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Children learn early and to help your child grasp learning concepts at a young age, here are some useful tips for both parents and teachers.
Ask (the right) questions – When asking a young child how their day was or how they managed a project, it is a good idea to be more specific. For example, you could ask your child what they did during their art class in school or who shared their lunch. As for teachers, it is a good idea to set some time aside to ask children what they liked most about a lesson and what other areas they would like to include in the next class.
Reinforce desirable behavior – Instead of using culturally specific learning behaviors it is best to teach themes and values that are broadly desirable in society. For example, concepts like sharing, helping others, saying sorry, thank you and please and working as a team are all desirable behavior in any society. As for teachers, it is important that early learners understand taking turns, being polite, and learning to use words instead of getting angry or violent with another classmate.
Avoid grading – Early learners will not benefit from grading at home as this creates a sense of competition which is not necessary for a home environment. In a classroom setting, avoid grading and look at fun ways of incorporating learning. The main goal should be creating a sense of confidence in the child and to help them understand general concepts. | <urn:uuid:cef32289-9699-4b61-a0b3-3687e46f6650> | {
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Claude Garamond (ca. 1480-1561) cut types for the Parisian scholar-printer Robert Estienne in the first part of the sixteenth century, basing his romans on the types cut by Francesco Griffo for Venetian printer Aldus Manutius in 1495. Garamond refined his romans in later versions, adding his own concepts as he developed his skills as a punchcutter. After his death in 1561, the Garamond punches made their way to the printing office of Christoph Plantin in Antwerp, where they were used by Plantin for many decades, and still exist in the Plantin-Moretus museum. Other Garamond punches went to the Frankfurt foundry of Egenolff-Berner, who issued a specimen in 1592 that became an important source of information about the Garamond types for later scholars and designers. In 1621, sixty years after Garamond's death, the French printer Jean Jannon (1580-1635) issued a specimen of typefaces that had some characteristics similar to the Garamond designs, though his letters were more asymmetrical and irregular in slope and axis. Jannon's types disappeared from use for about two hundred years, but were re-discovered in the French national printing office in 1825, when they were wrongly attributed to Claude Garamond. Their true origin was not to be revealed until the 1927 research of Beatrice Warde. In the early 1900s, Jannon's types were used to print a history of printing in France, which brought new attention to French typography and the Garamond" types. This sparked the beginning of modern revivals; some based on the mistaken model from Jannon's types, and others on the original Garamond types. Italics for Garamond fonts have sometimes been based on those cut by Robert Granjon (1513-1589), who worked for Plantin and whose types are also on the Egenolff-Berner specimen. Linotype has several versions of the Garamond typefaces. Though they vary in design and model of origin, they are all considered to be distinctive representations of French Renaissance style; easily recognizable by their elegance and readability.
Garamond™ #3 was issued for linecasting machines by Linotype in 1936, and was derived from Morris F. Benton's Garamond, which was based on the forms of Jean Jannon and which was released by ATF in 1917. It is available in four weights.
Licenses for desktop fonts
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The Fonts.com Web Fonts license provides access to a selection of fonts for use on websites for use with CSS@font-face. Font delivery from our global network is available through all subscriptions – even our free plan. Some plans include the option to self-host, access to desktop fonts, and use of our FontExplorer X font manager and Typecast design application. The price of a plan is determined by its pageview allowance and other features included.View the Fonts.com Web Fonts subscription license agreement
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An electronic publication license can be used for the embedding of fonts into electronic documents including e-books, e-magazines and e-newspapers. A license covers only a single title but is valid for the full operating life of that title. Every issue of an e-magazine, e-newspaper or other form of e-periodical is considered a separate, new publication. Format variations do not count as separate publications. If a publication is updated and distributed to existing users, a new license is not required. However, updated versions issued to new customers are defined as new publications and require a separate license.Learn more about licenses for eBooks
Server licenses authorize the installation of a font on a server that is accessed by remote users or website visitors. These licenses are commonly used by Web-based businesses providing goods that are personalized by its users such as business cards, images with captions and personalized merchandise. Users are not allowed to download the font file and the font may not be used outside the server environment. The font may not be employed for a software as a service (SaaS) application in which the service is the actual product and not the means of providing the product. Server licenses cover a set number of CPU cores on production servers (development servers are not counted) on which the font is installed. The license is valid for 1 year.Learn more about server licenses | <urn:uuid:84ab3b5c-ed61-4c9a-be7d-e41dbc5cc67f> | {
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Memorial Day massacre of 1937
|Memorial Day massacre of 1937|
Photograph from the Committee Papers of the Senate Subcommittee Investigating Free Speech and Labor, titled "The Chicago Memorial Day Incident".
|Date||May 30, 1937|
|Location||Chicago, Illinois, United States|
|Parties to the civil conflict|
In the Memorial Day massacre of 1937, the Chicago Police Department shot and killed ten unarmed demonstrators in Chicago, on May 30, 1937. The incident took place during the "Little Steel Strike" in the United States.
The incident arose after U.S. Steel signed a union contract but smaller steel manufacturers (called 'Little Steel'), including Republic Steel, refused to do so. In protest, the Steel Workers Organizing Committee (SWOC) of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) called a strike.
On Memorial Day, hundreds of sympathizers gathered at Sam's Place, headquarters of the SWOC. As the crowd marched across the prairie towards the Republic Steel mill, a line of Chicago policemen blocked their path. The foremost protestors argued their right to continue. The police, angered, fired on the crowd. As the crowd fled, police bullets killed ten people and injured 30. Nine people were permanently disabled and another 28 had serious head injuries from police clubbing.
Years later, one of the protesters, Mollie West, recalled a policeman yelling to her that day, "Get off the field or I'll put a bullet in your back." No policemen were ever prosecuted.
A Coroner's Jury declared the killings to be "justifiable homicide". The press often called it a labor or red riot. President Roosevelt responded to a union plea, "The majority of people are saying just one thing, ′A plague on both your houses′"
Today, on the site of Sam's Place stands the union hall of the United Steelworkers and a memorial to the 10 people who died in 1937.
In the book Selected Writings by Dorothy Day (who was present), the events of the protest are summarized as thus: 'On Memorial Day, May 30, 1937, police opened fire on a parade of striking steel workers and their families at the gate of the Republic Steel Company, in South Chicago. Fifty people were shot, of whom 10 later died; 100 others were beaten with clubs.'
- Republic Steel Strike Riot Newsreel Footage (1937 documentary film)
- Auerbach, Jerold S. Labor and Liberty: The La Follette Committee and the New Deal. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1966.
- Baughman, James L. "Classes and Company Towns: Legends of the 1937 Little Steel Strike." Ohio History. 87:2 (Spring 1978).
- Bernstein, Irving. The Turbulent Years: A History of the American Worker, 1933-1941. Paperback edition. Boston:
Houghton-Mifflin Co., 1970. ISBN 0-395-11778-X (Originally published 1969.)
- Blake, Benjamin. "Ohio's Steel Mill War The Little Steel Strike of 1937." Crooked River. December 2001.
- Brooks, Robert R. As Steel Goes... Unionism in a Basic Industry. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1940.
- Dennis, Michael J., "Chicago and the Little Steel Strike," Labor History 53 (Spring 2012): 167-204.
- Dennis, Michael J. The Memorial Day Massacre and The Movement for Industrial Democracy. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2010.
- Pursuant to S. Res. 266 (74th Congress). A Resolution to Investigate Violations of the Right of Free Speech and Assembly and Interference with the Right of Labor to Organize and Bargain Collectively. Part 14: The Chicago Memorial Day Incident. Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Education and Labor. United States Senate. Seventy-Fifth Congress, First Session. June 30, July 1 and 2, 1937. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1937.
- Sofchalk, Donald G. "The Chicago Memorial Day Massacre: An Episode of Mass Action." Labor History. Winter 1965.
- Speer, Michael. "The 'Little Steel' Strike: Conflict for Control." Ohio History. Autumn 1969.
- Stolberg, Benjamin. "Big Steel, Little Steel, and C.I.O." The Nation. July 31, 1937. | <urn:uuid:acb97318-e785-4f7e-8a94-de1507479c7d> | {
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February 4, 2013
Researchers have figured out how Staph bacteria transfer antibiotic resistance to one another.
BOB HIRSHON (host):
How antibiotic resistance spreads. I’m Bob Hirshon and this is Science Update.
Many bacteria, like Staph, can actually pass antibiotic resistance genes back and forth to each other. Now, a team led by microbiologist Matthew Redinbo of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill has identified exactly how they do it. He says it was known that Staph transferred the resistance through small rings of DNA called plasmids. His team worked out exactly how a key enzyme snips open the bacteria DNA so the plasmid can get into it.
MATTHEW REDINBO (University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill):
And by understanding those things, we start to get detailed information about where we might be able to disrupt this process.
In fact, his colleagues at Cal Tech created a polymer that binds to the enzyme’s target, and prevents the transfer from taking place. If developed further, it could open up a new way to stop the spread of resistance, which often happens within an infected patient. I’m Bob Hirshon for AAAS, the Science Society. | <urn:uuid:e7721590-a104-4b59-aec2-96c1e4e877e7> | {
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There were two military orders dedicated to Our Lady of Bethlehem and known under the name of Bethlehemites. Mathew Paris calls attention to the former in his "Grande Chronique" (tr. Huillard-Bréholles, Paris, 1840, 8vo, III, 300) where he mentions that Henry III of England authorized them to open a house in a suburb of Cambridge (1257); but he leaves us in complete ignorance as to their founder, where they originated, and their history. We only know that their habit was similar to that of the Dominicans and that a red star, whose five rays emanated from an azure centre, decorated the breast of their cape. This was in commemoration of the star that appeared to the Magi and led them to Bethlehem. Nothing further is known of this military order. There was an order of knights whose members wore a red star on their costume and who might have been called Bethlehemites because of having a house in Bethlehem at the time of the Crusades; this was the Military Order of Crusaders of the Red Star (Ordo militaris crucigerorum cum rubeâ stellâ). They came from Palestine to Bohemia in 1217, and Blessed Agnes of Bohemia confided two hospitals to their charge. They have since remained in that country where they devote themselves to the care of the sick, to education, and to the various works of the ecclesiastical ministry.
After the taking of Constantinople by the Turks (1453), Pius II founded under the patronage of Our Lady of Bethlehem an order of knights for the defence of the Island of Lemnos which Cardinal Louis, Patriarch of Aquileia, had recaptured from Mohammed II. The island was to be their headquarters whence they were to oppose the attacks of the Moslems by way of the Ægean Sea and the Hellespont. The order was composed of brother-knights and priests governed by an elective grand-master. The white costume worn by the members was decorated with a red cross and the rule prescribed for them was very similar to that of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem. The pope installed this community 18 January, 1459, and, that their needs might be supplied, turned over to them the property and revenues of the orders of St. Lazarus, of Sainte-Marie du Château des Bretons, of Bologna, of the Holy Sepulchre, of Santo Spirito in Sassia, of St. Mary of the Crossed Friars, and of St. James of Lucca, all of which were suppressed for this purpose. Pius II alluded in a Bull to this foundation and the bravery of its knights, but the second capture of Lemnos by the Turks rendered the institution useless. Thus the order of Our Lady of Bethlehem was suppressed almost as soon as founded and those orders whose goods the pope had transmitted to it were re-established.
The hospitaller Bethlehemites, or Belemites, were founded by the Ven. Pedro de Betancourt. A descendant of the celebrated Juan de Betancourt, who, early in the fifteenth century, achieved the conquest of the Canary Islands for Henry III of Spain, Pedro was born at Villaflora on the Island of Teneriffe in 1619. From childhood he led a pious, austere life and in 1650 left family and country, thus carrying out his desire of going to the West Indies. During the following year he reached Guatemala, the capital of New Spain, where he intended to prepare for the priesthood that later he might go forth and evangelize Japan. However, three years of unsuccessful study at a Jesuit college led him to abandon this idea and, after holding the position of sacristan for a while in a church dedicated to the Blessed Virgin, he rented a house in a suburb of the city called Calvary, and there taught reading and catechism to poor children. But this charitable work did not furnish sufficient outlet for his zeal. The condition of the sick poor excited his compassion and he sheltered them in his home which he converted into a hospital. His zeal elicited benefactions from those around him and the bishop and governor supplied him with all the conveniences he required. Several individuals provided for the purchase of the houses surrounding the one he then occupied and on their site was erected a hospital in which this servant of God could labour to better advantage. He himself worked with the masons. The hospital was thoroughly equipped and stocked and even offered an opportunity for the religious installment of those who tended the sick. The institution was placed under the patronage of Our Lady of Bethlehem.
Helpers soon joined Pedro de Betancourt and at length was formed a congregation of brothers generally known as Bethlehemites and so called on account of their house. But the care of the sick did not totally absorb their attention; they likewise lent their assistance in the two other hospitals of the city and Pedro continued to befriend poor children. The prisoners also excited his compassion. Every Thursday he begged for them through the city and visited them in their cells. The neglected souls in purgatory were also the objects of his solicitude and at the principal gates of the city he founded two hermitages, or chapels, wherein religious of his community begged, so that masses might be celebrated for the souls of the deceased. He himself would travel the streets at night ringing a bell and recommending these souls to be prayed for. His devotion to the Blessed Virgin was inspiring and during a novena of preparation for the feast of the Purification his religious, with arms extended in the form of a cross, recited the rosary in their chapel at midnight in the midst of a great throng. In 1654 he made a vow to defend the Immaculate Conception even at the peril of his life. He died, exhausted by labour and penance, 25 April, 1667, at the age of forty-eight. His funeral was impressive and at the request of the Capuchin Fathers he was buried in their church where, for a long time, his remains were held in veneration.
Before establishing his Guatemala hospital Pedro de Betancourt had become affiliated with the Third Order of St. Francis, adopting its religious garb which he still retained after founding his congregation. He personally trained his first disciples and had no wish to organize a community, but simply to establish his hospital. He sent Brother Anthony of the Cross to Spain to solicit the king's approbation of the work. The favour was granted, but Pedro died before the messenger's return. From that time the community prospered, beginning with the extension of the hospital and the erection of a beautiful church. Brother Anthony, who assumed the government, drew up constitutions which he submitted to the bishop of the diocese for approval and it was at this juncture that the Capuchins requested him to make some alterations in the habit worn by his religious. A free school for poor children was already connected with the Bethlehem hospital, a feature of all new foundations. One of these was soon undertaken by Brother Anthony of the Cross who sent two of his community to Peru where they were very favourably received by the viceroy to whom he had recommended them. Doctor Antoine* d'Arvila gave them the Hospital of Notre Dame du Carmel which he was then establishing at Lima and afterwards solicited admission among them. In 1672 Brother Roderick of the Cross obtained the confirmation of this establishment by the King of Spain and it was also through his efforts that Pope Clement X confirmed the congregation and its constitutions (1673). After his return to America this religious founded the Hospital of St. Francis Xavier in Mexico and those of Chachapoyas, Cajamarca, and Trujillo, going back to Spain in 1681 to secure the confirmation of these new institutions. The Council of the Indies assigned the hospital of Lima an income of 3,000 crowns. The Bethlehemites, because of making only simple vows, remained under diocesan jurisdiction from which they wished, however, to be freed so that their congregation might be converted into a regular religious order bound by solemn vows. The Spanish court did not approve this plan and at first the Holy See was not favourable to it, but due chiefly to the influence of Cardinal Mellini, former nuncio at Madrid, Roderick of the Cross at length overcame all difficulties and in the Bull of 26 March, 1687, Innocent XI authorized these religious to make the three solemn vows according to the rule of St. Augustine and to have a superior-general, and granted them all the privileges of the Augustinian friars and convents. Later, Clement XI renewed this authorization and these favours, adding thereunto the privileges of the mendicant orders, of the Regular Clerks, of the Ministers of the Sick, and of the Hospitallers of Charity of St. Hippolytus (1707).
Meanwhile the order was multiplying its foundations in Latin America and was established in Arequipa, Cuzco, Santiago de Cuba, Puebla, Guadalajara, Guanajuato, Dajaka, Vera Cruz, Havana, Santiago de Chile, Buenos Ayres, and Guatemala la Nueva. A school for poor children was connected with every hospital and the pious, devoted lives of these religious won them esteem and gratitude. They were especially admired during the plague of 1736, a fact unanimously acknowledged by the writers who describe the condition of Latin America in the eighteenth century. But this did not prevent their suppression, as well as that of all other religious, in 1820. At that time their superior-general resided in Mexico and the Bethlehemites were scattered throughout two provinces, that of Peru including twenty-two houses and that of New-Spain, eleven. To the ordinary religious vows they added that of caring for the sick even at the risk of their own lives. In 1688 Brother Anthony of the Cross, with the help of a pious woman, Marie Anne del Gualdo, founded at Guatemala a community of Bethlehemite nuns and a hospital exclusively for women. These nuns were cloistered and observed the same rule as the men and they, too, were suppressed in 1820.
H LYOT, Histoire des ordres monastiques, III, 355-356; VIII, 371-372; BARONIUS, Annales ecclesiastici (Lucca, 1753), XXIX, 179-180; HEIMBUCHER, Die Orden und Kongregationen, I, 497-498; DE MONTALVO, Vida del venerable Pedro de San Jos Betancourt (Rome, 1718); EYZAGUIRRE, Los intereses cat licos en Am rica (Paris, 1859), II, 304-306, 408-410.
APA citation. (1907). Bethlehemites. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02534b.htm
MLA citation. "Bethlehemites." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02534b.htm>.
Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Vivek Gilbert John Fernandez. Dedicated to Catholic Religious Orders everywhere.
Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. 1907. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor. Imprimatur. +John M. Farley, Archbishop of New York.
Contact information. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is feedback732 at newadvent.org. (To help fight spam, this address might change occasionally.) Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads. | <urn:uuid:5f9ad472-80e8-4370-bcb6-ada5da30d026> | {
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Re-create the Isle of Struay post offi ce in your own classroom. A bright red letter box is an excellent companion to studying the Katie Morag stories. Size 31 x 20cm.
2 Physical v Human Geographical Features Photo Cards
This set of 20 cards will fi nd many uses in the classroom, allowing children to distinguish between human and physical features. Size: A5.
3 Geography Bumper Collection
3 SET OF 9
We have put this bumper collection of 9 CDs together as the perfect resource for teaching Geography at Key Stage 2. The photography is of a typically high quality, the data is relevant and useful and each CD comes with its own site license. All CDs run on PCs and Macs that accept Flash plugins.
035-GE00473 £ 369 .95
4 Where We Live (KS1) An ideal pack to cover KS1 curriculum requirements for developing knowledge about the world, the United Kingdom and the children’s locality. Mix of Hbk and Pbk. 10pk. Contents may vary but value will always be maintained.
5 Community and Settlements (KS2)
Learn all about the variety and diversity within different settlements around the world with these beautifully illustrated and highly informative books. Mix of Hbk and Pbk. 10pk. Contents may vary but value will always be maintained.
035-LB00580 10pk £ 116 .95
6 Pocket Dice Cards - The World
A fun game that will get everybody involved and learning in an interactive manner, Set includes 6 large foam dice (11 x 11cm) 36 illustrated cards and 36 blank cards (10 x 10cm, gloss laminated). | <urn:uuid:b9fdfc4d-3566-46e7-8143-0d73b86c0734> | {
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In the old abandoned orchards of Southern Humboldt, pears are a distant second to apples in terms of surviving trees. This reflects the pear's less popular status as well as a somewhat greater susceptibility to disease compared to the apple. Nonetheless, there are scores of century-old pear trees still producing in Humboldt County orchards. Our region is very well-disposed to pear varieties, and even the notoriously temperamental Comice makes fine fruit here. In regions where fireblight is endemic, we suggest that customers do some research on resistant varieties. Our catalog can help with descriptions and other information.
We graft our trees on domestic pear seedling for standards requiring 20 foot spacing, and OHxF 333 clonal rootstock for semi-dwarf trees (15 foot spacing). Both pear rootstocks tolerate heavier, wetter soils than most other kinds of fruit.
While some varieties may be self-fertile under optimum conditions, cross- pollination (two or more varieties) is usually essential. Bartlett and Seckel, however, do not benefit each other.
Warren appears closely related to Magness - and may be identical. However, some growers believe it to be more fireblight resistant and regular in bearing.....
Winter Bartlett is not related to Bartlett; it is obviously a "sand pear" hybrid in the same class as Kieffer.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
The burgeoning interest in growing apple varieties specifically for brewing European hard cider has engendered some curiosity about perry - the traditional fermented pear cider of England. Though similar to hard apple cider, perry possesses the distinctive aromatics of pear and often packs a stronger proof of alcohol.
There are still over 100 perry pear varieties growing in Herefordshire, Gloucestershire, and Worchestershire. Some varieties go back to the 17th and 18th centuries; moreover, the trees are famously long-lived and many specimens are claimed to be at least 300 years old. These venerable trees constitute a conspicuous feature of the landscape, often planted in avenues and attaining a height of 50 foot.
In response to requests from customers, we are now growing a small select list of perry pear varieties. These were obtained through the help of the staff at the National Clonal Germplasm Repository at Corvallis, Oregon. Please Note : The fruit is generally NOT suitable for eatting fresh or even cooking......... Too astringent! Likewise, the fresh pear cider may not prove enjoyable. Perry Pears are grown exclusively for making perry - the legendary fermented cider beverage
Barland ( bitter sharp )
Hendre Huffcap ( sweet )
Thorn ( medium sharp )
Winnals Longden ( medium sharp )
Yellow Huffcap ( medium sharp )
* * * * * * * * * * *
" Soils seem to have a profound influence on the flavor and texture of pears. In uncongenial soils the fruit are often so sour or astringent, dry or gritty, that the product is poor in quality; whereas the pears of the same variety in a soil to which it is suited are choicely good. A few varieties such as Bartlett. Clapp's Favorite, and Seckel grow well and produce fine fruit in a great diversity of soils, but most sorts do so much better in one soil than in another that it becomes a matter of prime importance in pear growing to discover the particular adaptions of the varieties to be planted. To discover an ideal soil for a variety is about the highest desideratum in pear growing."
- U. P. Hedrick, Pears of New York 1921
Roses: Master List
* * * * * * * * * * * * *
All original text and images © Greenmantle Nursery 2005 -2016 | <urn:uuid:d89532fa-3490-479b-b0da-7fe1562d2c40> | {
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The research activities within the Isotope Geochemistry group span the extremes of the geologic timescale, from the study of rare pre-solar grains preserved in meteorites pre-dating the beginning of the solar system more than 4.5 billion through to high precision age determinations of young volcanoes, and in scale from planetary systems to individual molecules. Active areas of research within the Isotope Geochemistry area include planetary and early Earth studies, metamorphic and igneous geochemistry, the role of fluids in crustal processes and the elemental cycling from atmosphere to the deep Earth interior. The diverse faculty and research activities under the Isotope Geochemistry banner are linked through reliance on the development and application of novel analytical methods and instrumentation for isotopic measurements, with a strong network of collaborations and student co-supervision throughout the group.
2015 was another exciting and productive year. Notable advances for instrument development were the installation on the multi-collector noble gas mass spectrometer Helix-MC of a new source assembly and high gain Faraday amplifier with 1E13 ohm feedback resistor. These upgrades improved accuracies of noble gas analyses significantly in M. Honda’s lab and are leading to new types of investigations. Under the direction of Trevor Ireland, the SHRIMP SI is continuing to make good progress measuring minor stable isotope abundances, including the rare isotopes 17O in meteoritic materials and 36S in Archean sulphides. Central to work has been the development of a new detection system by the RSES Electronics Group based on charge accumulation.
Isotope Geochemistry faculty and students continue high rates of publication in international journals. Highlights of the past year include the work of Ian Williams to produce and publish over 2,500 conodont oxygen analyses from over 160 rock samples to define in more detail than ever before the rise and fall of global sea surface temperatures throughout the Silurian (J. A. Trotter, I. S. Williams, et al., New conodont δ18O records of Silurian climate change: Implications for environmental and biological events, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 443 (2016) 34–48).
Marc Norman’s work showed that the petrology, mineral chemistry, and well-defined crystallization age of a noritic anorthosite impact melt rock from the Moon shows that a basin-scale impact occurred on the Moon at 4.2 Ga. This shows that that the late heavy bombardment on the Moon was more prolonged than a single episode at 3.9 Ga (M. D. Norman, et al., (2015) Crystal accumulation in a 4.2 Ga lunar impact melt. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol. 172, pp. 410-429. DOI: 10.1016/j.gca.2015.09.021).
Vickie Bennett was part of a team synthesizing observations from the oldest rocks worldwide to put together a new model for an early supercontinent (Nutman, A.P., Bennett, V.C., and Friend, C.R.L.F., Proposal for the continent Itsaqia amalgamated at 3.66 Ga and rifting apart from 3.45 Ga: Evidence and mechanism for a Wilson cycle at the start of the rock record. (2015) American Journal of Science 315 (6), 509-536.)
Group members maintained high levels of international professional service with notable examples being Marc Norman continuing as Executive Editor of the leading geochemistry journal Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, overseeing 90 associate editors and 1000 new manuscript submissions per year; Trevor Ireland as Vice-President of the Meteoritical Society; Vickie Bennett is the Early Earth theme chair for the 2016 Goldschmidt conference, Yokohama Japan and the Chair of the Awards Nomination Committee of the Geochemical Society.
Faculty and students of Isotope Geochemistry area are active in the newly formed SSERVI Australia, which is a node of the NASA Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute and contributed to the Planetary Science Workshop held at RSES on 28 September. SSERVI Australian aims to strengthen national planetary research and extend collaborations with the international community through SSERVI and NASA (www.sserviaustralia.org).
PhD student Suzette Timmerman (Supervisor M. Honda) presented an invited talk on multiple inclusion ages in diamonds at the Goldschmidt Geochemistry conference in Prague. Our PhD students excelled at the ANU-wide “3 Minute Thesis” competition Hannah James reaching the finals and with Kelsie Long winning second place (both supervised by Ian Williams).
Isotope Geochemistry faculty continue to increase their teaching profiles with Ian Williams taking over as convener of the 2nd year course EMSC 2015 “Chemistry of Planet Earth” and with new faculty member Mark Kendrick contributing 50% of the lectures to a highly revised course. Vickie Bennett and Yuri Amelin prepared and delivered the new Master’s level course EMSC 8022, “Analytical Geochemistry” in 2nd semester.
We welcomed new PhD students Suzette Timmerman (Supervisor M. Honda), Li Liu and Lianne Loiselle (Supervisor Trevor Ireland).
We congratulate Marian Sampah on submission of her PhD thesis (Supervisors Trevor Ireland and Yuri Amelin).
On a sad note, in July we said farewell to Daniela Rubatto after 17 years as part of the SHRIMP group at RSES. Daniela leaves us to take up a Professorship at the University of Bern, Switzerland. Her research and administrative leadership will be greatly missed, as will her energy and enthusiasm, but we look forward to visiting our new “international” colleague and working with her in the future. | <urn:uuid:14d651c2-8def-4a6d-99bf-43b8942e6c51> | {
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The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) has begun an effort to transplant 30 million salmon from five different hatcheries to waterways that are closer to the ocean. The goal of the program is to save salmon populations, which have become stranded as a result of the drought that has afflicted Northern California this past year.
The fish, which are mostly juvenile salmon with lengths between 3 and 4 inches, are being taken to the Sacramento River, near Rio Vista, California. Once they reach their destination, the fish are siphoned into the water through a hundred foot pipe.
The migrations from warmer waters to the cool ocean are part of the Chinook salmon's growth cycle. By not transporting them, wildlife officials ran the risk of leaving them all victims of predation.
To better understand how this program will actually affect fish, the USFWS tagged about 25 percent. The information from the tag will be used to track the fish for three to four years.
Not only is this all good news for salmon, the efforts are also being welcomed by the fishing community.
"For us in the sport and commercial salmon fishery industry, it means that we should see much better returns of adults in 2016, when these fish are fully grown," John McManus, the executive director of the Golden Gate Salmon Association, told NPR. "We'll have something to harvest."
Drought not only affects fish, it also creates problems for boaters and anglers who will be using the waterways for their hobbies. Lower water levels put their water craft at risk of striking objects on the surface. This is why it is essential to have marine electronics on board, such as a transducer and fishfinder, which can be used to give a detailed picture of the water column underneath the boat. If you're looking to replace your depth reading instruments or install new ones, make sure that you shop with ePal, the leading source for marine equipment! | <urn:uuid:2fa02dc2-43a4-4ec8-ad61-d3d402678d57> | {
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Welcome to serverless computing or functions as a service (FaaS).
The move from on-premises, monolithic applications to virtualized environments took about 15 years, as explained in our blog post “Are monolithic software applications doomed for extinction?”. Development tools that have evolved as cloud services, such as AWS Lambda, have matured.
In the past few years we have seen a trend toward containers and microservices to design and build, test, deploy and manage enterprise applications. Serverless computing is the logical next step for developers interested in building small, stateless applications that require no concern for the provisioning, scaling and maintenance of the hardware needed to run it.
Serverless computing shares traits with microservices, its more mature sibling. Both break down monolithic applications into smaller building blocks. But the blocks in serverless environments are called functions and, existing as just snippets of code, represent the most elemental building block in software development. Processing an image, encoding a piece of video or transforming a block of data all represent a single-purpose block of code a developer can create to accomplish a very specific business outcome.
For example, The Seattle Times uses an AWS Lambda function to automatically resize images uploaded to Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3). The act of uploading the image triggers the resize, which is a single function.
Contrast this with microservices. For example, in a containerized/microservices environment, five basic functions in a bundle might collectively represent “load shopping cart” or “provide account summary.”
Serverless computing allows the developer to construct single-purpose functions when the context warrants it. Developers don’t always need an entire microservice composed of several functions bundled into an outcome or capability. A snippet of code will do.
One way to think of the difference: Functions are the building blocks that can be part of a microservice, or they can stand on their own. The microservice is analogous to the API the developer can speak to because the microservice comprises a common API between functions.
Another difference is the hardware overhead. While lightweight and easier to provision for hardware, microservices still require an operating system, a deployment mechanism, and monitoring of OS availability, application-configuration demands. (It’s made easier by creating a library of configuration profiles that, when married to your microservice, are called an image—but this overhead still exists in microservices.)
A serverless application development approach offers several advantages in specific business circumstances.
It’s truly serverless:
All software needs hardware, and serverless is no exception. The difference is in how much developers need to worry about hardware compatibility and rely on hardware for software deployment. Those who opt for serverless don’t need to worry about it at all.
As application development evolved — from legacy on-premises computing to cloud and virtualization to microservices to FaaS — hardware consideration has become less of a concern, and now it could be a non-concern. Developers truly can spend all their time on building, testing and deploying app functions without worrying about important hardware considerations. Once developers load their code to AWS, the cloud service manages the capacity, scaling, patching and administration of the hardware required to run the function.
Historically developers have been acutely concerned with how much hardware will be needed at launch and whether the program will scale adequately to the users’ need. For some workloads, FaaS is vastly more scalable than legacy or even virtualized environments. No longer do developers have to over-provision vertically when user demand spikes.
A simple example might involve a large web retailer keeping customers informed of new products. The website builds a function to collect email addresses and adds them to a database. The website is hit with several hundred thousand unique visitors, a big population of whom signed up for the new product notification. The cloud provider easily handles the spike in traffic when an event — the request to be updated about new product releases — triggers automated hardware provisioning.
Faster time to market:
Revisit the previous example. If the product website had deployed its own hardware, either on-premises or in the cloud, it would confront serious issues of capacity planning and testing before the functionality could be added. Legacy computing environments simply could not respond with the speed and agility the current marketplace demands.
Pricing more aligned to customer need:
The prevailing business model with FaaS is for customers to pay for only the amount of computing time used. This is ideal for startups with uncertain IT needs or for workloads that are less frequently carried out. The business model simply charges by a combination of number of transactions and execution time.
Conclusion: Developers are free to do more
Serverless computing is a bit of a misnomer when considering the benefits of FaaS. As hardware’s value in enterprise computing continues to erode with this evolutionary step, enterprise application developers take a big leap upward in their value propositions. They can say: “I focus on building useful software while someone else worries about what hardware will be used, whether it will it be enough hardware, and whether it will be available when needed.“
Mike is a hands-on software architect with 24 years of experience in cloud architectures, custom application development, e-commerce, distributed systems and big data implementations. Throughout his career, he has continually pushed the use of test-driven development, the principles of continuous delivery and emphasized the merits of Agile-based development. Mike has co-presented with Google / K8s luminaries such as Kelsey Hightower, Alan Naim and Carter Morgan. | <urn:uuid:9bbd66e9-6f6d-43bd-afa6-89ba8ffb7247> | {
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The holiday season invites a celebration. Just before holidays, Grade 3 – 7 students at Tecumseh headed to the gym for the 3rd Reading Extravaganza of the year. Kids were excited and clutching books in their hands. Some of the books were from classroom collections. Some were from the library. Some books were from home and being brought to trade for some new books to add to personal libraries at home. The common element was that all of the kids were VERY excited about going to the gym to read for an hour. It begs the question, what are the things that have allowed the act of reading to generate such excitement? There is no real magic in creating readers.
Create opportunities for positive memories of reading.
Teach the skills for children to decode and understand text.
Provide access to engaging fiction and non-fiction text to pique interest.
Students come to school with a variety of experiences with text. Fortunately sharing stories with children has become a regular part of primary classrooms and many intermediate classrooms. It has become a way to get to know students and stimulate curiosity, as well as to teach reading comprehension skills. In many schools such as ours, we have programs such as One To One Readers, which allow children to develop emergent skills and relationships with volunteers who are there because they love books and the kids they are working with. Reading becomes an enjoyable venture where you can learn about things or characters that you care about and share a laugh or two.
Children are also encouraged to read throughout the school for a variety of purposes and in a variety of spaces. The lawn chairs by the Christmas tree were much sought after this season as a place to read. At the Reading Extravaganza, gymnastics and yoga mats were pulled out and all children carefully removed their shoes before getting cozy on the mats. Benches pulled into shapes, lawn chairs and blankets were equally captivating spaces to read.
With 350 students reading in a gym, it may surprise you that students actually engaged in reading. We did have some conversation about what reading behaviours look like. There was some good discussion around the differences of what people want when they read. The desire to share a good part or laugh out loud, means that the environment is not going to be silent. However we also discussed how we could be respectful to those readers not wanting to be interrupted.
The trade a book opportunity happened first with students surrendering the books they wanted to trade for popsicle sticks and then trading in their popsicle books for new books. Some children brought books to give away too. I was also giving away many of the bookmarks and freebies from conferences and much of my classroom collection due to my impending move to another school. Students demonstrating the reading behaviours we discussed were given popsicle sticks by the adults in the room to go pick a book or other reading item. Most of our students have learned to self select books that interest them, but the students shopping for selections helped each other with favorite picks. In some cases, students were choosing books they wanted to give to siblings or cousins or friends for Christmas.
As a reader and an educator, my heart warms to see kids engaged and enjoying reading. Give them books and opportunities to read and they will come and have fun!
I was welcomed into the Art Gallery of Nova Scotia with over the top friendly and helpful Maritime graciousness. Maritimers bring the Canadian “nice” to a whole new level. I gravitated first to what I was most anticipating, the Maud Lewis Gallery. To my delight her entire house with all of the surfaces, including a good part of the stove, is covered with what is now iconic Maritime folk art. Learning about the person and her challenges with childhood arthritis brought a new level of understanding to art for the pure delight of creation and celebration of everyday surroundings. Her art didn’t emerge from limitations on her life due to her physical challenges but her ability to delight in the life she was living.
The gallery tour started at 7:00 pm but many regulars had decided to wander through the gallery on their own. The docent was a gentlemen named Ian (I think) and had a wealth of background knowledge and had met many of the artists showing in the gallery. The tour started as a consideration of the show by the well known Nova Scotia artist, John Greer and his show “Retroactive”. In the very best of teaching strategies, Ian provided not only the background, but shared stories about the artist, the installation of the show and posed questions about the works. I learned that John Greer also has a studio in Italy and gets his marble from the same quarry as Michelangelo. Imagine there still being marble left! Ian was able to encourage close consideration of the art by evoking thinking with “I wonder” and prefacing questions with “There is no right answer but…”. What began as a standard gallery tour emerged into one of the most amazing discussions of art.
The “Terroir: A Nova Scotia Retrospective”collection drew me in immediately with the wine references. The permanent collection of Nova Scotia is explored in relation to the soil, topography and climate. Early paintings of the Maritimes and early contact with the Mi’kmaq nation were done in Europe by artists who were using early maps and records of battles by early explorers and traders. They were followed by the work of Arthur Lismer, Alex Colville, Christopher Pratt, Mary Pratt and so many other interesting and reknown Canadian artists. A great addition was the Contemporary First Nations Arts from artists such as Ahmoo Angecomb, Carl Beam, Edward Ned bear, David Brooks, Norval Morrisseau, Daphne Odjig, Jane Ash Poitras and Alan Syliboy. Ian ended off the tour by asking if I wanted to see his favourite piece in the gallery. It was both an honour and a privilege to be asked. To my amazement 1 hour and 40 minutes had passed in what felt like a mini-course on Canadian art. Hands down the best gallery tour that I have ever taken. If I had been more on the ball, I would have taken down his complete name so I could send a personal thank you card.
Ian underscored the importance of engaging in the stories of the art that is created and selected for showings. My daughter recently moved into an old house with a friend and promptly started painting the wall of her little “studio” off her bedroom. Like Maud Lewis, it is an exploration of her own creative impulses and making sense of her world. This is what I want for the students under our care. How can we provide the opportunities and experiences so that they have the basic skill and confidence to explore their ideas and express themselves artistically? I have “DuckDuckGo’ed” and will be looking at ways to expose our Tecumseh students to some of the opportunities in Vancouver to expand their artistic horizons in Vancouver. I have always encouraged parents to attend Super Sundays at the Vancouver Art Gallery but this year, we will be heading to the Gallery this fall for a start where I can start sharing some of my stories. | <urn:uuid:4ebccee0-192e-4017-ba74-928df50e34c7> | {
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Radio Health Journal
Everyone deals with grief at one time or another. An expert discusses how it's experienced by most people, and a writer/illustrator discusses his experience dealing with his spouse's sudden death.
A surprisingly large number of people become agitated when they hear sounds such as chewing, slurping or sniffling. This disorder, misophonia, is largely unknown, but researchers believe audio processing is mis-routed to rage centers in the brain.
Odd Medical Treatments of the Past
An expert examines how far we've come in medicine by focusing on past practices, which lead him to conclude doctors in ancient Greece provided better care than those in the US 150 years ago.
Heart Attacks in Young Women
Surveys show young women are often unaware of their risk of a heart attack and are much less likely to go to the ER when a heart attack occurs. Experts discuss reasons and possible remedies.
The Power of Tears
Researchers are learning that tears shed for different reasons are chemically different. Experts discuss why it's good for people to cry.
Enlisting Men Against Sexual Assault
Colleges are now required by Federal law to present anti-sexual assault training to new students, but rather than instilling "no means no," some experts think we need to do much more to enlist men to help prevent sexual assault.
Multitasking seems like a necessity for most people, and most of us think it inproves our efficiency. Researchers discuss why our brains can't do two things at once, and why "supertaskers" may be different.
Online Pharmacies, Fake Drugs
Consumers who purchase medicines online are taking a big risk-experts say 97% of online "pharmacies" are rogue sites operating illegally. Experts discuss how consumers can buy safely.
Preserving Life Versus Prolonging Death
An award winning science writer discusses her experience observing how medical professionals and patients differ in their acceptance of impending death, and what families need to know to navigate the end of life toward a "good death."
The Risk of the Front Passenger Seat
Few people are aware that the vehicle occupant most likely to be hurt in a crash is the one in the front passenger seat. Experts discuss how car occupants can protect themselves from injury.
Child Suicide Survivors
Experts discuss the right and wrong ways to help children cope with parental suicide.
Your Brain With Tinnitus
Scientists have discovered that tinnitus involves many more areas of the brain than just those involved with hearing. Experts explain what sufferers can do now.
The Joy of Singing
Research shows that singing in a group has health benefits. Experts discuss how singing is being used to treat one serious disease.
Experts discuss possible reasons for the increase in the death rate surrounding pregnancy in the US and one possible ways to reverse it.
Air Pollution and Lung Health
Air pollution is blamed for one of every eight deaths worldwide, including 200,000 in the US each year. A noted lung physician discusses some of the diseases smog can cause and ways to keep your lungs safe.
The ability to "know" the musical pitch of any sound has traditionally been thought to be learnable only at a very early age through musical training. But new research shows perfect pitch is teachable to adults as well.
TV Doctors: Truth or Fiction
TV doctors wield tremendous influence with patients, sometimes even more than a person's own doctor. Experts discuss how celebrity doctors miss the mark and why they're so popular.
The Dangers of Trash
Most people don't think much about what happens to their trash after they set it at the curb. But day in and day out, refuse workers have the most dangerous municipal job, with more injuries than police or firefighters.
Many doctors believe emotion is detrimental to medical practice, and many patients think doctors are cold and emotionless. But one influential physician explains why emotion is important to doctors.
Bell's palsy is a frightening malfunction in the nerve controlling half of the face that occurs for unknown reasons. Sufferers often think they're having a stroke. Experts and two people who've had the disorder discuss.
- Watertown, NY
2250 E. Devon Avenue, Suite
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This blog first appeared on all4ed.org.
The Future Ready Schools Initiative is a bold new initiative, led by the Alliance for Excellent Education, supported by the US Department of Education, and in partnership with the LEAD Commission and a vast coalition of organizations, working to support school district superintendents and their leadership teams on district-wide transformation. The vision of this new initiative is for district leaders to develop and implement a sustainable, forward thinking roadmap for effective digital learning transformation. This transformation ensures that an effective technology deployment aligns with instructional best practices and is implemented by highly trained teachers, so that the learning is effectively personalized for every student. In turn, students will experience greater success and ultimately be better prepared to succeed in the competitive global workforce that they will face upon graduation.
The initiative began with the “Future Ready Pledge”, created by the Office of Educational Technology at the US Department of Education, and will officially launch through a Superintendent’s Summit that will be held at the White House in mid-November. 150 of the most innovative superintendents from around the nation will join high-ranking White House officials and members of the US Department of Education for a digital pledge signing ceremony, launching the initiative. Following the summit at the White House, twelve regional summits will be held across the nation, with hundreds of school leaders attending each event. At regional summits, district teams will develop specific action plans in areas such as professional learning, data and privacy, technology and networks, curriculum and instruction, assessment, the use of time, etc. Over the course of the first year, district leaders will be provided with a dynamic self-assessment tool, as well as additional implementation guidance, a vast array of online resources from the coalition partners, capacity to connect and network with other leaders in their region, and the support needed to transition their district into one that is future ready.
Effective transformation doesn’t happen overnight, and for such transformation to be sustainable, internal capacity must be developed. During this process, teachers will be empowered and a valuable part of the decision making process. Districts, through their future ready school leaders, will create cultures of innovation, where risk taking is encouraged, and technology enables teachers to personalize the learning for each student through rigorous, dynamic instruction. In a Future Ready School, all students have access to high quality digital content and broadband access supports whatever is dictated by teaching and learning needs. As with any technology-related initiative, it’s important to remember that pedagogy is the driver, while the technology serves as the accelerator. The Future Ready Initiative will support this notion, while giving district leaders resources, connections, and the training needed to initiate sustainable transformation in their school district.
Over the next four weeks, both the Alliance for Excellent Education and the Office of Educational Technology at the US Department of Education will share blog posts from guest bloggers on the following topics, all of which align to the Future Ready Pledge:
- Fostering and Leading a Culture of Digital Learning Within Our Schools
- Helping Schools and Families Transition to High-speed Connectivity
- Accelerating Progress Toward Universal Access for All Students to Quality Devices
- Providing Access to Quality Digital Content
- Offering Digital Tools to Help Students And Families Reach Higher
- Mentoring Other Districts and Helping Them Transition to Digital Learning
We encourage all educators to share their thoughts on how they are preparing students to be Future Ready in their schools! Make sure to include the hashtag #futureready and feel free to share with @all4ed and @officeofedtech. Share your #futureready story today! | <urn:uuid:43b3b765-da91-4bc9-8849-cffaabc2e713> | {
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West Bengal has a very diverse nature in regards to its culture, geographical distribution, and weather. It is ranked fourth for its population and has a huge expanse of area. Kolkata, the capital of West Bengal, is one of the largest cities in India.
Industrial development in West Bengal is being driven by a stable political climate, infrastructure, and good labor relations. These reasons have helped investors grow in confidence and speeded up the growth in the state. Efficient transportation networks and competitive market rates are also helping the cause of West Bengal.
Prominent cities in West Bengal are Kolkata and Howrah, which are receiving huge foreign investments. Haldia is stated to become the next petrochemical center. Asansol and Durgapur are also establishing their names in the iron and alloy industry.
Industrial investments in West Bengal are in sectors, such as leather, textiles, steel and iron, agro-based, and chemicals. The state in its bid to further economic development has provided many provisions. This has led to more flow of FDI in areas such as IT, tourism, telecommunications, and chemicals.
These areas are discussed below:
1) Petrochemicals and Petroleum: This industry is prevalent in West Bengal. The reason that this industry offers promise is due to linkages provided by petrochemical and oil refining units in the state.
2) Iron and Steel: With a rise in demand expected in this industry, it offers great potential. A major advantage that West Bengal holds is its base of raw materials. Export possibilities in this area provide a further fillip to this industry.
3) Agriculture: As West Bengal is an agrarian state, the potential it offers for agro-based business is enormous. Excellent climate conditions combined with fertile land make this a promising possibility.
4) Food Processing: The state is the largest producer of vegetables and fruits. It also is a producer of edible oil. Abundant quantities of fruits and vegetables hands West Bengal an edge in this arena. Government has also come forward to enhance private participation by setting up Food Parks. Also, to facilitate exports Agri-Export Zones are being established.
5) Tea: West Bengal ranks second in manufacturing of tea after Assam. The world famous Darjeeling tea hails from here.
6) Leather Industry: West Bengal is a key player in the leather manufacturing and exports industry. Raw material availability at cheaper rates, adequate water supply, and skilled labor make this state a destination of choice for industries.
7) IT/Software Industry: West Bengal provides a huge talent pool, less expenses for operations, continuous power supply, and infrastructure. The well intentioned policies and frameworks are efforts in place to attract more investment. These perks offered by the government are making this a much routed sector for future growth.
8) Tourism: Tourism has been steadily gaining in prominence in West Bengal. The rich diversity and historical heritage that encompasses this state is drawing more tourists every year. The states policies on tourism are also providing a boost to the existing hotel and hospitality industry and offers great scope.
9) Exports: The exports industry is also growing in West Bengal and offers significant opportunities for the near future.
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Microbial Safety of Meat: Indicator Organisms and Carcass Sampling
It is essential to control the quality and safety of fresh meat/meat products to ensure meeting both legal regulations and consumer demands. HACCP and QM are two typical controlling procedure commonly implemented in food industry for manufacturing meats. HACCP is normally conducted to audit / identify hazards for raw meat primarily with respect to chemical and physical and microbiological aspects.
The presence of pathogenic microorganisms such as Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus in meat and meat products can be the main contributory factors to the food poisoning. Other major group of pathogenic organisms which are significantly in association with meat consist of Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Campylobacter, Yersinia enterocolitica and Listeria monocytogenens can also be used as indicator organisms. Pseudomonas spp. are the most responsible aerobic organisms for food spoilage while anaerobic spoilage organisms include psychrotrophic Enterobacteria and Shewanella putrefaciens.
Sampling of carcass – General concept
Sampling of carcass is typically conducted by swabbing an area (initially using wet cotton subsequent with using dry cotton wool swab). Each swab should then be homogenised with sufficient volume of diluent followed by pour or spread plate technique for each swab. Advantages of swabbing technique include less time-consumption and simplicity in addition to the fact that meat remains intact without damage.
There has been an increasing trend towards utilising relatively abrasive swab including cellulose acetate sponges or surgical gauze. This method is believed to be more convenient in addition to providing more accurate results compared to those with cotton wool swab. As the existing bacteria on the meat surface are not uniformly distributed, increasing the size of sample will correspondingly increase the probability. Generally, an area of approximately 100cm
can be the optimum size for swab sampling.
Currently enumeration of microorganisms is carried out by “HGMF” (hydrophobic grid membrane filtration) instead of plate counting. It is a labour saving technique. The most possible bacteria population can be detected by HGMF. It provides more precise analysis of some microorganisms such as E coli.
Sampling of carcass is usually conducted by one of the following methods:
i) The most commonly used technique for sampling carcass involves random selection of areas which are assumed to be more prone to contamination. It is required to take the samples of at least three locations of each carcass for this type of analysis. This method has the advantage of simplicity and it has been approved as the most suitable method for raw meat microbiology. However, insufficient data in relation to the distribution of bacteria on carcass and consequent confusion of analysis may occur. In addition, the selected areas for sampling might not represent the largest harboured bacteria on the carcass.
ii) Alternatively, sampling plan can be carried out using standard deviation and determination of average log. Standard deviation is determined by bacterial quantities in a series of more than 20 samples. Sample areas are randomly selected on a random selection of carcasses. The obtained results of the mean log and standard deviation are subsequently evaluated for the log of “arithmetic mean numbers” of bacteria. This processing plan specifies the highest acceptable population (on average). In the incidence of loss of process control, the area of sample influenced by the process failure can be recognized providing the sampling process is routinely monitored; thus the defective system of the process can be detected and restored.
Predictive microbiology is based on certain mathematical formulas to determine micro-organisms activity with respect to pH, salt and water content or to analyse the parameters when processing and storage of meat are concerned. Scientific-based models are chosen to evaluate their effects on micro-organisms development.
There are a few computerised methods used for predictive microbiology including Food Micro Model and MFS Pathogen Modelling Program. The latter can be used for both aerobic and anaerobic growth for some models. The Food Micro Model is mostly in association with the influence of Co2 concentration for organisms including Verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereas and Listeria monocytogenes. The analysed prediction of the pathogens characteristics is usually compared with the actual activity of pathogens from which the determined validation of the food model can be achieved. | <urn:uuid:80cd3794-f07b-499e-ad67-13fae27512f7> | {
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Reproducibility Issues in Research with Animals and Animal Models: A WorkshopInstitute for Laboratory Animal Research
The ability to reproduce an experiment is one important approach that scientists use to gain confidence in their conclusions. Repeated findings that a number of significant peer-reviewed studies are not reproducible has alarmed the scientific community. Research that uses animals and animal models seems to be one of the most susceptible to reproducibility issues.
The National Research Council has appointed a committee of experts to organize and conduct a public workshop to discuss fundamental aspects of experimental design of research using animals and animal models, aimed at improving reproducibility. Invited speakers will provide background and context on how to ensure that animal studies are of sufficient quality and relevance, and described in adequate detail for the findings to provide an evidence base for any decision to proceed into clinical trials or other outcomes of public importance. The event will be webcast.
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If you want to build muscle and get definition – then exercise is the key, however, if you want to lose weight, then you should start in the kitchen. More and more experts claim that what we eat is more important than exercise when it comes to weight loss. Another problem occurs when people actually realize how important dieting is and then they cut down on portions and reduce significantly calorie intake, depriving themselves on important nutrients and vitamins. The key to weight loss is eating the right foods in proper amount and not depriving yourself of what your body needs.
Here are some foods that should help you both lose weight and supply your body with much-needed nutrients:
- Avocado – this fruit has a lot of monounsaturated fatty acids and it is known for helping with losing belly fat. If you don’t have it already in your diet, there are many ways to incorporate it into your daily life.
- Hummus – experts say that if you constantly crave for some snacks, this is the best food to have in the fridge. You can easily use it in the kitchen – add it to your salads, use instead of mayonnaise in sandwich or simply throw it over your veggies.
- Potatoes – this food is often considered as bad for your diet, because of the amount of carbs they have. Luckily, this is not the case, as it was proven in many extensive studies and researches all over the world. The best thing about potatoes is that they are super-easy to prepare and can easily be combined with any other ingredient.
- Meat – if you are a vegetarian, this is not for you. Joking aside, lean meats are known as one of the best sources of protein in the world and along helping you build muscles, meat can help you feel full for a longer time. Just one thing – keep track of calories that meats add into your diet – because bigger cuts can add significant amount in a single dish!
- Nuts – there are a lot of benefits of eating nuts regularly. On the top of the list of benefits are the high amount of protein, nutrients that help you fight with body fat and the help with increasing serotonin (making you feel better every day).
- Greek yogurt – this ingredient has much more to offer besides the awesome taste – it can be paired with lots of foods to create amazing meals and eating it regularly can help you lose more weight.
- Soup – there is a good reason for you to incorporate soups in your daily diet – they are really easy to prepare, they help you feel full for a longer time and don’t have many calories.
- Salmon – no list of healthy foods would be complete without salmon. This fish that has lots of omega-3 fatty acids, known to provide many, many benefits when consumed regularly. Furthermore, salmon has lots of protein and can be paired with many foods to create diverse and interesting meals. | <urn:uuid:400ad0b1-4ab6-4eca-bfbb-20a6f1848603> | {
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Teon Edwards, TERC, University of California, San Diego
NASA EarthKAM (Earth Knowledge Acquired by Middle schools) enables students, teachers, and the public to learn about Earth via photographs taken from space. This growing collection of Earth images come from middle school students around the world who used the Internet to target areas of Earth to be photographed with a digital camera onboard the Space Shuttle and International Space Station. These images are available to everyone through a user-friendly data system. Users can search for images of the earth by geographic area, feature, country, mission or school. The collection is wide reaching, and includes land features, water, atmospheric systems, and human impacts. Middle schools (grades 5-8) can apply to join the EarthKAM Community. Community schools use the EarthKAM images in inquiry-based investigations and can even become Flight Certified, which enables them to take their own images of Earth from space. Also included is a section for educators, which provides tips and guides on how to incorporate these images into daily lessons.
This description of a site outside SERC has not been vetted by SERC staff and may be incomplete or incorrect. If you
have information we can use to flesh out or correct this record let us know. | <urn:uuid:7d37c6af-eee5-4885-9131-f3365f5af450> | {
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My favorite topic in an introductory differential equations course is mechanical and electrical vibrations. I enjoyed learning about it as a student and I enjoyed teaching it later. (Or more accurately, I enjoyed being exposed to it as a student and really learning it later when I had to teach it.)
I find this subject interesting for three reasons.
- The same equations describe a variety of mechanical and electrical systems.
- You can get practical use out of some relatively simple math.
- The solutions display wide variety of behavior as you vary the coefficients.
This is the first of a four-part series of posts on mechanical vibrations. The posts won’t be consecutive: I’ll write about other things in between.
Simple mechanical vibrations satisfy the following differential equation:
We could simply write down the general solution be done with it. But the focus here won’t be finding the solutions but rather understanding how the solutions behave.
We’ll think of our equation as modeling a system with a mass attached to a spring and a dash pot. All coefficients are constant. m is the mass, γ is the damping from the dash pot, and k is the restoring force from the spring. The driving force has amplitude F and frequency ω. The solution u(t) gives the position of the mass at time t.
More complicated vibrations, such as a tall building swaying in the wind, can be approximated by this simple setting.
The same differential equation could model an electrical circuit with an inductor, resistor, and capacitor. In that case replace mass m with the inductance L, damping γ with resistance R, and spring constant k with the reciprocal of capacitance C. Then the equation gives the charge on the capacitor at time t.
We will assume m and k are positive. The four blog posts will correspond to γ zero or positive, and F zero or non-zero. Since γ represents damping, the system is called undamped when γ = 0 and damped when γ is greater than 0. And since F is the amplitude of the forcing function, the system is called free when F = 0 and forced otherwise. So the plan for the four posts is
- γ = 0, F = 0. Free, undamped vibrations (this post)
- γ > 0, F = 0. Free, damped vibrations
- γ = 0, F > 0. Forced, undamped vibrations
- γ > 0, F > 0. Forced, damped vibrations
Free, undamped vibrations
With no damping and no forcing, our equation is simply
'' + k u = 0
and we can write down the solution
u(t) = A sin ω0t + B cos ω0t
ω02 = k/m.
The value ω0 is called the natural frequency of the system because it gives the frequency of vibration when there is no forcing function.
The values of A and B are determined by the initial conditions, i.e. u(0) = B and u
’(0) = A ω0.
Since the sine and cosine components have the same frequency ω0, we can use a trig identity to combine them into a single function
u(t) = R cos(ω0t – φ)
The amplitude R and phase φ are related to the parameters A and B by
A = R cos φ, B = R sin φ.
That’s it for undamped free vibrations: the solutions are just sine waves. The next post in the series will make things more realistic and more interesting by adding damping. | <urn:uuid:476b4475-a0a8-4472-b1f8-f7b62f30b707> | {
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As the weeks progressed, we moved towards our 3rd design Jam which was based on Internet of Things. The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects or "things" embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity, which enables these objects to collect and exchange data.
We were introduced to the concept of physical things exchanging information to make little tasks easier and give the end users a wholesome and completely “cut to their needs” experience.
As we went through the same process of grouping and brief creation, I realized how lucky I had been to be placed in a completely different team in each Jam. By the end of this jam I had worked with everyone in the class with just 1 exception. This time I worked wit Geilda, Nishesh, Sabrina and Kyle.
We got our heads together, and created a brief and then it was time to switch it with other teams. The moment of big revelation came and our brief asked us to
“How would Iot help design an efficient Toronto by 2050”
At first all of us were slightly taken back by the magnanimity of the brief, which talked about designing an entire smart urban city system in 3 weeks, but everyone on the team took the challenge very sportingly and we began mapping what defines Toronto now in 2015, to have an idea of what can we expect of this ever expanding city in 2050. This proved to be another challenge, because none of the people in the team were actually from Toronto. We did spend our time about what makes Toronto uniquely different from the rest of the metropolitan cities, and soon came up with a mind-map of everything that makes Toronto TORONTO.
The next logical step beyond this was to categories our mind map and narrow down the brief to one sector, so that we can map out the system and understand how technology would effect it by 2050. We chose to go with healthcare as Canada is known for its healthcare policies and are possibly one of the finest in the world.
After spending another week on this we came up with the nanobot technology, that works like flu shots, you take every year. It essentially injects data collected nanobots in the blood stream which aim to keep your body fit from the inside, by giving you access to real time data. Nanobots or as we called them CBCs (Census blood cells) could be revolutionary as they could help
-detect an early stage of a long term disease/abnormality
-Prevent diseases and alerts about nutritional deficiencies in body.
-Maintain medical history and convey abnormal behaviour.
These CBCs would then be connected to ones family physician or hospital, giving them access with ones permission about ones abnormal bodily functions, in time. They would form an entire network of machines talking to machines, to behaving a certain way during an emergency, reminding the medication, maintaining records and syncing to house devices to monitor nutritional deficencies, and altering diet patterns.
To convey our concept better, we came up with a hand drawn map of Toronto and cooked up three personas, one person who met with a car accident and needs emergency care, another person, who had a heart attack and a third person who sustained a minor injury and sprained their ankle while at home. We explained, how CBC’s would behave in each situation. From sending medical history to the hospital, to create street diversions for emergency vehicals to just giving instructions about first aid to the person with minor injury and scheduling an appointment with their general physician.
This design jam proved to be an exciting one, with the team working to its full potential. We came across many hurdles during the jam, but it was worth it. Our concept and its presentation was received with much appreciation, from not just the faculty but also our classmates. | <urn:uuid:d05ca7da-378a-415d-bddf-0817637688c5> | {
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The periodic table is a chart showing all the elements, the building blocks of the matter around you. If there’s one thing people remember from chemistry class, it’s the periodic table.
Something that is periodic repeats at regular intervals. The periodic table shows how chemical properties are periodic — that is, they reoccur in different elements according to regular patterns in nature. Sure, the periodic table may look like a confusing, somewhat lopsided grid, but now you know there’s a method to the madness. | <urn:uuid:8c3bdc00-a8e3-446e-8d27-5dd569fbff2d> | {
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|In a professional Japanese polish, the characteristics that separate the Japanese sword from all others, becomes easily understood. The use of laminating the different types of refined iron ore, to the final tempering that utilizes special clay to reproduce the tempered edge with a design that is very artistic, yet practical. The swords after final tempering show different types of crystallization on the edge of the temper pattern. Called|
||Nie and Nioi, these are basically crystals that are made up of either martensite or troostite. The temper line or Hamon, is made up of these 2 types of structures. Generally, Nie is the larger crystal formation and is easily seen by the naked eye. Nioi is much smaller, and appears misty, but still bright. The brighter the hamon, usually the better the sword. There are many types of known hamon patterns, but basically there are only 2 types, straight (suguha) and undulating (midare). All others are variations stemming from the 2 basic hamons. For example, what is most commonly known as “choji” is properly called choji-midare, gunome is called gunome midare, notare is called notare midare, and so on.|
|Combinations of 2-3 types of hamon exist in one sword. Sometimes a sword will have what is known as gunome-choji midare, such as those from the famous Kamakura Bizen School. Straight temperlines with slight variations are often called “sugu-ko midare”, meaning a basically straight hamon with midare like activity within.|
|Well made Japanese swords also have what is known as “hataraki” or activity within the hamon. The above blade picture shows activity known as kinsuji and inazuma in a heavily nie covered hamon. Blades that are made up of mostly nie are called nie-deki, those that are made up of nioi are thus then called nioi deki. Smaller nie swords are often confused with nioi, but are actually called ko-nie, or what is known as “small nie”. More nie, however, isn’t always better. Even sized, thick, bright nie is a good sign that a sword is in healthy condition and manufacture. A finely controlled hamon also shows quality of a well tempered blade, and the skill of the smith. When a well polished sword is pointed at the proper light, the hamon should “pop” out easily if the sword is both healthy and well made. The kesho, or whitening of the hamon in polishing should NOT be confused for the actual temperline.|
|Below are some variations of the most commonly seen hamons. There are many different types when one studies the entire history of sword making. However, most swords will have at least part of one of the examples shown below within the main portion of the temperline.|
|Mino Style gunome midare. Blade is from the late 1500’s, and is made by the famous Seki smith Kanesada. Well shaped and very bright hamon shows the quality of this sword easily.|
|Soshu styled notare midare. Blade is from the 1700’s, made by a smith that worked in the Soshu tradition. Famous Koto Soshu smiths worked in a similar hamon, but with more, higher quality nie.|
|Yamato/Yamashiro styled straight (suguha) hamon, many smiths worked in this tradition. This particular sword is from the early 1600’s and is a copy of an older blade from the 1200’s.|
|Bizen styled choji midare. This type of hamon is very popular among sword enthusiast for its hanayaka (bright / happy ) feeling. This sword is from the 1800’s and is made by a smith that reproduced the Bizen tradition very well.|
|By developing this method of forging, the Japanese sword smith showed his skill not only in the base design and manufacture, but in his artistry as well. Hamons such as “3 cedar zig zag”, or Mount Fuji show the artistry with out losing the blades effectiveness as a weapon of choice. The Japanese sword, as well as Japanese swordsmanship have been often described as a type of “violent beauty”.|
) - Used from the beginning of Japanese sword manufacture to present day.
Used by all five main schools (Gokaden) with different variations.
Midare - Heian period to present day. Ko-midare, choji midare, notare midare, gunome midare, O midare, hako midare, sudare midare, doran gunome midare, yahazu midare, mimigata midare amd hitatsura midare.
Choji (Clove Pattern) - Used from the late Heian period to present day. Many types were used and developed. Juka choji, kawazuku choji, saka choji are just some of the variations that were developed.
Gunome - Used from the Kamakura period, but different variations were developed from the original design during the Shinto period, especially the hamon known as gunome doran used by the Sukehiro School. Kanemoto made the sanbon sugi (3 cedar zig-zag) gunome hamon famous for its cutting ability during the Muromachi period.
Notare (Billowing wave) - Used from the late Kamakura period to present day, but ko-notare was seen in earlier periods as part of some hamons. The Soshu School was well known for using this within their hamons.
Hitatsura (Full) - Used from the late Kamakura period by the Soshu School, but became popular during the Muromachi period by most of the other main schools. Rarely seen in the late Shinto and Shinshinto period, even fewer during the gendaito periods.
Sudare/Kikusui ba (Bamboo strip/ Chysanthemum in the river) - Developed in the Shinto period, and a small group kept this hamon style alive during the Shinshinto period. Kyoto or Osaka Schools.
Fujiyama (Mount Fuji) - Developed from a notare midare with gunome within the hamon. Modified later in the Shinto period (1600’s) to resemble Mount Fuji. Popular also during the ShinShinto period, but rarely seen during the 1900’s.
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THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN RAILROADS TEACHER'S KIT-PART 6
Presented by Bill Fuller
In the early 1940s, the Association of American Railroads (AAR) offered a Teacher's Kit for use in teaching public school students about the transportation industry. Of course, in the mind of the AAR, transportation equaled railroads, and the kit includes over 50 photographs of railroad scenes. Each photograph is accompanied by a descriptive story, each of which becomes a short history lesson in the place of railroading in American culture and economy. A complete copy of the original kit is in the archives of the High Plains Western Heritage Center, Spearfish, South Dakota. Its contents have been scanned and reprinted for public viewing in the Heritage Center by TCA member Bill Fuller, who has also provided a copy to e*Train. Each new issue will feature one of the photographs and its story
The “East and West Railroad” or “E & W” shown in the photographs never existed. Actual railroad names were replaced in the photographs probably to avoid the appearance of giving free advertising to some railroad lines while slighting others.
What is the Association of American Railroads?
The 1941 - 1943 Teacher’s Kit containing these photographs and descriptive text was published by the Association of American Railroads (AAR). The following information about this organization is quoted from former AAR Web sites http://www.aar.org/About_AAR/aar_history.asp and http://www.aar.org/About_AAR/about_aar.asp, retrieved November 23, 2004. ARR subsequently amended these sites, and a revised history can now be found at http://www.aar.org/AboutAAR/AAR%20History.aspx.
The AAR was formed in 1934. But its history really goes back much further--all the way to 1867 when the Master Car Builders Association was formed to conduct experiments aimed at standardizing freight cars.
Soon other organizations representing other railroad subjects were formed. By the early 1930s, there was an alphabet soup of organizations representing the industry. Included were the Association of Railway Executives, the American Railway Association, the Bureau of Railway Economics, the Railway Treasury Officers Association, the Railway Accounting Officers Association and the Bureau for the Safe Transportation of Explosives and other Dangerous Articles. These and others were folded into the new Association of American Railroads, when it was established on October 12, 1934.
The unification of rail associations was a fallout from the Great Depression. In 1933 the Rail Transportation Act was passed and a Federal Coordinator of Transportation was appointed to deal with depression-era problems affecting railroads. Beset by a plethora of voices representing the railroad industry, Coordinator Joseph B. Eastman - with the support of President Franklin D. Roosevelt - soon recommended that railroads unify into one organization that could speak for the entire industry, leading directly to creation of the AAR.
AAR members include the major freight railroads in the United States, Canada and Mexico, as well as Amtrak. Based in Washington, DC, the AAR is committed to keeping the railroads of North America safe, fast, efficient, clean, and technologically advanced. Much of the AAR focus is on Washington, bringing critical rail-related issues to the attention of Congressional and government leaders.
The AAR is also very much involved in programs to improve the efficiency, safety and service of the railroad industry. Two AAR subsidiaries - the Transportation Technology Center, Inc., and Railinc - ensure that railroads remain on the cutting edge of transportation and information technology.
Railroads are the vital link to our economic future. More than 40 percent of all US freight moves by rail - more than from any other single mode of transportation. As Fortune Magazine recently observed, "While Internet companies scramble for sound business footing, many of America's trains are running on Internet time - at a profit."
© 2004 AAR 50 F Street, NW, Washington, DC 20001-1564 •• 202-639-2100
Used with permission”
Story # 6-An Electric Passenger Train
On many railroads electric locomotives as well as steam locomotives are used for hauling trains and for switching cars. The electric locomotive is very strong. IT can pull heavy trains over steep mountain grades. It can run forward or backward with equal facility, thus eliminating the time and expense of having to be turned around at the end of each run. It can pick up and reduce speed rapidly.
Electric locomotives are sometimes used for heavy freight and passenger service in mountainous regions, for switching service in metropolitan areas, and for passenger service in highly developed, high traffic density zones where rapid acceleration and high speeds are essential and where station stops are frequent. They are also sometimes used for pulling trains through long tunnels.
An electric locomotive in good condition is ready for instant service. There is no fire to build or steam to generate before it starts on its run. As will be noted from the picture, the electric locomotive differs in appearance from the steam locomotive. For one thing, its driving wheels are smaller. It has no smokestack. Its bell is usually concealed. Electric locomotives are equipped with horns for sounding warnings or sending signals. In some electric locomotives the engineer has two control rooms, one for use when the engine is going in one direction and the other for use in driving the engine in the opposite direction. Within his reach when he is seated are many switches, gauges and controls which enable him to keep the engine running properly.
The engineer’s helper (corresponding to the fireman on a steam locomotive) sits on the opposite side of the room, or cab, and helps the engineer operate the train and look after the motors.
Railroad electrification is of two kinds—(1) overhead power wires, as shown in the picture, and (2) third rail construction. In either case, there must be a point of contact between the wire or rail that supplies the current and the locomotive. With overhead electrification, a pantagraph, or hinged framework which can be folded down on the roof, is attached to the locomotive or motor car. On top of the pantagraph, as can be seen in this picture, there is a metal “shoe” which runs along the copper wire to carry the current into the motor by means of relays and switches.
The method of picking up electrical current from a third rail, which is usually located just outside the wheel rail, is similar to the overhead wire system except that the metal “shoe” hangs down from the side of the locomotive or motor car and slides along the third rail.
Electricity to run the trains comes from power houses, sometimes located long distances from the railroad.
The electric locomotive was invented by Thomas A. Edison. Mr. Edison built a small experimental model in 1880 and tried it out on a specifically built track at Menlo Park, New Jersey. The first electric locomotive operated regularly on an American railroad was placed in service at Baltimore in 1895. Today there are hundreds of electric locomotives in operation in the United States.
In addition, several railroads operate electric motor cars in suburban passenger train service to and from metropolitan centers. These cars draw their current either from third rails or from overhead power distributing systems, or catenary wires, similar to those shown in the picture. Electric motor cars are usually operated in units of two, four, six, eight or ten cars, every other car being equipped with electric motors, somewhat similar to an electric street car. (The interior of each electric motor is fully occupied by seats for passengers, as the motor equipment is located beneath the car floor.)
The second car of a two-car unit is known as a trailer. Although it has no power unit and cannot therefore be operated independently, it is equipped with control mechanism connected with the motor car to which it is attached and other motor cars in the train, so that the train can be operated by a motorman located in the trailer car.
The man who runs a steam or electric locomotive is called a locomotive engineer or engineman, while the man who runs an electric motor car train is called a motorman. | <urn:uuid:cc2d43e9-3681-4846-b940-2e5037f42253> | {
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related to impaired physical mobility associated with weakness, fatigue, pain, nausea, depressant effect of some medications, fear of dislodging tubes and compromising surgical wound, and activity restrictions.
|The client will perform self-care activities within physical limitations and postoperative activity restrictions.|
|Nursing Actions and Selected Purposes/Rationales|
- With client, develop a realistic plan for meeting daily physical needs.
- Implement measures to facilitate the client's ability to perform self-care activities:
- schedule care at a time when client is most likely to be able to participate (e.g. when analgesics are at peak effect, after rest periods, not immediately after meals or treatments)
- keep needed objects within easy reach
- allow adequate time for accomplishment of self-care activities
- perform actions to increase physical mobility (see Diagnosis 12, action a).
- Encourage maximum independence within physical limitations and postoperative activity restrictions.
- Assist the client with activities he/she is unable to perform independently.
- Inform significant others of client's abilities to perform own care. Explain the importance of encouraging and allowing client to maintain an optimal level of independence. | <urn:uuid:dd6d5cba-cc70-472d-8137-30b20b5fd6a7> | {
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Studies of teachers in the U.S. often document insufficient subject matter knowledge in mathematics. Yet, these studies give few examples of the knowledge teachers need to support teaching, particularly the kind of teaching demanded by recent reforms in mathematics education. Knowing and Teaching Elementary Mathematics describes the nature and development of the knowledge that elementary teachers need to become accomplished mathematics teachers, and suggests why such knowledge seems more common in China than in the United States, despite the fact that Chinese teachers have less formal education than their U.S. counterparts.
The anniversary edition of this bestselling volume includes the original studies that compare U.S and Chinese elementary school teachers’ mathematical understanding and offers a powerful framework for grasping the mathematical content necessary to understand and develop the thinking of school children. Highlighting notable changes in the field and the author’s work, this new edition includes an updated preface, introduction, and key journal articles that frame and contextualize this seminal work. | <urn:uuid:cfb0ec03-62b1-4d1a-a0f6-ac8c679757dc> | {
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28 July 2004
The Greenpeace Jaguars, a group of volunteer activitists on motorbikes, are trying to stop the destruction of Argentine forests by stopping bulldozers and urging people to call Argentine embassies asking to suspend such activities.
The campaign is run by Greenpeace Argentina, an environmental organization, to help save rare wildlife and plant species from being destroyed and prevent displacement of indigenous communities.
According to the organization, the destruction of forests could results in displacement of hundreds of indigenous people, loss of thousands of animal and plant species and soil degredation.
Photo shows Greenpeace Jaguar (on motorcycle) volunteer and local activists trying to suspend forest destruction in Argentina. | <urn:uuid:f2487fff-930b-4459-b70a-841505974d7f> | {
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Mind-stretching activities correlate with the science. The book contains 21 topics each with background information and writing activities. Among the topcis are Ecosystems Jonas Salk Thermal Dynamics Glaciers Vitamins Teeth Newton’s Laws of Motion Jane Goodall Gravity Periodic Table Solar System Plate Tectonics Matter Atomic Structure Hubble Space Telescope DNA Human Body Systems Cell Structure Scientific Method and Air Pressure.
FeaturesWeekly Writing Activities Middle Grades Science Book
Combine that in a book and you have unlimited learning and reading opportunities
Like good old and loyal friends books come to rescue
Remembering the joy that I got from reading that book made me think | <urn:uuid:001f3a5d-ab34-4354-8df0-7961db95de7c> | {
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TOKAI, Japan, Jan. 10 (UPI) -- Scientists in Japan say a particle accelerator damaged in the March 2011 earthquake is repaired and ready to resume research operations.
Located in Tokai, about 60 miles south of the hard-hit city of Sendai, the accelerator was being used to generate neutrinos as part of an experiment at the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex, NewScientist.com reported Tuesday.
In June researchers said they had observed a kind of neutrino transformation never seen before in data collected before the earthquake.
Neutrinos are particles known to transform from one type to another spontaneously, but the kind of change seen at the Japanese complex not been observed before, researchers said.
The earthquake damaged roads at the complex, caused leaks in the buildings housing the accelerator and, most critically, knocked the accelerator's magnets out of alignment.
The magnets steer the beam of protons being accelerated and must be very precisely aligned to accomplish this, researchers said.
After re-aligning the magnets, researchers successfully sent a proton beam through all parts of the accelerator for the first time on Dec. 26 and are conducting tests in the hopes of restarting experiments by the end of January. | <urn:uuid:166e3a72-197b-4b7e-b289-4e67e17f7891> | {
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5 Emergency Situations You Must Prepare For (and 5 You Can Ignore)
"Prepping" is a term that defines the process of getting ready for a catastrophic event. While the word used to have a negative connotation, reserved for folks who take preparation to an extreme, many more everyday people today are using a common sense approach to mitigate damages from a variety of tragic events. (See also: How to Prepare Financially for a Natural Disaster)
The key to keeping your preparations realistic is to weigh the possibility of a particular event actually happening against the amount of work needed to prepare for it. Some events may almost certainly never arrive, while others could happen more than a few times during a person's life. Many are ridiculously expensive to thwart, while others require just a few dollars a week in extra supplies.
Given the likelihood of a disaster happening, and the possibility of being ready for it, let's look first at the five disasters you should prepare for.
1. Catastrophic Weather Events
Nebraska and much of the rest of the Midwest and Eastern U.S. recently experienced what scientists have called a "vortex" of cold weather. Temps reached below -50 degrees F due to wind-chill, and this caused a number of issues beyond your typical cold-weather inconveniences. (See also: Safest Cities in America From Natural Disasters)
Most Nebraskans, however, weren't caught unprepared for such an event; we are, after all, accustomed to very cold weather. The same can be said for tornadoes, which happen annually, blizzards, and drought. Each area of the country has its own pattern of weather-related extremes, but since their possibility is no surprise (only their timing and severity), you should be taking appropriate steps throughout the year to have an adequate supply of food, water, and essentials on hand for any disruptions weather may cause.
What do we consider "adequate"? While it may vary according to your location, size of family, and stage in life, this basic list from Ready.gov gives a good basic starting point. A bare minimum of what you would need for your basic comfort and biological needs for 72 hours is a great place to start. This will include:
- Food (and items to open, prepare, and serve it)
- Water (one gallon per person per day for drinking plus what's needed for food prep, cleaning, toileting, and washing)
- Medicines (both prescription and basic OTCs) and first aid supplies
- Sanitary supplies (diapers, feminine hygiene products, toilet paper, wet wipes)
- Communication devices (cell phones and solar or handcrank chargers)
- Radio with weather alerts (plus batteries or a means to charge them)
- Flashlight, LED lantern, or other lighting
- Basic tools (hammer, wrench, etc)
- Entertainment (cards, chargers for iPads, games, or books)
Many pre-made kits will contain other "must-haves," but only you can assess if these items are truly necessary. Putting together your own kit ensures you have only those items that are appropriate for your particular needs. (See also: 6 Items to Add to Your Emergency Kit)
2. Loss of Power
Most people take small steps to guard against the complications of having a power outage, and expect that they could happen during weather events. But what about those power outages that take everyone by surprise? Disruptions lasting a few minutes to a few days can happen for a variety of reasons, including freak accidents and scheduled repairs. Waiting until you're in the dark is too late to come to terms with the chance of a blackout. Stock what you need to go without power for 2–3 days, at a minimum. It likely will happen at least once every two years.
In addition to all the items needed in the basic preparation list above, you'll need alternative ways to heat food and charge electronics. Camp stoves can be handy for this purpose, and solar chargers for a cell phone or radio can be purchased for as little as $20 online. If you have access to a gasoline generator, operating one safely may be a blessing to your home and your neighbors! (See also: 20 Things to Have in a Power Outage)
3. Loss of Income
Whether you lose your job, or you take a drastic cut in pay or hours, having less to live on is a reality for most everyone at least once in a career. Most established families have (or should have!) some kind of emergency fund to live on, typically three months income, but having extra essentials on hand may prove to be more useful. (Consider how affordable it may be to stock up on extra non-perishables when they are on sale versus trying to come up with an extra $100 in grocery money down the road during a layoff!) Take into consideration expenses that are slightly "irregular" when you save, as well. Having your annual property taxes due after losing a job can be devastating to an unprepared household. (See also: How to Create Your Emergency Fund)
Whether it's a ruptured appendix or a terminal case of cancer, illness can rock the worlds of both the patient and their loved ones. In addition to added medical bills, there can be loss of income, an increase in time spent traveling for treatments, or even a major move in school or home location. Being prepared for the worst through illness can be as simple as securing extra coverage on a life insurance plan or getting your advance directive in order before you fall ill. Take time to consider the possibilities of how illness can change things, then work methodically to address each obstacle one by one — before it happens. (See also: What to Do If You Get a Huge Medical Bill)
5. Fire or Flood (not Weather-Related)
Our family has a tendency to breathe deeply once tornado season is over. The thought of having our home (and all the contents) completely destroyed is a terrifying one, and tornadoes make it a very real possibility. But what about the other ways someone could lose their house? Fires and floods are common, as well, and can happen at any time of year and in any location in the U.S. or around the world. If you don't already have adequate insurance coverage on your abode and possessions, the time to do that is now. (But be aware; flood coverage is not automatic on home policies. Check your policy language and ensure that you have a separate plan in place.) You'll also want to take inventory of all of your belongings so that they can be replaced when it comes time for that claim.
Disasters You Probably Don't Have to Prep For
So what about those situations that aren't useful to prepare for? While there is no harm is doing some of the legwork for the following disasters (especially those steps that are identical to preparing for other disasters), spending a disproportionate amount of time and money preparing for these events may not be worth the trouble.
- Nuclear fallout
- Electromagnetic pulse (EMP)
- Collapse of the economy
- Worldwide pandemic or plague
- Zombie Apocalypse (yes, there are those who believe)
While the possibility of these five are very real (for some of us, anyway), preparing for each one, specifically, can be costly and may not do much to help you escape the outcome. By starting small, you can be in compliance with my favorite prepping rule: prepare for what makes sense. As times change, the threats will also, but the necessities needed to survive likely will not.
(For more information on following common sense prepping rules, I highly recommend "The Disaster Preparedness Handbook: A Guide for Families" by Dr. Arthur T. Bradley.)
Disclaimer: The links and mentions on this site may be affiliate links. But they do not affect the actual opinions and recommendations of the authors.
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Scientists use data from NASAs Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) to measure the relative amount of aerosolssolid or liquid particles suspended in the atmosphere. Examples of such aerosols include dust, volcanic ash, and smoke. This false-color image is a map of where there are aerosols that absorb ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Brown pixels show higher aerosol concentrations, while yellow pixels show lower aerosol concentrations, and light blue regions indicate little or no aerosol.
This image, from April of 2000, shows dust blowing from the Sahara Desert into the Atlantic Ocean, more dust from the Rub al Khali and Nafud deserts of the Arabian Penninsula, and what may be smoke over northern India.
The TOMS aerosol index is related to aerosol optical depth, which, in turn, is a measure of how much light airborne particles prevent from passing through a column of atmosphere. (Aerosols tend to absorb or reflect incoming sunlight, thus reducing visibility and increasing optical depth and aerosol index.) For aerosol plumes at the most common height of 3 km, a TOMS aerosol index of less than 0.1 indicates a crystal clear sky with maximum visibility, whereas a value of 4 indicates the presence of aerosols so dense you would have difficulty seeing the mid-day sun. (The relationship between aerosol index and optical depth is dependent on altitude. Aerosols at low altitudes have a lower TOMS aerosol index than an equivalent depth of aerosol at a higher altitude).
Every day, TOMS measures the amount of UV radiation that is absorbed by the atmosphere and how much is reflected back up into space. Scientists use these daily measurements to estimate the location and amount aerosols present in the atmosphere over the entire Earth
TOMS aerosol index data and images.
Image data courtesy TOMS science team, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center | <urn:uuid:a53879ef-9680-45a4-a561-868959390e16> | {
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Match the term with its definition.
a. A measure of power consumed per second.
b. The rate of doing work or transforming energy.
c. A unit of measure for power.
d. A measure of power produced per second.
e. The unit for energy. | <urn:uuid:0f40cfd2-6f93-44d9-bf0a-29e8e753f86d> | {
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Oct. 26: Family Astronomy and Telescope Night
Thurs., Oct. 26, 6:45pm
Astronomy and Telescope Night
This month holds the best opportunity to view Saturn for the rest of 2017!
>>Telescopes will be available, but you can bring your own binoculars, as well. (Many wonderful celestial sights are actually best when viewed through binoculars.)
- We will begin with a short presentation about astronomy, describing the different telescopes we have;
- When it is dark (about 7pm), we will go outdoors for an observing session.
Saturn, Uranus, and the crescent moon will be visible by eye and by telescope. This will be a good time to view Saturn. It’s currently a naked-eye planet, but by November it will enter the evening twilight and become hard to find. Also very important: Saturn’s ring system is strongly tilted towards us at this time, so the rings are easily visible.
Uranus, the most distant planet that is readily visible through binoculars, will also be in the sky on Oct. 26. We will show you where to find it if conditions allow. On that night, the moon will be in a crescent phase. Many craters will be visible, as well as the eastern lunar “seas.” (If you’ve never seen the moon through a telescope, this will be a special treat. The crescent moon photo shown above was taken using a cell phone through our smallest scope.)
We may also see the Pleiades (a star cluster), Albireo (a double star), and the Andromeda Galaxy. Many other bright stars and bright constellations will be visible on Astronomy Night and we can help you identify them by name.
Visit Facebook.com/StAndrews for more information.
Date: Thurs., Oct. 26, 6:45pm
Location: 1910 W. St. Andrews Road, Midland, Mich. (MAP)
(We are located at the next driveway west of the Grace A. Dow Library.)
(This program is made possible in part by support from the Dow Chemical Company Foundation.)
Audience: Recommended for elementary-age children and above, and their families, but all are welcome.
In case of clouds or bad weather, we will postpone to the following night, Fri., Oct. 27, also at 6:45pm.
Please share this announcement with your students, neighbors, and their families!
Follow MSU-St. Andrews on Facebook…
Michigan State University programs, activities and facilities are available to all without regard to race, color, gender, religion, national origin, political persuasion, sexual orientation, marital status, disability, height, weight, veteran status, age or familial status. Please inform us if you need any special accommodation for accessibility at (517) 432-4499. | <urn:uuid:2d2f4a8a-a749-4cfe-ac69-ce2634fa9ad9> | {
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Low Impact Development, or "LID," is a stormwater and land use management strategy that strives to mimic
pre-disturbance hydrological processes of infiltration, filtrations, storage, evaporation and transpiration
by emphasizing conservation and use of on-site natural features, site planning, and distributed stormwater
management practices that are integrated into a project design. LID strategies can be applied to new development,
urban retrofits, infrastructure improvements and revitalization projects to protect aquatic resources.
The new municipal National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits in Western Washington require
use of Low Impact Development, where feasible. The Phase II Western Washington permit also requires the elimination of the 1-acre exemption, and for
jurisdictions covered under this permit to remove impediments and to implement Low Impact Development in their land use and development codes,
regulations and ordinances. Permits for Eastern Washington require allowing the use of Low Impact Development.
Western Washington Phase II and Phase I jurisdictions include 83 cities and 9 counties. Eastern Washington Phase II
jurisdictions include 18 cities and 6 counties.
The deadline for Western Washington Phase II jurisdictions to implement the new LID requirements is based their Growth Management
Act Comprehensive Plan Update timelines or December 31, 2016, whichever is later. Phase I jurisdictions are required
to implement the new LID requirements by June 30, 2015.
Industry Fact Sheets
LID 101: General Factsheet
LID 101: Guide to Resources
LID 101: Policy Update
Building Insight Low Impact Development Series Articles
Shape NPEDS Permit Regulations to Work Better for Building, July 2013
Building Successful Low Impact Developments (best BMPs), June 2013
Stormwater Requirements: What Phase Are You?, May 2013
Industry at Forefront of Stormwater Requirements, April 2013
Low Impact Development Resources
BIAW has assembled a variety of resources -- articles, reports, links and references -- to LID material available
from other resources, as well as information and tools specifically developed by the Department of Ecology and partner
Click here for more information
Top LID Websites
Department of Ecology: Water Quality, Stormwater
Department of Ecology: Water Quality, Stormwater, Municipal Stormwater
Puget Sound Partnership
Washington Stormwater Center
Washington State University: LID Stormwater Research Program
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Low Impact Development Center
This site will continue to add links to a variety of resources regarding Low Impact Development, including manuals,
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There is much too admire in the concept of open source courses, or free, online college-level classes. In its creation, university was developed by western society for the betterment of civilization through the promotion of ideas and creativity and passing that knowledge down to future generations. Today’s usage of university feels much more like a business and the student’s needed footwork for obtaining a lucrative career (not that there is everything necessarily wrong with that aim). But open source courses are specifically designed for people to learn, for free, and with no purpose other than gaining knowledge passed down from those already educated. Students in open source classes are not working toward a degree, they are just interested in learning. That earnestness for education is admirable and with that, I perused Open Culture’s free online courses.
As a Social Studies teacher, and a History major, I was interested in taking part in an open source History course. Yale University offers many courses in an open source format through a program called Open Yale. Again, these courses are not offered for a student to obtain a degree and they are not meant to replace a Yale education, but they are free and hold the same content. They are offered for people to conveniently further their knowledge in a variety of topics. I chose Open Yale’s HIST 251 course: Early Modern England. It’s been nearly a decade since I took part in an undergraduate History course. During my education, History professors always lectured with an extensive list of notes before them and expected students to keep up with the content. Simple, and boring for those who didn’t have an intrinsic desire to learn more History. In some ways, it was refreshing, and unsurprising, to see that things have not changed. Dr. Keith E. Wrightson’s class is delivered through simple lectures. However, let’s explore the clear advantages of the open source aspects of his course.
An Open Yale student (I’ll go ahead and call myself that) can choose which lectures, or sessions, to watch in whatever order is desired. The course offers 25 sessions and there is no need to view all of them, just find which interests the most. Also, each lecture is viewable to stream from Open Yale’s website or from iTunes. The lecture can also be listened to as simple audio from iTunes. Both of these iTunes options allow for extreme convenience. One can watch a lecture on their phone, while on the treadmill, or can listen to the lecture while driving to work. Each lecture also comes with a transcript, so a student no longer needs to keep up with taking notes while the professor talks away. Instead a student can sit with the transcript, listening and highlighting important points. The convenience and opportunity is exciting for a former History student to brush up or expand his knowledge without enrolling back into school.
It’s a tremendous feature of our Internet-based society and a commendable aspect of some universities today to offer free courses. It is an important reminder that students of open source classes are not working toward any degree or certificate. However it is a clear reminder of the original purpose of universities and education in general. | <urn:uuid:742656a7-7d55-4e9e-a611-9d419de3e75f> | {
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Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Neuropil is the feltwork of unmyelinated neuronal processes (axonal and dendritic) within the gray matter of the central nervous system.
Traditionally, when pathologists looked at brain tissue they concentrated on neurons (the active functioning cells of the brain), glial cells and axons (especially in white matter, which is mostly composed of axons and glia cells). Neurons are the cells that perform the actual processing of information. Glia cells have 'supporting' functions in a very loose sense of the word. Also, most brain tumors arise from glial cells.
On a coarse scale nervous tissue (ignoring blood vessels etc.) is composed of the cell body of the neurons and glia cells and their processes or protrusions. For neurons, these are dendrites, dendritic spines and axons. Dendrites collect input from other neurons, which is processed by the neuron (in dendrite and cell body) and propagated to other cells via axons, which you may view as special cables. At the end of an axon synapses are formed, serving as a chemical junction to other cells. The neuropil is what is left when you take away the cell bodies of neurons and glia from the tissue, i.e. the tangle of dendrites, axons and glial processes.
- Neuropil: Roche Enzyclopedia of Medicien, Dictionary Barn.
Etymological note: "From the Greek neuro and pilus, meaning felt" (Freeman, Walter J. How Brains Make up their Minds , 2000, p. 47)
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The International Rise in Maize and Wheat Prices and its Potential Impact on Food Security in West Africa, August 2012
Atypical drought conditions in the US causes wheat, maize and soya prices to soar (figure 1). According to data record-ed by the World Bank in July 2012, wheat increased by 50%, maize by 45% and soya by 30% since mid-June 2012. By contrast, rice prices remained stable until July 2012. Compared to the 5-year average, maize, soya and wheat increased by 59%, 44% and 31%, respectively, and rice increased only by 8%. A new bullish phase in inter-national markets could impact regional markets and the food access of West African households already affected by the current nutrition and food crisis. | <urn:uuid:54db3181-0d12-42e7-a462-de8ed37369f5> | {
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Whether or not your kids like math, it's a good idea to keep those math facts fresh throughout the summer. And very few kids I know like to spend hours with flash cards or rattling off their times tables. These clever bloggers, though, created some great games that almost hide the fact that kids are practicing math. Read on for some simple ideas for math games you can make (and play!) at home.
1. Multiplication Touch, at Crafting a Green World. A cross between scrabble and a math fact grid, each player draws tiles with answers and has to fit them into the grid properly. The catch? You must place a tile adjacent to an exisiting tile; if you can't, you must draw another tile.
2. Bottle Cap Math Facts Race, at A Love for Teaching. It's depressing that all those water bottle caps aren't recyclable, so here's a great way to use them up. Each cap gets either a number or a math action (like a + or -), and they race to see how many math sentences they can come up with in a certain amount of time.
3. Lock and Key Math, at Relentlessly Fun, Deceptively Educational. Follow this tutorial to make math fact cards that kids can check on their own. They do the problem and then see if their key fits into the lock to discover whether they are correct.
4. Mental Math Popsicle Stick Game, at E! is for Explore. Dominoes + craft sticks + practicing math fluency = this game. Each craft stick has an answer and a problem. You start with one craft stick that has a mental math problem, like "10 more than 33." Find the answer on another craft stick, link them up, and then proceed to the question at the end of the second craft stick. Link them all up correctly to win!
5. Math War, at Lattes and Laughter. My kids have been playing war every morning when they get up. Make it a little more challenging by creating a deck of cards with math facts on them. You have to complete the problem to know who won the battle!
Do you have any fun math games you play at home? Let us know in the comments!
(Image credits: Julie Finn; Katrina Paul; Relentlessly Fun, Deceptively Educational; Erin Bittman; Julia @ Lattes and Laughter) | <urn:uuid:d93da15b-94e0-4140-a940-23fe214cfb8b> | {
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Parental Alienation (PA) is a term used to describe a mode of conduct in which one parent purposefully, and for no valid reason, distances his or her child from the other parent by denigrating or otherwise vilifying the other parent. The aim of the alienating parent is to “brainwash” the child into disliking and/or disrespecting the target parent, consequently damaging or destroying the relationship between them.
Parental Alienation frequently becomes an issue in high-conflict domestic violence and child custody cases, usually as an argument by the alienating parent to limit the target parent’s access to their child.
Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS)
While parental alienation conduct can be subtle and the impact on the child interim and/or treatable, some children are not so lucky. If the indoctrination is extreme, he or she may develop a serious psychological disorder called Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS). A child with PAS may become obsessed with distrust and hatred for the target parent, reject them completely and possibly experience fear and panic in their presence. The obsession can take on a life of its own with the child becoming an ally to the alienating parent, aiding and abetting the alienating parent’s battle against the target parent. In these extreme cases, the child begins to “parrot” the alienating parent’s language and behavior toward the target parent.
How Child Abuse Differs from Parental Alienation
It is important to differentiate child abuse from parental alienation. In parental alienation, the alienating parent uses trivial, vindictive or other inappropriate messages to program the child and create animosity toward the target parent. If the alienating parent resorts to physical abuse, the child becomes a victim of domestic physical abuse and charges should be filed for that offense. If the conduct of indoctrination by the alienating parent is extreme to the point of damaging the child’s psyche, the child should be seen by a professional psychologist who can document the emotional abuse and, hopefully, treat the child.
The line between parental alienation and psychological child abuse is a gray area. The psychological diagnosis of Parental Alienation Syndrome is not specifically recognized by the American Psychiatric Association and it has no diagnostic designation in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). Mental health professionals diagnose the condition under other similar DSM codes.
Clearly, a child whose relationship with one parent is systematically and deliberately damaged or severed through poisonous mental and emotional programming by the other parent must suffer some degree of emotional abuse. Whether that abuse meets the legal standard for domestic child abuse is a matter currently being decided on an individual case basis by the courts.
Parental Alienation and North Carolina Courts
While Parental Alienation Syndrome has not been officially recognized as a psychological disorder and North Carolina law does not specifically address the issue of PA or PAS, trial courts regularly hear matters of parental alienation in family law cases. The evidence can have a major influence on how the judge decides custody, how much visitation is granted and other determinations such as whether the judge orders ongoing family therapy.
Avoid Becoming an Alienating Parent
Legal family disputes are emotionally challenging times but every attempt should be made to keep your child out of the battle, especially in an acrimonious divorce or child custody dispute. Try to keep your emotions in check around your child and take care with how you speak to – and about – your ex-spouse.
Make sure you have talks with friends and your own parents and others in private and away from your child’s listening ears – especially if you are being emotional.
Speak respectfully about your ex-spouse to your child, if possible. If your ex-spouse is being unreasonable or acting badly, keep the altercations away from your child and do not discuss it with him or her afterwards. Vent your feelings with an appropriate adult in private.
Keep visitation or shared custody arrangements as agreed. Resist the temptation to withhold visitation or financial support in order to punish your ex-spouse.
To best serve the interests of your child, attempt to maintain a civil, respectful and orderly home environment in spite of the turmoil that may be swirling between you and your ex-spouse. If you have reason to believe your ex-spouse is engaging in parental alienation, do not retaliate or involve your child. Call your family lawyer immediately to report the behavior.
Greenville NC Alimony and Family Law
Attorney Cynthia Mills
Your future will be determined by the legal action you take today! Insure that you take the right path and secure what matters most to you and your family. Let me help you through the uncertainty and emotional stress of your family legal crisis with skill, experience and dedicated representation. Email [email protected] or call me at 252-752-6161. | <urn:uuid:31b50430-baa9-4675-a7d9-c7238afdaae1> | {
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Groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) is a cosmopolitan (world-wide) annual plant in the family Asteraceae. It is a common weed of agricultural fields, gardens, and other areas of exposed and regularly disturbed ground.
There are several other species of Groundsel, all of which are typically weedy but with usually more attractive flowers in as much as they have ray florets ("petals") around the margin of the flower head like most other members of the Daisy family.
Extremely variable in all its parts, the deeply toothed leaves and slightly fleshy stems topped with rayless, yellow flower heads (capitula) and fluffy white seed heads are very familiar to gardeners everywhere.
This plant can grow from seed to seeding in only a few weeks and do so in all types of soils, damp or dry. The windblown seeds make its presence in the garden almost inevitable.
A good nectar source in the cold seasons.
- Mowing: Effective if done regularly, generally not a lawn weed
- Cultivation: Effective
- Mulching (for prevention): Effective, generally the easiest way to control this weed.
- Pulling: Pulls easily
- Flame: Effective against seedlings
- Pre-emergents (organic): Corn Gluten Meal
- Disposal: Safe if seeds aren't present. | <urn:uuid:a3931f5b-614b-485e-86f8-a4d8b3c42015> | {
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Located in the middle of the Asian part of Russia, the Irkutsk region stretches 1,400 km from north to south, 1,200 km from west to east, and covers 774,800 square km, which makes it larger than any Western European state. Its territory could place Italy, Denmark, Belgium, Great Britain, Portugal and the Netherlands combined.
The region is bordered by Krasnoyarsk Territory, Chita Region, the Republic of Sakha (see Yakutia), the Autonomous Republic of Tuva, and the Buryat Republic. The region comprises the Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Area and 33 districts.
About 86 percent of the region is forested, and timber resources are estimated at more than 8 billion cubic meters. The climate is continental, with extreme winter and summer temperatures.
The population of the Irkutsk region is 2.8 million (about 2 percent of Russia's total population), with major centres in Irkutsk (587,000) Angarsk (272,000), Bratsk (283,000), and Usolye Sibirskoye (195,000). Four other towns (Ust-Ilimsk, Cheremkovo, Ust-Kut, and Tulun) have populations between 50,000 and 100,000. The overall population density is 3.7 persons per square km, compared to 8.7 in Russia as a whole. The social and political situation of the region is considered to be among the most stable in Russia.
At the beginning of the century, much of the region's development was connected with the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway, which crosses the southern part of the region, and the Baikal-Amur Railway branch line, which crosses the region's northern districts. The Trans-Siberian Railway remains the most important transportation network in the region and annually services more than 57 million tons of freight, mostly timber, coal, oil products, ferrous and nonferrous metals, and construction materials.
Airports in Irkutsk, Bratsk, and Ust-Ulimsk serve all classes of aircraft and offer direct international flights to Beijing, Shenyan, Nigata, Seoul, and Ulan-Bator.
Roads are used for overland freight to western Russia, as well as to China and Mongolia.
Pipelines bring oil from Western Siberia to the Angarsk Oil Refinery; oil is also shipped via rail from Angarsk to refineries in Khabarovsk and Komsomolsk-on-Amur.
The Irkutsk region is rich in mineral resources and has industrial deposits of potassium, table salt, mica, talc, titanium, and niobium, as well as a variety of materials used in the construction industry.
The area remains among Russia's major gold-producing regions, and a recently discovered deposit at Sukhoi Log may be able to produce up to 50 tons of gold annually.
Brown and hard coal are mined in Cheremkhovo, Tulun and Ust-Ilim.
Development of rich oil and gas deposits is expected to permit an increase in export production by local refineries.
Ferrous metallurgy is represented by production of iron ore concentrate, while non-ferrous metallurgical enterprises produce aluminium and aluminium alloys, silumin, and gold.
The machine-building and metal-working sector produces and repairs river vessels, road-building equipment, and assorted machinery for the metallurgical and petrochemical industries.
Foreign trade and investment
150 regional enterprises are engaged in foreign economic activity with more than 80 countries. There are 25 Russian-American joint ventures operating in the region, and the total number of joint ventures registered by Irkutsk administration exceeds 280. Statistics provided by regional officials indicate that Irkutsk is Russia's largest exporter of aluminum, timber and timber products and pulp. In 1995, international trade turnover was about $4 billion, with the following approximate shares: fuel, minerals, metals - 52 percent; timber products and pulp - 27 percent; chemical products -13 percent; machinery and equipment - 1 percent. | <urn:uuid:9a6e7314-b606-429c-bf84-5a7234cfcd47> | {
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Complications of Cirrhosis
Many of the severe complications of cirrhosis are secondary to portal hypertension, since it leads to the development of collateral flow from the portal venous system to the systemic circulation. Portal hypertension is associated with splenomegaly and hence hypersplenism and the development of collateral vessels lining the esophagus and stomach, producing varices. Esophageal varices and, less often, gastric varices are particularly prone to bleeding, which is often massive. Another complication is hypoxemia with reduced arterial O2 saturation, secondary to intrapulmonary shunting, ventilation-perfusion mismatch, and a reduction in O2 diffusing capacity. In addition, jaundice, ascites, renal failure, and hepatic encephalopathy may develop because of portal hypertension, portal-systemic shunting, other circulatory disturbances, and impaired hepatic metabolic function. Lastly, hepatocellular carcinoma frequently complicates the cirrhosis associated with chronic Hepatitis B (and perhaps Hepatitis C virus), hemochromatosis, and long-standing glycogen storage disease. | <urn:uuid:879f4bf3-3886-4ec4-adfd-b81cf8742bd6> | {
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In the wake of large-scale disasters like hurricane Katrina, recovery efforts can take weeks, and tracking human corpses becomes both technically and logistically challenging.
Technically, because it may take months between the initial sighting of a corpse and final internment, during which time the body may move multiple times and begin to disintegrate. And logistically because tracking hundreds of bodies is best done computationally, not by hand.
VeriChip Corp. donated over 500 RFID chips to counties in Mississippi to help identify human remains, and relief workers who found a body could then insert a chip that would describe the bodys appearance and location. That information could then be checked against information provided by people missing loved ones.
Gary Hargrove, coroner of Mississippis Harrison County, praised the system, saying the chips are sturdier than the conventional toe tags and dont require body bags to be opened as often.
Not surprisingly, VeriChip quickly developed a new application, VeriTrace, that can be used in the same way. Along with the chips, VeriTrace comes with database software and digital cameras for recording images of the remains.
Since VeriChip is a business, it much prefers to sell systems to communities before disaster strikes, not scramble to find officials to accept donations once a tragedy has occurred.
VeriChip has experience creating new markets, said spokesperson John Procter. Thousands of pet owners have had their cats and dogs chipped, and scanning lost pets for the markers is becoming routine.
The key is getting a critical mass of people to participate. Initially, animal care facilities didnt want scanning equipment because few pets were chipped; pet owners didnt want chips because few facilities had scanners.
However, the market for technology to track human remains is a hodgepodge, said Robert Shaler, the forensic scientist who led efforts to identify remains after the World Trade Center attacks.
"[The Department of Health and Human Services] has some mandate for identification, but no funds for getting it done. Homeland Security has no mandate."
And the entity responsible for identifying victims varies with the nature of the disaster, he said. In local tragedies, communities are responsible. In airplane disasters and terrorist attacks, the gruesome job can fall to insurance companies.
Shaler thinks RFID technology could correct misidentified bodies and verify uncertain identifications. "If its in a mass grave, you cant find the body again, but with an RFID tag you could locate the body," he said.
But hes skeptical about how it would get done when so many entities share responsibility, and he thinks its a task that the federal government should shoulder. "Who would pay for it is always the question," he said.
Clearly, VeriChip is thinking along these lines. It recently recruited former HHS Secretary Tommy Thompson to the firms board of directors.
There are a few religious groups that object to "chipping" human remains, but its not nearly as heated as the controversy over implanting chips in living humans. For applications in live people, the government should make sure regulations and limitations are in place to ensure privacy and prevent abuse.
But for unidentified deceased humans, the opposite is true. The government should clear a path for VeriChip (or any competent company) to make sure its technology is ready when it is unfortunately, but inevitably, needed.
M.L. Baker is health IT and biotechnology editor for Ziff Davis Internets Enterprise Edit group. She can be reached at [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:139bfd2f-523c-42d8-9edf-d5d2368e314a> | {
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Montessori is a child-centered educational philosophy where teachers serve as guides to each child’s educational progress. While students are exposed to an academic element at Montessori schools the distinguishing feature is children are able to learn at a pace that they set on their own. In Montessori programs the teacher’s job is to assist students in navigating materials and kids work at whatever level they are working at without judgment or corrective actions. This includes preschools, elementary, middle, and high school.
This differs in comparison to Waldorf (see below), which is a play-based approach and the belief that children are born to learn, whereas at a Waldorf school, children are said to have the traits of a good person already in them and just need to be brought to the surface. The method is also different from Reggio Emilia, a project-based approach that involves a more traditional style of learning.
That focus in Montessori schools to let children learn at their own pace works in conjunction with how classrooms are arranged: children are groups of three ages (six to nine, nine to 12, for example). The older children use their experience to help mentor and act as role models for the younger children and each group of students generally keep the same teacher for that three-year period to allow for teacher-student relationships to develop. This student dynamic allows for both younger and older students to build self-esteem.
Montessori helps children acquire leadership skills and independence early on in their lives that will help them find success later in life. According to a study completed by the Education and Human Sciences Department at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, parents had a variety of reasons for choosing Montessori schools, in Toronto, Ontario, and elsewhere.
Montessori parents said the specific focus on academic and quality of the classroom environment; they valued individual learning, student-teacher and peer relationships, and the quality of academic programming; and hoped their children would learn independence, become self-motivated learners, have respect for others and gain confidence. Montessori schools can also be a great option for children with special needs, such as gifted learning abilities.
Founder Rudolph Steiner, a scientist and philosopher, wrote in the early 1900s that “Waldorf school education is not a pedagogical system but an art - the art of awakening what is actually there within the human being."
Schools are focused on a play-based approach and offer children a dependable routine where certain days of the week are set aside for activities like baking or gardening. They also follow a similar approach to classroom composition as Montessori schools: mixed-age classrooms with the same teacher for multiple years.
According to Waldorf Canada, for students to be successful, contributing members of society, children will need to develop into multi-faceted individuals with the desire and drive to always be learning. For this to happen, and allow for success and self-fulfillment students need to develop creative thinking that is imaginative, flexible and focused; build emotional intelligence, empathy and self-esteem; physical vitality, stamina and perseverance; and a passionate connect, appreciation and responsibility to nature, work and the society of men, women and children around them.
The philosophy believes that children come into the world with the attributes above already in them and laying dormant awaiting activation. The whole focus is to help students’ jumpstart these capacities and help them link these attributes to the academic school experience. Academic subjects are kept from children in Waldorf schools until a much later age than Montessori. They are thought to be necessary but not especially enjoyable, so students aren't exposed to them until a later age. The day is filled with the arts and reading, writing and math aren't introduced until age seven or so.
Math and science, is woven into art, movement, and music. These experiences enhance the schoolwork and engage students in three essential ways: actively, emotionally, and thoughtfully. This focus helps to develop the skills and capacity children need as they move forward in life and develop into successful young adults. While similar to Montessori and Reggio Emilia in terms of helping develop children, the educational style focuses more on creative play rather than a prepared environment learning style (Montessori) and a project-based free-form approach to children learning about what they are interested in as a group.
Based on a 2007 study of graduates, future success in life is almost a guarantee: nearly 94 per cent of graduates attended university and 50 per cent of students went on to receive a Masters or Doctorate degree.
Teachers work with each child based on their individual gifts and challenges. Waldorf teachers see education not as a competition between students, but view it as a way for students to learn when they are ready. 'The right thing at the right time' approach is employed by teachers, and with observation of each student will introduce new concepts and knowledge at the appropriate time in the child’s development.
Reggio Emilia-inspired schools are project-based: lessons are based on the interest of students. If children are interest in a certain subject and ask the teacher questions about a given topic, the teacher will engage students to learn for themselves, rather than just answer questions – a child realized and teacher framed approach to education.
Teachers will not only document on paper how students are developing, but will also take photos and videos and review the information with students throughout the year to help them realize their own growth and the potential that lay ahead.
Developed for use in the preschool, daycare, and kindergarten classrooms, the method focuses on the idea of a self-guided curriculum, where the students learn the curriculum through exploration and projects to tailor the learning to their interests. Reggio Emilia influences in the classroom can be found in schools across Canada, including The Bishop Strachan School, Richland Academy, Urban Academy, and Vinci School.
Parents who want their child to be a good citizen may choose a Reggio Emilia program. Children learn all about cooperation through the many projects, particularly how to solve problems and resolve conflicts.
The educational approach continues to excite and challenge students who are empowered through exploration, a self-guided curriculum and co-learning with their teacher to explore the world around them as they develop higher-order thinking, analysis and synthesizing skills.
Preschool questions (read our in-depth answers) | <urn:uuid:33adb8b6-00b3-41ac-900d-b10986a3b06c> | {
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Political corruption: cause transition to appoint a new emperor of the roman empire was never easy and there was never any established system for it. Effects of christianity on roman empire and vice versa essay writing service, custom effects of christianity on roman empire and vice versa papers, term papers, free. How did the spread of christianity affect the roman empire christianity based on the life and teachings of jesus christ from nazareth is a monotheistic religion that. Causes and effects of the popularization of christianity in the at the time christianity began spreading through the roman empire various other roman.
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What impact did the fall of the roman empire have on medicine and public empire have on medicine and public health the fall of the roman empire had many effects. The fall of the empire did fall the fall of the roman empire was caused when there was less loyalty to rome the urban centers start to collapse. The romans revolutionized land transport by paving a network of roads that spanned across the empire roads-helped-rome-rule-the-ancient roman roads were.
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View, download and print fall of roman empire cause and effect charts pdf template or form online 112 school forms and templates are collected for any of your needs. Get an answer for 'what are the positive and negative effects of empiresempires in world history ie the akkadian empire, bablonian empire, egyptian empire, kush.
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This sixth volume of the network impact of empire offers a comprehensive reading on the economic, political, religious and cultural impact of roman military forces on. Death and disease in ancient rome at the height of the empire roman society was rigidly stratified. What immediate effect did the fall of the roman empire have on europe - 1695482. The legacy of the roman empire and the middle ages in the west the agricultural and economic effects of feudalism led to a new phase in western european history. As happened with public health issues the collapse of the roman empire meant that in western europe much of the knowledge about medicine was lost watch.
Roman houses were a symbol of wealth and if you were on the lower class of the social pyramid, you would have to live in an apartment the interior of the apartments. What effect did the occupation of judea have on the roman empire. Lecture 14 the decline and fall the decline of rome was the natural and inevitable effect of immoderate , decline and fall of the roman empire, 2nd ed. Roman expansion 400 bc - 500 ad the roman empire spread its power and developed along the lines of the pre-roman period effects of. The impact of the fall of the roman empire on medicine and public health the fall of the roman empire had many effects on medicine and public. | <urn:uuid:0291ab2c-c7b7-4c51-b457-82854126b893> | {
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Ron Guth: In 1797, the U.S. Mint made Half Dimes with differing numbers of stars on the obverse. Some were made with thirteen stars, some with fifteen, and others with sixteen. The reason for this numerical difference was because of the original practice to include a star for each state admitted to the Union. After the 13 original states came Vermont, then Kentucky in 1792, and Tennessee in 1796. Clearly, there were timing issues. For instance if a 1797 die were made in 1796 in anticipation of the next year's production, it may have had either 15 or 16 stars, depending on whether it was made before or after Tennessee was admitted. However, either way, Mint employees soon learned that the stars were becoming awfully crowded on the coins, particularly on the small Half Dimes, and they eventually reverted back to 13 stars -- and kept it that way (with a few minor exceptions).
The 15 Stars variety is the most common of the three major varieties of 1797, by a large margin. Though the exact mintage is unknown, the PCGS Population Report gives a good estimate of relative rarity. Currently, more than two times as many 15 Stars 1797 Half Dimes have been graded than the other two major varieties combined. The majority of certified examples appear in circulated grades. In Mint State, PCGS has certified over two dozen examples, the finest of which include one MS66 and one MS67.
In general, the obverse of the 1797 15 Stars Half Dime shows a good strike, though sometimes the central details can be weak. Usually, the reverse is poorly detailed in the centers, this being the high point of the reverse. Adjustment marks are seen far less frequently on the Half Dimes than they are on the larger denominations, so this is seldom an issue on this date.
Numismatic Gallery “Adolphe Menjou” 6/1950 - John J. Pittman Collection - David Akers 10/1997:426, $104,500 - Superior 2/2002:1654, not sold
Richard B. Winsor Collection - S.H. & H. Chapman 12/1895 - J.M. Clapp Collection, sold intact in 1942 - Louis E. Eliasberg, Sr. Collection - Bowers & Merena 5/22/1996:897, $59,400 - Eugene H. Gardner Collection - Heritage 6/2014:30177, $70,500
© 1999 - 2014 Collectors Universe NASDAQ: CLCT | <urn:uuid:b1433863-413d-4cf0-a67b-44fff5cd7028> | {
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Is Your Firstborn Acting Out?
Don't understand why your child is having temper tantrums or turned into a drama queen? Dr. Phil has some advice that may surprise you.
See things through your child's eyes.
Understand that something huge happened in your firstborn child's life when you had another child. When the first child was the only child, he was used to getting all of your attention. Your child didn't have to compete for it or share it with any siblings. When a new child came along, his world was turned upside down.
Recognize your child's strategy.
The attention that used to be given will now be taken, with temper tantrums, yelling, and bad behavior that makes you pay attention.
For a child who is trying to get attention, yelling is a reward. It confirms your child's ability to push your buttons. If you stop yelling and your child can't get a reaction out of you — but receives consistent disciplinary consequences — he will soon realize that the bad behavior needs to change.
Make your child feel special.
Carve out some things that are just "big girl/big boy" activities for your firstborn and develop special privileges and roles for him. Make sure that no other siblings in the house get to do these things. Both parents should participate in these activities separately so that your child develops a special relationship with both mom and dad. Your child needs to feel that he is not just another face in the crowd. When your child feels special, he won't feel the need to act out and demand attention, because he will already be receiving it. | <urn:uuid:c74cb7fe-9318-427d-86be-a9e94a24862d> | {
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Scale insects of trees and shrubs
On this page
- Evergreen plants: pine needle scale, pine tortoise scale, spruce bud scale, fletcher scale
Scale insects are often inconspicuous pests of many evergreen and deciduous plants. They can occur on leaves, twigs, branches or trunks. Their small size and general lack of mobility make them difficult to notice by the casual observer. Scales derive their name from the shell-like, protective covering they form over themselves. Scale insects are broken into two categories:
- Soft scales—generally secrete an attached, thin, waxy layer over themselves. The soft covering they secrete cannot be separated from the scale's body. Soft scales typically move between branches and leaves during their lifecycle. They also produce honeydew.
- Armored (hard) scales—use shed skins and wax that is unattached to their body to form their hard, shell-like cover. These covers can be separated from the scale's body. Hard scales typically do not move to leaves during their lifecycle and also do not produce honeydew.
Immature scales, upon hatching from eggs, are soft-bodied, mobile and are termed “crawlers.” These crawlers seek suitable sites in which to feed, secrete their protective shell, and mature to adulthood. The immobile, “shell stage” of scales are adult females; males are small, fly-like and infrequently seen.
Natural controls (parasitoids, predators, pathogens, environmental conditions) usually maintain scale populations below damaging levels. Also, maintaining healthy, vigorous plants through proper watering, fertilization and pruning (including removing scale-infested branches), will often increase a plant's ability to withstand pest pressure. However, under certain circumstances, scale populations can increase and become injurious. Once scales begin adversely affecting plant health, management measures should be taken.
Scale insects cause damage by removing vital plant fluids from their hosts using their sucking mouth parts. Leaf and needle stunting and yellowing, twig and branch dieback as well as plant death are possible depending on population levels. In some instances, scales weaken plants making them susceptible to damage from secondary pests such as borers or environmental extremes, which may ultimately kill the plant.
Scales can also create nuisance problems by producing a sticky, sweet substance called honeydew, which they secrete while feeding. The stickiness and associated black sooty mold that grows on the honeydew can be an annoyance if cars, patio furniture, decks, etc., are underneath scale-infested trees.
The following are common scales found in Minnesota.
Pine needle scale, Chionaspis pinifoliae
Figure 1. Pine needle scale adult and crawlers
Appearance: White, oval-elongate scales, 2.5-3 mm long.
Hosts: Pine, spruce, fir, hemlock and Douglas fir.
Damage: Light to moderate feeding causes needles to turn brown and drop. Heavy infestations can kill young trees and reduce vigor in mature trees.
Life history: Overwinter as eggs beneath the dead mother scale. Eggs hatch in mid-late May and the mobile crawlers seek feeding sites on new needles where they settle and form their scale shell. Eggs are laid in the fall. There is one generation per year. A closely related species (Chionaspis heterophyllae), much less common in Minnesota, may produce a second generation in August.
Pine tortoise scale, Toumeyella parvicornis
Figure 2. Pine tortoise scale
Appearance: Adult females are reddish-brown, wrinkled, helmet-shaped, and occur in clusters on twigs.
Hosts: Scotch, jack, red, Austrian and other pines.
Damage: Feeding causes needles to become off-colored and stunted, with trees taking on an overall pale, thin appearance. Annual, heavy infestations can kill branches or entire trees. The copious amounts of honeydew produced can attract large numbers of wasps, and often result in trees turning black due to the associated sooty mold growth.
Life history: Overwinter as fertilized females on branches. Females greatly enlarge by late spring and lay eggs. The tiny crawlers appear in late June to early July, and begin feeding on needles. Nymphs mature and mate. Females then seek overwintering sites on twigs and branches. There is one generation per year.
Spruce bud scale, Physokermes piceae
Figure 3. Spruce bud scale
Appearance: Globular, reddish-brown, adult females are found at the base of new growth, often in clusters of three to eight individuals. They closely resemble the buds of their host.
Hosts: Spruce, particularly Norway spruce.
Damage: Lower branches are most commonly infested and heavy infestations can kill lower branches, reduce tree vigor and retard tree growth. Large amounts of honeydew with associated black sooty mold are also produced. Weakened trees may support higher numbers of bud scales than healthy trees.
Life history: Overwinter as immatures on undersides of needles. Females move to twigs in April and complete development. Crawlers appear in mid-June and settle on new growth to begin feeding. There is one generation per year.
Fletcher scale, Parthenolecanium fletcheri
Figure 4. Fletcher scale
Appearance: Round, brown scales on twigs, at needle bases.
Hosts: Yew, arborvitae, and juniper.
Damage: Weakens plants, causing foliage to drop. Copious amounts of honeydew result in noticeable black sooty mold growth. It is more commonly a serious pest of yew than other hosts.
Life history: Overwinter as nymphs on branches. They grow quickly in spring, producing noticeable damage and honeydew. Eggs are laid in May and hatch in mid-late June. Newly hatched crawlers look for feeding and overwintering sites. Crawlers do not move far from their hatch site and thus populations can be dense on certain parts of the plant. There is one generation per year.
Oystershell scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi
Figure 5. Oystershell scale adults and crawlers
Appearance: Purplish-gray, about 3 mm long, and shaped like tiny oystershells.
Hosts: Lilac, ash, cotoneaster, willow and many other deciduous trees and shrubs.
Damage: Sap-sucking causes cracked bark and chlorotic, stunted foliage. Heavy infestations can kill trees or weaken them to the point of being susceptible to secondary pests such as borers.
Life history: Overwinter as eggs beneath the dead mother scale. Crawlers hatch in late May to early June and seek suitable feeding sites on branches and trunks. Nymphs mature in mid-summer to mate. Eggs are laid in late summer to early fall beneath the mother's scale. There is one generation per year.
Scurfy scale, Chionaspis furfura
Figure 6. Scurfy scale adults and crawlers
Appearance: Females are flat, pear-shaped, dirty whitish-gray and about 3 mm long. Males are similar in appearance but smaller.
Hosts: Apple, mountain ash, crabapple, Prunus spp. and many other deciduous plants.
Damage: Sap-sucking can cause twig and branch dieback and weaken plants.
Life history: Overwinter as eggs beneath the dead mother scale on branches and trunks. Crawlers appear in June and begin feeding on leaves, branches and trunks. Nymphs mature in August, mate and lay overwintering eggs. There is thought to be one generation per year in Minnesota, but a second generation may occur.
Cottony maple scale, Pulvinaria innumerabilis
Figure 7. Cottony maple scale
Appearance: The most conspicuous stage is the brown adult female with a large cottony mass (egg sack) protruding from the rear. Females without egg sacs are 2–3 mm long, flat, pale to dark brown and soft.
Hosts: Maples (especially silver), honeylocust, linden and other hardwoods.
Damage: Infestations are usually not threatening to the health of the plant. Large amounts of honeydew support sooty mold growth. Heavy infestations can cause premature foliage drop and dieback of twigs and branches.
Life history: Overwinter as immature, flat females on twigs. They begin growing in spring, and by early summer, the conspicuous, white egg sack appears. Crawlers hatch in late June to early July and move to the undersides of leaves to feed. After spending the summer feeding on the leaves, mated females move back to twigs to overwinter. There is one generation per year.
European elm scale, Gossyparia spuria
Figure 8. European elm scale
Appearance: Mature females are up to 10 mm, oval, reddish-brown with a white, waxy fringe. Blood-like, red liquid results when scales are crushed.
Damage: Sap-sucking can cause stunted, chlorotic foliage, premature leaf drop and branch dieback. Associated black sooty mold growth from honeydew secretions on tops of branches gives trees an overall black appearance. Honeydew secretions are also a common nuisance to cars parked under infested elms.
Life history: Overwinter as second instar nymphs in bark cracks and crevices. Females mature in late May, mate and begin laying eggs. Crawlers begin appearing in late June and egg hatch may extend through the end of July. Crawlers feed on leaves throughout the summer, then migrate to branches before leaves drop in the fall. There is one generation per year.
Lecanium scale, Parthenolecanium spp.
Figure 9. Lecanium scale
Appearance: Females are initially flattened and brown in appearance. As they mature, they become hardened and round. Lecanium scales, as a group, are often difficult to distinguish one from another. The European fruit lecanium scale (Parthenolecanium corni) is probably the most common lecanium scale found in Minnesota on deciduous plants.
Hosts: A wide variety of trees and shrubs.
Damage: Dieback of twigs and branches as well as host weakening are possible, depending on population levels.
Life history: Overwinter as second instar nymphs on twigs. In spring, scales mature and females lay eggs in May and June. Crawlers hatch in June and July and migrate to leaves to feed. In late summer, crawlers migrate back to twigs to overwinter. There is one generation per year.
There are many other less commonly encountered scales on trees and shrubs in Minnesota that are not illustrated in this publication. For identification and life history information, contact your local Minnesota Extension office.
In order to determine the best time to attempt control, you must determine when the scale is in its most vulnerable stage. For most scale insects, this is directly after egg hatch when the crawlers begin searching for feeding sites, but before they begin producing their protective cover. Use one or more of the following as a guide to determine when scale crawlers are present:
- Calendar approach—where predetermined dates are used to treat for a pest each year (such as the approximate dates given in this publication). This is not always an accurate method due to annual weather fluctuations.
- Pest phenology—an event in a pest's lifecycle (such as egg hatch) is approximated by using seasonal temperature data.
- Plant phenology—an event in a pest's lifecycle coincides with an event in a plant's lifecycle (such as flower bloom), although not necessarily of the host plant. For instance, oystershell scale crawler activity has been associated with flower bloom in lilacs.
- Visual inspection—plants are physically inspected and presence or absence of pests is determined. For instance, shake branches over a sheet of paper and look for crawlers moving about or use double-sided tape to trap crawlers.
Visual inspections are the most accurate way to determine control times and should be used to confirm the presence of scale infestations. If, however, plants can not be inspected on a regular basis, pest or plant phenologies can be used as guides to determine approximate control times. If available, this information can be obtained from University of Minnesota Extension personnel.
Adult scales are generally not affected by insecticides. However, because the crawlers have not secreted their protective cover, they are very vulnerable to insecticides, including alternatives to conventional insecticides such as soaps and oils (Table 1). Some scales have extended egg hatch periods and may require repeat applications to achieve satisfactory control.
In addition to treatment at the crawler stage, some scales are vulnerable in their overwintering phase to horticultural oils used as dormant applications. These oils asphyxiate the scales. Oils should be applied in spring before plant bud break (March-April). There are temperature and host restrictions for applying these oils, so read all labels carefully. Thorough coverage is essential for achieving good control.
Table 1. Common insecticides for scale insect control
|paraffinic oil (Horticultural Oil)||Spray after crawlers have hatched.|
|insecticidal soap (Safer's Soap)||A second treatment 10 days later is sometimes necessary.|
|chlorpyrifos (Dursban)||Read label to determine if product is labeled for host in question.|
Caution: Read all insecticide label directions very carefully before buying, and again before using, to ensure proper use. | <urn:uuid:2194c19e-0a74-4673-a891-c9fa9958275f> | {
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10.4.3.2 Deltas, estuaries, wetland and other coastal ecosystems
Future evolution of the major deltas in monsoonal Asia depends on changes in ocean processes and river sediment flux. Coastal erosion of the major deltas will be caused by sea-level rise, intensifying extreme events (e.g., storm surge) due to climate change and excessive pumping of groundwater for irrigation and reservoir construction upstream. In the Tibetan Plateau and adjoining region, sediment starvation is generally the main cause of shrinking of deltas. Annual mean sediment discharge in the Huanghe delta during the 1990s was only 34% of that observed during the 1950s and 1970s. The Changjiang sediment discharge will also be reduced by 50% on average after construction of the Three-Gorges Dam (Li et al., 2004b). Saltwater intrusion in estuaries due to decreasing river runoff can be pushed 10 to 20 km further inland by the rising sea level (Shen et al., 2003; Yin et al., 2003; Thanh et al., 2004).
Many megacities in Asia are located on deltas formed during sea-level change in the Holocene period (Hara et al., 2005). These Asian megacities with large populations and intensified socio-economic activities are subject to threats of climate change, sea-level rise and extreme climate event. For a 1 m rise in sea level, half a million square hectares of Red River delta and from 15,000 to 20,000 km2 of Mekong River delta is projected to be flooded. In addition, 2,500 km2 of mangrove will be completely lost, while approximately 1,000 km2 of cultivated farm land and sea product culturing area will become salt marshes (Tran et al., 2005).
Rise in water temperatures and eutrophication in the Zhujiang and Changjiang estuaries have led to the formation of the bottom oxygen-deficient horizon and an increase in the frequency and intensity of red tides (Hu et al., 2001). Projected increases in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events will exert adverse impacts on aquatic ecosystems, and existing habitats will be redistributed, affecting estuarine flora distribution (Short and Neckles, 1999; Simas et al., 2001; Lu, 2003; Paerl et al., 2003).
Recent risk analysis of coral reefs suggests that between 24% and 30% of the reefs in Asia are projected to be lost during the next 2 to 10 years and 10 to 30 years, respectively (14% and 18% for global), unless the stresses are removed and relatively large areas are protected (Table 10.6). In other words, the loss of reefs in Asia may be as high as 88% (59% for global) in the next 30 years under IS92a emission scenario (IPCC, 1992; Sheppard, 2003; Wilkinson, 2004). If conservation measures receive increasing attention, large areas of the reefs could recover from the direct and indirect damage within the next 10 years. However, if abnormally high sea-surface temperatures (SST) continue to cause major bleaching events (see Chapter 6, Section 6.2.5, Box 6.1), and reduce the capacity of reefs to calcify due to CO2 increase, most human efforts will be futile (Kleypas et al., 1999; Wilkinson, 2002).
Table 10.6. The 2004 status of coral reefs in selected regions of Asia (Wilkinson, 2004).
|Region ||Coral reef area (km2) ||Destroyed reefs (%) ||Reefs recovered ||Reefs at critical ||Reefs at threatened ||Reefs at low or no |
| || || ||since 1998 (%) ||stage (%) ||stage (%) ||threat level (%) |
|Red Sea || 17,640 || 4 || 2 || 2 ||10 ||84 |
|The Gulfs || 3,800 || 65 || 2 ||15 ||15 || 5 |
|South Asia || 19,210 || 45 || 13 ||10 ||25 ||20 |
|S-E Asia || 91,700 || 38 || 8 ||28 ||29 || 5 |
|E & N Asia || 5,400 || 14 || 3 ||23 ||12 ||51 |
|Total ||137,750 || 34.4 || 7.6 || 21.6 || 25.0 || 19.0 |
|Asia ||(48.4%) || || || || || |
A new study suggests that coral reefs, which have been severely affected by abnormally high SST in recent years, contain some coral species and their reef-associated micro-algal symbionts that show far greater tolerance to higher SST than others. Bleaching thresholds may be more realistically visualised as a broad spectrum of responses, rather than a single bleaching threshold for all coral species (Hughes et al., 2003; Baker et al., 2004). This corals’ adaptive response to climate change may protect devastated reefs from extinction or significantly prolong the extinction of surviving corals beyond previous assumption.
Net growth rates of coral reef, which can reach up to 8 to 10 mm/year, may exceed the projected rates of future sea-level rise in the South China Sea, so that coral reefs could not be at risk due merely to sea-level rise. Water depth increased by sea-level rise would lead to storminess and destruction of coral reefs (Knowlton, 2001; Wang, 2005). | <urn:uuid:2ec893c6-8587-4622-8b36-aa574090ad8f> | {
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Did you know leaves can have twice the mineral content of Manure?!
Don’t we love the rich warm colours of the autumn leaves at this time of year? But as we head into winter, those leaves can pile up thickly on the ground and turn into a brown slushy mess. That’s okay if it isn’t a walking area for people, but leaf litter on paths and driveways not only looks unsightly but it could cause people to slip and fall.
So what to do with all those leaves? Throw them in the rubbish bin as many do….??
Please don’t! Some may see leaves over their garden as a nuisance and an extra job that they just don’t have time for. But I hope that you will think differently once you realise just how good they really are.
The deciduous (trees that lose their leaves in winter) leaves of most trees have twice the mineral content of manure. They also improve aeration and water drainage/holding capacity of the soil. With lots of beneficial microbes, they make your soil active.
Leaves contain lots of trace elements that your soil needs, such as calcium, magnesium, potassium and phosphorus. Trees are fantastic mining machines, bringing the elements/minerals from their extensive root base right up and into the leaves. It’s estimated that 50-80% of these nutrients end up in the leaves – then, once composted, goes into your soil.
So, how do we make compost using leaves?
Leaves are considered as carbon ‘browns’ in composting circles. To get a quicker decomposition you need to add nitrogen ‘greens’ to the mix. The ratio is about 2 parts leaves (browns) to one part ‘greens’. ‘Greens’ could be kitchen waste or grass clippings. And the finer you chop or shred – the quicker the heap will break down. Chopping and mixing leaves and green ingredients will speed decomposition by four times compared to a whole leaves only pile. A good way to prepare this quickly, is to run your lawnmower over your lawn and leaves. Then it is chopped and already mixed! Five parts leaves to one part manure will get your compost moving as well.
To aid faster decomposition and avoid matting, frequent turning of the leaf compost is a must. This is where tumbling composters make life a little easier. At Landera we sell compost tumblers and the other enclosed, standing unit composters.
Ideally, enclosed composters should be used because they retain the moisture from the materials being composted. They deter pests such as rodents, possums and the dog! It also helps speed up the composting process.
So, the benefit to you is: while you are preparing compost to improve your soil – you are reaping the rewards of exercise (raking and mowing) and getting some sunshine (Vitamin D), so both you and your garden will benefit. | <urn:uuid:1be9794b-70d8-4a27-9840-586b6ab4b1bb> | {
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When your child has lice you want to treat it FAST so you have more time for fun! more
Going to bed problems
Getting your preschooler into bed long enough to fall sleep, can pose a challenge for many parents. But while there's no one right way to deal with sleep problems, there are many strategies you can try.
Some of the reasons your child may not want to go to bed may be:
- having to leave the activity of the house behind. If she's really involved in a boisterous game just before bedtime, you'll have problems tearing her away. Try to introduce some quieter activities in the run-up to bedtime so that when you move into your night-time routine, she'll be calmer and more ready to relax in bed.
- being frightened of being left alone. If this is the case, no matter what time you put your child to bed, he'll still be unhappy. Try introducing a night light or some gentle music. Often children who are frightened find it reassuring to have the bedroom door wide open so they can hear and see you moving around the house.
- a very busy or exciting day. Sometimes it's unavoidable that the excitement of the day runs straight up to bedtime, and on these days you'll just have to have patience if your child struggles to wind down. Try to encourage a bath and a book before bed, or even a quiet game.
- lack of a night-time routine. If your child has no regular night-time routine, then she may not actually be aware that she's going to bed until the very minute she gets there. By having a regular routine, she'll learn to follow cues and understand that after teeth-cleaning comes reading then cuddles then bed. And then sleep.
- going to bed too early. Be realistic about what time your child should be going to bed. Sure you'd like him to be asleep by 7pm, but if he's routinely still bouncing around in bed an hour later then chances are he needs his bedtime to be moved a little later.
If she calls out from his room:
- Make sure you have a regular, calm bedtime routine in place.
- Before you turn out the light, check that your child has everything she needs and remind her that it's time for sleep
- When he calls out the first time, go in to him and check that he doesn't actually need anything (the toilet, a favourite bear) other than your attention. Once you've ascertained that he's OK, quietly and firmly say good night and leave.
- No matter how loud and persistent she gets, try to resist responding to her calls. If you do respond by returning to her bedside, she'll endlessly repeat the same behaviour each night to get your attention and delay bedtime.
- If your preschooler shares his bedroom with a sibling, you may want to avoid disruptions and delay your older child's bedtime for a short while - or have him camp out in another bedroom - until your preschooler learns that bed means sleep. And you mean business.
If he comes out of her room:
Some children get into the habit of repeatedly getting out of bed and coming out of their room every night until it seems your exhausting attempts to convince your overtired child to stay in bed each night is your new bedtime routine.
To put an end to this, you need to send your child a strong, silent message that there's no value in coming out of his room after bedtime because you're not going to give him any attention.
To do this, we suggest:
- immediately pick him up, or take him by the hand, and take him back to bed
- other than firmly reminding her that it's bedtime, don't enter into negotiations or conversation of any kind
- avoid eye contact with him
- be consistent
- always stay calm and goal-focussed. Getting angry or frustrated will only complicate the process.
If you stick to this routine, he'll start staying in his room after you've had a cuddle and turned off the light. Sure, he may not stay in his bed, but as long as he stays in his room, you can count this as a victory. | <urn:uuid:1dd0d8df-b7c5-4370-a2a2-bb3372349879> | {
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Horses with congenital disorders are born with physical or physiological abnormalities. These may be readily apparent, or may be diagnosed as the foal matures. Unfortunately, the list of possible congenital deformities is long. These anomalies may affect the heart, ears, eyes or skin. The autoimmune, musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal and respiratory systems or the urogenital tract may be compromised. Let’s look at a few of the most common and concerning congenital defects and disorders.
Foals in Western Canada and the Northwestern United States are most susceptible to congenital hypothyroidism. While the thyroid is developing in the womb, this disease decreases its function. Congenital hypothyroidism often results in foal deaths. Typically, signs of the disease include a long gestation and an extremely difficult delivery. Despite the complete gestation, foals with hypothyroidism are born looking premature, with lax joints and tendons, poor muscles, contracted legs, a protruding lower jaw, umbilical hernias and / or silky hair coats.
Stationary Night Blindness
Congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) is closely linked to the leopard spotting in Appaloosas. Researchers theorize that both the spotting pattern and the blindness correlate with a gene called TRPM1. This non-progressive condition prevents horses from seeing in the dark. If you have a horse with stationary night blindness, talk to your equine veterinarian about how to manage this condition to improve the life of your horse.
Hyperelastosis Cutis, Also Known as HERDA
The first symptom that your horse has HERDA, or hyperelastosis cutis, may be the appearance of saddle sores that don’t heal. American Quarter Horses are most likely to have this skin disease, which causes inner and outer layers of the skin to separate or split. Sometimes areas of skin tear off completely. The lesions in saddle areas may be severe enough to prevent you from riding the horse. Horses with HERDA are very easily injured, so they must be managed carefully.
Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis (HYPP)
Horses with hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HYPP) experience sudden bouts of paralysis. They may collapse or even die. Quarter Horses and their descendants are most likely to be afflicted by HYPP. Defects in the sodium channel gene, which controls muscle contractions, cause the paralytic attacks. Horses with HYPP are sensitive to potassium levels in their diet. Owners should talk to their equine veterinarian to plan a specific diet for these afflicted horses.
Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy (PSSM)
Appaloosas, American Paint Horses, Quarter Horses, draft horses and warmbloods are the likeliest horses to suffer from PSSM. The disease is divided into type 1 and type 2. Symptoms include sweating, muscle stiffness, shifting lameness, a tense abdomen, flank tremors and an unwillingness to move. Owners usually notice these signs during initial training or after a lay-up period. Light exercise, such as short periods of walking or trotting, often brings on the symptoms. Talk to your equine veterinarian about how to manage this serious condition.
Glycogen Branching Enzyme Deficiency (GBED)
Quarter Horses and related breeds may suffer from GBED. Researchers estimate that GBED causes at least 3 percent of abortions in Quarter Horses. Foals born alive may initially appear healthy, but soon become extremely weak, develop seizures and die. Unfortunately, foals born with GBED die by 18 weeks of age.
Congenital defects and disorders range widely. Some can be managed; others are fatal. If you’re worried that your horse may have a congenital defect, call us today, so we can help you determine the best course of action. | <urn:uuid:68b4357a-17b8-4f2c-a8ad-815fc3df7e9e> | {
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ChristianAnswers.Net WebBible Encyclopedia
This was the name of several Syrian kings from B.C. 280 to B.C. 65. The most notable of these were:
Antiochus the Great, who ascended the throne B.C. 223. He is regarded as the “king of the north” referred to in Dan. 11:13-19. He was succeeded (B.C. 187) by his son, Seleucus Philopater, spoken of by Daniel (11:20) as “a raiser of taxes” and “his successor will send out a tax collector to maintain the royal splendor. In a few years, however, he will be destroyed, yet not in anger or in battle” (NIV).
Antiochus IV., surnamed “Epiphanes” i.e., the Illustrious, succeeded his brother Seleucus (B.C. 175). His career and character are prophetically described by Daniel (11:21-32). He was a “vile person.” In a spirit of revenge he organized an expedition against Jerusalem, which he destroyed, putting vast multitudes to death in the most cruel manner. From this time, the Jews began the great war of independence under their heroic Maccabean leaders with some success, defeating the armies of Antiochus that were sent against them. Enraged at this, Antiochus marched against them in person, threatening to utterly exterminate the nation; but on the way he was suddenly arrested by the hand of death (B.C. 164). | <urn:uuid:5b9a95d9-a84e-4040-bc9f-85d0e7e96bad> | {
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Click on images to enlarge
habit prior to flowering (Photo: Trevor James)
leaves (Photo: Trevor James)
leaf underside (Photo: Trevor James)
close-up of stem and base of leaf blade (Photo: Trevor James)
close-up of membranous ligule (Photo: Trevor James)
young seed-heads (Photo: Trevor James)
close-up of flower spikelets, with relatively short glumes and numerous awn-tipped florets (Photo: Trevor James)
close-up of seeds (Photo: Steve Hurst at USDA PLANTS Database)
Lolium multiflorum Lam.
Lolium italicum A. BraunLolium perenne L. var. italicum (A. Braun) RodwayLolium perenne L. var. multiflorum (Lam.) Parn.Lolium perenne L. subsp. multiflorum (Lam.) Husn.
Gramineae (South Australia)Poaceae (Queensland, New South Wales, the ACT, Victoria, Tasmania, Western Australia and the Northern Territory)
annual Italian ryegrass, annual ryegrass, Italian rye grass, Italian rye-grass, Italian ryegrass, rye grass, ryegrass, Westerwold ryegrass
The exact native range of this species is obscure. However, it is thought to be native to northern Africa (i.e. Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia), the Azores, the Madeira Islands, the Canary Islands, southern Europe (i.e. Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Romania, Yugoslavia, France, Portugal and Spain), western Asia (i.e. Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq and Turkey) and Pakistan.
Widely naturalised southern and eastern Australia. It is mainly found in south-eastern Queensland, eastern New South Wales, the ACT, Victoria, Tasmania, south-eastern South Australia and south-western Western Australia. Also recorded from inland New South Wales and other parts of South Australia (e.g. on the Eyre Peninsula).
Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) has been widely cultivated as a pasture grass in the temperate regions of Australia. It has become a widespread weed of crops and roadsides in southern and eastern Australia and also readily hybridises with other ryegrasses (Lolium spp.). The most common of these is hybrid ryegrass (i.e. Lolium x hybridum or Lolium multiflorum x Lolium perenne), which is actually more common than Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) in naturalised ryegrass populations in some states.
Though this species is largely seen as a weed of crops and disturbed sites, it is also regarded as an environmental weed in some situations. Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) is regarded as a potential threat to one of more vegetation communities in Victoria, where it is a common weed of plains riparian shrubby woodlands in the Wimmera bioregion and floodplain riparian woodlands in the Northern Inland Slopes bioregion in this state. It has also been recorded in conservations areas in the inland regions of south-eastern Australia (e.g. Rutherglen Nature Conservation Reserve in north-western Victoria and Warra National Park in inland northern New South Wales).
However, in Western Australia and South Australia, Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) is mainly a problem in higher rainfall areas and saline habitats nearer the coast. It has been recorded from Scott Creek Conservation Park near Adelaide and grows on winter-wet flats and along waterways between Perth and Albany in south-western Western Australia. Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) is also one of several weed species that are replacing native samphire and rush communities in areas flushed by stormwater along the Swan/Canning and Leschenault estuaries in south-western Western Australia.
Fact sheets are available from Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation (DEEDI) service centres and our Customer Service Centre (telephone 13 25 23). Check our website at www.biosecurity.qld.gov.au to ensure you have the latest version of this fact sheet. The control methods referred to in this fact sheet should be used in accordance with the restrictions (federal and state legislation, and local government laws) directly or indirectly related to each control method. These restrictions may prevent the use of one or more of the methods referred to, depending on individual circumstances. While every care is taken to ensure the accuracy of this information, DEEDI does not invite reliance upon it, nor accept responsibility for any loss or damage caused by actions based on it.
Copyright © 2016. All rights reserved. Identic Pty Ltd. Special edition of Environmental Weeds of Australia for Biosecurity Queensland.
The mobile application of Environmental Weeds of Australia is available from the Google Play Store and Apple iTunes. | <urn:uuid:1b992e74-2cd3-48e6-94b8-d71733ab1296> | {
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Unemployment data indicate that 3.4 out of 14.8 million Americans have been unemployed for one year or more. In other words, 23 percent of Americans have been seeking employment for at least one year.
Director of the Pew Fiscal Analysis Initiative Ingrid Schroeder explains that an inverse relationship exists between duration of unemployment and likelihood of securing employment. People experiencing longer periods of unemployment are less likely to find jobs than people experiencing shorter periods of unemployment.
Schroeder comments: “People who are unemployed for a long time can lose their job skills. A long unemployment spell can mark them as undesirable, making it more difficult to compete against other job candidates. [Federal] data suggest that workers who are jobless for the longest duration incur the largest reductions in weekly earnings upon returning to work.”
Although Congress extended unemployment benefits, we might question how unemployed Americans will sustain themselves when their unemployment benefits expire. Also, we might think about how current unemployment rates will correspond to poverty rates in the near future – especially considering that the scholarly literature demonstrates the tightness of the labor market, the quantity of available jobs, and the quality of available jobs influence the poverty rate. | <urn:uuid:7a2e4571-d799-4cb9-b2e3-0e8fd02e048e> | {
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CNC Programming Principles and Applications Course
Learn to program CNC machines and prepare a career as a CNC operator from home. This course is great for the beginner or seasoned machinist. Earn a certificate with instructor support & online exams.
CNC Programming Course
Easy step-by-step lessons let you gain valuable CNC programming skills at home. Learn to develop programs that control the machining of metal or plastic parts by automatic machine tools, equipment or systems.
Designed to meet the needs of both beginning machinists and seasoned machinists making the transition CNC programming. This CNC Principles and Applications course is a perfect fit for those who want to prepare for a career as a CNC operator, CNC tool setter, CNC programmer or other CNC occupations.
Get an overview of the entire manufacturing process, from planning and prep to code writing and set up. Other learning topics include tooling, print reading, quality control, and precision measurement. In addition, this course includes the most up-to-date information on G and M code programming available today.
Learn from the comfort of your own home and study when it's convenient for you - there are no time limits.
This distance learning course includes:
405 page textbook - CNC Programming: Principles and Applications
Certificate of Completion from CIE Bookstore in CNC Programming Fundamentals
CNC Programming Lessons
CNC Programming Lesson 1111B
Machine Tools, Measurement, and Quality
CNC Programming Lesson 1112B
The NC Programming, Materials, Tooling and Machining Processes
CNC Programming Lesson 1113B
Tool and Workpiece Setup and Programming Concepts and Job Planning
CNC Programming Lesson 1114B
Codes for Positioning and Milling and Basic Codes to Control Machine Functions
CNC Programming Lesson 1115B
CNC Programming Lesson 1116B
Tool Radius Compensation
CNC Programming Lesson 1117B
Advanced Programming Concepts
CNC Programming Lesson 1118B
CNC Programming Lesson 1119B
CNC Programming Lesson 1120B
Mathematics for NC Programming
Everything you need to succeed is included with tuition!
Textbook, CIE study guide, 10 distance learning lessons, instructor support, access to CIE's online exam site and a professional certificate of completion from CIE Bookstore.
Study at home
Learn from the comfort of your own home and study when it's convenient for you - there are no time limits. Includes instructor support and you can take your exams online on our e-grade web site any time you want - day or night! Everything you need to graduate is sent to your home.
This course was designed with a convenient step-by-step learning format that will allow you to master new topics quickly and effectively. If you ever need help with your course you can call or e-mail our staff of highly trained instructors for immediate attention or you can join the chat room and ask a question.
Earn a Professional Certificate of Completion from CIE Bookstore
After finishing this course you'll receive a certificate of completion suitable for framing in CNC Programming!
How do I enroll in the CNC Programming Course?
1. You can order online with a credit card or PayPal (click the 'Add to Cart' button).
2. Call us at (800) 321-2155 and ask for course 02-CNC.
3. You can mail a check or money order for $267.75
(includes $22.75 for shipping/handling) to:
1776 E. 17th Street
Cleveland, Ohio 44114
4. You can send a PayPal transfer of $237.75 to
5. You can fax your order to us at 216-781-0331.
Foreign shipping expense will be higher. (This course is in stock.)
Start your CNC Programming Course today! | <urn:uuid:f8ad40fa-03ed-44ba-a798-18106f85b888> | {
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Tips for Calculating Net Pay for Employees
What is an Employee's Net Pay?
Net pay is the amount of an employee's pay (either) after withholding for federal and state income taxes, and any additional . Net pay is thus the amount actually received by the employee in his or her paycheck.
How to Calculate Net Pay
1. Start with Gross Pay.
To begin the calculation of net pay, you must start with the employee's gross pay. is the amount that is owed to the employee for the (weekly, bi-weekly, semi-monthly, or monthly).
Gross pay for hourly employees is the hours worked times hourly rate, with if applicable. Gross pay for salaried employees is their annual salary divided by the number of pay periods in the year.
TIP: All withholdings and deductions are based on gross pay.of different taxes and payments isn't incremental.
2. Deduct Federal Income Tax Withholding.
Federal income taxes are withheld based on the information provided by the employee on This information establishes the employee's tax bracket:
- The employee's marital status, including the "head of household" designation, and
- The employee's filing status: filing single, married filing joint, or married filing single.
- Any additional withholding designated by the employee.
The employee's tax bracket and filing status are used to determine the federal income tax withholding for the pay period. The additional withholding is added to these to get the total amount to be withheld from the employee's paycheck.
The withholding amount for a specific pay period starts with gross pay and the type of pay period. Then the employee's marital status and number of exemptions is included in the calculation, along with any additional amounts the employee wishes to have withheld.
TIP: Be sure that you have the most recent W-4 form for each employee. Employees may submit a new W-4 form at any time, and as many times as they wish, but only once per pay period.
Tip: It's illegal for an employer to help an employee complete a W-4 form. If the employee is unsure, direct him or her to this
3. Deduct any State and Local Withholding.
is a little trickier, because each state has different rules and forms for payroll withholding; some states have no withholding because they do not tax income. Different towns and cities also have their own rules. The Bureau of Labor Statistics has a used by each state for calculating state income tax withholding.
TIP: If an employee works in several states or different localities within a state, you may have to deduct state income tax from multiple states for any one payroll. If you have employees in multiple states, you may want to get the help of a payroll service to try to keep all of these deductions straight.
Some states have reciprocity agreements, meaning that they do not tax out-of-state income. For example, an employee who works in Iowa and who is a resident of Illinois does not have to pay Iowa income tax on his or her wages. Check this list of reciprocity agreements.
4. Withhold FICA taxes.
is a combination of OASDI (Social Security) and Medicare tax. The formula for calculating FICA tax is gross pay times the employee portion of the tax, which is 7.65% (6.2% for Social Security and 1.45% for Medicare). For example, if the employee's gross pay for that pay period is $500, the FICA tax to be withheld is $38.25.
TIP: You'll need to make yourself two reminders during the year. Each payroll period:
- Check to be sure that the employee's total gross pay for the year does not exceed the for that year. At the point where the employee's pay exceeds this maximum, you must stop withholding Social Security (the 6.2%). There is no maximum on the Medicare portion.
- You must also note when an employee's wages reach the amount for the This amount of gross pay depends on the employee's marital status. At this point, you must begin withholding an additional 0.9% (in addition to the 1.45%).
- Note that these changes in employee FICA tax withholding don't affect your requirements to pay FICA taxes as an employer.
5. Take any additional voluntary deductions.
A number of voluntary deductions are possible, including health plan premiums, , and charitable donations.
TIP: Be sure you have documentation in the to show authorization for any deductions. The only exceptions are FICA taxes and garnishments or other court-ordered payments.
Writing the Employee Paycheck
Now that you have calculated gross pay, taken withholding for income taxes and FICA taxes, and any other deductions, you have a net pay amount. It's time to write the employee's paycheck.
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Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) is a very important B vitamin, especially for women. It seems to
be connected somehow to hormone balance and water shifts in women. Vitamin B6 is actually three related compounds, all of which are found in food--pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine. Pyridoxal is the predominant biologically active form; however, in vitamin supplements, pyridoxine is the form used because it is the least expensive to produce commercially. Vitamin B6 is stable in acid, somewhat less stable in alkali, and is fairly easily destroyed with ultraviolet light, such as sunlight, and during the processing of food. It is also lost in cooking or with improper food storage.
Pyridoxine is absorbed readily from the small intestine and used throughout the body in a multitude of functions. Fasting and reducing diets usually deplete the vitamin B6 supply unless it is supplemented. Usually within eight hours, much of the excess is excreted through the urine; some B6 is stored in muscle. It is also produced by the intestinal bacteria.
Sources: Vitamin B6 in its several forms is widely available in nature, though not many
foods have very high amounts. Since it is lost in cooking and in the refining or processing of foods, it is not the easiest B vitamin to obtain in sufficient amounts from the diet, especially if we eat much processed food, as it is not one of the vitamins replaced in
"enriched" flour products such as cereals and pastries.
The best sources of vitamin B6 are meats, particularly organ meats, such as liver, and the whole grains, especially wheat. Wheat germ is one of the richest sources. Besides meat, good protein sources of B6 include fish, poultry, egg yolk, soybeans and other dried beans, peanuts, and walnuts. Vegetable and fruit sources include bananas, prunes, potatoes, cauliflower, cabbage, and avocados. As examples of how easily vitamin B6 is lost in the processing of food, raw sugar cane has a good amount, while refined sugar has none; whole wheat flour contains nearly 0.5 mg. of pyridoxine (wheat germ and wheat flakes have much more), while refined wheat flour has almost none, and even whole wheat bread has lost nearly all of its vitamin B6.
Functions: Pyridoxine and its coenzyme form, pyridoxal-5-phosphate, have a wide
variety of metabolic functions in the body, especially in amino acid metabolism and in the central nervous system, where it supports production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Many reactions, including the conversion of tryptophan to niacin and arachidonic acid to prostaglandin E2 require vitamin B6. The pyridoxal group is important in the utilization of all food sources for energy and in facilitating the release of glycogen (stored energy) from the liver and muscles. It helps as well in antibody and red blood cell production (hemoglobin synthesis) and in the synthesis and functioning of both DNA and RNA. By helping maintain the balance of sodium and potassium in the body, vitamin B6 aids fluid balance regulation and the electrical functioning of the nerves, heart, and musculoskeletal system; B6 is needed to help maintain a normal intracellular magnesium level, which is also important for these functions. The neurotransmitters norepinephrine and acetylcholine and the allergy regulator histamine are all very important body chemicals that depend on pyridoxal-5-phosphate in their metabolism. Also, the brain needs it to convert tryptophan to serotonin, another important antidepressant neurotransmitter. | <urn:uuid:c4221ed6-ace1-4091-9416-899e5d84c3a9> | {
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Diabetes is a particularly difficult condition to handle on a day-to-day basis. This is particularly the case if the patient needs regular insulin therapy in order to correct the chronic resistance to this peptide that can cause glucose toxicity. This form of treatment involves a consistent schedule of insulin injections. This form of medication may not be fun for many people with diabetes, especially as it often needs to be self-administered. This method can also reduce the motivation to stick to the treatment, which is in itself a serious issue for diabetic patients.
Why Diabetes Management Needs So Many Needles
Unfortunately, the few alternatives to regular self-injection are often not so fun for these individuals. They mostly consist of subcutaneous pumps attached to the body or clothing in order to deliver regular doses via a needle or cannula automatically.
Many patients may prefer to take their medication orally rather than any other route mentioned so far. But extraneous insulin cannot be taken by mouth. The supplementary peptides typically do not make it into the small intestine, never mind into the systemic circulation from this point in the gastric tract. They are attacked by stomach acids and dissolve away shortly after ingestion instead.
Furthermore, insulin has an incredibly short mechanism of action (or half-life) once it makes it into the system in any case. Therefore, biomolecules with this attribute are often only beneficial following injection. Nevertheless, many diabetic patients find the insertion of intravenous needles at regular intervals intolerable.
Therefore, a great deal of technical and engineering adaptation would need to go into a new alternative medication route for this condition.
Fortunately, a group of researchers from MIT felt themselves up to this challenge. This group, led by Giovanni Traverso of MIT and also the Division of Gastroenterology at Brigham and Women’s Hospital/Harvard Medical School, started off with the realization that an oral treatment regimen for diabetic patients would have to be one in which the insulin packaged into the new formulation was delivered directly to the small intestine.
To this end, they investigated the relatively new possibilities offered by the emerging technique of microneedle administration.
New Tiny Alternatives to IV Administration
Microneedles are typically made of stainless steel or some other medical-grade material. They are arranged on patches of an adhesive polymer, which are designed to be placed onto the skin so that the actual needles can pass through it and deliver a payload of a therapeutic compound. The microneedles are usually no more than a thousand micrometers in length, so as to avoid contact with sub-dermal nerves and thus avoid any pain from the patch’s application to the skin.
This new direction in bio-interface engineering may be a big part of the future of medical science and its translation into healthcare products.
However, the microneedles developed in the new MIT project could not be made out of metal. In fact, the team made their needles out of the insulin itself. These peptides in needle form, 'milli-posts,' were then arranged into a patch-like form.
The idea behind this creation was that the patch as a whole would spring out of a protective shell once in the small intestine, and then attach itself to the inside wall of this structure. As a result, insulin molecules would dissociate from the needles, en masse, and become distributed throughout the system via the small intestine’s normal mechanism.
Accordingly, the team developed a mini-capsule that was designed to open only when it reached the small intestine, which would be properly positioned to deploy the insulin-needle patch as it did so. This was done through the use of an outer shell material that could attach itself to the inner intestinal lining, yet also remain ‘upright’ at all times.
The process was achieved by giving the capsule a shape inspired by that of the leopard tortoise’s shell. This animal’s carapace has evolved in such a way that a tortoise, which has been knocked onto its back, can right itself automatically.
The capsule’s shape was based on the shell of the leopard tortoise (Stigmochelys pardalis), which allows the animal to passively re-orient itself. (Source: Bernard Dupont/Flickr)
This property, known as passive re-orientation, was thus conferred on the novel capsule so that the microneedle patch would always be capable of escaping and attaching itself to the appropriate tissue.
The team tested its new oral delivery system for insulin in experimental rats and pigs. In their new paper on the subject in the journal, Science, these preliminary animal trials have resulted in the behavior required of the capsule, and in appreciable systemic absorption comparable to a similar, transdermal microneedle arrangement.
Therefore, the team may have proven that oral treatment in diabetes management may indeed be possible, one day.
However, their new system may have a considerable amount of competition from the increasingly popular and well-studied option of transdermal devices incorporating microneedles. This technology is also accumulating interest from those in the diabetes research area. It may have the potential for greater treatment adherence compared to IV injections or subcutaneous pump infusions. In addition, recent studies have indicated that microneedle patches are getting better in terms of flexibility and confluence with challenging (e.g., wrinkled) areas of skin.
Therefore, this group from MIT may find themselves in a tight race towards next-generation diabetes therapies with these patches in the future.
Top Image: A gömböc can also passively right itself as the capsule in the new oral insulin delivery system does. (Source: Gábor Hanák/Hanák Gábor (Cassandro)/Wikimedia Commons)
A. Abramson, et al. (2019), ‘An ingestible self-orienting system for oral delivery of macromolecules’, Science, 363 (6427), pp 611-615
Y. Zhang, et al. (2018), ‘Advances in transdermal insulin delivery’, Adv Drug Deliv Rev
A. L. Lewis, et al. (2015), ‘Challenges in the delivery of peptide drugs: an industry perspective’, Ther Deliv, 6 (2), pp. 149-163
M. Rajabi, et al. (2016), ‘Flexible and Stretchable Microneedle Patches with Integrated Rigid Stainless Steel Microneedles for Transdermal Biointerfacing’, PLOS ONE, 11 (12), pp. e0166330-e0166330 | <urn:uuid:495c973c-f7a9-4587-86f5-3ca255972e33> | {
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“The ruins were just a reminder that what had been was no longer. That everything we are will be gone someday. That I will be forgotten.” -Megan Miranda
Some four-and-a-half billion years ago, a ultra-massive cloud of cold gas and dust collapsed, giving rise to thousands of stars of all different types, from hot, massive, quick-burning blue stars down to low-mass, cool red dwarfs. And within a few hundred million years, that open star cluster dissociated, flinging the individual stars that once made it up throughout the galaxy. The lone remnant of that cluster known to us lights up our daytime sky: our Sun.
There are over a thousand known open star clusters in the Milky Way, with 33 of the brightest and closest making their way into the Messier catalogue. But while the vast majority of open star clusters don’t even make it to an age of even one billion years before gravity takes its ultimate toll and flings the stars off into interstellar space, there’s one star cluster in the Messier Catalogue that’s old enough that the Sun would be right at home.
Visible all night long during the winter, the open cluster Messier 67 is the oldest open star cluster in the Messier Catalogue, and here’s how you can find it tonight.
As you move to the east of Orion and Sirius, you can find the two very bright stars Procyon and, a little farther, Regulus, the 7th and 20th brightest star systems in the entire night sky. About midway between the two, just a tiny bit north of the imaginary line connecting them (and just a little south of Praesepe, M44, our Messier Monday from just a few weeks ago) is the faint open cluster M67, which you can find in a pair of binoculars by finding Acubens, the brightest star in the constellation of Cancer.
Messier 67 appears faint and nondescript, and there are no bright, blue stars in it, which is your first clue that it’s very old! Remember, when star clusters are first born, they form the following seven different classes of stars, in roughly equal mass-fractions.
However, the biggest, bluest, brightest stars burn up their fuel the fastest, and so have the shortest lifetime. The Pleiades, for example, at about 80 million years old, has no more O-stars, but plenty of B-stars. Praesepe, mentioned earlier, at about 600 million years of age, has no O-or-B-stars, but plenty of A-stars.
But Messier 67 is so old that it doesn’t even have any A-stars left, and the “bluest” star type present is of class F!
At only 2,600 light-years distant, it’s a relatively close open cluster, and there are over 500 stars in it, with more than 100 of those being Sun-like (or G-type) stars. There are also — as you can better tell in the image below — quite a few blue stars in this cluster, mostly concentrated at its core.
But these are not original, main-sequence stars; these are blue stragglers, or stars that have formed from the merger of lower-mass stars at the core of this cluster.
You see, this cluster wasn’t always so “light,” with a total mass of around 1,000-to-1,400 solar masses, depending on whom you ask. But as clusters age, the heavier mass stars move towards the center and the lighter-mass stars either migrate towards the outskirts or get kicked out, in a process known as mass segregation, which M67 has clearly undergone.
As a result, the stars that remain after some 4-billion-years (the latest estimate of the age of M67, although modern estimates range from 3.2-to-5 billion years) are much more tightly bound, gravitationally speaking, than younger star clusters are.
But the simple way to “date” the age of a cluster is to plot its stars on a color-vs.-magnitude diagram, and the curve that results allows you to figure out the age of the cluster from the stars that make it up!
Messier 67, because it “turned off” of the main sequence at the point illustrated above, can be reliably dated to be “around” 4 billion years old, making it the oldest open cluster in the Messier catalogue. (The oldest open cluster thus far discovered is Berkeley 17, at a whopping 10-to-13 billion years old!)
Because of the way its stars are now concentrated together, Messier 67 is expected to remain together for perhaps another 5 billion years before dissociating, provided it doesn’t experience a catastrophic gravitational interaction with an object capable of tearing it apart!
At only 12 light-years across, M67 is one of the more compact open clusters known, and the stars in it are not only the same rough age as our Sun, they also have a nearly identical elemental composition to our Sun, which means that these 500 known stars may have worlds and planetary systems very much like our own!
The best-resolution image we have of the core of this cluster comes from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, which really shows off not only the colors of the stars inside, but also the very dim red M-dwarfs beyond the reach of other telescopes!
As always, you can click to enlarge the above image, but to best show-off the resolution, I’ve taken just a narrow strip from the middle of it, to showcase exactly what we can see inside.
And finally — I’m not entirely sure — but either there’s a funny, ring-shaped artifact around one of the bright, red-giant stars at the lower-right of the SDSS image, or we’re seeing the early stages of gas being blown off into a planetary nebula!
After all, the cluster is the right age for this to be happening, and is that what we’re seeing here? Or is it a problem of overexposing a relatively bright, red giant star with the camera/CCD in the telescope itself? I’m not sure: you be the judge!
Regardless, I hope you enjoyed a look inside one of the most unremarkable-looking objects in the Messier Catalogue, that just happens to have one of the most remarkable stories behind it!
So far, including today’s entry, we’ve taken a look at the following Messier objects:
- M1, The Crab Nebula: October 22, 2012
- M8, The Lagoon Nebula: November 5, 2012
- M13, The Great Globular Cluster in Hercules: December 31, 2012
- M15, An Ancient Globular Cluster: November 12, 2012
- M30, A Straggling Globular Cluster: November 26, 2012
- M37, A Rich Open Star Cluster: December 3, 2012
- M41, The Dog Star’s Secret Neighbor: January 7, 2013
- M44, The Beehive Cluster / Praesepe: December 24, 2012
- M45, The Pleiades: October 29, 2012
- M67, Messier’s Oldest Open Cluster: January 14, 2013
- M78, A Reflection Nebula: December 10, 2012
- M81, Bode’s Galaxy: November 19, 2012
- M102, A Great Galactic Controversy: December 17, 2012
Come back next Monday (and every Monday) for another Messier Monday, where we’ll take another look into the brightest, closest deep-sky objects visible from right here in our own backyards! | <urn:uuid:98cf3f4a-93de-486c-831c-f3709979eeda> | {
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The failure of the USSR in the light of Scientific Socialism
Sidney J Gluck
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner.
The objective of this exercise is to establish a theoretical base from the works of Marx, Engels and Lenin, the founders of Scientific Socialism, as premises for judging the practice of Marxism in the establishment of the USSR and its continuity to determine whether the interpretations of historic change and development as they projected were in consonance with their concepts and methodological interpretations.
I. Basic precepts and their sources
In the Communist Manifesto, Marx and Engels at the outset established a historical materialist presence that a class in power (the capitalist class in this instance) posed legitimate sway so long as it contributes to the development of the Forces of Production and loses its legitimacy when systemic contradictions stand in the way of progress.
Significantly, the opening of Marx' seminal work on Capital presents the historic process of the development of commodity production and market exchange from its beginning through the development of socialized production, division of labor and the commodification of labor power as the basic mode of capitalist production and the nature of money and credit in this process -- all elements necessary in socialized production and distribution.
Marx never spelled out specifics in the societal structure of communism; but he did
express his vision of the historic movements and changes that would have to take
place to reach a goal in which the interest of the working class would be realized
through the highest level of productivity and technological inventiveness that would
make possible a society which moves from labor time as the source of value to new
possibilities which include not only the labor time but leisure time and other human
needs for all under the slogan, "from each according to their ability, to each
according to their need ." He also discusses the lower form of communism (socialism)
as a transitional period in which the state in control of the development of
the Forces of Production [2a][2b]
utilizes all available human and individual inputs
including a carry-over of bourgeois right (private ownership) implying some forms
of mixed ownership economies moving towards the ultimate absorption and elimination
of the need for private ownership and ultimately establishing the higher level
of public and social ownership. During this early transitional period, he
projects the slogan "from each according to their ability, to each according
to their contribution to social product." Note two historical implications,
first, that in both instances there is a basic inequality of distribution --
in the early period, share in the social product according to individual
contribution, which varies, and in the second instance, share according to
individual need, which also varies. Hence, there is consideration for the
specific role of individuals as individuals of varied capabilities and
propensities for initiative, which is to be encouraged for the ultimate
Historical and dialectical materialism establishes the premise of stages of development which are analyzed from a dialectical point of view to determine elements of change. The strategy and tactics of Lenin's practice in which tactical lines were changed according to the ebb and flow of class struggle to achieve a given strategic aim which, when achieved posits a need for new tactics for achievable further stages. (Too often, though one cannot fault Marx, in the ebb and flow of the class struggle there is no guarantee that a qualitative change will be a forward movement in history where for reasons of quantitative balance retrogression is possible.) Water can become steam or ice depending upon general conditions. The negation of the negation does not always introduce new relations.
Engels' description of inherent contradictions in the capitalist system and its tendency towards economic boom and bust cycles (though to some extent, mitigated but not eliminated in late capitalism) reveals the ultimate Achilles heel as the system in individual countries and the world capitalist system reach points of stagnation and ultimate systemic political crisis, always throwing the burden onto the backs of the working people. Furthermore, he indicated principles of centrally planned economic structures which would avoid imbalances in production and distribution and frustrate social development.
Again, Lenin's ability to shift strategy and tactics in the struggle to gain state power and then to advocate an end to war communism (which in a sense was dictatorial) to democratic participatory forms (1921 to the youth). He then proposed to the politbureau a new economic policy inviting private capital to invest -- and gain -- in the building of a new economy that would be mixed forms of ownership leaving open for the moment the methods of collective agricultural restructuring and possible compromises with the land owners (kulaks). Unfortunately, he died in 1924 and the structuring of the USSR economy was left in Stalin's hands, though Lenin had warned about Stalin's dictatorial character (in a letter intercepted by Stalin's secretary that never reached the bureau). He also projected that the day would arrive as world economic integration proceeded when the capitalist world would turn to the socialist world for mutual economic benefit.
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Wyith Limited and Wyith Institute are associated businesses operated by the Office of Dr Raymond Cheng • Dr Raymond Cheng & Partners Ltd and The Commentary Ltd.
Photo credits for top title bar, from left to right: Iza H (Work),
Lukasz Gumowski (Blue balls),
Marcin Bania (Smiling and naked),
Lautaro Gonda (Milan station),
Jan Abt (Girl taking a picture),
Daniel Tang (Hot switch),
Barbara Henry (Moriah reading),
Ralf Herrmann (Checkmate II),
Marko Roeper (Led #4),
Ian Russell (Girl in downtown LA).
Note: Animated GIF graphics and clipart obtained from
amazing-animations.com, gifs.net, findicons.com, clker.com and sevenoaksart.co.uk.
Sketches, cartoons and other handdrawings courtesy of Alice-the-Artist.
This is not the American Jewish Committee's Commentary Magazine
nor are we in any way affiliated with them. To visit AJC's magazine,
please go to commentarymagazine.com instead, thank you for your attention.
This site is best viewed with
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The Commentary Group
and its personnel do not endorse external sites and are not
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will open in a new browser window.
For those you who don't have time
to read all our news excerpts about the Asian island
disputes (links above), you may find the following video,
"The economic impact of a war between Japan and China",
"This trial is another example of the Kremlin's attempts to discourage and delegitimize dissent. It is likely to backfire."
John Dalhuisen, Director of Amnesty International's Europe and Central Asia Programme
I am proud to announce that
the Commentary.com website is now carrying the technology updates
from Usman Khurshid's Technize.net.
Usman is a network consultant and works in a mixed environment
of Windows and Linux platforms.
He likes to study about the
latest advancements in computer technology and shares his views on his blog.
Oh, please do not get me wrong.
This new section is not about computers, electronics or
any engineering stuff, but rather I am currently constructing
a new corpus based on Spectrum, the monthly publication
from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers USA,
from July 2007 to date. Having been a member for
over 20 years since 1992, I am always fascinated by
some of the terms scientists use when they talk about or
envision their new inventions or methodologies. How many of
them eventually come into practice? Could there be
some insights we could possibly derive, from
the linguistics perspective?
IMPORTANT NOTICE AND DISCLAIMER
This website is published and designed by Raymond Cheng, PhD DPA
and reflects only his personal views and opinions in his
individual capacity. It does not represent the views and opinions
of his firm, employer(s), students, etc., and is not in
any way sponsored or endorsed by any other thrid parties.
Click here to read my full disclaimer | <urn:uuid:8cb780a6-db9f-4e8c-91ca-61de64d99a00> | {
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Insect community driven by plant hormones
Plants are not solitary, defenceless organisms but rather the center of a vibrant community consisting of tens or even hundreds of insect species. Plants possess a wide range of defense mechanisms that are activated in response to attack by insects. This change in a plant in turn affects any insects that subsequently arrive on it, but also the natural enemies of herbivorous insects. Because the properties of plants change continuously and because insects react to the changes, an extremely dynamic community develops, on which the plants exert a critical influence. These findings by biologists from the Laboratory of Entomology at Wageningen University were recently published in the leading journal Annual Review of Plant Biology.
Plants recognize types of insect attack within minutes
Plants recognise different insect attackers, after which plant molecular mechanisms activate various defences within a timescale ranging from minutes to days. Via various routes, plant hormones subsequently induce the production of compounds which repel herbivores. Other defence mechanisms cause the herbivores to be attacked by insectivores that the plant actively attracts by means of the emission of volatiles. These reactions have an effect within hours or several days.
Insect attack influences plant properties continuously
Plants are not, however, attacked by just one insect at a time. Various species of herbivorous insects can attack the plant simultaneously. The plant reaction to combinations of several insect species differs from the reaction to single insects. This is caused by an interaction between the various lines of defence associated with different insect species. The first insects to eat from a plant influence the way a plant defends itself at that moment. This change in the plant repels some insect species while attracting others, and this leads to a shift in the insect community present on the plant. In turn, these insects influence the properties of the plant and thus any new insects that subsequently arrive on it.
Molecular and ecological knowledge together provide insight into the effects of insect attack over several years
A succession of insects can cause molecular changes in a plant within just a few minutes after eating starts, and these changes can influence the composition of the insect community on the plant for a period ranging from several weeks to years. This is what the researchers concluded in their review which involved assembling molecular and ecological information in the literature on plant defence within various timescales. This way of studying the processes involved in an initial insect attack up to the effects on the insect community over several years, provides us with an insight into how the eating of plants by insects develops with time, and how a plant defends itself against those eating insects.
- Deere to lay off more than 600 at four U.S. plants
- Slow pace of rail recovery stirs fear of future woes
- The four pillars of seeing opportunities in problems
- WinField introduces Answer Tech and Data Silo
- New DuPont Afforia herbicide introduced for soybeans
- Ohio’s largest Deere dealer to sell precision drone products
- No El Niño in 2014? Drought-weary California in trouble
- Suspected Bt corn rootworm resistance in Pennsylvania
- BioNitrogen to build second fertilizer plant in Texas
- Commentary: Setting the record straight on 'Waters of the U.S.'
- Soybean aphid numbers on the rise
- Solar energy jobs increase, wind power decrease | <urn:uuid:eab7194f-e033-41ab-bc5f-36d9a6d1d2c4> | {
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1914 Star, awarded to Pvt. A. Campbell, 1917Image["Mons Star, 1917"]
Obverse, crossed swords with inscriptions on scrolls, under a wreath with the royal monogram at bottom and over a four-pointed star of which the topmost point is replaced by a crown.Image["Mons Star, 1917"]
Reverse, plain star with recipient's name stamped
1914 (Mons) Star, 1917 (Great War)
The 1914 Star was instituted in 1917 to commemorate service on the Western Front during the
Great War of 1914-1918 between the declaration of war on 5 August and the end of the First Battle of Ypres on 22 November 1914. By this time the hideous casualties at
Ypres and the
Somme had considerably reduced the number of those who qualified for its award.
Despite its broader eligibility, the Star rapidly became identified with the first battle fought by the British during the War, that of Mons. In this battle it fell to the British Expeditionary Force to hold a position at Mons for 24 hours to cover the withdrawal of the French Fifth Army, beaten in the Battle of Charleroi. The German forces, superior in numbers, were confident of rolling over the four under-prepared divisions of the BEF, but in the event, though they were forced to withdraw, the British put up a defence that became a legend, in which many acts of heroism were performed.
This medal was awarded to Private A. Campbell of the 1st Battalion, 5th Royal Highlanders, otherwise known as the Black Watch. This unit were involved in covering the retreat of the forces engaged at Mons, and Private Campbell may very well therefore have reckoned his medal a Mons Star rather than a 1914 one. Note however that it does not bear the bar that would indicate service under fire during the period of eligibility. Lester Watson acquired the medal at some point before 1928. | <urn:uuid:3209771f-b341-4bd1-9250-17d11bcb7ded> | {
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|« Back to Article|
Students show off mock Mars rovers
By Amanda Hilow : January 26, 2013 : Updated: January 27, 2013 12:55am
Little prospective rocket scientists and Martian wannabes roamed the halls of the University of Houston on Saturday, flaunting both their intellect and out-of-this world style.
More than 600 students from nearly three dozen elementary and middle schools tackled the mission of designing and constructing a rover mock-up on a $25 budget at the 11th annual Mars Rover Model Celebration and Exhibition.
“This is all recycled,” Troy Grabert, 9, bragged as he showed off his model.
The New Caney ISD student scavenged for metal and spare tools to construct the rover, enlisting some minor assistance from teammate Tristan Lawniczak's electrician father.
Sporting white lab coats and thick-rimmed glasses, the boys from Aiken Elementary's fourth-grade class proudly explained their project to the judges and kindly thanked everyone for visiting their booth.
“We have invisible shields that develop special weapons, too,” Tristan, 10, touted after a volunteer judge asked what would happen in an emergency.
Students were judged on both their rover and the explanation of it, organizers said.
“We have kids from third to eighth grade ... and what they do is learn about Mars and come up with their own mission they would like to accomplish,” event co-coordinator Rebecca Forrest said. “We emphasize students choosing their own mission and category because they will be most excited while learning about a project they have chosen for themselves.”
“But helping the scientists is our main mission,” Alexis said.
Forrest, an instructional associate professor in the physics department at UH, said the goal of the outreach program is to encourage students to take an interest in science and technology career fields, which are facing looming shortages of qualified U.S. workers.
It seems to be working.
“Right now, I kind of want to be a scientist,” Lindsey said. “It's all really cool.” | <urn:uuid:6df4ec04-351e-42fb-876d-6d80725b653b> | {
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The Numberlys by William Joyce, illustrated by Christina Ellis
In a world where there are only numbers, everything is very orderly and neat. But it’s also very gray, even the food. Then five friends started to wonder if there was something more than numbers, something different! So they started inventing and they slowly came up with letters. And when they reached the final letter Z, things started to change. Color entered their dreary lives as the letters fell into place. Once the letters formed words, real changes started and the entire world was flooded with color and yummy foods and possibilities.
Based on the app, this is a second picture book from the creators of The Fantastic Flying Books of Mr. Morris Lessmore, which also started as an app. Joyce creates a numeric and order-filled world reminiscent of Orwell’s 1984 in the first pages of the book. The text here is very simple, allowing most of the storytelling to be done by the illustrations. Joyce keeps a light hand here and uses humor to show how dark the world is. Who could imagine a world without jellybeans?
It is Ellis’ art that brings this world to life. Her orderly world has the feel of wooden toy soldiers and the five friends are wonderfully different and unique even before they invent the alphabet. The gray tones of the early part of the book give way to jellybean colors that jump on the page.
This celebration of words and books also examines the importance of independent thought and creativity. Appropriate for ages 4-6.
Reviewed from copy received from Atheneum Books for Young Readers. | <urn:uuid:5b3eaf6a-0c90-48bf-8f07-7d5caf02fb1f> | {
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Ye (ancient China)
|This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2009)|
Ye or Yecheng (simplified Chinese: 邺城; traditional Chinese: 鄴城; pinyin: Yèchéng; Wade–Giles: Yeh4-ch'eng2) was an ancient Chinese city located in what is now Linzhang County, Handan, Hebei province and neighbouring Anyang, Henan province.
Ye was first built in the Spring and Autumn Period by Duke Huan of Qi, and by the time of the Warring States period the city belonged to the state of Wei. Ye was a political and economic center of China during the Three Kingdoms Period and Northern Dynasties. It served as the military headquarters of the warlords Yuan Shao and Cao Cao in the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty.
In the 490s, Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei, also known as Xiao Wendi, moved his capital from Pingcheng (平城, in modern Datong, Shanxi) to the former capital city of Luoyang. This move was not welcomed by all. Antagonism grew between Xiao Wen Di and his sinicized court and those who preferred to cling to the traditional Tuoba tribal ways, and it only increased with further changes calling for the abandonment of Tuoba dress and names. Eventually, under the leadership of Gao Huan ("the Chinese general who had all but become a Tuoba Turk in outlook"), the sinicization-dissenting 'northern garrisons' mutinied and captured Luoyang in 534. "At three days' notice its inhabitants were required to accompany Gao Huan to his own base, the city of Ye...where he declared himself the first Eastern Wei emperor." "During most of the sixth century Ho-pei [Hebei] [was] the heart of an independent state with its capital at Yeh [Ye]...." It remained the capital of the Eastern Wei Dynasty and the Northern Qi Dynasty until it was razed to the ground in 580, after Yang Jian, founder of the Sui Dynasty, defeated a resistance force led by Yuchi Jiong, which used Ye as a base of operations.
Some scholars, such as Ku Chi-kuang believed that Hebei and the region continued to harbour separatist sympathies into the Tang Dynasty; it was the region from which An Lushan launched his rebellion during the reign of the Tang Emperor Xuanzong.
Extensive excavations of the city have been made in recent years, allowing Chinese historians to make detailed plans of the site. In 2012, archaeologists unearthed nearly 3,000 Buddha statues during a dig outside of Ye. Most of the statues are made of white marble and limestone, and could date back to the Eastern Wei and Northern Qi dynasties 534-577 CE).
- Arthur Cotterell. The Imperial Capitals of China: An Inside view of the Celestial Empire. London: Pimlico, 2007, page 93.
- Cotterell, p. 93
- E. G. Pulleyblank. The Background of the Rebellion of An Lu-Shan. Oxford University Press, London Oriental Series, Volume 4., 1966. Page 76.
- "Ku Chi-kuang, "An-Shih Luan ch'ien chih Ho-pei Tao', Yen-ching Hsueh-pao 19 (1936), pp. 197-209
- "Pictures: 3,000 Ancient Buddhas Unearthed in China". National Geographic. 2012-04-17. Retrieved 2012-04-20. | <urn:uuid:62e56ef3-3c84-4193-ab31-0b164b983dee> | {
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Rashitta Brown-Elize - Library Research Guide
The following resources are designed to support Bridge students with finding articles and books for their 5-page research paper.
Overview of the Research Process
As you begin your research, consider taking the following steps.
1. Create a research question or statement
2. Create a list of search terms (also known as keywords) that will assist you in finding information about your question or statement
3. Identify the types of periodicals and other sources you need for the assignment (number of books or articles from library subscription databases)
4. Select and search in the library catalog for books and appropriate subscription databases for articles
5. Cite your sources in MLA Citation Style
Searching in the Library Catalog
Searching the library catalog for books can be a good place to start your research.
- Using your list of search terms, search the Oviatt Library Catalog for books
- Keyword vs. Subject search. These two things sound the same but work differently when you are searching, so be sure to try both.
- Title or author search if you know exactly what book you need.
- Write down the location and call number (the call number serves as an address, it tells you where the book is located in the library). Once you find the book on the shelf, look at the other books around it. Similar books will be shelved in the same area.
- Finding Books in the library - reading a call number
Database Searching Tips
Searching for information in the library databases works differently than searching for information on the Internet. When searching in library databases, sentences can not be entered in the search box(es) to search. (You will get very poor results, if any.) Instead, library databases require users to enter search terms with the Boolean operators - "AND," "OR," "NOT" connecting each search terms/keyword. See the library's Boolean Searching page for a more detailed description and other helpful information.
Searching for Articles Through Databases at the Oviatt Library
The following databases may be useful to search for information for this assignment. You will need your campus User ID and Password to enter these databases if you are not in the library. (This is the same User ID and Password you use to access the portal and your CSUN email account.)
Academic Search Premier (EBSCO) - Offers full-text articles from journals and magazines, may limit to full-text search and within a date range.
Ethnic News Watch - Provides full-text articles from ethnic, minority and native press. More than 270 titles, 1960 to present.
General OneFile (Gale) - Includes Expanded Academic. Full-text articles from journals and magazines, may limit to only search full-text and within a date range.
PsycINFO - Includes information about the psychological aspects of related fields such as medicine, psychiatry, nursing, sociology and education to name a few.
Depending upon your topic, you may want to explore other databases in a specific discipline or subject area. You may do this at our "Databases by Subject" page.
You will want to evaluate carefully all Internet resources you use to support your research topic. The Oviatt Library provides information within its Research Strategies pages to assist in effective evaluation.
Citation and Evaluation Guides
- Citing Your Sources - For MLA Citation Information, select the MLA Style Guide. See the "Subscription Databases (article/s)" section in the left column.
- Why Cite? Avoiding Plagiarism | <urn:uuid:36a330be-9b5d-443d-9ab2-d0407273445d> | {
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As someone who developed an early interest in reading books, it always puzzled me why so many people find reading and writing difficult. Reading and writing are so underappreciated and neglected, 17 percent of incoming college freshmen still require remedial writing courses, according a 2003 case study conducted by The National Commission on Writing in America’s Schools and Colleges.
The main fault for this general mindset of hating reading and writing stems from how it is taught to students in the first place. Unlike science and math, it is harder to develop and test a student’s competence in English classes precisely because it is a more ambiguous subject. For example, the Pythagorean Theorem is a universally defined mathematical theorem, while describing a dog in English class has more variability depending on the subject tenses, perspective and verb agreements used. As a writing tutor at the UCR Academic Resource Center, I have discovered that students oftentimes never got serious feedback on their writing. From my personal experience of attending both private and public schools, English teachers certainly do not universally give individual feedback to each of their students.
The limited amount of feedback high school teachers provide to students can be attributed to a couple of key factors. Particularly, classroom overcrowding — as shown through the 2013 pupil-teacher ratio where public schools averaged 16.1 students per classroom compared to the 12.2 for private schools — has caused more teachers to become disengaged.
This issue of teacher-student disengagement helps explain why colleges are faced with a higher percentage of students needing remedial classes prior to taking their actual major requirements. This also explains why there is a consistent pushback against Common Core standards, which aim to make all American students reach the same educational standards through setting certain testing scores. In other words, merely setting national educational standards fails to address the growing issue of student disengagement. It is only through better engagement overall between teachers and students, through things like games and brief in-class discussions, as researchers Adena M. Klem and James P. Connell found, that a student’s odds of success were higher.
This brings into question why teachers are likelier to fail at engaging than students themselves. Findings by Harvard Assistant Professor Brian A. Jacob on teacher shortages reveal that the fault mainly lies in teachers oftentimes lacking the resources and suitable wage compensation for their job overall. While having more universally qualified teachers would certainly help, the study found that the success rate of a teacher depending on their qualifications was negligible. In other words, just as students are more receptive to different teaching tactics, so are teachers in terms of their mentoring success. This variability in success measurement helps explain why the humanities oftentimes are underfunded and sometimes cut out of a school program entirely. Overall, if teachers were given enough support to not have to stress out over sustaining themselves, their teaching performance would improve tremendously. There would be fewer teachers trying to supplement their wages through tactics such as driving for Uber.
While the benefits of reading and writing are endless, their receptibility amongst Americans still boils down to how they are taught in the classroom setting. Personally, I have found that the students whose essays earned high marks were those who could connect with the prompt better. Instead of treating the essays as tests where you need to construct grammatically correct sentences, students need to be taught to realize that their overall argument is the most important factor. One particular highlight of my tutoring job was when I helped a student to connect Norse mythology to their Spanish telenovelas. Because I was able to engage my student by pointing out how her vast knowledge of the telenovela made for a strong argument, I essentially eliminated the hurdle of reading and writing as “being hard” for her.
If more English teachers were to try and engage their students by actually setting them aside for personal one-on-one writing sessions, perhaps there would be less people feeling a mixture of boredom, frustration and hatred toward the act of reading and writing. In order for students to get this kind of feedback, though, there must first be changes to classroom structures and resource availability for teachers. | <urn:uuid:5bf97200-4067-44ae-9b49-6ab36ac2f549> | {
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Tips on good Food Safety Practices in your Refrigerator
The following is information obtained from the USDA Food Safety website. For more details on Refrigerator Food Safety you can visit their website at www.fsis.usda.gov
Safe Refrigerator Temperature
For safety, it is important to verify the temperature of the refrigerator. Refrigerators should be set to maintain a temperature of 40 °F or below. An appliance thermometer can be kept in the refrigerator to monitor the temperature. This can be critical in the event of a power outage. When the power goes back on, if the refrigerator is still 40 °F, the food is safe. Foods held at temperatures above 40 °F for more than 2 hours should not be consumed. Appliance thermometers are specifically designed to provide accuracy at cold temperatures. Be sure refrigerator/freezer doors are closed tightly at all times. Don’t open refrigerator/freezer doors more often than necessary and close them as soon as possible.
Safe Handling of Foods for Refrigerating
Hot food can be placed directly in the refrigerator or it can be rapidly chilled in an ice or cold water bath before refrigerating. Cover foods to retain moisture and prevent them from picking up odors from other foods.A large pot of food like soup or stew should be divided into small portions and put in shallow containers before being refrigerated. A large cut of meat or whole poultry should be divided into smaller pieces and wrapped separately or placed in shallow containers before refrigerating.
Placement of Foods
The temperature in a refrigerator should be 40 °F or below throughout the cabinet, so any place within the cabinet is safe for storage of any food. Raw meat, poultry, and seafood should be in a sealed container or wrapped securely to prevent raw juices from contaminating other foods.Some refrigerators have special features such as adjustable shelves, door bins, crispers, and meat/cheese drawers. These features are designed to make storage of foods more convenient and to provide an optimal storage environment for fruits, vegetables, meats, poultry, and cheese.
Safety of Foods Stored on the Door
Don’t store perishable foods on the door. Eggs should be stored in the carton on a shelf. The temperature of the storage bins on the door fluctuate more than the temperature in the cabinet. Keep the door closed as much as possible.
Keeping the Refrigerator Clean
One very important step in keeping your food safe is keeping your refrigerator clean. Wipe up spills immediately – clean surfaces thoroughly with hot, soapy water; then rinse.Once a week, make it a habit to throw out perishable foods that should no longer be eaten. A general rule of thumb for refrigerator storage for cooked leftovers is 4 days; raw poultry and ground meats, 1 to 2 days. Refer to the cold storage chart for storage of meat, poultry, and egg products in the home refrigerator.To keep the refrigerator smelling fresh and help eliminate odors, place an opened box of baking soda on a shelf. Avoid using solvent cleaning agents, abrasives, and all cleansers that may impart taste to food or ice cubes, or cause damage to the interior finish of your refrigerator. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
If food has spoiled in a refrigerator – such as during a power outage – and odors from the food remain, they can be difficult to remove. The following procedures may have to be repeated.
- Wipe inside of unit with equal parts vinegar and water. Vinegar provides acid which destroys mildew.
- Wash inside of unit with a solution of baking soda and water. Be sure to scrub the gaskets, shelves, sides, and door. Allow to air out several days.
- Stuff unit with rolled newspapers. Close the door and leave for several days. Remove paper and clean with vinegar and water.
- Sprinkle fresh coffee grounds or baking soda loosely in the bottom of the unit, or place them in an open container.
- Place a cotton swab soaked with vanilla inside freezer. Close door for 24 hours. Check for odors.
- Use a commercial product available at hardware and housewares stores. Follow the manufacturers’ instructions. | <urn:uuid:c17c21a7-51a3-4ad9-885a-0227cff5f763> | {
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This section is from the book "General Outline Of The Organization Of The Animal Kingdom, And Manual Of Comparative Anatomy", by Thomas Rymer Jones. Also available from Amazon: A General Outline of the Animal Kingdom and Manual of Comparative Anatomy.
(177). The Hydrae:, or freshwater polyps, are common in the ponds and clear waters of our own country; they are generally found creeping upon confervae or submerged twigs, and may readily be procured in summer for the purpose of investigating the remarkable circumstances connected with their history.
(178). The body of one of these simple animals consists of a delicate gelatinous tube, contracted at one extremity, which is terminated by a minute sucker, and furnished at the opposite end with a variable number of delicate contractile filaments, placed around the opening that represents the mouth.
(179). When the Hydra is watching for prey, it remains expanded (fig. 39, 1, 2, 5), its tentacula widely spread and perfectly motionless, waiting patiently till some of the countless beings that populate the stagnant waters it frequents are brought by accident in contact with it: no sooner does an animal touch one of the filaments than its course is arrested as if by magic; it appears instantly fixed to the almost invisible thread, and in spite of its utmost efforts is unable to escape; the tentacle then slowly contracts, and others are brought in contact with the struggling prey, which, thus seized, is gradually dragged towards the orifice of the mouth, that opens to receive it, and slowly forced into the interior of the stomach.
(180). To the earlier observers of the habits of the Hydra nothing could be more mysterious than this faculty, possessed by the creature, of seizing and retaining active prey, in spite of all its efforts at resistance, but which is now satisfactorily explained as depending upon the presence of a prehensile apparatus, allied in its nature to the filiferous capsules of the Actiniae, described in the last chapter. These wonderful organs are not only thickly dispersed over the whole surface of the tentacles, but are likewise met with, though less numerously distributed, over the general surface of the body. They appear, under high powers of the microscope, to be composed of minute oval vesicles, from each of which can be protruded a long delicate filament, having its free extremity slightly swollen, and apparently of a soft viscid texture, the whole being not inaptly compared by Agassiz to a lasso. The neck of each vesicle is furnished with three recurved hooklets, which, when the skin of the animal is irritated, or when the arms are prepared to seize prey, remain erect and prominent.
The modus operandi of these structures is as simple as the result is efficacious: the "lasso-threads" with their viscid extremities, speedily involve the victim seized, in their tenacious folds, and closely bind it against the hooklets wherewith the surface of the tentacula is thickly studded: these, probably, in their turn constitute prehensile organs, and moreover form an apparatus of poison-fangs of a very deadly character; for it is observable that an animal once seized by the Hydra, even should it escape from its clutches, almost immediately perishes.
(181). Arrived in the stomach of the polyp, the animal that has been swallowed is still distinctly visible through the transparent body of the Hydra, which seems like a delicate film spread over it (fig. 39, 4); gradually the outline of the included victim becomes indistinct, and the film that covers it turbid; the process of digestion has begun: the soft parts are soon dissolved and reduced to a fluid mass, and the shell or hard integument is expelled through the same aperture by which it entered the stomach.
(182). No traces of vessels of any kind have as yet been detected in the granular parenchyma of which the creature is composed; coloured globules are seen floating in a transparent fluid, which, in the Hydra viridis, are green, although in other species they assume different tints. When the food has been composed of coloured substance, as, for example, red larvae, or black Planariae, the granules of the body acquire a similar hue, but the fluid wherein they float remains quite transparent; each granule seems like a little vesicle into which the coloured matter is conveyed, and the dispersion of these globules through the body gives to the whole polyp the hue of the prey it has devoured; sometimes the granules thus tinted are forced into the tentacula, from whence they are driven again by a sort of reflux into the body, producing a kind of circulation, or rather mixing up, of the granular matter, and distributing it to all parts. If, after having digested coloured prey, the polyp is made to fast for some time, the vesicles gradually lose their deepened hue and become comparatively transparent.
The granules, therefore, would seem to be specially connected with the absorption and distribution of nutriment.
(183). When mature and well supplied with food, minute gemmules or buds are developed from the common substance of the body; they spring from no particular part, but seem to be formed upon any portion of the general surface. These gemmae appear at first like delicate gelatinous tubercles upon the exterior of the parent polyp; but as they increase in size they gradually assume a similar form, become perforated at their unattached extremity, and develope around the oral aperture the tentacles characteristic of their species.
(184). This mode of propagation, termed "gemmation," differs from the development of the Hydra ah ovo, inasmuch as the germ-cell, which sets on foot the process, is derivative and included in the body of the adult, instead of being primary and included in a free ovum.
(185). Sometimes six or seven gemmae have been observed to sprout at once from the same Hydra; and although the whole process is concluded in twenty-four hours, not unfrequently a third generation may be observed springing from the newly-formed polyps even before their separation from their parent: eighteen have in this manner been seen united into one group; so that, provided each individual, when complete, exhibited equal fecundity, more than a million might be produced in the course of a month from a single polyp. | <urn:uuid:70a0bfce-fd69-4ec0-a61f-481c1da0ac9f> | {
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CJA229 Introduction to Policing
Lead Faculty: Dr. James E. Guffey Ph.D
This course is designed to provide the student with a basic understanding of the role of the peace officer in American society. The course will examine the steps in selecting candidates for the position of police officer, the complexity of the enforcement requirement, the challenges that face peace officers each day, the limitations placed on peace officers by all three branches of government at both the state and federal levels.
- Explain the historical background of policing in England and the U.S.
- Describe and Explain the difference between public and private security in the U.S.
- Explain the significance of police culture, personality, and stress as it impacts the quality of law enforcement in the U.S.
- Describe and explain the importance of diversity in law enforcement.
- Describe and explain police operations.
- Describe and explain the importance of thorough and ethical investigations as it relates to policing.
- Describe and explain the significance of police-community relations to successful policing. | <urn:uuid:88ce3892-1a11-4f3e-abe2-365d97f0b5ba> | {
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Bird Paradise National Park
Bird Paradise National Park (Kuş Cenneti Milli Parkı) is one of the earliest national parks of Turkey, surrounding Lake Kuş (Turkish: Kuş Gölü, lit. “bird lake”). It’s an important stop-over and final destination for migratory birds, which migrate to warmer places south in winter. There are 239 species inhabiting the area during summer, totalling about 3,000,000 individual birds, although whole area is only 64 hectares, tiny in world standards. What makes the area so popular with the birds is its ecosystem: at the end of winter, with the level rise of the water of the lake (which is related to the rising streams, which in turn are related with the dissolving of snowcover up in the mountains), a small willow grove and reed beds at the northwest of the lake submerge underwater, making it a perfect area to nest, and for the youngs to hatch and grow.
Bird Paradise National Park has been awarded with Class A European Diploma by the European Council for four times since 1976, because of its effective and successful protection of the wildlife.
Detailed information about the birds, and the park in general, is provided in the museum and the administrative building inside the park. The best months for bird watching are between March and July, and September and October, roughly corresponding to the migration period of the birds. There is a watchtower that commands a wide area for viewing. Scientific research in the park requires permission from the park directorate.
Southern Marmara occupies a long shoreline which is the southern coast of the Sea of Marmara, Marmara Islands off the coast, and some places more inland. It’s bordered by Eastern Marmara to northeast and east, Central Anatolia to southeast, Northern Aegean to south, and Eastern Thrace to northwest and north, across the Sea of Marmara and the Dardanelles Strait. In addition to the Marmara coast, the region also has a shore on the Aegean Sea to the west.
In ancient times, eastern two-thirds of Southern Marmara, roughly between Bursa and Balıkesir was known as Mysia, while the western one-third, a peninsula today better known as Biga Yarımadası in Turkish, between Dardanelles, Aegean Sea, and the Gulf of Edremit, was known as Troad, i.e. "the plains behind Troy".
The highway D200 (which is assigned the European route number E90), starting from Çanakkale and then passing by the regional centres of Bandırma and Bursa, and then leaving the region towards east is the backbone of transportation in the region. | <urn:uuid:7e63febe-52ff-4813-b586-da90163988e4> | {
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TPWD News Release — Oct. 16, 2006
AUSTIN, Texas — Record numbers of the endangered whooping crane, arguably the state’s most famous “winter Texan,” are expected to arrive in South Texas this winter. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service reports record production this summer with the North American population exceeding 500 for the first time in 100 years.
If migration goes well, 230 whooping cranes, including 40 chicks, should reach the Aransas National Wildlife Refuge compared with 220 last winter. About 10 birds were lost during migration last fall. Everyone is encouraged to report sightings of these large white birds with dark wing tips to Texas Parks and Wildlife Department or the USFWS.
This is the second year TPWD is offering a new tool for sportsmen to help protect whooping cranes and other similar birds. “Be Sure Before You Shoot” is a video training tool designed to help goose and sandhill crane hunters make correct identification in the field and avoid take of non-game birds.
Shooting deaths of whooping cranes are rare (seven whoopers from the Texas flock are known to have been shot since 1968), due in large part to efforts by state and federal agencies to make sportsmen and other citizens aware of the protected status of the whooping crane. While brochures and web sites have been used to educate hunters and the public in the past, “Be Sure Before You Shoot” is the first product to offer side-by-side identification tips for sportsmen in a video format.
The Aransas-Wood Buffalo flock of whooping cranes, which nests in the Northwest Territories of Canada and winters on the mid-Texas coast in the Rockport-Seadrift area, once numbered as low as 15 birds in 1941.
According to Lee Ann Linam, TPWD biologist, “The success story for this endangered species is truly remarkable and is due to cooperative efforts over many years by federal agencies, states, private conservation organizations, private landowners, and sportsmen. However, due to a variety of hazards, migration is the most vulnerable period for whooping cranes. We hope that this video will help increase the safety margin just a bit as whoopers make that 2,500 mile trip south from Canada.”
Hunters and bird watchers should be on the lookout for whooping cranes migrating through Texas from mid-October through mid-December. Their migratory path can range from the eastern half of the Texas Panhandle, through the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex, and south through Austin and Central Texas.
Whooping cranes are the tallest birds in North America, standing nearly five feet tall. They are solid white in color except for black wing-tips that are visible only in flight. They fly with necks and legs outstretched. During migration they often pause overnight to use wetlands for roosting and agricultural fields for feeding, according to Linam, but seldom remain more than one night. She said the birds nearly always migrate in small groups of less than six birds, but they may be seen roosting and feeding with large flocks of the smaller gray sandhill crane.
Anyone sighting a whooping crane is asked to report it to Texas Parks and Wildlife Department at (800) 792-1112 x4644. Sightings can also be reported via e-mail to [email protected]. Copies of the 17-minute “Be Sure Before You Shoot” DVD are available for $10 (including shipping) from: Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, 3000 So. IH-35, Suite 100, Austin, TX 78704. Checks should be made payable to TPWD Nongame Fund. For more information on the video contact Lee Ann Linam at 512-847-9480 or [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:f9e357ce-baaf-4d4f-b433-3b46793c7e59> | {
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General Information on Undernutrition
Undernutrition is when a person is not getting enough calories or one or more essential nutrients. It is a calorie deficiency, and often times when a person is not getting enough calories, their bodies are also lacking essential vitamins and minerals. Undernutrition is most common in the poor, the homeless, the elderly, and in people with psychiatric disorders.
Symptoms of Undernutrition
Symptoms may include:
Loss of body fat
Cold and pale skin
Loss of appetite
Slow behavioral development- in children
Mental retardation- in children
Treatments For Undernutrition
Most of the time doctors can diagnose undernutrition based on the personís symptoms and appearance. To confirm diagnosis, blood tests may be performed. These tests measure the level of albumin, which is low in people who donít consume enough protein. A full physical exam is given to determine the effects of undernutrition. Treatment involves slowly increasing calories in the personís diet. For severe cases of undernutrition, food may be given intravenously.
Undernutrition - personal experiences
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Remember, this information is for reference only. Always contact your physician or medical profesional for advice.
The information contained on this site is for the sole purpose of
being informative and is not and should not be used or relied upon as medical
Seek the advice of your physician, nurse
Or other qualified health care provider before you undergo any treatment or
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In 1954, after debating the case, Brown v. Topeka Board of Education, the United States Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public schools violated the Constitution by denying the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. The Brown ruling had the greatest impact in southern states, where school segregation was "de jure" or implemented according to law. In many northern cities like Boston, segregation of schools was not codified as law but racial segregation of public schools still occurred. In Boston, this “de facto” (by fact) segregation happened in part because economic disparities affected neighborhood demographics and these disparities increased after WWII. African-Americans and whites settled into different neighborhoods; public schools located in those neighborhoods were attended by predominantly African-Americans or whites who lived nearby. Since schools grew increasingly segregated in Boston the 1950s and 1960s--not by law but by circumstance--public schools in Boston were not actively desegregated after the Brown decision.
In 1961, a Boston activist, Ruth Batson (pictured right ca.1961), led a series of meetings between the Education Committee of the NAACP and the Education Committee on the Boston Public Schools (CBPS) to investigate the situation in Boston's schools. In the mid-1960s, some African American parents began boycotting Boston schools for the wide discrepancies in districts. Black school districts, they found, were overcrowded, understaffed, often dirty, and lacking in supplies and teaching tools while white districts had newer buildings, more teachers, ample supplies, and newer technology. According to CBPS reports, schools in black districts received only 65 percent of the per-student funding that schools in white districts received . The Massachusetts State Education Coordinator appointed the Advisory Committee on Racial Imbalance and Education to investigate the allegations of inequity and racial segregation of Boston's public education system. In April 1965, the committee released a report detailing racial division within Boston's public schools. Finding that over half of the city's African American students attended 28 schools which were at least 80% black and that sixteen schools of the schools were 96% black, the committee concluded that such “racial imbalance” (the term they substituted for de facto segregation) “represents a serious conflict with the American creed of equal opportunity.”. To redress the de facto segregation occurring in Boston public schools, they recommended that African American students be bused from their urban neighborhoods into surrounding suburbs that were inhabited predominantly by whites. Busing students, they believed, would help to achieve the goal of the newly-passed Massachusetts Racial Imbalance Act (1965): to promote racial and ethnic diversity in public schools. The Boston School Committee rejected the recommendation. In 1966, the Metropolitan Council for Educational Opportunity (METCO) was formed. The grassroots organization addressed the issue of de facto segregation and attempted to satisfy the aims of the Racial Imbalance Act in a peaceful and voluntary manner.
With goals of improving educational opportunities to urban students, decreasing the racial separation of urban and suburban schools, and diminishing de facto segregation of schools, METCO’s program bused thousands of African American children from Boston to suburban schools. Despite its success, METCO functioned as a voluntary program on a comparatively small scale; the majority of public schools were not fully integrated. On March 14, 1972, the NAACP filed a class action lawsuit against the Boston School Committee on behalf of Tallulah Morgan and other concerned parents disturbed by the inequities their children encountered due to de facto segregation of schools. Led by Morgan, the plaintiffs in this case alleged that the Boston School Committee intentionally violated the 14th Amendment of the U. S. Constitution.
The case, formally titled Talullah Morgan et al v. James Hennigan et al, was assigned to federal judge Wendell Arthur Garrity, Jr. On June 21, 1974, after months of testimony and investigation, Judge Garrity found that the Boston School Committee had intentionally endorsed systemic segregation of the Boston Public Schools. The U. S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit unanimously upheld Garrity’s ruling and ordered the Boston School Committee to design a permanent school desegregation plan that addressed the placement of students and teachers, facility improvement procedures, and the use of busing on a citywide basis.
When the Boston School Committee failed to present an adequate plan, the federal court began desegregating the Boston public schools by busing students to schools outside of their neighborhoods. Garrity’s decision, especially the implementation of busing public school students to new schools, provoked heated reactions from residents of Boston and sparked much controversy. Morgan v. Hennigan was commonly referred to as “Boston Schools Desegregation Case” and became known colloquially in Boston as “the Garrity decision” or “forced busing.”
As exhibits on this site showcase, city and state officials were deluged with thousands of letters expressing the heated reactions of parents, teachers, students, and local organizations. As other exhibits explore, Judge Garrity also received thousands of letters from Boston's inhabitants, some protesting and others praising his decision. The letter below (courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration [NARA] in Boston), echoes the sentiment of thousands of letters written by African Americans who, feeling unprotected by Boston city officials, appealed directly to Garrity.
Petitioning Garrity in 1975, Boston politicians and activists, including Bruce Bolling, Doris Bunte, and Melvin H. King, starkly described that in South Boston, “black children are unable to go to and from school in safety . . . are being subjected to harassment both day and night from random groups of whites cruising down the streets shouting epithets, hurling rocks and generally posing a threat to the well-being of Blacks in the city." They demanded:
Judge Garrity… it is your responsibility to see to it that your desegregation order is fully enforced… we do hope you act swiftly on these requests as we feel that the very life of the Black community in Boston hangs in the balance.”
The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) in Boston houses the federal records pertaining to the case, including copies of letters sent by government officials to Garrity. See: Civil Action Case Files, 1938-1995 for more materials and view select digitized files related to Morgan v. Hennigan.
De facto segregation in education presented a thorny problem in Boston long before the Garrity decision to integrate schools by busing students outside of their neighborhoods sparked controversy, fear, violence, and attracted widespread international media attention. And the legacy of de facto segregation in Boston persisted long after the 1970s, as exhibits on this site illustrate. More information about the history of civil rights in America and the integration of Boston's schools may be found online; please see the Online Resources on this site for a list of digital projects. All of the archival collections used on this site contain additional primary source materials. Additionally, the books listed below provide contextual information about the history of desegregation of Boston Public Schools.
Photograph of Ruth Batson, ca.1961, courtesy of Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University. Rights status is not evaluated.
Portrait of Wendell Arthur Garrity, Jr. ca.1985, courtesy of Holy Cross Magazine, Sept. 1999. Rights status is not evaluated. See full obituary here.
Select secondary sources related to desegregation of Boston Public Schools
Ruth Batson, The Black Educational Movement in Boston: A Sequence of Historical Events: a Chronology (Boston, MA: Northeastern University, School of Education), 2001.
Laura Shana Kohl, "The Response of the Catholic Church to the Desegregation of the Boston Public Schools, 1973-1976" (Cambridge, MA: A.B. Honors Thesis, Harvard University), 1987.
Kofi Lomotey and Charles Teddlie. ed., Forty Years After the Brown Decision: Implications of School Desegregation for U.S. Education (New York: AMS Press), 1996.
J. Anthony Lukas, Common Ground: A Turbulent Decade in the Lives of Three American Families (New York: Alfred A. Knopf), 1985.
Jim Vrabel, A People's History of the New Boston (Amherst : University of Massachusetts Press), 2014.
Vrabel, A People's History, 49-50.
Lukas, Common Ground, 130. | <urn:uuid:d7fc914c-b350-48bf-90ff-5d6416aa1e12> | {
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Find out what Auditory Processing Disorder is, and the signs of it.
Don’t be fooled by the word “auditory.” APD isn’t a hearing problem; it’s about how well the brain is processing the sounds that the ear receives. Find out the signs, assessments, and options for children, teens, and adults with APD.
Signs of Auditory Processing Disorder
Auditory Processing Disorder can easily be misdiagnosed because the resulting struggles may be attributed to other causes. For example, a child who is struggling to understand verbal directions in class may struggle with grades, appear to be goofing off, act out in frustration, withdraw from interaction, or experience low self-esteem from the feeling that everyone else in the class “gets it” better than he or she does. At first glance, a teacher or parent might assume that this child is unmotivated, has ADHD, has behavior issues, is introverted, etc.
Children and adults with an auditory processing disorder can also struggle with communication: confusing words with similar sounds, or mispronouncing words altogether. They can also appear weak in social skills: showing a lack of confidence, not grasping verbal directions, not being able to hear and respond appropriately to content of conversations, etc. A child or adult with APD may especially struggle when in a noisy environment, or appear to have poor hearing because they frequently ask for things to be repeated or clarified.
As mentioned, some of these behaviors can also be exhibited, for example, by people with attention deficits who don’t grasp what they are hearing the first time around because they are distracted. Because of this, diagnosing APD cannot be done by looking at a list of symptoms. It must be done by an audiologist who administers a series of assessments in a sound-treated room.
Options for people with Auditory Processing Disorder
If someone is diagnosed with APD, there are three main courses of action. The first is making accommodations in the environment, for example, creating a quieter place to work or study. The second course of action involves developing other resources to compensate for the auditory processing deficit. This might include strengthening other skills, like attention, or learning active-listening techniques.
The third course of action involves taking efforts to strengthen the weak auditory processing skills themselves.
LearningRx, a brain training company, does not diagnose or treat any medical conditions, including APD. What they provide are mental workouts that strengthen cognitive skills, including auditory processing skills.
In fact, the company’s unique approach—which puts every client with his or her personal brain trainer for fun, intense mental workouts—has shown dramatic results for past clients with auditory processing weaknesses.
LearningRx measures the cognitive skills of all incoming clients, and has found that it is common to find low auditory processing skills among clients with diagnoses. The good news is that auditory processing is also the skill in which, among this group, we see the largest gains after the completion of a LearningRx brain training program.
The following chart shows the average improvements of more than 12,000 children and adults who came to LearningRx with some kind of diagnosis, including ADHD, dyslexia, TBI, and more. You can see that, after brain training, auditory processing improved by an average of 14 standard points among clients with ADHD, memory loss, dyslexia, and autism. (Standard points, by the way, rank where a person is performing in relation to their peers, and are measured on a 100-point scale from 50 to 150, with 100 considered “average.”)
Auditory processing improved by even more—an average of 15 standard points—for people with learning disabilities, TBI, and speech and language issues.
Start with a comprehensive Cognitive Skills Assessment
LearningRx offers a comprehensive Cognitive Skills Assessment that identifies weaknesses in the following cognitive skills: attention, long-term memory, short-term memory, auditory processing, visual processing, logic & reasoning, and processing speed. The assessment is not administered for the purpose of diagnosis, but for pinpointing cognitive weaknesses that can be targeted and strengthened through brain training. It’s a good place to start because, as mentioned, the symptoms of weak auditory processing skills may be shared by other conditions.
Typically, LearningRx brain training programs consist of about five hours of training a week, for a period of 12 to 32 weeks. Families often find that going through a LearningRx program once produces the results they are seeking, and that ongoing training is not necessary.
To schedule a comprehensive Cognitive Skills Assessment—which is reasonably priced and takes about an hour—contact a LearningRx Center near you. | <urn:uuid:db9db763-f071-4205-9428-6b81d3320861> | {
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Alternate Title: Turbinidae
Learn More in these related articles:
- Superfamily Neritacea
- Small, generally intertidal marine shells (Neritidae), with...
...snail species as food. Periwinkles (Littorina) in Europe and South Africa, queen conchs (Strombus gigas) in the West Indies, abalones (Haliotis) in California and Japan, and turban shells (Turbo) in the Pacific are the most frequently eaten marine snails. Occasionally limpets and whelks are used for food, but they are more commonly used as fish bait. Freshwater... | <urn:uuid:6ef08d8c-2e0a-4a44-a3a1-387eba9c1ac7> | {
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Finalist category: AbilityNet Accessibility Award
AbilityNet Accessibility Award, Finalist, 2018
Using artificial intelligence and machine learning services to power accessible technology.
Facebook is using artificial intelligence and machine learning services to power accessible technology for people with low vision and vision loss.
In 2016, Facebook launched Automatic Alt Text (AAT) a feature that uses object recognition to describe photos to people who are blind or who have low vision and use screen readers. In December 2017, they launched a Face Recognition tool that can tell people who use screen readers which friends appear in photos in their News Feed even if they aren’t tagged.
How AAT Was Developed
By programming machines through AI, Facebook was able to improve access to content at a global scale. AAT can currently detect 100+ concepts, such as: the number of people in a photo, whether people are smiling, physical objects like “car”, “tree”, “mountain”, and others.
This was an enormous technical challenge that was overcome by leveraging Facebook’s Computer Vision Engine. The engine is based on state of the art deep convolutional networks and provides web-scale scalability and reliability. The models for the concepts exposed through AAT were learned based on the utilisation of millions of human-labeled examples, and were evaluated by Facebook’s engineering group to guarantee an adequate balance of precision and recall. The development team also ran multiple rounds of user research and updated AAT based on feedback.
Leveraging Face Recognition for Accessibility
Facebook’s Face Recognition technology analyses the pixels in photos and videos, such as a user’s profile picture and photos and videos that the user has been tagged in, to calculate a unique number, which is called a template. When photos and videos are uploaded to Facebook’s systems, those images are compared to the template to find matches. Now, using this technology, people who use screen readers can know which friends appear in photos in their News Feed, even if they aren’t tagged.
The Challenge, and Facebook’s Solutions
Every day, people share over a billion photos on Facebook. The goal with the AAT and Face Recognition tools was to greatly improve the experience that people with vision loss have with this commonly shared media, including for the approximately 350,000 people registered as blind or partially sighted in the UK.
Through research with the vision loss community, Facebook knew that users of screen readers engage with photo content, but also that they desired more context for a photo’s content. That desire is not specific to Facebook, but broadly applicable to the interactions that users of screen readers have with digital experiences.
The traditional mechanism for describing photos to people with vision loss is the use of alt text. Traditionally, alt text requires that the content creator supply a secondary description on a per photo basis, which is both time consuming as well as an uncommon consumer activity.
To address this challenge, automatic tools powered by AI were created to describe photos on Facebook. Automatic solutions dramatically increase the number of photos that have supplemental text descriptions. About 75% of photos shared on Facebook now have at least one object identified by AAT.
As noted above, feedback from the community was integral to the development of AAT. To refine the AAT experience, Facebook ran multiple rounds of user research, including: (1) 1:1 person interviews with users of screen readers to test out early prototypes; and (2) a 2-week experiment on Facebook for iOS with a control (no AAT) and an experimental (AAT) condition, with follow-up surveys to both groups. Based on survey feedback, Facebook updated AAT to understand more about what people are doing in photos.
Facebook’s mission is to bring the world closer together, and accessibility is a core part of that mission. Facebook’s goal is not to simply include people with disabilities on its platform, but to create experiences that change what people believe is possible in the space of technology and disability.
As Facebook continues to improve its object and face recognition services, AAT and Face Recognition will continue to provide more descriptive narratives for visual content. Further, while Facebook built the AAT and Face Recognition tools to improve Facebook’s services and build a more inclusive platform for people with vision loss, Facebook believes that this deployed product experience demonstrates the importance of AI for enabling better access to content across the web for persons with disabilities. Facebook strongly believes that AI is the future of improving additional interaction experiences at scale, whether they are visual in nature or otherwise. As AI systems get better at understanding images, video, audio, and other media, Facebook believes that more novel and robust innovations in accessibility will follow. | <urn:uuid:255a3edc-d85a-4a26-9823-02558dc84e19> | {
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olfactory epithelium n.
Pseudostratified epithelium that contains olfactory, receptor, and nerve cells whose axons connect with the olfactory bulb of the brain.
- Olfactory foramen
olfactory foramen n. Any of the openings in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, transmitting the olfactory nerves.
- Olfactory gland
olfactory gland n. Any of the branched tubuloalveolar glands situated in the mucous membrane of the olfactory region of the nasal cavity that produce mucus to moisten the olfactory epithelium and dissolve odor-containing gases. Also called Bowman’s gland.
- Olfactory groove
olfactory groove n. The sagittal groove on the lower or orbital surface of each frontal lobe of the cerebrum, demarcating the straight gyrus from the orbital gyri. Also called olfactory sulcus.
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While it is unlikely that you will find yourself in a tornado's direct path, it is a possibility you should prepare for. If your area is experiencing bad weather, listen to your weather radio and track the weather reports. If you're advised to take shelter, do so immediately. If you think a tornado is approaching, but you're unaware of any tornado warnings, don't hesitate to go to a safe place in you home. While tornadoes are frightening, you can come through them unscathed if you take the proper precautions.
Interior Part of a Basement
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention states that, "The safest place in a home is the interior part of a basement." If a tornado is approaching and you have a basement, go there to wait for it to pass.
If your home doesn't have a basement, the CDC recommends that you "go to an interior room, without windows, on the lowest floor of the house." Bathrooms, closets and hallways are good choices. Avoid rooms with windows, because windows can explode and increase the danger during a tornado.
Avoid Rooms with Heavy Objects Above Them
If you are in a two-story house, avoid areas where there is a heavy object directly above you. For instance, if there is a piano on the second floor of your home, don't take shelter in a room below it. If a tornado actually strikes your home, it's possible the piano could crash through the ceiling.
The CDC recommends taking shelter under a heavy object, such as a sturdy table, if possible. Such an object can provide added protection from falling debris. Always protect your head -- use your hands if you have nothing else.
Blanket or Mattress
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The five distinct views of origins include (1) naturalistic evolution, (2) theistic evolution, (3) intelligent design, (4) old-earth special creation and (5) young-earth special creation. Christians in science and theology may advocate any of the last four non-naturalistic views; all of these believe that God or some superior intelligence is the agent behind the creation of all life. All but the young-earth-special-creationists agree the age of the earth is approximately 4.5 billion years and the universe approximately 13.7 billion years.
Proponents of all five views on human origins also agree on microevolution – that within a species, genetic material changes in response to environmental conditions to make survival more likely. White moths turn dark during industrialization; beaks of finches on the Galapagos Islands become harder during droughts; bacteria become drug resistant. Whatever the changes, these bacteria, finches and moths remain the same bacteria, finches and moths; they do not become substantially different organisms.
Though no species has ever been observed to evolve into another (using the broad as opposed to narrow definitions of species), two of the five positions (naturalistic and theistic evolution) believe there is enough deductive and inductive evidence to propose macroevolution across species (and the common ancestry of all species – common descent).
Material naturalists maintain that humans evolved from lower animals, which began as single-cell organisms that had emerged from nonliving matter through an unknown process. This evolution is accomplished through undirected (in some cases, random) processes, such as mutation, natural selection, gene exchange and genetic drift, without any supernatural intervention, forethought or purpose. More advanced genes are “selected” simply because of their utility in helping the organism better survive and reproduce.
Theistic evolutionists, generally congregating around the work of the BioLogos Forum agree with most of the neo-Darwinian evolutionary hypotheses but add “that all life on earth came about by the God ordained process of evolution with common descent [which] . . . is the means by which God providentially achieves his purposes in creation.” Several prominent scientists and mathematicians who are not material-naturalists count themselves among this group. These include Francis Collins, the prestigious head of the human genome project and now of the National Institutes of Health and others such as Jeff Schloss, David Vosburg, Ard Louis, Jennifer Wiseman, and Jeff Hardin.
There are four major challenges to the two theories of evolution across species. First, Darwin noted that for his theory to be true, scientists would have to find many remains of transitional beings; these have not been found. Second, the Cambrian explosion (estimated 543 million years ago) reveals that complex organisms appeared rapidly, not gradually, as evolution theory would predict. Third, is the claim that species evolve through natural selection via mutation; yet, overwhelmingly, science demonstrates that mutations are predominantly neutral or detrimental to the organism, and rarely ever beneficial to life. Finally, observations of the similarities of living organisms are not necessarily a sign of common descent but rather of common design, the notion that God uses the same design features to create different organisms, just like human engineers do.
Intelligent design advocates form a large group of scientists and theoreticians drawn together by the work of Berkeley law professor, Phillip Johnson who boldly challenged Darwinian evolution for its lack of evidence. Their work is centered at The Discovery Institute, with scholars such as William Dembski, Stephen Meyers, Stephen Behe, Jonathan Wells, David Berlinski, and Guillermo Gonzalez.
ID proponents scientifically analyze systems in astronomy, biology, physics and chemistry to determine whether their structures are most likely products of unguided natural selection, intelligent design or some combination. Like other scientists, they advance their propositions by inference to the best explanation and conduct experiments arising from these hypotheses. Essentially they are proposing that while for centuries scientists have considered material as the causa prima of the universe, informationis the first cause and that information is generated from and communicated by intelligence. Thus, certain features of the universe are best explained by an intelligent cause and not by undirected processes.
Intelligent design advocates also hold prestigious degrees but are often marginalized and sometimes even excluded from the scientific establishment in elite universities. For example, in August 2013 a university president announced that the theory of intelligent design could not be taught in science classrooms. Thus proponents who remain in universities work largely under the radar and keep their metaphysical commitments hidden. Ben Stein’s popular film Expelled, though hotly criticized, did reveal the reality that ID proponents face.
Old-earth special creation proponents look at the seven-day story more in terms of geological epochs or as a narrative framework for interpreting origins, as did many of the early church fathers. They accept the traditional dating of the universe and earth but do not accept materialist evolution as an adequate explanation for life. Founder, astrophysicist Hugh Ross and scholars, such as, Fazale Rana, Ken Samples, and Jeff Zweerink work together at the Reasons to Believe Ministry. RTB scholars work together to articulate the latest scientific discoveries to a well-educated audience who may or may not be scientists. Their mission is to equip Christians “by demonstrating that sound reason and scientific research—including the very latest discoveries—consistently support, rather than erode, confidence in the truth of the Bible and faith in the personal, transcendent God revealed in both Scripture and nature.”
Young-earth creationists tend to argue from the Bible to science, interpreting scientific discoveries and knowledge through biblical texts, particularly the book of Genesis. Much of the general public’s understanding of this form of creationism comes from the movie Inherit the Wind, in which the “creationists” are intentionally depicted as bumbling simpletons. Unlike the film’s end, the actual trial upheld the teaching of creation.
Young-earth creationists believe that God created the earth in six twenty-four-hour days and thus the universe is only about ten thousand years old and that many fossils are primarily artifacts from the flood that Noah’s family survived. One of their major challenges is the lack of clarity in the Bible regarding what a day constituted in the beginning given its multiple Hebraic definitions. Advocates of young-earth creationism include Henry Morris, who developed the Institute for Creation Research, Carl Baugh, Duane Gish, and Ken Ham, who founded Answers in Genesis.
What’s a Pastor or Teacher to Do?
Outside of naturalistic evolution, all of these are theistically compatible. Despite popular media, none of these theistically compatible views discourage scientific discovery; they all encourage it. A team of five scientists studying a particular DNA sequence or astronomical formation could each believe a different explanation of origins. The actual daily practice of “doing science” on existing material does not differ based on one’s a priori theoretical commitment to a particular position. Scientists who believe in six 24-hour days or naturalistic evolution have the same potential for scientific discovery. What if the church taught them all? Then the church would be the only place where one could learn the whole range of options and Christian students would go to college better prepared than any of their peers and be even more eager to study the infinitely complex and irresistible designs in God’s universe. | <urn:uuid:c46dc4d3-ab0d-4e68-aa45-ba60acf63fbb> | {
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If you get lost in the woods
It can happen even to an experienced hiker. The trail disappears, you can't see any trail markings and you feel confused. It could be inattention to trail markings or a sudden weather change that leads you off the trail and forces you away from known landmarks. Suddenly that tenuous connection between you and civilization is lost. And you realize you're lost...in the woods.
The best way to avoid getting lost is to stay on the trail. Resist the urge to explore new territory off trail. Straying from the trail is environmentally unfriendly, contributes to erosion, causes destruction to sensitive habitats, and is discouraged on the Bruce Trail.
At this point your goal is not to panic but to make it as easy as possible for others to find you safe and sound. Being lost doesn't kill people; it's the lack of food, clothing, shelter and medical attention that can do them in. You need to prepare for this possibility even before you leave home.
Before you leave home
- Prepare for a possible weather change -not only for the conditions when you start out but for possible weather changes during the hike. Pack an umbrella or rain poncho in your backpack to keep dry. Dress in layers so you can peel them off and put them back on as the temperature dictates.
- Always bring matches or a lighter. Put them in your backpack right now. Check them periodically to make sure the lighter works and the matches are dry in their waterproof container.
- Always bring more water than you can drink. Even a small amount of water can moisten a parched mouth.
- Don't leave home for an outing without someone who'll notice that you haven't returned. Let someone know where you're going and when you expect to return. failing that leave a printed note on your computer keyboard where it would readily be found.
Ok, I'm lost, now what?
- Don't panic. It's normal to feel scared but remember that the unknown woods you are in isn't likely any more dangerous than the known woods you were in. It's just unknown to you at this moment.
- Admit that you're lost to yourself or your group. Don't play the macho role of , "I know where we are!"
- Don't run around wildly which may put you even further away from the trail.
- Conserve your energy which will require less food and water.
- Now that you are calm think things through. Trace your thoughts back to where you last knew your location. How long ago was that? In what direction have you been travelling? This is where a compass would be handy.
- If you haven't been lost for long and your surroundings seem relatively safe, you can try to retrace your steps. But if you've been lost for 10 minutes and a 10 minute walk doesn't return you to the trail, you may just be getting more lost. Return to your original lost location and try again in another direction. Look over your shoulder as you are retracing to try to recreate the view you had when walking in the first place.
- If further wandering might be hazardous, like night is approaching and you are near cliffs, it might be best to stay put and wait for rescue.
- If you don't have a compass, try to line up three landmarks in the area in the direction you wish to go. This will keep you walking in a straight line to where you want to go.
- Leave a sign or marker. You can drag a heavy stick, prop up rocks in unusual ways. This will also notify if you are walking in circles.
- If you find a different path, it's likely that path leads somewhere and that is better to follow than just wandering.
- If these suggestions are not fruitful, hunker down and wait for the rescuers. Stay in a fixed position.
Create a signal of some sort. It's best to stay in an open clearing where you are visible; spell out an SOS with dead branches or rocks.
- Use the universal distress signal which is any kind of signal repeated three times at frequent intervals, like three shouts sung out or three blasts from a whistle. You do have whistle in your backpack, don't you? If not, get one.
- Build a fire but be careful not to set the woods on fire. A fire makes smoke that is visible to searchers.
While you wait to be rescued
- If you brought a cell phone this is the time to call home or a friend for help. Failing that call 911.
- Put on any additional available clothing to stay warm as needed. It is important to keep the upper body warm
- Use an aluminized polyester emergency blanket to keep warm if it's cold. These blankets can be life-savers as they reflect body heat back to the body. Carry one in your backpack for emergencies.
- Try lighting a fire to cheer your spirits, keep you warm, and help rescuers locate you. Keep matches in a waterproof container in your backpack.
- Look for a sheltered spot and use piles of vegetation, limbs, and brush around you to protect from the wind.
- Sit on your pack to insulate you from the dampness or cold of the ground. Don't sit on cold rocks.
- Try to conserve your water supply as much as possible in case your rescue takes time or it takes you a while to get out of the woods.
- Try to relax. Many people have survived several nights with only the items they had on them.
- If a member of your party is overdue, notify the local police office. Try to phone the missing person if they have a cell phone.
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Natalie DiBlasio, USA TODAY
Wildlife officials are expanding efforts to find and eradicate African rock pythons in Miami-Dade County after a 10-foot-snake strangled a 60-pound Siberian husky.
The python killed the dog, named Duke, in minutes.
The snake was killed and is being sent to the University of Florida for a necropsy, said Carli Segelson, a spokesperson for the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC).
Last month, a rock python made headlines after killing two sleeping boys in Canada.
"Why worry? They don't belong here, and they are absolutely huge," said Kenneth Kyrsko, a herpetologist at the University of Florida. "These are 15-foot snakes over 150 pounds. Do you want one of those living in your backyard?"
There is a growing effort by the FWC and other agencies to find and get rid of the species.
Forty-one African pythons have been captured and killed in the area, Kyrsko said.
"They didn't float over here from Africa," Kyrsko said. "Someone had them as a pet and released them."
A big concern for wildlife officials is if the pythons begin to reproduce beyond the point where they can be controlled.
"They live right up against residential neighborhoods," Kyrsko said. "Anyone who is missing their dog or cat, it probably was eaten by an African rock python."
The African rock python is a little bit more aggressive than the Burmese python, which is well established in southern Florida.
"Most likely we will euthanize them all," Segelson said. "We don't relocate them, we don't make an effort to find a new home for them. They are non-native, and we want to remove them."
Segelson said the pythons pose a problem for citizens and native wildlife.
"Because they are not native, the other species are not equipped to deal with them," she says. "Florida has a lot of protected species, and these snakes can prey upon small animals, reptiles and birds."
In the Everglades, state and federal agencies have spent millions of dollars addressing threats posed by pythons, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service says.
The Humane Society documents 17 people who have died in incidents in the USA related to the snakes since 1978, 12 of them since 1990. Snakes have also killed a number of pet cats, chickens and turkeys, a Humane Society report says.
"It's rare, but the deaths that we see are usually in the home from pet snakes that have escaped from their enclosure," said Craig Martin, chief of the Branch of Aquatic Invasive Species at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. "There are very few instances of that happening in the wild to a human." | <urn:uuid:96ff0b72-031e-460b-bde4-52f8e0f3de2b> | {
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Each team will select or design a short game that each of their classmates will play. As each person plays, the teams will collect data on whatever parameters they choose -- time it takes to complete, which hand/strategy was used, player's height, number of points, etc. After the data is collected into a Google Spreadsheet, each team will write a paper clarifying and sharing their conclusions.
Project Rubric (85 points)
- Abstract (5 points): Concisely describes the study, purpose, and results in a few sentences.
- Introduction (5 points): Includes a short introduction that describes what motivated your specific study.
- Procedures (10 points): Clearly explains what you did to the point where the study could be replicated by a reader.
- Experimental design (10 points):
- 4) A clear paragraph describes how one variable was tested between two groups (such as left and right handed people).
- 4) The explanation must explain why it was a valid experiment (such as using random assignment of treatments and controlling all other factors).
- 2) The analysis of whether or not it was a valid experiment should also mention how valid the hypothesis test of the difference of the means will be.
- Confidence interval and error (15 points):
- 3) Uses a T-Interval to estimate the mean of one of your variables.
- 2) Uses "x-bar +/- standard error" notation.
- 4) The text must clarify what the interval actually means in context. It must also explain why you found this interval.
- 6) Explains what population you wanted to learn more about, who you sampled, and what kind of error this may lead to. (Is it based on a true SRS? Is there non-response or undercoverage bias? What about the effects due to randomness?) Be specific on what different types of error are called.
- Hypothesis testing (15 points):
- 4) An alternative hypothesis (and its corresponding null) is posed as a prediction before the results are found.
- 3) An alpha level is chosen before results are found.
- 4) p-value is calculated.
- 4) You reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis based on the comparison of your p-value and alpha level.
- Inconsistencies and errors (5 points): Problems from the study, such as leaking bottles, moved containers, crumbling cookies, or clever rule-benders are thoroughly discussed and addressed as excusable error or something to seriously look out for when interpreting results.
- Conclusion (5 points): Includes a short conclusion that discusses the limitations of the study and points to future studies that could be done to further this research.
- Organization and flow (5 points): Sections are clearly divided with descriptive headings (including an abstract, introduction, procedural section, results section, and conclusion). Ideas logically flow throughout the paper. Writing flows between sections (doesn’t feel like 3-4 people wrote it).
- Active voice (5 points): Written in first-person active voice (I did, we did) and NO PASSIVE VOICE.
- Concise (5 points): No "fluff" or grandiose introductions to sections or wasted words.
Portfolio Posting (25 points)
- 5 points: Google Doc is shared to "anyone with link". Doc is embedded in portfolio page.
- 10 points: Teamwork analysis paragraph written. You must include what you contributed to the team, what your teammates contributed, and what you learned about working with multiple people to write a paper. Mention if this is your first team paper or if you have written many before (and if so, how was this project similar or different to past experiences).
- 10 points: Personal reflection on what you learned from the Minute to Win It project. How did it help further your understanding of inference, confidence intervals, hypothesis tests, and experimental design? How did it help you learn about writing a technical paper?
Team Contribution (35 points) -- note that this grade is based on an average of your teammates' grading of you
- 10 points: This person created quality work for the team project.
- 6 points: This person completed work on time for the needs and deadlines of the group.
- 6 points: This person took a leadership/captain role on an even number of tasks.
- 6 points: This person shared responsibility of the project (did not hog all of the work)
- 7 points: This person contributed an equal amount of effort to the team’s success | <urn:uuid:ac1852e1-5358-408b-b7c2-75ff415f3a5d> | {
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Drugs that target the epidermal growth factor receptor, or EGFR, have been used for a number of cancers. But these drugs called EGFR inhibitors, such as cetuximab, have not been very effective against colon cancer.
The new study, however, shows that drugs that target the closely related receptor ERBB3 would probably be much more effective than EGFR inhibitors at treating most colorectal cancers, said, adjunct professor in the department of genetics at UNC and lead author of the study. He also is a member of the and a professor in the genetics department at North Carolina State University.
The study was published online Aug. 17 in the.
The researchers genetically blocked ERBB3 in a mouse model of colon cancer and in human colon cancer cell lines. “If you genetically remove ERBB3, as you would if you were pharmacologically targeting it, then the mice rarely develop colon cancer,” Threadgill said.
In the human colon cancer cell lines that are resistant to EGFR inhibitors, cell death increased dramatically when ERBB3 was genetically removed. “So ERBB3 is essential for preventing colon cancer cells from dying,” Threadgill said. Now Threadgill is testing a pharmacologic inhibitor to get the same anti-ERBB3 effect they achieved with genetics. “If we can use an inhibitor to block ERBB3, then it should be a very potent anti-cancer therapeutic,” he said.
More broadly, the study suggests a new path for developing anti-cancer drugs.
Many cancer therapeutics, such as EGFR inhibitors, target proteins that are kinases—enzymes that initiate a cascade of signals that tell cells to reproduce. But ERBB3 is a pseudo-kinase; it functions only by binding with other proteins that have kinase activity.
“This study shows that targets that historically hadn’t been considered because they don’t have the typical activities of a kinase can be equally if not more important in supporting cancer cells,” Threadgill said.
Other UNC co-authors are Ming Yu, a former graduate student in the department of genetics and the Program in Oral Biology; Christina Pannicia, former undergraduate student in biology; and Daekee Lee, formerly of the genetics department and now of Ewha Womans University in Seoul, Republic of Korea. Other co-authors are Eunjung Lee, Hyunok Kim and Kyoungmi Kim of Ewha Womans University; and Jonathan M. Kurie and Yanan Yang of the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center.
The study was funded by the, the , and the
Read original here. | <urn:uuid:71403f90-8a3a-41dd-866a-aaf00d3eac0b> | {
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The assembly in young goodman brown doesn't have a devils welcome sign posted at the entrance but it's got the next best thing: a couple of big,. Theme --the lesson / toni cade bambara --eveline / james joyce --a worn path / eudora young goodman brown / nathaniel stories for further. In the short stories of “a worn path” by eudora welty and “used to live here once” by jean rhys, a deeper symbolism in young goodman brown. Compare and contrast young goodman brown by nathaniel hawthorne and the lottery shirley jackson the authors, shirley jackson and. Jean a comparison of the stories worn path and young goodmann a comparison between dantes the inferno comparison of the stories worn path and young.
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Rad essayscom - over 85,000 essays, term papers and book reports. Literature terms quizzes and worksheets young goodman brown summary a worn path summary american literature timeline. Symbolism of the journey comparing and contrasting frost’s the road not taken and a worn out path by symbolism of the journey - essay example young goodman.
A short summary of joyce carol oates's where are you going, where have you been this free synopsis covers all the crucial plot points of where are you going, where. Sign into your account please enter your username and password to sign in: username : password : forgot your username or password click here. A very old man with enormous wings by gabriel garcia marquez translated by gregory rabassa on the third day of rain they had killed so many crabs inside the.
Short story compare/contrast to tread a safe path ii the antagonists of these stories are both a comparison and contrast of “young goodman brown. Venez découvrir un site de streaming qui vous propose tout les derniers films en exclue et en streaming longue durée sans limitation vous êtes à deux clics de ne. Help with writing a thesis i in “a worn path,” through what in “young goodman brown,” nathaniel hawthorne dramatizes the idea that the. | <urn:uuid:7cd5afcc-ea13-488f-bcc7-b13c0ab4eb62> | {
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History of St. Margaret’s church
The church is dedicated to St. Margaret of Antioch, virgin and martyr, who was honoured in the Eastern church as St Marina from an early date, and from the 7th century in the West. She is believed to have been martyred during the persecutions of the 4th century but nothing is known for certain about her life. Many legends describe her perseverance and suffering in the cause of the Christian faith, which in some respects illustrate a role for women in withstanding injustice. The ordeals she suffered are of the most fabulous description, including being swallowed by Satan in the form of a dragon. Through her prayers she was released only later to be beheaded. This is why her emblem is traditionally in the form of a cross piercing the mouth of a dragon or beast. Her feast day is 17th July. Please click here to find out about the architectural development of the church.
The Dedication of St. Margaret
The original dedication of our Parish Church was lost sight of for many years but was rediscovered in 1927 when a 13th century document came to light. The deed granted land to Sir Amfrey, the Rector of the “Church of St. Margaret of Hotheghe.”
The foundations of this church were laid over 900 years ago, when a Norman baron ordered it to be built here in 1090, a few years after the Doomsday Book was compiled. He gave the church to Lewes Priory, which was in charge of both church and people living here for over 400 years. The first building was a small rectangular one, perhaps with an apse. Directly opposite the entrance is the North Wall, which is part of the Norman Church. The sturdy round pillars were made when the building was enlarged a hundred years later. Nearly 200 years later the chancel was extended. Then the chapel was built on the South side, and made into a full aisle at the end of the 14th century. The tower appeared in the 15th century. Extensive restoration work took place in about 1870.
The Font stands near the entrance symbolising the admission of the newly baptised Christian to the congregation. Believed to be made in 1180, unusually enough, of paludina limestone, sometimes called Sussex marble or winklestone. The consolidated snail shells, which are visible, became petrified when the Weald was under marsh and water. When polished the stone is decorative: the memorial in the chancel is a good example. The columns supporting the font were restored using Purbeck marble.
|These have been mounted in the North East corner, but were previously in the tower. Although some early clocks were installed in cathedrals in medieval times, it seems likely that it was local well-to-do families making money from the iron industry who provided this clock in the 17th century. It has a pendulum, a part developed only in 1657. It also has square decorative finials which are a feature after 1600, so perhaps a date following the restoration of Charles II in 1660 would be appropriate. Before this period, the time was reckoned by Mass Dials, which are inscribed on the wall by the window close to the door.|
There are six bells which date from about 1550 to 1937.
“Here am I set on high
By the folk of West Hoathly. | <urn:uuid:caf84425-22e5-419a-8f1c-8e7f4b08a9d7> | {
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Could have a Baltimore Catechism question, please …
Why do we celebrate a funeral?
5. Christians celebrate the funeral rites to offer worship, praise, and thanksgiving to God for the gift of a life which has now been returned to God, the author of life and the hope of the just. The Mass, the memorial of Christ’s death and resurrection, is the principal celebration of the Christian funeral.
It’s the Mass. It’s Jesus Christ. There is a context: the death of one of his faithful ones. But the Paschal Mystery remains primary. | <urn:uuid:52ffa497-f09b-4f95-b08c-6b2685287535> | {
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[Tweeters] Pectoral Sandpiper hooting
dennispaulson at comcast.net
Fri Apr 2 11:39:34 PDT 2010
In a shorebird class I just taught, I told people about the hooting sound that male Pectoral Sandpipers make as they fly over the tundra in display flights on their arctic breeding grounds. I wasn't entirely sure how this sound was made, and I promised to look it up in Bird of North America. Here it is. I decided it was complex enough that I wouldn't try to paraphrase. Notice this has been the subject of quite a bit of speculation.
Most agonistic interactions of breeding males involve specialized secondary sexual characteristic of large, pendulous, and inflatable throat sac, accompanied by heavy fat deposits and vascularization of subcutaneous tissue of throat and neck (Nelson 1884,Sutton 1932, Pitelka 1959, Parmelee et al. 1967, Portenko 1968, MacLean 1969,Kistchinskii 1974, Flint and Tomkovich 1978, Myers 1982). Skin of throat and breast becomes flabby and loose, inner surface covered with thick fat deposits (Nelson 1884,Parmelee et al. 1967). Flaccid tissue around neck of 1 male weighed 30.0 g (Parmelee et al. 1967). When breeding male stands, neck skin hangs down in pendulous flap, likened to a dewlap (Nelson 1884; see Fig. 4B).
In Flight Display (see Spacing, below), throat sac expands rhythmically, and Hooting Call is given (see Sounds: vocalizations, above). Anatomical basis and mechanism for inflation not well understood. Proposals include (1) expansion of esophagus (Nelson 1884, Flint and Tomkovich 1978), (2) inflation of cervical air sacs (Kozlova 1962, Portenko 1968), or (3) blood or other fluid engorgement of highly vascularized subcutaneous neck tissue of male (Kistchinskii 1974). Best evidence supports esophageal expansion: Air blown into esophagus of dead male caused throat to inflate to normal “display” size while cervical air sacs remained “empty” (Flint and Tomkovich 1978, P. S. Tomkovich pers. comm.). Same experiment with female Pectoral Sandpipers and other calidridine species produced no such enlargement (P. S. Tomkovich pers. comm.). Similar but less pronounced throat sac also reported from Sharp-tailed Sandpiper, but vocalizations and underlying mechanism in that species appear different (Flint and Tomkovich 1978). Esophagus of male Pectoral reported to be soft and distensible (Nelson 1884, RTH) and elastic (Flint and Tomkovich 1978). One esophagus from a collected breeding male measured 137 mm in length and 15 mm in diameter, tapering to 7 mm at entrance to stomach, and was noted as “very elastic and thin” (RTH). Role of vascularization and fat deposits not clear; latter may (also) provide energy reserve useful in cool arctic environment (MacLean 1969; see Food habits: nutrition and energetics, above). More studies needed to determine morphological basis of this display characteristic, especially the possibility of air sac involvement, as well as function of fat deposits.
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The issue of body Image is at the centre of this week’s Mental Health Awareness campaign.
Traditional and social media is often blamed for their portrayal of unrealistic body images, which, some believe, can have a detrimental impact on mental health and wellbeing.
But just how detrimental?
As part of the University of Sunderland’s podcast series, Sunderland Talks, evolutionary psychologist Dr Helen Driscoll, Principal Lecturer in Psychology, discusses that while the media may play a role in exacerbating the problem, they are not necessarily the primary cause.
Dr Driscoll said: “People think body image ideals come from the media because of the way they portray a certain type of shape. But it’s more the case the media is reflecting, or maybe even amplifying, something that is already there.
“Over time we have evolved in ways which allow us to reproduce. If we think about the female body and idealised images of that, there tends to be quite a preference for a curvaceous shape, an hour glass figure.
“A slim waist represents an absence of pregnancy, it possibly suggests someone hasn’t had children before, or hasn’t had many children. People often think the preference for wide hips is due to them being childbearing, but it is a little bit more complicated than that.
“One of the attractive things about wide hips is that there is a particular kind of fat on the buttocks and the thighs that is stored there, and it is used in developing the brain of a foetus. There is some evidence that women with a certain hip-waist ratio have children with better cognitive ability. So the idea that beauty is only skin deep is blown away when you look at evidence like that.”
Dr Driscoll claims that, while slimness is associated with better health and fertility, it is not as straightforward as people think. Evidence suggests that extreme thinness is not the most attractive body-shape as the thinner you get the less fertile the body becomes.
She added: “What women look for in a male body is a little bit different. There tends not to be a really strong preference for slimness. The ideal male shape seems to revolve around having a triangular torso, with wide shoulders and a narrower waist. It is also about muscularity. In terms of evolution, that kind of body shape would have signalised strength and ability to protect.
“These preferences for the male and female body developed when we lived in small groups, we did not have many people to compare ourselves to.
“Today we live in a globalised world where we have access to millions of people at the push of a button. We are bombarded with images every day whether it be in the newspapers or on Instagram, or whatever social media platform it might be.
“If we compare ourselves and make some kind of negative comparison with the bodies we see on a daily basis then it can affect self-esteem. That’s not to say it results in mental health problems; it can, but it is a little bit more complex than that.
“For example, the idea that media images cause eating disorders – yes, it can play a role – but the cause of eating disorders are really complex and if the media were solely responsible then everyone would have an eating disorder.
“People might follow on Instagram a specific person who has a really extreme body shape. Again, this can have an impact but I think it is an exacerbation rather than a cause.
“Media simply plays into body images that we already have a preference for. If you look at video games for example, the image of Lara Croft is very idealised; it is an extreme form of the preferences we have. Sometimes to strive for these extremely idealised images could lead to problems.
“However, we don’t want to say that looking at images of healthy, fit bodies is necessarily a bad thing.”
The awareness week is part of a national campaign, organised by the Mental Health Foundation.
According to the charity’s research, one in five of the 4,505 adults surveyed (20 per cent) felt shame over their body image.
Just over one third (34 per cent) felt down or low about the way they looked, while 19 per cent felt disgusted because of their body image in the last year.
And concerningly, one in eight adults said they felt suicidal because they were so unhappy with how they looked.
The issue is an even bigger concern for teenagers.
Over a third of teenagers from the UK’s most digital generation (37 per cent) felt upset about their body image, while 31 per cent felt ashamed of their body image.
Dr Driscoll added: “As well as body shape, we also have preference for facial shape as well. Symmetrical faces are attractive to both men and women.
“Filters that are available now on social media which change the shape of our faces, can make them more symmetrical. They can also give us smoother skin which, again, is an indicator of health and good genes.
“In females we tend to look for big eyes and large lips, in men it is a square jaw which indicates quite high levels of testosterone.”
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Differences between BCH and Bitcoin BTC. Block sizes and hashes.
Satoshi Nakamoto described the idea behind Bitcoin and the way he was planning to implement the idea in a whitepaper from 2008. He launched the network in the beginning of 2009. During the first year of the existence of the network, it had around 100 transactions a day on average. Because the Bitcoin network is fully transparent, you can see the official chart with transaction numbers from the inception of the network on the Bitcoin blockchain explorer website: https://blockchain.info/charts/n-transactions?timespan=all
Nakamoto has designed the Bitcoin network in such a way that it can process between 3 and 7 transactions per second on average. When the Bitcoin network has started becoming really popular in 2013 and 2014, this has become a serious problem.
Bitcoin Cash is a cryptocurrency that differs from Bitcoin in three ways. First, it has a larger size of the blockchain. Second, it has increased security. Third, it adjusts the difficulty of the network faster than the Bitcoin network does.
This series of articles will first give an overview of why the Bitcoin the way it works, explain such terms and difficulty of the network and cryptocurrency forks, and then explain why the three changes that Bitcoin Cash has introduced are so significant that Bitcoin cash, while only differing from Bitcoin in three ways, is one of the largest cryptocurrencies by market capitalization (in the top 5 as of the writing of this article) and is traded on such exchanges as Coinbase.
In case you are not familiar with Coinbase, Coinbase is a business headquartered in San Francisco, California. It has been founded in 2011 and operates legally under the laws of the United States. These laws are very strict and Coinbase values its reputation very highly, which is why it only offers proven coins to its users. As of the beginning of 2018, Coinbase only offers Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin and Bitcoin Cash.
Size of Bitcoin blocks
The first reason why the Bitcoin network can only process between three and seven transactions per second is the size of the block of the bitcoin blockchain. Bitcoin Cash has a larger size of blockchain.
A block on a blockchain is similar to a page in a regular ledger. Obviously, the bigger the pages, the more information the ledger can hold. With Bitcoin, the size of the block is 1 megabyte. Bitcoin Cash has a block size that is eight time the size of the block size of Bitcoin, at 8 megabytes.
A typical Bitcoin transaction is about 250 bytes, but transactions can be larger depending on the number of inputs and outputs.
Here is an example that explains why a transaction can have a larger size. Let’s say you need to pay someone $10 but you only have $3 in your wallet. However, you also have $6 in coins of various denominations and you have a $1 bill in a drawer of your desk. All of this means that you do have the funds, it is just that getting the funds is not as simple as just pulling one bill out of your wallet. Transactions on the Bitcoin network work in a similar way. Sometimes, the network will use several inputs and outputs similarly to the example above and this is when the size of data about the transaction can become larger than the size of a typical transaction with just one input and one output.
Speed of block creation and what you need to know about hashes to understand how Bitcoin manages the parameter of difficulty
The second reason why the Bitcoin network can only process between 3 and 7 transactions per second is the speed with which the network creates the blocks of the blockchain. Nakamoto has decided that this speed should be around 10 minutes per block of the blockchain. This speed is one of the reasons for the existence of the parameter of difficulty on the Bitcoin blockchain.
On the Bitcoin network, miners compile transactions into the blocks of the Bitcoin blockchain. Once a miner compiles the transactions, he needs to seal them with a hash because otherwise collecting transactions into sets of data would be a trivial task for any modern computer.
A cryptography hash is a number that a cryptography algorithm generates once it processes a set of data. A hash is much shorter than the set and a cryptography algorithm can only return one hash for one set of data. Also, one of the properties of modern cryptography algorithms is that hashes for very similar sets of data are very different.
For example, the hash for a set of data (34, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) could be m45RT and the hash for (33.99, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) could be XX00E. Because hashes even for similar sets of data look so different, they make it easy to compare large sets of data without actually looking at the data (because each set of data under one cryptography algorithm can only have one hash). For example, you can have a set of data with 10,000 numbers. You run it through a cryptography algorithm and generate a hash. Then, you send the data to your friend and you want to make sure that the data did not get damaged on the way. All you need to do so is ask your friend to generate the hash for the data using the same cryptography algorithm that you used. If your friend sends you the same hash that you have, you know that your friend has the correct data without even looking at the data. The data on the Bitcoin network that the miners generate hashes for is the data about transactions that the miners include into the blocks of the bitcoin blockchain. The algorithm miners use is called SHA-256. It was created by the United States National Security Agency and is considered to be one of the safest cryptography algorithms in the world. This algorithm is the reason why the Bitcoin network is so secure. If someone were to change even one digit in the information about one Bitcoin transaction, then the hash for that block would be entirely different from the existing hash (because even very similar sets of data have very different hashes). | <urn:uuid:01fc2dcb-baa6-4549-aa21-ce1544bb0c11> | {
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At the end of the Triassic period, at least half of the species living on land and in the ocean went extinct, opening the way for dinosaurs to dominate Earth for the next 135 million years. Scientists have long suspected massive volcanic eruptions were to blame, but they havenít been able to pin down the exact timing until now.
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During the 1840s there were two contradictory trends in matters of social policy. On the one hand there was a tendency to extend public control and, on the other, a tendency to call a halt to further change. The public health movement had to operate against the pressures produced by these opposing forces, pressures that in the end brought Chadwick down and ended a stage in the history of social policy. Public health was the fourth major area of policy, along with the poor law, factory reform and constabulary reform, with which Chadwick's name was connected. The campaign bore the characteristic stamp of Chadwick's mind:
- It was constructively based on a broad conception of the issues involved.
- Chadwick propounded sanitary policies that tackled all parts of the problem and left no loose ends.
- He thought out an administrative structure at both central and local levels that should be intelligently related to basic environmental and geographical factors.
- This comprehensiveness and broad planning won him a number of enemies. Any of such plans would antagonise some powerful interests. The whole policy was bound to offend a whole legion.
- Nor were the plans free from Chadwick's characteristics dogmatism and they showed his usual inability to compromise or to modify his ideas.
Policy development went through several phases between the late 1830s and 1848.
Awakening public interest
Enquiries had been made by Arnott, Southwood Smith and Kay-Shuttleworth into the sanitary conditions in East London in 1839. Chadwick's own Report on the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population of Great Britain was produced in 1842. It was the result of two further years’ exhaustive work and it put the whole discussion of public sanitary policy onto an entirely new footing.
Chadwick's basic ideas
Chadwick's ideas dominated policy up to 1854. He believed that disease was carried by impurities in the atmosphere and that the great problem was to get rid of impurities before they could decompose. The key to resolving the whole problem was the provision of a sufficient supply of pure water driven through pipes at high pressure. This would provide both drinking water and make it easier to cleanse houses and streets. Manure could be collected when it left the town and used as fertiliser in the surrounding fields. It was the very completeness of his solution that presented many problems:
- Many water companies were in existence but they normally provided water only on certain days a week and at certain times. They did not provide it in either the quantity or at the pressure that Chadwick desired.
- Many houses in poorer districts had no water supply at all and no proper means of sewage disposal.
- Where sewers did exist the levels were often very badly regulated. Chadwick wished to replace the large brick-arched constructions with smaller egg-shaped types developed by John Roe.
In addition to his first two basic ideas -- the atmospheric theory of infection and the cyclical theory of water supply and drainage -- Chadwick maintained that proper central direction of sanitary planning should be combined with efficient local organisation, an idea parallel to his views on poor law and police.
Chadwick's 1842 Report
The 1842 Sanitary Report was complemented by another report of 1843 on interments in towns that exposed the terrible conditions of over-crowded graveyards of London. These reports made a deep impression on public opinion and some 30,000 copies were initially printed. They were followed by a Royal Commission on the state of towns, by a good deal of propagandist activity through the Health of Towns Association founded in December 1844, and eventually by the passage of the Public Health Act 1848. Several points stand out in the Sanitary Report:
- Members and officials of existing commissions of sewers were generally examined in an unsympathetic, even hostile way.
- There were two authoritative statements of the views of reformers, one by Southwood Smith from the scientific and medical viewpoint, the other by Thomas Hawksley from an engineering viewpoint.
- Complementing Hawksley's evidence, there was evidence from other professional men about the importance of properly made plans and surveys as the pre-requisite for sound planning.
By the middle of the 1840s the local state was beginning to intervene in towns and several of the larger towns obtained private Acts to dealing with nuisances. In 1847 William Duncan became the Medical Officer for Liverpool, the first appointment in Britain. By now the public health debate had polarised into those who favoured reform [The Clean Party] and those against it, 'The Dirty Party' or 'Muckabites'. The central State did intervened in 1846 with the Nuisances Removal Act and particularly in the 1848 Public Health Act. The prime motivation behind both pieces of legislation was for combating the imminent cholera outbreak. The 1848 Act began the process of breaking down laissez-faire attitudes. It
- Established a Central Board of Health with a five-year mandate based at Gwydir House in London with three Commissioners [Lord Morpeth, Lord Shaftesbury and Chadwick, with Southwood Smith as Medical Officer].
- Local Boards of Health could be established if 10 percent of ratepayers petitioned the Central Board or would be set up in towns where the death rate was higher than 23 per thousand.
- The Local Boards of Health would take over the powers of water companies and drainage commissioners. It would levy a rate and had the power to appoint a salaried Medical Officer. They also had the power to pave streets etc. but this was not compulsory.
There were several important weaknesses in the Act:
- The lifespan of the Central Board was limited to five years.
- It was permissive in character and many towns did not take advantage of the Act. The large cities by-passed the legislation by obtaining private Acts of Parliament to carry out improvements and so avoided central interference.
- The Act was based on preventative measures and was therefore narrow in outlook. Such measures did bring about improvements but Chadwick paid no attention to contagionist theories and so alienated the medical profession.
- The Act did not legislate for London, which remained an administrative nightmare.
The scale of the General Board's operations was modest. By July 1853 only 164 places, including Birmingham, had been brought under the Act. Many large towns stood aside having taken separate powers under local acts: Leeds in 1842, Manchester in 1844 and Liverpool in 1846. In Lancashire only 26 townships took advantage of the Act and by 1858 only 400,000 of the county's 2.5 million people came under Boards of Health.
The litmus test for the success or failure of the new policies took place in London. A new Metropolitan Commission of Sewers had been set up in December 1847 of which Chadwick was a leading member. From the outset there were bitter rivalries in the Commission between him and the representatives of the old sewer commissions and the parish vestries. In 1850 Chadwick produced a new scheme for the water supply and for a system of publicly controlled cemeteries. Both schemes aroused a host of opponents and both schemes were abandoned. The Treasury refused to advance money for the purchase of private cemeteries. The Metropolitan Water Supply Act 1852 left the whole provision in the hands of water companies.
By 1852 hopes for any comprehensive reform in London had been dashed and there was growing opposition to the General Board in the country as a whole. Lord Morpeth was replaced by Lord Seymour who was hostile to Chadwick. Feelings against the Board and Chadwick in particular rose orchestrated by The Times. The Central Board should have ended in 1853 but was given a year's extension [1853-4] because of a renewal of cholera. Chadwick knew that the 'Dirty Party' was intent on his destruction. He produced a report on what had been achieved but again criticised the various vested interests. Hostility in Parliament and from The Times and Punch focused on Chadwick who was seen as trying to bullying the nation into cleanliness. It was Seymour, who left office in 1852, who demanded the removal of the present Board members and successfully carried an amendment against the government's bill to reorganise the Board. Chadwick resigned and never held public office again. The Central Board was officially abolished in August 1854 but was replaced by a new Board of Health [itself abolished in 1858]. This was the end and on 12 August 1854 Chadwick ceased to be a commissioner. Though he lived until 1890 this marked the end of his active career. | <urn:uuid:fb92b18e-169c-4c9a-b298-1ba62a5e4961> | {
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All historians acknowledge John Brown’s towering stature. Yet few modern Americans recognize May 24-25 as the night of his 1856 execution of five pro-slavers at Pottawatomie Creek in “bloody Kansas.” It was Pottawatomie which brought him to world attention. Truly, it was Act I, scene 1 of the oncoming Civil War.
Under the 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Bill, Kansas was to be a slave or free state when the white residents wrote their state constitution. Accordingly, abolitionists and pro-slavers flocked there. During the 1855 territorial legislature election, armed Missouri “border ruffians” illegally voted. The sham majority expelled the abolitionist delegates and set up a pro-slaver regime in Lecompton. Anti-slavery forces organized a rival government in Lawrence. The ruffians then stormed Lawrence, burning its newspapers. Brown and other Creek abolitionists rushed to Lawrence, to be told to halt by their timid leaders, who feared that defending the town would unleash further attacks.
We know what happened next thru the Autobiography of August Bondi. A Jew, at 14 he had been the youngest military participant in the failed 1848 revolt in Austria. He came to Kansas to oppose slavery, and was with Brown on the 23rd.
John Grant raced into their camp. Dutch Bill Sherman, a German immigrant, an infamous local pro-slaver, came to Grant’s cabin while he was plowing, to assault his sister. She screamed, he rescued her. “Dutch Bill left, cursing and vowing utter extermination of all free state men.” Brown knew that Dutch Bill’s gang, excited by Lawrence, meant it.
Brown “made a short speech, telling us that for the protection of our friends and families a blow must be struck on the Pottawatomie Creek to strike terror into pro-slavery miscreants who intended pillage and murder.” Four sons, a son-in-law, Henry Thompson, wagoner James Townsley, and Theodore Wiener, Bondi’s general store partner, followed Brown into history. Brown told August to meet them later. He was “not so well known … so you will attend to bringing news to us.”
Bondi describes Wiener, a German Jew from Prussian Poland. Pro-slavery, he came to Kansas solely to make money, trading with both sides. But the previous winter, Dutch Bill, 6’3,” 250 lbs, thinking Wiener shared August’s politics, came into their store and attacked him. Wiener, 5’10,” 250 lbs, looked an easy victim. However Brown’s son, Salmon, described him as “big, savage, bloodthirsty.” He “could not be kept out of any accessible fight.” Wiener knocked the German down, pulled his revolver out of his holster, fired it and threw the gun after him. But now he had to go to the abolitionists for protection.
Bondi had been sick in St. Louis. On return, he was stunned: “For nothing however did I admire John Brown as much for as for the conversion of my friend Theodore Wiener from a rank Pro-slaveryman to an uncompromising Abolitionist…. Judge of my surprise when Wiener conversed with me as a radical Free Stateman.”
Bondi was a majority Free-Stater. “We… did not sanction an increase in the colored population north.” For them, radical meant Brown’s then unique racial egalitarianism. Later, Boston Christian abolitionists saw Brown as Oliver Cromwell. Wiener never heard of the Puritan warrior. But he knew an armed Hebrew prophet. Brown had the rightful message, Wiener understood it.
Brown divided his men into two units. They took 5 ringleaders out from their families. Military silence required them to be put to the sword. Out of mercy, he shot one, still quivering. But Salmon Brown attests that “Henry Thompson and Wiener killed [Allen] Wilkinson and Sherman.”
Smiting foes with executioners’ swords indeed terrified Biblical-minded soft abolitionists and ruffians alike. His reputation racing before him, slavers feared him. He was a skilled skirmisher. The June 2nd battle at Black Jack showed that the ruffians could be defeated in the field. Success converted abolitionist opinion re the night executions. One later wrote that he “did not know of a settler in 1856 but what regarded it amongst the most fortunate events in the history of Kansas.” Days later the slayings were reenacted on Broadway.
Later writers are of mixed minds on every aspect of Brown’s career. Many agree with Brown’s contemporary. But the March 16, 1998 Wall Street Journal saw “reckless and barbaric actions at Pottawatomie.” Ken Chowder, in the February 2000 American Heritage, had a more complex take: “Maybe Pottawatomie was insane, and maybe it was not.”
Serious moderns see the slavery conflict as the inexorable struggle between two incompatible economic systems. But the historical protagonists rarely thought in our sociological manner. Most radical abolitionists and slavers thought they were carrying out the will of the Almighty. By our scientific standards, either their premises or their actions, or both, were fanatic.
In 1860, Lincoln, the ultimate moderate, repudiated Harpers Ferry: “That affair … corresponds with the many attempts, related in history, at the assassination of kings and emperors. An enthusiast broods over the oppression of a people till he fancies himself commissioned by Heaven to liberate them. He ventures the attempt, which ends in little else than his execution.”
Brown frequently cited Numbers 35:33, “the land cannot be cleansed of the blood that is shed therein, but by the blood of him that shed it.” When Kansas abolitionists realized they had to fight or lose, Brown, the enthusiast, was necessarily seen as a realist and a hero. When Lincoln finally realized that compromise with slavery was impossible, the practical politician proclaimed the same doctrine. If “every drop of blood drawn with the lash shall be paid by another drawn with the sword, as it was said three thousand years ago, so still it must be said, that the judgments of the Lord are true and righteous altogether.” Given the limitations of that age, the ends justified the extremes. In its time, Pottawatomie was realism and at Harpers Ferry fanaticism rose to heroic martyrdom. History is correct in seeing Brown as great. Yet, when the hour of truth arrived, two of his sons refused to kill their captives. If Wiener hadn’t been there, the raid would have failed. When he “unleashed the fateful lightning of his terrible swift sword,” he dealt the 1st blow in the “terrible sublime” tragedy we call the American civil war.
An unforeseeable event, the crazed attack by Dutch Bill, turned a greedy pro-slaver into someone ripe for conversion by Brown. So to, in our day, events will turn Americans now on the right into the boldest champions of social justice.
LENNI BRENNER, editor of 51 Documents: Zionist Collaboration with the Nazis, can be reached at [email protected] | <urn:uuid:91c25975-b370-4df2-815d-72b60e0137f5> | {
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Researchers at the UC Davis MIND Institute will examine whether children and youth with fragile X syndrome can improve their working memory, cognition and behavior by using an online computer-based cognitive training program, through a new $1 million grant from The John Merck Fund.
To conduct the innovative study, the researchers will travel to the homes of school-aged children around the country to instruct their families on how to use the program and deliver the intervention, called Cogmed , software designed to improve working memory that is marketed by Pearson Education.
The grant was made through The John Merck Fund's Translational Research Program in developmental disabilities, which supports innovative research in developing treatments and improving outcomes for individuals with developmental disabilities, particularly Down syndrome and fragile X syndrome.
"I am very grateful to The John Merck Fund to have the chance to learn whether this type of training can help children with fragile X," said David Hessl, a researcher at the MIND Institute and the study's principal investigator. "I've been in the fragile X field and enjoyed working with families for many years and am excited to have the opportunity to lead a study that could help improve their lives."
Hessl said that the study, launching early this year, will be the first to evaluate whether a computer-based cognitive training program can be effective in improving the working-memory skills, and possibly behavior, of people with fragile X syndrome.
"Although many medication trials are going on now, there never have been controlled studies of enhancing cognitive functioning in people with fragile X through behavioral training," said Hessl, who also is associate clinical professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences.
Fragile X syndrome is the most common inherited cause of intellectual impairment, formerly termed mental retardation, and is the leading known single-gene cause of autism spectrum disorder. The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that about 1 in 4,000 males and 1 in 6,000 to 8,000 females have the disorder.
"There have been surprisingly few attempts to evaluate the efficacy of behavioral or educational interventions for individuals with fragile X syndrome," said Leonard Abbeduto, director of the MIND Institute. "Moreover, the few tested have been very limited in scope. Dr. Hessl's extension of Cogmed is exciting, because it is a comprehensive program that can be delivered at a high dose in the home and consequently at low burden for families."
Hessl and his colleagues hope that the intervention can be effective because it targets working memory, a serious deficit for individuals with fragile X syndrome. Hessl is collaborating with fellow MIND Institute researcher Julie Schweitzer, associate professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences and an ADHD expert.
"I am very much looking forward to working on this project," Schweitzer said. "It is a carefully designed study and a wonderful extension of the previous work testing the effects of cognitive training in other populations with executive functioning impairments."
The goal of the new four-year grant will be to determine whether cognitive/behavioral training can be effective and, eventually, whether it can complement new medications under development to treat patients with fragile X.
The study will involve 100 children with fragile X between 8 and 18 years who will receive baseline assessment and training in their home. The participants will be divided into two groups, one that will receive a version of Cogmed that becomes increasingly challenging and one that does not. Families in both groups will deliver the intervention five days a week for six weeks. Researchers will check in periodically with families at distant locations via a telemedicine connection to ensure that the intervention is being delivered appropriately.
The program monitors training time and how participants are progressing. In addition, at the beginning and after training, the participants' parents and their school teachers will be asked to rate their behavior related to executive function to see if any improvements generalize to the person's daily life and school setting. Cogmed is providing access to the program for the research at no cost.
Hessl said that many current fragile X investigations are focused around developing targeted treatments or medications - to improve patients' cognition and behavior.
"There is a very heavy emphasis on pharmacological treatment of patients with fragile X that has initially been developed using animal models -- so most of the clinical studies going on now are on developing effective new medications that could improve synaptic connections in the brain," Hessl said. "If this study is successful a next step would be to see whether Cogmed works even better in children who are taking these medications. It might also open the door for studying this type of training in children with other types of intellectual disabilities."
The research adds to the growing capabilities of the Fragile X Research and Treatment Center, one of the world's leading fragile X clinical/research facilities, offering clinical evaluation of patients throughout the lifespan and an interdisciplinary faculty conducting clinical and basic science research to develop treatments and cures for fragile X-related conditions.
"Through this program, the fund is expanding its longstanding commitment to improving the lives of people with developmental disabilities and their families," said Olivia Farr, chair of The John Merck Fund. "The program will make approximately 10 grant awards of $1 million each."
"What's especially exciting about this program," said Marsha Mailick, chair of the fund's Scientific Advisory Board, "is that it supports research with potential game-changing impact that is within the realm of probability not just possibility and could be achieved within 10 years."
|Contact: Phyllis Brown|
University of California - Davis Health System | <urn:uuid:41944ed1-b66f-4e7a-88cf-c24f4443441b> | {
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Stories of Innovation
There’s no doubt a fighter jet is a modern marvel of aerospace engineering, but it may come as a surprise that the F-35 also houses enough computer programs to make any software engineer drool. Each jet will have more than 8 million lines of code—more than any other U.S. or allied jet in history.
New Horizons is revealing to the world the very best images of Pluto we have ever seen and will complete the initial exploration of the ninth body in the classical solar system. And as it has since launch day, the power system Lockheed Martin worked on will continue to power the probe for this historic flyby, as well as whatever may come next.
Lasers are a hallmark of iconic comic series and science fiction novels. While their capabilities and uses vary, in most cases, lasers are highly accurate, work instantaneously and cause minimal collateral damage. But does any of the technology behind these futuristic laser-based systems have a parallel in real-life laser technology? Actually, more than you might think.
Satellites enabled smart phones, cable television, ATMs, GPS navigation, climate monitoring and more. Emerging technology is bringing into view the Internet of Things – an increasing number of objects with a digital footprint and integrated into a broader network. As this bold, new world arises, a modernized version of a highly successful Lockheed Martin satellite stands poised to usher in the new era.
As more and more objects are launched into space, our ability to precisely plan missions and detect, track and catalog millions of pieces of space debris will become increasingly important.To cope with the congestion, researchers are drawing up precise calculations to determine ideal launch windows, controlling flight paths for spacecraft already in orbit, and developing advanced systems to track and classify hundreds of thousands of pieces of space debris.
Lockheed Martin is known for developing the most advanced aircraft in the world. Each aircraft’s strengths and abilities are derived from strategic research and development—whether it is the air superiority of an advanced tactical fighter or the physical endurance of a strategic airlifter. So, which Lockheed Martin aircraft are you most like? Take this quiz to find out.
Mars exploration missions are critical for greater understanding about the red planet and what it may take for humans to survive there. InSight will be the first to record measurements of Mars’ interior and provide the greatest clues yet into evolutionary processes that shaped the rocky planets of the inner solar system.
Currently, six F-35Bs are on the USS Wasp conducting Operational Test-1 (OT-1)—a precursor to the Marine Corps’ declaration of F-35 Initial Operating Capability (IOC). We sat down with Art “Turbo” Tomassetti, F-35B U.S. Marine Corps (USMC) program manager, to ask a few questions about the USMC’s OT-1 and the future of Marine aviation with the F-35B.
Scientists and engineers believe robotics could be the key to solving many of our most difficult problems, from deep space and deep sea exploration, to delicate surgery and mitigating natural disasters. Researchers at Lockheed Martin believe there are four driving factors that will push us toward the next great leap in robotics.
Today, virtual training systems are so advanced that more than 70 percent of F-35 pilot training is completed in a simulated environment before the pilot climbs into a cockpit. Compare that to F-16 training where pilots fly 40 percent of their qualification events in simulators.
Someday, thanks to creative scientists and engineers, our world may contain autonomous or semi-autonomous robots working with people, helping us do tasks that are better suited for machines. What technology will it take to get us there? Engineers believe it comes down to mastery of the four Ps: Perception, Processing, Power and Planning.
Beyond their potential to deliver packages to your front door, unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) are already scanning the earth, carrying heavy supplies and fending off fires, among dozens of other useful tasks. Increasingly, UAS technology is freeing the operator from the basics of flying and unlocking new possibilities for the future. | <urn:uuid:dcd14b5e-8791-4b4d-b2d2-39e001a336e6> | {
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On Tuesday, June 18, 2013 12:58:09 AM UTC-7, Pentcho Valev wrote: > Einsteiniana's fundamental lie: At the end of the 19th century the Michelson-Morley experiment invalidated the principle of the addition of speeds established by Newton's theory so "it will no longer be possible to add two speeds without the intervention of c. No kinematics will be possible without c; no physics will be possible without c": > > > > http://www.berkeleyscience.com/relativity.htm > > "The conclusion of the Michelson-Morley experiment was that the speed of light was a constant c in any inertial frame. Why is this result so surprising? First, it invalidates the Galilean coordinate transformation. Note that with the frames as defined in the previous section, if light is travelling in the x' direction in frame O' with velocity c, then its speed in the O frame is, by the Galilean transform, c+v, not c as measured. This invalidates two thousand years of understanding of the nature of time and space. The only comparable discovery is the discovery that the earth isn't flat! The Michelson Morley experiment has inevitably brought about a profound change in our understanding of the world." > > > > http://www.amazon.com/Faster-Than-Speed-Light-Speculation/dp/0738205257 > > Faster Than the Speed of Light, Joao Magueijo: "A missile fired from a plane moves faster than one fired from the ground because the plane's speed adds to the missile's speed. If I throw something forward on a moving train, its speed with respect to the platform is the speed of that object plus that of the train. You might think that the same should happen to light: Light flashed from a train should travel faster. However, what the Michelson-Morley experiments showed was that this was not the case: Light always moves stubbornly at the same speed. This means that if I take a light ray and ask several observers moving with respect to each other to measure the speed of this light ray, they will all agree on the same apparent speed!" > > > > http://www.amazon.com/Curious-History-Relativity-Einsteins-Gravity/dp/product-description/0691118655 > > The Curious History of Relativity: How Einstein's Theory of Gravity Was Lost and Found Again, Jean Eisenstaedt, pp. 17-19: "If, as Michelson's experiments showed, this theorem of the addition of speeds is not valid, in particular for light, then something is not right with our initial assumptions. (...) The most convincing solution physicists will find will be special relativity. Not much will remain of our initial hypotheses: neither Newton's absolute time nor the definition of speed will survive. But, above all, in this new kinematics a new physical constant will appear, c. It will no longer be possible to add two speeds without the intervention of c. No kinematics will be possible without c; no physics will be possible without c." > > > > In fact, the Michelson-Morley experiment CONFIRMED the principle of the addition of speeds established by Newton's theory: > > > > http://www.philoscience.unibe.ch/documents/kursarchiv/SS07/Norton.pdf > > John Norton: "These efforts were long misled by an exaggeration of the importance of one experiment, the Michelson-Morley experiment, even though Einstein later had trouble recalling if he even knew of the experiment prior to his 1905 paper. This one experiment, in isolation, has little force. Its null result happened to be fully compatible with Newton's own emission theory of light. Located in the context of late 19th century electrodynamics when ether-based, wave theories of light predominated, however, it presented a serious problem that exercised the greatest theoretician of the day." > > > > http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/1743/2/Norton.pdf > > John Norton: "In addition to his work as editor of the Einstein papers in finding source material, Stachel assembled the many small clues that reveal Einstein's serious consideration of an emission theory of light; and he gave us the crucial insight that Einstein regarded the Michelson-Morley experiment as evidence for the principle of relativity, whereas later writers almost universally use it as support for the light postulate of special relativity. Even today, this point needs emphasis. The Michelson-Morley experiment is fully compatible with an emission theory of light that CONTRADICTS THE LIGHT POSTULATE." > > > > http://www.amazon.com/Relativity-Its-Roots-Banesh-Hoffmann/dp/0486406768 > > "Relativity and Its Roots" by Banesh Hoffmann: "Moreover, if light consists of particles, as Einstein had suggested in his paper submitted just thirteen weeks before this one, the second principle seems absurd: A stone thrown from a speeding train can do far more damage than one thrown from a train at rest; the speed of the particle is not independent of the motion of the object emitting it. And if we take light to consist of particles and assume that these particles obey Newton's laws, they will conform to Newtonian relativity and thus automatically account for the null result of the Michelson-Morley experiment without recourse to contracting lengths, local time, or Lorentz transformations. Yet, as we have seen, Einstein resisted the temptation to account for the null result in terms of particles of light and simple, familiar Newtonian ideas, and introduced as his second postulate something that was more or less obvious when thought of in terms of waves in an ether." > > > > Is Jean Eisenstaedt right in claiming that "no kinematics will be possible without c; no physics will be possible without c" if the introduction of "c" is based on a lie? Yes he is. If you repeat a lie often enough it becomes the truth (Goebbels) and if the process lasts for as long as a century the lie-into-truth transformation gets irreversible. > > > > Pentcho Valev
If light can be slowed when passing through a transparent medium; what can't it be given a boost by a moving source? | <urn:uuid:ece4eedb-190f-4d05-989c-094fd3ea6a56> | {
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Second Thoughts: Thoreau's Surveys
Professional Surveyor Magazine - February 2009
Wilhelm A. Schmidt, PLS
Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) is one of the iconic surveyors of this country: he is a man of renown to whom we point with pride as having been a practitioner of our profession. Of course, he-like several of our presidents-did not achieve that renown by surveying. He did it by writing.
Thoreau's best-known work is Walden, the account of his experiment in simple living. But he is also known for polemical tracts, such as "Civil Disobedience," and nature studies, one of them entitled "Walking." In addition, he kept voluminous journals. Had he not written so much-and written so well-he would have faded into the obscurity that is the fate of most surveyors.
Although surveying is not Thoreau's self-defining occupation, it is his most self-fulfilling. We can only guess that he acquired an interest in it in the course of his study of mathematics at Harvard University, from which he graduated in 1837. When he began to teach math at the school he operated with his brother in 1840, he bought a combination circumferenter and level to give the subject "vivid application" (The Days of Henry Thoreau, by Walter Harding, 1966; all the succeeding quotes are from this book).
After their school closed, Thoreau supported himself by doing essentially odd jobs. Partly in self-defense and partly in jest, he cited more than a dozen occupations for the 1847 Harvard yearbook, among them surveying. In the succeeding years, however, he turned to it more and more because he found the work "satisfying and remunerative."
The most intriguing of Thoreau's surveys during this time is the survey of Walden Pond during the winter of 1846. It was generally accepted that the pond was immensely deep, but no one knew how deep. The unknown was a challenge to Thoreau. He set up a grid on the frozen surface of the pond, dug holes in the ice, and plumbed the pond with a weighted string. Plotting his measurements, he produced a plan of the outline of the pond and a profile of its depth.
In 1849, he decided to make surveying his profession. He had a handbill printed, listing the services he offered (see graphic) and bought a notebook, which he inscribed: "Field Notes of Surveys made by Henry D. Thoreau since 1849." He also "made up a list of fourteen books to study, had his compass repaired and inquired about the prices of drawing instruments." (Pencils he apparently got for the asking from his father's factory.) In the following spring, he bought a new compass and chain. For the next 10+ years, he did more than 200 surveys, on average more than 20 a year.
As the word spread of Thoreau's proficiency at surveying, the demand for his services rapidly increased. In 1851, for example, he worked on Daniel Shattuck's new house on January 7, John Hosmer's wood lot on February 5, White Pond for the new official town map on the 17th, Cyrus Stowe's swamp lot on the 20th and 27th, his wood lot in east Concord on March 3, then James McCafferty's farm, Timothy Brooks's estate, and a new street across the railroad tracks for Francis Monroe, land near the factory for Thomas Ford on April 12, a new street and house lots for Cyrus Stow on the 19th, the new courthouse property on the 29th, a new road for the town on May 3, the courthouse lawn, then the West Center School property on May 24 and a boundary line for Mrs. Barber on June 2, a field for James Wood on the 9th, a road in Acton on the 19th and 20th, Edmund Hosmer's farm on the 18th and 21st, a boundary for F. R. Gourgas on the 28th, a new road to Bedford on July 12 and 14, the courthouse fences on August 2, a boundary line for Rockwood Hoar on September 8, the town''s boundaries with the selectmen in mid-September, the boundaries of David Loring's property in mid-October, Reuben Brown Fair Haven Hill lot on October 20, a line for Stow on the 28th, the "Ministerial Lot" for Trustees of the Ministerial Fund in mid-November, the Concord-Carlisle town line for the selectmen in early December, a wood lot for Samuel Barrett on the 6th, and the Ministerial Lot on the 8th and 9th.
The sheer amount and the variety of the work makes one's head spin. He was also involved in lawsuits. In 1853 and again in 1859, Thoreau measured mill dams that had been built, the first on a stream and the second on the Concord River, resulting in damage to crops and grasslands upstream. In 1857, he determined that his friend, Ralph Waldo Emerson, had indeed cut trees that stood on an adjoining property; but he also discovered that an incorrect deed had been provided by the previous owner of the lot, as a result of which the previous owner had to pay the fine imposed by the court. Most of his work was done in and around Concord, but he also surveyed in nearby towns. Several times, he went to Cape Cod, and once as far as Perth Amboy, New Jersey.
Thoreau's last survey is dated December 1, 1860. Soon thereafter, he fell ill and died two years later. Upon his death, his heirs had the good sense to donate his survey plans to the Concord Free Public Library. They were never published in book form. Recently they have, however, been processed and cataloged through a grant from the National Publication and Records Commission and are available over the internet. The web page is entitled "Henry David Thoreau Land and Property Surveys" but can be found by searching for "Thoreau's surveys." The site contains 165 numbered entries, but many are multiple, raising the total to well over 200. Each plan can be downloaded in cropped form as well as enlarged; some of the plans require several pages.
Thoreau had mixed feelings about his success as a surveyor. It had its rewards. It provided him
with needed income, as much as three dollars a day. It also took him out of doors and out of town, where he longed to be. Occasionally, the work paid off with the sighting of a bird or a flower he had not seen before, or the finding of an Indian relic. At times, the day's work disposed him toward poetry and music in the evening.
But the work kept him too busy. Being an avid skater, he chided himself one year (1851) for failing to notice sooner that ice had formed sufficient for skating. Being a man of principles, he was disappointed by the greed of his clients. He would ride mutely along with them to a contested boundary. Witnessing one's man's obsession with a boundary stone, he opined that the devil must be his surveyor.
Throughout his career, however, Thoreau was unstinting in the performance of his work. The practice of his expertise was not simply a matter of technical proficiency to him. It engaged all his personal qualities: his love of nature, his respect for order, and his indomitable character.
About the Author
Wilhelm A. Schmidt, PLSWilhelm Schmidt is the former owner of the surveying firm Bascom and Sieger in Allentown, Pennsylvania. You may contact him at [email protected].
» Back to our February 2009 Issue | <urn:uuid:30a5e5e8-784a-4159-82b7-5f34e8efae18> | {
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In Armenian history, national assemblies or “ashkharhazhoghov”s (universal assemblies) were convened even in ancient times. National assemblies, not as we know them today, of course, were convened in Armenia from time to time. They were convened for adopting decisions on decisive issues faced by the nation, as well as adopting rules regulating social relations. Thus, the convened assembly of aldermen, ministers and clergymen, in Artashat, in 449 A.D., rejected an edict obliging the Christian subjects of Hazkert II to convert to Zoroastrianism.
After the breakup of the Arshakunyats dynasty in 428 A.D., the Armenian Church tried to join the centrifugal forces of the ministers and act as a guarantee of Armenian unity. The “ashkharhazhoghov” was replaced by a church assembly headed by the Supreme Patriarch of all Armenians. Religious issues were debated in the assemblies, which took place in Dvin (506, 554, 609, 645, 702), and hundreds of rules were adopted. The Armenian Church, due to historical circumstances, was obliged to become the head of the ministerial power and legislation. Hence, the Armenian legislation was mainly proposed by church rules, i.e. - “Kanonagirk Hayots.” It is an official collection of medieval legal documents, which consists of rule- articles, including spiritual-church, moral, ideological-political and economic-civil issues. They are summarized in 57 groups of regulations, with 1,332 specific rules relating to a variety of issues.
The book of the Armenian rules “Kanonagirk Hayots” was used as a source for Mkhitar Gosh’s and Smbat Sparapet’s, medieval law pillars, “Datastanagirks,” (Judgment Books) and was enriched by them.
This is, of course, very far from essential parliamentarianism, which assumes to be a permanently functioning representative legislature, elected by people. It did, however, include these primary components: the aldermen, in charge of deciding the people’s destiny, convened to debate and adopt issues by voting on decisions and rules critical for the nation, and to organize its activity and set up relations according to them.
The book of the Armenian rules was widely used in Armenia and in Armenian communities until the 1920s.
In Armenian history the concept of parliamentary governance was born at the end of 18th century. Sh. Shahamiryan, for the first time, formulated the main provisions on a constitutional republic and parliamentary system in the work “Vorogayt Pararts” (Snares of Glory) (1773, Madras).
He condemns feudal-monarchical regimes in the extensive preface, substantiates the path of liberation from the Turkish- Persian tyranny and the principles of the establishment of democratic systems.
The title of the second book of “Vorogayt Parats” is “Nshavak,” the application of which meant “order” and “constitution,” and is a synonym to the name “Armenian Constitution.”
“Nshavak” is a draft constitution (article 521) and presents future independent Armenia’s social-state structure, the establishment order of governance bodies and their powers, the rights and responsibilities of citizens, the organization of the economy, education, armed forces and other issues. Shahamiryan’s work is one of the unique achievements in the history of social-legal thought, where the proposed concepts, through certain systems, besides being the results of deep theoretical generalizations, are also cornerstone values of international constitutional developments.
Referring to the power of people, rule of law, representative democracy, separation of powers, social protection, constitutional justice and many other constitutional principles, for the first time in Armenian history, the complete and regulated system of the norms of state (constitutional) law is presented, not only generalizing Armenian and world social thought achievements, but also giving birth to a new state concept. The author certainly was well aware of democratic principles of state governance in Europe, and in particular, of Great Britain.
“The fruits of the tree of rights and justice” can become a base of a godly deportment, only through “fair Governments,” seeking the happiness of an individual and society in justice and legality, having a starting point of the imperative “...to live by the law and justice.” This is the greatest mandate of the author of “Vorogayt Parats.”
The National Constitution was the statute relating to the inner life of the Western Armenians. It was adopted on May 24, 1860 by the National Assembly of Konstandnupolis and on March 17, 1863 it was ratified by the sultan government and was titled, “Statute of Armenian Nation.” The principles of the Belgian Constitution were the basis of the document influenced by the French Great Revolution. By the proposal of N. Rusinyan the document was titled “National Constitution.” The High Door (Supreme Authority of Turkey) was convinced that it would isolate the Armenians within national religious circles, keeping them away from state political issues, and the prestige of Turkey would be raised in Europe as a legal-democratic and Europeanizing country.
The original constitution was in Armenian, however, the one considered official was the ratified Turkish text. The National Constitution, comprised of 150 articles, was reduced with only 99 adopted, as the articles deemed essential for the community were abridged. The number of the members of the national general assembly was reduced from 400 to 140, mainly due to a reduction of provincial representatives.
The National Assembly (legislative body), National Central Administration (executive body),
National Central Assembly (spiritual affairs) and Political Assembly (secular affairs) were established for conducting the inner affairs of the Western Armenians. Those were parliamentary (representative bodies). All men of age 25 had the right to vote and those over 30 could be elected to office. Closed, secret ballot elections were held, determined by the majority of votes.
In Western life, particularly in Turkey, the National Constitution was a new phenomenon, though it was a statute rather than a constitution. There could not be a real constitution under the conditions of sultan regime. That constitution did not contain any secure guarantee for either collective or individual rights of separate persons, and as it turned out later, there was no guarantee for the right to life or even the existence of the Armenian nation.
Even with its shortcomings, the National Constitution was a remarkable historical phenomenon. Its existence, however, was short-lived in Turkey. With tiny amendments it was continuously in force till 1896 when it was forbidden by the order of Abdul Hamid II. In 1908 it was reinstated until it was finally abolished in 1915.
A National General Assembly was founded in Eastern Armenia (1828, after joining Russia), the functions of which were defined by the “Polozheniye” statute, and ratified by Nikolay I on March 11, 1836. His main authority was the election of the Patriarch and Catholicos of all Armenians.
The parliament of the first Republic of Armenia, declared on May 28, 1918, was convened on August 1. A government was established, mainly comprised of Dashnaktsakans. Mr. H. Kajaznuni was appointed Prime Minister. In hard historical-political times, the Republic of Armenia, existing only two and a half years, was a country governed by parliamentary principles. The parliament was unicameral and had standing committees and a council of elders. The Government of the Republic was accountable to the legislative body - parliament.
During its existence, the Parliament functioned with four organized Governments - headed by Prime Ministers Mr. H. Kajaznuni, Mr. Alexander Khatisyan, Mr. Hamo Ohanjanyan and Mr. Simon Vratsyan. The Parliament was presided over Mr. A. Sahakyan (August 01. 1918 - August 01. 1919), Mr. A. Aharonyan (August 01.1919 - November 04.1920), and Mr. H. Kajaznuni (November 04.1920-December 02.1920).
Four political parties were functioning in a parliament founded on democratic principles - Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF), Social -Democratic Hnchakyan Party (SDHP), Social Revolutionaries and People’s Party of Armenia, which formed parliamentary factions. The Armenian Revolutionary Federation was a ruling party, with a parliamentary plurality, while the others were in opposition.
The Armenian parliament, during its existence, adopted more than 1000 laws and legal documents, having the force of law relating to the inner and foreign policies of the Republic.
Notable are the legislative steps made relating to many big or small but essential issues such as declaring Armenian as a state language, establishing a State University, schools, libraries, museums, increasing pensions, salaries of workers and immigrants, organizing education for the children of victims who perished fighting for freedom, assigning material aid to Armenian authors, scientists, allotting scholarship for the youth, studying abroad, etc.
On November 24, 1920, the Government of Mr. H. Ohanjanyan resigned. The same day a new Dashnaktsakan Government was formed, headed by Mr. S. Vratsyan. On November 30, RSFSR Plenipotentiary Representative to Armenia, Mr. B Legran, proposed the Dashnaktsakan Government to transfer the government in a peaceful way to the Revolutionary Committee. The Government accepted that proposal and on December 2, 1920, in Yerevan, an agreement was signed between the RSFSR and the Republic of Armenia, according to which Armenia was declared a Socialist Republic.
Soviet power was established in Armenia on November 29, 1920. Under soviet rule three constitutions were adopted - in 1924, 1937 and 1978. Beginning in 1938, the ruling body of state power of the second Republic of Armenia was the Supreme Council of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, and before this it was the Congress of Councils. The Armenian SSR Constitution defined the powers of the Supreme Council of the ASSR. This Supreme Council of the ASSR was competent to solve, by the USSR and ASSR Constitutions, all the issues reserved for the ASSR authority. It was elected for a five year term, was unicameral, and was comprised of 340 MPs who were elected from electoral districts having equal population. The procedure of the activity of the ASSR Supreme Council and its bodies was defined by the Rules of Procedures of the ASSR Supreme Council and ASSR other laws. The ASSR Supreme Council appointed the President of the Council of Ministers of the Armenian ASSR, and by his presentation the composition of the Council of Ministers was established. By the latter’s recommendation, the ASSR Supreme Council was authorized to form and dissolve the ASSR Ministries and State Committees, to elect the Supreme Court, approve the ASSR economic and social development state plans, and the ASSR State Budget.
The ASSR Supreme Council had 12 Convocations.
I convocation - 1938
II convocation - 1947
III convocation - 1951
IV convocation - 1955
V convocation - 1959
VI convocation - 1963
VII convocation - 1967
VIII convocation - 1971
IX convocation - 1975
X convocation - 1980
XI convocation - 1985
XII convocation - 1990
The permanently functioning body of the Supreme Council of the Armenian SSR was the presidency, which, during the terms between the sessions, was exercising the functions of the supreme body of the state power. The President of the ASSR Supreme Council presided over the ASSR Supreme Council presidency. The Presidents of the ASSR Supreme Council presidium were Mr. M. P. Papyan (1938-1954), Mr. Sh. M. Arushanyan (1954-1963), Mr. N. Kh. Harutyunyan (1963-1975), Mr. B. Sarkisov (1975-1985), and Mr. H.M. Voskanyan (1985-1990).
On February 13, 1990 the Armenian SSR Supreme Council adopted a resolution to extend the authority of MPs, of the ASSR Supreme Council of the eleventh convocation, to May 20, 1990, which terms were scheduled to expire on February 24, 1990.
On the threshold of freedom, the Supreme Council of Armenia of the first convocation was formed in 1990, by the majoritarian electoral system (260 MPs), through two stages of balloting on May 20 and June 3. During that time Armenia was yet a Soviet Republic. In the new Parliament, which began to function July 20, two political forces were presented - the Communist Party and the Hayots Hamazgayin Sharzhum (Armenian Pan-National Movement, ANM). Later, the ANM, HRAK (Ramkavar Azatakan (liberal) Party of Armenia), ARF (Armenian Revolutionary Federation), ADPA (Agrarian Democratic Party of Armenia) and CPA (Communist Party of Armenia) party factions were formulated in the Parliament. The “Hanrapetutyun” (Republic) (38 MPs), “Artsakh” (11 MPs), “Liberal Democrats” (10 MPs) and the “Azgayin Arajadimutyun” (National Progress) (10 MPs) parliamentary groups were created in the Supreme Council. The ARF (Armenian Revolutionary Federation) faction was changed into a parliamentary group (12 MPs).
On August 4, 1990, Mr. Levon Ter- Petrosyan was elected President of the Supreme Council of the SSR (Soviet Socialist Republic) of Armenia, and on August 6, two Vice Presidents were elected, Mr. Babken Ararktsyan, a first Vice President and Mr. Gagik Harutyunyan, Vice President.
On September 17, 1990, in the Supreme Council of the Republic of Armenia, parliamentary groups “Artsakhi Kanch” (Call of Artsakh) (26 MPs) and “Azgaynakan” (31 MPs), and on March 6, 1991 “Communist” (25 MPs) and “Hanrapetutyun” (Republic) (21 MPs) were created. On November 28, 1991 “Azgayin Zhoghovrdavarner” (National Democrats) (10 MPs) parliamentary group was created.
The Supreme Council of the Republic of Armenia of the first convocation, during the first session, on August 23, adopted the declaration on “Armenia’s Independence,” with which the start of the establishment of an independent state was declared.
During the first session, on August 23, the Supreme Council of the Republic of Armenia of the first convocation, adopted the declaration on “Armenia’s Independence,” with which the start of the approval of an independent state was declared.
Just after the adoption of the declaration on August 24, taking into consideration the declaration on “Armenia’s Independence,” the Supreme Council of the ASSR (Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic) decided to rename the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic into the Republic of Armenia, with the functioning Supreme Council of the 12th convocation to be considered as the Supreme Council of the Republic of Armenia of the first convocation.
On March 1, 1991, the Supreme Council adopted a decision on “Conducting a Referendum on September 21, 1991, in the Territory of the Republic of Armenia, related to secession from the USSR.
On June 25, 1991, the Supreme Council of the Republic of Armenia fixed the day for the presidential elections of the Republic of Armenia on October 16, 1991.
September 23, 1991, the Supreme Council of the Republic of Armenia, assuming as a basis the results of the referendum, which took place on September 21, 1991, related to secession from the USSR, the Republic of Armenia was declared an independent state.
On October 16, 1991, Mr. Levon Ter - Petrosyan was elected the first President of the Republic of Armenia and Mr. Gagik Harutyunyan was elected Vice President. On November 11 a special session of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Armenia was convened dedicated to the ceremony of solemn oath of the President of the Republic of Armenia. On December 24, 1991, Mr. Babken Ararktsyan was elected President of the Supreme Council.
The Supreme Council of the Republic of Armenia began its work on July 20, 1990 and completed it on May 15, 1995. 1,169 decisions and 185 laws were adopted during that term, 104 of which were “basic” laws, and 81 were amendments and supplements to existing laws. 148 international treaties were ratified.
On July 5, 1995, the Constitution of the Republic of Armenia was adopted.
On July 5, 1995, the elections (190 MPs - 150 majoritarian and 40 proportional electoral systems) of the National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia of the first convocation were held. Five parties overcame the barrier of the 5 % minimum vote requirement rule, as defined by the law. The seats were distributed the following way: “Republic” unity - 50% (20 MPs), “Shamiram” - 20% (8 MPs), CPA 15 % - (6 MPs), NDU 7,5% - (3 MPs), UNSD 7,5% - (3 MPs). Also the “Amendments” parliamentary group (31 MPs) was created in the National Assembly. 21 MPs were not included in a composition of any faction or parliamentary group. Later the parliamentary group “Yerkrapah” (17 MPs) was created.
Mr. Babken Ararktsyan was elected the President of the National Assembly. In 1998, at the beginning of February, a power crisis began in the Republic of Armenia. The President of the Republic of Armenia submitted his resignation, and this was followed by the resignation of the governing body of the National Assembly. Mr. Khosrov Harutyunyan was elected President of the National Assembly.
The work of the National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia of the first convocation was begun on July 27, 1995, and completed on June 9, 1999. Nine regular, 12 extraordinary sessions, 64 regular, 14 extraordinary and 2 special sittings were held. The National Assembly of the first convocation adopted 302 laws, 144 of which were “basic” laws, and 158 were amendments and supplements to existing laws. 154 international treaties were ratified, 658 decisions were adopted, 331 of which were normative, and 327 were protocols.
On May 30, 1999, the elections (131 Parliament Members: 75 majoritarian and 56 proportional electoral systems) of the National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia of the second convocation were held.
According to the results of the elections, six parties and an alliance overcame the barrier of the 5 % minimum vote requirement rule, as defined by the law. The seats were distributed in the following way: - “Miasnutyun” (Unity) alliance 41.69% (29 MPs), CPA 12, 09% (8 MPs), “Law and Unity” alliance 7,96% (6 MPs), ARF 7,86% (5 MPs), and “Rule of Law” party 5,28% (4 MPs), NDU 5,17 % (4 MPs).
From the 129 Parliament Members, 76 were partisan and 53 nonpartisan (not belonging to any party).
According to the party membership ratio, the composition of the Parliament Members was as follows: RPA - 24 MPs, ADP - 8 MPs, ARF - 8 MPs, CPA - 7 MPs, “Rule of Law” - 7 MPs, PDP - 6 MPs, NDU - 4 MPs, “National Unity” (CDU - Christian Democratic Union party) - 3 MPs, “Republic” - 2 MPs, CLU (“Constitutional Law” Union) - 2 MPs, NDA - 1 MP, NDP - 1 MP, “Mission” CDU party - 1 MP, Scientific Industrial and Civil Union - 1 MP, ANM - 1 MP.
In Accordance with the Constitution, on June 10, 1999, the first session of the National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia of the second convocation was convened. Mr. Karen Demirchyan was elected President of the National Assembly and Mr. Albert Bazeyan and Mr. Ruben Miroyan were elected Vice Presidents.
After Mr. A. Bazeyan was elected Mayor, on September 13, 1990, Mr.Yuri Bakhshyan was elected Vice President of the National Assembly.
On October 27, 1999, the last day of the three-day sitting, during the question and answer session of the National Assembly and Government, five armed persons broke into the sitting hall of the National Assembly and opened fire on the Parliament Members and the Government Members. Mr. Karen Demirchyan, President of the National Assembly, Mr. Vazgen Sargsyan, Prime Minister, Mr. Yuri Bakhshyan and Mr. Ruben Miroyan, Vice Presidents of the National Assembly, Mr. Mikayel Kotanyan, Mr. Henrik Abrahamyan, Mr. Armenak Armenakyan, Members of Parliament, and Mr. Leonard Petrosyan, Minister of Operative Issues were assassinated.
After the crime of October 27, 1999, by the decree of the President of the Republic of Armenia, at the extraordinary sitting of the National Assembly convened on November 2, 1999, a new governing body of the National Assembly was elected. Mr. Armen Khachatryan was elected President of the National Assembly, and Mr. Tigran Torosyan and Mr. Gagik Aslanyan were elected Vice Presidents of the National Assembly.
Six Parliamentary factions and three parliamentary groups were established in the National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia of the second convocation. Parliamentary factions were as follows: “Unity” (created on June10, 1999, 46 MPs), “Communist Party of Armenia” (June 11, 1999, 8 MPs), “Armenian Revolutionary Federation” (June 11, 1999, 8 MPs), “Law and Unity” (June 11, 1999, 5 MPs), “Rule of Law” (June 10, 1999, 4 MPs) and National Democratic Union (June 11, 1999, 4 MPs). The parliamentary groups were as follows: “Agrarian-Industrial People’s Unity” (July 23, 2001, 11 MPs,” before that - “Stability” (June 10, 1999), “Armenia” (May 16, 2000, 12 MPs) and “People’s Deputy” (April16, 2001, 16 MPs).
The National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia of the second convocation began its work on June 10, 1999 and completed it on May 14, 2003. Nine regular sessions and 22 extraordinary sessions were convened, with 61 regular sittings, 11 extraordinary, and 1 special sitting. The National Assembly adopted 543 laws, 170 of which were “basic” laws, and 373 were amendments and supplements to existing laws. 243 international treaties were ratified. 1,290 decisions were adopted, 342 of which were normative decisions and 948 were protocols.
On May 30, 2003, the elections (131 Parliament Members: 75 proportional and 56 majoritarian electoral system) of the National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia of the third convocation were held. According to the results of the elections, six parties and an alliance overcame the barrier of the 5 % minimum vote requirement rule, defined by the law, resulting in the following proportion. Armenian Republican Party 23,66% (23 MPs), “Justice” alliance 13,71% (14 MPs), “Rule of Law” party 12,60% (12 MPs), Armenian Revolutionary Federation 11,45% (11 MPs), “National Unity” 8,91% (9 MPs), United Labour Party 5,67% (6 MPs).
On June 12, 2003, the first session of the National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia of the third convocation was convened. Mr. Artur Baghdasaryan was elected President of the National Assembly, and Mr. Tigran Torosyan and Mr. Vahan Hovhannisyan were elected Vice Presidents. On May 22, 2006, Mr. Artur Bagdasaryan submitted his resignation. On June 1 Mr. Tigran Torosyan was elected President of the National Assembly.
Six parliamentary factions were created in the National Assembly: “Armenian Republican Party” (June 13, 2003, 40 MPs), “Rule of Law” (June 13, 2003, 20 MPs), “Justice” (June, 13, 2003, 14 MPs), “Armenian Revolutionary Federation” (June 13, 2003, 11 MPs), “National Unity” (June 13, 2003, 8 MPs), “United Labour Party” (June 13, 2003, 6 MPs), and a parliamentary group, “People’s Member of Parliament” (June, 13. 2003, 16 MPs). Fourteen Parliament Members were not included in any faction or parliamentary group.
The National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia of the third convocation convened its first session on June 10, 2003, and the last one was convened on April 9, 2007. Nine regular and 11 extraordinary sessions, and 25 three-day, 23 four-day, and 10 extraordinary sittings were convened.
During the third convocation, 980 laws were adopted, 152 of which were “basic” laws and 828 were amendments and supplements to existing laws. The authors of 89 of the adopted laws were Members of Parliament. The authors of the 875 other laws were of the representatives of the Government of the Republic of Armenia, and 16 laws were developed jointly.
1,400 decisions were adopted, 333 of which were normative decisions and 1,067 were protocols. 256 international treaties were ratified.
On May 25, 2007, the elections (131 Parliament Members: 90 proportional and 41 majoritarian electoral system) of the National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia of the fourth convocation were held. On August 26, 2007 and on August 24, 2008, by majoritarian electoral system, additional elections were held.
The work of the National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia of the fourth convocation began on June 7, 2007, and ended on May 31, 2012.
On June 7, 2007, Mr. Tigran Torosyan was elected President of the National Assembly, and Mr. Vahan Hovhannisyan and Mr. Ishkhan Zakaryan were elected Vice Presidents of the National Assembly. Later, on November 12, 2007, Ms. Arevik Petrosyan replaced Mr. Ishkhan Zakaryan, who was appointed President of the Control Chamber of the National Assembly. On May 20, 2008, Mr. Hrayr Karapetyan replaced Mr. Vahan Hovhannisyan, who submitted his resignation, and on May 18, 2009, Mr. Samvel Nikoyan replaced Mr. H. Karapetyan, who submitted his resignation. On September 29, 2008, Mr. Hovik Abrahamyan was elected President of the National Assembly after Mr. T. Torosyan submitted his resignation. At the November 14, 2011 sitting, Mr. H. Abrahamyan announced that he should prematurely resign to preside over the RPA headquarters during the forthcoming parliamentary elections. On December 6, 2011, Mr. S. Nikoyan was elected President of the National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia, and Mr. E. Sharmazanov was elected Vice-President.
Five parliamentary factions were established in the National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia of the fourth convocation: "Republican Party of Armenia" (64 MPs), "Prosperous Armenia" (25 MPs), "Armenian Revolutionary Federation" (16 MPs), "Rule of Law" (8 MPs), and "Heritage" (7 MPs). These factions were established on June 7, 2007. Eleven Parliament Members were not included in those factions.
On April 30, 2008, the National Assembly endorsed the program of the Government of the Republic of Armenia.
During the fourth convocation, the National Assembly adopted 1,410 laws, 94 of which were "basic" laws, and 1,316 were amendments and supplements to existing laws. The MPs of the National Assembly were the authors of 207 adopted laws, and the Government of the Republic of Armenia was the author of 1,203 laws.
1,574 decisions were adopted, 329 of which were normative and 1,245 local. 214 international treaties were ratified.
On May 6, 2012, the elections (131 Parliament Members: 90 proportional and 41 majoritarian electoral system) of the National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia of the fifth Convocation were held.
Six parliamentary factions were established in the National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia of the fifth convocation: "Republican Party of Armenia" faction (69 MPs), "Prosperous Armenia" faction (37 MPs), "Armenian National Congress" faction (7 MPs), "Rule of Law" faction (6 MPs), "Armenian Revolutionary Federation" faction (5 MPs), and "Heritage" faction (5 MPs). 2 Deputies were not included in those factions.
The first session of the National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia of the fifth convocation was convened on May 31, 2012. Mr. Hovik Abrahamyan was elected President of the National Assembly, and Mr. E. Sharmazanov and Ms. H. Naghdalyan were elected Vice-Presidents. Twelve Chairs for the Standing Committees were also elected.
By the decree of the President of the Republic of Armenia, on April 13, 2014 Mr. Hovik Abrahamyan was appointed Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia. Mr. Galust Sahakyan was appointed President of the National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia on April 29, 2014. | <urn:uuid:a9ba367d-96ea-44ba-8728-e6251fc12177> | {
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Source: Public Domain at flickr
In February 2016, Gail—a 911 dispatcher with Toronto Paramedic Services—found herself in tears at work. She had just received a call about Wallace Passos, a three-year-old boy from Toronto, who fell from a 17-story apartment building to his death.
At age 57, Gail has been working as an Emergency Medical Dispatcher for 15 years. Taking calls from around the city, she dispatches the closest ambulance. All dispatchers are expected to work 12-hour shifts, at times with only one colleague on duty.
This past year, Gail’s job became especially difficult for her when she was diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Gail recently spoke with the Trauma and Mental Health Report to discuss the experience that led to the diagnosis:
“I’m still haunted by the sounds of the family crying on the phone after the three-year-old fell off the building. I imagine the boy in pain, and it’s just awful.”
Gail is not the first emergency dispatcher to experience PTSD symptoms. A study conducted by researchers at Northern Illinois University described how 911 dispatchers are exposed to duty-related trauma, which is defined as an indirect exposure to someone else’s traumatic experience. Duty-related trauma puts dispatchers at risk for developing PTSD. Participants in the study reported experiencing fear, helplessness, and horror in reaction to various calls they received.
Along with the stress of being on the receiving end of difficult calls, emergency dispatchers also deal with the pressure and demand of following protocol, despite variability in situations.
Toronto Paramedic Services follows specific protocols set by The National Academy of Dispatch. The system was developed at Salt Lake City, Utah in 1988 and incorporates a set of 33 protocols for those answering 911 emergency phone calls. On a call, everyone is treated equally and is asked the same basic investigative questions. These questions are then used to give priority to life-threatening situations and provide guidance to first responders like firefighters, paramedics, and police officers on the scene.
While the protocols can be useful for guiding dispatchers through stressful situations, in other circumstances, they can cause pain and discomfort when a dispatcher can tell that a situation is hopeless. Dispatchers are not trained to deal with each unique case differently; they are expected to follow through with the routine questions regardless of circumstances.
In the case of Wallace Passos, Gail had to give instructions for CPR despite knowing that the child was already dead.
“It’s not just that the little boy died, but I feel that I traumatized the people that were trying to help him because I was required, in my position as a dispatcher, to tell them what to do to try and save him. And I knew from their description that he was dead. But we have to follow the procedure; we have to try.”
This predicament is further compounded by the blame placed on dispatchers for negative outcomes. Gail explains:
“People curse us and call us names just because we’re doing our jobs.”
Before her diagnosis, Gail often found herself crying at work without reason; she would take a call regarding a minor injury and become emotional. Her supervisor eventually gave her permission to take a leave of absence.
“I am hyper-vigilant, especially when I hear sirens. And it doesn’t have to be an ambulance; it could be a police car or fire truck. I hear the sirens and I start tensing up and looking all around me.”
Gail has been on a year-long search for proper psychological support for her PTSD. Unfortunately, there are few mental health benefits offered to dispatchers. Gail sought help from doctors, counselors, and social workers, most of whom referred her to other mental healthcare workers without providing much support.
But there is reason to be optimistic. The Ontario government passed legislation in February 2016 for better mental health support and benefits for first responders with PTSD, including 911 dispatchers.
“It made me sad that no one was stepping up and taking care of us. I want my peers to understand what it’s like to have PTSD after doing this job because I felt so alone when it happened to me. But this new legislation is huge. I think it’s very important because it’s raising awareness around this concern.”
–Afifa Mahboob, Contributing Writer
Copyright Robert T. Muller.
This article was originally published on Psychology Today | <urn:uuid:6c8589c7-0cd3-4b9f-b87a-40c57e89738b> | {
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WHAT MAKES SILENT FILMS
It is interesting to know how diverse film is in conveying its message. Silent films are those without synchronized music. They might have a background sound to spur up some emotions or help in communication. However, this does not mean that actors do not communicate. The main means of communication is gestures and title cards where words appear on the screen.
Silent films have a long history dating back in the 19th century. With advancement of technology as well as the film industry, silent movies are becoming more and more silent. They are regarded to be old fashioned, this mainly attributed in their unique features. One feature of these films is lack of natural colors. Most silent movies are black and white, this feature has gone a long way in convincing people that they are of old era. Colors not only make scenes to appear real. Comedy is one genre that has perfectly been represented in silence. This is probably so because comic actions are easily expressed better than speech.
It is not possible to exhaustively talk about silent comedy without mentioning of Charlie Chaplin. Chaplin has featured in so many silent films one popular one being “The Gold Rush,” which he directed. In modern days, silent films have been revolutionized with perfection of styles and mode of delivery. These films are not as silent as they were some decades ago. A good example is the series of “Mr. Bean.” Although it can be put in the same basket of silent films, to some extent this comedy series has deviated from the conventions of silent films in several ways.
Firstly, the film is colored as oppose to other silent films
It has not only background music but also an audience and music.
Other Silent Movies include:
The Battleship Potemkin (1925)
The Passion of Joan of Arc (1927)
Sunrise: A song of Two Humans (1928)
The General (19270
The Cabinet of Dr Caligari (1925) | <urn:uuid:adb83a69-1f37-4c43-92f4-d7f1eb35e2a2> | {
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