will be a display on the monitor.
- Oops! Don't be in too much of a hurry to insert another memory card.
- 5If it is happen to you, and the above steps don't work, try:If cleaning the memory wasn't enough.
- Change your memory card. If after you change the memory card, and there's still no display...
- Check is your video card. Remember, only put one memory card in the motherboard when you are diagnosing and troubleshooting.
- Always unplug the power cord when you touching the parts of computer.
- Carefully remove the video card in the motherboard.
- The video card has a random lock.
- Find where is it before you remove the video card.
- When removing, don't force to pull it. It should be easy to remove if you've removed the lock first.
- Clean all the pins of the video card (gold pins only).
- Replace the video card.
- Try to switch on again, plug the cord, keyboard and monitor.
- If you've been successful, there will be a display.
- If this doesn't work, replace your video card.
- 6And now your problem has hopefully been solved.Advertisement
Tips, Tricks & Warnings
- Before you do anything, remove the power cable of your Hard disk drive. This will make sure you don't damage any of your files, or cause harm to yourself.
- If you've tried everything listed above, and there's still not output, and the display is still black, remove the CMOS battery found on the motherboard for 60 seconds, and then replace it.
- Warning. Make sure before you doing this, you wear all personal protective equipment, to avoid electrostatic shock.
If you have problems with any of the steps in this article, please post in the comments section below.
Categories : Hardware
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A slab of ice larger than the continental United States smothers much of East Antarctica. Draining from the East Antarctic Ice Sheet is a river of ice nearly 800 kilometers long. This stream, the Recovery Ice Stream, slides roughly 35 billion tons of ice into the ocean each year. In order to understand how large ice caps like the ones on Antarctica and Greenland will react to global warming, scientists must understand the basic dynamics of ice sheets, things like how fast they move, what causes them to speed up and slow down, and how much ice they carry to the ocean. In 2007, scientists reported that several large lakes lie beneath the Recovery Ice Stream and that when the ice stream flow over them, it speeds up.
This grayscale image of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet shows the Recovery Ice Stream flowing out of the rugged Shackleton Range Mountains and merging into the vast expanse of the Filchner Ice Shelf. The image is from the Mosaic of Antarctica, a map of digital images of the continent based on observations collected by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Terra and Aqua satellites. Dark shadows and brightly lit slopes reveal the area’s topography, tracing out flow lines and crevasses on the Filchner Ice Shelf; the coast of Berkner Island, encased by ice; and the deep shadows of crevasses in the glaciers where they first leave the mountains.
A team of researchers from Columbia University, NASA, and the Universities of New Hampshire and Washington found the lakes using a combination of satellite-based data from several sensors to peer across and below the ice in the area: radar data of ice velocity, photo-like images of the surface like the one pictured above, and laser data of ice elevation. To learn more about their discovery, see the sidebar The Role of Subglacial Lakes, part of the Earth Observatory’s feature article Something Under the Ice is Moving.
Image from the MODIS Mosaic of Antarctica collection, provided by the National Snow and Ice Data Center.
- Terra - MODIS | <urn:uuid:e1ad5c0a-9f2b-405a-b15a-30a306c7b9de> | {
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How to calculate federal withholding tax using the percentage tables
Methods of Withholding
The Internal Revenue Code allows employers to choose from several different methods for calculating the amount to withhold from an employee's wages for federal income tax. The most popular methods are the wage - bracket method and the percentage method.
Wage Bracket Method:
The simplest method for calculating federal income tax is the wage- bracket method. To calculate withholding you must know taxable wages, pay frequency, marital status and withholding allowances.
When the wage - bracket method is used, follow these steps:
- Find the proper wage- bracket table based on the employer's payroll period and the marital status claimed on the employee's form W- 4.
- Determine the employee's wages subject to federal income tax withholding by the employee's gross wages by any pre tax deductions.
- Locate the bracket that includes the employee's taxable
and the column with the number of withholding allowance claimed on the employee's form W-4.
- Determine the taxes to the withholding where the appropriate row and column meet for the number of withholding allowance claimed by the employee on line 5 of the form W- 4.
- Add any extra dollar amount of withholding indicated by the employee on the line 6 of the form W- 4.
The method most commonly used in computerized payroll systems is the percentage method. It applies to either single or married taxpayers for any pay frequency. Unlike the wage-bracket method, the percent- age method can be applied to any amount of wages.
Two tables located in Circular E are used to calculate federal income tax withholding using the percentage method; the withholding allowance table and the percentage table (see hand out).Source: payrolltaxes.weebly.com | <urn:uuid:bb2ff867-218f-472c-9a6b-4b729c8b1948> | {
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So you’ve picked out your book, ordered it, and got it in your hands. Now what? Believe it or not, how you learn is just as important as what you learn. Generally, books are pretty carefully organized to work as a curriculum as opposed to something you can just pick and choose what looks most interesting from.
One of the first solid-body guitars was invented by Les Paul, though Gibson did not present their Les Paul guitar prototypes to the public as they did not believe it would catch on. The first mass-produced solid-body guitar was Fender’s Broadcaster (later renamed the Telecaster) first made in 1948, five years after Les Paul made his prototype. The Gibson Les Paul appeared soon after to compete with the Broadcaster. Another notable solid-body design is the Fender Stratocaster, which was introduced in 1954 and became extremely popular among musicians in the 1960s and 1970s for its wide tonal capabilities and comfortable ergonomics.
3/4 guitars are fine for children under the age of 11, or as travel guitars, but if you want to learn properly, then buy a full size guitar at the start. I started on a full size classical guitar right back when I was knee high to a grasshopper; initially it’s hard, but your fingers adapt fast enough and you will soon develop flexibility and dexterity. For children under 11, a 3/4 guitar is an option, but even then I still feel that full-size is better. Check out all the amazing 6 year-old kids playing amazing stuff on the internet, 9 times out of 10 they are playing full-size instruments.
Thanks for your personal marvelous posting! I truly enjoyed reading it, you could be a great author. I will be sure to bookmark your blog and will come back someday. I want to encourage one to continue your great writing, have a nice evening!|
A guitar SAVANT! (google it young bucks) Truly gifted by the creator…Not much to look at though…Dresses abit grungy…Gibson built him a signature guitar for some reason…Kill switch has got to be a fun button to play with…Love the elastic strap that bounces his axe…maybe the best freak in the game today…for sure is the best guitarist…fast or slow…
Before you begin, it’s important to understand that a book can’t teach you guitar. They’re great as references and serve as a fine starting point, but soon enough, you need to take what you’ve learned and try to integrate it into a performative craft alongside other musicians. If you find yourself getting stuck, take the exercise you’re on to a jam with like-minded musicians who can help you work practically with the material. At the very least, set a backing track and learn how to time those new skills. So much of playing is about feel, which is a magical combination of timing and groove that only exists in the moment.
I think for the general beginner an electric guitar is probably the best instrument, mainly because they are a little easier to play and so you will see results faster, which will inspire you to play more.
With similar specs and style to the 1952 original – but without the $10,000 price tag – this LP-100 from Epiphone demands attention. As highlighted in our full review, with a classic Les Paul shape, the body is crafted from solid mahogany with a maple top, and features a bolt-on mahogany neck, with rosewood fingerboard, and 22 medium-jumbo frets. The guitar has solid hardware, including a LockTone tune-o-matic bridge and StopBar tailpiece, and 14:1 die-cast machine heads. Good looks and hardware aside, this electric guitar sounds fantastic. This is thanks to the two humbuckers – a 700T at the bridge and 650R at the neck – which offer full, warm tones that adapt to the majority of styles. Perfect for a beginner, although by no means an entry-level guitar.
Klaus its pleasing to see that you’ve included Rory Gallagher, he quite frequently gets ignored because he shunned commercialism to stay true to guitar playing. Admittedly I’m biased, Rory was related to me but I had the pleasure to meet and talk to him a few times and his down to earth personality was a credit.
Also Norman Gibsons tend to be more spendy and I believe since this article is for beginner guitars that they will tend to be cheaper so you can learn without spending much incase you end up loosing interest… however gibbons are quite nice, most of them atlas.
When you purchase ShippingPass you don’t have to worry about minimum order requirements or shipping distance. No matter how small the order or how far it needs to go, ShippingPass provides unlimited nationwide shipping. If you need to return or exchange an item you can send it back at no cost or take it to your neighborhood store.
However the process of picking and separating the good from the bad can be tiresome and littered with pitfalls. Fear not – check out some of our reviews below and go from there. Here are the best affordable electric guitars that will not break your bank:
Shouldn’t even be questioned. Ever hear of ‘Voodoo Child’? Yeah, that was recorded in one take. & almost entirely improvised. & it’s the greatest recording of an electric guitar being played EVER. & this isn’t from some idiot who just listens to a lot of music, I play the guitar and have done a lot of reading and I know a few of your favorite guitarists would agree with me.
When calculating electric guitar cost, you should also consider the need for an amplifier, strap, case or gig-bag, and patch chord. The option of purchasing a guitar kit can lower the cost of an electric guitar and its necessary accessories. These package deals can be found for as low as $300 for beginners, while higher-level players may be interested in packages in the $500 area. Guitar kits can contain all accessories, or some combination of them like a guitar and amp alone.
Quite often, power chords are played with only down-strums, and often with a technique called palm muting, which might make it less vital to mute the unused strings. But it is REALLY important to mute them because many songs do use up- and down-strums with power chords (‘Smells Like Teen Spirit’ springs to mind). Also, if you don’t mute them, and you play loud with distortion, the strings might ring out—even if you don’t pick them—and which will make your chords sound messy. So make sure you get your string muting sorted now!
Zen guitar is not about scales and memorizing chords. Instead, it is a masterpiece of why to play guitar, helping you get through the times where learning guitar gets frustrating, and believe me, it will at some point get frustrating. But if you can get through that and push on, you’ll be rewarded with mastery of an instrument that will give you personal fulfillment and a lifetime hobby that brings achievement and satisfaction.
Hi, I like the list and like others I appreciate it isn’t in order as it really is difficult, if not impossible to do. Some guitarists I would like people to give a chance are two bluegrass players and two country players:
While it’s true you don’t need to read music to play guitar, you do want to learn to read chord charts. A chord chart is a visual representation of a guitar chord. Chord charts are a little like music-by-numbers—they tell you which finger goes where and on what string, so in case you come up against a chord you don’t know, you’ll be able to play it.
Early proponents of the electric guitar on record include Alvino Rey (Phil Spitalney Orchestra), Les Paul (Fred Waring Orchestra), Danny Stewart (Andy Iona Orchestra), George Barnes (under many aliases), Lonnie Johnson, Floyd Smith, Big Bill Broonzy, T-Bone Walker, George Van Eps, Charlie Christian (Benny Goodman Orchestra), Tampa Red, Memphis Minnie, and Arthur Crudup.
Always factor in the size of your instrument. If you are a young player – or are buying a guitar for a child – consider that small hands playing on a full-size guitar may be more difficult than if you had an electric guitar made for kids.
Guitar amplifiers have long included at least a few effect units, often tone controls for bass and treble, an integrated tremolo system (sometimes incorrectly labeled (and marketed) as vibrato), or a mechanical spring reverb unit. In the 2010s, guitar amps often have onboard distortion effects. Some 2010-era amps provide multiple effects, such as chorus, flanger, phaser and octave down effects. The use of offboard effects such as stompbox pedals is made possible by either plugging the guitar into the external effect pedal and then plugging the effect pedal into the amp, or by using one or more effects loops, an arrangement that lets the player switch effects (electrically or mechanically) in or out of the signal path. In the signal chain, the effects loop is typically between the preamplifier stage and the power amplifier stages (though reverb units generally precede the effects loop an amplifier has both). This lets the guitarist add modulation effects to the signal after it passed through the preamplifier—which can be desirable, particularly with time-based effects such as delay. By the 2010s, guitar amplifiers usually included a distortion effect. Effects circuitry (whether internal to an amplifier or not) can be taken as far as amp modeling, by which is meant alteration of the electrical and audible behavior in such a way as to make an amp sound as though it were another (or one of several) amplifiers. When done well, a solid state amplifier can sound like a tube amplifier (even one with power supply sag), reducing the need to manage more than one amp. Some modeling systems even attempt to emulate the sound of different speakers/cabinets. Nearly all amp and speaker cabinet modeling is done digitally, using computer techniques (e.g., Digital Signal Processing or DSP circuitry and software). There is disagreement about whether this approach is musically satisfactory, and also whether this or that unit is more or less successful than another.
The ShippingPass assortment is continually being optimized. Products are added and removed for lots of reasons, but the main reason is to show items that we’re 100% sure we can deliver within the promised timeline.
If you are serious about buying a guitar and learning how to play on it, you should be familiar with everything one can offer, from woods to pickups. Here’s a brief picture of some of the most important components that make up a guitar, and what you should look out for when browsing:
On the forum there are thousands of people at all stages of playing that can offer advice on new beginner guitars. I have to admit that I play only top-end gear and don’t know the latest on all the new budget guitars, but on the forum there are people learning that can all give you advice based on personal experience, and there’s no substitute for that!
Let’s get it straight. Froo – Shawn – Tey. If you don’t know him, he’s the lead guitarist of the Red Hot Chili Peppers. Frusciante is the author of the brilliant chord progression on Under the Bridge, the haunting intro to Californication and the simplistic solo and riff on Otherside. If you’re the casual listener of the Chili Peppers, then you may wonder why John has made it so far up this list. But a tad of a closer look will reveal that his simple catchy riffs are the tip of the ice berg. One can catch a glimpse at his technical skill in the Dani California solo. A bit deeper and you’ll run into Lyon 06.06.06 in one of the B Sides. John takes his influences (Page, Hendrix) and mixes his own nuances into a sound that’s pleasantly different, but melodically having the same effects on you. A track to look out for on his solo work – Ramparts – showcasing four or so guitars layered upon each other in an introspective orchestra.
okay we have a problem here. How can John Mayer be ranked two places above Matt Bellamy? I seriously dont get it. By the way Matthew Bellamy is guitar god ( okay okay along with Slash , Jimi Hendrix, Kurt Cobain etcetera etcetera but still)
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Here’s how great Jeff Beck is: When Eric Clapton left the Yardbirds, Beck replaced him, and nobody missed Clapton. Later, when Beck left the Yardbirds, he was replaced by Jimmy Page, and everybody wanted Beck to return to the band.
By early-mid 1935, Electro String Instrument Corporation had achieved mainstream success with the A-22 “Frying Pan” steel guitar, and set out to capture a new audience through its release of the Electro-Spanish Model B and the Electro-Spanish Ken Roberts, which was the first full 25″ scale electric guitar produced. The Electro-Spanish Ken Roberts provided players a full 25″ scale, with 17 frets free of the fretboard. It is estimated that fewer than 50 Electro-Spanish Ken Roberts were constructed between 1933 and 1937; fewer than 10 are known to survive today.
Maybe one is looking to channel their inner Clapton or Gilmour, or maybe their kid has decided that rock ‘n’ roll fame is the only acceptable outcome of his or her life, either way it may be time to look…
Many modern guitar brands offer a selection of left-handed electric guitars for all of the left-handed guitar players out there! The guitar manufacturers typically focus on creating left-handed versions of their most popular electric guitar models, but sometimes these guitar makers even create specific models made just for lefties! | <urn:uuid:1b50f77b-961b-4cb8-8dc7-4040419d80a3> | {
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Right now, the world faces two defining challenges: climate change and extreme poverty.
Roughly 1.2 billion people don’t have access to electricity, which means children don’t have light to study at night, business owners don’t have electricity for their shops, and health clinics don’t have power to perform life-saving surgery at night.
At the same time, our current energy use is causing the climate to change in ways that threaten the air, land, and water we rely on.
The good news is that sustainable energy provides a solution to both problems. Clean energy technologies – from solar lanterns to clean cookstoves to energy efficient appliances and clean micro-grids – can increasingly deliver our energy needs and open the door to economic opportunities while protecting the planet.
As United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has said, “Saving our planet, lifting people out of poverty, advancing economic growth – these are one and the same fight.” Under his leadership, the United Nations has launched the decade of “Sustainable Energy for All” to advance a collective global agenda on renewable energy and energy efficiency and to achieve universal access to modern energy services by 2030.
Entrepreneurs are helping lead the way to a sustainable energy future. The United Nations Foundation has seen this close up, as we work daily with entrepreneurs on the cutting edge of energy innovation to help them scale their solutions and services.
Members of our Energy Access Practitioner Network are using off-grid solar powered solutions to provide electricity to homes and health clinics, and partners working with the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves are developing cleaner and more efficient cookstoves so women don’t have to cook over open fires that emit toxic smoke. Additionally, young people around the globe are taking action from their homes to their schools to drive progress on our energy and climate challenges.
Thanks in part to the ingenuity of today’s energy entrepreneurs, clean energy technologies continue to improve while their costs decline. In fact, they are already affordable today, and many of them cost less than the dirty and dangerous fuels in use now.
Encouraging continued innovation will be critical to realizing the promise of a sustainable energy future. The Zayed Future Energy Prize, instituted in 2008 in honor of the environmental stewardship of Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, the founding father of the United Arab Emirates, recognizes the pioneering work of companies, organizations, and individuals to discover and deploy sustainable energy solutions that can help to address climate change and support better opportunities for all.
The prize incentivizes clean technology innovation and provides much-needed funding for small and medium enterprises, non-governmental organizations, and high schools that are working to more quickly get their solutions and products to the market. For example, in recent years the prize has recognized two members of the Energy Access Practitioner Network: d.light design, which manufactures and distributes solar lighting products to people without access to reliable electricity, and Orb Energy, a leading provider of solar electricity and hot water systems in India. As a judge for this important prize, I encourage innovators to submit applications before this year’s deadline of July 14, 2014.
Energy entrepreneurs are showing all of us that sustainable energy solutions are not a far-off dream; they are making a difference here and now – powering the future and a brighter, healthier world for all of us. | <urn:uuid:78bee177-83f1-4dd7-8d7a-2569991d40e0> | {
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For years science fiction writers have described a future where tiny robots are able to move about in the human body, administering treatments on a molecular level. Now that future is on the edge of reality with the development of the world’s first ‘molecular robot’: a micrometre-sized bot capable of building molecules.
Each robot is a millionth of a millimetre in size and is made up of just 150 hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and carbon atoms: in order to match the size of a grain of salt, you would need to pile a billion billion of the robots on top of each other.
Each can be programmed chemically to perform basic tasks such as constructing molecules out of component atoms, meaning that in the future they could be used to aid medical treatments, or work in tiny molecular factories creating molecules for a host of industries.
“It is similar to the way robots are used on a car assembly line. Those robots pick up a panel and position it so that it can be riveted in the correct way to build the bodywork of a car,” said research leader Professor David Leigh, from the University of Manchester’s School of Chemistry. “So, just like the robot in the factory, our molecular version can be programmed to position and rivet components in different ways to build different products, just on a much smaller scale at a molecular level.”
While regular sized robots are programmed using commands imputed through a computer, these robots are instructed using chemicals.
“The robots are assembled and operated using chemistry. This is the science of how atoms and molecules react with each other and how larger molecules are constructed from smaller ones,” explained Leigh.
“It is the same sort of process scientists use to make medicines and plastics from simple chemical building blocks. Then, once the nano-robots have been constructed, they are operated by scientists by adding chemical inputs which tell the robots what to do and when, just like a computer program.”
While the research is at an early stage, the robots could in the future be used to work in tiny factories, which could – for example – reduce demand for materials, speed up drug discovery and dramatically cut power requirements.
“Molecular robotics represents the ultimate in the miniaturisation of machinery. Our aim is to design and make the smallest machines possible,” said Leigh.
“This is just the start but we anticipate that within 10 to 20 years molecular robots will begin to be used to build molecules and materials on assembly lines in molecular factories.”
The research will be published in Nature on Thursday. | <urn:uuid:c389d962-a73b-4951-aedb-7c85a9ce8db4> | {
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Introductiondivorce, partial or total dissolution of a marriage by the judgment of a court. Partial dissolution is a divorce "from bed and board," a decree of judicial separation, leaving the parties officially married while forbidding cohabitation. Total dissolution of the bonds of a valid marriage is what is now generally meant by divorce. It is to be distinguished from a decree of nullity of marriage, or annulment, which is a judicial finding that there never was a valid marriage.
Although created by a contract between husband and wife, marriage is a legal relation of a particular nature with certain mutual rights and obligations, determined not by agreements but by the general law. In a sense, then, the state has an interest in every marriage. The parties cannot themselves officially terminate the marital relation by a contract of separation.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Legal Terms and Concepts | <urn:uuid:97501a56-31b1-414f-9433-6e6f35291716> | {
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Embryo freezing, also known as cryopreservation, is the process of preserving embryos before cooling them to very low temperatures. Cooling is done in the laboratory using specialised freezing equipment and then stored in liquid nitrogen for long periods.
When to opt for embryo freezing?
The goal of this process is to have frozen embryos that can be thawed and transferred to a woman’s uterus for future use, without having to stimulate the ovaries to produce eggs. One may consider it if:
- You want to use embryos in future IVF and ICSI cycles.
- You are undergoing a medical treatment that could potentially affect your fertility.
- Your health is at risk and want to freeze embryos with your partner.
- You want to freeze embryos before undergoing sex change operation.
What is the success rate for embryo freezing?
Embryo freezing is increasingly becoming more and more comparable to success rates of using fresh embryos. According to studies, for women over 35 with high progesterone levels, frozen embryo transfers were 73% more likely to be successful than a fresh transfer. | <urn:uuid:b77f76d6-208e-4062-900f-ecc8cab86878> | {
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The mourning began almost in unison with the fire. As the first sparks flew, Parisians stopped in their tracks, trying to believe what they were seeing. Notre Dame was burning.
Hundreds of cell phones streamed images to the watching world. The grief was not limited to the Parisians or to the French, but was felt on every continent. We all sat horrified and stupefied as the spire collapsed in on the iconic cathedral.
Onlookers sang hymns and shed tears. Strangers embraced one another. And people all over the world uploaded photos on to social media of themselves in front of Notre Dame’s western towers. A honeymoon. A semester abroad. A European vacation. Notre Dame is special to so many people from so many places.
Even as 400 firefighters gained control of the fire, French President Emmanuel Macron pledged, “I'm telling you all tonight -- we will rebuild this cathedral together. Notre Dame is our history, it's our literature, it's our imagery.”
As one mourner put it, “Paris without the cathedral is not Paris anymore.” That’s because the cathedral has stood witness for over 850 years, as French generations have come and gone. And, it is the literal center of Paris—it stands as kilometer zero on the map and all other destinations in France are measured by their distance from Notre Dame.
The cathedral is a witness, a true north, a heritage of the French.
Notre Dame is precious partly because it houses history. It sits on the Île de la Cité, an island in the middle of the River Seine, which has been important since the Roman Empire two millennia ago. The cornerstone for Notre Dame was laid in 1163, construction was completed in 1260, and the cathedral was consecrated by the Catholic church in 1345. The shape of the cathedral ebbed with the flow of various Popes and Bishops during the 200 years of construction, making it an expansive landscape of various architectural styles and whims. Restoration projects have been ongoing since after the French Revolution and continue even today.
Notre Dame is also precious because it’s home to many national treasures: France’s largest organ (nearly 7,374 pipes!), immense rose stained glass windows, dozens of paintings and carvings depicting scenes from the Bible, twin bell towers, and a treasury of Catholic relics in the archaeological crypt.
Notre Dame is no ordinary French cathedral. Notre Dame is the symbol, the heart, of a nation.
And it’s not just a Catholic symbol. While Notre Dame was originally constructed by the Catholic church, it later fell into the hands of the Cult of Reason and then into the hands of the Cult of the Supreme Being. The purpose of Notre Dame evolved during the French Revolution, first for the elevation of human reason and then for the worship of an unknown supreme being. Later, Notre Dame even became a storehouse for food before Napolean Bonaparte restored it to the Catholic Church and crowned himself emperor inside its very walls.
So, sentimentality is expected in the face of this fire. Harm has come to the French witness, their heritage, their symbol of both human achievement and faith in God. Heartbreak is warranted and we all weep with the French.
But this weeping over the fire is not really a mourning over the household of God, because that purpose was willingly done away with before. From Catholic Cathedral, to cultic temple, to a storehouse of food, and now to what amounts to a museum visited by 13 million people a year and the site of daily mass—Notre Dame has not been practically consecrated to the Lord for some time.
Here’s what’s true, though: how ever the French have purposed Notre Dame throughout the ages, God has not needed and still does not need a physical home. He was not removed by the Cult of Reason, or by the Cult of the Supreme Being, or by the storehouse of food, or by the millions who visited last year. Because, “the God who made the world and everything in it, being Lord of heaven and earth, does not live in temples made by man, nor is he served by human hands, as though he needed anything, since he himself gives to all mankind life and breath and everything” (Acts 17:25).
The church is not a building. The church is a people.
French Christians “are fellow citizens with the saints and members of the household of God, built on the foundation of the apostles and prophets, Christ Jesus himself being the cornerstone, in whom the whole structure, being joined together, grows into a holy temple in the Lord. In him you also are being built together into a dwelling place for God by the Spirit” (Ephesians 2:19-22).
The cornerstone of Notre Dame was laid in 1163, but the cornerstone Jesus “was foreknown before the foundation of the world” (1 Peter 1:20). Now, we Christ followers are “a temple of the Holy Spirit” (1 Corinthians 6:19).
Notre Dame is not God’s house in Paris. Christians are.
So yes, let’s mourn. Absolutely, let’s rightly mourn the destruction of a beautiful building, an expression of human ingenuity, a testament to human will throughout history. A place that once housed and sometimes still houses worshippers of the one true God. It is good and right to grieve the loss of centuries of work and beauty, to weep over the demise of works of art that bear truth from the Word of God. Grief and horror and heartache are all right as we wake up to the charred remains of this exceptional cathedral.
But as we weep, let’s not mourn the loss of the church in the burning of Notre Dame. Because, the truth is, in France, the church has been dying for some time. The truth is, Christianity was rejected in exchange for atheism starting in the 1700s. The truth is, secularism in France has long been codified by laïcité, the French law that forbids the influence of religion on the government. The truth is, the most recent data reveals that at least 29% of the France’s population is atheist and 63% is non-religious. The truth is, today, only 1.23% of the population in France calls themselves Evangelical Christian.
Today we rightly mourn the destruction of a beautiful and iconic building, but have we yet rightly mourned the destruction of the true church? Have we yet rightly mourned the demise of the real temple of God in France? Have we yet wept over the slow, but real, death of Christianity there?
May the videos and images of a burning Notre Dame awaken the global church to pray for France. May the heartache of a nation mobilize Christians from around the globe to “go and make disciples of [France], baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit” (Matthew 28:19). May we be moved by compassion to console a weeping people and lead them to “the Father of mercies and God of all comfort” (2 Corinthians 1:3).
Perhaps the Lord will allow beauty to rise from the literal ashes of Notre Dame. Perhaps our weeping will be turned to rejoicing. Perhaps as the cathedral is rebuilt, the true church will be revived. Perhaps our resurrection God will bring life from death in Paris, France.
Jesus longs to bring healing to France and to the entire world. Let’s pray the words of Isaiah 61, echoed in Jesus’s sermon in Luke 4, for the French and for all who have yet to believe:
The Spirit of the Lord God is upon me,
because the Lord has anointed me
to bring good news to the poor;
he has sent me to bind up the brokenhearted,
to proclaim liberty to the captives,
and the opening of the prison to those who are bound;
to proclaim the year of the Lord's favor,
and the day of vengeance of our God;
to comfort all who mourn;
to grant to those who mourn in Zion—
to give them a beautiful headdress instead of ashes,
the oil of gladness instead of mourning,
the garment of praise instead of a faint spirit;
that they may be called oaks of righteousness,
the planting of the Lord, that he may be glorified.
Today, as we scour the internet for footage from France, let’s ask our Father in heaven to bring beauty from ashes. Let’s pray, fast, give, and even consider going in joyful obedience to proclaim Christ in a dark and hurting place.
Our God in heaven is the Creator of France and he longs to be the Redeemer too. He longs to rebuild his church there.
Beauty from ashes. May it be so. | <urn:uuid:f4c19a39-df07-450d-9187-2eaed052ca7d> | {
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KDL Recommends For Kids > Award Winners and "Best of" Lists > Geisel Award Winners and Honor Books
First the Egg
Title: First the Egg
Author: Laura Vaccaro Seeger
Using simple text and illustrations, shows how animals and objects change, including tadpoles to frogs and seeds to flowers, in a book with cutouts so that certain colors from the previous picture help create the next picture.
WHICH CAME FIRST? The chicken or the egg? Simple die-cuts magically present transformation—from seed to flower, tadpole to frog, caterpillar to butterfly.
The acclaimed author of Black? White! Day? Night! and Lemons Are Not Red gives an entirely fresh and memorable presentation to the concepts of transformation and creatiity. Seed becomes flower, paint becomes picture, word becomes story—and the commonplace becomes extraordinary as children look through and turn the pages of this novel and winning book. | <urn:uuid:1ba3051c-5ade-4811-86fb-f6d01406acbf> | {
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Literacy Lessons for Beginning AAC Learners
Like some of you, we are often met with skepticism when we encourage teams to work on literacy skills with individuals who are still learning the very basics of communication. Recently, we had the opportunity to begin this journey anew, and model a literacy lesson for kindergartners who have no formal communication system, are not answering yes/no questions, and do not consistently select preferred items when offered choices.
Why work on literacy with students who are not routinely expressing their basic preferences?
- Because the longer we wait, the longer it will take to get there.
- Because it offers wonderful opportunities to build communication, too.
- Because when other people see us teaching reading and writing, it changes their perception of the student in a positive way.
- Because they will enjoy it.
- Because there are mandates for us to address the general education curriculum.
- Because if we set the bar high and provide appropriate instruction, they can learn.
Rather than talking in general terms about how to implement literacy instruction with beginning learners of AAC, we decided to share the activities and intervention strategies that we used.
We’ve written plenty of posts about the value of using visual schedules. They are usually the first thing that we put into place no matter the age or abilities of the learner. Object schedule, picture schedule, or written agenda: We find these to be helpful for both the learner and for keeping the interventionist on track. In this case, we used a mini-schedule that had check-off boxes for each of the activities that we plan to do on a routine basis.
Predictability builds understanding. Understanding promotes engagement, enjoyment, and achievement. To put this concept into action, we decided on a set routine and name for our literacy lesson. Here are the elements of our “Book Talk” routine.
- Story Song: As we’ve said before in this space, there is indescribable power in music. Starting with the same, simple song every time we initiate this lesson will help to alert the brain that it’s time to do this activity. I favor making up my own simple songs with repetition, key vocabulary, and a familiar tune.
- Look and Guess: Take a picture walk by paging through the book, looking at the illustrations, talking about what we see, and making some guesses about the story. Previewing the book gives us a chance to do two important things: (a) activate and build background knowledge and (b) begin using the vocabulary pertinent to this story.
- Read Our Book: When the time comes for actually reading the book, we try to get through as much of the book as we can while still keeping them engaged. My goal is to stop before they lose interest so that they are eager to participate the next time we do this lesson. Drs. Karen Erickson and David Koppenhaver helped us really understand the notion of reading with a purpose and varying that purpose with repeated readings of a book. We read with a purpose in mind (e.g., find out who is in the story, all the things they did, how she felt) and focus on engaging the learners. Active engagement is a therapist’s best friend!
- Letter Hunt: While alphabetic knowledge may not be our highest priority at the moment, we still want to take the opportunity for reinforcing the classroom’s Letter of the Week. We look at our special letter and then try to find it on a few pages.
- Letter Song: We love using chants or songs to build letter-sound correspondence. By singing slowly and pausing in just the right places, we can use simple voice-output (talking switches) to have each student say the sound for our target letter.
- Write About It: Dr. Caroline Musselwhite has taught us so much about ways to use writing to build communication skills, that we wouldn’t dare let this opportunity to slip by. In our first lesson, we just wrote a narrative about our activity and took turns ‘signing’ it. Later on, we’ll add some more targeted writing practice, but we did this just to get the ball rolling. An added benefit was that we made copies for everyone to take home so that the families know we are working literacy skills.
There is nothing magic or particularly special about the elements of this routine. Of course, the routine might look totally different for learners of different ages or skill levels, but the basic concept applies: We aim to have a predictable structure for the lesson.
Visual supports are a great way to build understanding in learners who have challenges with attention, processing spoken language, and/or transitions. Here are some of the visual supports we used. You can download examples here or go to the Download section of the e-Toolbox.
Use of No Tech and Low Tech AAC
When working with early communicators, we know that there is a good chance that we are still figuring out what their AAC systems will look like. Ultimately, we hope to have a multi-component, core-language-based, AAC system in place for each of them but we’re not going to sit back and wait for that to happen. Delaying literacy intervention until the AAC system is in place means that we are slowing down the process of them learning about print. So, in the absence of a fully functional AAC system, we work with things that are ubiquitous in most settings that serve learners who are minimally verbal. Specifically, we plan to use single-message voice output devices or apps, sequential message devices or apps, and digitized speech SGDs, and spice things up with a communication board. Here are some suggestions for how those things fit in.
- Single message: Recorded the letter sound; Say a repeated phrase/line; Request a turn; Give instructions (e.g., turn the page, make it jump/fly/tickle me, read it again)
- Sequential message: Give directions; Retell the story; Tell a classmate, teacher, or parent what we did in Book Talk
- Digitized speech SGD (or app): Make predictions; Answer comprehension questions; Retell the story
- Core language communication board: Use to model when talking to the students; Have aides or others supporting the students do this with their own core language boards.
Aided Language Input
Making language visible is a key aspect of good intervention for beginning communicators. Since we have written more than 100 posts tagged ‘aided language input,’ we’ll mention it just briefly here as having a major role in literacy lessons. Whenever we are trying to get communicators to use new AAC skills, this is the strategy that we emphasize most. Think of it this way: If WE don’t use the AAC, why would anyone think it is important enough for THEM to use? To teach AAC, speak AAC.
If you haven’t done literacy instruction with beginning communicators and are considering doing so, here are some final points for consideration.
- Go for it. Even if you’re not confident in what you’re doing, give it a try.
- Make it engaging. Don’t choose the dull, dry stuff to teach in the early stages. Make it interesting and enjoyable.
- Keep at it. Anything we do for the first time is likely to feel awkward, but resist the urge to give up. Stick with it and you will get more fluent and feel more comfortable.
- Presume competence. Not sure that the learners really understand you? Act as if they do. Give them a chance by setting up engaging lessons, giving them opportunities for participation, and supporting them as needed. How will we ever know what they are capable of until we give them the opportunity to learn?
- Adapt. If something didn’t work all that well, think about what changes you could make to improve the flow. Reflect on the session to see if there were untapped opportunities for communication that you can address the next time around.
- Know that you are doing a good thing. The sad truth is that many SLPs are stuck in the mode of offering the same choices, teaching the same body parts, and giving the same receptive identification tasks to these learners. Their expectations for some beginning communicators are low, and they have not yet grasped the concept of presuming competence. If you have read this far, you are either not them or willing to go in a new direction. By taking this path and teaching real literacy skills to learners that many professionals have low expectations for, you will build your own intervention skill set and be doing something wonderful for these learners.
- Share. We are ALL learning how to best address the literacy needs of beginning communicators. Take a risk and share what has worked and what hasn’t. Shout your successes from the rooftops. Share materials and ideas with families, colleagues, and the online community. Let’s learn together.
Filed under: Strategy of the Month
This post was written by Carole Zangari | <urn:uuid:88639db8-b1cd-4472-9142-95f67d6cd48a> | {
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Doctrines, History of
Doctrines, History of (Germ. Dogmengeschichte), a special branch of Historical Theology.
1. The conception and the definition of History of Christian doctrines depend upon the conception and definition of what constitutes a Christian doctrine (dogma). For evangelical Christians, who believe that nothing should be received as Christian doctrine but what is clearly taught in the Word of God, the history of doctrine is a history of the efforts made by theologians and religious denominations to develop and shape the substance of the Christian faith into doctrinal statements; of deviations from the pure teachings of the Bible; and of the efforts to restore and defend the theology of the Bible. Roman Catholics, who believe in the sole infallibility of their Church, and deny that she has ever added anything to the teachings of Jesus, define history of doctrine as a scientific statement of the manner in which the several doctrines of the Church have been discussed, developed, and, at last, authoritatively defined. To the Rationalist, who does not believe in the immutability of the word of the Bible, the history of doctrines is nothing but a history of the doctrinal controversies in the Christian denominations. From the stand-point of evangelical theologians, the history of doctrines has an apologetic character with regard to Bible theology; the Roman Catholic theologians make it an apology of all the doctrines defined by the Church while in the treatment by a Rationalistic author it will lose the character of a branch of Christian theology, and appear as simply historical. But, though conception and definition, and, consequently, mode of treatment and division of matter vary, all works on the history of doctrines embrace a history of the controversies which have been carried on in the Christian Church on doctrinal questions.
2. As regards the relation of the History of Doctrines to other branches of theological science, it is evidently a subdivision of Church history, separately treated on account of its special importance for theologians, and on account of its wide ramifications. It presupposes Biblical theology as its basis (or as its first period). As it recounts the formation and contents of public confessions of faith, and the distinguishing principles set forth in them, it forms itself the basis of symbolics, or comparative dogmatic theology, which stands to it in the same relation as Church statistics of any particular period stand to the advancing history of the Church. As the opinions of the prominent, especially the earliest, fathers of the Church are of considerable importance in the history of any Christian doctrine, it has frequently occasion to refer to the results of Patristics (q.v.). Of the "history of Heresies," the beginning will always have to be noticed in a comprehensive history of doctrine; its further progress only in so far as the heresies remain of importance for the Christian world at large. To a "general history of religion" it may have occasionally to refer; and with the, history of philosophy and the history of Christian ethics it may sometimes have to travel over the same ground, though in the latter case it will treat the same subjects from a different point of view. Archaeology, and the sciences auxiliary to Church history, such as universal history, ecclesiastical philology, ecclesiastical chronology, diplomatics, etc., also aid in furnishing materials.
3. The value of the History of Doctrines, in a scientific point of view, is evident. Though the history of no doctrine can have a decisive influence in determining the faith of an evangelical theologian, who to this end searches the Bible exclusively, it is for him the most important portion of the history of the Christian Church, leads him into a more minute contemplation, and frequently into a deeper insight of Biblical doctrines, and furnishes him with powerful weapons, both apologetic and polemic, against the various forms of error.
4. The periods of the history of doctrines have been differently determined by the writers on the subject. Hagenbach assumes the following five periods:
1. The Age of Apologetics, from the close of the apostolic age to the death of Origen (A.D. 80-254).
2. The Age of Polemics, from the death of Origen to John Damascenus (254-730).
3. The Age of Systems, from John Damascenus to the Reformation (Scholasticism in its widest sense) (730-1517).
4. The Age of Polemico-ecclesiastical Symbolism (the conflict of confessions), from the Reformation to the rise of the Philosophy of Leibnitz and Wolf in Germany (1517-1720).
5. The Age of Criticism, of Speculation, and of the antagonism between Faith and Knowledge, Philosophy and Christianity, Reason and Revelation, including the attempts to reconcile them, from the year
1720 to the present day. Neander's division is:
1. To Gregory the Great.
2. To the Reformation.
3. From the Reformation to the present time.
Minscher, Engelhardt, and Meier adopt the division into Ancient, Mediaeval, and Modern times. Klee (Romans Cath.) coincides almost With Hagenbach.
Baumgarten-Crusius (Rationalist) adopts in his Compendium six periods:
1. To the Council of Nice; Formation of the System of Doctrines by reflection and opinion.
2. To the Council of Chalcedon; Formation by the Church.
3. To Gregory VII; Confirmation of the System by the Hierarchy.
4. To the end of the 15th century; Confirmation by the Philosophy of the Church.
5. To the beginning of the-18th century; Purification by Parties.
6. To the present time; Purification by Science. Kliefoth (High-Church Lutheran) divides as follows:
1. Age of Formation of Doctrines Greek Analytic Theology 2. Age of Symbolical Unity Rom. Cath. Synthetic Anthropology 3. Age of Completion Protestant. Systymatic Soteriology 4. Age of Dissolution ? ? Church
Rosenkranz (in his Encyklop. 2d edit. Page 259) makes, according to the philosophico-dialectic categories, the following division:
1. Period of Analytic Knowledge, of substantial feeling (Greek Church).
2. Period of Synthetic Knowledge, of pure objectivity (Roman Cath. Church).
3. Period of Systematic Knowledge, which combines the analysis and synthesis in their unity, and manifests itself in the stages of symbolical orthodoxy, of subjective belief and unbelief, and in the idea of speculative theology (Protestant Church).
5. The ideal of a history of doctrines is given as follows by Dr. H.B. Smith (Bibliotheca Sacra, 4:560 sq.): "It should be the object of a history of doctrines to give in the truest possible manner the order in which divine truth has been unfolded in the history of the Church. It must trace down the whole course of doctrinal discussion, give the leading characteristics of each epoch, as distinguished from all others, and at last show just where the world now stands in the discussion of the problems which Christianity has presented to it. It should be a faithful mirror to the whole doctrinal history of the Church. It must interpret each writer according to the sense of the age in which he lived, and not bring in subsequent views and modern notions to explain the meaning Which an ancient writer gave to a phrase or dogma. It must show what are the points of difference in the reiterated controversies about the same doctrine. It must carefully distinguish the theological and systematic spirit of the different ages of the Church, and not force a subsequent development upon an antecedent aera. It must bring out into clear relief the influential personages of each age, and, in exhibiting their systems, distinguish between the peculiar notions of the individual and the general spirit of his times. It must show how controversies about one series of doctrines have modified the views held respecting other doctrines; how each doctrine has acquired a new aspect, according to its position in the mind or system of an author, or in its relation to the leading controversies of the age. It must show when a dogma was held strictly and when loosely; when disconnected from a system and when embraced in a system. It must carefully guard against the error of supposing that when a doctrine was not carefully discussed by the inquisitive and discriminating intellect, it was not really cherished as a matter of faith. This is an error into which many have fallen. But we might as well suppose that men did not believe they had understanding until they discussed the operations of this faculty, or did not trust to their senses until they invented a theory of sensation. Such a history must show the influence which councils, confessions; and systems have had upon their respective aeras; how preceding times led to such expositions of the faith, and subsequent times were affected by them. It must exhibit clearly the ruling ideas, the shaping notions in each system, and how each predominant idea has modified the component parts of the whole system. It will not neglect to notice the influence which national habits and modes of thought, which great civil and political changes, which the different philosophical schools have had upon the formation of dogmas; nor, on the other hand, will it fail to notice how the Christian faith has itself acted upon and influenced these in its turn, if indeed the latter be not the point of view which should have the precedency. Such a history must finally present before our eyes a picture of a real historical process just as it has been going on, and the more faithful it is to all the leading facts of the case, the more philosophical and complete will it be as a history. By such an exhibition, the whole doctrinal progress of the Christian Church being set before our eyes, we shall, in comparing its results with our own systems, be able to see wherein we are defective, one-sided, and partial; wherein our systems need to be reformed, filled up, or chastened; how they may be animated by a new life, and gather better nurture; and by comparing the results with the Scripture, we shall be able to see what parts of its sacred truths have been least discussed, what problems yet remain to be solved, what is still to be done in order that our divine system of faith be wholly reproduced in the life of the Church, in order that all its truths and doctrines stand out as distinctly and majestically in the history of the race as they do in that revelation which was given to control and determine this history."
6. The history of doctrines has been treated as an independent branch of theological science only in modern times, yet some of the earlier writers of Church history, as well as the theologians, prepared the way for it. Thus the works of Irenaeus, Hippolytus, Origen, and Tertullian against the heretics furnish much valuable material. Much, too, is found scattered in the apologetical and polemical literature of the earlier and mediaeval periods of the Church. A more definite preparation for a history of doctrines is found in the works of the Roman Catholic theologians Petavius (Opus de Theologicis Dogmatibus, 1644-50), Thomassin (Dogmata Theologica, 1684-89), and Dumesnil (Doctrina et Disciplina Ecclesiae, 1730), and of the Protestant theologian Forbesius a Corse (Instructiones Historico-theologicae de Doctrina Christiana, 1703), who undertook to prove, especially in opposition to cardinal Bellarmin, the agreement between the doctrines of the Reformers and the opinions of the earlier fathers. A direct transition to the treatment of the history of doctrines as a separate science may be found in the preface by Semler to the Evangelische Glaubenslehre of J.S. Baumgarten (Halle, 1759-60). The literature of special compendiums and manuals of the history of doctrines begins at the close of the last century, and has more recently become quite copious. The large majority of these works belong to German literature, only a few original works having arisen by writers of other countries. The most important works on the subject are the following: S.G. Lange, Ausfuhrliche Geschichte der Dogmen (Leipzig, 1796, incomplete); J. Ch. Wundemann, Geschichte der christlichen Glaubenslehren, etc. (from Athanasius to Gregory the Great, 2 volumes, Leipz. 1798-99); W. Miinscher, Handbuch der christl. Dogmengeschichte (4 volumes, Marburg, 1797-1809; only to the year 604; the first treatment in the pragmatic method), and Lehrbuch der christl. Dogmengeschichte (Marburg, 1812; 3d edit. revised and continued by D. von Colln, Hupfeld, and Neudecker, Cassel,1832-1838, 3 volumes, 8vo; Eng. transl. (Compendium) by Murdock, New Haven, 1830, 12mo); F. Munter (Danish bishop), Handb. of earlier Hist. of Christ. Doct. (1801 sq.; Germ. transl. by Evers, Gott. 1802, 2 volumes, incomplete); J. Ch.W. Augusti, Lehrb. der christl. Dogmengesch. (edited by J.G.V. Engelhardt, Erlang. 1822-23, 2 volumes); F.G. Ruperti, Gesch. der Dogmen (Berlin, 1831); L.F.O. Baumgarten-Crusius, Lehrbuch der christl. Dogmengesch. (Leipz. 1832, 2 volumes, 8vo) and Compendium der Dogmengesch. (ed. by Hase, Leipz.1840-46, 2 volumes); C.G.H. Lentz, Geschichte der christl. Dogmen (Helmst. 1834-35, 2 volumes); J.G.V. Engelhardt, Dogmengesch. (Neustadt, 1839, 2 volumes); F.C. Meyer, Lehrbuch der Dogmengesch. (Giessen, 1840, 2d edit. by Gust. Baur, 1854); K.R. Hagenbach, Lehrbuch der Dogmengeschichte (Leipz. 1840, 5th edit. 1867; Engl. transl. by C.W.Buch, Edinburgh, 1846, 3d edit. 1858; the English transl. revised, with large additions from the 4th German edit. and other sources, by H.B. Smith, 2 volumes, New York, 1861); F.C. Baur, Lehrb. der christl. Dogmengesch. (Stuttg. 1849, 3d ed. Tubing. 1867), and Vorlesungen uber die christl. Dogmengesch. (edit. by his son, F.F. Baur, 3 volumes, Leipz. 1866-1867); Karl Beck, Lehrb. der christl. Dogmengesch. (Weimar, 1848, 2d edit. 1864); Marheineke, Christl. Dogmengesch. (edited by Matthies and Vatke, being the 4th volume of the complete works of Marheineke, Berlin, 1849); L. Noack, Die christl. Dogmengesch. (Erlangen, 1852, 2d edit. 1856); J.C.L. Gieseler, Dogmengeschichte (ed. by Redepenning, Bonn, 1855, 8vo); Neander, Christl. Dogmengesch. (ed. by Dr. J.L. Jacobi. 2 volumes, 8vo, Berl. 1857-8; Eng. transl. by Ryland, in Bohn's library, 2 volumes, 12mo, Lond. 1858); H. Schmid, Lehr. der Dogmengesch. (Noirdlingen, 1860, 2d ed. 1868). The only recent works on the subject by Roman Catholic authors are those by Klee, Lehrbuck der Dogmengeschichte (Mainz, 1837-38, 2 volumes); and Schwane,
Dogmengesch. der patrist. Zeit (of the period from 325-787, Munster, 2 parts, 1866-67).
No copious or complete history of doctrines has been produced in England; but the great writers of the English Church, in treating special topics, have largely illustrated them from history. "Though comprising no continuous and entire history of Christian doctrine, and even when investigating a particular subject, often doing it incidentally, the labors of Hooker and Bull, of Pearson and Waterland, are every way worthy to be placed beside those of Baur and Dorner. The learning is as ample and accurate, the logical grasp is as powerful, and the judgment more than equal" (Shedd, Pref. 7). The writer just cited has the honor of having produced one of the first books of the class in English literature (A History of Christian Doctrines, by William G.T. Shedd, D.D., New York, C. Scribner, 3d ed. 1865, 2 volumes, 8vo). This work is candid, luminous; and able throughout, though it does not aim at a full treatment of all topics in Christian theology. "It gives the results of extensive reading, and the analogies of a patient and devout thinker. Holding firmly to the great Puritan theology, Dr. Shedd shows a mastery of modern German speculation; and while his pages are not burdened with copious notes, or enriched with the laboriously collated extracts with which Hagenbach or Gieseler favor us, the gist of all the controversies is well indicated" (British Quarterly, April, 1865, page 326). The only other work of the class in English literature is Historical Theology, a Review of the principal doctrinal Discussions in the Christian Church since the Apostolic Age, by William Cunningham, D.D., principal of New College, Edinburgh (2d ed. 1864, 2 volumes, 8vo). This is a posthumous work, edited from Dr. Cunningham's college lectures by his literary executors. Of course it has not the compactness or the finish which it might have had if prepared for the press by the author himself; but it is, nevertheless, a very valuable contribution to historical theology.
The history of creeds and confessions of faith, so far as relates to the doctrinal principles set forth in them, belongs to history of doctrine; but it is now generally treated as a separate branch of historical theology, under the name of Symbolics. SEE CONFESSIONS; SEE CREEDS; SEE SYMBOLICS.
Tables exhibiting the history of doctrines have been published by Hagenbach, Tabellarische Uebersicht der Dogmengeschichte bis aufdie.Reformation (Basel, 1828); Vorlander, Tabell.-übersichtliche Darstellung der Dogmengesch. (Hamburg, 1835-1855, 3 parts); Lange, Tab. der Kirch.-u. Dogmengesch. (Jena, 1831).
In addition to the general works on the history of doctrines, there are a number on special periods (as the theology of the apostolic fathers), and also monographs on special doctrines (as the doctrine of the Person of Christ, the Trinity, etc.), all of which are noticed in the articles devoted to these special subjects. Outlines of the history of the principal doctrines are also more or less given in the general "Church histories," and in the works on dogmatic theology and symbolics. We refer to the special articles in this Cyclopaedia on these branches of scientific theology for the literature. | <urn:uuid:66e95d5e-be38-4053-93a2-578bdd9d5260> | {
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The horse is just as predisposed to health ailments or lameness associated conditions as any human or athlete. A high majority of these health and lameness conditions are directly linked back to chronic inflammation on many levels. Nitric oxide plays an important role in over horse health and lameness. It is an important gas that is produced within the body that impacts circulation, vascular health, and can be negatively impacted by many factors. This reduction or alteration in nitric oxide production can play a role in many horse health and lameness conditions. Is there something you can do about it to aid in recovery and overall health for your equine companion?
Nitric oxide (NO) is a colorless gas that is produced within the horse’s body as a result of interaction of the amino acid L-arginine, oxygen, and NADPH being converted to nitric oxide by various nitric oxide synthase enzymes. Nitric oxide can also be formed in the body by the reduction of nitrates consumed via the diet or supplementation. The discovery of nitric oxide and connection with cardiovascular health was awarded a Nobel Peace Prize in 1998. This molecule is vital for overall health and proper cardiovascular function and circulation. Although it has a very short life span once produced, its involvement in cellular signaling can be crucial with the main function of enhancing blood vessel circulation. This relaxation of blood vessels can aid in lower blood pressures but also can enhance overall circulation to various regions of the body in the horse.
The process of chronic inflammation can play a major role in nitric oxide production and function. Ongoing or persistent inflammation and oxidative stress in the body can reduce the amount of nitric oxide produced and the overall function of this molecule. In some cases, the normal pathway of nitric oxide production via amino acid L-arginine is impaired and can lower levels in the body. Nitric oxide is important not just for cardiovascular health and circulation, but has also been shown to aid in reducing inflammation in the body. Thus, if inflammation is present and nitric oxide production is impaired, the health and lameness conditions can be progressive and get worse over time.
Horse Health and Lameness Conditions Associated with Reduced Nitric Oxide
- Navicular Syndrome
- Performance / Stamina concerns
- EIPH (exercise pulmonary hemorrhage)
- Respiratory Conditions (COPD, IAD)
- Poor Hoof Health
- Muscular disorders (Tying Up, PSSM, Rhabdomyolosis)
- Tendon Injuries/ Failure to Recover
- Metabolic Related Conditions
- Joint Dysfunction/ Arthritis
- Gastrointestinal and Digestive Concerns
- Many Others…
Nitric oxide is involved in overall health and can be reduced during times of ongoing inflammation. When nitric oxide production is reduced or function is impaired, health can be compromised. This can contribute to more inflammation in the body, but can also directly impair circulation. This impaired circulation can then impact tissue health, from the hoof to the eye, to the joint and tendon. It is all connected.
Solutions for Impaired Nitric Oxide Production and Function
If there is chronic inflammation, more often than not you can assume that nitric oxide production is impaired on some level. Considering how nitric oxide is produced in the body, our first assumption regarding a solution would be to supplement the amino acid L-arginine. However, this is not always the answer. In some cases, supplementation of pure L-arginine in the horse impaired other amino acids from being absorbed. In this study, horses on pure L-arginine demonstrated reduced levels of lysine, methionine and many other amino acids. (Kelley, 2014). This result was dose dependent, with the higher doses of L-arginine resulting in more impaired amino acid absorption. One has to remember in this case, that amino acids are ideally consumed in balance, and that targeting or isolating one for supplementation can create imbalance. This can then lead to further health ailments. Ideally, if you choose amino acid supplementation, it is in balance, ideally with a complete protein source, to complete the amino acid profile. This combination is provided in the Cur-OST EQ Nourish formula.
Taking into consideration that chronic inflammation can impair the primary route of nitric oxide production, via L-arginine, a wiser choice may be to consider secondary routes of production. The alternate route of nitric oxide production is through reduction of nitrates consumed in the diet. Nitrates are commonly found in many green food sources, but the levels of nitrates can vary significantly from one food source to the next. These nitrates are almost instantly converted to nitrites, by bacteria found in the mouth, which are then further reduced and converted to nitric oxide.
Food Sources for Nitrates and Nitric Oxide Production
Beets have been traditionally viewed as a main source of dietary nitrates. They are just one food source that is high in nitrates, but the problem that comes with beets is that they are also high in sugars which can contribute to more health issues in some horses. All vegetables will contain carbohydrates or sugars, but ideally they should be low. There are many options or alternatives available.
All green food sources contain nitrates, which includes hays and pasture grasses. These natural forage sources can provide nitrates, but their levels can vary from species of grass or hay due to weather, fertilization, and influence of moisture upon the plant. Feeding the highest quality hay can aid in supplying natural nitrates, but sometimes this is not enough.
Supplementing nitrates in the diet through potent and concentrated natural food sources is ideal. For starters, this route can aid in supplying high levels of nitrates to benefit nitric oxide production, but you also gain added macro- and micronutrients that are present. This includes vital protein, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. This complete package can benefit the body, healing and recovery in more ways than one.
My favorite food sources of nitrates for my equine patients include:
- Alfalfa (hay and concentrated herb powder)
- Spinach (red and green)
The two main products that we use to nutritionally support our equine patients, with a variety of conditions, are the Cur-OST EQ Nitric Boost and the Cur-OST EQ Rejuvenate. These two products provide potent, concentrated sources of nitrates in their natural form along with vital macro- and micronutrients to support health. The patented red spinach extract used in the Cur-OST EQ Nitric Boost is one of the most concentrated and potent sources of natural nitrates. This blend was shown to boost nitric oxide production in human athletes with daily supplementation. (Subramanian, 2016)
The Cur-OST EQ Nitric Boost has become one of my most common supplements, used as part of a proper supplement regimen, when supporting overall health and recovery in most of our laminitis, navicular, and ongoing tendon injury conditions. Supplementation helps to enhance and support nitric oxide production through natural food source in those horse patients, which can benefit their health and recovery.
Nitric Oxide and Consideration for Horse Health and Injury Recovery
In most cases of health or lameness complaints in the horse, we tend to just focus on the problem at hand, whether if that be pain, performance concerns, or breathing issues. Medications are prescribed to ease the pain, open airways or push performance, but they are not tackling other factors that are involved. You cannot forget that other cellular processes are at work and many of these pathways are dysfunctional, which then push the process along. Nitric oxide production is one such process, that is quickly ignored or not recognized, but yet heavily involved with many horse conditions. Intervention to aid in nitric oxide production and function, along side of proper inflammation management can make all of the difference in many cases.
Author: Tom Schell, D.V.M., CVCH, CHN | <urn:uuid:78489d7f-7ee8-47db-a49e-2855be942ee8> | {
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By Sara Mansson
There are several ways of communicating with others, many of which go far beyond our words. In fact, some would estimate that as much as 90% of social success is dependent on non-verbal skills rather than verbal ones. Although these numbers are debated by others, non-verbal communication is an important part of everyday communications and without it we (and our children) would often miss opportunities of true connection.
Although most children will learn these skills just fine by themselves, today we will explore which fun games may help your child feel more confident and comfortable using several non-verbal skills that are fundamental to being socially successful.
Eye contact can tell us much about our interaction with someone else. It serves the purpose of being a channel of emotional communication: “are you really angry or are you only joking?”; of romantic interest; of power in terms of dominance and submission; and of communicating attention, and more. One of the most prominent functions of eye contact when having a conversation is to show that one is listening.
Simon says normally goes like this: the game leader (‘Simon’) determines what will happen. He/she will ask others to do an action like walking, jumping, turning, etc. by saying ‘Simon says walk’. But he/she will also try to fool the others by saying only ‘walk’. When the game leader does not start by saying ‘Simon Says …’ the others are not supposed to do it.
In this version of the game, the Simon has to blink exaggeratedly when the others are supposed to do the action, instead of saying “Simon Says” out loud.
Another game that helps children feel more comfortable with eye contact is wink murderer. In this game, a detective has to find out who in the group is “killing” other group members by winking at them.
Body language & posture
We show much of what we are feeling and thinking with our body. Think about your child’s posture when he is feeling proud of an achievement as opposed to when he is feeling ashamed about accidentally breaking a glass. Noticing others’ body postures is one way of getting a glimpse into what others are feeling without actually having to ask them.
You can teach your child the importance of paying attention to others’ body language by playing games like charades where body language and posture are central parts to figuring out the correct answer (think of answers like Diary of a Wimpy Kid, Sleeping Beauty, The Hungry Caterpillar for charades with book titles). It will be a fun way to engage the whole family in reading body language without drawing attention to the learning aspect.
The players are asked to walk around the room. Every half a minute or so, the game leader suggests a posture the players have to take on. For example, they could ‘walk as a turtle’ or ‘stand like a tree’. Ask the players to pay attention to how the different postures make them feel. Afterwards, reflect on the postures by asking questions like: ‘which posture made you feel very scared?’ or ‘which one made you feel the most powerful?’ etc.
Facial expressions & emotion recognition
Our facial expressions often reveal much about what we’re thinking and feeling (even involuntarily!), so they’re useful to be able to read and express correctly. Research has even found that children who are skilled at reading others’ faces are more likely to be considered as popular.
The Emotion Bus
The Emotion Bus is a fun game for a small group of children. One child or adult is the bus driver and sits in front of the imaginary bus (the bus can be defined by chairs, pillows, hoops, cloths, or something else). The bus driver picks up all the passengers (other players) one by one. Each passenger that comes in, buys a ticket and takes place in the bus is experiencing a new emotion and everyone in the bus, including the driver, mimic the emotion. For example, if a new passenger comes in crying, all passengers on the bus will begin to cry. When all passengers are picked up, they could be dropped off one by one showing an emotion while they get off the bus too.
Guess my emotion
To teach your child about reading facial expressions, you could together create flashcards with the most basic emotions: happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, surprise. You could then play a game in which one person has to think of a scenario in which a person feels this emotion, and the other player can get points by correctly mimicking the emotion on their face. For example, for the card that reads disgust, player one could say “Someone who just stepped in dog mess.” and then player two has to correctly guess that it is disgust by pulling a disgusted face. Once your child has learned these basic emotions, you could make the game more challenging by adding more complex emotions, such as jealousy, confusion, pride, and such.
If you find that your child struggles with making friends, negative thoughts, negotiating, bullying and teasing, or just interacting with others, you may contact Expat Child Psychology to learn more about how your child could benefit from one of our Social Skills 4 Kids courses, starting this fall! | <urn:uuid:eb01e523-6a78-4712-8c1d-5a8c12de681c> | {
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Dialogue Journals in the Classroom
Using dialogue journals in the classroom can help you get to know your students and help them increase their writing fluency.
By Rachel D
Teaching positions don't always start at the beginning of the year, but there are ways to make any situation work. When I started teaching in a third grade class in the middle of the school year, I found that my class had already built community and their classroom systems were already in place. Coming into this unique classroom environment was intimidating. Everyone knew exactly where they were supposed to be and what they were supposed to be doing; then, I came into the mix. I wanted to get to know my pupils on a more personal level, but I had no time for ice breakers or fun first-week-of-school activities, so I decided to have everyone start dialogue journals.
What is a Dialogue Journal?
Dialogue journals are a way for students and the teacher to communicate; it is a way to engage in a written, private conversation. I began by asking my students to write a letter to me, telling me about themselves and what I should expect as a teacher in their classroom. At the end of the letter, I also asked them to write at least two questions they wanted me to answer. I replied to each question individually (in writing), telling them about myself, and asking a few questions. After the first week, I didn't have give them a prompt anymore. Each of my 22 learners led the conversation in his/her dialogue journal. I learned about Mia’s relationship with her twin sister, Cesar’s love for baseball, and Omar’s compassion for lizards. These written conversations broke the barrier between my students and me. It also provided the groundwork for a more cohesive relationship. Getting to know each individual pupil on a deeper level also helped me to better instruct each one.
Dialogue Journals and Basic Skills
Although I never corrected the spelling or punctuation in the dialogue journals, I began to notice that students' writing fluency began to increase, even though I put no pressure on them. I think that the combined effect of having them practice writing often, and being able to read my writing as an example, helped learners to gradually increase their writing fluency. At the end of the school year, it was neat to see the amount of progress each learner had made in his/her writing abilities. The evidence was obvious, not only in their dialogue journals, but also in other classroom assignments. The dialogue journals provided a way for kids to write freely, which has a positive affect on their writing habits for all assignments. After using the dialogue journals, my students became more creative, more independent, and were, most importantly, more excited about writing.
Creating Dialogue Journals
Ways to create a dialogue journal:
- Use composition journals or spiral notebooks.
- Sandwich a stack of lined paper between two sheets of card stock for the covers--bind with staples or a spiral comb.
Here are some questions for teachers:
- How do you get to know your students, whether it be in the beginning of the school year, or in the middle?
- What learning activities or assignments have you found helpful in increasing your learners’ writing fluency?
By using dialogue journals, and thinking about other activities that can build community and increase writing fluency, teachers can create a classroom full of successful and fluent writers.
Writing Fluency Lessons and Activities:
Pupils practice using prepositional phrases to increase their writing fluency.
Eleven interview questions for learners to answer or ask each other.
Scholars learn more about each other, after discussing what they read in the One and Only Special Me. They also create a class graph. | <urn:uuid:665501b1-a202-47af-a13d-ef146f4a5e2d> | {
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Astronomical telescopes have standard eyepiece tubes, with which one can use eyepieces bought separately from the telescope. Most astronomical telescopes use eyepieces with a 1 1/4" barrel diameter, although many amateur observers with larger telescopes designed for viewing dim galaxies at relatively low magnification now use eyepieces with a 2" barrel diameter. Some inexpensive telescopes sold on the mass market use interchangeable eyepieces whose barrel diameter is approximately .965".
In metric, these sizes are:
Inches Millimetres 0.964567" 24.5 1 1/4" 31.75 2" 50.8
The standard size for microscope eyepieces is 23mm, but there are microscopes which use eyepieces with other sizes of barrel.
The eyepiece contains both the eye lens and the field lens that complete a telescope.
Some very old telescopes use a threaded barrel 1 1/4" in diameter with 16 threads to the inch; such eyepieces are referred to as RAS thread eyepieces, as the standard which they follow was established by the Royal Astronomical Society in Britain.
The 1 1/4" diameter became established at a time when the firm of Alvan Clark, noted for many famous telescopes in historic observatories, was making telescopes with a 1 1/8" eyepiece barrel size.
The Questar telescope also uses threaded eyepieces. This has the advantage of making it harder to make a mistake that might cause the eyepiece to fall out and become damaged, but has not proven popular. Since nearly all eyepieces are threaded on the inside for the attachment of filters, one could always make a telescope that used this thread to attach the eyepiece to the telescope!
In most eyepieces, though, the field lens is placed just slightly past where the image from the objective comes to a focus. This allows a graticule, a flat glass disk with measuring lines placed on it, to be used with the eyepiece if desired for some forms of observing.
The magnification of a telescope is determined by dividing the focal length of the telescope by the focal length of the eyepiece. Thus, if a telescope has a focal length of 1200 mm, an eyepiece with a focal length of 40 mm will provide a magnification of 30x; that is, things viewed with the telescope will look 30 times larger in each direction.
Often, a telescope is described in terms of its aperture and its focal ratio. Thus, you might see a telescope mentioned as being a 4-inch f/12 telescope. A 4-inch telescope is (often) one with a 100mm aperture: as with the lengths of slide rules, an "inch" is often only 25mm instead of 25.4mm. With telescopes, as with cameras, "f/12" means that the aperture is 1/12 of the focal length. Thus, the focal length of such a telescope would be equal to 100mm times 12, or 1200 mm.
When you look at a printed page with a magnifying glass, it will normally look just as bright as it did before; perhaps a little dimmer because of the loss of light in the glass, but that is not usually noticeable (or brighter if the light illuminating the page happens to also be concentrated by the lens, but this isn't applicable to astronomy, since you don't see even the Moon by the light of a lamp situated behind your telescope).
Stars, however, do look brighter through a telescope. This is because they are so tiny, that they appear as just points of light whatever magnification you use. When a star is made brighter, in effect it is really being enlarged but it retains the same brightness over the now larger surface area, making for a larger total amount of light. But since the "larger area" is still just a point, that point is brighter.
There is, however, an upper limit to this process.
By day, a typical value for the size of the pupil of the human eye is 3mm. At night, a fully dark-adapted eye can have the pupil dilated to about 7mm.
A pair of 7x50 binoculars (50mm aperture, 7x magnification) is an example of the class of binocular known as a "night glass". When you divide the aperture by the magnification, you get 7 1/7 mm. We can round this off to 7mm. The aperture divided by the magnification yields the size of the exit pupil of the telescope. When the size of the exit pupil matches that of the dark-adapted eye, lowering the magnification of the telescope further won't yield brighter stars, because not all the light from the telescope for each star can enter the eye.
This principle is illustrated below:
In the first part of the diagram, the focal length of the objective lens of the telescope, and the effective focal length of the eyepiece, which is the same as the focal length of the eye lens for the design shown here where the field lens coincides with the image plane, are shown.
From the second part of the diagram, you can see why the magnification is proportional to the ratio of the two focal lengths. The red ray passing through the center of the objective lens goes at such an angle as to reach a height h from the optical axis after travelling through a distance equal to the focal length of the objective lens.
Many rays of light go through the objective lens to be focused to form the point defining the height of the image; the other rays are shown in green. Which one is the one bent to be the dark green ray going through the center of the eye lens is not important. But that lens travels at a steeper angle; from the point on the optical axis at the center of the eye lens, it reaches the height h after travelling through a distance equal to the focal length of the eye lens.
Thus, if we compared the height both rays would reach after travelling the same distance, this ray would reach a height larger than the height the other ray would reach, and the ratio of the two heights would be the same as the ratio of the two focal lengths.
The third part of the diagram shows why the ratio of the exit pupil to the aperture is also given by the ratio of the two focal lengths; the rays passing through the center of the field lens enter and leave it at the same angles, so the distance between them at either other lens is proportional to the distance of those lenses from it.
The fourth part of the diagram illustrates another important eyepiece characteristic, eye relief. The exit pupil indicates the size of the circular area that can recieve all the light collected by the telescope; but that circular area must be situated a particular distance from the telescope to receive that light, and that distance is known as the eye relief of the eyepiece. Note that the aperture of the objective, in this type of simple telescope, is also the field stop of the system; the rays shown, forming an image of the field stop, belong to what is known as the conjugate system.
The diagram below illustrates several popular types of eyepiece:
The eyepieces are all shown oriented so that the observer's eye is looking into them from the left side of the page.
A very interesting history of eyepiece designs is available at the web site of the Brayebrook Observatory, which also has a number of other astronomy-related publications.
The eyepieces are grouped by category in the diagram. It begins with designs where the distinction between the eye lens and the field lens is marked beginning with the Huyghenian. Beginning with the Ramsden, it continues by showing designs which are nearly symmetrical. The last two designs consisting of a pair of achromats facing each other, the Brandon and the Kalliscopic, are designs especially aimed at reducing distortion.
The diagram then continues with designs from the Tolles to the König aimed at low distortion, including particularly the Orthoscopic.
It then concludes with ambitious designs aimed at providing a wide field of view, including the original version of the famed Nagler eyepiece.
The original version of this chart showed crown elements in a light blue color, and flint elements in a light green; as I have more detailed information on many of these eyepieces available, I have attempted to make the color coding somewhat more detailed. However, there may be inaccuracies, particularly as some of the colorings are purely conjectural, such as those of the Brandon, the Galoc, and the wide-angle Bertele. As well, Plössl, Orthoscopic, and Kellner eyepieces, for example, can be made with many different types of glass. Thus, while the original Kellner eyepiece was designed when there were not many types of glasses available, current Kellner eyepieces are likely to offer improved performance with more modern glasses.
A wide variety of historical eyepiece types are shown above, many of which are not currently available as production items. A few general comments may be in order to provide the beginning amateur astronomer with some perspective on the merits of these types.
The Tolles and Monocentric eyepieces were very specialized eyepieces with a narrow field of view, intended for planetary studies.
The Huyghenian and Ramsden eyepieces are very simple eyepiece types, using only one kind of glass. They represent an improvement over a simple concave lens, as used in toy binoculars. They were reasonable types of eyepiece for an amateur to make himself from surplus lenses mounted in, say, a wooden spool of sewing thread. And, back in 1900 or even 1920, they were affordable eyepieces for the amateur astronomer. An Orthoscopic eyepiece, much more expensive, was more than many amateur astronomers could afford.
Today, these days are past. The simplest type of eyepiece one is likely to find available in a 1 1/4" barrel is the Kellner. The Orthoscopic eyepiece is available, and its freedom from distortion is still valuable for planetary observing. It's still more expensive than a Kellner, but the price difference is not terribly pronounced. For a somewhat wider field of view, the Plössl eyepiece is particularly fashionable these days. A standard Plössl eyepiece offers a 50° field of view, and there are a number of variations on the design offering somewhat wider fields of view.
Back in the 1950s and the 1960s, the Erfle, particularly in a modified six-element form, was available as a luxury item, offering a 60° field of view, but it was not recommended to the amateur by most serious authorities, because its optical performance was compromised.
Today, there are many designs that offer a 60° or 68° field of view, and less-expensive eyepieces of this type might cost no more than twice what a Kellner with a major brand name might cost.
And then there are the Nagler and the Ethos, from TeleVue, with 82° and 100° fields of view respectively, and excellent optical performance. A few decades ago, that such eyepieces would be available to the amateur would be undreamed-of.
The individual eyepiece types shown, in detail, are:
The Huyghenian uses a large field lens, and a small eye lens. In this design, the field lens, instead of lying just past the focus of the telescope, is placed before it, preventing a graticule from being used.
The Mittenzwey eyepiece is a small improvement on the Huyghenian, replacing the planoconvex field lens by a meniscus lens.
The Kellner eyepiece is an inexpensive design which follows more obvious design principles. It has a large, plain, field lens, and an achromatic eye lens.
The French is like a Kellner, but with a three-element eye lens; sometimes available as military surplus.
The Ramsden uses two identical planoconvex lenses of crown glass; this design is often used and reccommended for homemade eyepieces.
The Dialsight or Symmetrical eyepiece is a simple eyepiece, designed especially for use in telescopes with graticules, built around two identical achromatic lenses.
The Plössl eyepiece is one of the most popular eyepieces today. It is often used for deep-sky observing, because it offers a comparatively wide field of view of 50 degrees.
The Brandon eyepiece, manufactured by Vernonscope, although superficially similar to the Plössl, is specifically designed to have optical properties similar to those of the Orthoscopic. It was designed using four different types of glass
The Kalliscopic eyepiece is another design whose properties are similar to the Orthoscopic.
The Tolles eyepiece was made from a single thick piece of glass, so thick that each surface should be considered as a lens in itself. Thus, the strongly curved surface near the eye is the eye lens, and the less strongly curved surface is the field lens. A groove around the lens serves as a field stop, and thus this lens resembles the Huyghenian in principle.
The Monocentric eyepiece, consisting of a thick cemented three-element lens whose surfaces, as the name indicates, are all parts of spheres with a common center, was designed by Stenheil, and was an early design aimed, like the Orthoscopic, at providing the highest-quality images. It had a narrow field of view and lacked eye relief, but because the images were of excellent quality, it was popular among early astronomers who studied the planets despite the inconvenience.
The Orthoscopic eyepiece is a design due to the noted optician Ernst Abbé and the famed mathematician Karl Friedrich Gauss. Unlike many other eyepieces, the elements of crown glass, shown in blue, are on the outside of the eyepiece. Crown glass is harder than flint glass (shown in green) and is basically the same as the ordinary glass used for most purposes, although optical glass is made more carefully to be of a higher quality; flint glass has a higher index of refraction, but it also has dispersion that is not only larger than that of crown glass, but is larger proportionately than its index of refraction. The simplest forms of flint glass are similar in composition to lead crystal, (but usually have an even higher proportion of lead oxide) the "sparkle" of which is a consequence of the additional dispersion. Thus, flint glass elements normally are of the type opposite to the function performed by the lens, as they serve to correct chromatic aberration.
An unusual thing about the Orthoscopic is that the eye lens has only one element, but the field lens has three. Since, like most eyepieces, the field lens is actually located somewhat past (to the left of, in this diagram) the image plane, it is still possible for corrections made in the field lens to have an effect on the image of the eyepiece.
Orthoscopic eyepieces tend to be made in high powers, as they are chiefly used for observing the planets at high magnification. The special feature of this design is that it causes almost no distortion of shapes, such as barrel or pincushion distortion.
Because the crown elements are on the outside, the Orthoscopic eyepiece has proven to be more popular than the other designs with this property.
The Reversed Kellner eyepiece also illustrates the principle of placing additional elements in the field lens instead of the eye lens to correct aberrations. The illustration here attempts to approximate the RKE eyepiece sold by Edmund Scientific.
The König eyepiece shown here (many other eyepiece designs are also due to Albert König) is based on the Orthoscopic design, but splits up the three-element field lens with one extra air gap, so that it consists of a single eye lens, a two-element lens in the middle, and a single field lens. This creates an additional degree of freedom for correcting abberrations, allowing the design to be modified to provide a wider field.
The Wide-Angle eyepiece shown here is a design illustrated in N. Howard's Standard Handbook of Telescope Making as a wide-angle eyepiece that can be homemade by an amateur telescope maker.
The Galoc eyepiece is an early wide-field eyepiece, often used in military equipment. Many modified versions of this design have been made, using special glasses or even an aspheric surface.
The Bertele eyepiece is one that is designed, like the Orthoscopic eyepiece, to minimize distortion, but it also serves as the basis for several wide-angle eyepiece types. A version currently available has a field of view of 56 degrees. Ludwig Bertele designed several other types of eyepiece, and it likely one of the more complex designs that is the one noted by some sources as providing an 80 degree field of view. Ludwig Bertele was also the designer of the Ernostar lens used on the Ermanox camera, which was used to great effect by the photographer Erich Salomon.
The Erfle eyepiece offers an even wider field of view than the Plössl (about 60 degrees), and again is popular for deep-sky observing. This design originally had five elements, but many were later offered with six; both designs are shown. It is somewhat more expensive, but now there are available some considerably more expensive and complicated eyepieces for deep-sky observers, offering fields of view as wide as 82 degrees or more. The six-element version of this design is a modification due to Kaspereit, an associate of Heinrich Erfle.
The Wild eyepiece provides a 70 degree field. This eyepiece resembles, but is not identical to, one of several designs described in a 1951 patent by Ludwig Bertele. Note the series of progressively bent elements; this is normally a way of minimizing spherical abberration.
The Scidmore eyepiece, designed by Wright H. Scidmore for the U.S. military at the Frankford Arsenal in Philadelphia, is a design that existed in the early 1960s and offered an incredible 90 degree field of view. Like the original Nagler, it used only two kinds of glass, however, it didn't include an integral Barlow (although the last doublet in the lens is slightly negative in power, the telescope forms its image before the light enters the eyepiece), and it may not have been quite as well corrected towards the edge of the field, since it was not until the Nagler that eyepieces with such a wide angle of view gained acceptance.
This wide angle Bertele eyepiece described in U.S. patent 2,549,158 from 1951, also has a 90 degree field of view, and with only six elements. The eyepiece is designed so that the image formed by the telescope should be formed on the flat surface of the field lens, which does have the problem that any dust on that lens will be clearly visible rather than out of focus when using the telescope.
The wide-angle Bertele pictured next is also described in U.S. patent 2,549,158. The image is formed within the thick field lens in the design (the groove around that lens serve as a field stop); thus, it passes through a concave surface, and is expanded. This patent was, not surprisingly, cited as prior art in the original Nagler patent.
The Dilworth eyepiece, by Don Dilworth, an optical designer and ATM, is a very recent design with excellent corrections. It is a bit on the bulky side, resembling the Speers-WALER in that respect, but it is an amazing design. The image formed within the lens seems to be very close to the air-glass surface of the fourth element from the objective; a ray trace shows that it is sometimes inside the glass, and sometimes outside, as becomes more visible when the exit pupil is increased. I had thought that quite strange, but that is something which is also true of some versions of the Kellner eyepiece.
The Nagler eyepiece, a patented design whose name is also a trademark, available from TeleVue, is shown here in its original form (current Nagler eyepieces use more exotic glasses, have a more advanced design, and are, as a result, somewhat more compact for any given focal length): this eyepiece, with its wide (82 degree) field of view and high optical quality, even on telescopes with fast focal ratios (partly explained by the fact that the first two elements of the eyepiece, shown here on the right, act like a Barlow lens) is generally felt to have sparked a revolution in deep-sky observing.
The Koehler eyepiece shown here was designed at Zeiss in 1960, and is an example of an eyepice with a 120 degree apparent field.
While information about the optical design of TeleVue's Ethos eyepiece has not been released, recently Explore Scientific also came out with an eyepiece with a 100 degree apparent field. Based on the diagram in their advertisement, and the list of glasses used, a diagram of that lens has been added, but it may have allocated the wrong glass type to the wrong lens in some instances.
Around the time the Nagler became available, the Pretoria eyepiece also attracted some interest. In addition to being a design with a wide apparent field of view, this eyepiece was designed to correct for the coma in a Newtonian with an f/4 mirror.
Of course, many other eyepiece designs are not included here.
As one of the important and interesting attributes of an eyepiece is field of view, this diagram shows the fields of view of several illustrative eyepiece types (some common, some exemplary) for comparison:
The radius of the circle representing a particular field of view is proportional to the tangent of half the angle giving the field of view. The bottom part of the diagram illustrates this, and the vertical line in that part of the diagram shows the distance your eye would need to be from the diagram to see the various fields of view correctly.
Only a few eyepiece types are shown in the diagram, some of the most common traditional eyepiece types, and some modern eyepiece types with very wide fields of view:
Since this was written, first TeleVue came out with the Ethos SX eyepiece, with a 110 degree visual field, and then Explore Scientific has now come out with an eyepiece with a 120 degree field.
While the Köhler eyepiece was a pre-existing 120° eyepiece, Al Nagler personally had worked on a 110° eyepiece used with the LEM simulator used to train the original Apollo astronauts, and so matching its performance had been his dream.
As noted above, Meade brought out an eyepiece with an 84° field shortly after the introduction of the original Nagler eyepiece with its 82° field. Explore Scientific became known for its first product, a nitrogen-filled eyepiece with a 100° field that followed on the heels of the Ethos eyepiece from TeleVue; it was founded by employees who had left Meade when that company decided not to respond to the Ethos as it had responded to the Nagler.
This diagram, because of its small scale, does not really do justice to how spectacular the view through a Nagler eyepiece is, and not just because the radius of the circle representing its field of view ended up being rounded down by 0.48 of a pixel.
As noted, the vertical line in the diagram at the bottom, showing the angles involved in the various fields of view shows how close one's eye would need to be to the diagram to see them properly.
Having begun by showing crown glass as blue, and flint glass as green, I decided to go further, and use color-coding to show more detail about the type of glass used in some eyepieces. This site, by Peter Smith, an amateur astronomer in Australia, shows complete construction details for some eyepieces that he has designed, for people with a more intense interest in the subject.
The diagram has been divided up into areas representing common glass types. The diagram basically follows the convention used by Schott and others; the lines between Extra Dense Flint and Double Extra Dense Flint, Hard Crown and Soft Crown, and Light Barium Crown and Medium Barium Crown, as used by Chance-Pilkington, are added, and the line between Lanthanum Crown and Dense Lanthanum Crown, as used by Ohara, is added and therefore their line, rather than that used by Schott, is used to separate Lanthanum Flint and Dense Lanthanum Flint. The lines between Dense Barium Crown and Extra Dense Barium Crown, between Phosphate Crown and Borosilicate Crown, and between Extra Light Flint and Crown Flint, on the other hand, are ones specific to Schott. Also, the titanium flints, which are increasing in importance, are addtionally subdivided by dividing lines based on one used by Ohara for their Eco Glass product line (which is divided into categories very different from the ones on this chart). This is done so that the colors better indicate the function a titanium flint element performs in a lens system. Note, though, that glasses using titanium are not confined to this low index region.
Except for the line separating crown glasses from flint glasses, the lines are not part of a standard, but are illustrative, and some glass types with designations reflecting their chemical composition may be found in one or more of the compartments along with the type whose name is given to the compartment.
Key to the glass types: names examples A) Phosphate Crown B) Borosilicate Crown BK7 C) Hard Crown K5 Zinc Crown D) Soft Crown (C, D: Crown) E) Crown Flint Telescope Flint Short Flint F) Extra Light Flint (or E and F) LLF6 G) Light Flint LF5 H) Dense Flint F2 I) Extra Dense Flint (or I and J) SF8 J) Double Extra Dense Flint SF10, SF6 K) Light Barium Crown L) Medium Barium Crown BaK4 (K, L: Barium Crown) M) Light Barium Flint BaLF4 N) Barium Flint (or Q and R) BaF N10 O) Dense Barium Flint Borate Flint P) Dense Phosphate Crown Q) Dense Barium Crown (or L and M) SK2 R) Extra Dense Barium Crown SSK N5 S) Lanthanum Crown T) Lanthanum Flint EK-325 U) Dense Lanthanum Flint Phosphate Flint V) Dense Lanthanum Crown W) Fluorite Crown FK51 X) Titanium Crown Y) Extra Light Titanium Flint Z) Light Titanium Flint AA) Medium Titanium Flint BB) Dense Titanium Flint
Note that the area from A to J includes many glass types, including many of the earliest optical glasses available. However, this region should not be confused with the "glass line", an area in which most optical glasses reside with respect to a parameter not visible on a chart of index of refraction versus dispersion, specifically partial dispersion.
Only a very few glasses, as well as substances like the mineral fluorite, and to a lesser extent some non-glass transparent materials such as plastics and water, are a significant distance from the glass line, making them useful in designing apochromatic lenses.
Because of concerns about people throwing their Kellners, if not their Naglers, into the trash, and also due to the problem of disposing of waste materials produced during manufacture, the optical industry is currently in a time of transition, where many optical glasses using lead oxide to increase their refractive index are being replaced with glasses having different compositions not including lead. Titanium oxide, which also allows producing glasses with lower indices of refraction for a given dispersion, is one material used for this purpose.
In this connection, it may also be noted that some optical components made during the Second World War used thorium oxide, or even uranium oxide, which are radioactive, to achieve exceptional optical properties. Such glasses have been abandoned; such is the current advanced state of the optical industry that there are now available glasses having a similar range of optical properties as they had posessed.
Except for the historic EK-325, from Kodak, the example glasses are all from Schott, whose distinctive designations for glasses are popular.
Copyright (c) 2002, 2009 John J. G. Savard | <urn:uuid:4deba49b-8323-4853-8570-6c0e69a6b938> | {
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The Red Sea - The Past
Ships have sailed, and sunk, in the Red Sea since it was the main route to the Indies for Phoenician and Ancient Egyptian traders. In those times, ships loaded with copper, cooking pots and clothing departed from el-Quseir and Berenice and returned bearing elephants, ebony, gems and spices. For centuries, the Red Sea remained a scene of shipwreck and adventure for smugglers, merchants, pirates and pilgrims. After the opening of the Suez Canal, in 1869, it continued its role as an international trade route and "Passage to India" for European travelers.
Last Updated: June 8th,2011
Who are we?
Tour Egypt aims to offer the ultimate Egyptian adventure and intimate knowledge about the country. We offer this unique experience in two ways, the first one is by organizing a tour and coming to Egypt for a visit, whether alone or in a group, and living it firsthand. The second way to experience Egypt is from the comfort of your own home: online. | <urn:uuid:924a0c8e-3920-4347-ba6c-797cea519264> | {
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QuestionWhat's the story with stevia a new, natural, zero-calorie sweetener?
Stevia is made from an extract, known as rebaudioside A (reb-A), of the Stevia rebaudiana plant. It's been eaten around the globe for decades with no apparent harm. In the U.S., stevia's had a rough time with the FDA: A few early animal studies raised concerns it could cause reproductive or other health problems, but a 1994 regulatory loophole allowed its sale as a dietary supplement (though not as a food ingredient). Recent research on reb-A has satisfied the FDA's food-safety requirements, so manufacturers can now sell it as food and use it to sweeten beverages without adding calories. Like other sugar substitutes, it's fine for diabetics because it won't raise blood-glucose levels. | <urn:uuid:d3e287ec-0f83-40f7-ae50-721ea5dd017b> | {
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There is a wealth of jargon used throughout the reptile world. Learning this vocabulary allows you to better understand articles and what veterinarians, reptile hobbyists and other reptile owners are saying. The following list of terms, while in no way comprehensive, contains some of the general terms used to discuss reptiles.
The practice of keeping and breeding captive reptiles and amphibians.
A term that refers to both reptiles and amphibians.
The study of amphibians and reptiles.
Slang terms for herpetofauna; includes both reptiles and amphibians.
Reptile Glossaries Main Page | <urn:uuid:ea3f16c8-c856-45ad-907f-2776b35b5bf0> | {
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President Barack Obama has given a major boost to next month's UN climate change negotiations in Copenhagen by offering firm targets for cuts in US greenhouse gas emissions. The move, announced today, has been widely welcomed by climate change campaigners. But although they may seem generous, the proposed targets are in fact far from what developing nations and climate scientists have called for.
Obama said the US was prepared to cut its emissions of greenhouse gases by 17 per cent by 2020 and by 83 per cent by 2050 "in the context of an overall deal in Copenhagen that includes robust mitigation contributions from China and the other emerging economies".
At first glance, that sounds similar to commitments made by other wealthy nations. The European Union, for instance, is aiming to cut its emissions by 20 per cent cut by 2020 and 80 per cent by 2050. But the US president is measuring his cuts against 2005 emissions; most other nations use 1990 as a baseline.
The difference is subtle but significant: US emissions grew by almost 15 per cent between those dates. Using 1990 as a baseline, Obama's pledge translates into a cut of around 4 per cent.
That is well short of the 25 to 40 per cent cuts that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change says are required from developed nations to avoid the most dangerous consequences of climate change.
More cuts may come
The US may, however, achieve bigger cuts than Obama's statement makes apparent. It is likely that the pledge relates to a scheme to limit emissions from specific industries, such as the energy sector. Alexia Kelly, a climate policy expert at the World Resources Institute in Washington DC, points out that other domestic policies, such improvements in vehicle fuel efficiency, will bring further reductions.
The White House announcement does not say how the cuts will be achieved. The House of Representatives has, however, passed a bill containing similar reductions, and the Senate is considering legislation with a slightly more ambitious target. The presence of those bills will at least allow Obama to point to domestic action when negotiating at Copenhagen. He also has the option of bypassing Congress and imposing cuts through existing legislation, such as the Clean Air Act. "I suspect that it will be a combination of the two," says Kelly.
Obama's pledge also contains interim targets for the US: a 30 per cent cut below 2005 levels by 2025 and a 42 per cent cut by 2030. This addresses one major complaint from developing nations, which have been calling for a more detailed reductions timetable for the next few decades.
Will all this add up to enough incentives to bring China and India – two major polluters that have so far resisted calls to regulate their emissions – on board a global deal? "That we don't know," says Kelly. With the UN climate negotiations less than a fortnight away, we may not have to wait long to find out.
If you would like to reuse any content from New Scientist, either in print or online, please contact the syndication department first for permission. New Scientist does not own rights to photos, but there are a variety of licensing options available for use of articles and graphics we own the copyright to. | <urn:uuid:9bff32ad-76bc-428e-b1f7-e0607fabc301> | {
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René Accornero on “Retreat from Gettysburg”
René talked about the massive efforts of General Robert Lee and his command as they sought to move people, equipment, and scavenged supplies back to Virginia after being defeated at Gettysburg. More than 57 miles of wagons and ambulance trains and tens of thousands of livestock accompanied the army back to Virginia. The adverse conditions of the driving rain and muddy quagmires were described as General Meade attempted to attack the trains. Battles were fought at South Mountain, Hagerstown, and Williamsport, but Lee’s skillful use of terrain and defenses allowed him to escape. Washington’s criticism of Gen. Meade was also discussed. Meade’s failure to destroy the Army of Northern Virginia prolonged the war for two more years. | <urn:uuid:3ac1bc23-3b67-4016-8fa0-1daba94ebc2e> | {
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The World Heritage Convention, adopted by the UNESCO General Conference on 16 November 1972, turns 40 today. The only treaty for heritage preservation that englobes both cultural and natural sites, the Convention has been almost universally ratified, with 190 States Parties. There are currently 962 sites on the World Heritage List, 745 of them cultural, 188 natural and 29 mixed (both cultural and natural) in 157 States Parties.
The celebratory year was officially opened by UNESCO Director General Irina Bokova at the UNESCO General Assembly in November 2011, and a ceremonial launch with a concert by UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador Herbie Hancock was held at UNESCO Headquarters in Paris, France in January 2012. Other events have taken place throughout the year and across the globe, in line with the theme "World Heritage and Sustainable Development: the Role of Local Communities". The anniversary year culminated in the closing event held in Kyoto, Japan last week, and the launch of the Kyoto Vision, a statement outlining orientations for the implementation of the Convention going forward.
To learn more about the 40th anniversary activities, the theme of the year and the Kyoto Vision, visit the 40th anniversary dedicated website. | <urn:uuid:5102462f-a57a-4172-acc7-1c08cc444865> | {
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News of the Infinite
Asked if he was lonesome in his hut on Walden Pond, our neighbor Henry Thoreau famously replied, “How could I be lonely? Don’t I live in the Milky Way?”
Thoreau doubtless would have been encouraged by the recent discovery of Kepler-22, a planet just 600 light years from earth right in the Goldilocks zone: not too hot, not too cold, but a balmy 72 degrees on the surface, just right for organic chemistry to flourish. It’s just one of 139 potentially habitable worlds sighted since the Kepler spacecraft started looking for them a couple of years ago. And given the size of our galaxy, there are almost certainly billions of others.
Life is probably widespread in our universe, scientists now agree. Back when I was a boy, a famous experiment produced amino acids (the building blocks of proteins) by flashing an electric spark through a beaker of ammonia, methane, hydrogen and water vapor—thought to be the primitive components of earth’s atmosphere. The theory was that, long ago, a lucky lightning strike in a shallow pond produced the first protoplasm. But now we know that amino acids are everywhere: in the tails of comets and in the dust of interstellar space. Wherever conditions are right, evolution takes off.
And conditions are right all over, not just on places like Enceladus, a moon of Saturn where liquid water has been proven present in geysers. Many cosmologists agree that the cosmos appears propitiously suited to life, right down to the fundamental constants that govern gravity and allow stars and planets to form at all.
Of course, this doesn’t necessarily mean that the universe was “designed” for beings like us. But it does put a new twist on old legends like the Christmas star. Does it really matter whether a nova appeared over Bethlehem all those years ago? For me, the real wonder is that we are all born out stars, every molecule in our bodies forged in the furnaces of the heavens.
What this means is that we humans belong here. We are not just accidental tourists in this world. We have grown out time and space as naturally as grass pushes up through city sidewalks. And we are linked to nature, not only in our biology but in our minds and spirits also, which conceive space probes like Kepler and seem eternally fascinated by the big questions of where we come from and where we fit into the greater scheme.
Who cares whether astronomers find another habitable planet anyway? It would take 22 million years for our fastest rockets to reach Kepler -22, not even figuring in pit stops. But the answer is, people care. For beyond the business cycle, the election cycle, and other ephemeral headlines, human beings remain creatures hungry for news of the infinite. And for me at least, it is satisfying to know not only that we live in the Milky Way. In some important sense, the Milky Way—in all its brilliance and unfathomable extent --also lives in us. | <urn:uuid:6bfc03cf-3302-4e31-81d1-bd3fa762ebf0> | {
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Where is Napoleon during the Battle of the Cowshed in Animal Farm?
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Napoleon is conspicuously absent during the battle of the Cowshed in Orwell's Animal Farm. Orwell makes a point to show that though nobody spoke more fiercely about the danger of the humans and their imminent threat of reappearing on the farm, when it came to actually going to war with them, Napoleon left the fighting to the other animals. Meanwhile, his political opponent, Snowball, led the charge against the humans and got wounded in the process, earning him great acclaim among the animals. This is another example of Napoleon's hypocritcal stance on the farm. He wants all the reward with no sacrifice. He stresses the importance of animal continuity, yet he puts himself above the others.
to the puppies
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Join a community of thousands of dedicated teachers and students.Join eNotes | <urn:uuid:098ab66a-fe1a-4975-9c1e-f7adffea4f86> | {
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Sami and The Minnow Man – The Beginning
A long time ago, Indians lived by a lake north of the island river that led to the salt water. The water was so clear that it looked black. At night, when the moon’s rays spread across the dark surface, the lake appeared to be smiling. The Indians called it Happy Lake.
The lake had many fish. The Indians caught big largemouth bass and the great northern pike by using spears. The fish were so plentiful that sometimes the Indians trapped them in their hands. While their mothers prepared the fires, the Indian children then set about separating the meat from the small fish bones. A tasty meal would soon be ready.
Over time, the Indians left Happy Lake. Settlers moved in. Today, there are houses and boats and docks along the waterfront. Tourists come to fish, swim and go boating. The lake has changed, but Happy Lake is still beautiful, and many fish still swim her waters.
Loons distinctively sing their contentment as they drift on the surface searching for their next meal. Flocks of geese swoop down as ducks paddle by. Magical herons of varying shades stand erect and still in trees along the rocky shores. Moccasin snakes and snapping turtles busily work the waters as giant mountain frogs mingle in the lily pads. Beaver build their huts while woodpeckers drill the trees. Elegant black mink go about their harvesting as seagulls rest on the rocky shoals before darting away for nature’s scraps. Ever-watchful, gigantic osprey circle above, as Happy Lake quietly accommodates all her patrons.
When the water is still, the swirl of a big pike or the high rise of a black bass breaks through the calm. Happy Lake has smaller fish too. Sunfish, moonfish, colorful perch, whiskered catfish and frisky rock bass line the shallower waters cozying up to the docks.
Sami’s grandfather and grandmother live on an island on Happy Lake. One day, Sami’s grandmother, Dotie, gave him a floating vest and a big straw hat. Sami’s grandfather, Papa, took him down to the dock. Papa handed Sami a fishing rod with a gold reel. The gold reel quietly let the line out then neatly retrieved it back onto the spool. On the end of the line was a hook. Papa put a small piece of bread on the hook. “Now Sami, drop that bread into the water,” he said.
Sami lowered the line with the bread on the hook into the water. In a blink, several fish swept up and grabbed the bread from the hook. Sami stood for a minute, thinking about what had happened. He smiled, because now he understood, this was just the beginning. | <urn:uuid:5426ace4-ec81-441f-95f8-3a80ef5cd7f0> | {
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Health Points: Wednesday
- Living healthfully can add years to your life, 14 years in fact. Maria Cheng of the Associated Press reports:
To get an extra 14 years of life, don't smoke, eat lots of fruits and vegetables, exercise regularly and drink alcohol in moderation.
That's the finding of a study that tracked about 20,000 people in the United Kingdom.
Kay-Tee Khaw of the University of Cambridge and colleagues calculated that people who adopted these four healthy habits lived an average of 14 years longer than those who didn't.
"We've known for a long time that these behaviors are good things to do, but we've never seen these additive benefits before," said Susan Jebb, head of Nutrition and Health at Britain's Medical Research Council, which helped pay for the study.
- If this makes you worry, then your problems are twofold, apparently anxiety may be bad for your heart. More from Lauran Neergaard of Associated Press:
Those Type A go-getters aren't the only ones stressing their hearts. Nervous Nelsons seem to be, too. Researchers reported Monday that chronic anxiety can significantly increase the risk of a heart attack, at least in men. The findings add another trait to a growing list of psychological profiles linked to heart disease, including anger or hostility, Type A behavior, and depression.
"There's a connection between the heart and head," said Dr. Nieca Goldberg of the New York University School of Medicine, a spokeswoman for the American Heart Association who wasn't involved in the study.
"This is very important research because we really are focused very much on prescribing medicine for cholesterol and lowering blood pressure and treating diabetes, but we don't look at the psychological aspect of a patient's care," she added. Doctors "need to be aggressive about not only taking care of the traditional risk factors ... but also really getting into their patients' heads."
- According to new research, low vitamin D can be tied to heart disease. John Fauber of the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel is on it:
Low levels of vitamin D, a chronic problem for many people in northern latitudes areas such as Wisconsin and Washington, were associated with substantially higher rates of heart disease and stroke, according to a new study.
In one of the strongest studies to date linking the vitamin to cardiovascular disease, researchers followed 1,739 members of the Framingham Offspring Study for more than five years.
They found the rate of cardiovascular disease events such as heart attacks, strokes and heart failure were from 53 percent to 80 percent higher in people with low levels of vitamin D in their blood.
"This is a stunning study," said John Whitcomb, medical director of the Aurora Sinai Wellness Institute in Milwaukee. He was not involved in the study.
- Apparently the movies make kids smoke—who knew? Alan Mozes of HealthDay News has more:
Young people who start smoking may be influenced to do so by movies they saw in early childhood, new research suggests.
What's more, the study found that almost 80 percent of the exposure to smoking scenes in movies came through films rated "G," "PG" and "PG-13."
"Movies seen at the youngest ages had as much influence over later smoking behavior as the movies that children had seen recently," said study author Linda Titus-Ernstoff, a pediatrics professor at Dartmouth Medical School.
"And I'm increasingly convinced that this association between movie-smoking exposure and smoking initiation is real," she added. "That's to say, causal. It is quite improbable that the association we see is due to some other influence, some other characteristic inherent in children or parental behavior. The relationship is clearly between movie-smoking and smoking initiation."
- The United States has ranked the worst in preventable death—we’re special! Will Dunham of Reuters reports:
France, Japan and Australia rated best and the United States worst in new rankings focusing on preventable deaths due to treatable conditions in 19 leading industrialized nations, researchers said on Tuesday.
If the U.S. health care system performed as well as those of those top three countries, there would be 101,000 fewer deaths in the United States per year, according to researchers writing in the journal Health Affairs.
Researchers Ellen Nolte and Martin McKee of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine tracked deaths that they deemed could have been prevented by access to timely and effective health care, and ranked nations on how they did.
They called such deaths an important way to gauge the performance of a country's health care system.
- China appears to be working real-real hard to improve food safety. More from Reuters:
China defended its fish farming industry on Tuesday and said it was making progress in curbing use of illegal additives, from pesticides to banned steroids, as the country's food safety record remains in the spotlight.
China has suffered a rash of scares over the safety of its food and manufactured products in the last year which highlighted shoddy oversight and prompted a wave of new regulations and clean-up campaigns from the central government.
Vice Minister of Agriculture Gao Hongbin said the country had made encouraging progress.
- Ladies, did you know? A girl’s social standing can affect her bodyweight. Diet Blog is on it:
Those who perceived they had low subjective social status had a 69% increased odds of having a 2-unit increase in BMI (this is around 11 pound weight increase).
The results were adjusted for a large number of factors including age, race/ethnicity, baseline BMI, diet, television viewing, depression, global and social self-esteem, menarche, height growth, mother's BMI, and pretax household income.
The study highlights yet another piece in the very complex obesity puzzle.
- Maureen Callahan of CookingLight looks at all the hubbub surround seafood safety and danger. Take a look:
A 2004 study in the journal Science raised concern among fish lovers with news that farm-raised salmon, the type found at most supermarkets, contained higher levels of cancer-causing pcbs than wild salmon. (Banned in the 1970s, PCBs still contaminate the environment. They are released by incinerators and toxic waste sites.) But two more recent studies, one on farm-raised salmon and the other on wild, found that both harbor similar levels of this pollutant. The first study, done with Chilean- and Canadian-farmed salmon, found an average of 11.5 parts per billion PCBs. The second, conducted by the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, sampled 600 wild salmon from the Gulf of Alaska and the Bering Sea, and found 8.2 to 10 parts per billion PCBs. It's important to realize that the amount of PCBs being talked about is very small, says Cornell University seafood specialist Ken Gall, who has studied fish safety issues for 22 years. "High doses of PCBs, like the kind of contamination that occurs with an industrial accident, can be dangerous," Gall says. "But it's uncertain whether the tiny amounts of PCBs found in many foods such as fish, meat, or milk can cause cancer."
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Dr. Fuhrman's Executive Offices
4 Walter E. Foran Blvd.Flemington, NJ 08822 | <urn:uuid:cbd798d2-1c62-4730-a19c-34f17eac7b50> | {
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REES Languages at KU
Through the School of Languages, Literatures and Cultures, KU offers 10 languages pertaining to Russian, East European & Eurasian Studies (REES): BCS, Czech, Polish, Russian, Slovene, Tajik, Turkish, Ukrainian, Uyghur, and Yiddish. These language are supported by a variety of interdisciplinary courses ranging from the humanities (literature & the arts) to social sciences (political science, economics, etc.) and professional disciplines (law, business, and public administration, for example). KU students from all majors and professional schools are encouraged to explore REES area studies through language. Enroll today!
Bosnian Croatian Serbian (BCS)
Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian (formerly known as Serbo-Croatian) offers three languages for the price of one! Although Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian have all become official languages of their newly independent states, they remain completely understandable among each other. By learning BCS, you'll be able to speak with any of the nearly 20 million people living in four European countries: Bosnia Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, and Serbia.
Czech is the language spoken by about 10 million citizens of the Czech Republic and another 2 million or so worldwide. Czech is a Slavic language from the West Slavic group, which also includes Polish and Slovak.
Polish language, rich in its history and literature, is spoken by more than 40 million speakers. The University of Kansas has a more than thirty-year tradition of teaching Polish language and literature.
Russian is spoken by upwards of 170 million people in Russia, a country that covers one eighth of the world’s landmass and that spans eleven time zones across Europe and Asia.
Slovene is spoken by approximately 2 million people in the Republic of Slovenia and neighboring territories in Italy, Austria, and Hungary. Large Slovene-speaking communities can also be found in Argentina, Australia, Canada, and the US. KU is the only major North American university that teaches Slovene at all levels.
Persian is spoken by 120 million people in the Middle East and Central Asia. KU teaches two of the three majors dialects: Farsi (primarily spoken in Iran) and Tajik (primarily spoken in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan).
Turkish is spoken by roughly 150 million people all around the world. Like Finnish and Hungarian, Turkish is an agglutinative language, which means that new particles are added to the end of a base form to generate new words.
Ukrainian is an East Slavic language and is part of the larger Indo-European family of languages. Ukrainian is spoken by about 50 million people in Ukraine and in many other countries, including Argentina, Australia, Belarus, Brazil, Canada, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, and the U.S.
Living at the cultural crossroads of Central Asia, mostly in the Xinjian Autonomous Region of China, the traditionally Muslim Uyghurs have a rich body of literature, arts, music, and dance. Today, Uyghur is geopolitically strategic as the region shares a border with Pakistan, Afghanistan, the Central Asian Turkic republics, Russia, and Mongolia.
Yiddish is the erstwhile lingua franca of East-European (Ashkenazi) Jews and now spoken by Hasidic Jews and some traditional communities in Israel and elsewhere. The main stock of the Yiddish lexicon is German, but there are many Hebrew, Aramaic, Romance and Slavic elements. | <urn:uuid:ea12f101-e0c7-4e0e-8bb4-f388a75cf49e> | {
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"The Royal British Family"Завантажити презентацію
Презентація по слайдам:
Plan The UK of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. British Royal Family: 1.Formation History; 2.The Family Tree of Members; 3.Interesting Facts and Video. Summary and Conclusions.
The British Royal Family is the family group of close relatives of the monarch of the United Kingdom.
Badge of The House of Windsor The House of Windsor is the royal house of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms. It was founded by King George V by royal proclamation on 17 July 1917. | <urn:uuid:67673a60-5add-4549-8be9-044e99328621> | {
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About the campaign
Why the 1 in 3 Cancers Campaign was created
Preventing cancer is key to helping beat cancer. In 2015, Cancer Council commissioned research which found that every year in Australia approximately 37,000 – or 1 in 3 cancer cases – can be prevented. In 2016, Cancer Council also conducted research with a range of people across NSW including men and women, cancer patients and carers. This research found that there is a need to raise awareness within the community about the lifestyle factors that reduce cancer risk, and that some people don’t believe that cancer is preventable. Based on these findings the 1 in 3 Cancers Campaign was developed.
This is the first time that Cancer Council has implemented a mass media campaign to raise community awareness that 1 in 3 cases of cancer are preventable. The campaign also aims to empower people to make lifestyle choices now, to reduce their cancer risk in the future. We want people to stack the odds of preventing cancer in their favour by: not smoking, protecting themselves from UV exposure, achieving a healthy weight, cutting down on alcohol, cutting down on red and processed meats, eating more fruit and vegetables, and being physically active.
Information and Support for Cancer Patients and Survivors
Cancer Council aims to support people affected by cancer through all stages of their cancer. We focus on ensuring that people living with cancer know that they are not alone in their cancer experience. This has been core to our mission over the last 60 years and will not change. We have many information resources and support services for people with cancer. The focus of the 1 in 3 Cancers Campaign is to help prevent cancer, but we are here for all people facing cancer including family, carers and health professionals. Call Cancer Council 13 11 20 Information and Support to talk to a qualified cancer health professional about the broad range of services we have available to help you.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is cancer?
Cancer is a disease of the cells, which are the body’s basic building blocks. The body constantly makes new cells to help us grow, replace worn-out tissue and heal injuries. Normally, cells multiply and die in an orderly way.
Sometimes cells don’t grow, divide and die in the usual way. This may cause tissue cells, or blood or lymph fluid, in the body to become abnormal. Lumps, or tumours, formed by abnormal cell growth can be benign or malignant. In a benign tumour, cells are confined to one area and are not able to spread to other parts of the body. A benign tumour is not cancer. A malignant tumour is made up of cancerous cells, which have the ability to spread by travelling through the bloodstream or lymphatic system (lymph fluid).
What evidence supports the campaign? What new evidence is the campaign referring to?
There is new and growing international evidence indicating that a healthy lifestyle can reduce the risk of cancer. In 2015, Cancer Council commissioned new research1 which is the most up to date analysis estimating the number of Australian cancer cases caused by specific lifestyle factors. It found that 37,000 cases of cancer – or 1 in 3 cancer cases – could be prevented.
The lifestyle choices that increase the risk of developing a range of different cancers include:
- Cigarette smoking
- UV exposure / radiation from the sun and sunbeds
- Unhealthy weight
- Alcohol consumption
- Red and processed meat consumption
- Inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption
- Physical inactivity.
In fact, a poor diet, being overweight, not doing enough physical activity and drinking too much alcohol collectively contribute to nearly the same number of cancer cases as smoking.
Cancer Council’s recent community survey also found that while there is high awareness across NSW that smoking and UV exposure all contribute to a person’s risk of getting cancer, there is still low awareness that being overweight, eating a poor diet, drinking alcohol and not being physically active can also increase a person’s risk of getting cancer.
This campaign aims to empower people to make lifestyle choices to reduce their risk of getting cancer in the future, and stack the odds of preventing cancer in their favour.
1 Whiteman DC et al. Cancers in Australia in 2010 attributable to modifiable risk factors: summary and conclusions. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health. 2015 Oct; 39(5): 477-484.
- How can I get more information about reducing my cancer risk?
What types of cancers are preventable?
There is definitive evidence that 22 different types of cancer are potentially preventable by 7 lifestyle choices. 4 of the 5 most commonly diagnosed cancers are linked to lifestyle choices and so potentially preventable. These 4 cancers are breast, bowel, melanoma and lung cancer. Although many cases of these cancers are preventable, not all people who get these cancers could have prevented their cancer.
The following behaviours increase the risk of being diagnosed with the following cancers:
- Cigarette smoking: Lung, mouth, throat, nose, sinuses, oesophagus, bladder, kidney, ureter, pancreas, stomach, liver, cervix, myeloid leukaemia, ovarian and bowel cancers
- UV exposure: Melanomas and non-melanoma skin cancers
- Overweight/obesity: Breast (post-menopause), bowel, kidney, liver, endometrial, ovarian, stomach, oesophagus, gallbladder, pancreatic and prostate (advanced) cancers
- Alcohol: Mouth, throat, oesophagus, bowel, stomach, liver and breast cancers
- Red and processed meat: Bowel and stomach cancers
- Insufficient fruit and vegetable consumption: Bowel, stomach, lung, mouth, throat and oesophagus cancers
- Physical inactivity: Bowel, breast (post-menopause) and endometrial cancers
Not all cases of cancer listed above can be prevented by making healthier lifestyle choices recommended by the campaign. We know that 2 in 3 cancer cases in Australia are caused by risk factors that are not modifiable including age, genetics, family history, chronic inflammation, immunosuppression and hormonal changes.
If 1 in 3 cancer cases are preventable, what does that mean for the other two-thirds?
We know that approximately two-thirds of cancer cases in Australia are caused by factors that are not as easily modifiable, or not yet modifiable. These include age, genetics, family history, chronic inflammation, immunosuppression and hormonal changes.
We also know that exposure to other risk factors not mentioned in this campaign are preventable although they may not be within an individual’s ability to control or easily avoided. These risk factors include the Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C infection, menopausal hormone therapy and other hormonal medications, regular occupational exposure to carcinogens including asbestos, diesel fumes and other cancer causing chemicals, as well as high-dose radiation.
Evidence continues to strengthen around which lifestyle factors increase cancer risk and which help to prevent cancer. In the future, as we find out more about the causes of cancer, we may find that a larger proportion of cancers are preventable.
I have been smoking/eating processed meat/drinking alcohol etc. all my life. Is it too late for me to reduce my cancer risk?
It’s never too late to make healthy changes that will reduce your cancer risk. There is now overwhelming evidence that many of your daily lifestyle choices can make a big difference to your cancer risk. When it comes to smoking, evidence shows that there are benefits to quitting smoking at any age and those benefits are bigger the earlier you quit. Smokers who quit before they are 45 years live nearly as long as someone who never smoked. Within 5 years of quitting, a woman’s risk of cervical cancer is the same as someone who never smoked.
Even small changes to your lifestyle can help such as choosing an extra serve of fruit for dessert, walking a little more each day, or drinking 1 less glass of wine. By making healthier lifestyle choices, you not only help reduce your risk of cancer but also other chronic illnesses including heart disease and Type 2 diabetes.
I don’t understand why the cards are different colours? And why do some have a tick and others an exclamation mark?
The different coloured cards indicate whether a lifestyle factor increases or reduces your cancer risk. The yellow cards with ticks represent healthy behaviours that we recommend you pick up or maintain. These behaviours reduce the risk of developing cancer. Blue cards with exclamation marks represent risky behaviours that we recommend you cut down to reduce your cancer risk. The smoking card is black with an exclamation mark to indicate that it is a risky behaviour and there is no safe level of exposure so we recommend it is cut out altogether. Each card also has a counter card that indicates swapping to a healthier behaviour. For example, swapping wine with water; swapping too much sitting (couch) time with walking (a running shoe); protecting yourself from the sun with sunscreen.
I already have/have had cancer, so is there any point in making lifestyle changes now?
Getting back to a healthy lifestyle after cancer is one of the most important things you can do for your health. Every little bit helps and making healthy lifestyle choices can also reduce the risk of cancer recurrence.
Research shows that if you continue to smoke, you are more likely to develop another type of cancer. Being a healthy weight can help prevent the recurrence of breast, bowel and prostate cancers. Physical activity can improve muscle strength, stamina, self-esteem, quality of life, and reduce common side effects of cancer treatment such as fatigue, nausea, pain, anxiety and depression. One study has suggested that physical activity after diagnosis reduces bowel cancer deaths by up to 30%.
Cancer Council NSW offers a number of healthy lifestyle programs for cancer survivors.
Am I to blame for getting cancer? Was it my fault I got sick?
Every case of cancer is different and we’re not suggesting that everyone who has been diagnosed with cancer could have done something to prevent it.
For some cancer types, like brain cancer, there is no evidence that they could have been prevented through healthy lifestyle choices. For other cancer types, such as breast cancer, there are some cases that may be preventable through healthier lifestyle choices and others that may not be. Other factors that could contribute to a person developing cancer include their genetics or family history of cancer, age, gender, and hormonal factors such as the onset of menopause.
We know that, in general, a third of cancer cases could be prevented through healthier lifestyle choices. It is by no means our intention to make people with cancer, families and carers feel in any way that there is something they could have done differently. This is about looking forward – we want people to know that they hold the cards to reducing their future cancer risk.
For people who have already been diagnosed with cancer, choosing to follow a healthier lifestyle can help to reduce the risk of the cancer recurring as well as improve their quality of life.
Doesn’t everything cause cancer?
The media often reports on studies that link many different risk factors to cancer, especially when the information is new or unusual. However, these research findings are often based on one study, which might not be that robust, and may be grounded on early studies in animals or small numbers of people. Further research is often needed to be sure that their findings are credible and that they are relevant to the human population.
The 1 in 3 Cancers Campaign is based on the latest international peer-reviewed evidence looking at the entire body of evidence about what we do know causes cancer. It challenges the belief that, as individuals, we do not have control over our risk of developing cancer by specifically highlighting each of the lifestyle factors that we know increase cancer risk.
The research supporting the campaign, on the number of Australian cancer cases that can be prevented, is similar to studies conducted in other countries and with comparable findings.
To find out more about cancer myths and facts please visit Cancer Council Australia iHeard.
Doesn’t red wine provide health benefits, like keeping my heart healthy?
Recent evidence suggests that any potential health benefits gained from consuming red wine have been over-estimated. Some people believe that red wine helps to keep your heart healthy, however the Heart Foundation does not recommend alcohol consumption for the treatment or prevention of heart disease.
Alcohol consumption increases your risk of cancer of the mouth, throat, stomach, oesophagus, bowel, liver and breast. In terms of cancer risk, there is no safe level of consumption and the evidence shows that the more you drink, the greater the risk.
Cancer Council advises people limit their alcohol consumption. For people who choose to drink, it is advised that they follow the Australian Alcohol Guidelines which recommend people consume no more than 2 standard drinks a day.
Do artificial sweeteners, food additives and pesticides cause cancer?
There is evidence suggesting that some food additives, preservatives, pesticides and other chemicals used in food manufacturing and packaging can be toxic at high doses. However, there is strict regulation of these substances in Australia by Food Standards Australia New Zealand and no evidence that the low levels permitted in Australian food cause cancer.
There is no convincing scientific evidence to support the claim that plastic bottles cause cancer. The evidence suggests that low levels of artificial sweeteners (saccharin and cyclamate) found in ‘diet’ drinks and some foods are unlikely to cause cancer.
Cancer Council recommends eating a healthy balanced diet of: fruits, vegetables and legumes; wholegrain and high-fibre cereal foods; lean meat, poultry, fish and eggs; and reduced fat milk, yoghurt and cheese. We also recommend limiting your intake of fast foods and highly-processed foods and drinks high in added fats, sugars and salt. This will control your intake of food additives and other chemicals as well as reduce your risk of cancer by helping to maintain a healthy body weight.
I thought lean red meat was healthy. Why does it increase my cancer risk?
Lean red meat can be an important source of iron, zinc, vitamin B12 and protein. However, there is now a clear body of evidence that bowel cancer is more common among those who eat too much red meat. It is not completely understood how red meat increases bowel cancer risk. One likely reason is that when naturally-occurring chemicals in red meat break down in the gut they form carcinogenic (known to cause cancer) substances that can damage the cells that line the bowel, leading to bowel cancer.
There is no reason to cut red meat completely from your diet but there are steps you can take to reduce your cancer risk. Aim for a small 65g serve of cooked meat each day or 2 serves (130g) 3-4 times a week. Avoid consuming more than 455g of lean red meat each week.
Vegetarian diets can be healthy and balanced too. However, if you don’t eat meat or other animal foods, it is important to ensure you are getting enough protein, Vitamin B12, iron, zinc, calcium and omega 3 fatty acids.
How can I protect myself from UV exposure and still get enough vitamin D?
We get most of our vitamin D through exposure to the sun and we need it for healthy bones and muscles and to reduce the risk of osteoporosis, a condition causing brittle bones. Most Australians have sufficient vitamin D. Some groups in the community may be at higher risk of low vitamin D such as people who spend little time outdoors and people who cover most of their skin for religious and/or cultural reasons. People with naturally very dark skin may also need more exposure to UV radiation for adequate vitamin D while people with very fair skin or at high risk of skin cancer may need to take extra care to protect their skin.
2 in 3 Australians will be diagnosed with some form of skin cancer before the age of 70 however, luckily, skin cancer is highly preventable. The majority of people living in Australia can balance their risk of skin cancer from too much UV exposure with meeting their daily vitamin D requirements by being sun safe (wearing protective clothing, applying sunscreen, wearing a hat, seeking shade, and wearing sunglasses) when the UV index is 3 or above.
People who may be at risk of vitamin D deficiency should discuss their vitamin D requirements with their GP.
Are electronic cigarettes as bad as normal cigarettes? Can I use them as a quitting device?
There is evidence that electronic cigarettes contain a number of potentially harmful chemicals, but at much lower levels than tobacco cigarettes. However, there is not enough evidence to make conclusive claims that e-cigarettes are safer than tobacco cigarettes. The effect of electronic cigarette use over the long term has not yet been studied and there is also very little evidence that electronic cigarettes help smokers quit smoking tobacco cigarettes.
In Australia, products promoted to assist people break a chemical addiction must be approved as safe and effective by the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) based on sufficient evidence. Electronic cigarettes have not been approved by the TGA for use in breaking nicotine addiction. | <urn:uuid:3f5b9c4a-1ad6-4dbc-bf23-8ed9c98b7617> | {
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Question: How high can a human throw something? (From Irish Dave on the Isle of Man)
Answer: Humans are good at throwing things. In fact, we’re great at it; no other animal can throw stuff like we can.
It’s true that chimpanzees hurl faeces (and, on rare occasions, stones), but they’re not nearly as accurate or precise as humans. Antlions throw sand, but they don’t aim it. Archerfish hunt insects by throwing water droplets, but they use specialised mouths instead of arms. Horned lizards shoot jets of blood from their eyes for distances of up to 5ft. I don’t know why they do this, because whenever I reach the phrase “shoot jets of blood from their eyes” in an article I just stop there and stare at it until I need to lie down.
So while there are other animals that use projectiles, we’re just about the only animal that can grab a random object and reliably nail a target. In fact, we’re so good at it that some researchers have suggested that rock-throwing played a central role in the evolution of the modern human brain.
Throwing is hard. In order to deliver a baseball to a batter, a pitcher has to release the ball at exactly the right point in the throw. A timing error of half a millisecond in either direction is enough to cause the ball to miss the strike zone.
To put that in perspective, it takes about five milliseconds for the fastest nerve impulse to travel the length of the arm. That means that when your arm is still rotating toward the correct position, the signal to release the ball is already at your wrist. In terms of timing, this is like a drummer dropping a drumstick from the 10th storey and hitting a drum on the ground on the correct beat.
We seem to be much better at throwing things forward than throwing them upward. Since we’re going for maximum height, we could use projectiles that curve upward when you throw them forward; the Aerobie Orbiters I had when I was a kid often got stuck in the highest treetops. But we could also sidestep the whole problem by using a device like the one pictured above.
We could use a springboard, a greased chute, or even a dangling sling – anything that redirects the object upward without adding to or subtracting from its speed.
I ran through the basic aerodynamic calculations for a baseball thrown at various speeds. I will give these heights in units of giraffes:
The average person can probably throw a baseball at least three giraffes high:
Someone with a reasonably good arm could manage five.
A pitcher with an 80mph fastball could manage 10 giraffes. Aroldis Chapman, the holder of the world record for fastest recorded pitch (105mph), could in theory launch a baseball 14 giraffes high.
But what about projectiles other than baseballs? Obviously, with the aid of tools such as slings, crossbows, or the curved xistera scoops in the sport of jai alai, we can launch projectiles much faster than that. But for this question, let’s assume we stick to bare-handed throwing.
A baseball is probably not the ideal projectile, but it’s hard to find speed data on other kinds of thrown objects. Fortunately, a British javelin thrower named Roald Bradstock held a “random object throwing competition”, in which he threw everything from dead fish to an actual kitchen sink. Bradstock’s experience gives us a lot of useful data. In particular, it suggests a potentially superior projectile: a golf ball.
Few professional athletes have been recorded throwing golf balls. Fortunately, Bradstock has, and he claims a record throw of 170 yards. This involved a running start, but even so, it’s reason to think that a golf ball might work better than a baseball. From a physics standpoint, it makes sense; the limiting factor in baseball pitches is the torque on the elbow, and the lighter golf ball might allow the pitching arm to move slightly faster. The speed improvement from using a golf ball instead of a baseball would probably not be very large, but it seems plausible that a professional pitcher with some time to practise could throw a golf ball faster than a baseball.
If so, based on aerodynamic calculations, Aroldis Chapman could probably throw a golf ball about 16 giraffes high. This is probably about the maximum possible altitude for a thrown object.
• Extracted from What If?: Serious Scientific Answers to Absurd Hypothetical Questions, published by John Murray, £14.99. To order a copy for £11.99 with free UK p&p go to theguardian.com/bookshop | <urn:uuid:a7e6ec01-436d-441e-8478-6162fb69a140> | {
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After dropping for about 15 years, the amount of sunlight Earth reflects back into space, called albedo, has increased since 2000, a new study concludes.
That means less energy is reaching the surface. Yet global temperatures have not cooled during the period.
Increasing cloud cover seems to be the reason, but there must also be some other change in the clouds that's not yet understood.
"The data also reveal that from 2000 to now the clouds have changed so that the Earth may continue warming, even with declining sunlight," said study leader Philip R. Goode of the New Jersey Institute of Technology. "These large and peculiar variabilities of the clouds, coupled with a resulting increasing albedo, presents a fundamental, unmet challenge for all scientists who wish to understand and predict the Earth's climate."
Earth's albedo is measured by noting how much reflected sunlight in turn bounces off the Moon, something scientists call earthshine. The observations were made at the Big Bear Solar Observatory in California.
The findings will be published Jan. 24 in Eos, a weekly newspaper of the American Geophysical Union.
On any given day, about half of Earth is covered by clouds, which reflect more sunlight than land and water. Clouds keep Earth cool by reflecting sunlight, but they can also serve as blankets to trap warmth.
High thin clouds are better blankets, while low thick clouds make better coolers.
Separately, satellite data recently showed that while the difference between high and low clouds had long been steady at 7-8 percent, in the past five years, for some unknown reason, the difference has jumped to 13 percent. High, warming clouds have increased while low clouds have decreased.
Research shows condensation trails, or contrails from jet airplanes, fuel more high-altitude clouds. But they have not been shown to account for all the observed change.
What about global warming?
Earth's albedo appears to have experienced a similar reversal during a period running from the 1960s to the mid-1980s.
Goode's team says there may be a large, unexplained variation in sunlight reaching the Earth that changes over the course of two decades or so, as well as a large effect of clouds re-arranging by altitude.
How do the findings play into arguments about global warming and the apparent contribution by industrial emissions? That's entirely unclear.
"No doubt greenhouse gases are increasing," Goode said in a telephone interview. "No doubt that will cause a warming. The question is, 'Are there other things going on?'"
What is clear is that scientists don't understand clouds very well, as a trio of studies last year also showed.
"Clouds are even more uncertain than we thought," Goode said. | <urn:uuid:c853af46-6a22-471f-8224-2ad038ea93d5> | {
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The Bible is the Holy Scripture, the Word of God written, and is the only sufficient, certain, and infallible rule of all saving knowledge, faith and obedience. The authority of the Holy Scripture, on which it ought to be believed and obeyed, depends not upon the testimony of any man, but it is to be received because it is the Word of God. The whole counsel of God concerning all things necessary for His own glory, man’s salvation, faith and life is either expressly set down in Scripture, or by good and necessary inference deduced from Scripture. The infallible rule of interpretation of Scripture is the Scripture itself. Questions concerning the true and full sense of any Scripture (which is not manifold but one) must be searched and known by other places in Scripture that speak more precisely. Being self-attesting Truth which is plenary and verbally inspired by God, the assertions of Scripture are historically and scientifically inerrant and infallible in all the original autographs, as we know them today.
The chronology as recorded in Genesis 1-11 is historical truth. Therefore it follows that:
- The “days” of the creation week were all of like duration (the succession of an evening and a morning, i.e. a period of daylight and a period of darkness with no gaps), were six in number, and were culminated in a seventh day which, being of like duration as the preceding days, was a Sabbath rest to the Lord and to creation, thus constituting a normal, typical week consisting of seven solar-type days.
- The genealogies in Genesis 5 and 10 are contiguous and accurately represent the age of the earth, thus limiting the age of the universe to several thousand years.
- The flood described in Genesis, commonly referred to as the Flood of Noah, was an historic event, and was worldwide in its extent and effect. Only eight human beings out of the entire human population survived the deluge by means of the ark. Many geological features, commonly attributed to evolution over eons of time, provide global evidence for this universal catastrophic flood.
All basic types of living things, including man, were made by direct creative acts of God during the six days of creation described in Genesis. Biological changes occurring since creation are only variations within the original created kinds.
- God created man, (male and female, perfect physical specimens), with reasonable and immortal souls. Man, being created in the image of God, possessed knowledge, righteousness, and true holiness.
- Our first parents, Adam and Eve of Genesis 1, by their sin, fell from original righteousness and communion with God, and we in them. Thereby, death came upon all. The guilt of sin was spiritually imputed, and the corrupted physical nature was conveyed to their posterity descending from them by ordinary generation. Original and actual sin, and not the general theory of organic evolution, accounts for the misery and suffering in the world today. Therefore, man needs the Savior, not an endless succession of eons, to deliver him from his sin and misery.
God is a spirit, infinite, eternal, and unchangeable in the totality of His being. Eternally existing in three persons (the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit), these three are one God, the same in substance, equal in power and glory.
The only Redeemer of God’s elect is the Lord Jesus Christ who, being the eternal Son of God, became man, and so was, and continues to be, God and man in two distinct natures, yet one person forever. | <urn:uuid:70eddcfc-78b7-4e9b-bd99-72522cffb2e5> | {
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James Iredell (October 5, 1751 – October 20, 1799) was one of the original Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. A Founding Father, he was a Federalist - proponent of the Constitution when it was proposed in 1787; he received national attention for writing a rebuttal to a critique by Anti-Federalist George Mason. On the Supreme Court, Iredell dissented in the case Chisholm v. Georgia - maintaining that the states did not owe their origin to the federal government; his dissent would prevail in Congress with the passing of the Eleventh Amendment.
- ↑ James Iredell, Sr. (1751-1799) (English). North Carolina History Project. John Locke Foundation.
- ↑ James Iredell (English). law.jrank. | <urn:uuid:a59464e2-b70c-4052-81d6-28b8066b2cb3> | {
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ASL Sign Language Dictionary
Search and compare thousands of words and phrases in American Sign Language (ASL). The largest collection online.
How to sign: one of four equal parts
"a quarter of a pound";
Similiar / Same: quarter, fourth part, twenty-five percent, quartern, fourth
Categories: common fraction, simple fraction
Sign not right? Or know a different sign?
Upload your sign now. | <urn:uuid:314cdeb8-699a-4a40-a715-9c17f388818a> | {
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The St. Augustine Alligator Farm Zoological Park announced their first ever birth of a Prehensile-tailed Porcupine (Coendou prehensilis). She's been named Pollie. Olivier, the Porcupette’s father, has been at the zoo since 1998 and is a star education animal. His mate, Miss Piggy, arrived in 2010 as a breeding companion and to ease Ollie’s show schedule.
In late 2011, Miss Piggy’s weight began to steadily increase. The zoo’s veterinary staff attempted to perform a couple of voluntary ultrasounds during her pregnancy, but due to normal gas pockets within a porcupine’s abdomen, they were unsuccessful in viewing the growing baby. After a gestation of roughly 203 days, the uncomfortable mother finally gave birth on August 2, to a baby weighing just about 12 ounces (396 grams). She was covered with long, soft, reddish quills at birth, but the thicker, sharper adult quills quickly began to appear.
Prehensile-tailed Porcupines are listed as a species of Least Concern due to their wide distribution across northern South America and a presumed large population. Just over 100 individuals live within AZA zoos. Ollie and Miss Piggy were one of twenty-two pairs recommended to breed by the Species Coordinator. | <urn:uuid:01cd6e5d-88d0-4189-a6b2-4aadcdda3c62> | {
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The closing of a central Nebraska irrigation canal should help boost the flow of water in the Platte River and improve habitat for endangered species.
The Central Platte Natural Resources District said Wednesday it is nearly done with a plan to buy water rights for the Six Mile Canal near Gothenburg. The canal is being filled in with dirt and retired after 116 years of use.
The project is expected to return an average of 2,377 acre-feet of water to the Platte River annually. An acre foot is the volume of water needed to cover an acre of land to a depth of 1 foot.
More than 30 land owners agreed to sell their rights to water from the canal and convert their farming operations over to groundwater irrigation. | <urn:uuid:717eb2a5-fb22-480c-84e7-49b45df088db> | {
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What to do.
Malnutrition and its devastating consequences.
Malnutrition can greatly increase pneumonia, mortality and morbidity in children, adults and older citizens. Alcoholics are at bigger risk of vitamins deficiency.
Pneumonia was 4.8 times as common in malnourished versus nourished patients. Older individuals and institutional patients in nursing home are also severely affected.
The Research was published in the journal of respiratory medicine in 2010.
Nutrition for all ages:
Good source: proteins, vitamins A, C, B complex, minerals, omega-3 fatty acids like flax seeds oil, cod oil, garlic, thyme- rosemary spices and probiotics as lactobacillus rhamnosus. All are necessary to reduce the bacterial infection load in the lungs and improve higher survival rate.
The use of herbal preparation or aromatherapy can help during cold weather to heal infectious lungs.
Glycyrrhiza glabra has many benefits for the lungs. It is anti-inflammatory and eases coughs. It is not recommended for people suffering from thyroid, high blood pressure, heart, liver and kidneys disorders.
Verbascum thapsus, a common wild plant tones the respiratory tract. It fights inflammation, heal irritated tissues and eases cough.
Hydrastis canadensis kills a wide range of bacteria and fungi.
Diluted essential oils are often used in massage or in steam’s inhalation.
- Eucalyptus oil helps with expectoration.
- Tea tree oil is a potent microbe fighter. | <urn:uuid:e4e0c608-2465-4aad-ac4b-c573cdf4cdb3> | {
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Pioneers of Dutch Art
The World of Vermeer: 1632-1675
New York, 1967, pp. 73-79
These men were pioneers in that branch of Dutch painting that was to be probably the most influential beyond the borders of the country; they were the chief precursors of the great English and French landscapists of the 19th Century. They also made a link with the painters of the Dutch past, the Van Eycks, Brueghel, Bosch, who, though their subjects were often allegorical, had dwelt lovingly in many pictures on the details of their countryside.
That Dutch countryside is oddly striking, it almost demands to be painted, although it has little of the drama of the tropics or of mountainous terrain. In fact, the land has almost no verticals at all but is conspicuously flat the horizon is ever-present, so much so that the Dutch language has four words for horizon. The wind sweeps over the low land. The changeable sky, with its towering clouds reflected in rivers and canals, is more dramatic than the earth. Distance is emphasized not only by perspective but also by increasing haziness and a softening of faraway color. Rarely are contours sharp; often rain and sunshine alternate through the day. Nature itself seems as moody, as subjective, as man.
In their efforts to catch the essence of this ever-changing setting, the new landscapists painted pictures that were different from anything seen before. Nature was portrayed for its own sake rather than as a background to divine or human enterprises, or in an artificial arrangement to convey a literary allusion. The story element, though it was still evident in the earliest work of the period, later vanished completely. These artists painted the portraits, so to speak, of the trees, the rivers and the dunes. And as they did so, they learned to convey emotion not by using symbolic devices but by implying it in myriad subtle ways, through color, tone and composition. Their work mirrored nature, but in the end it also mirrored themselves.
Hendrick Avercamp, who was born in Amsterdam about 1585, loved to paint his country in the winter. He was enchanted by frozen, endless fields in gray winter light with perhaps just a touch of color from a flag on a barn; and by the peasants and townsmen as they engaged in the national winter pastime, skating. The horizons are high up in these paintings, and the foregrounds are filled in with bright-colored figures. In his early work, Avercamp's detailed, anecdotal portrayal of daily life reminds us very strongly of Brueghel the Elder, except that Brueghel's vision often had a moody, almost supernatural cast, while Avercamp's was more cheerful. Later, Avercamp's work became almost monochromatic: the mood, the tonality of the landscape override the local spots of color. At the same time, Avercamp lowered the horizons and made the dramatic Dutch sky, with its flying white and dark clouds, a vital element in the paintings.
Another early landscapist, whose work carried him in a different direction, was Hercules Seghers. It is known that he studied briefly in the same studio with Avercamp in Amsterdam during the early 1600s and later became a member of the St. Luke's Guild in Haarlem. Otherwise, little is known of Seghers' life. He was a somber, melancholy man who lived an isolated existence and whose work was appreciated by almost no one at the time, except Rembrandt. Rembrandt appears to have felt a kinship with Seghers. He owned eight of his paintings, and there is doubtless a relationship between the two artists' color schemes, both made extensive use of gray-greens and dark reddish browns contrasted against bright gold light.
Seghers carried the subjectivization of nature to an extreme which led him beyond the range of most Dutch landscapists: he turned his back on the actual scenes around him and painted landscapes which existed only in his troubled mind. In many of his paintings, and in his beautiful but rare color etchings, rocks rise on the left or on the right, sparsely covered with trees. In the center nothing halts the eye; there is only a far-away distance that in the mysterious and muted light seems the embodiment of all the loneliness in the world.
Jan van Goyen, one of Seghers' fellow members of the Haarlem St. Luke's Guild, was a few years younger and much more in the mainstream of Dutch landscapists. It is interesting to compare him with the two leading French landscapists of the day, Nicolas Poussin and Claude Lorrain. In their impeccably executed paintings, Poussin and Claude (as the latter is known) set a mood by their choice of subject: somber ruins, a bucolic scene of a young man playing a flute, tunic-clad shepherds deciphering the inscription on a tombstone in idyllic, picturesque surroundings. The very concept "'picturesque" was born in these works, and rich country squires in France and England started to model their gardens in accordance with the French painters' romantic settings.
How different was Van Goyen! By the time he reached maturity as an artist--around 1640--Van Goyen had dropped all hints of anecdote, all obvious symbolic association from his paintings. His colors were simple, dominated by yellow and gray-green. His subjects were simple too, peasant huts in the sand dunes, a distant town under a stormy sky, a beach or a view of the sea. These quiet landscape paintings were often built around a river, dune or dike running in a strong diagonal across the picture, dividing the foggy land from a vast sky full of slow-moving clouds. Van Goyen made beautiful use of "aerial perspective." That is, he gradually diminished the intensity of the colors of the sky and land to give a sense of great distance; in fact, some of his work seems at first glance to be almost devoid of color. With this subdued expression he learned to convey emotion and mood in a way that is subtle and indirect, but eloquent.
Of course Holland is not just land and sky. There is also the ever-present sea, a source of wealth and at the same time a constant threat to a dike-rimmed land, a fruitful friend and an unforgiving foe. For Dutchmen the sea has always been part of life itself and Dutch landscape painters have long shared this preoccupation.
The first of many 17th Century artists to concentrated on capturing the sea's varied moods and humors was Simon de Vlieger, born in 1601. De Vlieger is an example of the painter forced into extreme specialization although he was a man of many-sided talent who left some beautiful etchings of animals and forest scenes, he is known primarily for his pictures of beaches, naval battles and storms at sea. Almost every Dutch seascape, from De Vlieger till the end of the era, contains at least one ship, as though it were unthinkable that there should be any stretch of salt water without a Dutch ship on it. In rendering the ships in his scenes, De Vlieger paid such attention to detail that experts still use his paintings to study the tackle and naval armament of that great age of Dutch and British seafaring.
If the landscapists were enchanted by the look of the land and sea, the genre painters were concerned with the people of the land. It should be remembered that in the years described here, painting had only recently abandoned its tradition as an art designed to inspire the onlooker with religious awe. The transition from that point of view to courtly art--art for the greater glory of a ruling prince--was not too drastic. But the step to genre, to the art of the everyday, had been more difficult. The early 17th Century Dutch artists still hesitated to paint unadorned views of daily life--of a woman sewing, or even of just a room, an alley-way or a canal. They still felt that a painting needed more substance, and so they mixed up anecdote and hidden allegory: a sleeping servant girl subtly underlined the wickedness of sloth and a peasants' knife fight in a tavern was an indirect comment on the evils of drink. In this the artists were usually in good taste, and seldom sank to the sentimentality of some 18th and 19th Century genre. And soon, the best of them learned that anecdote was not really necessary to their work. Beauty was to be found everywhere, and it was the painting that counted, not the subject.
Adriaen Brouwer was one of the most intriguing personalities in the early generation of genre painters. He was born in the southern Lowlands about 1605, and he died, deep in debt, in Antwerp at the age of 32. He worked in Haarlem, where he was influenced by Frans Hals, but during most of his short life he was a wanderer, a rollicking free spirit whose intrepid individualism made him the hero of many a legendary escapade. He is said to have once been captured by pirates; he was briefly imprisoned by Spanish soldiers in 1633 for reasons unknown he is believed to have served as a secret diplomat between the Republic and the Spanish governors still ruling the southern Lowlands from Antwerp.
As an artist Brouwer resembled the stereotype painter of more modem times, always penniless, often an outcast. He took pleasure in depicting not the serene domesticity of the burghers but the raw life of the lowly country taverns and smoking dens where peasants got "tobacco drunk" on pipefuls of tobacco doctored (possibly with locally grown hemp) to produce a narcotic effect.
These harsh tableaux, executed with great attention to detail, showed the people almost in caricature and seemed to emphasize their low pleasures and unsavory habits. But the scenes are rendered in soft grays, browns and chiaroscuro, enriched by masterful strokes of subtle coloring. Brouwer's paintings were usually small in dimension--many of them were smaller than a page of this book--but they had great impact on his contemporaries, and they still have impact today. One of these contemporaries was Adriaen van Ostade, who lived all his life in Haarlem, where in 1633 he became a member of the Guild at age 23. His work shows an abundance of peasants' inns and huts, emphasizing their dark interiors in gray, green, light blue and purple tones, with the light usually falling from an invisible source. Men and women are seen smoking and drinking, while often a local fiddler plays all very much in the fashion of Brouwer but with less emphasis on the ugliness and rawness of life.
Unlike Brouwer and Ostade in his choice of subject matter was Gerrard Dou, who lived from 1613 to 1675. With Dou (who was Rembrandt's earliest pupil in Leiden from 1628 until 1631), genre painting reached an almost microscopic refinement. Dou painted gentle views of middle-class domesticity, rather than rowdy low-life scenes. On his small panels, Dou seems to have worked with the finest of brushes. All traces of painting vanish, we are far removed from the exuberant brushstrokes of Frans Hals and the earthy energy of Brouwer. As if to challenge the impossible, Dou had a special liking to painting the very source of his light, the flame of a candle or a lantern. The color is almost transparent, the meticulous rendering of each surface--be it linen, glass, metal or a girl's face--is nearly flawless in its scrupulous reproduction or detail. In Dou the knack of mirroring nature came to smooth perfection and, unlike many of his colleagues, he earned from his work great popularity and a comfortable existence. In the process, however, he sometimes became so preoccupied with matter that the spark of inspiration vanished from his painting.
In the next generation of Dutch genre artists, however, that spark was to become brighter than ever. Genre painting became less boisterous and more subtle, less mechanical and more subjective, until it well-nigh resembled still-life painting; and the genre painters proved once and for all that it is not the nobility or beauty of the subject that makes a good painting---only the way the artist sees and records it. In this respect the Dutch genre artists hewed a path all their own. At the end of that road we shall find Vermeer. | <urn:uuid:6dfb542e-b97a-4d71-8bd8-b2b27c96f713> | {
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This pressure itself creates a danger if it is released suddenly. Pressure never dissipates, unlike heat, which is transferred to or from the surroundings until a uniform temperature prevails.
The force contained in a high-pressure gas cylinder can be very great. If an air cylinder used in a breathing set had both ends cut off, and was then slit lengthways and rolled out flat, the area might be 50 cms x 40 cms = 2000 cms². The internal air pressure could be as high as 200 kg per cm², so that the total force trying to escape through the cylinder wall would be 400 tonnes.
If a cylinder valve gets knocked off, the escaping gas is concentrated into a powerful jet which makes the cylinder take off like a rocket, and do dire damage.
Most gases are heavier than air. They can cause suffocation if they displace or dilute air in confined spaces.
Applying pressure to gases will reduce their volume, but if they turn to liquid under pressure, the volume is reduced much further, several hundred times. Some gases liquefy under pressure at normal temperatures, e.g. the liquefied petroleum gases, chlorine, ammonia. But some, the permanent gases, will only liquefy if they are also refrigerated down to very low (critical) temperatures, e.g.. As low as - 269° C for liquid helium.
These include oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, helium, neon, and argon. Once liquefied, they have to be contained in special heavily-insulated containers to prevent them warming up. The extreme cold clearly creates a danger if cold metal, etc, is accidentally touched without protection. Also, an escape of very cold-gas creates a breathing danger, causing direct damage to the lungs, or to local oxygen starvation.
So far these have all been physical dangers. But gases also present chemical dangers, e.g. flammable gases such as butane, acetylene, and toxic gases such as chlorine, ammonia. The Class therefore has three Divisions:
||non-flammable, non-toxic gases
In spite of these definitions, pure oxygen in Class 2.2 can be very dangerous, as it reacts readily with any hydrocarbon or other combustible material, and will ignite it rapidly. Valves in oxygen lines have to be operated grease-free. Recall the near-disastrous explosion on the rocket Apollo 13 on its way to the Moon in the 1970s.
Contact our Dangerous Goods Specialist for more information | <urn:uuid:1be01bb2-d933-4368-89e6-42a6a09741a1> | {
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The latitude and longitude presented here is an approximation to protect the reporters identity
Over One Mile
Object Flight Path
Hovering then path
I was working as an on-duty Fountain Valley Police officer, driving my patrol unit N/B on Brookhurst Street on top of the 405 Freeway overpass in Fountain Valley, CA. This was a crystal clear early morning (between 12:00 Midnight and 4:00 am) in December, early 1990's. It was at this time I observed 6 very bright horizontal lights above the distance mountain range. As I looked at the lights I thought it was an airplane, and tried to determine if it was coming towards me or away (by the position of the red and green lights). It then it hit me that airplanes do not have blue and yellow lights. (Note: This object was in a direct line with Edwards Air Force Base, located on the other side of the distant mountain range). Being familiar with airplane lights (red, green and white) it immediately struck me as odd that there were blue and yellow lights. As I focused on this object in an attempt to determine which direction it was traveling, it ascended at an extremely high rate of speed, skyward, disappearing. It traveled so fast as to leave a streak(or Blur)in it's wake.
I have related this to many people over the years, and just recently decided to inquire if anyone else has seen similar lights.
Did You See It? Have a Comment or Question? Discuss it Below. | <urn:uuid:619a263b-04f9-4bcc-b753-50f43a328861> | {
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