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Buddhism and Hinduisim, and perhaps some other belief systems on the planet, were born out of the pursuit of enlightenment. Often these types of religions are categorized along with Judaism, Christianity and Islam as ‘religions’, but nothing could be further from the truth. These two (and perhaps some others) were not born out of necessity for survival… they were created to improve the already stable lives of the communities they surrounded. Buddha and his people were not being massacred when he founded Buddhism. India was not being invaded, and did not use Hinduism to rally people together to fight of invaders. They are religions of substance, not survival.
All three Abrahamic religions, Christianity, Islam and Judaism were all born out of a far more insincere source. Now, when I say insincere, I don’t mean dishonest… people did need to survive. However, there was no sincerity in the pursuit of truth with these three. They were created out of necessity to aid a dying or suffering group gain power, or faith to stay strong. The Jews have always been persecuted and were persecuted from Egypt – to survive in the desert they came up with a set of rules and said God spoke to them, that they were blessed people in order to keep them going.
Christians were persecuted BY the Jews and Romans, and created Christianity saying God spoke to them, that THEY were the chosen people, etc.
Islam as well was created for the tribes that were being persecuted by the governing peoples of the area, and inspired them to fight violently to defend their lands.
Now, the most relevant part of this entire investigation is what happens when these people are no longer being persecuted? When we ask ourselves this question, we start to find some really ugly answers.
When a people are being persecuted, and they are given supernatural incentive to survive, and this incentive in some way or another suggests that they are special as opposed to the rest of the world, this seemingly positive boost in morale can become quite devastating when the persecutions end. This is because what was once clinged to for survival then becomes a means of elitism, and elitism breeds the same injustices around them, caused by them, that was being perpetrated on them when they were being persecuted.
The lesson to be learned is that in the midst of hardships, especially in the midst of hardships, people must cling to something within them rather than something external to them. Humans must learn to harness the power of some spiritual confidence within themselves instead of relying on it from an external source. They may cling to it for dear life, hanging on when they are down, but when they are up they may use it to strike the hammer down on those weaker than them. | <urn:uuid:538c0c4d-7f67-440c-ae69-ab90d3784188> | {
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The country is divided into regions for the development of the areas and for the planning of their use. Regional councils are responsible for supervising the interests of the municipalities in their area and for the regional development of their territory.
According to the Government resolution (6 February 1997), the regional division of regional councils is taken as the basis for the regional divisions of State regional administrative authorities. From September 1997 onwards, the areas of regions and the regional councils representing them are exactly the same.
A region and a regional council are areas in which the municipalities form an operationally and economically functional whole for the development of the area. The Government determines the number, areas and names of regions after hearing the regional councils and municipalities concerned.
Statistics using the definition
Validity of the definition
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Dracaena Colorama - Plant
Description for Dracaena Colorama
Dracaena Marginata, is a popular indoor plant originally from East Africa that is often used to adorn homes and offices.
These are some of the best house plants and make great additions to any home while requiring minimal care. Bright indirect light is best and they will take some morning sun. Most Dracaena will tolerate lower light levels for some time with reduced watering frequency.
|Common name||Flower colours||Bloom time||Height||Difficulty|
|na||-||Summer||6 to 10 feet||Easy.|
Planting and care
The best way to grow dracaenas is to buy a small one from us and plant it in a simple pot. After that, the necessary care is very simple. Plants that are dark green usually require less light than those that have any kind of colour in their leaves. The less light a plant has, the slower it grows. The slower it grows the less water and fertilizer it needs.
|Partial Sun, Partial Shade||Loose, well-drained potting mix.||Allow the plants to dry between watering, but not completely.||They thrive between 65°F and 80°F. They will suffer if it gets too cold and cannot tolerate freezing.||Fertilize lightly at the beginning of spring or twice a year with controlled-release fertilizer.|
Caring for Dracaena Colorama
- D. marginata is sensitive to fluoride, which can cause discolouration. Water with distilled or non-fluoridated water.
Typical uses of Dracaena Colorama
Culinary use: na
Ornamental use: Used as indoor plant in home and offices.
Medicinal use: na | <urn:uuid:0d2ed9bc-720d-4e7b-9b18-9cb56697bc4e> | {
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Excel 2007's secondary axis feature enables you to view two different data series with two distinct scales, all on the same chart. Use this feature to view your business' sales and inventory figures together, for example. However, Excel lacks commands for creating a third secondary axis. One workaround for this shortcoming is to swap the X and Y axes of several pseudo data series to yield a chart with multiple Y axes. Use Excel's Select Data command to plot your actual data series on such a chart.
1. Open the workbook with the data for which you want to create a chart. Create a new column, labeled "Y," that numbers the data's rows sequentially, starting from 0 and incrementing by 1. If your data has 10 rows, this step will result in a Y column whose numbers range from 0 to 9. This column will form the X axis of the final chart.
2. Type a new column label, "X1," in the same row as your data's existing column labels. This new column will hold the pseudo series that will become one of several Y axes. Create additional "X<number>" columns, one for each series in your original data. If that data has three series, you'll end up with columns X1, X2 and X3.
3. Fill all rows in X1 with "0." Fill X2 and X3 with "-2" and "-4." Fill the remaining "X<number>" columns with multiples of 2 as just shown.
4. Select the Y column and all "X<number>" columns. Click the Insert tab's "Scatter" button to create a scatter chart, then click "Select Data" from the chart's context menu. Click the "Edit" button for Series 1, then swap the range addresses in the X and Y values controls. This makes the pseudo series into a vertical axis. Repeat this step to transpose the other series into vertical axes.
5. Write down the number that fills the "X<number>" column whose "<number>" value is greatest. For example, if there are three X columns, X1, X2 and X3, write down "-6," which is the value that fills column X3. Also, write the number of rows in your table.
6. Double-click the chart's X axis to display labeling controls. Click the "Fixed" option for the Maximum and Minimum controls, then enter the first number you wrote down in the Minimum text box. Enter the second written number in the Maximum text box. This step sizes the X axis to fit the secondary axes and all table rows.
7. Duplicate your original data. Rescale the values in each series of the duplicated data such that the values fall within the range of the Y column's values. For example, assume your Y axis has value 0, 1 and 2, and series X1 has -2, 20 and 99. Add 2 to all X1 values to yield 0, 22 and 101. Divide those values by 101 to yield 0, 0.22 and 1. Multiply those values by 2 to yield 0, 0.44 and 2. This step enables all data to fall within the bounds of the Y axis.
8. Click "Select Data" from the chart's context menu, then click the "Add" button. Select the Y series for the X Values field, then select your rescaled X1 series for the Y Values field. Repeat this step to add the other rescaled series (e.g., X2, X3) to the chart. The chart appears with three secondary axes, but the axes lack hash mark labels.
9. Click the "Add Data Labels" command from the context menu of one of the secondary axes. This labels the axis' hash marks. Repeat this step to label the remaining secondary axes' hash marks.
- Information in this article applies to Excel 2007. It may vary slightly or significantly with other versions or products.
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Reading Egyptian Art: A Hieroglyphic Guide to Ancient Egyptian Painting and Sculpture by Richard H Wilkinson, from Thames & Hudson, is part of the collection at the Reading Room.
“A multi-purpose reference work, providing the key to the hidden meanings in Egyptian art: an encyclopedia of the major signs and symbols, a visual compendium of artistic motifs, a sourcebook of Egyptian religious beliefs and ideas.
The hieroglyphs are thematically organized and include: seated man · seated god · woman nursing child · wedjat eye · ear · breast · bull · cow · cat · lion · foreled of ox · heart · falcon · vulture · ibis · wing · feather · crocodile · frog · scarab beetle · bee · tree · palm branch · lotus · sky · sun · star · mountain · horizon · gateway · shrine · barque · brazier · dje column · fetish of Abydos · gold · ankh · fan · bow · knife · cartouche · Isis knot · board game · sistrum
Full reference section, including a complete list of hieroglyphic signs, a glossary, and a guide to further reading.” — back cover
“Ancient Egyptian art enjoys great popularity in the modern world and is appreciated by people from many walks of life, as well as by students of art history. Yet Egyptian artworks can often appear deceptively simple, and much can remain hidden from view without knowledge of the symbolic repertoire which was used by the ancient artists and craftsmen. Many Egyptian works of art were designed, in fact, to be ‘read’ symbolically and to provide an underlying message which was an essential part of their composition. Colors, materials, numbers, and especially the forms of the written Egyptian hieroglyphs were all part of this symbolic language which, if it is learned, can open up Egyptian art to an understanding for beyond what is seen by the untrained eye. This book has been designed with this goal in mind—to allow the non-specialist to ‘read’ the major hieroglyphics found in Egyptian painting and sculpture and to understand much of the symbolic content of Egyptian art which is usually only accessible to the trained Egyptologist.” — from the Preface | <urn:uuid:aa4a3239-46b5-40a4-87e2-f312930b3da8> | {
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Computer security within the Physics Division means not allowing
unauthorized access to our computers, especially to hackers. To
operate securely, each of us using computers must be aware of the
status of the computers we control.
Anyone with a desktop or laptop computer attached to our network must have completed Cyber Security Awareness Training.
For most computers, we require that you keep your system up-to-date with system security patches. If you can no longer patch your machine, it will be disconnected from the network.
For a Windows computer, there are particular requirements:
- All Windows computers on the ORNL network must be owned by ORNL and managed by ORNL ITSD staff using the SCCS system.
- Any exceptions to this must be documented and expressly permitted. ORAU and UT computers can be easily granted this exception.
All ORNL-owned portable data processing devices must be encryptedNo portable device may contain protected, personnally identifiable information. Many laptop computers have left on travel, only to return with the latest worm or virus. YOUR attention to the security of laptops must not stop when you leave your office.
To attach a new device to the network, either
- Use the Network Registration System
- Call Helpline: 241-6765, or [email protected].
ORNL guidance on security and appropriate useThe following standards describe ORNL requirements on computer owners and users: | <urn:uuid:cc597adb-134f-4e16-b948-5f2ab324165f> | {
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*Reviews research literature on the cause of childhood anxiety, not only the existence and treatment
*Discusses empirically supported intervention strategies
*Includes questionnaires for measuring anxiety and related concepts that can be employed for research purposes
*Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents is the author's primary area of research
Written at a post-graduate level, this new volume provides a cumulative overview of the research available on the pathogenesis of fear and anxiety in youths. Its aim is to give the reader an idea of the factors that are thought to be involved in the development of abnormal fear and anxiety in children and adolescents, and to integrate this knowledge in a comprehensive model. This book also gives an update of the current scientific status on the psychological and pharmacological treatment and assessment of anxiety disorders in youths.
Postgraduate students and researchers in clinical psychology or psychiatry. It will also appeal to practicing psychotherapists and mental health workers. | <urn:uuid:6326cee3-c11c-44a3-ab01-339891af4a21> | {
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Intel demonstrated a wireless electric power system that could revolutionize modern life by eliminating chargers, wall outlets and eventually batteries all together by 2050. Intel chief technology officer Justin Rattner demonstrated a Wireless Energy Resonant Link at Intel’s 2008 developer’s forum.
During the demo electricity was sent wirelessly to a lamp on stage, lighting a 60 watt bulb that uses more power than a typical laptop computer. Most importantly, the electricity was transmitted without zapping anything or anyone that got between the sending and receiving units. “The trick with wireless power is not can you do it; it’s can you do it safely and efficiently,” according to Intel researcher Josh Smith. “It turns out the human body is not affected by magnetic fields; it is affected by elective fields. So what we are doing is transmitting energy using the magnetic field not the electric field.”
Examples of potential applications include airports, offices or other buildings that could be rigged to supply power to laptops, mobile telephones or other devices toted into them. The technology could also be built into plugged in computer components, such as monitors, to enable them to broadcast power to devices left on desks or carried into rooms, according to Mr. Smith.
- Duracell, Energizer, Texas Instruments and Motorola Mobility in Attendance at the International Wireless Power Summit (prweb.com)
- British Start-Up Working to Bring Wireless Charging to the Racetrack (wheels.blogs.nytimes.com) | <urn:uuid:43d4b460-a138-4381-addd-d0464250f94f> | {
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How did the Venetian painters of the 15th and 16th centuries influence the history of art? By simply observing the exhibition “The Glory of Venice” at the Denver Art Museum, the viewer can get an answer to this question.
Entering the hall located on the first floor of the Hamilton Building feels like being in the floating city of northern Italy.
The curators of this exhibition filled the room very well with colors, paintings, a video and baroque background music, transporting viewers through time and space and allowing them to travel through art to the themes that inspired artists like Giovanni Bellini, Tiziano, Marco Bassati and Vittore Carpaccio, among others.
In those times, Venice stood in a moment of chaos and uncertainty over military actions to protect its economic interests. It was also at that time a center of commerce where travelers found all kinds of goods. It was in this context that the artists of these periods, called Quattrocento and Cinquecento, managed to develop a distinctive Renaissance style in which they used light and color on the canvas to make outstanding pieces, through the definition and construction of the volumes and the forms of their compositions.
The exhibition also shows the great affection of the Venetians to the Virgin Mary. It should be noted that Venice was founded on March 25, the day on which the church celebrates the solemnity of the Annunciation – Incarnation. The spectator can contemplate the different works in which Mary is shown with the Child Jesus.
Many paintings in this exhibition show how Venetian art is influenced by the reflection of the changing skies over the city’s canals, as well as the refined designs present in this architecture, rich in textures, small details and mosaics.
The genius of Bellini
Between the 15th and 16th centuries, Venetian art took a turn due to the monumental works that were marked by the artist Giovanni Bellini.
Bellini, a teacher who was also called “El Gambiellino,” was born in 1435 and died in 1516. He presented a novelty in his paintings. In his work he excels at spiritual sensitivity, especially in the face’s expressions and in that art of conjugating the sacred with the terrestrial, integrating in the same landscape the spirituality of the religious figures with the environment, in which the minimal details stand out.
Before Bellini, religious paintings were icons with infinite backgrounds. Bellini, without removing the sacredness of the characters, was able to paint landscapes where the earthly reality could be seen in tandem with the reality in which they lived.
It also shows the same God who becomes man in a concrete reality and thus recreates the scenery of his works with a very natural environment.
The Denver Art Museum succeeds in bringing a piece of Venice to Colorado, and the exhibition allows viewers to revel in the creativity and harmony that became these artist’s legacy in the history of universal art.
The exhibition will be open until Feb. 12. For further information, go to | <urn:uuid:38a9b4ad-a06f-428a-8ebe-e3d77fc388be> | {
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Background maps are provided to assist UK Local Authorities with their Review and Assessment of air quality, where local monitoring data is not available. Background concentrations are provided for each 1 * 1 kilometre grid square by Local Authority. Concentrations are available for a 2010 base year and at yearly intervals up to 2030. If modellers subtract emission sectors from the NOx background maps, they must update the NO2 map accordingly.
This tool can be used to justify the process i.e. help assess air pollutant concentrations.http://laqm.defra.gov.uk/review-and-assessment/tools/background-maps.html
This tool is part of a group, click the icon to see the tools in the group. | <urn:uuid:39c3123f-9f7d-4ca9-9bed-04f1a7723f0d> | {
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Early 19th century Mount Pleasant, MI was a forested Indian reservation and a small logging town with impending questionable developers and religious fervor in its future. According to historian William Cron, the fluctuating itinerant logging camps and the rather small yet enduring population of Mount Pleasant did not require a permanent church building, holding services in private homes. But with a religious revival came the town’s first church. The Methodist Episcopal Church erected a building in 1865 that was quickly outgrown and then built a larger sanctuary in 1882 on the corner of Main and Wisconsin streets. The church’s beautiful Gothic Architecture quickly established its prominence. The new sanctuary was lauded as one of the most attractive buildings in Mount Pleasant and was a showcase for the wealth and prominence of a growing city newly connected by rail to the rest of the Midwest (26).
The second instillation of the Methodist church pulled on the influences of European architecture to convey the grandeur and splendor of old world cathedrals. This communicates not just an appreciation of history, but also a reverence of tradition and spiritual hierarchy in a house of worship. According to the First United Methodist Church’s (note the name changed from Methodist Episcopal Church) website, the second version of the church was “razed” to make room for the 1960-61 construction of the current building. The new church, which currently stands on the Main and Wisconsin site in no way mirrors the peaks, arches, ornamentation or the historical European roots of the Gothic architecture above. The flower urns bordering the parking lot (lower left corner) might be the closest this latest incarnation can come to a classically inspired cathedral.
In comparison to its architecturally Gothic predecessor, the new building is pragmatic and is not awe-inspiring, which is perhaps the intent of such a drastic departure in design. The new construction replaced the grandeur of the old with rectangles; the before and after is certainly striking. It is also notable that, in contrast to the past, the Mount Pleasant of today no longer contains buildings evocative of medieval royalty.
In Chicago, however, the grandeur of Gothic cathedral Methodist churches still abounds. These castle-like constructions not only present a connotation of permanence but also the beauty and excess of exalted position. Founded in Wilmette, IL in1874, The Trinity United Methodist Church finished construction on the existing sanctuary in 1930. The current Gothic cathedral is a castle, but it is not a feudal system, moat protected, soldiered watchtower kind of castle. It is a jeweled showcase of wealth, security and prominence.
The beauty, the height, the windows, the total disregard for the heating bill… all invite people in to worship and adore. This is the kind of church to host a storybook wedding with a team of professional photographers to capture the setting as well as the couple.
The First United Methodist Church at the Chicago Temple is another nice example of splendid excess. A small congregation was founded in 1831 and made the debated decision to build big in the 1920s. According to their website, they decided to build following the pronouncement of “…the great Chicago architect Daniel Burnham who famously said: ‘Make no little plans. They have no magic to stir men’s blood and probably themselves will not be realized. Make big plans; aim high in hope and work… Let your watchword be order and your beacon beauty. Think big.’” http://chicagotemple.org/architecture/
And so they finished the tallest church building in the world in 1924. While several floors in the middle are rented office space, the beauty of the sky chapel and the ground floor sanctuary evoke wealth, splendor and awe.
The intent of this architecture is to evoke reverence.
If beauty is a call to worship, then the 1882 Methodist Episcopal Church building of Mount Pleasant, MI and the grandeur of Chicago’s gothic Methodist cathedrals are an ornamented testament to the power of architecture to reflect and inspire religious awe. If beauty is a call to worship then the intentional design of vaulted ceilings, pinnacled spires, arched windows and ornate cornices express reverence. If beauty is a call to worship then the meticulous detail, the flourishing stonework and the engineering speak to the dedication of the craftspeople as well as to the financial commitment of the congregation and community members.
In contrast, what does the current building of the First United Methodist Church of Mount Pleasant evoke?
Cron, William. Mount Pleasant, 1854-1954. Arcadia Publishing. 2004. Google Book Search. Web. 30 May 2014 and 2 June 2014.
Chicago Wedding Ceremony Sites. Web. 30 May 2014 – 4 June 2014. < http://www.chicagoweddingceremonysites.com/main/>.
Fancher, Isaac A. Past and Present of Isabella County, Michigan. Indianapolis, IN: B. F. Bowen & Company. 1911. OpenLibrary.org. Web. 30 May 2014 – 4 June 2014.
First United Methodist Church. Web. 30 May 2014 – 4 June 2014. < http://mtpfumc.globat.com/history.html >.
First United Methodist Church at the Chicago Temple. Web. 30 May 2014 – 4 June 2014. <http://chicagotemple.org/architecture/>.
First United Methodist Church of Chicago. Web. 2 June 2014 – 4 June 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_United_Methodist_Church_of_Chicago>.
Methodist Episcopal Church and Parsonage, Mt. Pleasant, MI 1908. Web. 2 June 2014. <http://www.ebay.com/itm/Methodist-Episcopal-Church-and-Parsonage-Mt-Pleasant-MI-1908-/370999594852>.
Trinity United Methodist Church. Web. 30 May 2014 – 4 June 2014. < http://www.trinitywilmette.com>. | <urn:uuid:39e140b2-0115-4a61-8cf5-62015f206cfe> | {
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What Could Be
Crafting smart, sustainable solutions to big problems
By Carla Wheeler, Esri Writer
This article as a PDF.
The Geodesign Summit drew a record 260 attendees that included architects; urban and transportation planners; educators; and GIS, environmental, and design professionals from the United States and abroad.
Geodesign, the subject of a two-day summit held at Esri in Redlands, California, has become more than a buzzword. It is changing how projects are planned and has become a recognized academic discipline.
The Geodesign Summit, only in its fourth year, drew a record 260 attendees, including architects; urban and transportation planners; educators; and GIS, environmental, and design professionals from the United States and abroad.
Geodesign couples geography with design. Practitioners use both creative design techniques and geospatial technologies, such as GIS, to come up with design options to consider and eventually arrive at smart, sustainable solutions.
One attendee, Breece Robertson, is the national GIS director for the Trust for Public Land. She sees geodesign as a collaborative process that involves many stakeholders. "The words iterative, futuristic, and impacts come to mind as but a few of the key components that are involved in the geodesign process," she said. "I think a lot of us have been doing geodesign for a long time, but there is always room for improving our processes."
"It makes design decisions data rich," said Thomas Fisher, the summit's moderator and a professor of architecture and dean of the College of Design at the University of Minnesota. "It takes GIS analysis into the future to [show] not only what is but what could be."
One of the featured speakers was David B. Bartlett, who is known as the Building Whisperer. The vice president of IBM Smarter Buildings, his job is to help make places like school districts and universities more energy efficient. At the summit, he talked about the role data and location-based analysis plays in achieving this goal.
IBM partnered with Esri and CitySourced to create a crowdsourcing application for smartphones that students, teachers, and staff at the Los Angeles Unified School District can use to snap photographs of and record the location of broken windows and faulty air conditioners at schools. Fixing these problems quickly led to energy savings. [To learn more about this application, read "Smartphone App Aids District's Facilities Maintenance" in the Spring 2012 issue of ArcUser magazine.]
In his talk "The Instant City—Geodesign and Urban Planning," Elliot Hartley, director of Garsdale Design Limited in Cumbria, United Kingdom, described how his firm, along with its Iraqi Planners Group, is creating a master plan for the city of Nasiriyah, Iraq. This plan addresses future housing, utilities, and infrastructure. Using Esri CityEngine, 3D modeling software for urban environments, the firm was able to change plans when new data was added or late changes were made. Changes that had taken four days using other software took just a half day using CityEngine.
Summit keynote speaker Bran Ferren challenged attendees to develop a 250-year plan for the planet enabled by geodesign to create a vision of the future.
Modeling the Future
CityEngine and other Esri technologies were used to model the potential plans for mitigating the impacts of population growth and traffic congestion on the rapidly growing city of Honolulu, Hawaii. Esri solutions engineer Eric Wittner showed how Esri software modeled alternative futures for Honolulu. First, data was prepared using Esri ArcGIS for Desktop. Then 3D GIS data from Pictometry and PLW Modelworks, representing realistic building models for portions of the city, were combined in Esri CityEngine. CityEngine used a set of rules to generate a 3D representation of the city as it looks now and then model series of scenarios showing how the city might grow.
One scenario showed significant urban sprawl if thousands of new single-family homes were built outside the urban core. In another scenario was a much smaller footprint in undeveloped areas if the city built up rather than out, with people living in tall buildings near the multibillion-dollar light rail system planned.
Esri president Jack Dangermond spoke to summit attendees about his enduring belief in technology as an agent of positive change to tackle the planet's big problems. "In my life, I always believed technology could matter," he said.
GIS is becoming a platform technology that is widely available via the cloud, which supports applications on the web and on mobile devices. "This potentially has the power of making the concepts of geography, the models, the analytics—not simply the visualization—available to everyone," Dangermond said. For organizations, this means that geographic knowledge—including geodesign tools—will become available to a much wider audience than in the past.
This idea of GIS as a platform was brought home to the audience with demonstrations that showed the increasing simplicity of making online maps using ArcGIS Online and Esri Story Maps templates.
Esri technology evangelist Bern Szukalski gave the audience a sneak preview of Esri's landscape analysis services, (currently in beta testing), geared specifically toward geodesign work. He used these services to study the solar generating potential of the Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System, currently being built in the Mojave Desert. He analyzed the slope of the terrain and proximity to the habitat areas of desert tortoises in relation to the solar project's location.
Tackling the Big Problems the Planet Faces
The summit's keynote speaker designer and technologist Bran Ferren had also been the keynote speaker at the first Geodesign Summit. This time he delivered a challenge: Develop a 250-year plan for the planet enabled by geodesign to create a vision of the future.
"Geodesign combines geography and data with modeling, simulation, and visualization to tell stories and [show] the consequences of your actions," Ferren said. He sees great potential for geodesign to ultimately help find solutions to complex problems. "It is still in the shiny object stage, but it will be very important," he said.
This year's summit included hands-on sessions as well as presentations.
Geodesign technology will mature naturally, much like GPS and other technologies have done. But meanwhile, says Ferren, in this era of short attention spans, people need to start thinking far into the future to create a problem-solving template that can be built upon over time. "If we are going to address these big global issues facing us—whether that's disease, education, freshwater, war, or global warming—you actually have to take a long view," Ferren said. He said we need to post questions such as, What is your current state of affairs or the topic you are worried about? What is your desired end state? and How are you going to get there?
"I argue that just having the discipline to sit down for a day and think about that will change your whole thought process," Ferren said. "It doesn't mean you are going to know exactly what the future is, but having a sense that in 250 years, you would like to address these things at least gives you an intellectual template and road map to test your ideas against."
This process will be collaborative, according to Ferren. "That's the power of geodesign," he said. "It's this network extension of shared intelligence where the insights of individuals can be shared among others and that can be used as the foundation to build upon."
Ferren also said that geodesigners in the future will be entrusted with the same power over life and death that doctors have today because the decisions they make will be critical to humans and other species. "The mistakes you make in planning and designing our cities may take 100 years until someone understands the consequences of those actions. The Hippocratic Oath for geodesign: First, do no harm," he said. "Understand what you are doing and the effect—if you know this is going to do long-term damage, it is not okay to do it. We aren't on this earth very long. It's a mere blip. Try to leave it a little better than how we found it."
A Worthwhile Event
Ferren's talk, the featured presentations, and the technology demonstrations were inspiring to many Geodesign Summit attendees such as Juan C. Perez, director of transportation and land management for the Transportation and Land Management Agency for the County of Riverside, California.
"The session that focused on the visual modeling and analytic tools when presenting land-use decisions to policy makers was excellent," Perez said, adding that he would like Riverside County to use some of the tools.
Perez also said Ferren's proposal of a 250-year plan was thought provoking. "While perhaps extreme at first blush, it really puts into perspective that the land-use decisions that we make have very long-term consequences."
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Developing Body System of a Fetus
Camera shows mostly transparent fetus at approximately 4-5 months. As the camera, pans around various body systems are highlighted. First, the lungs and heart. Then the nervous, digestive systems and skeletal. Skin becomes gradually more opaque. Environment is suggestive of placental tissue.
The material on this site is for informational purposes only and is not intended as medical advice. It should not be used to diagnose or treat any medical condition. Consult a licensed medical professional for the diagnosis and treatment of all medical conditions and before starting a new diet or exercise program. If you have a medical emergency, call 911 immediately. | <urn:uuid:0a954f6c-e9ca-4a44-9fb3-03417c0e2261> | {
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This course is free of charge
Introduction: Living Space Baltic Sea
The Baltic Sea area is a home for tens of millions of people in several bordering nations. Sometimes named the most polluted sea in the world, the Baltic Sea is a unique environment with fragile ecosystems facing many threats.
The objective of this free Open Course Introduction: Living Space Baltic Sea is to introduce the participant to the various aspects of the Baltic Sea and its geography.
Baltic Sea in a nutshell
- Baltic Sea Geography
- Baltic Sea Catchment Area
- Baltic Sea Fishery
- Aquaculture vs. Natural Fish
- The language of instruction is English. Other languages are available upon request.
- The course is conducted fully online.
- The course includes self-learning materials and assignments including interaction with other participants.
- No prior knowledge of the subject is required.
- Participants need to be able to read and understand English. Should you require instructions, exercises and discussions to be held in a different language, please contact us.
- Attending the course requires an internet connection.
The program is provided by the Turku University of Applied Sciences (TUAS). | <urn:uuid:1de1bfd4-a5a3-4795-9c16-9a6a3be32ce5> | {
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Policy-makers put a lot of faith in education as a pathway toward prosperity—for individuals, for families, and even for entire countries. And for many, education offers the possibility of economic mobility and, perhaps equality of opportunity.
For Oxfam building human capital through education is not just good for society and families, but should be considered as something closer to a human right.
This case is easier to make—and more salient—for primary and secondary education. For more advanced education, a careful analysis is worthwhile to make sure the value to individuals, families, and societies is worth it. In general, the presumed answer is yes. But, as the costs of getting a college education rise, the question increasingly gets asked and doubts creep in about whether it’s worth it.
I came across a report released earlier this year on “the economic case for higher education” in the USA produced by the US Departments of Treasury and the US Department of Education. Those are formidable authors, so I thought it would be an impressive document. And it is.
The paper finds that college tuition has increased rapidly since 1991. This is offset a bit by increased financial aid (from various sources) and government tax breaks. But even taking these into account, college tuition has increased by 58 percent since 1991 for public schools and 25 percent for private schools. Public schools educate the large majority of students, so rising public school costs affect more people. Rising costs in public schools reflect the relentless budget cutting happening in the states, as well as increasing costs and administration of those schools.
Despite increasing cost, college education has a high return-on-investment. Incomes for people who have college education are 64 percent higher than for those who do not. And people with college education often receive other benefits, like pensions, health insurance, paid time off. And they are employed more, or rather, experience less unemployment.
In general, the wage premium for going to college has accelerated since the early 1980s. This might imply a shortage of college-educated people for the labor force, but it also reflects the stagnation of wages for non-college educated people.
For individuals and families, it’s clear that college is a good bet. Individuals that start life in a poor family (in the lowest income quartile), but who get a college education, reduce the chance that they will also be poor by more than half.
But the positive story of college education and prosperity begins to fray with this graph:
Here we see that college is still a distant dream for the overwhelming majority of poor Americans (bottom or first quartile on the left). Less than one-third starts college, and less than one-tenth graduate. Compared to people in families with more money, poorer kids enroll at much lower rates, and once they enroll have a much harder time graduating. While the trend has been upward for poor people over three decades of college enrollment and graduation, the improvement has been for every income level, not just poor families (the orange v. blue bars). In fact, the improvements have been faster for higher income levels—with the rate of improvement in college entry and graduation highest for kids in families in the third quartile.
So richer kids have an easier time getting to college, more success sticking with it, and get higher incomes as a result. Things have been getting better for them over the years.
A college education is a great opportunity and is an engine for class mobility. It could be an engine for increased equality. But is an engine that is unavailable to kids from the lowest class really an engine of opportunity at all? If college delivers higher income to graduates, but is denied to poorer families, then does it actually help transmit increased inequality? | <urn:uuid:fc56e365-3dcc-44c1-a7be-117d705266b1> | {
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I am not a native speaker.
I am doing a exercise "Answer the questions about the pictures" from my Grammar Book and I checked Keys at end of the book:
- In A the man is lying on the floor. In B he is standing on the chair.
- In A the woman is writing (a letter). In B she is reading a book.
- In A the man is running. In B he is riding a bicycle.
- In A the woman is driving (the car). In B the man is driving (the car).
I know, that the article "the" indicates that I am referring to a specific instance.
Could you please explain for me:
Why did author use indefinite and definite articles?
Why did author see a difference between phrases: "a bicycle"(indefinite article) and "the car" (definite article), "the chair"(definite) and "a book" (indefinite)? | <urn:uuid:f67ba5da-3070-4d82-a9fe-92a66ab64c68> | {
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Co-curricular activities are defined as programs which are structured and organized but exist outside of the school’s mainstream curricular program. A considerable amount of research examining the benefits of co-curricular activities has shown conclusively that adolescent participation in co-curricular activities is associated with numerous developmental benefits. Co-curricular participation has been linked to higher levels of academic achievement, university aspirations, increased school connectedness and retention, and decreases in risk taking behavior. Effective co-curricular programs have been shown to provide more diverse opportunities for development and growth in social skills, emotional intelligence and civic understanding. Furthermore, the positive impacts of a strong co-curricular program seem to be enduring with students demonstrating higher educational and occupational aspirations not only during school but for as long as 8 years after completion and into young adulthood. For these reasons, it is widely accepted that effective schools possess a strong co-curricular culture that is valued and embraced by the whole school and its community.
At Melba College, we pride ourselves on the vast and diverse range of co-curricular activities on offer to our students. We believe that authentic learning comes from passion, exploration, challenge and a wide range of experiences. Our program is inclusive, catering for the breadth of interests and talents of our students and we believe that this encapsulates the ethos of achievement that we encourage at the college.
The program is designed to tap into student’s passions while also enabling them to develop new skills, interests and friends while trying new and challenging experiences. Co-curricular activities build on and compliment skills and understandings developed in the classroom. The list of individual programs is extensive, however, each program or activity can be defined under one of the following four broad focus areas:
Sport and Recreation
Community and Culture | <urn:uuid:7558dda5-6b9b-4e0f-bd51-2be77bf5f9d9> | {
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He has selected you and not placed any constraint upon you in the religion – the religion of your forefather Abraham. (Surat al-Hajj,78)
Make things easy for the people, and do not make it difficult for them. Make them calm (with glad tidings), and do not repulse (them)" (Sahih Bukhari)
Muslims place their trust in Allah. They know that everything is created for the best. Muslims do not weep and wail. And there is nothing to weep about.Weeping is a rebellion against Allah. Allah creates all things for the best. We do not weep over our martyrs, we rejoice for them. Weeping; people who do not believe in Allah think that they have lost something, that it no longer exists. They lose their money and weep, they lose their home and weep, they lose a relative and weep. There is no weeping in Islam. There is no reason for a Muslim to weep. Allah gives, and Allah takes away. Why weep? (A9 TV, February 28, 2012)
The Easiness Of Islam Is A Blessing From Allah
Believers constantly live their lives according to what the All-Merciful and Most Merciful has revealed in the Qur’an. No matter where they are, they display a moral character that pleases Allah and avoid any behavior that displeases Him. In His mercy, Allah gave Islam to humanity, a religion that is easy to follow and results in a good and contented way of life. From the Qur’an, we can see that Islam’s requirements are extremely easy, because “Allah desires ease for you; He does not desire difficulty for you” (Surat al-Baqara, 185).
Due to His compassion and mercy, all true religions contain rules that are very easy to obey. The various attempts made throughout history to deviate from the essence of religion and to prevent people from living according to it have added several enforced practices and myths to it. When such distortions become firmly established and self-generating traditions, people, either with or without their knowledge, become far removed from the religious morality. One of the most dangerous of these distorted beliefs is that it is hard to live according to the religious morality. However, both Allah and our Prophet (saas) state that it is very easy for believers to follow this morality.
As with everything else that exists, Allah has created human beings from nothing. With full knowledge of them, as well as being closer to them than their jugular veins, He created religion in such a way that it fully corresponds with each person’s inherent human nature:
So set your face firmly toward the Religion, as a pure natural believer, Allah’s natural pattern on which He made humanity. There is no changing Allah’s creation. That is the true Religion – but most people do not know it.(Surat ar-Rum, 30)
The Qur’an is a clear teaching that anyone, regardless of age and culture, can understand. The oft-heard assertion that this is not true is based mainly on people’s ignorance of Islam’s essence. Today, many people are unaware of the truths revealed in the Qur’an, the existence of the Afterlife, the pangs of Hell, the incomparable blessings of Paradise, and of what He has revealed concerning various matters. However, the Qur’an was sent down so that people could read it, know its wisdom, and learn the purpose of life.
A Muslim’s greatest responsibility is to read the Qur’an and live according to It. But only those whom Allah guides to the straight path can apply Its morality to their lives. Allah promises to guide everyone who turns to Him in complete sincerity. Those who assert that the Qur’an is hard to understand seek to prevent others from reading it, turning toward Allah, and living according to its moral teachings. However, Allah says in many verses that the Qur’an is clear and understandable:
We have sent down Clear Signs to you, and no one rejects them except the deviators.(Surat al-Baqara, 99)
Allah has been pleased to choose the religion of Islam for humanity; moreover, the rules and practice of the Qur’an are very simple. In its verses, Allah says of the Qur’an:
We did not send down the Qur’an to you to make you miserable, but only as a reminder for those who fear [and respect Allah]. (Surah Ta Ha, 2-3)
In His endless mercy and compassion, Allah has detailed in the Qur’an the kind of life that will ensure our happiness and contentment. Allah states this in the Qur’an as follows:
But as for him [or her] who believes and acts rightly, he [or she] will receive the best of rewards, and We will issue a command, making things easy for him [or her].(Surat al-Kahf, 88)
It is important for every Muslim to show that religion, in its essence, is easy in order to kindle the people’s hearts with the Qur’an and Islamic morality, teach them the Qur’an and our Prophet’s (saas) Sunnah as the only guides for their lives. Many people are unaware of this truth and think that their lives will be more comfortable if they disregard the Qur’an’s morality out of concern that it will restrict their enjoyment of life’s pleasures. However, such great errors and deceptions obscure the fact that such morality is easy to follow, for Allah, Who created humanity, is fully aware of what system of morality is best for His creation. Actually, what is difficult is to live in a society composed of individuals who do not know the boundaries that Allah has set.
The İnvalidity Of The Famous Darwinist Claim That ''Useful Mutations Do Exist.''
The false idea that useful mutations exist is a classic Darwinist claim. Although the whole scientific world knows, with absolute scientific evidence, that mutations have a destructive or fatal effect, this claim is still persistently made, out of a fear of humiliation. Because Darwinism is a theory that depends totally on mutations. All Darwinists know that if the destructive effect were to be mentioned just once, that would spell the end of Darwinism. It is for that reason they try to give the impression, citing invalid and utterly pitiful examples, that mutations can be beneficial. But this is a complete deception.
· As we have set out many times before, mutations have a net harmful effect, with only 1% being neutral, though the latest scientific research has shown that even these can produce long-term damage in the organism. The net harmful effect of mutations is not a psychological defense mechanism, but an explicit truth revealed by science.
· If Darwinists object to this, then they are directly flying in the face of science. Because this is not a matter of opinion, but an absolute scientific fact.
· It is impossible for mutations to bestow any useful characteristic. Under normal conditions, everything in a living body exhibits complete regularity, order and symmetry. In addition, these systems co-exist with the most delicate balances and exhibit a glorious complexity right down to the finest detail. Mutations are random interventions, such as with radiation, and mean breakages, impairments and dislocations. They INEVITABLY DAMAGE these extraordinarily complex systems, with their regularity, symmetry and order. It is illogical and a violation of science to maintain anything else.
· The results at Chernobyl, Nagasaki and Hiroshima were all the results of mutations. Under the effect of mutations, organisms with regular structures either died or suffered severe damage, and this harmful effect even manifested itself in subsequent generations.
· Darwinists generally cite various examples of immunity in order to try to corroborate their claims that “beneficial mutations do exist.” But these examples all consist of a variation or impairment in bacteria or immune cells.
· Sometimes, a dislocation in a single DNA nucleotide, or base, can bestow immunity to an antibiotic on a micro-organism. But although this may be useful to the micro-organism, IT IS NOT A BENEFICIAL MUTATION. Because the mutation in question has actually harmed the micro-organism. The ribosome sequence belonging to the micro-organism has been impaired, and it prevents the antibiotic binding to the organism by damaging the lock and key harmony. In other words, rather than there being any novelty in the micro-organism, we are looking at a loss of information.
· Mutations are literally like firing at a regular structure with a machine gun. Opening fire on a healthy structure will entirely do away with that structure. The fact that one bullet has no effect or destroys an existing infection in the body changes nothing. The organism will already have been killed by the other 99 bullets hitting it.
· The example that Darwinists cite with such examples is like a bullet healing the body by destroying a single infection. The organism is devastated by mutations, but Darwinists concentrate on the one that heals this infection.
· Since the subject of mutations constitutes one of the most damaging points for Darwinists they engage in demagoguery by depicting minor instances of variation or the effects examined above as major evidence. The fact is, however, that the adherents of evolution, who maintain that all living things acquired their present symmetrical and complex structures by way of evolution, have to be able to cite examples of mutations that take place one after the other and are all beneficial, and that also bestow new information on the organism.
· What is more, Darwinists also have to provide evidence for the scenario of one living thing’s physiology turning into that of another life form through mutation at the macro level. BUT THEY CANNOT EVEN CONTEMPLATE PRODUCING SUCH EVIDENCE. Because as they know full well, mutations destroy and ruin and occasionally entirely destroy the organism concerned.
· It addition, we need to make the following point very clear: mutations can never bestow any new data on an organism that is not already in its genome. That is impossible. The examples alleged to have “added new information” are all misleading. No new genetic information is ever added. All that happens is that information already existing in a living thing’s genes starts to be used by becoming more visible as a result of variations.
· Breaks and dislocations in the bases that make up DNA CAN NEVER PRODUCE NEW INFORMATION. They do not equate to information that did not already exist being bestowed on a living thing. Darwinists are without doubt well aware of this. But they insist on depicting dislocations in genetic bases as new data. This is an example of Darwinist demagoguery.
You can read our statement about mutations here:
For evolutionist admissions that mutations have no evolutionary force, see:
For detailed information on how sickle cell anemia is not evidence for evolution, see:http://www.harunyahya.com/books/science/blood_heart/blood_heart_04.php
Hazrat Mahdi (as) Is Descended From The Line Of The Prophet (saas)
Narrated by Ali (ra), the Messenger of Allah (saas) said:
Even if there remains only one day for the world, Allah, the Exalted, will send a man from the Ahl al-Bayt (People of the House). (Sunan Abu Dawud, 5:92)
Days and nights will not end until one [Hazrat Mahdi (as)] from my Ahl al-Bayt rules the entire world. (Al-Uqayli, An-Najmu's-saqib fi Bayan Anna'l Mahdi min Awladi Ali b. Abu Talib Ale't-Tamam wa al-Qamal)
Hazrat Mahdi (as) is from the line of my daughter Fatima. (Sunan Ibn Majah, 10:348)
Hear the glad tidings of Hazrat Mahdi (as). He is one from the Quraysh and from my Ahl al-Bayt. (Al-Muttaqi al-Hindi, Al-Burhan fi Alamat al-Mahdi Akhir az-Zaman, p. 13)
Hazrat Mahdi (as) is one of my children. His face is like a star shining in the sky. (Ali Ibn Sultan Muhammad al-Qaari al-Harawi al-Hanafi, Risalat Mashrab al Vardi fi Mazhabi 'l Mahdi)
All prophets are related to one another. Hazrat Mahdi (as) will also be of that line. These descendants are popularly known as sayyid. Hazrat Mahdi (as) will also be sayyid.
Allah refers in the Qur’an to messengers all related to one another. These verses indicate that Hazrat Mahdi (as) will share that same line of descent. | <urn:uuid:72e6f8d4-040c-42d7-a36f-84cd47d54388> | {
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from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
- adj. Of or pertaining to a consul, or the office thereof.
from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English
- adj. Of or pertaining to a consul; performing the duties of a consul.
from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- Pertaining to the consuls in ancient Rome, or in recent times in France, or to their office; pertaining to or characterized by the office of consul: as, the consular power; a consular government. See consul.
- In international law, pertaining to or having the functions of a consul (see consul, 3): as, the consular service.
- n. In ancient Rome: An ex-consul, and also, under the empire, one who had held the insignia of a consul without the office.
- n. The governor of an imperial province.
- n. A consul.
from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
- adj. having to do with a consul or his office or duties
TODD: The Nigerian official at the embassy did tell us someone from the embassy did travel to Michigan in the days after the incident to give the suspect what he called consular access, but he did not give details on what was discussed at that meeting -- Wolf.
Through this support … which we call consular services … our consular officers provide a lifeline to Australians who are away from home.
Mr. Beeksma, speaking in a telephone interview, said "intensive negotiations" were underway to secure the release of three naval personnel seized during what he called a consular operation.
Begin consular procedures, request information on how to obtain your visa, residency and work permits before you leave.
The first of these cases was a bill which, like the 1876 bill President Grant had objected to but signed, purported to mandate the closing of certain consular posts.
But the real problem with the matricula consular is not that Mexico issues them.
Those who serve in consular posts are selected for their ability to exercise judgment and discretion.
In the Victorian era a book was written in which the consularate was mentioned with an asterisk placed against the word, and the note underneath read, "A consular is not necessarily a gentleman" (laughter).
Officers of the Foreign Service with the title of consul general, consul, or vice consul shall take precedence with respect to medical officers of the Public Health service assigned to duty in American consular offices as follows: consul general before medical director; consul with but after medical director; vice consul with but after senior assistant surgeon: Provided, That this regulation shall not operate to give precedence to any medical officer above that of the consular officer in charge.
“I therefore offered to recruit a number of trustworthy young men who spoke German fluently,” Pickett wrote, “and to see that their salaries and other expenses were taken care of while they worked in American consular offices in Europe to help clear up this bottleneck.” | <urn:uuid:e03bd3a4-e2f9-44b0-b19c-46a3a6b7a309> | {
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Welcome to the Mandarin resources page – providing new ideas and materials for primary teachers.
These resources have been chosen by members of the DfE Expert Panel and members of the ALL Primary Special Interest group as ones that have been used in their own schools. They include a variety of commercial as well as non-commercial resources, publications, free websites and online materials for developing cultural awareness.
ALL does not recommend or endorse particular resources.
Chinese cultural information and resources
Interactive activities for primary Mandarin from BBC Schools. Based around beginners’ topics, the site includes animations, printable worksheets and a teacher’s area with advice on using the site.
Non-profit public institutions aligned with the Government of the People’s Republic of China which aim to promote Chinese language and culture. Includes video stories, language activities and cultural information. | <urn:uuid:9bdb5cd8-b5f8-49f0-8d60-7008f976b064> | {
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Creating Your Family's Personal Disaster Plan
Disaster can strike quickly and without warning. It can force you to evacuate your neighborhood or confine you to your home. City of Berkeley officials and disaster service workers will be on the scene after a disaster, but they cannot reach everyone right away. This page was designed to provide information about how to be prepared in the event of a disaster or public health emergency.
City of Berkeley Public Health Division
1947 Center Street, Second Floor, Berkeley, CA 94704
Map to Public Health Division
510-981-5300 (Phone) 510-981-5395 (Fax) 510-981-6903 (TDD)
Monday - Friday: 8:00am - 5:00pm
For more information about disaster preparedness for your family and community, click on the following link: http://www.fema.gov
The following was adapted from the Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA) Community and Family Preparedness Programs.
In the event of a bioterrorist incident, you may be asked to shelter yourself in your home. Families can--and do--cope with disaster by preparing in advance and working together as a team. Follow the steps listed below to create your family's disaster plan. Knowing what to do is your best protection as well as your responsibility.
5 Steps to Safety
1. Find Out What Could Happen to You
2. Create a Disaster Plan
3. Complete This Checklist
4. Practice and Maintain Your Plan
5. Your Family Disaster Supply Kit
Find Out What Could Happen to You
- Learn about the types of disasters that might happen in Berkeley and the surrounding communities.
- Learn about your community's warning signals: what they sound like and what you should do when you hear them.
- Ask about animal care after a disaster. Animals are not allowed inside emergency shelters because of health regulations.
- Find out how to help elderly or disabled persons, if needed.
- Find out about the disaster plans at your workplace, your children's school or day care center, and other places where your family spends time.
Create a Disaster Plan
- Meet with your family and discuss why you need to prepare for disaster. Explain the dangers of fire, severe weather, and earthquakes to children. Plan to share responsibilities and work together as a team.
- Discuss the types of disasters that are most likely to happen. Explain what to do in each case.
- Pick two places to meet:
- Right outside your home in case of a sudden emergency, like a fire.
- Outside your neighborhood in case you can't return home. Everyone must know the address and phone number.
- Ask an out-of-state friend to be your "family contact." After a disaster, it's often easier to call long distance. Other family members should call this person and tell them where they are. Everyone must know your contact's phone number.
- Discuss what to do in an evacuation. Plan how to take care of your pets.
Complete This Checklist
- Post emergency telephone numbers by phones (fire, police, ambulance, etc.).
- Teach children how and when to call 9-1-1 or your local Emergency Medical Services number for emergency help.
- Show each family member how and when to turn off the water, gas, and electricity at the main switches.
- Check if you have adequate insurance coverage.
- Get training from the fire department for each family member on how to use the fire extinguisher (ABC type), and show them where it's kept.
- Install smoke detectors on each level of your home, especially near bedrooms.
- Conduct a home hazard hunt.
- Stock emergency supplies and assemble a disaster supplies kit (click below)
- Take a Red Cross first aid and CPR class.
- Determine the best escape routes from your home. Find two ways out of each room.
- Find the safe places in your home for each type of disaster.
Practice and Maintain Your Plan
Back to Top
- Quiz your kids every six months so.
- Conduct fire and emergency evacuation.
- Replace stored water every six months and stored food every six months.
- Test and recharge your fire extinguisher(s) according to manufacturer's instructions.
- Test your smoke detectors monthly and charge the batteries at least once a year.
Other Things You Should Do If Disaster Hits
1. Neighbors Helping Neighbors
2. Home Hazard Hunt
4. If you're sure you have time...
Neighbors Helping Neighbors
Working with neighbors can save lives and property. The City of Berkeley offers CERT trainings to prepare neighborhoods to be self-sufficient in the event of a disaster. Meet with your neighbors to plan how the neighborhood could work together after a disaster until help arrives. Know your neighbors' special skills (e.g., medical, technical) and consider how you could help neighbors who have special needs, such as disabled and elderly persons. Make plans for child care in case parents can't get home.
Home Hazard Hunt
During a disaster, ordinary objects in your home can cause injury or damage. Anything that can move, fall, break, or cause a fire is a home hazard. For example, a hot water heater or a bookshelf can fall. Inspect your home at least once a year and fix potential hazards.
Contact your local fire department to learn about home fire hazards.
- Evacuate immediately if told to do so.
- Listen to your battery-powered radio and follow the instructions of local emergency officials.
- Wear protective clothing and sturdy shoes.
- Take your Disaster Supplies Kit
- Lock your home.
- Use travel routes specified by local authorities--don't use shortcuts because certain areas may be impassable or dangerous.
If you're sure you have time....
- Shut off water, gas, and electricity before leaving, if instructed to do so.
- Make arrangements for your pets.
Back to Top
Keep enough supplies in your home to meet your needs for at least five days. Assemble a Disaster Supplies Kit with items you may need in an evacuation. Store these supplies in sturdy, easy-to-carry containers such as back-packs, duffle bags, or covered trash containers.
- A five-day supply of water (one gallon per person per day) and food that won't spoil.
- One change of clothing and footwear per person, and one blanket or sleeping bag per person.
- A first aid kit that includes your family's prescription medications.
- Emergency tools including a battery-powered radio, flashlight, and plenty of extra batteries.
- An extra set of car keys and a credit card, cash or traveler's checks.
- Sanitation supplies.
- Special items for infant, elderly, or disabled family members.
- An extra pair of glasses.
- Keep important family documents in a waterproof container. Keep a smaller kit in the trunk of your car.
If Disaster Strikes
- Remain calm and patient. Put your plan into action.
Check for Injuries
- Give first aid and get help for seriously injured people.
Listen to Your Battery-Powered Radio for News and Instructions
- Evacuate, if advised to do so. Wear protective clothing and sturdy shoes.
- Confine or secure your pets.
- Call your family contact--do not use the telephone again unless it is a life-threatening emergency.
- Check on your neighbors, especially elderly or disabled persons.
- Make sure you have an adequate water supply in case service is cut off.
- Stay away from downed power lines.
Back to Top
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Chapter 9 : Graphics
The original BBC Micro was relatively well endowed with graphics capabilities when it was launched in 1981, and for BASIC programmers this was reflected in specific keywords, particularly plot, and the variety of so-called vdu commands. The later 1.2 Operating System increased the scope of the plot function, and the graphics capabilities of the BBC Micro were further extended with Acorn's Graphics Extension rom, the features of which were subsequently built into the Operating System used on the Master 128 and Master Compact.
Unfortunately, no additional support has been provided explicitly within BASIC for any of these new features until the advent of BASIC V on the Archimedes. Instead, everything new had had to be handled through the use of plot and vdu instructions.
Of course, many graphics functions are significantly faster on an Archimedes, but the system as a whole incorporates only a few additional functions, plotting sprites for example. However, many more graphics functions now have an associated BASIC keyword, which both tends to draw attention to features which might otherwise be overlooked, as well as making such features easier to use for many Archimedes owners. There is one major change as far as graphics is concerned, and that is in the availability of the range of colours and modes supporting up to 256 different colours on the screen together. This important, but sometimes complex, subject was dealt with in the preceding chapter.
New Graphics Commands
The new BASIC instructions can be listed as follows:
The ORIGIN instruction duplicates the VDU29 command by allowing the origin for graphics to be moved to a new position. As with all BASIC instructions which package up VDU commands, the two arguments, the x and y co-ordinates, are separated by a simple comma instead of the semi- colons needed to terminate values in excess of 255 in VDU commands. So:
would move the origin to the centre of the screen. When specifying a new origin, the co-ordinates of the position are always given relative to an origin at the bottom left-hand corner of the screen. Similarly, the point instruction duplicates, for convenience, one of the plot commands, PLOT69, to allow a point to be plotted at a specified position. Therefore:
will plot a point at the centre of the screen, assuming the origin in its default position, and:
POINT BY 640,512
will also plot a point but by moving 640 units horizontally and 512 points vertically relative to the previous screen position. This variation duplicates the PLOT61 command. The POINT command adds no new function to BASIC V, but is an example where the use of an alternative and more meaningful BASIC keyword will help beginners to master graphics.
The POINT TO instruction may be used to move the screen pointer when this is not under mouse control. See Chapter Ten for information on using the MOUSE ON instruction. The pointer will be moved to the screen position specified, for example:
POINT TO 160, 128
The LINE instruction is a different kind of convenience in that it does not duplicate any individual PLOT or VDU command but provides a single instruction for what previously required two. Thus:
MOVE xl,yl DRAW x2,y2
can now be written as:
in order to draw a line from one point (xl,yl) to another (x2,y2). The three new shape drawing instructions, however, are again BASIC keywords duplicating existing plot instructions (on the Master 128 and Compact), and simplifying the specification of size and position into the bargain. All three instructions produce an outline shape, or a filled shape if the keyword FILL is included. The CIRCLE instruction is of the form:
where x/y is the centre of the circle, and r is the radius. The Ellipse drawing function has the format:
where x,y is the centre as before, ml is the length of the semi-major axis, and m2 is the length of the semi-minor axis. A fifth parameter may also be included which, if present, specifies the angle in radians between the x axis and the semi-major axis. For example:
ELLIPSE FILL 640,512,100,75,PI/2
would draw a filled ellipse at the centre of the screen (assuming a default origin), with major axis 200 units and minor axis 150 units rotated through 90 degrees into a vertical position. The statement is equivalent to:
ELLIPSE FILL 640,512,75,100
by reversing the lengths of the semi-major and semi-minor axes. Note that there are some limits imposed on the parameters to the ellipse instruction if an error is not to be generated. This is covered quite clearly in the User Guide (look up ELLIPSE).
The RECTANGLE statement is the last of the new BASIC keywords for drawing shapes and, as well as the FILL variation, may take either four or six parameters. In its simplest form, the first two parameters specify the co-ordinates of one corner, while the other two, which may be positive or negative, specify offsets horizontally and vertically from the first corner to the opposite corner. For example:
RECTANGLE FILL 480,384,320,256
would display a solid rectangle in the current graphics foreground colour at the centre of the screen. Note that when an outline rectangle is drawn, the graphics cursor remains at the first reference point, but that when a filled rectangle is displayed the graphics cursor is left at the opposite corner. This is exactly what would be expected if a rectangle were to be explicitly drawn as a sequence of four straight lines or two filled triangles, using MOVE and DRAW or PLOT, as with previous versions of BBC BASIC.
A second form of the RECTANGLE (or RECTANGLE FILL) statement requires two further parameters and allows the rectangular area of the screen, defined as before by the first four parameters, to be copied (no FILL) or moved (FILL) to a new position on the screen. Any graphics image contained within the rectangle defined will be copied or moved as a result, providing a 'copy and paste' or 'cut and paste' facility for graphics. When an image is to be moved, its original area is filled with the current graphics background colour.
The following program uses the same procedure, PROCrectangle, as Chapter Ten to demonstrate the use of the 'copy and paste' facility described above. The program fills the screen with randomly sized and coloured ellipses. The mouse may then be used to select any rectangular area of the screen and copy its contents elsewhere. Used in a continuous manner, it produces a 'painting' effect with attractive results.
Listing 9.1 Graphics demonstration.
10 REM >Chap9-l 100 MODE12:OFF:ON ERROR MODE12:PRINT REPORT$;" at line ";ERL:END 110 PROCellipses 120 xl=320:yl=256:w=160:h=128 130 PROCrectangle(4,xl,yl,w,h) 140 MOUSE RECTANGLE 0,0,1279-w,1023-h 150 MOUSE TO 160,128 160 REPEAT 170 MOUSE x,y,z 180 PROCcopy(xl,yl,w,h,x,y) 190 UNTIL FALSE 200 END 210 : 1000 DEF PROCrectangle(colour,RETURN xl,RETURN yl,RETURN w,RETURN h) 1010 LOCAL exit's, switch's, x, y : GCOL 3,colour 1020 *POINTER 1030 exit%=FALSE:switch%=TRUE 1040 MOUSE TO xl,yl 1060 REPEAT 1070 RECTANGLE xl,yl,w,h 1080 MOUSE x,y, z 1090 IF z THEN 1100 CASE z OF 1110 WHEN 4:switch%=NOT switch%' 1120 IF switch% THEN MOUSE TO xl,yl ELSE MOUSE TO x+w,y+h 1130 WHEN 1: exit%=TRUE 1140 ENDCASE 1150 REPEAT:MOUSE x,y,z:UNTIL z=0 1160 ENDIF 1170 WAIT 1180 RECTANGLE xl,yl,w,h 1190 IF switch% THEN xl=x:yl=y ELSE w=x-xl:h=y-yl 1200 UNTIL exit% 1210 *POINTER 0 1220 ENDPROC 1230 : 1240 DEF PROCellipses 1250 LOCAL n 1260 FOR n=l TO 100 1270 GCOL RND(8)-1 1280 ELLIPSE FILL RND (1100)+100,RND(900)+100,RND(100)+100,RND(100)+100 1290 NEXT n 1300 ENDPROC 1310 : 1320 DEF PROCcopy(RETURN xl,RETURN yl,RETURN w,RETURN h,x2,y2) 1330 RECTANGLE xl,yl,w,h TO x2,y2 1340 xl=x2:yl=y2 1350 ENDPROC
Use the mouse to move the rectangle around the screen. Pressing the SELECT button fixes the position but allows the size and proportions to be changed. You can swap between these two adjustments until you are happy with the area selected. Pressing the ADJUST button then turns that area into a paint brush for painting on the screen. Just move the mouse around to produce spectacular effects.
The program uses two further procedures, PROCellipses and PROCcopy. The former simply calls the ELLIPSE FILL instruction 100 times, specifying randomly selected values for the position and shape in each case. PROCrectangle is then called to allow the user to define a rectangular area of this display. Finally PROCcopy is called repeatedly to copy the image area defined to a new position determined by the movement of the mouse. Line 140 ensures that the image area always remains on-screen by restricting the movement of the mouse, while line 150 displays the image area in a convenient but arbitrary starting position. In the definition of PROCcopy, note the use of return with the first four parameters, so that each new position is remembered and used as the starting point of the next move or copy which is carried out by the RECTANGLE statement at line 1330. If you try this program out, as well as demonstrating the use of a good many of the new features of BASIC V, you will also end up with some highly colourful and attractive displays.
The new fill instruction allows any area of the screen to be flood-filled using the current foreground colour. The instruction requires just two parameters which specify the x,y co-ordinates of the starting point for the fill. The only other requirement is that the starting point must match the currently selected background colour, otherwise nothing happens. This problem can be easily avoided by using the following sequence. Assume the current foreground and background colours are always held in the variables fc and be respectively. A suitable routine could be written as:
MOVE x,y bc=POINT(x,y) GCOL be + 128 FILL x,y
The background is set to the colour at the point from which the fill will take place before the FILL instruction is executed. The instruction then fills in all directions until a non-background colour, the edge of the screen or the edge of the graphics window, is reached. The variation FILL BY performs exactly the same function as the FILL instruction above, except that the co-ordinates for the starting point are taken to be relative to the last position of the graphics cursor rather than being absolute co- ordinates. Whichever format is used, a flood-fill on the Archimedes is very fast indeed.
We have already seen how the incorporation of 'BY' in two keywords (POINT BY and FILL BY) allows a point to be specified relative to the last position of the graphics cursor, rather than in absolute terms. This use of by can also be applied to the two instructions MOVE and DRAW in exactly the same way.
The Archimedes provides support for sprites with a number of star commands and additions to the range of PLOT functions in BASIC, in addition to the sprite editor supplied on the Welcome disc. The star commands are, of course, not part of basic but access the SpriteUtils system module. These commands are listed here for reference:
The currently selected sprite may be plotted at any point on the screen by using a plot instruction (PLOT232 - PLOT239). The different values have the usual range of meanings for plot commands. For example:
would plot the currently selected sprite at the centre of the screen, assuming the default position for the origin. This is the most likely plotting mode to be used, often in conjunction with Exclusive OR plotting to achieve apparent movement on the screen. Of particular interest, *SGET allows any rectangular area of the screen to be saved as a sprite. *SCHOOSE selects any sprite in memory ready for plotting on the screen using PLOT&ED. These commands were used to good effect in the final program of Chapter Eight (listing 8.3).
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Applies to :
- Windows 2008 server.
To perform this task, you need to have :
- Knowledge in accessing the server via Remote Desktop.
- IP address or server hostname.
- Your server Remote desktop username and password.
Network discovery is a network setting that affects whether your computer can see (find) other computers and devices on the network and whether other computers on the network can see your computer.
There are three network discovery states:
This state allows your computer to see other network computers and devices and allows people on other network computers to see your computer. This makes it easier to share files and printers.
This state prevents your computer from seeing other network computers and devices and prevents people on other network computers from seeing your computer.
This is a mixed state in which some settings related to network discovery are enabled, but not all of them. For example, network discovery could be turned on, but you or your system administrator might have disabled a firewall exception that affects network discovery.
Network discovery requires that the dnscache, fdrespub, ssdpsrv, and upnphost services are started, that the Windows Firewall exception for network discovery is enabled, and that other firewalls are not interfering with network discovery. If some but not all of these are true, the network discovery state will be shown as Custom.
1. Go to Start > Control Panel > Network and Internet > Network and Sharing Center > Change advanced sharing settings. Or you can right-click on network icon on the right-bottom side of the screen, click Open Network and Sharing Center. Then click Change advanced sharing settings.
2. There are 3 different network profiles Home or Work, Public and Domain. To prevents people on other network computers from seeing your computer all the time. Please turn off Network discovery service on all profiles.
Press small triangle button next to the selected network provide to expand the options.
3. Click Save changes to apply the changes. | <urn:uuid:a76cb14c-bb35-457e-be8e-1de520c4aaea> | {
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Riding ‘drifting carousel’ to understand pulsars
Astronomers hazard a ride in a ‘drifting carousel’ to understand pulsating stars
What sounds like a stomach-turning ride at an amusement park might hold the key to unravelling the mysterious mechanism that causes beams of radio waves to shoot out from pulsars − super-magnetic rotating stars in our Galaxy.
New research from Curtin University, obtained using the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) radio telescope located in the Western Australian outback, suggests the answer could lie in a ‘drifting carousel’ found in a special class of pulsars.
Curtin PhD student Sam McSweeney, who led the research as part of his PhD project with the ARC Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics (CAASTRO) and the International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research (ICRAR), described pulsars as extremely dense neutron stars that emit beams of radio waves.
“These pulsars weigh about half a million times the mass of the Earth but are only 20km across,” Mr McSweeney said.
“They are nicknamed ‘lighthouses in space’ because they appear to ‘pulse’ once per rotation period, and their sweeping light signal can be seen through telescopes at exceptionally regular intervals.”
Thousands of pulsars have been seen since their first discovery in the late 1960s, but questions still remain as to why these stars emit radio beams in the first place, and what type of emission model best describes the radio waves, or ‘light’, that we see.
“The classical pulsar model pictures the emission that is shooting out from the magnetic poles of the pulsar as a light cone,” Mr McSweeney said.
“But the signal that we observe with our telescopes suggests a much more complex structure behind this emission – probably coming from several emission regions, not just one.”
The ‘drifting carousel’ model manages to explain this complexity much better, describing the emission as coming from patches of charged particles, arranged in a rotating ring around magnetic field lines, or a carousel.
“As each patch releases radiation, the rotation generates a small drift in the observed signal of these sub-pulses that we can detect using the MWA,” Mr McSweeney said.
“Occasionally, we find that this sub-pulse carousel gets faster and then slower again, which can be our best window into the plasma physics underlying the pulsar emission.”
One possibility the researchers are currently testing is that surface temperature is responsible for the carousel changing rotation speed: localised ‘hotspots’ on the pulsar surface might cause it to speed up.
“We will observe individual pulses from these drifting pulsars across a wide range of radio frequencies, with lower frequency data than ever before,” Mr McSweeney said.
“Looking at the same pulsar with different telescopes simultaneously will allow us to trace the emission at different heights above their surface.”
The researchers plan to combine the data from the MWA, the Giant Metre-wave Radio Telescope in India and the CSIRO Parkes Radio Telescope in New South Wales to – literally – get to the bottom of the mysterious pulses.
A paper explaining the research “Low Frequency Observations of the Subpulse Drifter PSR J0034-0721 with the Murchison Widefield Array” was recently published in The Astrophysical Journal. VIDEO
CAASTRO is a collaboration of The University of Sydney, The Australian National University, The University of Melbourne, Swinburne University of Technology, The University of Queensland, The University of Western Australia and Curtin University, the latter two participating together as the International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research (ICRAR). CAASTRO is funded under the Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence program, with additional funding from the seven participating universities and from the NSW State Government’s Science Leveraging Fund.
ICRAR is a joint venture between Curtin University and The University of Western Australia and supported by the Western Australian Government.
The Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) is a low frequency radio telescope located at the Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory in Western Australia’s Mid-West. The MWA observes radio waves with frequencies between 70 and 320 MHz and was the first of the three Square Kilometre Array (SKA) precursors to be completed.
CAASTRO, ICRAR, Curtin Institute of Radio Astronomy
p: +61 9266 3268
Dr Wiebke Ebeling
CAASTRO Education & Outreach Manager
p: +61 8 9266 9174
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Many people will probably be aware of the rise in popularity of “reacts” social media pages. The idea is that the Facebook or Twitter page takes a popular cultural phenomenon, often a television show, and posts pictures from it with a humorous caption (usually in a bid to get as many likes as possible and thus gain followers, sponsorship, and money). One such type that has become increasingly popular is pages based on the ‘medieval’ or ‘classical’. In this, pictures from different historical periods are posted with captions with a modern day twist. Some examples from popular Facebook page Classical Art Memes are below.
Whilst these pages offer a light bit of humour to a mostly younger, social-media hungry generation scrolling through timelines, I think it is a refreshing phenomenon to see as a young historian. True, historians have highlighted some of the issues about these pages, such as how they are run by organisations purely to make money and gain exposure, and how the lack of attribution of the source for the picture is problematic. (Sarah Werner writes a good piece in more depth about these issues here, which focuses more on the pages proclaiming to use historical photographs and facts, but has relevance here).
However, whilst I agree with these problems, I think it is small enough to overlook. As a young person who studied history for four years at University, I have constantly been struck when talking to members of my parents’ generation at the reaction I get when I say I study history. In almost every single conversation I have had over the years, the reaction I got was “Oh, I never liked history at school, I found it really boring, but now that I’m older I absolutely love it”. Our school system is not set up in a way to make history interesting and engaging for children. We follow a check list as we go through school: Ancient Civilisations (Romans, Egyptians, Greeks), 1066, the Tudors, maybe a bit on women’s suffrage, the rise of the labour party and workers’ rights, and then the two World Wars. Sometimes a bit of slavery and empire thrown in there. And dates, dates, facts, dates, facts. There is less interest in making history relatable for children, but instead, like many subjects at school nowadays, it is about pumping facts into children so that they can get sufficient grades to pass them on to the next lot and make the school look alright.
That’s the problem many people of both my parents’ generations and my own had with history at school – it’s not interesting, it’s just stuffy old dead people and dates and facts. At University, history is taught as the incredibly interesting subject that it is – I have never once in my four years been required to learn a date. Sure, I have inadvertently learnt dates and events, but they were always inconsequential – it was the process of history, the social issues, political plays, what people thought and felt and how that affected the course of history that was taught. And that is why I think these pages are so good for history as a discipline – it engages people who may have otherwise been turned away from history. Sure, these pages can make light of a different time with trivial modern day problems, or juxtapose modern worries onto an unrelated historical scene. But as much as we like to think the people of the past were constantly riddled with issues like will their whole village die of plague, will they starve to death this winter, are they about to go to war with France again, they were, too, riddled with issues more relatable to us modern viewers. Is a lord’s wife cheating on him, perhaps corrupting his blood line? Is Mrs Jones spreading gossip about her neighbours again? Is a young noblewoman’s dress pretty enough to attract her beau at the next social occasion?
[pictures from Classical Art Memes]
For me, these pages give a way for people to engage with history without them necessarily realising it. It breaks down this idea that people in the past were an “other” unrecognisable to us today. It makes light of the past, but this is just a different way of engaging with history. If it can help people realise that history doesn’t have to be boring, it can be fun, then perhaps it can encourage them to engage with history in different ways. Just as historical television dramas that bend the past to entertain viewers can encourage people to look up what really happened, these pages might mean that the next time someone walks past a history book, rather than automatically thinking “ew, boring” they might go “oh I saw something about that on Facebook, it might be interesting”. This engagement is demonstrated by the millions of followers these pages gain, the thousands of likes, and the hundreds of comments where ordinary people often zoom in on sections of the posted picture and add humorous captions of their own.
A more detailed example of this modernisation comes from the Two Monks posts on The Toast (see a list of some of their posts here). The concept behind Two Monks is that the creator imagines conversations between two monks who are producing the drawings found littered across medieval manuscripts. Manuscript illustrations are notoriously strange, with wonderful hybrid creatures, anatomically incorrect people, and scenes reminiscent from a drug-induced hallucination. The Two Monks posts attempt to humorously make sense of the thought process behind some of these illustrations:
[some excerpts from Two Monks]
MONK #1: do birds have meetings
MONK #2: absolutely
they have a Meeting Hat and everything
MONK #1: what do they have meetings about
MONK #2: mostly who gets to wear the meeting hat
MONK #1: uuuuuuggghh
MONK #2: whats up
MONK #1: how many eyes does a dog have
MONK #2: oh man
MONK #1: RIGHT?
MONK #2: that is a good question
MONK #1: because like
i can tell that for sure seven is NOT RIGHT
but beyond that
i have no idea
MONK #2: ok well it’s time for lunch
so i feel like
seven is fine
MONK #1: you sure?
MONK #2: yes im sure
we’re having bread today and i don’t want to miss it
MONK #1: i forget if with dinner parties do people usually have normal eyes and smiling faces, or –
MONK #2: red eyes and despair
MONK #1: okay i was pretty sure that was the one
MONK #2: just very red eyes and sorrow and pushing plates away
MONK #1: ok good
MONK #2: that’s how you know its dinner
Again, these posts add some humanity to a distant past. It is easy to read the manuscripts created by these men hundreds of years ago and take it at face value, merely reading what is written. But it is important to remember that these manuscripts, and the illustrations in it, were created by human beings just like us. These men were often locked away in all-male monasteries, often in the middle of nowhere. It was cold, it was boring, and all they did all day was pray and write. Half of the kooky illustrations we get from manuscripts were doodled in the margins by bored monks. They wrote notes to other monks who would be reading the books, they complained about having sore hands, and they let their imagination run away with them whilst copying out potentially boring and tedious writings and doodled in the margin. Take a look in almost any school kid’s work books, and you will find the same thing! Once again, this opens up the relatable, human side of history. No facts, no dates, no bore. Just a few medieval monks bored on a Tuesday afternoon. Again, these imagined conversations modernise the issues, but the underlying theme remains. It helps make history more accessible to the masses. And it gives us a giggle on a bored Tuesday afternoon of our own. | <urn:uuid:82d26527-24a0-4233-be41-b2c150c0aa72> | {
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A chord BC and the diameter from A meet at a point P such that OC = CP. If angle CPO = a, prove that angle AOB = 3a. This is a method of trisection an angle by construction.
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Tamiflu - Oral Anti-Viral Treatment Agent
Tamiflu or oseltamivir is a prescription drug used for prophylaxis and treatment of flu caused by influenza virus types A (H1N1) and B. Oseltamivir was invented and patented by Californian company Gilead Sciences in 1996. Swiss pharmaceutical company Hoffmann-La Roche (Roche) then purchased the rights to develop and market the drug worldwide under the trade name Tamiflu.
Proven to be effective in adults and children (one year or older), Tamiflu was launched in North America (US and Canada) and Switzerland during 1999 and 2000 and in all major European markets by 2002–2003. The drug is now available in about 80 countries globally, including the US, EU countries, Latin America, Canada, Japan, Australia and Switzerland. In Japan, Tamiflu is marketed by Chugai Pharmaceutical, in which Roche has a majority stake.
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) initially approved Tamiflu for prophylaxis in adolescents 13 years and older and adults. In December 2005, Roche obtained approval for its supplemental new drug application (sNDA) from the FDA, extending Tamiflu's prophylaxis indication to patients of one to 12 years of age. In January 2006, Roche obtained a similar approval in Europe.
Roche expanded the production capacity of Tamiflu in 2006 and has since been improving its production volumes to cater to the growing demand for additional supplies of the drug. In May 2009 the company announced that it would be scaling up Tamiflu production to a maximum annual capacity of 400 million treatment courses (4 billion capsules).
Controversy over Tamiflu's efficacy
Cochrane Acute Respiratory Infections Group's report released in April 2014 on Tamiflu claimed that Tamiflu is ineffective in fighting with influenza but just provides relief from some of the symptoms associated with the disease. It also claimed that the drug could induce some side effects including renal and psychiatric events, and serious heart rhythm problems.
The report based these conclusions on 46 trials that included 20 oseltamivir and 26 zanamivir (traded as Relenza) studies. The Group, however, also disclosed that many of the studies had design flaws and hence their conclusions could not be definitive.
Roche dismissed the findings of the report and expressed confidence in oseltamivir's safety and effectiveness in treating influenza.
Efficacy and clinical trials
Tamiflu is found to reduce the duration of influenza illness when consumed as per approved dosage (75mg twice daily for five days). In otherwise healthy individuals the drug reduces the severity of symptoms and infections such as bronchitis. In children it reduces the likelihood of febrile influenza and also the incidence of associated otitis media.
Laboratory clinical studies have proven Tamiflu to be effective against the H5N1 virus in animals infected with the H5N1 strain taken from humans. However, no controlled clinical studies evaluating the drug's clinical efficacy in people infected with H5N1 are available since human infection with H5N1 strains is rare and geographically dispersed.
Regarding Tamiflu's effectiveness against avian influenza, anecdotal case reports involving small groups of patients are the only available evidence so far.
These reports suggest that the drug is beneficial when administered within 48 hours of symptoms beginning.
The clinical trials on efficacy of the drug for influenza treatment comprised two placebo-controlled and double-blind clinical trials on adult patients, three double-blind placebo-controlled treatment trials on geriatric patients, and one double-blind placebo-controlled treatment trial on paediatric patients. The trial results in all three categories indicated the efficacy of Tamiflu in treating influenza virus types A and B equally in males and females.
The trials on prophylaxis of naturally occurring influenza involved three seasonal studies and a post-exposure prophylaxis study in adult households, and a randomised, open-label, post-exposure prophylaxis study on paediatric households including children aged one to 12 years as family contacts and index cases. In these trials Tamiflu was found to be effective in reducing the incidences of laboratory-confirmed influenza.
The first case of resistance to the drug was reported by Denmark's National Board of Health on 29 June 2009. A person who accompanied a H1N1 influenza patient contracted the virus even after Tamiflu was administered for flu prevention. The Denmark case raised questions about Tamiflu's efficacy in prophylaxis.
Similar cases of H1N1 viruses resistant to Tamiflu were reported in Japan and Hong Kong in July 2009. However, the case reported in Hong Kong was dismissed as the patient was reportedly not administered with Tamiflu. Relenza, Glaxo SmithKline's prophylaxis drug for H1N1 influenza, could cure the person in the Japanese case, reported UK newspaper The Telegraph.
While the available evidence on Tamiflu's clinical effectiveness against swine flu is evolving, Roche is conducting more clinical studies to gain further information on the efficacy of its drug against the new virus.
The influenza virus continues to infect host cells as long as neuraminidase assists the virus in exiting from cells. By inhibiting the neuraminidase enzyme Tamiflu blocks influenza from emerging from the host cells, thus checking the virus spread to other body cells which causes the virus to ultimately die.
This class of medicines called neuraminidase inhibitors are effective against influenza A and B viruses. This is in contrast to the M2 inhibitors, the antivirals that are effective only against the A-type virus.
Tamiflu has been found to be active against the new swine flu virus A (H1N1) discovered in 2009, according to the reports from the WHO, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). In April 2009 the CDC even came out with a guidance that has recommended the use of Tamiflu or Relenza (zanamivir) for the prophylaxis and treatment of swine flu. | <urn:uuid:320b76c3-e3be-472e-949c-546ba6b955fb> | {
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One year ago in his State of the Union Address, President Obama reaffirmed the United States' goal of achieving an AIDS-Free Generation. The year that followed brought fresh evidence that this goal is within reach: new HIV infection rates are beginning to fall in countries where people have access to HIV programs.
A major part of this success is the result of expanded access to HIV treatment, which has been shown to both save millions of lives and prevent HIV transmission. Moreover, an analysis by UNAIDS found that the faster countries scaled up access to HIV treatment, the faster their rate of new HIV cases fell. A study in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, determined that the risk of HIV infection was 38 percent lower in communities where HIV treatment had been scaled up.
The U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), regarded as one of the most successful global health programs in history, is currently helping provide lifesaving HIV treatment to 6.7 million people. The program has the potential to make major additional contributions in this area—and indeed 40 members of Congress recently asked that the program be expanded to reach 12 million people by 2016.
But it is deeply concerning that instead of reaching this bold goal, the pace of HIV treatment scale-up could slow considerably in the coming years because of budget cuts to U.S. global AIDS programs. Without new resources for PEPFAR, as well as additional program efficiencies, the number of new people put on HIV treatment with U.S. support will plummet. The graph below shows our analysis of the pace of scale-up under PEPFAR, based on publicly available data and consultation with experts in the field.
As the graph above shows, the number of people added annually to treatment through PEPFAR has increased dramatically since early in the program's history, with a high of 1.6 million people newly receiving treatment last year. This quickening pace of delivery was possible because the average per person cost of HIV treatment through PEPFAR fell precipitously over the years. Treatment expansion also benefitted from hundreds of millions of dollars in unexpended "pipeline" funds that were available in 2012 and 2013. If we stay on this course, we could reach 12 million or more people on treatment through PEPFAR by 2016—about a third of the HIV-positive people in the world.
Unfortunately, the treatment trajectory is now poised to turn downward. At current funding levels, treatment initiation through PEPFAR could fall back to the levels of the first years of the program, as shown above. The major factor is that bilateral global HIV funding has been consistently cut in the last several budgets, and is now $700 million below its peak in fiscal year 2010, according to the Kaiser Family Foundation. When you combine these cuts with the clearing out of pipeline funds, there are simply insufficient resources to expand HIV treatment at anywhere near the current pace. Some efficiencies may still be possible, but they are small compared to the overall budget. (Our estimates are based on data from the U.S. Government Accountability Office, PEPFAR reports to Congress, and reasonable assumptions about recent and future changes in federal funding and the cost of treatment. We welcome the opportunity to review our analysis with those who are interested.)
Slowing the pace of treatment scale-up would be an unfortunate choice and should not be seen as inevitable. Our estimates suggest that if President Obama and Congress can work together to reverse the PEPFAR cuts over the next two years—increasing the PEPFPAR bilateral budget by $400 million in 2015 and again in 2016—we can stay on our current trajectory. This moves us toward achieving the United Nations target of 15 million people with HIV on treatment by the end of 2015, and it also means reaching an end to the AIDS epidemic sooner. Sustaining this course, however, requires that the State Department free some money for HIV treatment in the current fiscal year, and continue to push for modest reductions in the PEPFAR cost of treatment. Without new treatment funding in fiscal year 2014, the pace of scale-up will slow markedly this year.
Allowing the pace of treatment delivery to slow down doesn't make public health or economic sense. A recent study found that HIV treatment programs in developing countries result in long-term economic returns of up to 287 percent in the form of increased labor productivity, averted orphan care, and deferred medical care. A World Bank study in Kenya showed that when AIDS treatment was expanded, adult working hours increased and children's nutritional status and school attendance improved. A Harvard analysis estimated that early initiation of HIV treatment in South Africa could generate cost savings over five years.
It is now possible to begin to end the AIDS pandemic, but doing so will require focusing resources on interventions we know work, including prevention of vertical transmission to newborns, voluntary medical male circumcision, harm reduction, targeted behavioral interventions, and HIV treatment. Research on a cure and a vaccine remains essential. And PEPFAR's partners, including affected countries and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, must do more. But there is no ending AIDS without scaled-up HIV treatment and without PEPFAR continuing to play a leading role.
The United States has staked out a leadership position on global HIV, and it has brought us tremendous returns in the form of millions of lives saved, an improved reputation in the world, and the opportunity to begin to end one of the worst epidemics of our time. It doesn't make humanitarian, diplomatic or economic sense to backtrack on HIV treatment scale-up now. Congress and the Administration must find the resources to keep PEPFAR on track to accelerate the end of AIDS.
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IOTA is a revolutionary cryptocurrency and platform, created specifically for the concept of the Internet of Things. It does not resemble any other project or coin, which makes it unique and very promising. IOTA is able to become that transactional fuel that will ensure the implementation of smart enterprises with the participation of machines integrated into one network.
Think about the self-service checkouts at supermarkets. You must agree that these are at times more efficient, and economically more profitable, than using the cashier. Imagine further that in this supermarket you can use tablets to make your choice of goods, and that the supermarket has installed conveyer belts that would feed these products directly into your hands, or into your car. It is these solutions that underlie the Internet of Things (IoT) – and IOTA’s function within it should perform a connecting role between the nodes of the entire system, covering the payment element of such shopping.
What is IOTA?
IOTA is both a cryptocurrency and a system for instant micropayments without any commission. In this way, it is significantly different from other coins, since a transaction of 1 coin or, roughly speaking, 0.001 cents in dollar terms, is possible. What does it give? For example, with IOTA, you can ensure the fulfilment of the smallest tasks in the unified network; turning off the tap in the bathroom, sticking on a tag, or at least blowing away a speck of dust. And thanks to these features, IOTA can be integrated into the Internet of Things by performing transactions between points.
The history of this project began in 2015 with the ICO. During crowadding, the IOTA team managed to collect 1,337 Bitcoins, which at that time was a very small amount. Yet ICOs were not held as frequently in 2015 as they are today, and all of the new ICOs were in the shadow of Ethereum’s. Almost all ICOs held in 2016 went to beta tests, and by 2017 the innovative project got off its feet. A substantial amount of money was allocated for development, marketing, and new projects – and by June, IOTA (or rather MIOTA) made its debut at one of the world’s largest exchanges, Bitfinex. In the autumn of 2017, a number of strategic deals were concluded between large consortiums: Samsung, Fujitsu, Volkswagen, Microsoft, and Deutsche Telekom.
How does it work?
IOTA does not look like Bitcoin or Ether, because it does not actually use blockchain. This platform uses a special Tangle log, based on the DAG-directed acyclic graph. In the Bitcoin or Ethereum blockbuster, everything is kept on the blocks, where the transaction information is recorded. There are no blocks in Tangle IOTA, and transactions there are related in their own special scheme: every new transaction that has arisen (let’s call it A) confirms the two old ones (B and C). Verification can also happen indirectly – for instance transaction D, which confirmed A and conditional Z. But it indirectly confirmed B and C.
IOTA and the Internet of Things
IOTA’s prospects are measured by the prospects of the sphere that this platform is designed to serve. Initially, the concept of the Internet of Things meant a global network in which physical objects interact with each other through built-in technologies. Right now, there is no fully-fledged network – there are, rather, autonomous pockets.
Take for example a smart apartment, where light, electricity and heating are automatically regulated. But after all, apartments can be united in houses, houses in cities, and cities into a whole network.
IOTA is able to tie together virtually all processes in the IoT ecosystem by configuring transaction chains and the ability to conduct micro-transactions in huge quantities. Problems with scalability in Tangle, unlike for blockchain, do not occur. What’s more, the platform is implemented so that the device for interaction with other nodes should not have uninterrupted access to the Internet. For some ‘machines’, it will be enough to connect once a month, or even a year – it all depends on the functionality. This will save battery power, or even electricity.
Advantages and disadvantages of IOTA
IOTA as a cryptocurrency has its advantages. The main advantages are the absence of commissions, the possibility of conducting micro-transactions, and the high speed of operations. All these advantages are provided by Tangle. From the point of view of the IOTA platform, it is still difficult to assess its future trends. It’s akin to Ethereum in 2015 or 2016 – everyone understood its huge potential, but there was not yet a tangible example that would show Ethereum in a practical way.
The fact that the project is actively developing and cooperating with the world’s largest consortia suggests that it has prospects. The idea that it will become a driving force in such an innovative direction as the Internet of Things is a definite plus of IOTA. This means that coins really have some weight behind them. After all, they must fulfil the role of ‘fuel’ in a rapidly developing sphere. But the unique IOTA platform, and the unusual proof of work without mining as such, potentially creates a situation in which a powerful transaction will disrupt network security. If it comes from a node that has collected 51% of the total capacity, then the so-called 51% attack will occur. The node will gain control over the network, which will allow it to double expenditure. This is like a Bitcoin mine with 51% of the processing power.
Security is another point that needs to be worked out. At the forum of the IOTA project and other crypto-exchange sites, complaints have repeatedly been received about the loss of coins from a wallet. So far, no normal software purse has been implemented – and this is one of the main goals of the project for 2018.
Forecast and prospects for the future
IOTA debuted at the cryptocurrency market in June 2017. It took it only six months to corner about 3% of the capitalisation of the entire cryptocurrency market. If the cryptocurrency market retains the current (for 2017) growth trend, then the total market capitalisation for IOTA at the end of 2018 will be $12 trillion. This means that if IOTA retains its market share, its rate will be $150 (for MIOTA). If IOTA takes 10% of the market, as Ethereum did, then the rate will approach $500 for a MIOTA.
This is a very optimistic expectation for development – however, it is not a fantastical one. In our opinion IOTA really has something to offer. In addition to the high profile headlines in the press around cooperation with Bosch, Samsung, Fujitsu and others, underneath all this is a strong foundation. For example, a site was created for the monetisation of data generation, in which sellers could conduct transactions with customers. This was for those interested in Bosch, Microsoft, Cisco, Fujitsu, and Airbus.
In September, IOTA was announced as a payment instrument on the CognIOTA processor platform (CPU). In 2018, the release of a new generation purse with Flash channels for instant transactions, the function of private transfers, and optimisation mechanisms like MAM (masked authenticated messages) is planned.photo | <urn:uuid:a0deb5fa-bc10-45e5-9afc-ccbfa3669d59> | {
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ante diem iii idus decembres
- Agonalia — the fourth and final occurrence of this festival in the Roman calendar; like all instances, the Rex Sacrorum would sacrifice a ram in the Regia, but on this occasion, the sacrifice was apparently in honour of Sol Indiges.
- Septimontium — a somewhat obscure festival apparently originally only celebrated by the ‘montani’ (i.e. the ‘hill-dwellers’) which involved sacrifices on each of Rome’s seven hills.
- 287 — martyrdom of Fuscian (and others)
- 302 — martyrdom of Pontian | <urn:uuid:79549849-0185-4b29-8d4d-efa566a07709> | {
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Yo! Deadlines call, so we’re taking this week off. Thanks for your understanding!
Compared to Venus flytraps, which clamp their jaw-like leaves around flies and other small, wriggly bits of prey, the various pitcher plants in existence must seem like pretty benign carnivores. Their way of capturing prey strikes me as a bit like windmill fighting: can they help it if juicy insects and ripe-looking amphibians happen to tumble into the pits of digestive enzymes waiting at the bottom of their pitcher-shaped leaves?
In fact, pitcher plants don’t consume every organism that ends up in the pit. Some of those organisms actually help pitcher plants process the other creatures they’re about to eat, somewhat like parents who cut their children’s food for them, though slightly more savage.
Nepenthes is a genus of pitcher plant found primarily in the southeast Pacific. Each leaf starts with a thin tendril at the tip, then inflates like a long balloon until finally, at maturity, a flap of leaf material at the tip opens, and a pitcher is formed.
Pitchers in general are excellent for holding liquid, and those belonging to the plants of genus Nepenthes are no exception, though the sweet, attractive nectar and the digestive enzymes that they produce differ substantially from the iced tea you might pour yourself on a hot summer day.
As effective as the digestive juices that Nepenthes make (capable, in some species, of taking out entire mice) are, the digestion process can always stand to go more quickly. Some Nepenthes have tiny hollow chambers in their stems where ants can make their homes. Instead of falling into the pitchers, the ants snag other insects attracted by the nectar. The ants are sloppy eaters, which is a good thing for Nepenthes, as the stray insect crumbs slip into the pitcher and get digested much sooner than an entire insect would.
So some ants and some pitcher plants make good matches. Others, not so much. Sarracenia is another genus of pitcher plant; some of its member species grow from the grounds of peat bogs in North America (including Illinois’ own Volo Bog). A Sarracenia‘s pitcher looks different from that of a Nepenthes, in part thanks to a flange running the length of the leaf that creates a stream of nectar. Ants climb the leaf and follow the trail, which leads to the edge of the long, tall pit, and—whoops, in they go.
That’s not to say that Sarracenia species can’t play nicely with others. The larvae of some insects, such as the blowfly, live inside the pitcher and feed on partially digested remains, while bacteria in the water that also collects in the bottom of the pitcher help get that digestion going in the first place.
Though they pose a threat to some living creatures, pitcher plants hardly are isolated organisms, at least within a habitat. In the case of Nepenthes, our evolutionary tree suggests otherwise, as Nepenthes are believed to exist much in the same form that they have for millions of years. In other words, the Nepenthes genus has no close relatives.
That’s okay, little pitcher plants. At least the ants seem content keeping you company.
Some caterpillars possess amazing defense mechanisms, the kind that exist to make parents and guardians forever fretful when their kids go out to play. Other caterpillars mimic bird poop. I guess the phrase “different strokes for different folks” applies to the non-folks of the animal kingdom as well.
Caterpillars are the larval forms of both moths and butterflies, squishy little worm-like creatures that emerge from eggs. Their squishiness makes them incredibly attractive to several members of the animal kingdom including birds and squirrels that, like me around midnight, are always on the lookout for a snack that’s easy to eat.
So to become a bit more difficult to eat, several species’ caterpillars have evolved features along their bodies that discourage other animals from poking at them, usually through the always discouraging use of toxic chemicals. The larval forms of such frequent flyers as the Io Moth, the Buck Moth, and the Hag Moth all have bodies lined with stinging hairs and quills that are connected to poison sacs. These hairs can break skin, allowing the toxic chemical to seep beneath them. Humans who get stung by these caterpillars may experience symptoms ranging from minor irritation to everybody’s favorite, intestinal discomfort.
Given how most people feel about having a churning sensation in their lower abdomens, it’s understandable that a lot of people avoid touching caterpillars just to be on the safe side. The majority of caterpillars are not stinging caterpillars, though. Unlike the stinging caterpillars listed above, others have bumps on their bodies that appear harmful but really are just for show.
One such caterpillar is the Black Swallowtail. During some of its larval stages (and larval stages are called instars, in case you were wondering, since science has names for everything), the Black Swallowtail’s body is lined with orange bumps that protrude from the surface. They look dangerous, because often in nature red and orange are used as colors that warn predators that they’re hunting something that will seriously screw them up, but Black Swallowtail caterpillars are considered by some people one of the best caterpillars for budding entomologists to try to raise.
So how do Black Swallowtail larvae stay safe? Well, they do have one protrusion that actually does mess with other animals. It’s called an osmeterium, and it’s a Y-shaped horn located at the back of the caterpillar’s head that pops out when the little squirmster is frightened and gets retracted when it once again feels safe. The osmeterium shoots a musty-smelling liquid that, while not harmful to humans, is tinged with a distinct whiff of eau du displeasure, enough to suggest that backing away is a good idea.
But before the osmeterium even comes into play, the Black Swallowtail caterpillar defends itself in another way: similar to the Tiger Swallowtail caterpillar, during its earlier instars, its body bears a splotchy white marking right in the middle. Does this white mark carry the same suggestion of poison that red body markings do? Nope. Does it make the caterpillar look like an unappetizing piece of bird poop that squirrels and other animals are likely to pass over without a second thought? It sure does!
No one ever said that survival can’t be crappy sometimes.
I use witch hazel extract on my face every night. It’s derived from the leaves and bark of the common witch hazel plant, Hamamelis virginiana, and in addition to cleaning the skin is supposed to help relieve it of irritation. In light of witch hazel’s calming properties, I guess it’s a little funny that a witch hazel plant starts out, very literally, with a bang.
For a plant to produce offspring and continue that beautiful circle of life that Elton John sang about, it has to send seeds out like children into the big, bad world, a process known as seed dispersal. And just as some parents and caretakers allow their children to keep living at home after graduation, maybe staying in the basement or the pool house, while others practically pack their kids’ boxes and suitcases for them, plants go about seed dispersal in any number of ways:
Letting gravity take its course
Encasing their seeds in tasty fruits for animals to eat so that the seeds will later be, um, deposited (seed dispersal plus, now with a fertilizer bonus)
Attaching lightweight structures that allow the seeds to drift serenely on the breeze
Launching them violently into the surrounding environment
That last option probably sounds made-up. It isn’t. Witch hazel seeds develop inside of a capsule that bursts at maturity. Like a circus daredevil spewed from a cannon, each seed ends up shot about twenty to thirty feet away from the parent plant. The capsule makes a popping sound upon bursting—or a bang, to go back to where we started this.
It’s nothing like the method of seed dispersal that many trees here in the Midwest employ. Wind dispersal seems more appropriate for a plant that’s used to make a soothing extract. The way that whirlybirds or helicopter seeds like the ones seen in the photo above (the technical term for a winged seed like these is a samara, presumably because “whirlybird” never stuck in scientific circles) simply flutter to the ground perhaps offers a greater sense of enchantment than the botanical equivalent of cannon fire. Plus, as mentioned before, all the other plants are doing it: various trees including ashes, the winged elm (naturally), and most conspicuously maples all produce winged seeds.
So why doesn’t the witch hazel plant give in to peer pressure? Well, as helpful as winged seeds are in spreading a plant’s offspring far and wide, that huge range of dispersal (we’re talking hundreds of feet here) comes with certain trade-offs:
Not every seed is guaranteed to land somewhere hospitable and grow, so the parent plant spends a lot of energy producing seeds that will never germinate.
In order to be light enough to dance on the spring breeze, winged seeds aren’t packed with as much nourishment as, say, the seeds packed into fruits are. As a result, some will be too poorly nourished by the time they land to sprout.
Kids like to pick them up and toss them into the air, at least where I grew up, because it looks really neat (see trade-off #1).
No doubt that witch hazel’s exploding seed pod looks (and sounds) neat, too, but the exchange there is that it takes even more energy than making a load of winged seeds to actively expel a few seeds from one’s body. Each plant evolves the method of seed dispersal best suited to its environment. If it happens to delight us with showers of whirlygigs or sudden eruptions of seed pods, well, that’s just one more way we’ve benefited from evolution, I’d say. It’s right up there with opposable thumbs in scientists’ minds, I’m sure. | <urn:uuid:88544da8-645a-4e7a-a890-509290f2eef5> | {
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Shows like “The Tudors”, films like “Elizabeth” “Elizabeth: The Golden Age”, “The Other Boleyn Girl” and Tudor exhibitions and festivals have all renewed our interest in the Tudor period and the way that men and women dressed and accessorised.
Jewellery was a big part of Tudor fashion, for those who were rich and important, because it showed both their wealth and status.
But jewels were not just used to accessorise and show off, as Alison Sim writes in “Pleasures and Pastimes in Tudor England”, jewellery “was also used to convey political messages, to display religious beliefs and to remind people of their friends and relatives who had died.” However, we do need to remember that jewellery wearing in Tudor times was not as widespread as it is today and that it was just essentially worn by the upper classes, those who could afford such finery.
So, what types of jewellery did the Tudor upper classes wear?
Mourning jewellery – Mourning rings were a way of remembering loved ones who had died. Unlike later mourning rings which would contain a lock of hair or miniature, Tudor mourning rings tended to just have words engraved, words like “Remember Me”. “Memento mori” (Latin for “remember you shall die”) jewellery pieces were reminders that death was imminent, rather than being reminders of loved ones, and death was truly imminent when you think that the average life expectancy was just 35! These pieces were usually rings or pendants set with clasped hands, skeletons and skulls.
Chains - Gold chains were popular with those at court but men tended to wear them to reflect their status. You may have seen the state chains that Sir Thomas More, Thomas Cromwell and Henry VIII wore in “The Tudors” and the ones worn in their portraits.
Special chains of office included those for the Order of the Garter, the Order of the Golden Fleece and the Collar of Esses. Gold chains were also popular wedding gifts for women. Fake gold chains, known as “St Martin’s Chain”, were quite common. The name came from the fact that jewelers making fake jewellery had ancient rights of sanctuary in the parish of St Martin Le Grand and could work without fear of contravening the Goldsmiths’ Company regulations.
Buttons and aglets – Clothing was fastened with buttons or laces and aglets were pointed pieces of metal that were attached to the ends of laces to prevent them fraying and to make it nice and easy for the laces to be threaded through eyelets. Both buttons and aglets could be simple or decorative. Alison Sims writes of how Elizabeth I had buttons in the form of lover’s knots, roses, acorns and hearts, and that the wealthy would use buttons and aglets made from precious metals or set with gems like rubies.
Girdles - Women used girdles which hung round the waist and then down the skirt of their gowns to accessorise. These girdles could be made of silk or jewels and have decorations hanging from them. In the famous “Dynasty” portrait, Jane Seymour is shown wearing a girdle of pearls with a gold medallion set with a large jewel. Other decorations included a small prayer book, a mirror or jewelled pomander, which would contain either perfume or sweet smelling herbs.
Initialled pendants – We have all seen Anne Boleyn’s B necklace in her portraits, in “The Tudors” and even in “Ugly Betty” and pendants like these showing your family’s initials were quite common in Tudor times. It is thought that some of Anne Boleyn’s jewellery was handed down to her daughter, Elizabeth, and that she wore her mother’s famous necklace.
Other pendants – Pendants could be hung from pearls, chains or ribbons round the neck, or attached to hats, gowns and girdles. Crosses, jewels and lockets (known as “tablets”) were all popular pendants.
Brooches – Brooches were used to accessorise or to fasten clothing like cloaks. They were also used to decorate hats and buckles.
Bracelets – Tudor bracelets tended to be made out of silver or gold and decorated with precious stones, but strands of pearls could also be wrapped around the wrist.
Jewelled accessories – Jewels were used to decorate many different items, such as fan handles, tooth picks and pomanders.
Earrings – Earrings or “ear pickes” became more popular when hood fashions changed and ears could be seen. Earrings ranged from single stud jewels to hanging pendants and, like today, men could also wear a single earring.
Necklaces – Necklaces could be strands of pearls, like Anne Boleyn’s B necklace, or gold or silver necklaces encrusted with precious stones, like in the portrait of Princess Elizabeth (see the top of the article). Necklaces in Tudor times were known as “carcanets” and tended to be choker style necklaces. Other necklaces included rope style necklaces which could be draped and fixed in different ways using a pin or brooch, and chains, which when worn by women used to be a fine filigree style.
Rosaries – Rosaries or rosary beads were strings of beads used by Catholics to count prayers. They could be simple beads, coloured glass or even precious stones. Elizabeth I banned rosary beads in 1571 but Catholic people got round this by wearing a rosary ring, which had ten prayer studs projecting from it.
Rings - Rings worn by rich Tudors included mourning rings, signet rings, solitairs, cluster style rings and rings set with jewels, like those in our shop set with onyx, sapphires, pearls and rubies.
Jewelled furs – Alison Sims describes this very strange accessory as “a single pelt of a small animal such as a sable which would be virtually made into a piece of jewellery” and writes of how Henry VIII had two sables – one had a clock set into its head and was decorated with rubies and diamonds. It also had paws decorated with gold and claws made of sapphires. The second sable had a ruby for a tongue and was set with diamonds, pearls, rubies and turquoise!
Precious stones Used in Tudor Jewellery
Many different precious stones were used in Tudor jewellery and some were used because of their special meanings and properties. For example, agates were thought to start storms, to help with the interpretation of dreams and to make the person wearing the stone more “agreeable”, and sapphires were thought to cure melancholy and to be good for your eyes.
Other precious and semi-precious stones popular in Tudor times include: diamonds, pearls, emeralds, rubies, opals, topaz, onyx, turquoise, crystal, carnelian, amber, bloodstone and coral.
Fake and imitation gems were quite popular and were often made from glass with coloured foil placed behind it. Alison Sim suggests that even some of Elizabeth I’s pearls were probably glass ones.
Jewellery Worn by the Poor
Poorer Tudor people could still have jewellery but it would be made from materials like bone, horn, metal, wood, glass and mother of pearl.
Elizabeth Files Jewellery
Here at the Elizabeth Files, we offer replica Elizabeth and Elizabethan jewelry and accessories, Elizabeth Movie jewelry, Shakespeare in Love movie jewelry and contemporary jewelry – see our Product Page for details. | <urn:uuid:095b2709-261c-4a70-8333-2e4c3f4deb32> | {
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If you are anything like me, you have debated on whether or not foreign language should be included in your homeschool when teaching your younger children (preschool – elementary). I understand that it is always something that can be done at the middle-school-and-beyond level, but research has always prompted me to do otherwise. I am a strong believer that children will benefit from being exposed to more than one language. Sure, there is plenty of research out there to suggest that being fluent in another language is “easier” when you are young, but fluency is not what I’m after. In taking in all the articles I could handle over the past 5 years, I have decided to “expose” my children to different languages and see where their interest takes them. For instance, our daughter Hannah took two semesters of Spanish classes at a co-op in North Carolina and really enjoyed it. She even has a Nana whom she could speak to any given day to help reinforce her mastery. She still speaks it very well and she is only 10. But now, living in Germany, Hannah has a very big interest in speaking German. And why not? Language immersion is definitely our method of choice, and we are in the perfect place to do it! This week marked the official start of our German language curriculum. I am excited to see what we can accomplish while living in Deutschland over the next several years!
We have decided to use the Power-Glide German elementary curriculum this year. It is a great mix of stories, activities, and art for the children. It is designed very well to captivate and motivate all levels of young learners.
In living abroad, it has peaked my determination to expose our children to as many languages as possible, after all, there are so many to choose from! And with the international adoption bug planted on our hearts nearly a decade ago, it would also be beneficial for the family integration with the new child when that time comes upon us! To me, teaching a foreign language is a definite MUST DO for our homeschool
Here are a few links to some articles that helped me make an informed decision regarding whether or not to teach a Foreign Language to younger children: | <urn:uuid:d8a6f4da-b13f-4bf1-8774-33117230a40d> | {
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The Brain Teaser: Today we both chose Tails and both saw green. What colors were on our Heads sides? ...I do not think that these Bell puzzles are helpful in understanding quantum mechanics.
Possible Resolution I. There are no such coins. You’re right. There are no such coins. But there are subatomic particles that behave exactly like these coins. ...
Possible Resolution II: The coins are very very sneaky and they like to screw around with our minds, so they change their own colors depending on the choices we make, just to fool us. .. .
Possible Resolution III: Neither side of either coin has a color until we decide to examine it, so that on a day when I examine my tails side, it makes no sense to ask about the color of the heads side in the first place.
Therefore I am not allowed to pose this brain teaser in the first place. ...
So where does this leave us?
It leaves us with quantum mechanics, which correctly predicts the result of this experiment, among kajillions of others, and which is incompatible with classical intuitions (as the puzzle in the post is intended to illustrate), but is perfectly consistent with different intuitions which take a while to cultivate, but are not impossible to get used to.
Quantum mechanics was created to deal with a fundamental observed fact: Electricity and light are sometimes seen as waves, and sometimes particles.
If you model them as waves, then the discrete energy values are puzzling. If you model them as particles, then the interference patterns are puzzling.
Heisenberg got around this difficulty by saying that you could think of an electron as a particle, but one where you cannot measure the position and momentum at the same time, as you could if it were really a particle.
All these Bell paradoxes are based on pretending that the election is a particle where conflicting measurements can be made at the same time.
If you think that an electron or photon is a particle, and you want to see something puzzling, just look at the double-slit experiment.
Subatomic particles are not like coins in the above puzzle. Coins have properties like position and momentum that are independent of observation. Subatomic particles have wave-like properties, and the particle-like properties depend on how they are observed. These are simple facts of nature that have been understood since the 1920s.
I often hear of physicists who hope that someone will find a new interpretation of quantum mechanics that will make these wave-particle puzzles go away. Forget it. They are just refusing to accept facts of nature. | <urn:uuid:eda09682-56a2-434b-86a7-f4159f5f911a> | {
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Record 100,000 entangled photons detected
October 31, 2012
A whopping 100,000 entangled photons have been detected for the first time, beating the previous record of just 12, New Scientist reports.
The technique could be useful for safely sharing keys used in encrypted communications.
Entangled photons have linked quantum states, such that measuring the state of one photon determines the state of the others, no matter how far apart they are.
Detecting entanglement usually involves coincidence measurement — the simultaneous detection of multiple photons in the same quantum state at different locations. But these detectors are not sensitive enough to sort out entangled from non-entangled particles when a large number of photons are involved.
So the researchers shot a laser through a device called a polarizing beam splitter, which creates two beams of photons with different polarizations. The beams were sent through a pair of barium crystals to generate photons with the same polarization but different wavelengths. These beams were then recombined to create pulses of light, each containing up to 100,000 photons.
The team split each pulse one more time into beams with two different polarizations, then used detectors to count the number of photons in each beam and calculate the difference. The values the team measured were consistent with entanglement.
- Timur Sh. Iskhakov, Ivan N. Agafonov, Maria V. Chekhova, Gerd Leuchs, Polarization-Entangled Light Pulses of 105 Photons, Physical Review Letters, 2012, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.150502
- Timur Sh. Iskhakov, Ivan N. Agafonov, Maria V. Chekhova, Gerd Leuchs, Polarization-Entangled Light Pulses of 105 Photons, arxiv.org/abs/1111.2073 | <urn:uuid:882d6b84-e712-4417-b630-47d317241587> | {
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I'm not sure that it is possible to travel the United States from coast to coast by one single steam powered train today, or that there are enough connected routes that a steam locomotive could run on. Assuming this isn't possible, then when was the last time period in which this could have been accomplished?
As MichaelF pointed out, it is physically possible to travel across the US on a train - there are more than enough rail lines, though today they're all for freight. As for using Amtrak lines, for the most part Amtrak does not run on rail lines that it owns. The only track that Amtrak owns outright(as far as I remember) is the Northeast Corridor, between Washington and Boston.
I'm not sure of the exact details, but most railroads have a power sharing/freight tonnage agreement with other railroads which determines how much railroads pay each other to run on their tracks.
Now, the last time you would run across the US on a steam engine entirely(we will assume here that it's not necessarily the same train) would have been probably in the early 1950's. By that point, diesels were becoming more popular. The last major railroad to convert from steam to diesel was the Norfolk and Western in the early 1960s. | <urn:uuid:42bc03f0-b4e0-44ce-af2d-3d0c256460e3> | {
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Anyone who's suffered a traumatic loss understands the emotional toll that grief can take. Doctors say it can also be dangerous for your heart.
"Broken-heart syndrome" is a real medical condition that can develop after a stressful event, such as a breakup, serious accident or loved one's death. When the condition strikes, the body releases a surge of stress hormones that stun the left ventricle, which can no longer pump enough blood to the rest of the body.
In very rare cases, the condition can be fatal. The death of actress Debbie Reynolds in late 2016 — just one day after the death of her daughter, Carrie Fisher — had many wondering whether broken-heart syndrome was to blame.
People with broken-heart syndrome, also known as stress-induced cardiomyopathy, often think they're having a heart attack, Dr. Mehta says. Following a traumatic or emotional event — even a happy one like winning the lottery — they experience chest pain, sweating and shortness of breath. They can also suffer palpitations, nausea and vomiting.
"Our initial tests will show that some kind of cardiac event is happening, but there are no blocked arteries as you'd see in a heart attack," Dr. Mehta says.
Japanese researchers first described the condition in 1990. They called it takotsubo cardiomyopathy — takotsubo means "octopus pot" in Japanese — because on X-rays the left ventricle of patients with the syndrome looks like the shape of a Japanese octopus trap. A study in the American Journal of Cardiology found that 6,230 cases were reported in the United States in 2012.
Broken-heart syndrome can strike anyone, even those in good health with no previous heart problems. Women ages 55 and older are much more likely to experience the condition. Researchers think older women may be more vulnerable because they have lower levels of estrogen in their bodies following menopause.
Patients can be treated with medication and lifestyle changes. For most, their hearts go back to normal within weeks.
However, anyone who thinks they are experiencing a heart attack should seek medical attention immediately, Dr. Mehta says.
For the news media: To speak with Dr. Mehta about broken-heart syndrome for an upcoming story, contact Erica Carlson, senior public relations specialist, at [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:1cd037b2-1763-42d6-a860-54b413dd6e53> | {
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Were the ancients dummies? If so, why does archaeology keep confirming what they wrote? I’ll tell you why a healthy dose of humility can help us understand the past.
In his conversion story, “Surprised by Joy,” C. S. Lewis explains how his close friend, Owen Barfield, demolished his “chronological snobbery.” Lewis defined chronological snobbery as “the uncritical acceptance of the intellectual climate of our own age and the assumption that whatever has gone out of date is on that count discredited.”
In Lewis’s time, much of academia was already convinced that every past generation formed a staircase of progress, leading (of course) to enlightened modernity. And since Lewis’s death, many intellectuals have only become more convinced of their own perch at the pinnacle of history. These days, we barely even notice the snobbery.
But it’s time to notice, especially in archaeology. An article last week in The New York Timesdescribes new evidence for the Chinese great flood, an event which ancient records say coincided with the rise of China’s first imperial dynasty. For many years, Western academics have considered this flood a myth—on par with Noah’s Flood in Genesis which, unsurprisingly, they also dismiss as fiction.
But several new dig sites have unearthed inscriptions that refer to just such a flood along the Yellow River, almost 4,000 years ago. And a team of geologists led by Qinglog Wu of Peking University in Beijing says they’ve found evidence in the rocks of a natural dam that trapped several cubic miles of water. When the dam collapsed, it sent a deluge downriver large enough to wipe out a civilization—just as the Chinese legends suggest.
Western experts were less than enthused at the news. The Times quotes several prominent archaeologists who scoff at the discoveries as attempts to read too much into Chinese myths. Dr. Paul Goldin of the University of Pennsylvania derides what he sees as a “fixation” among Chinese archaeologists with “[proving] that all the ancient texts and legends have some fundamental truth…It shouldn’t be every archaeologist’s first instinct,” he says, “to see if their findings are matched in the historical sources.”
Come again? Shouldn’t archaeologists want to know if what they’re digging up has significance in known history? Sadly for many in the West, the answer is a resounding “not really.” This dismissal of ancient writings—including the Bible—is rooted in chronological snobbery. The ancients, experts today assume, were just too dumb or superstitious to get their own histories right.
This attitude has not only blinded us to potential discoveries, it’s made it very embarrassing for archaeologists when the ancients do turn out to be correct. I think, for example, of the recent discovery of Goliath’s hometown, Gath. Or what about the unearthing of evidence for the biblical King Hezekiah, the likely discovery of the palace where Pilate tried Jesus, or the compelling evidencethat “the house of David,” contrary to decades of secular scholarship, was founded by a real, historical man after God’s own heart?
All of these discoveries came as shocks to archaeologists and historians who doubted that such figures, places, or people ever existed. But a gain and again, our belief that the ancients were better at making myths than they were at recording history has handicapped archaeology, and left a lot of smart folks scraping egg off their faces.
Now, I’m not suggesting every legend is a history textbook, or even that Scripture renders archaeology superfluous. What I’m suggesting is that we set aside our chronological snobbery and stop dismissing the ancients out-of-hand.
They were not dummies. And we who dig up the remains of their civilizations aren’t always as clever as we like to believe.
A Flood of Evidence: Chronological Snobbery and Archaeology
As Eric has suggested, it’s not wise to disregard the ancients. Archaeological discoveries that substantiate biblical information continue to be reported. For more information on these fascinating finds, check out the links below.
Scientific Evidence of Flood May Give Credence to Legend of China’s First Dynasty
Nicholas Wade | New York Times | August 4, 2016
The Discovery of Gath
John Stonestreet | BreakPoint.org | August 18, 2015
Hello, Hezekiah!: Archaeology and Biblical History
Eric Metaxas | BreakPoint.org | December 4, 2015
Archaeological Evidence: Exodus and the Trial of Jesus
Eric Metaxas| BreakPoint.org | January 14, 2015
The House of David: It’s Not a House of Cards
Chuck Colson | BreakPoint.org | August 6, 1996
Surprised by Joy
C. S. Lewis | Harvest Books | March 1966 | <urn:uuid:91843b38-219b-409b-9905-43e4b1856727> | {
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crumbs when we love marks three months, he will have the vaccination.Make it to eliminate the risk of some infectious diseases that could pose a threat not only to health, but also the life of the baby.
There is an official document called the National calendar of preventive vaccinations.It is registered list of scheduled vaccinations, including those done in three months.The contents of this document may undergo some changes.It all depends on the epidemiological situation that is emerging in the country at some point.
Vaccination child in 3 months can be slightly changed with the appearance of new types of drugs.It also depends on the availability of money in the state treasury set aside for the purchase of vaccines.Therefore, it is 3 months vaccination what kids do better clarify directly from the pediatrician.
fears of parents
So you need to make crumbs vaccinations at 3 months.What is a vaccine?The list, spelled out in the national calendar, appears complex vaccinatio
Integrated DTP vaccination at 3 months is intended to protect a child from the risk of dangerous diseases.Produce a comprehensive vaccine against diphtheria, tetanus and whooping cough are several companies from different countries.That is why the composition may vary slightly.Miscellaneous and their quality.
Comprehensive vaccination is scheduled for the baby of 3 months.What vaccination do then?Child must be revaccinated three times from these three diseases.Revaccination on national vaccination schedule is also carried out at the age of four, five, six and eighteen months.Timing of vaccination on the advice of pediatricians violate not recommended.This is due to a decrease in the effectiveness of the impact of drugs for non-compliance of slots that can affect the immune strength of the body of the child.
vaccine in 3 months what vaccines are in our hospitals?In addition to domestic vaccine can be used analogue DTP imported.For example, a pharmaceutical company in Britain produced the drug "Infanrix".With its use, too, vaccinations 3 months.What consequences can be after using this drug?Such as domestic and after application of the vaccine.However, as a rule, import analogue tolerated perfectly normal baby.This is due to the reaction of the organism to the members of the vaccine components.
Thus, in the domestic drugs are killed whole cell pertussis bacillus.As part of the British vaccine contains three of its main antigen.In addition, the domestic preparation stabilized mercury components which are toxic.But it is necessary to bear in mind that to produce the drug "Infanrix" - is extremely difficult and costly.That is why it is significantly more expensive than the domestic vaccine.
in 3 months what vaccines are still in our hospitals?The analogue and pentavalent DTP is the drug "Pentaxim."Its use does not cause the baby is almost no reaction.Made of vaccine inoculation 3 months polio and Haemophilus influenzae also prevent.Thus, this drug will protect crumbs immediately five dangerous diseases.However, it should be borne in mind that this pleasure will cost parents dearly.
Preparation for vaccination
before vaccination is necessary to provide the crumbs minimize any stress.Vitamins or probiotics, immunostimulants or antihistamines should not be given.
best preparation is considered to be a slight decrease in the volume of food the day before vaccination.It should also protect the crumbs from hypothermia and overheating of contact with strangers.
Where child being vaccinated?
drug is administered intramuscularly.It is this method allows all the components of the vaccine be released at a desired rate.This is important for immunity.If the drug is injected under the skin, then the release will be delayed for the time components.Thrust will then be simply useless.Enter DTP child in the thigh, because the leg muscles are well developed.The buttock vaccinated do not.In this zone, high probability of hitting the needle in the sciatic nerve or blood vessel.Also on the buttocks is a big fat layer of subcutaneous tissue that may not allow the drug to penetrate the muscle tissue.
drug is administered on a background of applicable anti-allergic, analgesic and antipyretic agents.It is recommended for children based medicines ibuprofen and paracetamol.In addition to the antipyretic effect, they have a moderate analgesic effect that eliminates the discomfort at the injection site.The home medicine cabinet should be analginum.It can give a kid with strong pains.
On the first day the temperature may occur after vaccination.3 months crumbs, it is still quite small, so it was not a reaction to the injected drug is quite natural.The child in this case should be given an antipyretic.On the first day after vaccination, you must also give your baby anti-allergic drug.It does not matter if there was an increase in temperature or not.On the second day after the vaccination the child is also required to provide an antiallergic agent.Antipyretic drugs are only necessary in the case of high temperature.On the third day, in the opinion of the majority of parents, the kid to normal condition.The medicaments thus canceled.
reaction to vaccination found in almost thirty percent of children.However, it should be borne in mind that any side effects are not relevant to pathology and symptoms are not severe illness.
DTP can cause local reactions.Among them are the following:
- swelling, redness, tenderness and induration at the injection site;
- violation of foot pain.
reactions after vaccination and can be shared.These include:
- the temperature rise;
- retardation and a long sleep;
- eating disorders.
reactions to vaccination occur in the first hours after administration.If side effects such as temperature, diarrhea or eating disorders appeared after two or three days after the injection, they are not caused by the administration.The cause of the disease state usually becomes infection, the development of which coincided with vaccination.When the manifestation of pathological symptoms a few days after the inoculation should consult a doctor and find out the cause.
Side effects following vaccination may be severe.However, remember that they are reversible, and the health of the child is not hurt.For severe reactions include the following:
- ongoing for more than three hours crying;
- temperature rise above thirty-nine degrees;
- swelling at the injection site for more than eight centimeters in diameter.
In such cases, the child should be given drugs, "Analgin" and "Ibuprofen", which reduce severe pain.If the baby's condition is not improving, it is necessary to consult a pediatrician.
Currently, you can find a variety of opinions about the effects of vaccination.Some moms describe the reaction was neutral, while others say that the baby suffered very heavy administration.In any case, it does not worry ahead of time, tune in for the best. | <urn:uuid:d2442624-b69a-493f-84bc-b13274b88c6d> | {
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Some Cold War TruthsGEORGE WEIGEL
On Christmas Day, 1991, Mikhail Gorbachev transferred the Soviet nuclear codes to Boris Yeltsin, called President George H.W. Bush to wish him a happy Christmas, and picked up a pen, intending to sign the document that would dissolve the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, created by Lenin seventy-four years before.
The Cold War was officially over, which was a very good thing. Yet as we prepare to mark the twentieth anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall -- the symbolic centerpiece of the Revolution of 1989, which made the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 virtually inevitable -- there seems to be a remarkable lack of interest in a struggle that dominated world politics for forty-three years, threatening nuclear ruin to North America, Europe, and the USSR, devastating Korea and Southeast Asia, and embroiling the Third World in proxy wars from which many developing countries have never really recovered. Something that large and consequential, you would think, would merit considerable and ongoing attention. Yet, to take but one example, modern history classes in Polish schools today stop at 1939 (or, in some cases 1945). Things are not much better in the United States, I fear.
Americans are traditionally good winners who don't hold grudges. There was no gloating over the collapse of the USSR. There were no equivalents of the Nuremberg Trials, or the Allied military tribunals in post-war Japan, to bring the murderers of the KGB to book. There wasn't even a VC Day -- Victory Over Communism Day -- to parallel VE Day and VJ Day in 1945. Perhaps many Americans thought it would have been unsporting to declare victory. We quickly put the Cold War behind us.
Worse than today's lack of interest, however, are those interpretations of the Cold War that suggest it was all a terrible misunderstanding, or that Stalin was "provoked" into hostility toward the West, or that the West could have comes to terms with the Soviet Union long before 1989. With an eye toward the twentieth anniversary of the wall coming down, let me propose a few truths about the Cold War and its ending, with special reference to the Catholic Church and its roles under, and against, communism:
Moral equivalence is moral idiocy. The United States and its western allies during the Cold War were imperfect democracies that sometimes did wicked things. Throughout the Cold War (and long before), the Soviet Union was a pluperfect tyranny that did terrible things as a matter of course, murdering millions of innocent people in cold blood. Any suggestion that the U.S. and the USSR were "two scorpions in a bottle" (as one Carter administration nominee famously put it) reflects a fundamental moral obtuseness about the situation.
The Ostpolitik of Pope Paul VI did not ease the situation of the Catholic Church behind the iron curtain. Pope Paul's openness to dialogue with communist regimes can claim one genuine (if unintended) accomplishment: it created openings that a Polish pope (who viewed his predecessor's Ostpolitik with considerable skepticism) could exploit (often against the counsel of Vatican diplomats). On the ground, the Ostpolitik of Paul VI was a disaster in Hungary (where most bishops from the mid-1960s on collaborated with the regime), in Czechoslovakia (where the underground Church felt betrayed), and even in Rome, where Soviet bloc intelligence agencies used the new diplomatic contacts necessitated by the Ostpolitik to penetrate the Vatican in a quite striking way.
Moral power was the key to success. Communism might have collapsed of its own economic incompetence, but why did it collapse in 1989 rather than 1999 or 2009 or 2019? And why did it collapse without violence (Romania excepted)? Our premier Cold War historian, John Lewis Gaddis of Yale, has the answer: the moral revolution launched by John Paul II during his first pilgrimage to Poland in June 1979 was the key to all the rest.
There were winners and losers in this epic contest. Be grateful that we won. Be grateful for all those who sacrificed blood and treasure for the victory.
George Weigel. "Some Cold War Truths ." The Catholic Difference (September 30, 2009).
Reprinted with permission of George Weigel.
George Weigel's column is distributed by the Denver Catholic Register, the official newspaper of the Archdiocese of Denver. Phone: 303-715-3123.
George Weigel, a Senior Fellow of the Ethics and Public Policy Center, is a Roman Catholic theologian and one of America's leading commentators on issues of religion and public life. Weigel is the author or editor of Against the Grain: Christianity and Democracy, War and Peace, Faith, Reason, and the War Against Jihadism: A Call to Action, God's Choice: Pope Benedict XVI and the Future of the Catholic Church, The Cube and the Cathedral: Europe, America, and Politics Without God, Letters to a Young Catholic: The Art of Mentoring, The Courage to Be Catholic: Crisis, Reform, and the Future of the Church, and The Truth of Catholicism: Ten Controversies Explored.
George Weigel's major study of the life, thought, and action of Pope John Paul II, Witness to Hope: The Biography of Pope John Paul II (Harper Collins, 1999) was published to international acclaim in 1999, and translated into French, Italian, Spanish, Polish, Portuguese, Slovak, Czech, Slovenian, Russian, and German. The 2001 documentary film based on the book won numerous prizes. George Weigel is a consultant on Vatican affairs for NBC News, and his weekly column, "The Catholic Difference," is syndicated to more than fifty newspapers around the United States.
Copyright © 2009 George Weigel
Not all articles published on CERC are the objects of official Church teaching, but these are supplied to provide supplementary information. | <urn:uuid:a0f59567-fa48-4f53-bfa2-7ab196146d62> | {
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Before we start, let me ask you a simple question – do you really know what causes the white dots on the nails and what they represent? Well, if your answer is no, then you should read this article bellow. First, you need to know that most of the white dots on your nails are caused by air bubbles under the nail. These dots are also known by the name leukonychia, and they can be caused by this specific reason – minor injuries at the base of the nail. Well, you should also know that these white dots can be inherited as well, but in some situations may indicate medical problems.
So, if you notice that something like this appears on your nails, then you should see a doctor immediately. White spots on the nails may indicate on warts and fungus (onychomycosis) or psoriasis and eczema, which can affect the nails as well. These small white spots on your nails, can also be one of the seven warning signs of sarcoidosis – disease which affects the skin, lungs and other organs. And when the nail is soft and has white specks, it is a condition known as Plummer nail. Well, you should know that this might indicate that you have problems with your thyroid gland – hypothyroidism. If the line is lower on the nail it means the disease is discovered at early stages.
You should also know that if you notice two white horizontal lines across the surface of the nail, you should see a doctor as well. This may indicate a cardiac arrest, Hodgkin’s disease, malaria, and even leprosy. And if you notice two white horizontal narrow stripes on one or more nails, it is a sign of hypoalbuminemia, low levels of albumin protein in the blood. Well, the bad thing is that this disorder, and that line can cause several acute and chronic medical conditions, such as, inter alia, kidney disease, liver cirrhosis, heart failure and irregular diet. But do not worry, in most cases that line the inflammatory response to infection or injury.
As we said – if you notice any of these signs mentioned above, you should see a doctor. Because they may indicate that’s something is wrong with you and your health. We really hope you find this article helpful and don’t forget to share with your friends and family. Thank You. | <urn:uuid:1db798bc-aaf1-4fc1-a712-37e32df45348> | {
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Iconography began on the day our Lord Jesus Christ pressed a cloth to His face and imprinted His divine-human image thereon. According to tradition, Luke the Evangelist painted the image of the Mother of God; and, also according to tradition, there still exist today many Icons which were painted by him. An artist, he painted not only the first Icons of the Mother of God, but also those of the holy Apostles Peter and Paul and, possibly, others which have not come down to us.
Thus did Iconography begin. Then it came to a halt for a time. Christianity was cruelly persecuted: all that was reminiscent of Christ was destroyed and subjected to ridicule. Thus, during the course of the persecutions, Iconography did not develop, but Christians attempted to express in symbols what they wished to convey. Christ was portrayed as the Good Shepherd, and also in the guise of various personalities from pagan mythology. He was also depicted in the form of a vine, an image hearkening back to the Lord's words: "I am the true Vine.... ye are the branches" (St. John 15:1, 5). It was also accepted practice to depict Christ in the form of a fish, because if one writes in Greek "Jesus Christ, Son of God, Savior" (Iesous Christos, Theou Hios, Zoter) and then groups together the first letter of each word, one discovers that one has written the Greek word Ichthys, "fish." And so, Christians depicted a fish, thereby calling to mind these words which were known to those who believed in the Savior. This also became known to the pagans, and consequently the image of the fish was also held suspect.
When, following the victory of Emperor Constantine the Great over Maxentius, freedom was given to Christians, Christianity quickly transformed the Roman Empire and replaced paganism. Then Iconography flourished with full force. We already see directives concerning Iconography at the first ecumenical councils. In some church hymns, which today are still frequently used, mention is also made of Iconography.
Now what are Icons? Icons are precisely the union between painting and those symbols and works of art which replaced Icons during the time of persecution. The Icon is not simply a representation, a portrait. In later times only has the bodily been represented, but an Icon is still supposed to remind people of the spiritual aspect of the person depicted.
Christianity is the inspiration of the world. Christ founded His Church in order to inspire, to transfigure the world, to cleanse it from sin and bring it to that state in which it will exist in the age to come. Christianity was founded upon the earth and operates upon the earth, but it reaches to Heaven in its structure; Christianity is that bridge and ladder whereby men ascend from the earthly Church to the Heavenly. Therefore, a simple representation which recalls the earthly characteristics of some face is not an Icon. Even an accurate depiction, in the sense of physical build, still signifies nothing. A person may be very beautiful externally, yet at the same time be very evil. On the other hand, he may be ugly, and at the same time a model of righteousness. Thus, we see that an Icon must indeed depict that which we see with our eyes, preserving the characteristics of the body's form, for in this world the soul acts through the body; yet at the same time it must point towards the inner, spiritual essence. The task of the Iconographer is precisely to render, as far as possible and to as great an extent as possible, those spiritual qualities whereby the person depicted acquired the Kingdom of Heaven, whereby he won an imperishable crown from the Lord, for the Church's true significance is the salvation of man's soul. That which is on the earth perishes when we bring the body to the grave; but the soul passes on to another place. When the world comes to an end, consumed by fire, there will be a new earth and a new Heaven, as the Apostle John the Theologian says, for with the eyes of his soul he already foresaw the New Jerusalem, so clearly described in his sacred Revelation. The Lord came to prepare the whole world for this spiritual rebirth. To prepare oneself for this new Kingdom, one must uproot from within oneself those seeds of sin which entered mankind with our ancestors' fall into sin, distorting our pristine, grace-endowed nature; and one must plant within oneself those virtues which they lost in the fall. The Christian's goal is to change daily, to improve daily, and it is of this that our Icons speak.
In calling to mind the saints and their struggles, an Icon does not simply represent the saint as he appeared upon the earth. No, the Icon depicts his inner spiritual struggle; it portrays how he attained to that state where he is now considered an angel on earth, a heavenly man. This is precisely the manner in which the Mother of God and Jesus Christ are portrayed. Icons should depict that transcendent sanctity which permeated the saints. The Lord Jesus Christ is the union of all that is human and all that is divine; and when depicted in an Icon, the Savior must be painted so that we sense that He is a man, a real man, yet at the same time something more exalted than a man, that we not simply approach Him as we app. roach a visitor or an acquaintance. No, we should feel that He is One Who is close to us, our Lord Who is merciful to us, and at the same time an awe-inspiring Judge Who wants us to follow Him and wishes to lead us to the Kingdom of Heaven. Therefore, we must not turn away to one side or the other. We should not depict only the spiritual aspect of the saint, completely disregarding how he looked while alive on earth. This would also be an extreme. All saints should be depicted so as to convey their individual characteristics as much as possible-soldiers should be portrayed arrayed for battle; holy hierarchs in their episcopal vestments... It is incorrect to depict bishops of the first centuries vested in the sakkos, for at that time bishops wore the phelonion, not the sakkas, and yet this is not such a great error, for it is far better to make a mistake in what is physical than in what is spiritual, to ignore, as it were, the spiritual aspect.
However, it is far worse when everything is correct in the physical, bodily sense, but the saint appears as an ordinary man, as if he had been photographed, completely devoid of the spiritual. When this is the case, the depiction cannot be considered an Icon. Sometimes much attention is spent on making the Icon beautiful. If this is not detrimental to the spirituality of the Icon, it is good, but if the beauty distracts our vision to such an extent that we forget what is most importantthat one must save one's soul, must raise one's soul to the heights of Heaven,the beauty of the depiction is already detrimental. It cannot be considered an Icon, but merely a painting. It may be very beautiful, but it is not an Icon. An Icon is an image which leads us to a holy, God-pleasing person, or raises us up to Heaven, or evokes a feeling of repentance, of compunction, of prayer, a feeling that one must bow down before this image. The value of an Icon lies in the fact that, when we approach it, we want to pray before it with reverence. If the image elicits this feeling, it is an Icon.
This is what our Iconographers were zealous aboutthose ancient Iconographers of the time before the conversion of Russia, of whom there were many, and our Russian Iconographers, too, beginning with the Venerable Alypius of the Kiev Caves, who painted a number of Icons of the Mother of God, some of which still survive. These wondrous Icons, which continued the Byzantine tradition of the painting of Icons which inspire compunction, were not necessarily painted in dark colors; frequently they were done in bright hues; but these colors evoked a desire to pray before such Icons. The holy hierarch Peter, a native of Galicia who later became Metropolitan of Kiev and All Russia, painted Icons, some of which were until recently to be found in the Cathedral of the Dormition in Moscow. An entire school of Iconography was established in Novgorod under the direction of the holy hierarch Alexis of Novgorod, a whole series of whose Icons have been preserved. The Venerable Andrew Rublev painted an Icon of the Holy Trinity which is now famous not only in the Christian world, but throughout the half-Christian world as well.
Unfortunately, this Orthodox movement as a whole started to collapse when Russia began to be infiltrated by Western influence. In certain respects, Russia's acquaintance with the European West was very beneficial. Many technical sciences and much other useful knowledge came from the West. We know that Christianity has never had any aversion to knowledge of that which originates outside itself. Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian and John Chrysostom studied in pagan universities, and many writers, among whom were our spiritual authors and many of the best theologians, were well acquainted with pagan writers. The Apostle Paul himself cited quotations from pagan poets even in the Holy Scriptures. Nevertheless, not all that was Western was good for Russia. It also wrought horrible moral damage at that time, for the Russians began to accept, along with useful knowledge, that which was alien to our Orthodox way of life, to our Orthodox faith. The educated portion of society soon sundered themselves from the life of the people and from the Orthodox Church, in which all was regulated by ecclesiastical norms. Later, alien influence touched Iconography as well. Images of the Western type began to appear, perhaps beautiful from an artistic point of view, but completely lacking in sanctity, beautiful in the sense of earthly beauty, but even scandalous at times, and devoid of spirituality. Such were not Icons. They were distortions of Icons, exhibiting a lack of comprehension of what an Icon actually is.
The purpose of this article is, first of all, to promote an understanding of the true Icon, and secondly, to cultivate a love for the Icon and the desire that our churches and our homes be adorned with genuine Icons and not with Western paintings which tell us nothing about righteousness or sanctity, but are merely pleasant to look upon. Of course, there are Icons painted correctly in the Iconographic sense, but yet very crudely executed. One can paint quite correctly in the theoretical sense and at the same time quite poorly from a practical standpoint. This does not mean that, from the principle of Iconography itself, these Icons are bad. On the other hand, it happens that one can paint beautifully, yet completely ignore the rules of Iconography. Both such approaches are harmful. One must strive to paint Icons well in principle, method and execution. This is why we oppose certain people and their attempts to paint our churches, for they have the wrong approach, the wrong point of view. They may paint well, perhaps; but when the point of view is incorrect, when the direction is wrong, no matter how well the locomotive runs, it nonetheless slips off the track and is derailed. This is precisely what happens to those who execute their work technically and correctly, yet due to an incorrect approach and an incorrect point of view, they travel the wrong path.
From Orthodox Life, Vol. 30, No. 1 (Jan-Feb 1980), pp. 42-45. | <urn:uuid:f7528fd8-e6de-4619-9a75-d46c9f97f2fa> | {
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Alaska Science Forum: Rain graces the Alaska landscape
Rain on an aspen tree.
PHOTO: By Ned Rozell
By Ned Rozell
In warm Alaska summers like this, in which Fairbanks has set a record for most 80-degree Fahrenheit days and Anchorage has exceeded 70 with similar frequency, rainfall has been a phenomenon many people have not missed.
But even though we are a species that scurries when water falls from the sky, rain is more essential to our survival than pleasant, dry breezes. Rain is, after all, the free distribution of a substance more valuable than gold. And, despite places like Southeast’s Little Port Walter — where residents endure 80 days each year with precipitation amounts greater than one inch, most of it in the form of rain — most Alaskans don’t get much of it.
Especially when you consider Mount Waialeale in Hawaii, where it rains more than an inch every single day. Or Cherrapunji, India, which experienced more than 1,000 inches of rain from August 1860 to August 1861.
As for daily deluges, it’s hard to beat Reunion Island, located in the Indian Ocean east of Madagascar. During the 24 hours from March 15 to 16, 1952, the black sands of the island absorbed 74 inches of rain. And it was impossible to keep the picnic lunches dry in Unionville, Maryland during the minute on July 4, 1956 when 1.23 inches of rain burst from the sky.
Alaska doesn’t come close to those extremes, but Barrow stands out for the opposite. In 1934, weather observers there recorded 1.4 inches of precipitation for the entire year. That’s nothing compared to the 14 consecutive years without a raindrop in Arica, Chile, or the 767 days from 1912 to 1914 between rainfalls in Bagdad, California. But Barrow’s dry year is similar to a typical year in Death Valley, which explains why umbrella sales are sluggish in both Barrow and Badwater.
A bit of research reveals that it is poor form for Alaskans to shake a fist at the sky during the few months the air is warm enough for rain to exist here. The wet phenomenon is more miracle than nuisance. As Jerry Dennis explains in It’s Raining Frogs and Fishes, rain is about the closest thing we have to constancy on Earth:
“Chances are good that the drop of rain that splashes on your forehead is made of molecules that were here long before the first humans looked up in wonder at a cloudy sky, long before the first leafy plants stretched their roots into the soil, long before the first single-celled organisms took the critical step of dividing in half to reproduce.”
Droplets splattering on our blue tarps have fallen before, perhaps cooling the slaves who shoved giant stone blocks into pyramids in Egypt, or soaking the soldiers knee deep in muck and mosquitoes as they built the Alaska Highway.
As in every Alaska summer, this recycled liquid air freshener has captured billions of soot and dust particles, pulling them from the sky and slamming them quietly to the ground. Rain is also the only substance known to quench our wildfires, and it humidifies the air to the point where our noses become receptive to the delightful musk of the earth.
Further, this falling liquid water is, as far as we know, unique to our home planet. This rarity highlights a most fortuitous fact: Earth orbits the sun at about 93 millions miles, a favorable distance for a species that for its comfort depends on both air conditioning and down jackets. We live far enough away from the sun to keep our flood-swollen rivers from boiling away, yet close enough to keep all this precious moisture from being locked up, unusable, in a hard shell of ice.
Since the late 1970s, the University of Alaska Fairbanks' Geophysical Institute has provided this column free in cooperation with the UAF research community. Ned Rozell is a science writer for the Geophysical Institute. A version of this column appeared in 2009.
Posted: August 12, 2013 | <urn:uuid:a66188d0-babd-4e6d-8cd7-80c8b425e3e0> | {
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Financial economists have become increasingly interested in the historical returns of financial assets.1 This interest largely stems from a desire to calculate the expected equity risk premium. In particular, academics and practitioners are interested in discovering whether or not the high returns on stock markets over the past half-century are an aberration or are somehow intrinsic to equity as an asset. Recently, William Goetzmann and colleagues have estimated the performance of the US market in the nineteenth century, finding that a sizable premium existed on equity in that period.2
Although previous studies have analysed the performance of the British equity market in the twentieth and late nineteenth centuries3, no studies examine the performance of this market in its formative period.4 In a recent conference paper, we estimate the returns earned by investors in the nineteenth century by assembling a monthly dataset of stock prices for the London market from a stockbroker list for the years 1825-70.5
This period is particularly important because it contained three major transformations in wider society that had substantial consequences for the equity market. First, the growing and increasingly prosperous middle class increased their demand for alternative investments to low-yielding government debt. Second, Parliament increasingly bypassed the conservative common law and legislated to ease the creation of corporations. Third, the development of the steam locomotive resulted in capital-intensive industries requiring substantial injections of equity capital.
Stock market returns in the nineteenth century
In our indices, there are 1,015 common equity securities for 681 companies, with banks, insurance companies, canals, mines and railways constituting approximately 80% of our indices in terms of market capitalisation. The main findings are as follows:
- The annual average total return weighted by market capitalisation was 12.1%. Omitting the railways, the dominant sector at the time, has little effect on this figure.
- The unweighted annual average total return was 16.9%, which was higher than the weighted return, suggesting that small firms earned a premium.
- If a person invested £100 in the equivalent of an index tracker fund in 1825, it would have been worth £16,684 by 1870.
- Unlike modern investment performance, most of the return for nineteenth-century investors came from dividends rather than capital appreciation. Depending on the weighting methodology used, dividends constituted between 63% and 70% of total annual returns. Whereas in the second half of the twentieth century, dividends only constitute 31% of total returns.
- The stock market experienced negative total returns in only four years between 1825 and 1870. Three of these years (1825, 1826 and 1847) had financial crashes after a period of promotional mania on the stock market. The negative returns in 1853 can be attributed to concerns over the impending Crimean war.
- Despite the serious financial crisis of 1866 following the collapse of several banks, the market produced positive total returns in that year.
The above estimates of stock returns overestimate the total earned by investors, as they do not take account of companies that entered bankruptcy, where shareholders lost some or all of their capital. We therefore adjusted our stock returns for survivorship bias by making the stringent assumption that all other delisting companies that had existed for longer than three years delisted because of bankruptcy and shareholders of those firms did not have anything returned to them.6
Assuming that investors endure a negative 100% return on the month of delisting reduces our estimate of total returns weighted by market capitalisation from 12.1% to 10.0%. In addition, taking account of survivorship bias increases the share of the dividend component in total returns.
When the real returns for the 1825-70 period are compared with the United States in the same period and with later epochs in the British market, it appears that returns in this formative period of the British market are relatively high. Although differences in construction, constituents, and survivorship bias may explain some of this difference, it is unlikely to explain it all. Furthermore, using crude risk measures, it appears that the British market was less risky in this period than in subsequent periods.
Another possibility as to why total real returns are lower in the latter periods is that the stock market simply reflected Britain’s industrial hegemony and its subsequent decline. As is well known, 1825-70 was the period when Britain was at the peak of its industrial power, enjoying above market rates of return due to it being the first industrial nation. Also, as a result of imperial expansion, companies enjoyed high profit streams as demonstrated by high dividend payments.
In contrast, the period after 1870 was one where Britain increasingly faced competition from imperial rivals, and this could explain the relative performance of the equity market in this period. However, the high rates of return for investors in the period 1825-70 translate into high costs of capital for companies, and in an efficient capital market, such high returns should be competed away.
This implies that there may have been inefficiencies or barriers to entry in the capital market at this time. The list of possible market imperfections includes:
- Factors that made portfolio diversification costly, such as high share denominations, unlimited liability and uncalled capital.
- Almost non-existent investor protection laws and poor corporate governance.
- Highly illiquid financial markets.
- In the period 1825-70, large sums of capital were tied up in land. But the large movement of funds out of land and into equity after the 1880s may have resulted in the substantial fall in the cost of capital.
Lessons for the present
In the light of historical experience, it would appear that high returns are an intrinsic part of equity. But will current woes in the financial system result in a fall in the equity premium?
The historical experience provides some insight into this. Despite the financial crisis of 1825-26, the dramatic collapse of the railway mania in the late 1840s and the severe financial crisis of 1866, returns in the 1825-70 period were high. The stock market proved robust to these temporary setbacks, which in many senses were more severe than what the financial system is experiencing today.
The historical experience also sheds light on the impact on equity returns of a wholesale shift of funds into the stock market. The movement of funds out of land and into equity in the late nineteenth century appears to have contributed to reduced returns for investors. Will the current fall in the property market result in lower stock returns due to substantial funds shifting into the stock market?
Finally, unlike modern-day investors, nineteenth-century investors earned most of their return from dividends rather than capital appreciation. This raises the question as to why dividends have disappeared in the last three decades.7 Possibilities include the changing characteristics of firms, increased use of stock repurchases, improvements in investor protection law, and better alignment of managerial interests with those of shareholders.
1 See, for example, Dimson, E., Marsh, P. R., and Staunton M. (2002). Triumph of the Optimists: 101 Years of Global Investment Returns, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; Goetzmann, W. N and Ibbotson, R. G. (2006). The Equity Risk Premium: Essays and Explorations, New York: Oxford University Press
2 Goetzmann, W. N, Ibbotson, R. G. and Peng, L. (2000). ‘A New Historical Database for the NYSE 1815 to 1925: Performance and Predictability’, Journal of Financial Markets, vol. 4, pp.1-32
3 Dimson, E. and Marsh, P. (2001). ‘U.K. Financial Market Returns, 1955-2000’, Journal of Business, vol. 74, pp.1-31; Grossman, R. S. (2002). ‘New Indices of British Equity Prices, 1870-1913’, Journal of Economic History, vol. 62, pp.121-146.
4 Price indices do exist for this period, but they ignore dividends, are effectively unweighted, and are based on small samples of stocks. See Gayer, A. D., Rostow, W. W. and Jacobson-Schwartz, A. (1953). The Growth and Fluctuation of the British Economy, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
5 Acheson, G. G., Hickson, C. R., Turner, J. D. and Ye, Q. (2008). ‘Rule Britannia!: British Stock Market Returns, 1825-1870’, Paper presented at Economic History Society Conference, Nottingham. Available at http://www.ehs.org.uk/ehs/conference2008/Assets/AchesonFullPaper.pdf This research was supported financially by the ESRC (RES-000-22-1391).
6 Although our stockbroker lists don’t inform us as to why firms delisted, we were able to use other sources to help us identify the railways which delisted because of merger or firms which moved their listing from the London exchange to a regional exchange.
7 On this, see Fama, E. F. and French, K. R. (2001). ‘Disappearing Dividends: Changing Firm Characteristics or Lower Propensity to Pay’, Journal of Financial Economics, vol. 60, pp.3-43 | <urn:uuid:f5b8a4f4-b2aa-4cbe-9481-89c4a2b070eb> | {
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An extremely sociable North American bird that nests in colonies of several thousand pairs, the cliff swallow (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) is primarily distinguished from other swallows by its orange rump, square tail and noticeably thicker head and neck. The forehead is white or brown, and both the crown of the head and the back are glossy blue-black. The sides and wings are brown, the breast is white and the throat, as well as a neck collar, are chestnut brown (4)(5).
Outside the breeding season, the cliff swallow’s plumage is slightly duller, the bill is faded black, and the legs and feet are dusky brown. The juvenile cliff swallow is similar to the adult, although the plumage is duller without any glossy colouration (4)(5).
With a short, wide bill forming a large gape, the cliff swallow is perfectly adapted for catching insects on the wing. It typically forages 50 metres or more above open ground, but also feeds over forest, water and towns. It also occasionally consumes seeds and gravel as this helps with digesting its hard-shelled insect prey. In large colonies, cliff swallows may work together to locate and feed on swarms of insects. Those individuals unable to find prey wait at the colony for a successful forager to return, before both birds travel to the insect swarm together (5).
The cliff swallow returns to colonies each breeding season. Breeding birds quickly pair up, with dominant birds establishing ownership of existing nests and subordinate pairs constructing new nests. The nest is built by both the male and female cliff swallow over a period of approximately seven days, although the male occasionally initiates construction before attracting a mate. Mud is collected with the bill and moulded onto an overhang above a vertical surface, with more mud slowly added until a round nest with a tunnel is created. The inside of the nest is lined with grass and wet mud that is pirated from unattended nests. One to six eggs are laid, at intervals of 24 hours. As an egg-laying parasite, this species may also lay some eggs in that of another cliff swallow’s nest so that they will be cared for by an unwitting, unrelated pair. The eggs are incubated by both birds for up to 19 days. Both the male and female feed the young for approximately three weeks, after which time the young fledge from the nest to join groups of other young in a crèche. Both adults continue to feed the young for at least another five days (5), primarily locating their young in the crèche by voice (3).
Breeding in North America and Central America, the cliff swallow migrates to South America before the winter, often visiting the Caribbean en route. It is an occasional visitor to Russia, the UK, Greenland, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (1).
The cliff swallow forages in a variety of open habitats including grasslands, wetlands, arable land and broken forest, but avoid dense forest, desert and alpine areas. It requires water and a mud source for nest construction, with most colonies found on vertical cliff faces in canyons and river valleys, although bridges and buildings are also used (5). It is found up to elevations of around 3,000 metres (6).
An adaptable species that is extremely tolerant of human activity, the cliff swallow is increasing in range and possibly also number. Human development such as the construction of bridges and buildings has increased its breeding habitat. There are no known major threats to this species, although it is considered rare in some parts of its range, including north-eastern USA (1)(5).
Where attempts have been made to restore and conserve populations of this species, it has been found that controlling numbers of the house sparrow (Passer domesticus), which competes for nesting sites, greatly benefits the cliff swallow. To implement this, house sparrows may be trapped or shot, and old cliff swallow nests removed to prevent house sparrows reusing them. The removal of old nests also benefits the cliff sparrow by preventing the build up of parasites (5).
ARKive is supported by OTEP, a joint programme of funding from the UK FCO and DFID which provides support to address priority environmental issues in the Overseas Territories, and Defra
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Monday, August 13, 2012
The Troll With No Heart in His Body and other Tales of Trolls, from Norway by Lise Lunge-Larsen
Nine stories about trolls in Scandinavia are presented in this novel. They are written for the reader to tell as stories out loud with repetition and short moral tales. The author's note explains the themes that are covered and each story explains the origins and modifications of some so that they are more appropriate for younger children. For instance, one story has the narrator-child cutting off the head of a troll child in the classic story. The author modified it so that the troll child is pushed in the stew and eaten by the unknowing troll parents by the clever child. Another story has an eating competition where the child pretends to make a hole in his stomach so he can eat more than the troll. He has hidden a sack in his clothes and slips the food in it. The troll, not wanting to lose the competition but being full, decides to make a hole in his own stomach like the boy. He stabs himself and dies by turning into stone. While the stories are toned down for younger readers, they are still violent - some more than others.
The stories usually surround a child who is disobedient and ends up with a troll who is going to eat them. The child has to rely on his or her own wits to get out of the predicament. The trolls nature is contradictory to human nature and it is a clear foil to the child hero. The lessons deal with how actions have consequences, it is important to never give up, to believe in yourself, and more. This is a good book for the storyteller looking for short stories to present to an audience.
Reading Level 5.6
3 out of 5 Smileys | <urn:uuid:8b396fe0-bd47-466c-944b-ff1375029839> | {
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Carroll dentist tells students of tobacco, alcohol link to cancer
Tuesday, November 6, 2012
Cathy Tigges, D.D.S., showed students at Kuemper elementary the effects that smoking can have on your mouth. She taught students about the carcinogens found in cigarettes and chewing tobacco. She explained what kind of diseases can come from Nicotene and how they are treated. Daily Times Herald photo by Paige Godden
Students at Kuemper Catholic Schools’ St. Angela Center heard on Monday how surgeons scrape out cancerous cells from inside of the cheek of a person who chewed tobacco.
It was one of a litany of examples that Dr. Cathy Tigges, a local dentist, used to show the dangers of smoking and chewing tobacco. She showed students pictures of the different stages of mouth cancers, which can come from using tobacco or drinking excessive amounts of alcohol.
Cigarette smoking causes about 443,000 deaths annually in the United States — 20 percent of deaths in the country — according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Tigges said it’s obvious to a dentist when a person smokes or chews tobacco — she can usually smell the odor of smoke coming out of their lungs, and people who chew tobacco often have inflamed gums and chunks of tobacco and sometimes discoloration on their teeth.
Sometimes the discoloration means cancer. The cancer makes spots inside the mouth look white instead of pink.
Tigges said mouth cancer spreads fast because of all the blood vessels and nerves in cheeks. The typical treatment is tumor removal, which means a surgeon must make an incision from behind the ear to the middle of the neck and pull the skin up and then scrape as many of the cancerous cells out of the cheek as possible.
The procedure sometimes removes bone and muscle inside of the face, which can leave people disfigured.
Tigges warned students that this kind of surgery — as a direct effect of chewing tobacco — has happened to people as young as 17.
She also warned of so-called “Big Tobacco” attempting to market its products to children. Tigges said things like slivered beef jerky that’s sold in a can is even dangerous because kids can develop the habit of having something in their cheek and later switch to tobacco.
Candy cigarettes are designed to do the same thing, she said.
Tigges warned that nicotine — the primary active drug in tobacco — is addictive, which means a person often seeks it more frequently and in greater quantities once they start smoking or chewing.
Tigges said that chewing tobacco has 28 known carcinogens, or cancer-causing ingredients.
She said tobacco companies add sugar to chewing tobaccos to make it taste good and once people try it a couple of times they keep wanting more.
Tigges told students that once people start smoking or doing any kind of drugs it’s rare that they stop.
Content © 2016 Daily Times Herald
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Earth Day, which was established in 1970 in the US, is celebrated on 22nd April each year. It is a day to think about our planet and what we can do to keep it special; to think about saving water and energy, reducing pollution, recycling, protecting our animals, trees and plants, and generally getting kids interested in protecting their environment.
"Treat the Earth well. It was not given to you by your parents, it was loaned to you by your children.
Here are some quick ideas for celebrating Earth Day with your children:
- Plant a tree
- Go for a bike ride or a long walk (leave the car behind)
- Hold a nature "scavenger hunt" (send the kids out into the garden or park in teams to collect - or spot - various items on a list you provide)
- Print out some of our posters and place in strategic positions around the house. Talk about saving water when brushing teeth and saving energy by turning off the lights when you leave a room
- Bake your favourite cookie or biscuit recipe and let the kids decorate with icing to look like the planet earth
- Gather family and friends together and combine a picnic or other excursion with a litter clean-up
- Set up a recycling centre in your home or school
- Look through your shelves and find some books to give away via your local charity shop or library | <urn:uuid:6164792f-218a-4d25-a97d-09d5892cdb15> | {
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IRENA Handbook Offers Best Practices for NAMA Policies for Renewable Energy Deployment
26 November 2012: The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) has released a new report, titled "IRENA Handbook on Renewable Energy Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) for Policy Makers and Project Developers," that analyzes the role NAMAs can play in renewable energy deployment in developing countries and offers insights from case studies in Peru, Kenya and Grenada.
The report explains that NAMAs refer to publicly supported voluntary mitigation actions to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in countries that do not have legally binding emissions reduction targets. NAMAs have emerged in the context of the negotiations of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and the report finds that over 50 countries have identified NAMAs, which are being included in a registry under the UNFCCC.
The report argues that NAMAs can be instrumental in the deployment of renewable energy technologies. In this respect, the report identifies political, economic, financial, regulatory, and technical barriers in the implementation of renewable energy projects, and discusses non-market-based incentives, market mechanisms and regulations that are suitable NAMA instruments to overcome such barriers, including: percentage-based targets; awareness raising campaigns; technical assistance; capacity building; grants and loan guarantees; green labeling; and renewable energy certificates. This analysis then forms the basis for an overview of best practices for constructing NAMAs, for which the report differentiates between the conception, the implementation, and the operation phase.
Finally, the report provides case studies from Peru, Kenya and Grenada and finds, inter alia, that: NAMAs can aid in achieving broader strategic energy targets, such as stable energy supply, as well as environmental sustainability; success is likely to be higher when combining multiple activities and instruments to support investments in renewable energy; and NAMAs are dependent on the availability of reliable data for estimation of baseline scenarios and emission reductions. [Publication: IRENA Handbook on Renewable Energy Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) for Policy Makers and Project Developers] | <urn:uuid:61eaa9ee-b6ab-4f2d-be28-283a7793c8e6> | {
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The United States might get its first ever dark sky reserve for stargazing. Due to pollution many areas of the country aren’t great for viewing the stars, but the International Dark-Sky Association wants to focus on the areas that are.
Utah happens to be a state where the stargazing is great, and the association wants to designate certain areas of the state to make sure that it remains that way. Creating a dark sky reserve would allow for unobstructed views of the sky.
John Barentine, the program manager of the International Dark-Sky Association spoke out about the concept.
“We know the night sky has inspired people for many thousands of years. When they are in a space where they can see it, it’s often a very profound experience.”
They’re currently in talks with both Ketchum and Sun Valley to find the perfect spot to make this a reality. | <urn:uuid:3d4fbee5-d03e-4909-a055-46395d7d53c0> | {
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Definition of Infant, small for gestational age
Infant, small for gestational age: Small for gestational age (SGA) is a term used to describe a baby who is smaller than the amount a baby typically weighs at her stage of development. Small for gestational age babies usually have birth weights below the tenth percentile for babies of the same gestational age.Source: MedTerms™ Medical Dictionary
Last Editorial Review: 9/20/2012
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- Myths and Facts About Baby Eczema
- Diaper Rash: When to Call a Doctor.
- How to Spot Deadly Allergy Triggers | <urn:uuid:c923ef82-d815-470a-966b-b499e93c92ba> | {
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Consumer Reports: Too many sodas contain potential carcinogen
William Hudson | 1/27/2014, 6 a.m.
CNN A chemical found in many sodas may be dangerous to your health, Consumer Reports says. And no, it's not sugar (this time).
The golden-brown color of many soft drinks comes with a dose of the chemical 4-methylimidazole, or 4-MeI. On U.S. product labels it appears simply as "caramel coloring."
Those who say the chemical may possibly cause cancer include the World Health Organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer and the state of California, which now limits manufacturers to 29 micrograms of exposure for the average consumer per day.
Foods exceeding that limit have to carry a warning label that reads: "WARNING: This product contains a chemical known to the State of California to cause cancer."
But when Consumer Reports purchased sodas in California and had them analyzed by a lab, it found that one 12-ounce serving of Pepsi One or Malta Goya exceeded the levels permitted without a warning label.
Ten other brands tested by the group did meet the California standard, which is estimated to limit the risk of cancer from 4-MeI to one case in every 100,000 lifetimes of daily exposure.
"We are concerned about both the levels of 4-MeI we found in many of the soft drinks tested and the variations observed among brands, especially given the widespread consumption of these types of beverages," said Dr. Urvashi Rangan, a Consumer Reports toxicologist, in a statement.
"There is no reason why consumers need to be exposed to this avoidable and unnecessary risk that can stem from coloring food and beverages brown."
The Food and Drug Administration does not set federal limits on 4-MeI in food, and the data gathered by Consumer Reports show that in some cases consumers outside California are drinking a slightly different ingredient. For example, Pepsi One purchased by the group in December in New York contains four times as much 4-MeI as the same product bought that same month in California.
In a statement to Consumer Reports, PepsiCo Inc. said data indicate that the average person consumes less than one-third a can of diet soda per day; therefore, its product meets the California standard, even if a complete serving exceeds that limit.
In addition to new federal standards, Consumer Reports is calling on the FDA to "require labeling of specific caramel colors in the ingredient lists of food where it is added, so consumers can make informed choices."
Currently the FDA has no reason to believe that 4-Mel poses a health risk to consumers at the levels found in foods with caramel coloring, agency spokeswoman Juli Putnam told CNN in an e-mail. The government agency is testing a variety of food and beverages with the chemical and reviewing safety data to determine if any regulatory action needs to be taken, she said.
Consumers interested in more information on 4-Mel can check out the FDA's FAQ page.
"First and foremost, consumers can rest assured that our industry's beverages are safe," the American Beverage Association said in a statement. "Contrary to the conclusions of Consumer Reports, FDA has noted there is no reason at all for any health concerns, a position supported by regulatory agencies around the world.
"However, the companies that make caramel coloring for our members' soft drinks are now producing it to contain less 4-MeI, and nationwide use of this new caramel coloring is underway."
™ & © 2014 Cable News Network, Inc., a Time Warner Company. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:d29fe98a-693e-46d5-a289-0472a517cee1> | {
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Migraine myths that keep patients from effective treatments
Few medical maladies are as complex and misunderstood as migraine headaches. Even though there has been a lot of research, definitive answers about the causes and effective treatment of migraines are elusive.
Migraines are more severe and serious than regular headaches. Read this article to learn some of the ways migraines are different.
Unfortunately, even many medical professionals don’t understand migraines, so patients who go to them for treatment end up frustrated and still suffering. The result can be desperate migraine victims who will try almost anything for relief.
The Mayo Clinic reports migraines may be caused by changes in the brainstem and its interactions with the trigeminal nerve, a major pain pathway. Other causes could include brain chemical imbalances, including serotonin, which helps regulate nervous system pain.
Because the problem is complex and not fully understood, a great deal of misinformation about migraines exists. Here are some of the more common fallacies.
It’s just stress
Stress can definitely play a factor in migraines and other types of headaches. It might even act as a trigger. But migraines come from a serious and complex neurological disorder. In addition to stress, weather changes, altitude changes, bright lights, sleep problems, smells, cheeses, caffeine, monosodium glutamate, nitrates and aspartame are just some of a long list of potential triggers. Every migraine patient can have a specific trigger pattern, but those triggers are not the underlying cause.
Believe it or not, some people still believe migraines can be caused by disorders like depression or anxiety. The Anxiety and Depression Association of America reports up to 40 percent of people suffering from chronic migraines also experience depression, anxiety and even panic attacks.
The connection isn’t surprising. If you regularly experienced head pain so severe that it caused problems like distorted vision, vomiting and extreme sensitivity to light and noise, you might easily become depressed. If you felt symptoms of a migraine coming on and you knew there was nothing you could do, you are likely to feel anxiety and might start to panic.
Doctors can’t help
Admittedly, there is still much medical science doesn’t know about migraines. For example, migraines occur more often among teen girls and women. Female hormones such as estrogen appear to influence migraines, though it’s not clear why. Additionally, genetics and environmental factors seem to play a role.
Sometimes, even going to the doctor after a few times fails to help. Even though the exact causes remain unknown, doctors have many ways to treat the debilitating symptoms of migraines. The key is to find a physician experienced in dealing with migraines and other types of chronic pain.
New treatments offer hope
Since no two migraines are the same, personalized treatment and fine- tuning existing treatments are proving to be effective approaches to treating migraines. There are new drugs available to help people with migraines, and there are old drugs being used effectively in new ways.
There are also new ways to treat migraines that don’t rely on drugs, such as an implanted device that provides electrical stimulation to block the pain signals from a migraine.
If you are among the millions of patients who endure chronic or periodic migraine headaches, it is important that you don’t give up in frustration and discouragement. There are many different treatments available and more are being tested all the time. Go to a doctor that specializes in migraine and pain therapy and keep trying until you find a treatment that works for you.
Dr. Alex Bigham is the owner and CEO of Novocur Pain Management Clinics and has over 18 years of healthcare experience in private practice and Ambulatory Surgical Center settings. Novocur offers advanced treatment options in a concierge type practice without the concierge price tag. Dr. Bigham appears frequently on local TV and radio programs to discuss the latest in Pain Management or related health topics.
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- Arthritis symptoms and solutions you simply can't ignore | <urn:uuid:abc59fef-5800-4231-9178-87a7bcff7959> | {
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Southern Kazakhstan occupies the territory from the Aral Sea in the west to the Chu valley in the east and from the Betpak-Dala desert in the north to the Shardarinskaya steppe in the south. The region is divided into three oblasts: Kyzylorda oblast, with its capital at Kyzylorda; South Kazakhstan oblast, with its capital at Shymkent; and Zhambyl oblast, whose capital is Taraz.
The region is mainly flat, much of it desert or arid steppe as in the Moyinkum, Betpak-Dala, Kyzylkum and Priaralskiye Karakums areas. However, there are numerous rivers, the most important being the Syrdarya, which flows north-west to the Aral Sea; the Talas and the Chu. In the south-east the land is hilly and mountainous, with four spurs from the western Tien Shan — the Karatau, Talas Alatau, Karzhantau and Ugam ranges — projecting into it from Kyrgyzstan. The highest mountain is Sairam, its summit at an elevation of 4,238 meters. The diversity of the mountain ecology contrasts starkly with the barrenness of the desert steppe that prevails throughout the remainder of the region.
The culture of the region stretches back thousands of years, but is in essence a combination of traditions, the heritage of the steppe nomads, whose main occupation was livestock breeding, mingling with that of the settled farmers inhabiting the numerous settlements of the Syrdarya, Talas and Chu river valleys.
Many towns and cities, such as Taraz, Turkestan and Sairam, are over a thousand years old, having benefited significantly from the prosperity brought by that section of the Silk Road, the so-called Steppe Route, which passed through south Kazakhstan. Sadly, however, many did not survive except in the written record, and where there were once thriving urban settlements there is often little more than the remains of a wall and a few mounds. Among the towns that have disappeared in this way are Akyrtas, Otrar, Sauran and Zhankent.
However, many of these ancient sites are in the process of archeological excavation, and south Kazakhstan is probably more generously endowed with places of historic interest than any other region of the Republic. Prominent among them are four superb structures from the Middle Ages: the khanaka of Khodja Akhmed Yasavi, and the mausoleums of Aisha-bibi, Babaja-khatun and Karakhan.
A rather more contemporary sight to see is the Baikonur cosmodrome, the Soviet analogue of Cape Canaveral. It was from here that Yuri Gagarin was launched into space on the first ever manned space flight.
Unfortunately, the region is probably rather better known for an environmental tragedy than Gagarin’s triumph: the catastrophic shrinkage of the Aral Sea. In spite of that, however, south Kazakhstan is well endowed with natural beauty and health-giving mineral springs. The nature preserve at Aksu-Zhabagly in the mountains of the Talas Alatau is world-class; and the mineral spring water at Mankent and Burgulyuk is drunk all over the Republic. Saryagash is another well-known mineral spring with residential health spa attached. | <urn:uuid:f1c21eb8-bfb3-427d-b6bf-34e5148ff441> | {
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An autoimmune disorder is the misinterpretation of the immune system in which healthy cells are mistaken for antigens and subsequently attacked by antibodies or immunoglobulins. Specifically, an autoimmune disorder is the failure of the immune system to recognize the difference between self and nonself. As a result, the body’s immune system attacks and destroys healthy body tissue. Hence, an autoimmune disorder is essentially an informational disorder. An autoimmune disorder can affect one or a number of different types of body tissues and even impair the function of an organ. Approximately eighty (80) autoimmune disorders have been identified and presently there is no cure for autoimmune disorders.
Most Common Types of Autoimmune Symptoms
- Rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis affects joint linings, causing painful swelling. Over long periods of time, the inflammation associated with rheumatoid arthritis can cause bone erosion and joint deformity.
Symptoms vary but can include fatigue, joint pain, rash, and fever. These can periodically get worse (flare-up) and then improve.
- Celiac disease
The classic symptom is diarrhea. Other symptoms include bloating, gas, fatigue, low blood count (anemia), and osteoporosis. Many people have no symptoms.
- Sjögren’s syndrome
The main symptoms are dry mouth and dry eyes.
- Polymyalgia rheumatica
Symptoms usually develop quickly and include aching of the shoulders, neck, or hips
- Multiple sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis causes many different symptoms, including vision loss, pain, fatigue, and impaired coordination. The symptoms, severity, and duration can vary from person to person. Some people may be symptom free most of their lives, while others can have severe chronic symptoms that never go away.
- Ankylosing spondylitis
Symptoms typically appear in early adulthood and include reduced flexibility in the spine. This reduced flexibility eventually results in a hunched-forward posture. Pain in the back and joints is also common.
- Type 1 diabetes
Symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, hunger, fatigue, and blurred vision.
- Alopecia areata
The main symptom is hair loss.
Symptoms include fever, fatigue, weight loss, and muscle and joint pain.
- Temporal arteritis
Symptoms include headaches, jaw pain, vision loss, fever, and fatigue. Diagnosis usually requires biopsy of the temporal artery.
The standardized scalar energy treatments can be administered to palliate and prevent the symptoms of autoimmune disorders. The three (3) standardized scalar energy treatments are: (1) scalar energy pathogenic cleanse, (2) scalar energy chakra balancing and (3) scalar energy nutrient therapy. As a fundamental force in nature, scalar energy serves to palliate and better manage the symptoms of many autoimmune disorders. Ideally, in some cases, the symptoms of autoimmune disorders can be prevented entirely. Herein, the role that the standardized scalar energy treatments play in palliating and preventing autoimmune disorders will be illustrated.
First, the Pathogen Cleanse
First, the scalar energy pathogenic cleanse disassembles the molecular structure of both a pathogen as well as the toxins associated with that infectious agent. The ability to disassemble both a pathogen as well as an associated toxin will cause these antigens to cease to exist thereby no longer presenting a threat to human health. That is, the presence of pathogens and toxins are identified as antigens and prompt an immune response. Consequently, the eradication of these pathogens and toxins will serve to moderate an immune response and in many cases palliate or even prevent an autoimmune response. Succinctly, the eradication of pathogens and toxins serve to eliminate an immune response and thus the over-expression of antibodies is either palliated or prevented.
The scalar energy pathogenic cleanse serves to negate the molecular structure of both a pathogen as well as the toxins associated with that infectious agent. As a result, the pathogen and the toxin are transmuted and reduced into harmless, molecular forms that do not prompt any immune response. In summation, the complete absence of a pathogen as well as a toxin in some cases will serve to prevent any autoimmune response.
Second, the Chakra Balance Informs & Instructs
Second, the scalar energy chakra balancing serves to download scalar energy or provide scalar energy instructions to the seven (7) chakras of the human body. Everyone possesses seven (7) chakras which are seven (7) scalar energy processing points of scalar light. It is the chakra system that serves to provide spiritual, mental, emotional and physical scalar energy instructions to the soul, mind and body. In practice, the scalar energy chakra balancing serves to instruct and reprogram the soul, mind and body with scalar energy instructions.
The immune system is likewise instructed and reprogrammed by way of the scalar energy chakra balancing with scalar energy instructions. It is this reprogramming that serves to correct an autoimmune response. In specific, a scalar energy chakra balancing serves to instruct the immune system not to attack healthy tissue. It is the download of scalar energy instructions that serve to clarify once again the role of self and nonself thereby preventing an autoimmune response entirely. In short, the scalar energy instructions provided by the scalar energy chakra balancing serve to help the body distinguish between healthy tissue and an antigen. Thus, this corrective download of scalar energy instructions will serve to either palliate existing autoimmune symptoms or prevent the development of an autoimmune disorder in the future.
Third, the Nutrient Therapy
Third, the scalar energy nutrient therapy serves to assemble nutrients directly inside each cell of the human body. Thus, each cell of the body receives the proper nutrition required for optimized function. As a result, the organs, tissue and blood that have been compromised by an autoimmune attack will now have the proper nutrition to recover from such an assault. The scalar energy nutrient therapy therefore provides vitamins, antioxidants, phytochemicals, enzymes, amino acids, etc. that serve to rebuild organs, tissue and blood that have been compromised by an autoimmune response. As a result, the scalar energy nutrient therapy serves to palliate the symptoms of an autoimmune disorder by rebuilding an organ, tissue or blood with nutrients that are essential for growth, maintenance and repair.
Furthermore, the scalar energy nutrient therapy serves to fortify organs, tissue and blood to the extent that an autoimmune response will be prevented entirely. In specific, when organs, tissue and blood are healthy and fortified by nutrients, the immune system will not mistakenly identify this healthy self as nonself. As a result, normal and healthy cells that have been abetted by the scalar energy nutrient therapy will not be mistaken as an antigen and thus will not occasion an autoimmune response.
In synopsis, the standardized scalar energy therapies serve to palliate as well as prevent autoimmune disorders in many people. Scalar energy is a primal force that provides consummate control over nature and in so doing serves to palliate and even prevent autoimmune disorders. In the future, humanity will recognize the benefits to be derived from the standardized scalar energy treatments as an effective means to either palliate or prevent autoimmune disorders.
Thank you for your interest in the article Autoimmune Disorder Symptoms Palliated and Prevented
The scalar healing sessions are done remotely using your photograph to connect with you. There are 3 options for scalar sessions:
- You as an individual
- You and one other as a Couple
- You and a group of 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
You can click here or on the banner below to get started. Select Single Month or Recurring Subscription. Recurring subscription is discounted for long-term use. A minimum of three (3) months or a maximum of indefinitely. Recurring subcription users will submit the photograph(s) one time and we keep it until the recurring subscription is canceled. After payment, you will receive an email requesting your photograph. Single month users will submit their photo every 30 days. Scalar sessions are broadcast 7 days each week over 30 days. The standard scalar session consists of a Pathogen Cleanse, a Nutritional Therapy and a Chakra Balance. Please refer to the FAQ page to see more details. By purchasing you agree to our Terms and Conditions including our no-refund policy. SELFHEALGO.COM and dba Tom Paladino has a no-refund policy for all scalar energy services. All Sales are FINAL. | <urn:uuid:155c8fac-cdc8-4ef7-8dab-e363eb69ff0b> | {
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The Franklin Literary Society served as a forum for lectures and debate among its members, as each week a member or guest lecturer read an original paper, which was then discussed. The Pittsburgh Chapter, initially organized by Thomas H. Davis in August of 1868, underwent a rebirth after the turn of the century. In 1906, former members of the group revived the Franklin and began holding meetings until the chapter formally dissolved in 1922.
From 1911 onward Franklin meetings were held at the chapter's headquarters in the Frick Building. The typical format of meetings consisted of presentations by members or outside lecturers of interest, followed by discussion. Topics of discussion were diverse in nature, including: the guarantee of bank deposits; a study of American military tactics; Aaron Burr; birth control; and the legal status of a married woman in Pennsylvania, among others. The Franklin also hosted speakers, such as a Mr. Bregg, drama critic of the
Pittsburgh Post Gazette, who, in February of 1918, spoke about "the influence of the present war on the Theatre." Dr. Z. T. Miller, a homoeopathist, lectured on the question of anti-vaccination.
One notable Franklin member, John A. Brashear, is renowned for inventing optical lenses for telescopes and directed the Allegheny Observatory from 1898 to 1900. Martin B. Leisser, an art teacher and painter and an active member of the group, founded the Pittsburgh Art Society. His friendship with Andrew Carnegie influenced the opening of an art school at the Carnegie Institute of Technology. O.A. Peterson, a scientist at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, also held membership in the Pittsburgh Chapter. In 1893, Peterson unearthed the remains of dinosaurs in the Uinta Basin, south of the present-day Dinosaur National Monument in Utah. He went on to discover deposits of Miocene mammals in 1905 in what is now the Agate Springs Fossil Beds National Monument in Nebraska.
The diverse professions and accomplishments of the aforementioned individuals offer a glimpse at the breadth of knowledge and achievement found among the members of the Franklin Literary Society. | <urn:uuid:9008f25d-2568-4563-bb47-f97ce4bec05c> | {
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Senegal is a typical sub-Saharan economy, which conducted an import substitution policy over 1960-86, followed by a policy of support for the private sector and liberalization of the economy. It suffers from a low level of economic development, hindering the process of economic diversification, and translating into an over-concentration of its exports and production. Through a careful analysis of the main advantages and drawbacks of the Senegalese economy, this scoping paper emphasizes the key obstacles to unleashing prosperity in the country: electricity supply and quality, and the educational system.
Cissé, F.; Choi, J.E.; Maurel, M. Scoping Paper on Industry in Senegal. UNU-WIDER, Helsinki, Finland (2014) 57 pp. [WIDER Working Paper No. 2014/157]
Scoping Paper on Industry in Senegal | <urn:uuid:32f9bffb-1a59-4765-9e2b-f8c0e58a5034> | {
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Visit Holland - The Netherlands
The land that is now Holland had never been stable. Over the millennia the geography of the region had been dynamic. The western coastline shifted up to thirty kilometres to the east and storm surges regularly broke through the row of coastal dunes. The Frisian Isles, originally joined to the mainland, became detached islands in the north. The main rivers, the Rhine and the Meuse (Maas), flooded regularly and changed course repeatedly and dramatically.
The people of Holland found themselves living in an unstable, watery environment. Behind the dunes on the coast of the Netherlands a high peat plateau had grown, forming a natural protection against the sea. Much of the area was marsh and bog. By the tenth century the inhabitants set about cultivating this land by draining it. However, the drainage resulted in extreme soil shrinkage, lowering the surface of the land by up to fifteen metres.
To the south of Holland, in Zeeland, and to the north, in Frisia, this development led to catastrophic storm floods literally washing away entire regions, as the peat layer disintegrated or became detached and was carried away by the flood water. From the Frisian side the sea even flooded the area to the east, gradually hollowing Holland out from behind and forming the Zuiderzee (the present IJsselmeer). This inland sea threatened to link up with the "drowned lands" of Zealand in the south, reducing Holland to a series of narrow dune barrier islands in front of a lagoon. Only drastic administrative intervention saved the county from utter destruction. The counts and large monasteries took the lead in these efforts, building the first heavy emergency dikes to bolster critical points. Later special autonomous administrative bodies were formed, the waterschappen ("water control boards"), which had the legal power to enforce their regulations and decisions on water management. As the centuries went by, they eventually constructed an extensive dike system that covered the coastline and the polders, thus protecting the land from further incursions by the sea.
However, the Hollanders did not stop there. Starting around the 16th century, they took the offensive and began land reclamation projects, converting lakes, marshy areas and adjoining mudflats into polders. This continued right into the 20th century. As a result, historical maps of mediaeval and early modern Holland bear little resemblance to the maps of today.
This ongoing struggle to master the water played an important role in the development of Holland as a maritime and economic power and in the development of the character of the people of Holland. | <urn:uuid:54de3cba-4fc9-4967-9fed-4a7451e3ec82> | {
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Background: Based on the teachings of one man, Lao Tze. The first mention of Lao Tze is found in an early classic of Taoist speculation, the Chuang-tzu (4th-3rd century BC), so called after the name of its author. Since Lao Tze, many other Taoist writers have been recognized.
Sacred Book: Tao-te Ching or the “Classic of the Way of Power” by Lao Tze is the basic text of Taoists. Taoism also recognizes the Chuang-tzu, the Lieh-tzu, and related writings.
The Nature of God: The Dao (Way) is not a personal god, but a force which exists over all. It is something “formlessly fashioned, that existed before Heaven and Earth;” “Its name (míng) we do not know; Tao is the byname that we give it. Were I forced to say to what class of things it belongs I should call it Immense.” Tao is the “imperceptible, indiscernible,” about which nothing can be predicated but that latently contains “the forms, entities, and forces of all particular phenomena.” “It was from the Nameless that Heaven and Earth sprang; the Named is the mother that rears the Ten Thousand Beings, each after its kind.”
Human Condition: At birth a person is nearest its perfection; it is free of rules and compulsions, not restricted by morality, and has no sense of obligation to society; it is in the undiminished vitality of the newborn state. Taoists think of the newborn as an “Uncarved Block (p’u) of wood.” “P’u is uncut, unpainted wood, simplicity.” After birth, however, society and government “tamper” with the original nature. Society carves this wood into specific shapes for its own use and thus robs the individual piece of its original totality. “Once the uncarved block is carved, it forms utensils (that is, instruments of government); but when the Sage uses it, he would be fit to become Chief of all Ministers. Man should equally renounce all concepts of measure, law, and virtue.”
Eternity: Life and death are but one of the pairs of cyclical phases, such as day and night or summer and winter. “Since life and death are each other’s companions, why worry about them? All beings are one.” Man “goes back into the great weaving machine: thus all beings issue from the Loom and return to the Loom.”
What is Salvation? To return to the simplicity of the newborn – unfettered, uncluttered, and unfashioned.
How is a person saved? A person returns to the Way by means of quietism: variously called “non-intervention” (wu-wei), “inner cultivation” (nei yeh), or “the art of the heart and mind” (xin-shu). Whereas worldly ambitions, riches, and (especially) discursive knowledge scatter the person and drain his energies, the saint “embraces Unity” or “holds fast to the One.” That is, “he aspires to union with the Tao in a primordial undivided state underlying consciousness.” “Embracing Unity also means that he maintains the balance of Yin and Yang within himself and the union of his spiritual (hun) and vegetative (p’o) souls, the dispersion of which spells death.”
Notes: Taoism has a multitude of expressions and teachings, some of which are quite divergent from others. In this short capsule Taoism is presented in its most basic, oldest form. | <urn:uuid:4d20bc6d-9b45-4644-8dcb-7b17c244b7aa> | {
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During these periods, it is especially important to abstain from kissing and any form of physical contact with the blistering area, saliva, or sexual discharge. If you are infected, be sure to wash your hands after touching an infected area on either the oral or genital regions. Herpes medications can also help reduce your risk of transmitting the virus to another individual.
Varicella-zoster is transmitted though the mucosa of the respiratory system, specifically the upper respiratory tract, or the conjunctiva of the eye. Initial replication takes place in the regional lymph nodes, and then the virus spreads and replication begins in the liver and spleen. The virus is then transported to the skin where the rash develops. The incubation period of varicella is about 10 to 21 days.
People who have had HSV-1 are less likely to contract HSV-2 than those who have not. Previous exposure to HSV-1 also decreases the severity of an HSV-2 outbreak. Reoccurrence of the virus is common, and the virus can be active yet asymptomatic. These infections are more likely to be contracted since the person isn’t aware the virus is active. Studies have shown that 50 percent of the cases of sexual transmission of the virus occurred during asymptomatic infections.
Although it's rare, pregnant women can pass on the herpes infection to their child. This can result in a serious and sometimes deadly infection in the baby. That's why taking steps to prevent an outbreak at time of delivery is recommended starting at 34 weeks into the pregnancy. If you have signs of an active viral infection when it's time to deliver, your doctor will likely recommend a cesarean section for delivery.
HSV-1 has been proposed as a possible cause of Alzheimer's disease. In the presence of a certain gene variation (APOE-epsilon4 allele carriers), HSV-1 appears to be particularly damaging to the nervous system and increases one's risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. The virus interacts with the components and receptors of lipoproteins, which may lead to its development.
^ Xu, Fujie; Fujie Xu; Maya R. Sternberg; Benny J. Kottiri; Geraldine M. McQuillan; Francis K. Lee; Andre J. Nahmias; Stuart M. Berman; Lauri E. Markowitz (2006-10-23). "Trends in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Type 2 Seroprevalence in the United States". JAMA. 296 (8): 964–73. doi:10.1001/jama.296.8.964. PMID 16926356. Archived from the original on 2010-04-24.
These drugs may stop viral replication in the skin but do not eliminate HSV from the body or prevent later outbreaks (HSV reactivation). These drugs are used more frequently with HSV-2 infections. Most investigators suggest consulting an infectious-disease expert when HSV-infected people need hospitalization. Research findings suggest laser treatments may speed healing and lengthen the time before any sores reappear.
The flares are caused when your immune system falters. This can be due to a number of reasons. Anything from daily stressors, lack of sleep, poor nutrition, weight gain, concurrent illnesses etc may cause your immune system to be distracted from the Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) infection. The moment that happens, the virus will flare resulting in rashes, cold sores, ulcers or blisters on your body.
HSV infection causes several distinct medical disorders. Common infection of the skin or mucosa may affect the face and mouth (orofacial herpes), genitalia (genital herpes), or hands (herpetic whitlow). More serious disorders occur when the virus infects and damages the eye (herpes keratitis), or invades the central nervous system, damaging the brain (herpes encephalitis). People with immature or suppressed immune systems, such as newborns, transplant recipients, or people with AIDS, are prone to severe complications from HSV infections. HSV infection has also been associated with cognitive deficits of bipolar disorder, and Alzheimer's disease, although this is often dependent on the genetics of the infected person.
Neonatal herpes simplex is a HSV infection in an infant. It is a rare but serious condition, usually caused by vertical transmission of HSV-1 or -2) from mother to newborn. During immunodeficiency, herpes simplex can cause unusual lesions in the skin. One of the most striking is the appearance of clean linear erosions in skin creases, with the appearance of a knife cut. Herpetic sycosis is a recurrent or initial herpes simplex infection affecting primarily the hair follicles.:369 Eczema herpeticum is an infection with herpesvirus in patients with chronic atopic dermatitis may result in spread of herpes simples throughout the eczematous areas.:373
HSV-1 and HSV-2 are transmitted by direct physical contact with a sore on an infected person. Facial or lip herpes is most often contracted by kissing someone with a cold sore. Genital herpes is most often contracted during sexual intercourse with a person who has an active genital sore. Genital herpes can also be contracted during or genital sex if a partner has labial herpes.
Stage 3 -- Recurrence: When people encounter certain stresses (also termed triggers), emotional or physical, the virus may reactivate and cause new sores and symptoms. The following factors may contribute to or trigger recurrence: stress, illness, ultraviolet light (UV rays including sunshine), fever, fatigue, hormonal changes (for example, menstruation), immune depression, and trauma to a site or a nerve region where previous HSV infection occurred.
Herpes “triggers” (determining exactly what leads to an outbreak) are highly individual, but with time, many people learn to recognize, and sometimes avoid, factors that seem to reactivate HSV in their own bodies. Illness, poor diet, emotional or physical stress, friction in the genital area, prolonged exposure to ultraviolet light (commonly for oral herpes, such as a beach trip or skiing weekend), surgical trauma, and steroidal medication (such as asthma treatment) may trigger a herpes outbreak.
The broader issue is whether, if you do get infected, herpes will ultimately harm your health. Although I don’t want to trivialize this infection, in your general scheme of health, it probably will not. The major concern is that if you are pregnant and develop a new outbreak of herpes, the virus can be transmitted to the fetus, especially during vaginal delivery. What’s more, people with genital herpes have a much greater risk of acquiring HIV if they are exposed. (It’s theorized that the lesion causes microscopic breaks in the skin, allowing HIV to enter the body.)
At least 80 to 90 percent of people in the U.S. have already been exposed to the HSV-1 virus.sup style="font-size: 10px;">21 Meanwhile, around 3.7 billion HSV-1 infections were recorded in 2012 all over the world, according to the World Health Organization. Africa was home to the highest number of cases, with 87 percent of occurrences coming from this continent.22
The herpes virus can be shed from an infected person even when there are no lesions visible. So caution is important. Some may wish to take the daily prophylactic oral drug Valtrex (an antiviral oral medication) to help cut down on shedding. Herpes can also be transmitted on any skin: fingers, lips, etc. Depending on sexual practices, herpes simplex can be transferred to genitals and or buttocks from the lips of someone who has fever blisters. Honesty between partners is very important so these issues can be discussed openly.
Herpes antiviral therapy began in the early 1960s with the experimental use of medications that interfered with viral replication called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) inhibitors. The original use was against normally fatal or debilitating illnesses such as adult encephalitis, keratitis, in immunocompromised (transplant) patients, or disseminated herpes zoster. The original compounds used were 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine, AKA idoxuridine, IUdR, or(IDU) and 1-β-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine or ara-C, later marketed under the name cytosar or cytarabine. The usage expanded to include topical treatment of herpes simplex, zoster, and varicella. Some trials combined different antivirals with differing results. The introduction of 9-β-D-arabinofuranosyladenine, (ara-A or vidarabine), considerably less toxic than ara-C, in the mid-1970s, heralded the way for the beginning of regular neonatal antiviral treatment. Vidarabine was the first systemically administered antiviral medication with activity against HSV for which therapeutic efficacy outweighed toxicity for the management of life-threatening HSV disease. Intravenous vidarabine was licensed for use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1977. Other experimental antivirals of that period included: heparin, trifluorothymidine (TFT), Ribivarin, interferon, Virazole, and 5-methoxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine (MMUdR). The introduction of 9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)guanine, AKA aciclovir, in the late 1970s raised antiviral treatment another notch and led to vidarabine vs. aciclovir trials in the late 1980s. The lower toxicity and ease of administration over vidarabine has led to aciclovir becoming the drug of choice for herpes treatment after it was licensed by the FDA in 1998. Another advantage in the treatment of neonatal herpes included greater reductions in mortality and morbidity with increased dosages, which did not occur when compared with increased dosages of vidarabine. However, aciclovir seems to inhibit antibody response, and newborns on aciclovir antiviral treatment experienced a slower rise in antibody titer than those on vidarabine.
Canker sores are sometimes thought to be caused by HSV, but this is not true. Canker sores occur only inside the mouth, on the tongue, and on the soft palate (roof of mouth), not on skin surfaces. Although they reoccur, they are not contagious, usually are self-limiting, and have almost no complications. Canker sores are caused by substances that irritate the lining of the mouth.
Worldwide rates of either HSV-1 and/or HSV-2 are between 60 and 95% in adults. HSV-1 is more common than HSV-2, with rates of both increasing as people age. HSV-1 rates are between 70% and 80% in populations of low socioeconomic status and 40% to 60% in populations of improved socioeconomic status. An estimated 536 million people or 16% of the population worldwide were infected with HSV-2 as of 2003 with greater rates among women and in those in the developing world. Rates of infection are determined by the presence of antibodies against either viral species. | <urn:uuid:abfd7634-d904-479c-9a6a-281e7c98de5f> | {
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Founded around 3000 BCE, the Old City of Jerusalem is divided into Muslim, Christian, Jewish, and Armenian quarters.
Palestine Liberation Organization (1964–93)
Palestinian National Authority (2000–04)
Gaza Strip (2006-present)
The Israeli–Palestinian conflict is the ongoing struggle between Israelis and Palestinians that began in the mid 20th century. The conflict is wide-ranging, and the term is sometimes also used in reference to the earlier sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine, between the Zionist yishuv and the Arab population under British rule. The Israeli–Palestinian conflict has formed the core part of the wider Arab–Israeli conflict.
The Armenian Quarter (Armenian: Երուսաղեմի հայկական թաղամաս, Yerusaghemi haykakan t'aghamas; Hebrew: הרובע הארמני; Arabic: حارة الأرمن) is one of the four quarters of the Old City of Jerusalem. The Armenian Quarter is the smallest of the four quarters, with the smallest number of residents. In 2001, there were about 2,500 Armenians living in Jerusalem, most of them living in and around the Patriarchate at the St. James Monastery, which occupies most of the Armenian Quarter. One of the central reasons for the existence of an Armenian quarter is the religion and ethnicity of the Armenians. Armenians, unlike the majority of Christians in Israel, are not Arab. They have remained a homogeneous group, intermarrying over the years and keeping their culture intact.
Armenians have inhabited parts of modern Turkey, Iran and the Caucasus Mountains for more than four thousand years. The first known instance of an Armenian to come anywhere near Jerusalem arrived in 95 BC under King Tigranes II of Armenia. The Armenian armies traveled to several cities in Judea before leaving Israel. It was at this time that Jews may have come to trade with Armenia and settle in that far away land when likewise some Armenians came to know of the lands around Jerusalem and may have traded with Israel. Following the destruction of Jerusalem in AD 70 the Romans imported "Armenian traders, artisans, Legionaries and government administrators." At precisely this time Thaddeus and Bartholomew, both Christian apostles, arrived in Armenia to preach to the Armenians and the small Jewish community there. Subsequently Christianity spread to the higher echelons of Armenian nobility. In ca. 301-14, Armenia was proclaimed a "Christian state" by its King Trdat III, the first Christian country historically. During this period it is believed Armenian pilgrims were already making their way to and from Jerusalem on pilgrimages. Armenian folk history also tells that already a small "upper room" of a house on Mount Zion was being used as a church, thus the later Armenian claim to a quarter near Mount Zion where the St. James Cathedral would later be built.
Demographic history of Jerusalem
The Armenian diaspora refers to the Armenian communities outside the Republic of Armenia and self-proclaimed de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. Throughout history Armenians have established communities in many regions throughout the world. Most Armenians in the diaspora are not from the Republic of Armenia but from Western Armenia (modern day Eastern Turkey), mainly those who descended from the survivors of the Armenian Genocide.
In Armenian, the diaspora is referred to as spyurk ([spjurkʰ]; սփիւռք in traditional spelling and սփյուռք in reformed spelling). In the past the word gaghut (գաղութ Armenian pronunciation: [ɑʁutʰ]) was mostly used to refer to the Armenian communities outside the Armenian homeland. It was derived from galut (Hebrew: גלות).
Jerusalem during the Crusader period
Jerusalem's population size and composition has shifted many times over its 5,000 year history. Since medieval times, the Old City of Jerusalem has been divided into Jewish, Muslim, Christian, and Armenian quarters.
Most population data pre-1905 is based on estimates, often from foreign travellers or organisations, since previous census data usually covered wider areas such as the Jerusalem District. These estimates suggest that since the end of the Crusades, Muslims formed the largest group in Jerusalem until the mid-nineteenth century. Between 1838 and 1876, a number of estimates exist which conflict as to whether Jews or Muslims were the largest group during this period, and between 1882 and 1922 estimates conflict as to exactly when Jews became a majority of the population.
Neighbourhoods of Jerusalem
The Crusader period in the history of Jerusalem began in 1109 with the conquest of the city of Jerusalem by the First Crusade. Jerusalem became the capital of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, and became Christian after 450 years of Islam. It was a turbulent period in the history of the city, with several transitions between Christian and Muslim dominations.
Jerusalem (//; Hebrew: יְרוּשָׁלַיִם Yerushaláyim ; Arabic: القُدس al-Quds ),[i] located on a plateau in the Judean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea, is one of the oldest cities in the world. It is considered holy to the three major Abrahamic religions—Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Israelis and Palestinians both claim Jerusalem as their capital, as Israel maintains its primary governmental institutions there and the State of Palestine ultimately foresees it as its seat of power; however, neither claim is widely recognized internationally.
During its long history, Jerusalem has been destroyed twice, besieged 23 times, attacked 52 times, and captured and recaptured 44 times. The oldest part of the city was settled in the 4th millennium BCE. In 1538, walls were built around Jerusalem under Suleiman the Magnificent. Today those walls define the Old City, which has been traditionally divided into four quarters—known since the early 19th century as the Armenian, Christian, Jewish, and Muslim Quarters. The Old City became a World Heritage site in 1981, and is on the List of World Heritage in Danger. Modern Jerusalem has grown far beyond the Old City's boundaries.
The Middle East is a region that roughly encompasses a majority of Western Asia (excluding the Caucasus) and Egypt. The term is used as a synonym for Near East, in opposition to Far East. The corresponding adjective is Middle-Eastern and the derived noun is Middle-Easterner. The largest ethnic group in the Middle East are Arabs, with Turks, Turkomans, Persians, Kurds, Azeris, Copts, Jews, Assyrians, Maronites, Circassians, Somalis, Armenians, Druze and numerous additional minor ethnic groups forming other significant populations.
The history of the Middle East dates back to ancient times, and throughout its history, the Middle East has been a major center of world affairs. When discussing its ancient history, however, the term Near East is more commonly used. The Middle East is also the historical origin of major religions including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, as well as the less common Baha'i faith, Mandaeism, Druze faith and others. The Middle East generally has an arid and hot climate, with several major rivers providing for irrigation to support agriculture in limited areas, especially in Mesopotamia and the rest of the Fertile Crescent. Many countries located around the Persian Gulf have large quantities of crude oil, which has resulted in much wealth particularly for nations in the Arabian peninsula. In modern times the Middle East remains a strategically, economically, politically, culturally and religiously sensitive region.]clarification needed[ | <urn:uuid:b3de3fe2-76ad-42ca-beb7-a1d0e7b66d92> | {
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Anxiety Disorders Center
Women May Be More Prone to Post-Heart Attack Depression
Mini-Stroke May Lead to PTSD
Talk Therapy May Best Treat Social Anxiety Disorder
Food Addiction May Be Tied to PTSD
Anxiety disorders are the most frequently occurring, mental disorders. They encompass a group of conditions that share extreme or pathological anxiety as the principal disturbance of mood or emotional tone. Anxiety, which may be understood as the pathological counterpart of normal fear, is manifest by disturbances of mood, as well as of thinking, behavior, and physiological activity. In the United States, it is estimated that sixteen percent of all adults aged 18 to 54 suffers from some form of anxiety, or close to 50 million people. | <urn:uuid:bb978120-2360-4013-bf4c-ec33f9df8e46> | {
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Nobel Prize History
History of the world's most famous prizes
by Beth Rowen
Winning a Nobel Prize is a life-changing honor. Whether the laureate is an internationally known figure (such as Mother Teresa or Barack Obama, winners of the 1979 and 2009 Peace Prize, respectively) or a scientist plucked from obscurity (like Richard R. Ernst, who won the 1991 prize in chemistry for refinements in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy), the award brings with it worldwide recognition that highlights one's life work and provides the funds to continue and further the mission. For academics and institutions, a Nobel Prize is used to attract the best and the brightest minds, whether students or scholars.
2013 Nobel Prizes
Physiology or Medicine
Industrialist With a Conscience
Alfred B. Nobel (1833–1896), the Swedish chemist and engineer who invented dynamite, left $9 million in his will to establish the Nobel Prizes, which are awarded annually, without regard to nationality, in six areas (peace, literature, physics,chemistry, physiology or medicine, and economic science) "to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind."
At first glance, it seems odd that the inventor of a powerful explosive would endow a group of awards that includes a peace prize. But Nobel was an industrialist with a conscience. He is credited with creating a controllable combustible that made blasting rock and the construction of canals and tunnels a relatively safe process. Nobel also contributed to the inventions of synthetic rubber, artificial silk, and synthetic leather. He held more than 350 patents. His interests were not limited to science. In fact, he was a lover of English literature and poetry and wrote several novels and poems. At his death, he left a library of more than 1,500 books, from fiction to philosophy.
Family Members Contest Last Wishes
Family members were shocked when they learned that Nobel had dictated that his fortune be used to establish the Nobel Prizes. They contested his will, but his final wishes were executed and the first awards were distributed in 1901, on the fifth anniversary of his death. The prize in economics, however, was established in 1968 by Riksbank, the Swedish bank, in honor of its 300th anniversary. Stockholm's Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences administers the award in physics and chemistry, the Royal Caroline Medical Institute awards the prize in physiology or medicine, and the Swedish Academy oversees the prize in literature. The Norwegian Storting, or parliament, awards the peace prize.
The Peace Prize
The first female Nobel Peace prize winner, Baroness Bertha von Suttner, in 1905, was perhaps the inspiration for the award itself. Von Suttner, who organized the Austrian Peace Society and wrote the landmark anti-war novel Lay Down Your Arms, was a close friend of Alfred Nobel. When he established the peace prize, he wrote that it should go "to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses"—precisely the work the Baroness had been engaged in.
Each winner of a Nobel Prize, which can go to individuals and institutions, takes home a medal, a diploma, and cash, which varies each year and depends on the income earned on the Nobel Foundation fund. In 2008, winners recipients receive 10 million Swedish kroners, or about $1.72 million.
The awards process begins an entire year before the awards are announced, with the administers of the awards inviting nominations from the fall through January 31 of the next year. On February 1, the six committees begin considering nominees and make recommendations to the prize-awarding subcommittees in September and early October. The winners must be announced by November 15. Nobel week begins in early October. The Nobel Prizes are awarded on Dec. 10, the anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death.
Posthumous nominations for the prizes are not allowed. This has sparked controversy, with critics saying that people who deserved a Nobel Prize did not receive one because they died before being nominated. In two cases the Prize has been awarded posthumously to people who were nominated when they were still alive. This was the case with UN Secretary General Dag Hammarskjöld (1961, Peace Prize) and Erik Axel Karlfeldt (1931, Literature)—both of whom were awarded the prize in the years they died. Since 1974, awards have not been allowed for a deceased person. William Vickrey (1996, Economics) died before he could receive the prize, but after it was announced.
Turning Down the Prize
Prizes are not automatically awarded each year. They can be withheld if there are no worthy candidates or when a world situation makes awarding the prizes impractical. Because of World War II, no awards were given from 1940–1942. Prizes can also be declined. Even if a prize is declined, the winner is entered in the books, but the cash gift reverts back to the fund. In 1937, Hitler issued a decree that forbade Germans from accepting Nobel Prizes. He considered pacifist journalist Carl von Ossietzky's 1935 peace prize a slap in the face. In 1973 Le Duc Tho refused the Nobel Peace Prize as he did not believe peace had been reached in Vietnam.
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C1. Mary ___________ to school. She goes to school by bus.
A. is never walking B. never is walking
C. never walks D. walks never
A2. The river ______________ to the east. It is the second longest river in the country.
A. runs B. is running
C. run D. ran
A3. I'm Chinese. Where _____________ from?
A. do you come B. will you come
C. did you come D. are you coming
C4. ____________ travelling?
A. Would you like B. Won't you like
C. Do you like D. Are you like
B5. My mother often _____________ clothes on Sundays.
A. wash B. washes
C. has washed D. is washing
C6. Mark Twain, an American writer, ___________ everybody here.
A. knows B. is known as
C. is known to D. is known for
A7. When water ___________, it will be changed into vapour.
A. is heated B. heated
C. has heated D. heats
B8. I hope he will come to see me before he __________ here.
A. leave B. leaves
C. will leave D. left
A9. Look, here ___________ the famous player.
A. comes B. came
C. has come D. come
A10. He wanted to know why an apple ____________ down and not up.
A. falls B. fall
C. fell D. had fallen
D11. It was not until then that I came to know knowledge __________ only from practice.
A. had come B. came
C. would come D. comes
A12. Mary ___________ him very well, they were introduced at a party two years ago.
A. knows B. knew
C. had known D. is knowing
B13. According to the time table, the train for Guangzhou ________ at 8:00 a.m.
A. win leave B. leaves
C. is going to leave D. is leaving
C14. We will start as soon as the mannager___________.
A. will come B. is going to come
C. comes D. come
B15. The year ___________ four seasons.
A. has been divided into B. is divided into C. has divided in D. was divided into
B16, --"What' s your job?"
--" I __________ for a newspaper."
A. have worked B. work C. worked D. had worked
A17. --" ___________French?"
--"Only a little. But I can speak English very well. "
A. Do you know B. Are you speaking C. Have you spoken D. Did you know
B18. ____________ six years since I began studying English.
A. They have been B. It is C. It was D. There are
C19. Once they _____________ to do something, you will never hold them back.
A. will make up their mind B. will make up their minds
C. make up their mind D. make up their minds
B20. I ____________ to stay here if I can.
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The Trouble with Ownership
Literary Property and Authorial Liability in England, 1660-1730
2005 | 288 pages | Cloth $59.95
Literature | Law
View main book page
Table of Contents
PART I. THE TROUBLE WITH OWNERSHIP
1. Authorship and the Regulation of the Press
2. The Trials of Ownership: Finding the Author in Court
PART II. THE DANGEROUS FATE OF AUTHORS
3. Daniel Defoe, the Act of Anne, and the Obligations of Ownership
4. Revenge of the Straw Woman: Disowning The Dunciad
5. Hostis Humani Generis: Owning Polly
Excerpt [uncorrected, not for citation]
A new historical understanding of print is needed. What will it look like? One immediately evident feature will be its regard for the labors of those actually involved in printing, publishing, and reading. Another will be its respect for their own representations of printing, embracing both its prospects and dangers. The dangers in particular will loom larger and more substantial than they have hitherto. Historians tend to disregard such perils as accidental. Early modern readers and writers knew otherwise.
—Adrian Johns, The Nature of the Book
The story of modern, proprietary authorship is by now a familiar one. In the English context, it goes something like this: the period from 1660 to 1800 saw an explosion in new opportunities for authors unparalleled in the history of authorship. Increases in literacy, the growth of cities, falling paper prices, the influx of international commercial capital, the end of prepublication censorship, and above all, the newfound willingness of authors to make their work public transformed British literary culture from a courtly côterie into a thriving marketplace. In addition to these expanding material, commercial, and cultural opportunities, authors for the first time found themselves endowed with rights. A notion of literary property emerged in this period that transformed the relation between author and work, in the words of Mark Rose, into one of "proprietorship." Authorial copyright, albeit in a most rudimentary fashion, was codified for the first time in the "Copyright Act" of 1710, in a move that established the author, in Rose's formulation, as "a legally empowered figure in the marketplace" (4).
The "Act for the Encouragement of Learning," as the Copyright Act was formally known, has been described by recent commentators as a kind of historical accident, "an entirely contingent means," in the words of David Saunders and Iain Hunter, "of regulating the unstable technical, economic, and cultural capacities created by a new apparatus of literary production." The Act, they write, was only tangentially designed to address the needs and rights of authors, and offered little more than a "makeshift solution" to a whole range of commercial and legal problems confronting the print trade and the authorities who took it upon themselves to oversee that trade (485). Nonetheless, the Act had profound effects on the practice of authorship, in addition to its effect on the organization of the trade as a whole. In the first place, the Act was important because it conceived of an author's primary—even aboriginal—relation to his or her work as a matter of ownership. Although the nature of the proprietary relationship is never spelled out in the Act, the phrase "Proprietor or Proprietors" stands in, after the opening lines, for the author, as well as for the printers, booksellers, and others whose interests might be covered under its provisions. Living authors were henceforth considered to have control over their property, in the form of an exclusive right to determine who was to copy the work. This right was alienable for a fixed term, no longer passing to the buyer in perpetuity. Authors were permitted to retain the right to control the reproduction of their works as long as they could afford to publish without the aid of a third party to put forward the printing costs and act as an intermediary with the book trade. Should the author find it necessary to sell or otherwise part with this copyright, however, he or she could assign it to anyone, not only, as had previously been the case, to a member of the Stationers' Guild. This single change in the law may have had the greatest effect on the organization of the book trade, as Lyman Ray Patterson remarks in Copyright in Historical Perspective. "The radical change in the statute," he writes, "was not that it gave authors the right to acquire a Copyright—a prerogative until then limited to members of the Stationers' Company—but that it gave that right to all persons." Henceforth the Company's monopoly on the trade in printed materials would be broken, although Company members continued to wield significant commercial weight throughout the eighteenth century. Moreover, although it remained the norm for most authors to sell their copyright, since most did not have access to the means of printing and publishing their own works, it was tempting for authors to try to eliminate the publisher's potentially lucrative role in this process, whether by keeping the copyright themselves or by attempting to reassign the right to a member of the trade willing to share the profits more equally than the traditional stationer. This, as later chapters show, was a favored strategy of that great authorial innovator, Alexander Pope, and also of his unlikely comrade-in-arms, John Gay.
Yet authors quickly found that the "Copyright Act" had consequences not only for authorial rights, but also for authorial liability. The lapse of the Licensing Act in 1695 had left something of a vacuum in the enforcement of press regulation. Although the licensing system had been only haphazardly effective in its final decades, and although the law regarding postpublication crimes such as libel and sedition remained unchanged, the absence of prepublication oversight made illicit, antigovernment publishing easier than it had been under the watchful eye of the licenser. In particular, it allowed for the rapid growth of periodical literature, including newspapers and weekly gazettes and reviews, the control of which preoccupied the government consistently from 1695 until the passage of a tax on periodicals in 1712. Above all, the disappearance of a centralized regulatory authority threatened to let forth a flood of wholly anonymous works—works with no information whatsoever on their title pages—as well as those sporting false imprints misidentifying the author, printer, bookseller, place of publication, and/or date of release. While all of these features could be falsified under the prior system, doing so was more difficult when a figure like Roger L'Estrange, with his own intimate knowledge of the ways of the trade, was at work surveying the press on a daily basis, as he was from 1663 until he was finally relieved of his duties in 1688.
Until the lapse of the Licensing Act, the stationers—with the help of government appointees such as L'Estrange—had been responsible for both the commercial and the ideological regulation of the book business, in a systematic tradeoff of rights and responsibilities that had been in effect since the charter of the Stationers' Company in 1557. After 1695, and especially after 1710, however, these two functions—call them "copyright" and "censorship," though neither term is satisfactory for covering the range of proprietary and regulatory interests described in this volume—were now no longer carried out by one centralized body, but were instead, at least according to almost all recent commentators, split off from each other. Rose goes so far as to argue that "the passage of the Act marked the divorce of copyright from censorship" (48). In so doing, he joins a long line of those who have seen in the relationship between these two regulatory functions an unhappy family romance. Rose himself describes the relationship between "censorship and trade regulation" after 1557 as a "marriage" (13). During the seventeenth century, he continues, they began to effect a "separation" that was only made complete in the divorce of 1710 (16). Fredrick Seaton Siebert takes the familial metaphor further by noting that the putative split left progeny, children of divorce, in the form of the generations of copyright legislation extending into the present:
Henceforth the protection of property rights in printed matter was divorced completely from any attempts at control of the content or quality of such printed matter. The sire of the Act of 8 Anne was the Printing Act of 1662; its progeny, the series of copyright acts in England and the U.S.
Siebert's reproductive formulation at least has the benefit of making it possible to postulate, through a kind of genetic analogy, the persistence of ideological regulation in intellectual property law. If the Licensing Act of 1662 truly spawned the Act of Anne, then some resemblance between the "sire" and his offspring should be visible, some trace of copyright's roots in censorship still left for historians to follow.
Historians, however, have been resistant to recognizing the persistence of ideological regulation in authorship's new proprietary formation. Without exception, in fact, scholars of the book have declined to acknowledge what all early modern commentators on the topic, whatever their political stripe, took for granted: that is, that "owning" one's book was synonymous with owning up to it, and that literary property was thus inseparable from regulation. In the words of Daniel Defoe, whose 1704 Essay on the Regulation of the Press makes an argument for authorial property rights that is grounded in assumptions about authorial liability, "'Twould be unaccountably severe to make a Man answerable for the Miscarriages of a thing which he shall not reap the Benefit of." Authors, Defoe insists, in a battle he would ultimately lose, should be required to set their names to their works, not only to put a stop to the "licentious Extravagance of Authors" (3) but also to record their "undoubted exclusive Right of Property" to their books (21). Even if compulsory authorial imprints remained undesirable to his contemporaries in the book trade, however, Defoe's recommendations concerning the compatibility of "censorship" and "copyright" would ultimately find their way into the Act of Anne, which continued the longstanding regulatory practice of balancing rights and responsibilities in matters related to the press.
To claim responsibility for a work after 1710 was not only to advance a proprietary claim, this study argues, but also to admit liability for its contents. Insofar as the Act of Anne constituted a method for keeping track of those responsible for literary works, it also put into effect a system of recording liability for them. Specifically, the Act made a provision for continued oversight of the press, in its recommendation that all works should be entered in the Stationers' Register prior to publication, despite the fact that the Stationers no longer held their traditional monopoly over the trade. Ostensibly, the Act of Anne was designed to put a stop to the piracy of literary works. In order to be able to combat such piracy, it was necessary to devise a means of recording who held copyright in a literary work, when that copyright was assigned, and for how long it was guaranteed. The drafters of the Act turned to the Stationers' Register to fulfill this recording function: "The Register was to be the official record of copy ownership," John Feather writes, "and entry was, apparently, to be required as a precondition of claiming and defending rights." Entry was not to be compulsory for all works, as it had been in the past; rather it was necessary for anyone who wanted to guard their proprietary interests against competitors. Entry, that is, seems to have been designed to protect rather than to regulate authors and other holders of copyright.
Yet almost by accident the Statute succeeded in installing a form of press regulation, even if it did not address itself directly to the question of crimes and punishments. Authors, as Pope's case amply demonstrates, considered a claim to copyright to be a sure means of tracing responsibility for a literary work, especially a literary work that might by its very nature be deemed dangerous or legally actionable. In keeping with the provisions of the Act, the authorities need only turn to the Register to find a record of the transfer of "the Title" to any book published after the Act went into effect. Included in this entry must be the "Consent of the Proprietor"—which is to say, in nearly all cases, of the author, for this transfer of title. The requirement of authorial consent, ostensibly designed to combat piracy for all those in the book trade and to protect the proprietary rights of authors, thus acted equally effectively as a means of controlling authors. Claiming and defending rights required authors to assume obligations as well; owning one's book could just as easily be construed as a confession of responsibility. The new benefits attached to authorship did not come without a cost, then, as authors found themselves subject to liabilities that made their profession as hazardous as it was newly lucrative.
The experience of individual authors who tried to use the Act of Anne to their own advantage—authors such as Pope and Gay—also suggests that whether or not the Act was intended to further the cause of press regulation, it succeeded in doing so. In fact, the provision concerning entry in the Register remedied the greatest single problem that had faced would-be controllers of the English press for more than fifty years: the difficulty of finding and holding liable the authors of printed works, rather than their more easily located printers and distributors. These members of the book trade leave material traces of their participation, while authors, especially careful ones, do not. As L'Estrange attested in his 1663 tract, Considerations and Proposals in Order to the Regulation of the Press, "Touching the <>Adviser, Author, Compiler, Writer, and Correcter, their Practices are hard to be Retriev'd." Or, in the words of Chief Justice Scroggs in the1680 trial of Henry Carr, accused of writing and publishing a libelous pamphlet, "It is hard to find the Author, it is not hard to find the Printer: But one Author found, is better than twenty Printers found." The Act of Anne made finding the author—retrieving his or her practices-not only possible, but virtually infallible. It did so not by inventing new means of tracking down authors, but instead by encouraging authors, in effect, to give themselves up voluntarily. By holding out the incentive of literary property and its attendant benefits, the Act of Anne succeeded—as 150 years of legislation and royal prerogative had not—in luring authors into owning their part in what was still, in 1710, a surprisingly risky business.
Authorship and the History of the Book
Readers familiar with the field of book history, as well as the history of authorship, will already have noted the degree to which the project of this book runs counter to current trends in both of these fields. Much of the work of the past two decades has been devoted to unseating the author from his place at the center of the history of the book—a liberal, masculinist, individualist history, these critiques contend, which, at least in its earliest formulations, failed to do justice both to the actual structure of the book trade in early modern England and to the contributions of the many individuals involved at all levels of that trade. In particular, as scholars like Paula McDowell and Marcus Nevitt have shown, a myopic attention to authors in the history of printed works has left the role of women in the early modern book and pamphlet trade almost entirely unwritten. At the same time, it has erased the contributions of working men and women to the early development of literate culture-a point most compellingly made by Adrian Johns in his revolutionary study, The Nature of the Book. Through the work of scholars such as these, what might have remained a problem in the local history of the book thus becomes part of a larger problem in early modern social history, including both women's history and the history of the working classes. In these invaluable studies, the entire industry devoted to what is currently called "knowledge production" is reconceived as a collaborative, collective, frequently anonymous project.
In her influential reconstruction of the workings of the London book trade after 1680, The Women of Grub Street, McDowell insists that she is proposing nothing less than "a new model for the study of the literary marketplace as a whole" (12). In specifying what exactly is new about her model of print historiography, she singles out the author as the figure for everything that is wrong with the older model she hopes to displace:
Authors who print their writings are not the only labourers involved in the production of their texts; nor can authors be understood in isolation from the publishing institutions within which they work. Twentieth-century literary critics' interest in bourgeois subjectivity and the rise of individualism has meant that dominant literary critical models emphasize individuals (especially authors). But traditional "man-and-his-work" approaches, with their post-Romantic emphasis on individual authors, are not the most useful models for the study of non-élite men's and women's involvement in the print marketplace. This is especially true of literature in politically tumultuous periods, when authors, publishers, and other printworkers often worked closely together. (12)
There is no question that McDowell is correct on all counts—correct about the near exclusive focus that early literary historians placed on authorial individualism; correct about the collective responsibility for printed works in all periods, but especially in "tumultuous" periods such as the one that followed the Restoration of Charles II; and correct about the way in which a focus on the author masks the participation of all sorts of historically invisible cultural laborers, not only in making books but in making meaning in early modern England. If anything, McDowell here speaks in too limited terms of the stakes of her project, for it is surely not only those interested in "the study of non-élite men's and women's" roles in print culture who stand to benefit from the recognition that the author is not a singular individual with sole power to determine meaning through autonomous acts of literary creation. The author, as Nevitt notes in an influential article on women and early newspapers, is only one figure in the "collective enterprise" of early modern publishing, and to recognize him-or her-as such is to remake not only the history of the book trade but cultural history as a whole (87).
As Nevitt goes on to specify, condensing the insights of McDowell's longer study, this collective characteristic of the book trade had notable consequences for questions of liability and accountability, especially in periods when dangerous books were being produced and circulated. "Th[e] overlap between authorship, publishing, and printing," he writes, had both economic and legal consequences, since "whilst costs could be cut, it also made the job of a censor or licenser more difficult." (86) Rather than being able to determine a single agent liable for any dangerous work, or even to identify the possessor of what Nevitt calls the original "seditious intention" (86), the licenser or other "censoring" agent was presented with a whole range of figures to whom partial liability could be attributed. This proliferation of suspects meant more individuals to prosecute, more sites to keep under surveillance, and more possible lightning rods for the mobilization of public sympathy—a lament taken up by L'Estrange in his Considerations and throughout his career. Wherever possible, government forces tried to be frugal with their labor by centering liability for a printed work in one figure—most frequently, in any person whose name could be positively linked to that work, regardless of "seditious intention." In most cases, this meant that the printer or publisher was subject to prosecution, rather than the author, since it was those agents whose names appeared on the title page of virtually every work that came off the presses in the early modern period. Nevitt thus concludes, after looking at a series of seventeenth-century seditious libel cases, "as it was the printer who affixed his/her name to frequently anonymous works, and was accordingly punished, it was printers who were frequently tarred with the brush of originative agency" (104 n.12).
Given my virtually complete agreement with the insights of McDowell, Nevitt, and critics like them committed to a better understanding of the workings of the early modern book trade in general, and the regulation of printed works in particular, it can only seem perverse to insist, nonetheless, that the figure of the author had not only a central place in the regulation of that trade, but a privileged one with relation to the trade's other members. The ability to make such a counterintuitive argument depends upon drawing a distinction between a set of material historical events—who actually produced printed works? Who faced indictments, prosecutions, and punishments as a result of those works?—and another kind of history, a history of the discourse surrounding responsibility for printed works, which tells a rather different tale both about attribution and about accountability. To study this alternative history is not in any way an attempt to resituate the author as the actual productive center of the history of the book; it is, instead, to offer a history of how the author came to be understood to occupy that cultural role in the first place.
As an initial step toward making clear what this alternative history might look like, it is instructive to return to the "new model" proposed by McDowell and elaborated by Nevitt. Nevitt identifies four features of the early modern book trade that made press regulation more complex than some later commentators have acknowledged. First, to recapitulate, rather than being attributable to a single individual, every work was a "collective enterprise." From this initial insight, the other three follow. Nevitt's second point is that collective agency made it more difficult to locate the possessor of the original "seditious intention." Third, anyone whose name could be directly associated with the work through an imprint—most often, the printer—was held liable for that work. Finally, in the most telling formulation of all, Nevitt concludes that whoever was punished for a printed work was "tarred with the brush of originative agency." Even as he demonstrates the failure of the law—as well as later historians—to do justice to the complexities of the print trade, Nevitt concisely articulates the presuppositions that grounded regulatory measures and subsequent histories, laying bare their circular logic. The person to whom responsibility for a printed work was attributed was an individual who could be linked to the work through the medium of a proper name, who could then be understood to be possessed of both an identifiable intention and an originative agency. We are accustomed to understanding these as the definitive attributes of the modern author. As Nevitt shows, however, before they were thus limited in their scope, these attributes could be applied to anyone in the book trade to whom responsibility for a printed work could be affixed and on whom punishment for that work could be exacted. As L'Estrange's Considerations puts it, "let the Person "in whose Posession " [an offending book] "is" found, "be Reputed, and Punish'd as the" Author "of the said Book, unless he "Produce "the Person, or Persons, from whom he receiv'd it" " (2). If signature, intention, origination, and now "possession" are the distinctive attributes of modern authorship and if these attributes could be applied to anyone in the book trade, who would then be known by the name of "Author," then authorship comes to look more and more like a refinement in the mechanism for the regulation of printed books. As Rosemary Coombe puts it, "the figure of the author, or the role of the author-function, might be seen as that of an elite broker for the management of textuality." In describing authorship in these terms, Coombe is making explicit the debt she shares with virtually all recent works on authorship, including this one: the debt to Michel Foucault's 1969 essay, "What is an Author?," which for the first time attempted to bring together the theoretical notion of authorship as a proprietary relationship with that of authorship as a punitive regime.
Attribution, "Penal Appropriation," and the Consequences of Copyright
No work on the history of authorship has had more influence than Foucault's essay, which was originally given as a seminar at the Société française de Philosophie on 22 February 1969, and delivered the next year, in modified form, as a lecture in the United States. Foucault's essay does not offer a "sociohistorical analysis" of authorship, although he does not dismiss the importance of such a project: "Certainly it would be worth examining how the author became individualized in a culture like ours, what status he has been given, at what moment studies of authenticity and attribution began, in what kind of system of valorization the author was involved, at what point we began to recount the lives of authors rather than of heroes, and how this fundamental category of 'the-man-and-his-work-criticism' began" (141). In some sense, this study attempts to offer one piece of such a socio-historical analysis, with particular attention to the author's status and to his (or her) changing place in a system of "attribution," out of a conviction that through the process of "attribution," the twin poles of modern authorship—ownership and liability—come together.
Yet Foucault's real innovation in the essay lies elsewhere, in his description of discourses as "objects of appropriation" (148). In attempting to describe why some forms of discourse have authors—why, that is, they are characterized by what Foucault calls "an author-function"—while others do not, he writes:
First of all, discourses are objects of appropriation. The form of ownership from which they spring is of a rather particular type, one that has been codified for many years. We should note that, historically, this type of ownership has always been subsequent to what one might call penal appropriation. Texts, books, and discourses, really began to have authors (other than mythical, "sacralized," and "sacralizing" figures) to the extent that authors became subject to punishment, that is, to the extent that discourses could be transgressive. (148)
At the outset, then, authorship for Foucault is a dangerous business, born of the need to find individuals responsible for "transgressive" cultural productions. In what might be seen as a paranoid theory of the etiology of authorship, Foucault emphasizes the historical priority of "penal appropriation" over the more recent forms of "ownership" that govern the relationships between authors and the "texts, books, and discourses" they produce. Anyone conducting the sort of sociohistorical study of authorship passed over by Foucault—exploring, for instance, as this study does, the rhetorics and regulations associated with printed works in early modern England—quickly finds that Foucault's chronology is quite persuasive. The author appears as a legal persona in English documents as the subject of regulation—and even of "penal appropriation"—long before that figure appears as the subject of a more positive form of "ownership" in 1710.
Where Foucault's discussion of the "author function" produces some difficulty, however, is in assessing the relationship between chronology and causality. Foucault is clear that "penal appropriation" precedes the ownership of texts: the production of discourse, he writes, "was a gesture fraught with risks before becoming goods caught up in a circuit of ownership" (148). He is less explicit, however, about the exact relationship between these two dimensions of authorship after the advent of a notion of ownership of texts came into being. Indeed, rather than insisting that these two forms of "appropriation"—penal and proprietary—are coincident, or even related, he seems to suggest that the form of ownership that is codified in measures such as the Act of Anne "displaced" "penal appropriation," getting rid of the risks formerly associated with textual production. Evidence for this reading of Foucault's essay comes in a famous passage in which he singles out literature from other forms of discourse as the place where, in the new, more congenial world of literary property rights, authors can turn to regain some of the "frisson" they experienced under the earlier regime:
Once a system of ownership for texts came into being . . . the possibility of transgression attached to the act of writing took on, more and more, the form of an imperative peculiar to literature. It is as if the author, beginning with the moment at which he was placed in the system of property that characterizes our society, compensated for the status that he thus acquired by rediscovering the old bipolar field of discourse, systematically practicing transgression and thereby restoring danger to a writing which was now guaranteed the benefits of ownership. (149)
According to this view of the history of texts and discourses—a view shared by most writers on copyright—the business of authorship became considerably less risky at the moment when property rights were written into law. The Trouble with Ownership contests this version of the history of authorship, arguing instead that if authorship had been "dangerous" in the era before authors were endowed with rights, it only became more so once they could be encouraged to step forward and take responsibility for their writings. If "penal appropriation" preceded proprietary authorship, that is, the obligations attached to ownership ensured that authors were still open to punishment for the effects of their works after they became capable of owning them. These punishments, moreover, at least in the opinion of eighteenth-century commentators, threatened to outweigh the "benefits" (the word is Defoe's, as well as Foucault's) newly available to authors willing to take advantage of the "system of property."
The more rigidly authorial property rights became recognized and then codified in law, this study argues, the more authors were exposed to penal effects. Owning one's work makes one subject to punishment not only because it makes it easier to trace texts back to their owners, but also because authors who insist on a proprietary relation to their works are punishable for every subsequent, illicit appropriation to which their printed work is exposed. This point is most succinctly and humorously made by a less frequently mentioned theorist of authorship, Jacques Derrida, in his essay "Limited Inc a b c." In this 1977 essay, Derrida offers a response to John R. Searle's "Reiterating the Differences," which was itself a response to Derrida's earlier "Signature, Event, Context." In the course of his response to a response, Derrida offers an extended meditation on the relationship between writing and responsibility and, more specifically and significantly, between copyright and liability. In addition, he offers readers an opportunity, albeit a slightly elliptical and ironic one, to consider the desirability of proprietary authorship—a desirability taken for granted by historians in the liberal tradition for whom the advent of rights in any sphere of life, literary or otherwise, can only constitute a social good.
Derrida begins "Limited Inc a b c" by recounting that late in 1976—the date is important—he received a manuscript copy of Searle's essay in the mail. Two things about the manuscript-two marginal, but nonetheless essential features-immediately jumped out. First, at the top left-hand corner of the manuscript, above the title, was the phrase "Copyright © 1977 by John R. Searle" (30). Second, at the end of the paper, Derrida found a note of acknowledgment, a note that read, "I am indebted to H. Dreyfus and D. Searle for discussion of these matters" (31). Derrida considers each of these statements-the statement of ownership and the statement of indebtedness-at some length, but, most presciently, he discusses in some detail what relationship might be said to exist between the two. He generously passes over—though not without noting it—the fact that since he has received the manuscript "shortly before Christmas, 1976," and since Searle's copyright asserts itself for the year 1977, it is not clear exactly what the status of that copyright might be at the time of the essay's arrival. Moreover, even if the date were not belated with relation to the time of the essay's circulation, Derrida poses a series of other questions that further destabilize Searle's insistent foregrounding of his authorship through the figure of copyright: "Does he make use of his rights to reply? Of his rights as an author? But what makes him think that these rights might be questioned, that someone might try to steal them from him, or that there could be any mistake concerning the attribution of his original production? How would this be possible? Can the thing be expropriated, alienated?" (30). Putting in question at the outset not only the status of authorial property rights but also the motivation behind claiming them in the first place, Derrida playfully signals to his readers—and, presumably, to Searle himself—some of the liabilities that attend every assertion of such rights. By drawing attention to his proprietary relation to his text, by insisting on his rights as an author "to the point of provoking suspicion," Searle is practically inviting readers to question him, to steal from him, and ultimately to expropriate his precious commodity (31).
This, in a manner of speaking, is exactly what Derrida goes on to do, although in doing so he is behaving more like Robin Hood than a common burglar. If the rights of an author purport to be a pure product of property and originality, as Derrida acknowledges that we understand them to be, then what are we to make of the "debts" to H. Dreyfus and D. Searle that John Searle acknowledges—but emphatically does not repay—at the end of his paper? Or rather, at the end of the paper, since it is not entirely clear, at this point in the investigation, whose paper, exactly, this is. Searle's? Which Searle's? Searles' and Dreyfus's? Derrida continues,
the debt includes my old friend H. Dreyfus, with whom I have also worked, discussed, exchanged ideas, so that if it is indeed through him that the Searles have "read" me, "understood" me, and "replied" to me, then I, too, can claim a stake in the "action" or "obligation," the stocks and bonds, of this holding company, the Copyright Trust. . . . "I" therefore feel obliged to claim my share of the copyright of the Reply. (31)
If this essay is John Searle's, it is also, by virtue of the many debts he has accumulated over the years, D. Searle's, H. Dreyfus's, and also Jacques Derrida's as well. Derrida in fact feels so strongly about the importance of being precise about authorial rights—since, after all, Searle has brought them up in the first place—that he feels compelled to replace the name of the author, the authorial signature, with a more legally and ethically accurate formulation. The author of this text, he concludes, and the entity who deserves any rights accruing from the work, is "a more or less anonymous corporation (three + n authors)" (36).
The expression "three + n authors" seems to me to be more rigorous for the reasons I have already stated, involving the difficulty I encounter in naming the definite origin, the true person responsible for the Reply; not only because of the debts acknowledged by John R. Searle before even beginning to reply, but because of the entire, more or less anonymous tradition of a code, a heritage, a reservoir of arguments to which both he and I are indebted. How is this more or less anonymous author to be named? In order to avoid the ponderousness of the scientific expression "three + n authors," I decide here and from this moment on to give the presumed and collective author of the Reply the French name "Société à responsabilité limitée"—literally, "Society with Limited Responsibility" (or Limited Liability)—which is normally abbreviated to Sarl. (36)
In this passage, Derrida for the first time in the essay explicitly addresses the question of responsibilities, which he, virtually alone among theorists of authorship, considers a necessary companion to the question of rights. Just as he has difficulty identifying the "definite origin" of the essay called "Reiterating the Differences," he finds himself unable, or perhaps unwilling, in a radical ethical gesture, to locate "the true person responsible for the Reply" either. He solves both of these problems at once, by incorporating all those who might be entitled to a share in the essay—as well as those who might be liable for it—into the "more or less anonymous" entity called "Sarl." This entity has limited liability for the essay—but limited how? Does each part of the entity have liability in proportion to his or her share in the origin? Since such shares can never truly be apportioned, however—since, that is, our textual and intellectual debts can never "truly" be acknowledged, let alone tallied and paid off—the authors will have to settle for collective or corporate attribution, a share in the profits, in exchange for which they are excused total or exclusive responsibility for the Reply.
Derrida concludes this section of the essay with some words of consolation for those addressees who may feel that they have lost something in this exchange.
I hope that the bearers of proper names will not be wounded by this technical or scientific device [three + n authors]. For it will have the supplementary advantage of enabling me to avoid offending individuals or proper names in the course of an argument that they might now and then consider, wrongly, to be polemical. And should they, perchance, see this transformation as an injurious or ironic alteration, they can at least join me in acknowledging the importance of the desires and fantasms that are at stake in a proper name, a copyright, or a signature. (36)
Once again, Derrida, ever the dealer, offers Searl a kind of tradeoff. However much they may feel that they have lost by being absorbed into a collectivity for the purposes of attribution, however much they may feel that their proprietorship has been ironized, injured, and downright misappropriated, at least they will have the opportunity to sidestep any offense produced in the course of Derrida's remarks. They need not feel responsible for those things he takes issue with in "Reiterating the Differences." Since no one any longer "owns" this text, no one will be expected to answer for it.
In dissolving authorship into a corporate entity, Derrida is pursuing a strategy not unlike that undertaken by those recent historians of the book who have reread the print trade as a collaborative, collective, decentered enterprise, with no single governing consciousness. At the same time, he is (presumably unwittingly) mimicking those early modern authors who attempted to escape liability for their works by claiming that their works had been stolen by unscrupulous members of the trade, circulated by piratical printers and mischievous booksellers. He is, to return for a moment to Foucault, refusing the attributes—both the benefits and the liabilities—that characterize modern authorship and distinguish it from the forms of attribution of texts associated with earlier eras.
In a related gesture at the end of "What is an Author?" Foucault returns to the question of what he calls "the 'ideological' status of the author"—that is, the function the author fulfills in the regulation of all forms of expression. The author, Foucault writes, in a reversal of traditional understandings of authorship, is "a certain functional principle by which, in our culture, one limits, excludes, and chooses; in short, by which one impedes the free circulation" of ideas and expression (159). Rather than being a fountain—as Roger L'Estrange would put it—which is to say, a generative figure who "deposits, with infinite wealth and generosity, an inexhaustible world of significations" into a text, an author is a principle of limitation, "a principle of thrift" (159). Foucault concludes, "the author is therefore the ideological figure by which one marks the manner in which we fear the proliferation of meaning" (159). By understanding the Act of Anne, which definitively linked books to their authors under the law for the first time, as a response to this fear of proliferation of meaning, as well as as a response to anxieties about the chaotic effects of commercial deregulation in the print trade, it is possible to see how ownership and liability came together in 1710. Proprietary authorship, in an unfortunate turn of events, made it possible for the first time to ensure an effective means of "penal appropriation." How authors recognized and responded to this change in their legal, cultural, and ideological status constitutes the main concern of this book.
Surviving Copyright: Strategies of Disownership
Early modern readers and writers, as Adrian Johns notes in the epigraph to this introduction, were well aware of the perils associated with the trade in printed books, even if later commentators have disregarded them. Authors, in particular, encountered a variety of dangers in the early modern period and were answerable for a wide range of crimes. They faced legal charges including sedition, libel, heresy, and treason. On the ethical front, they might be accused of encouraging vice or circulating lies. The perilous waters of the book trade required them to negotiate greedy publishers, outright pirates, thieving booksellers, and inaccurate printers. Authors, as Gay in particular discovered in the aftermath of his publication of The Beggar's Opera, might be held responsible not only for their own actions, but for the actions of any reader who chose to cite a printed work as a motive for his or her criminal activity. Given the myriad dangers attached to authorship in this period, and the severity of the punishments to which crimes of writing were subject, authors had to find strategies to ensure that the costs of authorship did not outweigh its benefits.
Catherine Gallagher's influential book, Nobody's Story, is a study of the way in which female writers in this period survived the trials of publication, and even, from time to time, managed to "thrive" despite them. Gallagher begins by noting that women writers, rather than trying to deny their femininity as a means of negotiating the difficult terrain of publicity, actually "emphasized their femininity" as a means of "gaining financial advantage" (xiii). Women authors, she writes, emphasized one characteristic of female "powerlessness," their "dispossession" (xx), more insistently than any other. The fact that women had only extremely limited access to property, literary or otherwise, allowed women writers to draw attention to their "inability to own the text," as a means of evading some of the most pressing obligations that followed from commodification, appropriation, and responsibility—the same obligations to which male authors in general, and proprietary male authors in particular, were subject (xx).
The strategy of "capitalizing on . . . femaleness" (xxiv) by making use of the female trait of "dispossession" was not limited to women authors in this period. Gay, for instance, persistently figured himself as a vulnerable, penniless, and literally "dispossessed" author throughout his career. His rhetoric of powerlessness became particularly acute when he set about publishing the sequel to The Beggar's Opera, Polly, in 1729. Thanks to the notoriety of its predecessor, Polly promised to be an unusually controversial work, as a result of which it was banned from presentation on the stage by the Lord Chamberlain. Gay nonetheless made the potentially foolhardy decision to allow the work to appear in print. In addition to rhetorically emphasizing his vulnerability in all of the petitions, letters, and prefatory material surrounding the publication of Polly, Gay also made use of another strategy of "capitalizing on femaleness," by engaging the Duchess of Queensberry as patron of his work and protector of its author. Gay relied on the fact that, as a woman, the duchess could protect him, without herself being exposed to any overwhelming repercussions from her involvement with this scandalous publication. By asking the duchess to do the public work of selling subscriptions to Polly, Gay managed to avoid the most immediate danger of "penal appropriation" that he feared would ensue, if he himself were to appear in public as its author. Thus Gay used the duchess as a shield, a patron, and a protector, in the publication of this particularly risky work.
When Alexander Pope published The Dunciad in 1728, he also made use of a female intermediary to aid in the publication of his dangerous text. The danger of The Dunciad lay primarily in the fact that it constituted an ad hominem attack on virtually every minor author—the titular Dunces—of the age. In the first edition, Pope tried to protect himself even minimally—and to circumvent the ever more pressing libel laws—by identifying his adversaries only by coded names or initials with dashes. In the expanded 1729 edition, the Dunciad Variorum, he abandoned all pretence to discretion and identified the Dunces by name. Although Pope went to elaborate lengths to maintain property in these poems, he feared the reprisals of the Dunces that might result if he put his name on the works and advertised them as his own. Instead, Pope placed a false imprint on the title page, which bore the name of a female bookseller, Anne Dodd. Pope relied on the fact that Dodd would have neither the means nor the authority to prosecute him for his appropriation of her name. Thus, like Gay, he employed a woman to serve as a shield, a barrier between himself and the Dunces. The name on the title page worked exactly as Pope intended: Dodd operated as a stand—in for the anonymous author, only barely managing to escape the blows-physical as well as legal—that were meant for Pope himself. Dodd operated in this transaction among authors and readers as what Derrida, in "Limited Inc a b c," calls "a Front," a "borrowed name," "straw man," a "substitute for a clandestine subject" called the author. The straw woman Anne Dodd ensured Pope's survival and his access to the prerogatives of property by reducing the chance that he would be prosecuted or punished for the contents of this particularly risky work.
Through their female intermediaries, Pope and Gay tried to retain the strategy of dispossession while reaping the benefits of their proprietary rights. They tried, that is, to lay claim to the privileges of property as well as those of dispossession, by sheltering the rights of the male author behind a bulwark of feminine mediation. Pope and Gay, in an attempt to disrupt the relation between property and punishment, placed another, intermediary body between themselves and their criminal works. They relocated responsibility for the text onto a woman, out of the conviction that a female figure was best suited to reduce the risks of publication as a result of her benighted relationship to property, literary and otherwise. This relocation was quite literal, for Pope and Gay ensured that these female bodies would stand in for them in the event of reprisals against the body of the author.
In these dramatic acts of substitution, the duchess and Anne Dodd were, no less than Gay and Pope, real embodied historical figures, and one of them, not coincidentally the poor bookseller (albeit also a well-known book pirate), did not choose her role in these events. Pope, in an act of remarkable callousness, was content to expose Dodd to the rage of the Dunces and the accusation of having pirated his book, all in the service of his profit and self-protection. One might conclude from the story of Anne Dodd that the founding gesture of proprietary male authorship is an act of reckless violence against women, a willingness to let female bodies suffer in place of male ones. It is tempting, on the basis of this evidence, to see Dodd as an unwitting victim of Pope's insatiable will to manipulate the book trade, to fold her into this story as a powerless victim through whom the finer details of masculine authorship were worked out. Anne Dodd, in this version, goes down in history as nothing but a straw woman.
But this is not the story, or the history, I want to tell. By investigating Dodd's career as a bookseller and pirate, I suggest that she, too, was exploring ways to capitalize on the changing conditions of the literary marketplace. She even stood to profit from her role as Pope's "front," not hesitating to make use of the notoriety secured her by the Dunciad. As a "mercury"—a pamphlet-seller—and as a female pirate, Dodd demands some narrative space of her own, teaching us as much about the "legitimate" roles women played in the early eighteenth-century book trade as she does about the trade's criminal underside. Like her predecessor in literary crime, Elizabeth Cellier, one of the subjects of my third chapter, she modeled for her contemporaries, both male and female, the strategic use of disownership to advance both commercial and political aims. Her story, too, reminds us that too exclusive a focus on the author at the expense of an understanding of the workings of the trade as a whole can lead us to miss much that is distinctive and important in the literary culture of the early eighteenth century, not least the participation of women in publishing and distributing those texts—periodicals, political pamphlets, criminal and other popular literatures, novels—we consider most characteristic of the changing conditions of reading and writing in the period. Finally, exploring Dodd's career, and ultimately her role in the Dunciad incident, allows us to put the entire risky business of the book trade in the first era of literary property into perspective. Through Dodd and the Dunciad, it is possible to see at once the dangers of the trade and the remarkably creative strategies developed by authors and others to elude those dangers. Through the study of Dodd, then, this book comes full circle, acknowledging the degree to which authors, under the new conditions of proprietorship governing the literary marketplace and above all the profession of authorship, became newly reliant upon members of the book trade to save themselves from what Pope calls their "dangerous fates."
The book is divided into two parts, each of which contains three closely related chapters. Part One, "The Trouble with Ownership," traces the interplay of possession and liability, and the relationship of each to authorship, in the period preceding the establishment of authorial copyright. In response to those critics who have located in this period a gradual transfer of rights from publishers to authors, this section locates a more fundamental transfer of responsibilities, as the author comes increasingly to be endowed with primary—if not sole—responsibility for the effects of what Henry VIII, in a proclamation of 1538, called "naughty printed books." While authors had always been considered at least partially responsible for the content of such books, structural elements in the book trade made it difficult to locate, and hence to prosecute, the author. Much of Part One is given over to exploring why, in the words of Chief Justice Scroggs in 1680, "it is hard to find the Author," and what strategies the authorities—including licensers such as Roger L'Estrange as well as common law judges like Scroggs—developed to make it easier to locate this elusive figure. The first part of the book further establishes that the understanding of authorship as a form of ownership is less a revolutionary invention than a timely refinement on an already prevalent understanding of the relationship between authors and their works—an understanding clearly articulated by the custodians of both the common law and the statutory traditions, and intimately tied to attempts to regulate the press.
Part Two, "The Dangerous Fate of Authors," explores what happens to the relationship between authorship, property, and liability when proprietary authorship is codified in law after 1710. Despite constant frustrations, the Crown, the Parliament, and the courts had recognized for two centuries the link between ownership and liability, along with the necessity of finding the author in order to make that link explicit. Part Two argues that the so-called Copyright Act attempted to solve the problem of the disappearing author in two ways: first, by insisting that in order to reap the benefits of proprietary authorship, authors would have to submit to various forms of documentation when claiming their proprietary rights; and second, by eliminating the widespread piracy that had made prosecuting and punishing authors virtually impossible throughout the first two centuries of print. Paradoxically, the Act did not explicitly address itself to matters of press regulation in any way—a fact that has led to the long critical silence on the relationship between copyright and liability. Yet however difficult it has been for modern commentators to recognize this regulatory feature of the history of copyright, early eighteenth-century authors were under no illusions about the potentially disastrous consequences of stepping forward to lay claim to the full benefits of modern authorship.
The book's first chapter, "Authorship and the Regulation of the Press," offers an overview of the place of the author in ordinances, edicts, and other writings related to press regulation, from the reign of Henry VIII to that of Charles II. The first half of the chapter looks in detail at the writings and career of Roger L'Estrange, Surveyor of the Imprimery under Charles II and "bloodhound" of the Restoration press. L'Estrange was the single most influential voice on matters of press control after the revolution, and he instituted practices of policing and prosecution that took the control of the press out of the hands of the Stationers and put it back under the care of the Crown and the courts for the first time since 1557. In his Considerations and Proposals in Order to the Regulation of the Press (1663), L'Estrange codified a system of rewards and punishments predicated on the belief that the author ought, whenever possible, to be punished for the appearance of dangerous or illegal ideas in print, and that all other members of the book trade should be coerced into assisting the Surveyor in his task of finding and punishing the author. Should the author remain out of reach, L'Estrange continues, making explicit the link between authorship, ownership, and liability, anyone else "in whose possession" a dangerous book was found should be "reputed, and punished as the Author." Although the authorities had, for two centuries, routinely prosecuted printers and publishers for their part in the production of naughty books, the second half of the chapter argues that the desire to "find the author" had a long history in English press regulation, a history somewhat obfuscated by the notoriously difficult task of actually locating what L'Estrange calls the "First Movers," when compared with the ease of finding printers, publishers, and even readers. From its beginnings in the Tudor period, this chapter concludes, English press regulation was marked by a powerful conviction that the author was, in L'Estrange's terms, "the Fountain of our Troubles," even though the powers charged with oversight of the press continued to struggle to find ways of accessing—and ultimately cutting off—that fountain at its source.
The second chapter of Part One, "The Trials of Ownership: Finding the Author in Court," moves from the statutory arena of early modern press regulation to the drama of the Restoration courtroom. After an introductory section that distinguishes the forms of press regulation enacted by proclamations and edicts from those pursued in the common law tradition, the chapter turns to three cases that demonstrate both the perils of ownership and the unceasing struggle after the Restoration to find and punish the author for offenses in print. The first case, John Twyn's 1664 trial for printing and publishing a treasonous pamphlet, ultimately resulted in Twyn's conviction and execution. Although the case seems to argue against the primacy of authorial liability, since it was for his actions as a printer that Twyn was punished, the proceedings of the case nonetheless demonstrate that it was the author the authorities were really interested in prosecuting. L'Estrange, appearing as a witness in the trial, went so far as to promise Twyn that he would be granted mercy, if he would only "discover the Author." When Twyn refused, L'Estrange recommended that Twyn be punished in the author's stead, because, as L'Estrange suggestively put it, "he owned the thing"—that is, he admitted his part in the printing of the pamphlet. By "owning" the pamphlet, L'Estrange indicates, Twyn opened himself to prosecution and punishment for its treasonous contents. The same language of ownership recurs again and again in the other two cases under study here, both of which were tried in 1680: Henry Carr's trial for printing, publishing, and being the presumptive author of The Weekly Pacquet of Advice from Rome; and Elizabeth Cellier's seditious libel trial for writing and publishing Malice Defeated, an account of her earlier trial for treason. In both of these cases, the judges and prosecutors asked the defendants again and again whether they "owned" their books, and the defendants sought to evade punishment by contesting the definition of ownership put forth by the court. As Cellier cheekily argued in the course of her libel trial, "I said only it was mine; not that I was the Author." Whenever possible, Cellier, like Carr, attempted to dispossess herself of her literary property, at the same time as she challenged the equation between ownership and authorship on which the common law strategies of press regulation depended.
The first chapter of Part Two, "Daniel Defoe, the Act of Anne, and the Obligations of Ownership," considers the direct role that Defoe's writings played in the elaboration of a notion of authorial copyright. Rose notes in passing in Authors and Owners that Defoe's Essay on the Regulation of the Press (1704), along with a set of essays in his Review (1709-1710), "influenced the London Stationers" in their attempts to get Parliament to pass an Act that would seriously limit the prevalence of piracy in the book trade (35). From Defoe's writings, Rose convincingly argues, the Stationers may have begun to develop the notion of authorial property rights on which the Act of Anne and its novel anti-piratical strategies depended. Lost in this history, however, is the darker side of Defoe's theory of proprietary authorship: that is, its intimate link to authorial liability. The benefits that accrue from authorial property rights, Defoe insists, constitute a kind of consolation prize awarded in exchange for accountability. In fact, Defoe makes explicit the ways in which literary property responds to—rather than produces—authorial liability: "if an Author has not the right of a Book, after he has made it, and the Benefit be not his own," he argues, "'twould be very hard the Law should pretend to punish him for it." Since authors are already considered legally answerable for their works—as Defoe himself discovered when he stood in the pillory for The Shortest Way with the Dissenters (1702)—the law should at least protect their "right" to benefit from what they have written. Defoe here proposes a relationship between literary property and authorial liability that has since been occluded, if not forgotten. Three hundred years avant la lettre, he makes the link Foucault himself never fully elaborated, between proprietary authorship and penal appropriation.
The final two chapters, "Revenge of the Straw Woman" and "Hostis Humani Generis," explore the immediate consequences for authorial liability of the 1710 statute. A comparative analysis of the publication and piracy of Pope's Dunciad (1728, 1729) and Gay's Polly (1729) illustrates the perils authors exposed themselves to by being proprietors of their own works. Over the course of a year, Pope and Gay each published an unusually dangerous work, capable of inflaming passions and inciting retribution; each attempted to retain his copyright through manipulating recent changes in the law affecting literary property; and each made use of intermediary figures to mitigate the liabilities of owning his work. To avoid the punishments they anticipated, which ranged from prosecution for sedition to the threat of physical beatings, Pope and Gay placed shields between themselves and their audience, who were positioned to take responsibility for the author's transgressions. In both cases, the author's human shield was a woman. Through their female intermediaries, Pope and Gay tried to appropriate the benefits of dispossession, even as they laid claim to the property rights made available by the new law. In the end, however, neither successfully avoided running into trouble in their pursuit of ownership, trouble that only accelerated with the development of copyright. | <urn:uuid:c9c5c453-870c-4c24-84e9-a81522c76617> | {
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We live in a germophobic society, so it’s ironic just how many germs must have actually made it on board the Ark. Even though there are mostly good germs, many people tend to focus on only the bad germs—pathogens that seem to exist only to make us sick. So skeptics of the biblical account question whether pathogens (e.g., syphilis) were present on the Ark.
There’s nothing more toxic or deadly than a human child. A single touch could kill you. Leave a door open, and one can walk right into this factory; right into the monster world.
– Henry J. Waternoose III, Monsters, Inc.
Today’s culture is afraid of germs. With the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and life-threatening diseases like Ebola in the news, we have become germophobes without realizing it. You can’t go out in public anymore without seeing hand sanitizer dispensers. You can wipe your grocery cart clean with a sanitizing wipe or get some hand gel while visiting the doctor’s office front desk. My PhD is in microbiology, so I’m not inclined to be germophobic because I actually enjoy growing germs. In particular, my passion is Escherichia coli.1 But when I talk about E. coli, most everyone responds with fear and dread because they only know about the disease-causing E. coli.2
A Course: Small Germs, Microbiology, and You3
Microbiology is the science that studies germs. I often refer to microbiology as the biology under a microscope because it is difficult for some people to think about living things that are invisible to the naked eye. Many are afraid of what they can’t see (e.g., the bogeyman when we’re children or death when we’re adults). The irony of being afraid of what we can’t see is that we can’t see germs, yet we accept germ theory. Germ theory is the concept that there are microscopic organisms responsible for causing disease. Germ theory was developed by several prominent scientists, including Joseph Lister and Louis Pasteur. No one wanted to believe that germs existed almost 200 years ago, but today we have an over-awareness of germs. This over-awareness has led to some unique problems in industrialized nations like the United States. We have an unhealthy fear of germs, unnecessarily washing our hands too much and abusing antimicrobial products wherever available.
However, the overwhelming majority of all germs do not cause disease. In fact, nearly all known germs are good and promote health. Only about 5% of bacteria cause disease and make us sick, which is not what you would expect by the presence of hand sanitizer everywhere. In my microbiology classes, I have students use a cotton swab to look for germs in their environment; they inevitably choose places like the bathroom and their cell phone.4 Upon discovering that some of their personal items have germs on them, many students immediately clean what they touch in their everyday lives. Obsessively cleaning off what we normally touch is probably what actually causes some diseases we’re facing today, like multi-drug-resistant bacteria. Our normal germs don’t have a chance to defend us against invading microbes since helpful germs get wiped clean, making us more susceptible to germs that cause diseases.
Our myopic view of the vast amount of good microbes prevents us from healthy living in the long run.
It is estimated that the biomass of microbes in one acre of soil is the equivalent to nearly an entire octopus!5 If germs were the problem, then every step we take outside ought to make us deathly ill. But this doesn’t happen. In fact, pathogens (i.e., disease-causing germs) have only developed recently because of the Fall (i.e., pathogens have not existed for millions of years—they have only been around for thousands of years). Even secular scientists have begun to recognize the shortcomings of thinking about the word pathogen because they recognize that every bad germ originated from a good germ. The fact that pathogens come from good germs very clearly supports Scripture and confirms that “in the beginning, God created the heaven and the earth”—including the microbes, which were included in what was pronounced “very good”.
Were Germs on Noah’s Ark?
Up to the early 1900s, the number one cause of death was infectious disease. Infectious disease is still the leading cause of death in developing and third-world countries worldwide. By inference, Adam and the patriarchs leading up to Noah very likely did not live in a world with very many pathogens.6 The infectious diseases during the time of Genesis 3–11 must have been only a fraction of a percent (based on current known mutation rates and observed rates of emerging infectious diseases).7 However, there are lingering questions about just what kinds of germs were aboard the Ark.
Skeptics often cite the presence of pathogenic germs on the Ark as a reason not to believe the biblical account. Skeptics will point out that there are a number of disease-causing bacteria that only exist inside of humans as a host. It is not uncommon to find the same diseases in animals and in humans, but the diseases that are found only in humans can seem like a problem if there was a global Flood because diseases found only in humans means that these diseases would’ve had to have been inside Noah and his immediate family to exist after the Flood. Furthermore, the Flood lasted for an entire year, and that could possibly mean that Noah and his family would have carried these germs with them for an entire year. Of course those arguing against the Ark assume that every disease-causing germ existing today must have existed during the Flood in the exact same form as today. But is there any evidence that every known germ present today was present in its exact same form during the Flood?
While we know that most bacteria do not harm us, we are called to help alleviate the suffering of our fellow man. In a Darwinian worldview, there is no reason to practice medicine because the unfit should be left to die; however the biblical creationist sees value in all life that God gives. It is important that we understand the proper history for all germs before we make an inappropriate assumption about germs either way. We need to protect ourselves from either destroying all germs or allowing every germ to grow; allowing for either extreme could put us in a situation that God never originally intended.
First, we must restate that God created all microorganisms. Even though the word germ does not appear in Scripture, that does not mean that God didn’t create them. Many other modern words such as trinity, dinosaur, or Pixar are not in the Bible but we know that they exist. Bacteria were created early in Creation Week and were part of what was pronounced “very good” (Genesis 1:31). Due to Adam’s sin, all of creation was cursed to varying degrees; the genomic deterioration of microbes began at that time. We cannot know for certain that microbes immediately became pathogenic and began to kill living things right after the Fall, but we do know that the origin of “molecular” thorns and thistles could have happened at that time because of the thorns and thistles on plants (Genesis 3:17–18).
Epidemiology and Etiology of Germs on the Ark
If you visit the Ark Encounter today, there isn’t an exhibit dedicated to showing gruesome infectious diseases because there likely weren’t many infectious diseases during the days of Noah. While the number of infectious diseases were likely low, we know that there are some very ancient diseases still affecting mankind,8 such as syphilis,9 cholera,10 typhoid, pneumonia, tuberculosis,11 the plague, and leprosy.12 These infectious diseases could pose a problem by being on the Ark, seeing that these germs are extremely infectious with high rates of mortality. Furthermore, some of these infectious diseases are only found in humans. Therefore, either these germs were on the Ark in hidden form or skeptics are just grasping at straws to discredit God’s Word.
How Much Wood Could a Woodchuck Chuck If He Didn’t Have Any Intestinal Germs? (Not Much)
Clearly, there were myriad germs on the Ark. If each of the approximately 6,700 animals (per Ark Encounter’s estimation) on board the Ark carried approximately 10 billion germs, then that means there were approximately 70 trillion germs on the Ark.13 So it is very likely that there were a great variety of germs also present. With so many germs on the Ark, and most of them “very good,” I can think of four basic categories for the origin of infectious diseases since the time of the Flood.
Normal Turned Abnormal
Recently, secular microbiologists have suggested that we “ditch” the term pathogen because we now know that nearly every instance of infectious disease can be traced back to a normal, healthy germ.14 We already know that typhoid fever and the plague are members of bacterial families present in our intestine. In fact, we find that many pathogens exist as normal germs in animals like cattle, which typically are the primary source for human infection. Germs that are present in one animal source and cause disease in another animal are called zoonotic because they often infect humans from animal sources. Since the number of animals was very high on the Ark, the chances for infectious disease would also have been extremely high. Noah and his family were on the Ark for just over a year, but infectious diseases would usually cause death in significantly less time. The likelihood of these zoonotic germs causing disease at the time of the Flood must have been extremely low considering that all eight humans that boarded the Ark also stepped off the Ark (i.e., no one died on the Ark). In all actuality, these zoonotic germs probably didn’t cause disease until some time after the floodwaters receded.
Displaced from Normal
While many germs were living in association with normal animals present on the Ark, a number of ancient infectious diseases like cholera tell a different tale called displacement. Displacement happens when a normal germ found in the environment (e.g., dirty water) enters an animal host and causes disease. Cholera is normally found living in marine environments, living in close association with shellfish, and can enter our food chain, leading to disease. Noah wasn’t required to bring fish or shellfish on board the Ark because shellfish do not have the breath of life (i.e., everything on the Ark had the breath of life in it). Cholera wasn’t on the Ark because shellfish weren’t on the Ark. Displacement-style germs were not present on the Ark but such diseases were likely encountered after Noah got off the Ark, living in a turbulent environment reeling from the chaos of the Flood.
Already Normal Given Dangerous Opportunity
Another subcategory of germs living in association with their host includes those causing diseases like pneumonia. Most instances of pneumonia are caused by a germ that is part of our normal microbiota in our nasal cavity until the opportunity presents itself to enter our lungs and make us sick. As previously stated, Noah and at least his son Shem lived a long time after the Flood. Each of them likely were carrying some kind of infectious disease, but their bodies were in such good health that even minor disturbances like living on an Ark did nothing to their overall health. The possibility exists that Noah and his family were carrying a number of potentially harmful germs, but Noah and his family had bodies that were not as affected by cumulative years of sin and its effects as ours are today. Furthermore, there is strong evidence that the mutation rates sped up drastically after the Flood so that normal germs would also be changed into disease-causing germs in just a few generations.15
Unknown Original Function That Turned Wicked
The final category of germs on the Ark is the most difficult to explain. They are the ones that only make humans sick and are only found in humans. What makes these germs particularly difficult to understand in light of the Ark is that they cause sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Of the list of ancient diseases, STDs such as syphilis might initially seem difficult to explain in terms of how were they on the Ark. However, we have two likely explanations for diseases like syphilis being around during the time of the Flood.16
The first possibility for how STDs got a boarding pass on the Ark involves the wickedness of Noah’s day.17 We know that Noah found grace, but all eight people on the Ark were still sinners and (more importantly) Scripture is silent on the purity of the seven other people on the Ark (admittedly, this is biblical conjecture on my part, and an argument from silence is not as strong as an argument directly from the text). The days of Noah also included the days leading up to the Flood. During those last days before the Flood, many people were living impure lifestyles (Genesis 6:5). It is easy to overlook that Noah’s sons were alive when Abraham was alive, and Abraham had to deal with Lot in the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah. In theory, there were only a few generations between Noah and Abraham before God judged Sodom and Gomorrah for sexual immorality.
Another possible explanation for these diseases on the Ark is that STDs could be relatively new, coming into existence since the time of the Flood.18 We have to remember that Noah and his family probably did not see evidences of infectious diseases all around them the way that we do today. The patriarchs leading up to Noah all lived extremely long lives and likely did not use antibiotics. It is entirely reasonable that STDs came into existence sometime after the Flood, as most other forms of infectious diseases have (e.g., cholera, tuberculosis, or pneumonia). It is tempting to speculate that the physical point behind getting circumcised was to minimize transmission of STDs among God’s people. Therefore, the outward sign of being a Jew could also simultaneously serve as a way of preventing or transmitting an STD. We don’t know this for sure, but it wouldn’t be the first time that God protected His chosen people from sinful consequences (e.g., His instructions regarding inbreeding and, of course, the 10 Commandments).
Syphilis is the commonly cited ancient sexually transmitted disease to consider in light of both proposals for the origin of STDs and the Ark. We know syphilis was present in “ancient” man because Neanderthals had syphilis.19 (In using the word “ancient,” I am not meaning that this was millions or even tens of thousands of years ago, but that it was during the time of civilization a few thousand years ago.) Syphilis is not as severe of a disease today as it was in ancient times. Modern medicine has limited the disease so that it doesn’t progress to the latest stages when gummas are formed. Gummas are open sores known to affect the body and directly impact the skeleton by leaving behind scars on bones, which are how we know that Neanderthal had syphilis (from their bones). Neanderthal remains clearly show that they were sexually promiscuous since many had syphilis. Neanderthals were completely human; therefore, knowing when, where, and how they lived, it is entirely reasonable that Noah’s descendants may have been similar to Neanderthals in their sexual behaviors. We know that Neanderthals became prominent during the Ice Age shortly after the Flood. While we tend to think of the patriarchs as living admirable lives, they had shortcomings just like their contemporaries. The days of Noah within a couple short generations after the Flood could have been similar to today’s standards of sexual promiscuity and immorality.
In summary, the evolutionary origin of syphilis remains an enigma specifically because it is a spirochete germ, there are no close relatives to examine, it has a unique genome, and it does not fit traditional microbiology definitions (e.g., shape and size) used to support its evolutionary origin.20 In all honesty, neither evolutionists nor creationists can definitively conclude the origin of something like syphilis because there are too few clues. However, we can be certain it spread in a post-Flood world and is very ancient to the extent that it could date back as far as Noah’s family.
Biblical Infectious Disease: A Type of Sin
Most attacks on the Ark ultimately boil down to a spiritual problem and not a scientific problem. The Ark was a foreshadowing of Christ in that it was a means to be saved. But saved from what? Many in today’s society are comfortable with the idea of a God that created everything but stepped away from creation and left us to our own demise. This is not scriptural. Throughout Scripture, especially in the books of Moses, we see that diseases like leprosy are compared to the spiritual illness called sin (Leviticus 13:2–3; Matthew 8:2–3). The irony of pointing out apparent problems with certain diseases coming on the Ark is simultaneously a dismissal of God’s judgement of sin by the Flood and by His ultimate judgement of sin on the Cross. The sad part to this is that some people even go so far as to suggest that we don’t teach children about the reason for the judgment of the world—that sin is disgusting and unattractive before a holy God. We must clearly proclaim that the world that then existed before the Flood was a wicked place and that God judged their wickedness because of sin. Sin is always deserving of judgment, but we are not the judge of sin—God is
Among Christians, there is often incongruence between a desire to believe in the authority of Scripture and a desire to disregard the parts that step on our toes. The problem with actually believing in the totality of Scripture and God’s judgment of sin means that I must accept that I am a sinner deserving the same judgment because of my own personal sin.
The ultimate issue is one between man’s word and God’s Word. When we align our will with His, we will accept that our sinfulness is worthy of judgment. Our only salvation from the spiritual disease of sin is to accept the sin payment made by the Lord Jesus Christ. Praise the Lord for His provision of an Ark of salvation in the Lord Jesus. We can also praise the Lord that, though there were trillions of bacteria and microbes on the Ark, there weren’t more infectious diseases at that time or mankind would’ve been wiped out shortly after stepping off the Ark. | <urn:uuid:d7db5c30-02bd-4de2-b794-d16f46b9c341> | {
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This study of monopolies and trusts in England from Tudor days to the twentieth century was first published in 1909. It is a key text in the study of early capitalism and industrial organisation.
Part 1. Monopoly in the Days of Early Industrial Capitalism 1. The History of Early Capitalism 2. The Organization of Monopolies 3. Effects of Monopolies - Their Fall 4. Comparison with German Development Part 2. Free Trade and the Earliest Monopolist Combinations 5. The Doctrine of Free Competition 6. Monopolist Combinations in English Mining Part 3. The Modern Organization of English Industry on a Monopolist Basis 7. Introductory - Transition to the Present Time 8. The Sphere of Competition 9. Existing Monopolist Organizations in English History 10. Questions of Organization 11. Theoretical Conclusions and Criticisms. Appendices | <urn:uuid:a2ebaaa9-6a0a-4e5d-ae10-0ca59ea3d577> | {
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Effective responses to natural disasters require the rapid acquisition of information about where has been affected, how many people are in the affected areas and what the magnitude of the damage is. This information is critical in both disaster and emergency rescue management. Indeed, the first three days after the onset of a disaster has been dubbed the “72-hour golden rescue period”, after which the survival rate of victims sharply declines. With this in mind, the need for rapid data collection could not be more evident.
Aerial photography is a useful tool in determining which areas have been affected by an earthquake, but resolution may not always be adequate to determine the damage to buildings and infrastructure within them. For this, satellite technology provides a helping hand. For example, the spectral characteristics of a building can be used to determine whether or not it has been structurally damaged. There is, however, a time delay associated with gathering and analysing satellite data and it is ineffective for more minor quakes. More importantly though, these tools provide no indication of the number of people affected within these areas beyond the assumed population density (affected rural land is likely to have fewer people immediately at risk than in an affected urban area).So what options do we have for gathering this information in semi-real time (within the golden rescue period)? If mobile phone communications are not affected, information sent via text messages can provide fundamental support for search and rescue teams. Currently, the China Earthquake Administration has a platform designed to receive short text and voicemail messages about disasters using the number 12322. The problem lies in the rapid extraction of the most relevant details from these messages, so that useful information can be disseminated to people on the ground.
This is where Dr Jing Hai Xu and his team come in, as they have developed a method of using text messages to report and disseminate disaster information and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to analyse and extract details relevant to search and rescue teams.
The network is separated into country level, provincial level, and city level, with the smallest components being streets within a town or city. One reporter is enough to include the impact on a particular location in the disaster information network. One downside of the model, though, is that the reporters need to be formal local government employees. Whilst this measure is proposed to increase the reliability of reports, it vastly reduces the number of people that can feed into the network. Perhaps an alternative way of addressing the problem of reliability would be to only include information in the network after multiple reports of a similar incident are received from the same area. Here we are faced with new problems: what constitutes one area? Will reports of the same event from different observers be sufficiently similar to be picked up in the network? This also requires the contact details of the disaster network to be disseminated to a greater proportion of the population… perhaps Xu et al.’s approach is an effective one after all!
Now that that’s decided – how does it work? Principally, there are two kinds of nodes that help the network function: 1) edge nodes, these are the people responsible for reporting disaster information, and 2) central nodes, which correspond to the central earthquake office within each city and are responsible for collecting and disseminating information. After an earthquake, the city earthquake office (central node) contacts the reporters (edge nodes), asking for information about the impact of the disaster where they are. This information is fed back to the office and these central nodes pass the information on to the provincial offices and then on to the country’s government office so that appropriate action can be taken.
Having a simple code for different impacts helps collate useful information. In this model, the first number indicates the type of damage (e.g. 4 for damage to buildings) and the second indicates the severity (with 1 being low severity and 5 being high). So the code for a few damaged buildings would be 42, or 44 for a large quantity of damaged buildings, with some partially collapsed, etc. Here are the other codes:The collected information can then be displayed using GIS, a visual mapping program, which will regularly update to incorporate new reports and can be used to effectively inform search and rescue teams. Again, this can be achieved through sending text messages to relay disaster information to teams that are out on site. The only question remaining is how can we manage sending and receiving so many messages? There are 1048 reporters in the Changzhou network alone and handling a volume of messages this large requires something called a mobile agent server (MAS). A MAS is capable of sending nearly 100 messages per second – efficient enough to rapidly collate information following an earthquake and let officials take action. The 150 data principle (part of social network theory) is relevant here. This principle is based on the idea that people cannot stably maintain networks of more than 150 people; for the same reason, disaster management isn’t effective when there are more than 150 people in a network. Thus, reporters in the Changzhou network are subdivided to better relay information about the impacts of earthquakes on local people, buildings and infrastructure.
So there you have it – the key to disaster management success: send an SMS.
By Sara Mynott
Xu, J. H., Nie, G. Z., and Xu, X.: A digital social network for rapid collection of earthquake disaster information, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 385-394, doi:10.5194/nhess-13-385-2013, 2013 | <urn:uuid:6ac3ea81-dd52-4556-8c3e-018ee9127cd5> | {
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Plants Helped Ants Evolve, Harvard Study Finds
Plants and ants evolved together
Ants evolved far earlier than previously believed, as far back as 140 million to 168 million years ago - and they have plants to thank for their diversity, US researchers reported on Thursday.
A team at Harvard University who used a genetic clock to reconstruct the history of ants found the ant family first arose more than 40 million years earlier than previously thought, but did not diversify into different genera and species until flowering plants came onto the scene.
The study sheds light on one of the most important and numerous animals, which includes hundreds of different species.
"We estimate that ant diversification took off approximately 100 million years ago, along with the rise of flowering plants, the angiosperms," Naomi Pierce, a professor of biology who led the study, said in a statement.
"These plants provided ants with new habitats both in the forest canopy and in the more complex leaf litter on the forest floor, and the herbivorous insects that evolved alongside flowering plants provided food for ants."
Writing in the journal Science, the researchers said they reconstructed the ant family tree using DNA sequencing of six genes from 139 ant genera, encompassing 19 of 20 ant subfamilies around the world.
Such "molecular clocks" are widely used, alongside fossil and other evidence, to determine how old species are. They work on the basis that DNA mutates at a steady and calculable rate.
"Ants are a dominant feature of nearly all terrestrial ecosystems, and yet we know surprisingly little about their evolutionary history: the major groupings of ants, how they are related to each other, and when and how they arose," said graduate student Corrie Moreau. | <urn:uuid:887031ae-39e4-44b1-a4e4-bd840c777fa5> | {
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This is a photograph of altocumulus clouds.
Click on image for full size
Courtesy of UCAR Digital Image Library
Altocumulus clouds are part of the Middle Cloud
group. They are grayish-white with one part of the cloud
darker than the other. Altocumulus clouds usually form in groups.
Altocumulus clouds are about as wide as your thumb when you hold up your hand at arm's length to look at the cloud.
If you see altocumulus clouds on a warm sticky morning, then expect
thunderstorms by late afternoon.
Shop Windows to the Universe Science Store!Cool It!
is the new card game from the Union of Concerned Scientists that teaches kids about the choices we have when it comes to climate change—and how policy and technology decisions made today will matter. Cool It! is available in our online store
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Cirrocumulus clouds belong to the High Cloud group. They are small rounded puffs that usually appear in long rows. Cirrocumulus are usually white, but sometimes appear gray. Cirrocumulus clouds are the...more | <urn:uuid:18dfc9ad-164d-49f8-9518-a7ed8c5ed283> | {
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II Church History
In order to understand why the faith and practices of the Orthodox Church are so vastly different from those of most Western Christian denominations, it is important to look at the beginnings of the Church and her development throughout the centuries.
A. The Church: the Body of Christ, the Bride of Christ, Foretaste of the Kingdom
VIDEO – A History of Orthodox Christianity: Beginnings
B. The History of the Early Church
VIDEO – A History of Orthodox Christianity: Byzantium
C. Where did all These Churches Come From?
VIDEO – A History of Orthodox Christianity: A Hidden Treasure | <urn:uuid:48580e9a-88af-4951-9971-b3331580a2aa> | {
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WiSci (Women in Science) is an intensive summer STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics, Art and Design, Mathematics) camp that exposes teenage girls to the STEAM disciplines and career possibilities, builds leadership capabilities, and enhances cross-cultural awareness for high school girls from regions around the world. The goal of WiSci is to address the gender gap in education, particularly in STEAM disciplines, and to empower young women globally. The partnership works to achieve this by creating and delivering partner-led curriculum in STEAM, leadership, and empowerment to inspire and support young women interested in higher education and careers in the STEAM fields.
WiSci achieves the following objectives:
- Reduces the gender gap in education in regions where the USG and private sector have strategic interest;
- Effectively leverages funds, with USG funding accounting for less than 1/2 of the total camp costs;
- Showcases the power of public-private partnerships with more than 30 committed partners.
WiSci 2019 (Namibia, Ethiopia, Estonia, Kosovo): For the first time in its history, WiSci will host three full-scale camps in 2019, as well as one locally-driven WiSci camp in Namibia. The first full-scale camp will be in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia with girls from Ethiopia and the U.S.. Partners will include Girl Up, Google, Microsoft, NASA, American Society for Microbiology, and World Learning. The second camp will be held in Tallinn, Estonia with participants from Estonia, Georgia, Poland, Latvia, and the U.S.. Partners will include Girl Up, Intel, Google, NASA, and others. The third will be hosted in Pristina, Kosovo with girls from Kosovo, North Macedonia, Serbia, and the U.S.. Partners will include Girl Up, MCC, Intel, NASA and others.
Founded in 2015, WiSci is an annual approximately two-week long camp that brings together girls from around the world for an intensive program funded by private sector partners and the USG. Building on the success and interest in WiSci, S/GP is scaling the partnership to encompass more regions and camps per year, and is building the foundation for the partnership’s sustainability by establishing a secretariat.
WiSci 2015 (Rwanda): In 2015, the first WiSci Girls STEAM Camp brought together 130 girls from nine African countries and the United States for an opportunity to explore STEAM fields through a hands-on curriculum taught by real-world practitioners in Rwanda. Supporting partners included Intel, AOL Foundation, Microsoft, UN Foundation’s Girl Up, American Society for Microbiology (ASM), and others.
WiSci 2016 (Peru): Building on the success of WiSci 2015, a second camp brought together 115 girls from Peru, Chile, Mexico, and the United States. Partners such as Intel, Google, EMD Serono, Girl Up, ASM, and others conducted a curriculum that taught girls skills in coding, app development, robotics, and engineering.
WiSci 2017 (Malawi): In the summer of 2017, WiSci brought 100 girls from five African countries and the United States to Malawi, where participants learned how technology can be used to make a safer, more secure world, particularly in combatting gender-based violence. Partners included Intel, Google, EMD Serono, Girl Up, ASM, NASA, and others.
WiSci 2018 (Namibia & Georgia): WiSci 2018 saw the first summer of multiple WiSci camps with the first held in Windhoek, Namibia. WiSci Namibia brought together 100 African and included partners such as Intel, Google, Girl Up, NASA, and others. In August, 100 girls from Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, and the United States convened in Tbilisi, Georgia. WiSci Georgia was made possible by partners Intel, Google, Girl Up, and the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC).
For more information, please visit https://girlup.org/wisci/
For general inquiries about S/GP, email [email protected] | <urn:uuid:c5c0b2ad-1204-4b04-b767-3a8eb868d155> | {
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What essential items to include in an emergency preparedness (survival) kit to help you survive until help arrives.
Survival in nature is not all about life and death situations. If planning your equipment and clothing for personal comfort and convenience adds to your enjoyment of an excursion, they become additional benefits derived from learning about survival in the wild.
An emergency preparedness (survival) kit is an item to be carried while exploring on foot; whether you are engaged in a recreational activity or in coping with a survival problem, this simple, essential kit can make or break you.
The most important factor in an emergency preparedness kit is that the kit contains what you need to take care of YOU until help arrives. The most important things are those things that can be used for many purposes. Single-purpose items usually are not very important.
The key to this kit is to improvise and think about possible problems before they occur. Keep the things in your kit small and keep it with you. The best kit in the world can’t help you if you left it in the glove compartment of your car or back at camp. A basic kit will fit in your pocket within a band-aid box or a similar metal or sealed plastic container. The following are some suggestions and possible uses for various items. You can probably think of many more. Plan your kit well. Make it your own and tailor it to your needs.
The temptation may be to buy a ready-made one and some of these have some very useful items, but they are more expensive and can be quite dangerous. You will think you are prepared, but then if it comes to using it, you may not know what to do with the items. In an emergency situation, you will not want to sit down and read a “how to” booklet. On the other hand, if you plan your emergency preparedness kit yourself, the odds are that you will be thinking about how to solve a problem, not “what in the world is this thing for?”
Most items are easy to find in a drugstore or in a camping and backpacking store. A good deal of the items can be found around your home.
1. A Knife- sturdy 2 bladed. A Boy Scout variety is best because it is multi-use.
2. Several large leaf bags for instant body shelter from the sun or cold weather. Retail stores do sell convenient solar blankets that will provide the same protection. They come neatly folded into small packages and are inexpensive. This is one instance where store bought is superior.
3. A small signal mirror.
4. A dependable magnetic compass and the ability to use it. Don’t wait to be lost in the desert to try to learn how one is used.
5. Matches- 12 or more. Buy waterproof ones or waterproof them yourself by completely coating each match in wax or paraffin.
6. A police-type whistle.
7. A small magnifying lens.
8. Heavy thread -100 feet of 8 strand for snares, shelter building, repair, and improvised clothing.
9. Water purification tablets - at least a dozen. The iodine type is much more dependable than halazone. Keep them dry. The iodine type can also be dissolved and used as an antiseptic.
10. Aluminum foil for signaling. Aluminum can also be used for making into a cup or pot.
11. Razor blade - single edge.
12. Adhesive tape – for first aid purposes, clothing repair, tying, cactus removal.
13. Balloons - several large, bright-colored ones for carrying water, signaling. Protect them against heat by powdering them and rapping them in newspaper. Replace frequently as balloons will dry out.
14. Flint and steel - Practice using these to start a fire. This is something you must know how to do before you need to use them.
15. Candle stub - For drying out damp timber or for light. Wrap in foil and newspaper to prevent from melting in desert heat.
16. Pencil stub - Help rescue parties by leaving notes if you must move.
17. Cigarette papers - For writing on, for fire starting, and for trail markers.
18. Fish hooks for fishing.
19. Personal needs - such as medication.
Other items that can be carried on a person are a belt knife, a good map of the area, thirty feet or so of strong nylon cord, a canteen, a watch, and a firearm with ammunition if you are trained in its use. Consider carrying your gear in a small backpack. Weight carried in this manner is less tiring.
Put together this emergency preparedness (survival) kit before you need it. Even if it’s never used, it’s something you must have. | <urn:uuid:6312c423-1d98-42b8-b14a-1e9e104fe7eb> | {
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This week in Kindergarten...
•The class has shown interest in learning about space, so today, we are going to do just that! So excited to read books and play games about SPACE! (I always wanted to be an astronaut when I was a little girl.)
•We will learn about maps and read so many fun pirate stories this week!
• We will continue working on the following math skills: counting to 100 by 1s and 10s, recognizing shapes and counting objects.
Please continue reading the books that come home with your child each night. This extra practice will help them with their fluency as well as comprehension. Thank you for your support! | <urn:uuid:3a128f54-0503-47a1-8c73-8ba19b508198> | {
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What is Compost:
Compost is organic matter that has been decomposed and recycled as a fertilizer and soil amendment.Compost can be rich in nutrients.It is used as garden,landscaping,horticulture & agriculture.
Types of Compost:
There are three major types of Manure.
- Green manure:
- Green Manures increase the percentage of organic matter in the soil.
- The root systems of some varieties of green manure grow deep in the soil.
- Common cover crop functions of weed suppression and prevention of soil erosion.
- Farmyard manure:
- Farm yard manure has been used as a fertilizer for farming,as it improve the soil structure.
- Its holding more nutrients and water.
- FYM also encourages soil microbial activity which promotes the soil’s trace mineral supply ,improve plant nutrients.
- Compost manure:
- Improved water retention.
Improved soil structure.
Increased nutrient value.
Improved nutrient holding capacity.
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History of Warren County, H. P. Smith
Chapter III: Indian Occupation
This transcription was produced through the use of Readiris Pro 11 OCR software. Contributed by Tim Varney.
Original Possessors of the Soil - Relative Positions of the Algonquins and Iroquois - A Great Battle-Field - Evidences of Prolonged and Bloody Conflict - The Eastern Indians - Traditionary Origin of the Iroquois Confederacy - Peculiarities of the League - Personal Characteristics - Jesuit Labors among the Indians - Names of the Missionaries - Their Unselfish but Fruitless Work - The St. Francis Indians - Indian Nomenclature.
The Page 31 territory of which this work treats was probably never permanently occupied to any great extent by nations or tribes of Indians; that it formed a part of their hunting-grounds and was especially used as a highway between hostile northern and western nations is well settled. At the time that Page 32 Samuel de Champlain made his memorable voyage up Lake Champlain and possibly penetrated to near the waters of Lake George (July, 1609), the territory now embraced in the northern part of the State of New York formed the frontier, the debatable ground, between the Algonquin (or Adirondack) Indians on the north, and the Iroquois on the south. Champlain found a tradition among the Indians along the St. Lawrence that many years previously they possessed the territory far to the southward, but were driven out of it by the powerful Iroquois. The waters of Lake George, almost uniting with those of Lake Champlain, and extending almost from the doors of the "Long House" of the Iroquois to the St. Lawrence river, was doubtless the natural war-path between the northern Indians (1) and their powerful southern neighbors.
1. These northern Indians are known under the general national title of Algonquins; also as Hurons. The name "Montagners " was applied, according to Dr. O'Callaghan, to all the St. Lawrence Indians, and was derived from a range of mountains extending northwesterly from near Quebec; but this must have been a local title. The name "Adirondack" is defined as meaning "wood, or tree, eaters." Its origin is ascribed to the Iroquois, who, after having conquered the former occupants of their territory and driven them northward, taunted them with no longer being brave and strong enough to kill game in the forests and they would, therefore, be compelled to "eat barks and trees." Mr. Lossing says, "the Algonquins were a large family occupying (at the advent of the Europeans) all Canada, New England, a part of New York and Pennsylvania; all New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland and Virginia; eastern North Carolina above Cape Fear; a large part of Kentucky and Tennessee and all north and west of those States and East of the Mississippi. They were the most powerful of the eight distinct Indian nations in possession of the country when discovered by the whites. Within the folds of this nation were the Huron-Iroquois, occupying a greater portion of Canada south of the Ottawa river and the region between Lake Ontario, Lakes Erie and Huron, nearly all of the State of New York and a part of Pennsylvania and Ohio, along the southern shore of Lake Erie."
To this latter-named nation (the Iroquois) belonged the territory now embraced in Warren county, at the advent of the whites, more than to any other division of the aborigines; and more particularly to the Mohawk tribe, the easternmost of the five composing the great Iroquois League. This was their hunting-ground, and later their memorable battle-field. The waters of Lakes George and Champlain formed the natural war-path between the hostile savage elements north and south in their sanguinary incursions. Nature had given to much of the face of the country hereabouts a character so rugged and inaccessible, that it could not in any event have formed a chosen spot for the Indians permanently to occupy; which fact, added to the other still more forcible one, that it was the frontier, the fighting ground, between the hostile nations, sufficiently justify the belief that no permanent Indian settlement was ever made within the present boundaries of the county. Almost the whole of northeastern New York is a labyrinth of mountains, lakes and streams, once covered by an unusually heavy forest growth. It abounded in game and fish of all kinds, and may well have been the resort of the red man in his grand hunts; but as far as can be known, it offered him no permanent abiding-place, and many of the conflicts which have left their impress upon the history of the county since its discovery and occupation by Europeans, found hereabouts Page 33 their bloody theatre, and opened the way to the eventual triumph of the present occupants of the soil.
"The evidences of these conflicts are found imbedded along the banks of every stream, and beneath the soil of every carrying-place from Albany to Montreal. Arrow and spear-heads, knives, hatchets, gouges, chisels, amulets, and calumets, are, even to this late day, often found in the furrow of the plowman or the excavation of the laborer. Few localities have furnished a more abundant yield of these relics than the soil of Queensbury. While gun-flints and bullets, spear-heads and arrow-points are found broadcast and at large through the town, there are places abounding with them. Among the most noteworthy of these may be enumerated 'the Old Bill Harris's camp ground,' in Harrisena, the headlands around Van Wormer's, Harris's, and Dunham's Bays on Lake George, the Round Pond near the Oneida, the Ridge, the vicinity of the Long Pond, the banks of the Meadow Run and Carman's Neck at the opening of the Big Bend. This last was long noted as a runway for deer and traditions are handed down of grand hunting frolics at this point, where large quantities of game were hunted and driven within the bend, and while a small detachment of hunters served to prevent their retreat, the imprisoned game, reluctant to take the water down the precipitous bluffs, was captured or killed at their leisure. At this point, and also in the neighborhood of Long Pond, fragments of Indian pottery, and culinary utensils of stone, have been found in such profusion, as to give coloring to the conjecture that large numbers of the natives may have resorted to these attractive spots, for a summer residence and camping-ground. The old wilderness trails, and military thoroughfares, the neighborhood of block-houses, picket posts, garrison grounds, and battle-fields, in addition to their Indian antiquities have yielded many evidences of civilized warfare, in their harvests of bullets and bomb shells, buttons, buckles, bayonets, battered muskets and broken swords, axes, and tomahawks of steel; chain and grape shot, coins, cob-money and broken crockery. Such relics are often valuable as the silent witnesses to the truth of tradition, and the verification of history.
"The eastern part of New York, at a period long anterior to the Iroquois ascendency, was occupied by a tribe variously known as the Ma-hick-an-ders, Muh-hea-kan-news, Mo-hea-cans, and Wa-ra-na-wan-kongs. The territory subject to their domination and occupancy, extended from the Connecticut to the Hudson as far north as the southern extremity of Lake George. According to Schoolcraft, these Indians were among the tribes of the Algonquin stock. At the period of their greatest power, their national council fire was held on the ground now covered by the city of Albany, which was then known to them by the name of Pem-pot-a-wut-hut, signifying the fireplace of the nation. The word Muh-ha-a-kun-nuck, from which the word Mohican is derived, means a great water or sea that is constantly in motion, either flowing or ebbing. Page 34 Their traditions state that they originally came from a country very far to the west, where they lived in towns by the side of a great sea. In consequence of a famine they were forced to leave their homes, and seek a new dwelling place far away to the east. They, with the cognate tribes of Manhattans, Pequots, Narragansetts and Nipmucks, occupied the whole peninsula of New England from the Penobscot to Long Island Sound. The Brotherton community, and the Stockbridge tribe, now constitute the sole remnant of this once numerous people. Previous to the establishment of the Dutch colonies in this State the Mohicans had been driven eastwardly by the Iroquois, and, at the time of their first intercourse with the whites, were found in a state of tributary alliance with that fierce people. The early attachment which was formed with the first English colonists of Connecticut by the politic Mohicans, no doubt contributed in a great measure to their preservation during the harassing wars which prevailed through the colonial peninsula for the first fifty years of its settlement.
"The Schaghticoke Indians received their name from the locality where they dwelt, derived, according to Spafford, from the Indian term Scaugh-wank, signifying a sand slide. To this, the Dutch added the terminal, cook. The evidences of the early Dutch occupancy exist to-day in the current names of the tributaries of the Hudson as far up as Fort Edward Creek. The settlement of this tribe was seated on the Hoosick River not far from the town bearing the same name. The hunting grounds of this vicinity, as far north as Lake George, for many years after the first white man had erected his rude habitation within this disputed border, were occupied by the Schaghticokes, under permission of the Mohawks, who owned the lands, and with whom they were upon friendly terms." (1)
1. Holden's History of Queensbury.
As we have intimated, at the time of the French discovery and occupation of Canada, the Mohawks were in the ascendency in this region, and had, it is believed, extended their dominion to the St. Lawrence. They were the most powerful and warlike of the Five Nations (Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayuga and Senecas) composing the Iroquois Confederacy, which was located across the State from east to west in the order here named. The tradition of the origin of this remarkable confederation ascribes it to Hiawatha, who was the incarnation of wisdom, about the beginning of the fifteenth century. He came from his celestial home to dwell with the Onondagas, where he taught the related tribes all that was desirable to promote their welfare. Under his immediate tutelage the Onondagas became the wisest counselors, the bravest warriors and the most successful hunters. While Hiawatha was thus quietly living, the tribes were attacked by a powerful enemy from the north, who laid waste their villages and slaughtered men, women and children indiscriminately; utter destruction seemed inevitable. In this extremity they turned to HiawathaPage 35 who, after thoughtful contemplation, advised a grand council of all that could be gathered of the tribes, saying, "our safety is not alone in the club and dart, but in wise counsels." (1) The counsel was held on Onondaga Lake and the fires burned for three days awaiting the presence of Hiawatha. He was troubled with forebodings of ill-fortune and had resolved not to attend the council; but in response to the importunities of messengers, he set out with his beautiful daughter. Approaching the council he was welcomed by all, who then turned their eyes upward to behold a volume of cloudy darkness descending among them. All fled except Hiawatha and his daughter, who calmly awaited the impending calamity. Suddenly and with a mighty swoop a huge bird, with long and distended wings, descended upon the beautiful maiden and crushed her to death, itself perishing with the collision. For three days and nights Hiawatha gave himself up to exhibitions of the most poignant grief. At the end of that period he regained his wonted demeanor and took his seat in the council, which, after some deliberation, adjourned for one day. On the following day Hiawatha addressed the council, giving to each of the Five Nations its location and degree of importance, as we have already noted. The advice of the venerable sage was deliberated upon until the next day, when the celebrated league of the Iroquois was formed and its details perfected.
Whether or not there is any foundation in fact for this traditionary source of the confederacy, it grew into one of the most remarkable and powerful combinations known to history, a marvel to civilized nations and stamping the genius that gave it birth as of the highest order.
The tradition further relates that Hiawatha now considered his mission on earth as ended and delivered to his brothers a farewell address, which concluded as follows: "Lastly, I have now assisted you to form an everlasting league and covenant of strength and friendship for your future safety and protection. If you preserve it, without the admission of other people, you will always be free, numerous and mighty. If other nations are admitted to your councils they will sow jealousies among you and you will become enslaved, few and feeble. Remember these words; they are the last you will hear from the lips of Hiawatha. Listen, my friends, the Great Master of Breath calls me to go. I have patiently awaited his summons. I am ready; farewell." As his voice ceased the air was musical with sweet sounds, and while they listened to the melody. Hiawatha was seen seated in his white canoe, rising in mid air till the clouds shut out the sight, and the melody, gradually becoming fainter, finally ceased. (2)
2. Both reason and tradition point to the conclusion that the Iroquois originally formed one undivided people. Sundered, like countless other tribes, by dissension, caprice, or the necessities of a hunter's life, they separated into five distinct nations. - Parkman's Jesuits.
By the early French writers, the Mohawks and the Oneidas were styled the lower or inferior Iroquois; while the Onondagas, Cayugas and Senecas were denominated the upper or superior Iroquois, because they were located near the sources of the St. Lawrence. To the Mohawks was always accorded the high consideration of furnishing the war captain, or "Tekarahogea," of the confederacy, which distinguished title was retained with them until the year 1814. - Clark's Onondaga.Page 36
Previous to the formation of the Iroquois confederacy each of the five nations composing it was divided into five tribes. When the union was established, each tribe transferred one-fifth of its numbers to every other nation than its own. The several tribes thus formed were named as follows: Tortoise, Wolf, Bear, Beaver, Deer, Potato, Snipe, Heron. The Snipe and Heron correspond with the great and little Plover, and the Hawk with the Eagle of the early French writers. Some authors of repute omit the name of the Potato tribe altogether. These tribes were formed into two divisions, the second subordinate the first, which was composed of the four first named. Each tribe constituted what may be called a family and its members who were all considered brothers and sisters, were also brothers and sisters of the members of all the other tribes having the same device. It will be seen that an indissoluble bond was thus formed by the ties of consanguinity, which was still further strengthened by the marriage relation. It was held to be an abomination for two persons of the same tribe to intermarry; every individual family must therefore contain members from at least two tribes. The child belonged to the tribe, or clan, of the mother, not to the father, and all rank, titles and possessions passed through the female line. The chief was almost invariably succeeded by a near relative, and always on the female side; but if these were unfit, then a council of the tribe chose a successor from among remoter kindred, in which case he was nominated by the matron of the late chief's household. The choice was never made adverse to popular will. Chiefs and sachems held their offices only through courteous, winning behavior and their general good qualities and conduct. There was another council of a popular character, in which anyone took part whose age and experience qualified him to do so; it was merely the gathered wisdom of the nation. The young warriors also had their councils; so, too, did the women. All the government of this "remarkable example of an almost pure democracy in government" (1) was exercised through councils, which were represented by deputies in the councils of the sachems. In this peculiar blending of individual, tribal, national and federal interests, lay the secret of that immense power which for more than a century resisted the hostile efforts of the French; which caused them for nearly a century to be alike courted and feared by the contending French and English colonies, and enabled them to exterminate or subdue their neighboring Indian nations, until they were substantially dictators of the continent, (2) gaining them the title of "The Romans of the New World."
2. The Iroquois league or confederacy was given an Indian name signifying, "They form a cabin," which was fancifully changed to "The Long House," the eastern door of which was kept by the Mohawks, and the western by the Senecas, with the great council fire in the center, with the Onondagas.Page 37
The military dominated the civil power in the league, and the army, which was supplied by volunteers, was always full. Every able bodied man was subject to military duty, to shirk which was an everlasting cause of disgrace. The warriors called councils when they saw fit and approved or disapproved of public measures. But their knowledge of what is now considered military science, while vastly better than that of many of their neighbors, was insignificant, when viewed from a modern civilized standpoint. They seldom took advantage of their great numbers and acted in concert as a great confederacy, but usually carried on their warfare in detached tribes or parties. Their bravery, however, and their strategy in their peculiar methods of fighting, are unquestioned. In the forest they were a terrible foe, while in an open country they could not successfully contend with European disciplined soldiery; but they made up for this to a large extent, by their self-confidence, vindictiveness and overwhelming desire for ascendency and triumph. There is considerable difference in the writings of authors as to the true military status of the Iroquois. (1)
1. They reduced war to a science and all their movements were directed by system and policy. They never attacked a hostile country till they had sent out spies to explore and designate its vulnerable points, and when they encamped they observed the greatest circumspection to guard against surprise. Whatever superiority of force they might have, they never neglected the use of stratagem, employing all the crafty wiles of the Carthaginians. - De Witt Clinton.
The Iroquois lacked the great welding and cohesive power of a common language, all of the tribes having a distinct dialect, bearing a striking resemblance to each other, and evidently derived from a common root. Of these the Mohawk was the most harsh and guttural, and the language of the Senecas the most euphonious. In their ordinary conversation there was a great range of modulation in the inflections of the voice, while expressive pantomime and vehement gestures helped to eke out the meagerness of their vernacular on the commonest occasions. Their proper names were invariably the embodiments of ideas, and their literature. as contained in their oft repeated legends, and the well remembered eloquence of their gifted orators, abounded with the most sublime imagery, and striking antitheses, which were drawn at will by these apt observers of nature, from the wild scenes, and picturesque solitudes with which they were most familiar.
While the Iroquois Indians were superior in mental capacity and less improvident than the Algonquins and other nations, there is little indication that they were ever inclined to improve the conditions in which they were found by the Europeans. They were closely attached to their warrior and hunter life; hospitable to friends, but ferocious and cruel to their enemies; of no mean mental capacity, but devoting their energies to the lower, if not the lowest, forms of enjoyment and animal gratification; they had little regard for the marriage tie and lasciviousness and unchastity were the rule; their dwellings, even among the more stationary tribes, were rude, their food gross and poor Page 38 and their domestic habits and surroundings unclean and barbaric; their dress was ordinarily of skins of animals, until the advent of the whites, and was primitive in character; woman was degraded into a mere beast of burden; while they believed in a supreme being, they were powerfully swayed by superstition, incantations by "medicine men," dreams and the like; their feasts were exhibitions of debauchery and gluttony.
Such are some of the more prominent characteristics of the race encountered by Samuel Champlain when he floated up the beautiful lake that bears his name two hundred and seventy-five years ago and welcomed them with the first volley of bullets from deadly weapons - a policy that has been followed with faithful pertinacity by his civilized successors. These Indians possessed redeeming features of character and practice; but these were so strongly dominated by the barbaric way of living and their savage traits, that years of faithful missionary labor among them by the Jesuits and others, was productive of little good. (1)
1. In 1712 Rev. Wm. Andrews was sent among the Mohawks by the society for propagating the gospel, to succeed Rev. Thoroughgood Moor; but he abandoned the work in 1719, failing in it as his predecessor had. Says Hammond's History of Madison County, "He became discouraged and asked to be recalled, saying, 'there is no hope of making them better - heathen they are and heathen they still must be.'" This is but one example of most of the missionary efforts among the Indians.
The Society of Jesus, or Jesuits, was founded in 1539 and planted the cross amid the most discouraging circumstances, overcoming almost insurmountable obstacles, in Europe, Asia, Africa and America. When Champlain opened the way for French dominion in the latter country, the task of bearing the Christian religion to the natives was assigned to this noble and unselfish body of devotees. While their primary object was to spread the gospel, their secondary and scarcely less influential purpose, was to extend the dominion of France. Within three years after the restoration of Canada to France in 1736, there were fifteen Jesuit priests in the province, and they rapidly increased and extended their labors to most of the Indian nations on the continent, including the powerful Iroquois.
In 1654, when peace was temporarily established between the French and the Five Nations, Father Dablon was permitted to found a mission and build a chapel in the Mohawk Valley. The chapel was built in a day. "For marbles and precious metals," he wrote, "we employed only bark; but the path to Heaven is as open through a roof of bark as through arched ceilings of silver and gold." War was again enkindled and the Jesuits were forced to flee from the Iroquois; but their labors never ceased while opportunity was afforded.
There were twenty-four missionaries who labored among the Iroquois between the years 1657 and 1769. We are directly interested only in those who sought converts among the Mohawks. These were Isaac Jogues, the recital of whose career in the Indian country forms one of the most thrilling chapters of history. He was with the Mohawks as a prisoner from August, 1642, to Page 39 the same month of the next year, and as a missionary with the same nation in 1646, in October of which year he was killed. Simon Le Moyne was with the Mohawks about two months in 1655; again in 1656 and the third time from August, 1657 to May, 1658. He died in Canada in 1665. Francis Joseph Bressani was imprisoned by the Mohawks about six months in 1644. Julien Garnier was sent to the Mohawks in May, 1668 and passed on to the Onondagas and Senecas. Jacques Bruyas came from the Onondagas to the Mohawks in July, 1667, left for the Oneidas in September and returned in 1672, remaining several years. Jacques Fremin came in July, 1667, and remained about a year. Jean Pierron was sent in the same year and also remained about one year. Francis Boniface labored here from 1668 to 1673, when he was succeeded by Francis Vaillant de Gueslis.
These faithful missionaries were followed in later years by such noble workers as Rev. Henry Barclay, John Ogilvie, Revs. Messrs. Spencer, Timothy Woodbridge and Gideon Hawley, Rev. Dr. Eleazer Wheelock, Rev. Samuel Kirkland, Bishop Hobart, Rev. Eleazer Williams, Rev. Dan Barnes (Methodist) and others of lesser note, all of whom labored faithfully and with varying degrees of perseverance, for the redemption of the Iroquois. But all were forced to admit that their efforts as a whole were unsatisfactory and discouraging. (1)
1. The Rev. Mr. Kirkland, who acts as missionary among the Oneidas, has taken all the pains that man can take, but his whole flock are Indians still, and like the bear which you can muffle and lead out to dance to the sound of music, becomes again a bear when his muffler is removed and the music ceases. The Indians will attend public worship and sing extremely well, following Mr. Kirkland's notes; but whenever the service is over, they wrap themselves in their blankets, and either stand like cattle on the sunny side of a house, or lie before a fire. - Doc. History.
Mr. Kirkland was one of the very ablest and most self-sacrificing of the missionaries, and what he could not accomplish in his work, it may safely be concluded others could not. In reference to his labors, an anonymous writer in the Massachusetts Historical Collection (1792) says: "I cannot help being of the opinion that Indians . . . never were intended to live in a state of civilized society. There never was, I believe, an instance of an Indian forsaking his habits and savage manners, any more than a bear his ferocity."
Later religious and educational work among the Indians, even down to the present time, while yielding, perhaps, sufficient results to justify its prosecution, has constantly met with most discouraging obstacles among the tribes themselves.
The advent of European nations to the American continent was the forerunner of the downfall of the Iroquois Confederacy and doubtless the ultimate extinction of the Indian race. The French invasion of 1693 and that of three years later, cost the confederacy half of its warriors; their allegiance to the British crown (with the exception of the Oneidas) in the Revolutionary War, proving to be an allegiance with a failing power, - these causes, operating with the dread of vengeance from the American colonists who had so frequently suffered at the hands of the savages, broke up the once powerful league and scattered itsPage 40 members to a large extent, upon the friendly soil of Canada, or left them at the mercy of the State and general government, which consigned them to reservations.
The St. Francis Indians are, according to Dr. Holden's work before quoted, descended from the once powerful Androscoggins, a branch of the great Abenakies, or Tarrateens, which at one time held sway over the entire territory embraced in the peninsula of Nova Scotia, Maine and Eastern Canada.
Through the indefatigable efforts of Father Rasles, who dwelt among these tribes for more than twenty years, a flourishing mission was established in the early part of the eighteenth century, at Nar-rant-souk on the river Kennebeck. This settlement speedily became the rallying point for the French and Indians in their descents upon the frontier settlements of New Hampshire and Massachusetts. The danger from this quarter at length became so imminent and pressing, that an expedition was finally planned for its destruction. A force of two hundred men, with a detachment of Indian allies, was fitted out in the summer of 1724, under the leadership of Captains Moulton and Harman of York. The village was invested. The attack was a surprise. Father Rasles and about thirty of the Abenaki warriors were killed, and the remainder dispersed. The survivors of this relentless massacre, with the remainder of the tribe, fled to the mission village of St. Francis, situated upon the lake of that name at the head of the St. Francis River. The frequent accessions of fugitives to their ranks, due to the active, aggressive policy of the English, so increased their numbers, that they soon became known as the St. Francis tribe. Under the training of their priests they speedily became a powerful ally of the French, co-operating with the predaceous bands of half savage habitants, kept the English border settlements in terror and trepidation for a space of twenty-five years. In the notable campaign of 1757 a large party of them accompanied Montcalm in his expedition against Fort William Henry, at the southern extremity of Lake George, and were participants in the fearful and fiendish massacre which followed the surrender of that fort. They were doomed, however, to a reprisal and vengeance, swift, thorough and effective. Immediately subsequent to the successes of General Amherst in 1759, the distinguished partisan, Major Robert Rogers, was dispatched with a force of two hundred picked men from his corps of rangers, to demolish the settlement, and chastise the tribe for its complicity in the frightful massacres of the three preceding campaigns. Proceeding with caution and celerity, the village was surrounded before an alarm was given, and after a brief, sharp contest, the place was reduced and the inhabitants, without respect to age or sex, were ruthlessly put to the sword. The dwellings and fortifications, together with a valuable church, fitted up with costly decorations and embellishments, were committed to the flames, and destroyed.
Adirondack. - According to Schoolcraft this name signifies "Bark-eaters." It was a party from this tribe that accompanied Champlain upon his journey into the country of the Iroquois. The name may be said to apply to the Indians who dwelt along the Canada shore of the St. Lawrence River.
Aganuschion. - Black mountain range, as the Indians called this Adirondack group. - Lossing.
Andiatorocte. - The place where the lake contracts. A name applied to Lake George. - Dr. O'Callaghan.
Aquanuschioni. - The united people. A name by which the Iroquois designated themselves. - Drake's Book of the Indians.
Atalapose. - A sliding place. Roger's Rock on Lake George. The Indians entertained a belief that witches or evil spirits haunt this place, and seizing upon the spirits of bad Indians, on their way to the happy hunting grounds, slide down the precipitous cliff with them into the lake where they are drowned. - Sabattis in Holden's History of Queensbury.
Ausable Forks. - "Tei-o-ho-ho-gen," the forks of the river.
Bald Peak. - (North Hudson) "O-no-ro-no-rum," bald head.
Cahohatatea. - Iroquois for North or Hudson River. - Dr. Mitchell, Annals of Albany.
Canada. - From Kanata, a village. - Dr. Hough. Drake gives one Josselyn, an early writer, as authority for its derivation as Can, mouth, and Ada, country. Other derivations are also given.
Caniaderi Guarante. - A name given to Lake Champlain, meaning "The gate of the country."
Caniaderi-Oit. - "The tail of the lake," i. e., Lake Champlain. This name has been applied to Lake George, and also to that portion of Champlain below Ticonderoga.
Cancuskee. - Northwest Bay, Lake George. So called on a map of the Middle British Provinces, 1776. - Holden's Queensbury.
Cataraqui. - Ancient name of Kingston. - Hough. The St. Lawrence River, signifying a fort in the water. - Holden.
Champlain. - "Ro-tsi-ich-ni," the coward spirit. The Iroquois are said to have originally possessed an obscure mythological notion of three supreme beings, or spirits, the good spirit, the bad spirit, the coward spirit. The latter inhabited an island in Lake Champlain, where it died, and from this it derived the name above given. - Hough.
Chateaugay. - This is by some supposed to be an Indian name; but it is French, meaning gay castle. The St. Regis Indians call it "O-sar-he-hon," a place so close or difficult that the more one tries to extricate himself the worse he is off. This probably relates to the narrow gorge near Chateuagay village.Page 42
Cheonderoga. - One of the several names applied to Ticonderoga. Signifies, three rivers.
Chepontuc. - A difficult place to climb or get around. An Indian name of Glens Falls. - Sabattis, in Holden's History of Queensbury.
Chicopee. - A large spring. Indian name of Saratoga Springs. - Ibid.
Conchsachraga - The great wilderness. An Indian term applied to the wild track north of the Mohawk and west of Lakes George and Champlain. Pownal's Topographical Description.
Flume of the Opalescent River. - "Gwi-en-dau-qua," a hanging spear.
Ganaouske. - Northwest Bay, on Lake George. - Col. Hist. Judging from analogy, this should mean the battle place by the water side. - Holden's Queensbury.
Glens Falls. - Mentioned on a French map published at Quebec, 1748, by the name of "Chute de Quatrevingt Pds." - Doc. Hist.
Hochelaga. - This name was applied by the Algonquins to the site now occupied by Montreal, and also to the St. Lawrence River. Hough suggests its derivation from Oserake, a beaver dam. - Hist. St. Lawrence and Franklin Counties, p. 181.
Houtkill. - Dutch name of Wood Creek. - Doc. Hist. of N. Y, vol. II., p. 300.
Huncksoock. - The place where everybody fights. A name given by the nomadic Indians of the north to the upper falls on the outlet of Lake George. - Sabattis.
Kaniadarosseras. - Hence Kayaderosseras, the lake country. - Colonial Hist. N. Y., vol. VII, p. 436.
Kaskongshadi. - Broken water, a swift rapid on the Opalescent river. - Lossing's Hudson, p. 33.
Kayaderoga. - A name of Saratoga lake. - Butler's Lake George, etc
Kayaderosseras. - A name applied to a large patent or land grant, stream and a range of mountains in Saratoga county, N. Y. In the Calendar of N. Y Land Papers, it is variously written Caniaderosseros, Caneaderosseras, Kanyaderossaros, Cayaderosseras, said to mean "The crooked stream." Other authorities give its meaning as "The lake country."
Kingiaquahtonec. - A portage of a stone's throw or two in length between Wood Creek and Fort Edward Creek, near Moss street in Kingsbury. - Evans's Analysis, p. 19.
Miconacook. - A name of the Hudson river. - Sabele.
Mohawk, from Mauqua or Mukwa, a bear. - Schoolcraft's Notes on the Iroquois, p. 73.
Mount Marcy. - Tahawus, "He splits the sky."
Mount McIntyre. - He-no-ga, "Home of the thunder."
Mount Colden. - "On-no-war-lah," scalp mountain, from the baring of the rocky peak by slides.Page 43
Mount Pharaoh. - "On-de-wa," black mountain.
Oiogue. - The Indian (Mohawk) name of the Hudson north of Albany. - Hist. of New Netherland, II, 300.
Oneadalote Tecarneodi. - The name of Lake Champlain on Morgan's map.
Onderiguegon. - The Indian name for the drowned lands on Wood Creek near Fort Anne, Washington county, N. Y. It signifies conflux of waters. - From a Map of the Middle British Colonies by T. Pownal, M. P., 1776.
Ongwehonwe. - A people surpassing all others. The name by which the Iroquois designated themselves.
Ossaragas. - Wood Creek, emptying into the head of Lake Champlain. - Top. Descrip. of the Middle British Colonies, Map, T. Pownal, 1776.
Oswegatchie, or Oghswagatchie with a dozen other different spellings. - "An Indian name," the historian James Macauley, informed the author, "which signifies going or coming round a hill. The great bend in the Oswegatchie river (or the necessity of it), on the borders of Lewis county, originated its significant name. An Indian tribe bearing the name of the river, once lived upon its banks; but its fate, like that of many sister tribes, has been to melt away before the progression of the Anglo-Saxon." - Simms's Trappers of N Y., p. 249, note. According to a writer in the Troy Times of July 7th, 1866, it is a Huron word signifying black water. Sabattis defined it as meaning slow and long.
Oukorlah. - Indian name of Mount Seward, signifying the big-eye. - C. F. Hoffman.
Ounowarlah . -Scalp Mountain. Supposed to refer to that peak of the Adirondacks known as Whiteface Mountain. - C. F. Hoffman in The Vigil of Faith.
Petaonbough. - "A double pond or lake branching out into two." An Indian name of Lake Champlain, which refers probably to its connection with Lake George. - R. W. Livingston, quoted in Watson's Hist. Essex Co., N. Y.
Petowahco. - Lake Champlain. - Sabele.
Raquette. - "The chief source of the Raquette is in the Raquette Lake, towards the western part of Hamilton county. Around it, the Indians in the ancient days gathered on snow-shoes in the winter, to hunt the moose then found there in large droves, and from that circumstance they named it Raquet, the equivalent in French, for snow-shoes in English. This is the account of the origin of its name given by the French Jesuits who first explored that region. Others say that its Indian name Ni-ha-na-wa-le, means a racket or noise, noisy river, and spell it Racket. But it is no more noisy than its near neighbor the Grass River which flows into the St. Lawrence from the bosom of the same wilderness." - Lossing's Hudson, p. 11.
Rotsichini. - An Indian name of Lake Champlain signifying the coward Page 44 spirit. An evil spirit, according to the legend, whose existence terminated on an island in Lake Champlain. The name was thence derived to the lake.
Santanoni. - " Si-non-bo-wanne," the great mountain. This name is also said to be a corruption or condensation of St. Anthony.
Schroon. - "Sea-ni-a-dar-oon," a large lake. Abbreviated first to Scaroon and then to Schroon. This is a Mohawk word which appears in the old land papers, applied to Schroon Lake. In addition, Ska-ne-ta-no-wa-na, the largest lake. Also, Scarona, the name of an Indian girl who leaped over a precipice from her French lover and was drowned. It has been alleged, on what seems a very slender foundation, that the name was conferred in the latter part of the 17th century by a wandering party of Frenchmen in honor of Madame de Maintenon the wife of the poet Scarron. - Holden.
Schroon River. - "Gain-bou-a-gwe," crooked river.
Saratoga. - Vide General Index to documents relating to the history of the State of New York for seventeen different spellings of this word. See Calendar of N. Y. Land Papers, where it is found spelled Saragtoga, Saraghtoga, Saraghtogue, etc. Morgan renders it on his map in the League of the Iroquois Sharlatoga. Hough, in the Hist. of St. Lawrence and Franklin Counties, has it Saratake, while Ruttenber, in his Indian Tribes of the Hudson, on what authority is not stated, derives it from Saragh, salt, and Oga a place, though he adds that "the name was originally applied to the site of Schuylerville, and meant swift water" an assertion which greatly impairs the value of the preceding statement. Gordon in his Gazetteer of New York, p. 671, derives the word from Sah-ra-kah, meaning the great hill side, and states that it was applied to the country between the lake and the Hudson river. An anonymous writer in the Troy Times of July 7, 1866, defines it as a place where the track of the heel may be seen.
Senongewok. - A hill like an inverted kettle, familiarly known as "the Potash," on the east side of the Hudson river about four miles north of Luzerne village, Warren county, N. Y. - Vigil of Faith by C. F. Hoffman.
Split Rock. - "Re-gioch-ne," or Regio rock, or Regeo. From name of Mohawk Indian drowned near the rock. It denoted the boundary between the Iroquois and the northern Indians.
Skanehtade. - The west branch of the Hudson and the river generally.- Morgan's Map in The League of the Iroquois.
Takundewide. - Indian name of Harris's Bay on Lake George. So called on a map of the middle British provinces by T. Pownal, M. P., London, 1776.
Tenonanatchie. - A river flowing through a mountain. A name applied to the Mohawk river by the western tribes. - H. R. Schoolcraft.
Teohoken. - The pass where the Schroon finds its confluence with the Hudson river. - The Vigil of Faith by C. F. Hoffman. See also Col. Hist. N Y., vol. VII, p. 10, where it is defined as the forks of a river.Page 45
Ticonderoga. - There are about twenty renderings of the orthography of this word, and wide differences of meaning assigned to it. Those most worthy of acceptance are given herewith. Tienderoga. "The proper name of the fort between Lake George and Lake Champlain signifies the place where two riversmeet." - Colden's Account of N. Y., Col. Hist. N. Y, VII, 795. "Tiaontoroken, a fork or point between two lakes." - Hough's Hist. St. Lawrence and Franklin Counties, p. 181. Morgan, on his map, frequently referred to herein, spells it "Je hone ta lo ga." Teahtontaloga and Teondeloga are both defined as "two streams coming together." The sound and structure of the three words are similar. The definition given by Colden is doubtless correct.
Tiasaronda. - The meeting of the waters. The confluence of the Sacandaga with the Hudson. - The Vigil of Faith by C. F. Hoffman.
Wawkwaonk. - The head of Lake George, Caldwell. - Sabele.
Whiteface Mountain. - "Thei-a-no-gu-en," white head, from the naked rocky peak. | <urn:uuid:3b59ed6a-777d-4763-85c3-7abf590d8226> | {
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Dead cat bounce: A phrase long used on trading floors to describe the small rebound in market prices typically seen following a sharp fall.
Debt restructuring: A situation in which a borrower renegotiates the terms of its debts, usually in order to reduce short-term debt repayments and to increase the amount of time it has to repay them. If lenders do not agree to the change in repayment terms, or if the restructuring results in an obvious loss to lenders, then it is generally considered a default by the borrower. However, restructuring can also occur through a debt swap – a voluntary agreement by lenders to switch existing debts for new debts with easier easier repayment terms – in which case it can be very hard to determine whether the restructuring counts as a default.
A default can have a number of important implications. If a borrower is in default on any one debt, then all of its lenders may be able to demand that the borrower immediately repay them. Lenders may also be required to write off their losses on the loans they have made.
Deficit: The amount by which spending exceeds income over the course of a year.
In the case of trade, it refers to exports minus imports. In the case of the government budget, it equals the amount the government needs to borrow during the year to fund its spending. The government’s “primary” deficit means the amount it needs to borrow to cover general government expenditure, excluding interest payments on debts. The primary deficit therefore indicates whether a government will run out of cash if it is no longer able to borrow and decides to stop repaying its debts.
Deflation: Negative inflation – that is, when the prices of goods and services across the whole economy are falling on average.
De-leveraging: A process whereby borrowers reduce their debt loads. Primarily this occurs by repaying debts. It can also occur by bankruptcies and debt defaults, or by the borrowers increasing their incomes, meaning that their existing debt loads become more manageable. Western economies are experiencing widespread deleveraging, a process associated with weak economic growth that is expected to last years. Households are deleveraging by repaying mortgage and credit card debts. Banks are deleveraging by cutting back on lending. Governments are also beginning to deleverage via austerity programs – cutting spending and increasing taxation.
Derivative: A financial contract which provides a way of investing in a particular product without having to own it directly. For example, a stock market futures contract allows investors to make bets on the value of a stock market index such as the FTSE 100 without having to buy or sell any shares. The value of a derivative can depend on anything from the price of coffee to interest rates or what the weather is like. Credit derivatives such as credit default swaps depend on the ability of a borrower to repay its debts. Derivatives allow investors and banks to hedge their risks, or to speculate on markets. Futures, forwards, swaps and options are all types of derivatives.
Dividends: An income payment by a company to its shareholders, usually linked to its profits.
Dodd-Frank: Legislation enacted by the US in 2011 to regulate the banks and other financial services. It includes:
- restrictions on banks’ riskier activities (the Volcker rule)
- a new agency responsible for protecting consumers against predatory lending and other unfair practices
- regulation of the enormous derivatives market
- a leading role for the central bank, the Federal Reserve, in overseeing regulation
- higher bank capital requirements
- new powers for regulators to seize and wind up large banks that get into trouble
Double-dip recession: A recession that experiences a limited recovery then dips back into recession. The exact definition is unclear, as the definition of what counts as a recession varies between countries. A widely-accepted definition is one where the initial recovery fails to take total economic output back up to the peak seen before the recession began.
EBA: The European Banking Authority is a pan-European regulator responsible created in 2010 to oversee all banks within the European Union. Its powers are limited, and it depends on national bank regulators such as the UK’s Financial Services Authority to implement its recommendations. It has already been active in laying down new rules on bank bonuses and arranging the European bank stress tests.
Ebitda: Earnings (or profit) before interest payments, tax, depreciation and amortisation. It is a measure of the cashflow at a company available to repay its debts, and is much more important indicator for lenders than the borrower’s profits.
EBRD: The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development is a similar institution to the World Bank, set up by the US and European countries after the fall of the Berlin Wall to assist in economic transition in Eastern Europe. Recently the EBRD’s remit has been extended to help the Arab countries that emerged from dictatorship in 2011.
ECB: The European Central Bank is the central bank responsible for monetary policy in the eurozone. It is headquartered in Frankfurt and has a mandate to ensure price stability – which is interpreted as an inflation rate of no more than 2% per year.
EIB: The European Investment Bank is the European Union’s development bank. It is owned by the EU’s member governments, and provides loans to support pan-European infrastructure, economic development in the EU’s poorer regions and environmental objectives, among other things.
ESM: The European Stability Mechanism is a 500bn-euro rescue fund that will replace the EFSF and the EFSM from June 2013. Unlike the EFSF, the ESM is a permanent bail-out arrangement for the eurozone. Unlike the EFSM, the ESM will only be backed by members of the eurozone, and not by other European Union members such as the UK.
EFSF: The European Financial Stability Facility is currently a temporary fund worth up to 440bn euros set up by the eurozone in May 2010. Following a previous bail-out of Greece, the EFSF was originally intended to help other struggling eurozone governments, and has since provided rescue loans to the Irish Republic and Portugal. More recently, the eurozone agreed to broaden the EFSF’s mandate, for example by allowing it to support banks.
EFSM: The European Financial Stability Mechanism is 60bn euros of money pledged by the member governments of the European Union, including 7.5bn euros pledged by the UK. The EFSM has been used to loan money to the Irish Republic and Portugal. It will be replaced by the ESM from 2013.
Equity: The value of a business or investment after subtracting any debts owed by it. The equity in a company is the value of all its shares. In a house, your equity is the amount your house is worth minus the amount of mortgage debt that is outstanding on it.
Eurobond: A term increasingly used for the idea of a common, jointly-guaranteed bond of the eurozone governments. It has been mooted as a solution to the eurozone debt crisis, as it would prevent markets from differentiating between the creditworthiness of different government borrowers.
Confusingly and quite separately, “Eurobond” also refers to a bond issued in a country which isn’t denominated in that country’s currency. For example, this is used to refer to bonds in US dollars issued in Europe.
Eurozone: The 17 countries that share the euro.
Federal Reserve: The US central bank.
Financial Policy Committee: A new committee at the Bank of England set up in 2010-11 in response to the financial crisis. It has overall responsibility for ensuring major risks do not build up within the UK financial system.
Financial transaction: tax See Tobin tax.
Fiscal policy: The government’s borrowing, spending and taxation decisions. If a government is worried that it is borrowing too much, it can engage in austerity; raising taxes and/or cutting spending. Alternatively, if a government is afraid that the economy is going into recession it can engage in fiscal stimulus, which can include cutting taxes, raising spending and/or raising borrowing.
Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae: Nicknames for the Federal Home Loans Mortgage Corporation and the Federal National Mortgage Association respectively. They don’t lend mortgages directly to homebuyers, but they are responsible for obtaining a large part of the money that gets lent out as mortgages in the US from the international financial markets. Although privately-owned, the two operate as agents of the US federal government. After almost going bust in the financial crisis, the government put them into “conservatorship” – guaranteeing to provide them with any new capital needed to ensure they do not go bust.
FTSE 100: An index of the 100 companies listed on the London Stock Exchange with the biggest market value. The index is revised every three months.
Fundamentals: Fundamentals determine a company, currency or security’s value in the long-term. A company’s fundamentals include its assets, debt, revenue, earnings and growth.
Futures: A futures contract is an agreement to buy or sell a commodity at a predetermined date and price. It could be used to hedge or to speculate on the price of the commodity. Futures contracts are a type of derivative, and are traded on an exchange.
G7: The group of seven major industrialised economies, comprising the US, UK, France, Germany, Italy, Canada and Japan.
G8: The G7 plus Russia.
G20: The G8 plus developing countries that play an important role in the global economy, such as China, India, Brazil and Saudi Arabia. It gained in significance after leaders agreed how to tackle the 2008-09 financial crisis and recession at G20 gatherings.
GDP: Gross domestic product. A measure of economic activity in a country, namely of all the services and goods produced in a year. There are three main ways of calculating GDP – through output, through income and through expenditure.
Glass-Steagall: A US law dating from the 1930s Great Depression that separated ordinary commercial banking from investment banking. Like the UK’s planned ring-fence, the law was intended to protect banks which lend to consumers and businesses – deemed vital to the US economy – from the risky speculation of investment banks. The law was repealed in 1999, largely to enable the creation of the banking giant Citigroup – a move that many commentators say was a contributing factor to the 2008 financial crisis.
Haircut: A reduction in the value of a troubled borrower’s debts, imposed on, or agreed with, its lenders as part of a debt restructuring.
Hedge fund: A private investment fund which uses a range of sophisticated strategies to maximise returns including hedging, leveraging and derivatives trading. Authorities around the world are working on ways to regulate them.
Hedging: Making an investment to reduce the risk of price fluctuations to the value of an asset. Airlines often hedge against rising oil prices by agreeing in advance to to buy their fuel at a set price. In this case, a rise in price would not harm them – but nor would they benefit from any falls.
Courtesy: BBC News (Business)
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The goal behind preventive dentistry is to prevent tooth decay. It’s the reason that dentists prioritize patient education and promote homecare so ardently. Unfortunately, sometimes tooth decay occurs despite a patient’s best efforts. When a tooth has become damaged by tooth decay, early intervention is important. The placing of a dental filling can remove decayed material from a tooth and reinforce the tooth against further decay. Without intervention, the tooth could eventually become infected, die, and finally fall out.
However, oral health is not the only focus of modern dentistry and modern patients. There is a large impetus placed on appearance in our society, and a person’s teeth are a highly scrutinized attribute. A silver, or amalgam, filling does not offer great cosmetic results, but that doesn’t mean that an aesthetically pleasing filling is out of the question.
What Is a White Filling?
A white filling is made of a composite resin that matches the color of teeth. When placing a white filling, Dr. Staten will first scrape away any decayed material from the damaged tooth. She will then place the resin into the cavity and dry it. Next she will take an impression of the filled tooth to look for any rough edges. After smoothing those edges, Dr. Staten will polish the tooth, finishing the procedure.
White Fillings vs. Silver Fillings
There are a couple of distinctions worth noting between white and silver fillings. First, white fillings over better cosmetic results than silver fillings because they are able to blend with the color of the tooth, keeping the filling discrete. Second, silver fillings contain trace amounts of mercury that make the metals used in silver fillings malleable. Anyone who is allergic to mercury as well as children and pregnant women should opt for a white filling instead.
Schedule a Visit with Dr. Staten
Do you need a white filling? Schedule an appointment or a consultation with Dr. Staten today by calling 702-736-7979. | <urn:uuid:d303a353-31f3-49c7-9f85-fa1e4936571e> | {
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Data & Statistical Reports
Fight breast cancer in Missouri with a Breast Cancer Awareness specialty license plate!
Breast cancer is a malignant (cancer) tumor that starts from cells of the breast. It is found mostly in women, but men can get breast cancer, too. About one-percent of all breast cancer diagnosed is diagnosed in men.
Excluding cancer of the skin, breast cancer is the most common cancer among women. Breast cancer accounts for one-third of all cancers diagnosed in Missouri, and is the leading cause of cancer deaths in women after lung cancer. Nearly all breast cancers can be treated successfully if detected early. When detected in the earliest stages, the cure rate is 97 percent.
A number of risk factors have been identified, but most women do not have any known risk factors at the time of their diagnosis. The biggest risk of a breast cancer diagnosis is being a woman and getting older. Breast cancer diagnosis and breast cancer deaths increase age. Ninety-five percent of new cases and 97 percent of breast cancer deaths occur in women aged 40 and older.
At this time, there is no guaranteed way to prevent breast cancer for women who are at average risk, which is why screening by mammography, clinic breast examination, and breast self-examination is so important.
Life Savers - Programs For You!
Live Like Your Life Depends On It
Information and resources to help Missourians live longer and healthier lives.
Organ & Tissue Donation
Learn how to join the Missouri organ and tissue donor registry.
Show Me Healthy Women
Early detection saves lives. Get breast and cervical cancer screenings.
Get access to health screenings and lifestyle education that can reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke.
Missouri Tobacco Quitline
Access to counseling, information and referrals for smokers who want to quit using tobacco. | <urn:uuid:facc07f3-bc57-456e-9817-959d2bfbcea2> | {
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HUM 150 Week 2 DQ 4
This work of HUM 150 Week 2 Discussion Question 4 contains:
List the various types of sounds you hear during a movie. What purpose does each serve? (TIP... the book describes the Types of Sounds)Provide at least 2 or more examples of effective uses from films you remember. From these, discuss how sound manipulates audience reaction. | <urn:uuid:4cd6579c-9812-4563-9f07-4600329edac9> | {
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Mild surprise often mingles with the wider pleasures that a person enjoys at their first good views of this predominantly salmon-pink bird. WH Hudson thought the species so beautiful that it qualified as the British bird of paradise.
They may seem decorative but at this season jays are about a very serious trade. Like the one I watched, many are gathering and storing away acorns for the winter. Acorns are a mainstay for many British species of bird and mammal, but they were also at one time an important human food. Several Native American tribes in California were almost dependent upon them and acorn remains have been found at Catal Huyuk, the wonderful Neolithic townscape in central Turkey that was made famous by British archeologist James Mellaart.
Yet one wonders if these early human harvesters were as providential as the jay. The bird not only stores and eat its acorns throughout the winter, it also forgets where some have been hidden. The following spring, many of these lost nuts are a good source of fresh oak saplings.
Across the whole of the northern hemisphere, several other jays and crows have a similar symbiotic relationship with other seed-bearing trees and I like to think of them at this moment - the many millions of birds planting their many billions of seeds.
Think also of the great bird-sown forests that will eventually result from all the labour. As a friend noted recently: "It makes you wonder who's really in charge." | <urn:uuid:664b2f24-66d6-45be-a106-8d6b202363f3> | {
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The fourth law is The Law of the Context, which states: A text apart from its context is a pretext. A verse can only mean what it means in its context and must not be taken out of its context. When it is taken out of its context, it is often presented as meaning something that it cannot mean within the context. A good example of this is Zechariah 13:6. This verse is often used as a prophecy of the Messiah. Pulled out of its context, it does indeed sound like it refers to Jesus. But the context (Zech. 13:2–6) is speaking of false prophets. Verse six cannot refer to Jesus unless Jesus is taken to be a false prophet. This is the danger of studying a verse by itself rather than in its context. The common saying, “You can prove anything by the Bible,” is only true when this law is violated.
These are the four basic rules which, if followed, will help in the study of the Scriptures in general and prophecy in particular. In these four principles lies the understanding of the prophetic word as well as the whole Bible. While most expositors apply these laws to non-prophetic passages of the Bible, they often fail to apply them to prophetic portions. This has led to some gross error. The principles of interpretation should be applied consistently to the whole Bible.
Fruchtenbaum, A. G. (2003). The footsteps of the Messiah : A study of the sequence of prophetic events (Rev. ed.) (6–7). Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries.
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by Gustavo Costantini
For Michel Chion
Music and Sound were there
Sound was always present in film projections. Through piano accompaniment, a gramophone record, someone talking to the audience... the early films were surrounded by sounds. But in the early days music was the main source of film sound. The musicians were there to enhance action, create an atmosphere, reinforce drama. Duplicating the presence of the image through sound was a common practice. Film music of the silent days was highly coded: one motif representing water, another trains, yet another explosions and so on. Editors published little scores with these motifs along with melodic lines for different situations: chases, battles, duels, and so on[i]. Thus music was mostly there to make audiences hear the absent sound effects and help them understand the dramatic situations involved. Theatre music and opera did much the same thing. Richard Wagner found a very sophisticated way of organising musical material to fit action and mood.
Practical or philosophical reasons
The pioneer Kurt London (one of the first theoreticians to write a book on film music[ii]) wrote that music was included in film to cover the noise of the projector. The projections were indeed noisy, but his explanation reduces the problem to a minor detail. Theodor W. Adorno and Hans Eisler[iii] refuted London with a philosophical explanation: cinema shows the human being as an artefact of industrial society, yet another object placed among industrial machinery. Following the path of György Lukacs¶ developments of Marx¶s ideas on the ³fetishism of commodities´[iv], Adorno and Eisler tell us that romantic music has the effect of calming us, that in some way it denies or conceals the terrible fact of seeing ourselves as mere objects of the mercantile world. Whether or not one agrees with this powerful statement, or the simpler idea of Kurt London, music was there from the beginning as an integrating element, while, at the same time, guaranteeing the absence of noises from the outside word, because being conscious of the presence of the projector takes us away from the alternative world the screen is offering us. Romantic music was not only a
The simple. repetitive and effective rhythmic theme is immediately retained in auditory memory. Firstly..despite its simplicity .and he whistles the leitmotif to indicate (us) the identity of the killer. The term was coined by F.it introduces the idea of identifying or labelling a character by means of sound. Secondly. W. leitmotif (leading motif) is ³a theme. The blind man is telling us ³you don¶t have to try to see the face. Wagner leitmotifs were both a complex form of codification and a way of producing subtle sensations and associations in the listener.the next victim . which is a sort of inheritance of Gesamkunstwerk. Romantic music entered the film sound field associated with all these technical. What is a leitmotif? First things. But it was Wagner who gave leitmotif a new status as a determining element of musical form. And there. M buys a balloon for Elsie .. helping narrative film to aim higher. we find an application of leitmotif that opens new possibilities..whose face is not seen . state of mind. One of the first uses of leitmotif was in Fritz Lang¶s M (1931). you have to listen to what I am able to . And because cinema was not as demanding as opera . or other coherent idea. While we see a large ³M´ covering the screen. idea. Listen. making it very easy to associate with the mysterious murderer. supernatural force or any other ingredient in a dramatic work. finally. it was the dominant model. According to Grove¶s Dictionary of Music[v]. and whose purpose is to represent or symbolise a person. clearly defined so as to retain its identity if modified on subsequent appearances. Leitmotif is presented at the very beginning in the title sequence.at least at those days the musician¶s task was simplified by the use of leitmotif. People were aware of the musical code. But it is not the same music which establishes the link: it¶s the murderer¶s whistling which tells us that this man . His flexible way of using musical themes enabled musicians to resolve a lot of problems when films began to include sound. and the associations with characters and situations allowed directors to delineate and complete plot ideas through sound. Jähns in his Carl Maria Von Weber in seinen Werken (1871). It was not mere chance that film music opted so strongly for the Wagnerian approach. And. to link characters and situations by means of music. to find a structure for organising musical material.choice of style. Lang was aware of it and it was not by chance that he decided to include a blind balloon-seller. psychological and formal aspects. to avoid duplication (image / sound / musical onomatopoeia. object. place. Don¶t look now. we listen to a fragment of Edward Grieg¶s Peer Gynt. And Wagner operas were the closest art forms to cinema.is M.. choral or instrumental´. having sound and music do the same thing). first. This example is interesting because . usually operatic but also vocal.
the image of the clock. bright sounds for positive elements. Solving crimes through leitmotif From the beginning of the sound era. or to put it better. a title.. such as diatonic scales for hero-themes (Indiana Jones. or pays attention to something unrelated to her. the cinema has included leitmotifs other than musical ones.. But if we listen carefully. it is probably Otto Preminger¶ s Laura. This time.recognise´. we will discover it¶s the same theme. If we have to mention one film of the classic period that condenses a lot of characteristics of musical leitmotifs. every time he sees her portrait. The blind man will be the key to catching M. Every time he goes to another part of the house. we hear Laura¶s leitmotif. Is it necessary to say the clock is the element that helps to solve the crime? In another sequence we see the most obsessive use of leitmotif in history: when the detective is alone at Laura¶s apartment. the composer who most clearly represents the leitmotif tradition is John Williams. Waldo¶s leitmotif derives from the transformation of Laura¶s. there are lots of indications of his culpability. and Waldo¶s words mentioning the clock (³the detective was seeing my clock. But musical leitmotifs were (and still are) the most used. theEmpire leitmotif). Superman). Where Laura¶s is consonant and cantabile. he touches her belongings.. Use the Force In recent decades. with the title Laura superimposed and the leitmotif sounding in all its splendour. chromatic scales or themes for objects. Laura begins with the big portrait of Gene Tierney as Laura. when the detective (Dana Andrews) interrogates Waldo. a link between the actress / name / song. his ears listening to the leitmotif will. things or negative elements (Jaws. A beautiful Hollywood star.. a portrait. The hyper-codification of romantic music in alliance with leitmotif associations allows composer and director to explain without words the nature of the particular liaison between the detective and the supposedly dead lady[vi]. with obscure timbres and a sinister character.. he smells her perfume or even when he thinks about her. The sound of the big clock. Waldo¶s is dissonant and intricate. obscure timbres (and located in the extremes of the register) for . the music immediately abandons Laura and becomes a transition.. a musical theme played by an orchestra. darker. and there was an identical one at Laura¶s apartment that I bought for her as a gift´). he uses a lot of Wagnerian stuff. Stars Wars. Do we need more? After the title sequence. In the same sequence.´ What music do we listen to meanwhile? A sort of negative version of Laura¶s leitmotif. we see Waldo¶s apartment and we hear his voice-over: ³I¶ll never forget the weekend Laura died. The result is a message that lets us understand in what way (fetishism) the detective is evoking Laura. And his leitmotif preserves the reference to Laura as a negative because Waldo (supposedly) killed Laura. In ³his´ films.
Later we¶ll come to the heartbeat sounds in Alan Parker¶s Angel Heart. It is possible to think of these leitmotifs as replacing a visual sign or signal (a mysterious character wearing a ring or a funny hat). His extraordinary capacity to reach the audience like a classical composer makes him the perfect choice for films dealing with mythical subject matter. schematic. The symphonic sounds of Williams do not connect with sound design. But it is possible to use leitmotif sounds from beyond the film¶s frame. we will try to recognise other possibilities and establish a classification of types. links and functions of leitmotifs. but simple repetition is on the verge of being just a case of mere redundancy[ix]. beyond classic scoring. and no one in the theatre will fail to recognise any link between the themes and the characters associated to them. Although John Williams is one of the most successful scoring composers. This is not exactly a bad thing. or for a kind of cinema that wants to resemble that of the classical era[vii]. music from the screen and sound effects in the wonderful first minutes of The Talented Mr. His approach is very direct and strong.more involved with Howard Shore¶s music than the scenes it accompanies. thus dissolving the frontiers between diegetic and non-diegetic status[x].) Most sound leitmotifs are a kind of mark intended to give a clue to the viewers. Ripley). very close to After Hours¶ clock. but it was impossible for Carpenter to show the character during daylight scenes wearing the mask. The mask he wears could have been the only evidence of his presence. (This is the case in the sound of the clock in Scorsese¶s After Hours. in some ways. The intense breathing of the killer Michael Myers in John Carpenter¶s Halloween belongs to this category. and one of the most respected. ambiguously used as the sound of a clock or an off sound .negative ones. In most cases. And this procedure allows the director . these are sounds from within the scene. it has to be said that his use of the Wagnerian leitmotif is.in Chion¶s terms . Mychael Danna (the flute and electric guitar sounds overlapped when Ian Holm discovers the destroyed bus in Atom Egoyan¶s The Sweet Hereafter[viii]). for example). at least in the way composers like Howard Shore (in the car washer sequence in Crash. The problem with these is that on most occasions they are only a single sound repeated throughout the film. Despite the fact that musical leitmotifs intended to describe characters or situations are the most used. we can add sound leitmotifs. Gabriel Yared / Walter Murch (deliberate confusion between music from the score. Not only music Following the path opened by M.
fans Everyone who saw Angel Heart remembers the fans and the suggestive effect they produce. When we see Harold Angel. a singular version of Faust. a path to link the cane to Cypher (instead of simply seeing the cane in Cypher¶s hands: this procedure. This leitmotif has to be done through a link between a visual sign + sound sign.. But this metonym is more interesting since Harold Angel looks up and sees one of the ventilators slowly starting to turn. The same path again and similar noises.. thanks to songs As regards complex and not schematic uses of musical leitmotifs. we did not know that we are receiving a signal. Besides this interesting resource.. the first shot of Louis Cypher (when they meet for the first time) is a close shot of his hand holding the cane. This obliges us to ask what it is.to create a sort of subjective sound: we see an objective shot but listen through the ears of the killer (instead of his eyes). we see the fans again. the mask or another distinctive element could replace the sound of breathing. In the title sequence we listen the leitmotif. the Louis Cypher¶ s (=Lucifer). mixed with a sort of recollection of past events. we see a ventilator starting to revolve (and of course hear the sound). Faust revisited Finally. These leitmotifs are the most complex and hard to find. pulling the strings. What do we see in between? We see a strange dream-like scene that shows Harold Angel somehow lost or disturbed. there are three leitmotifs (or at least two. Angel Heart also provides an interesting example. The visual signs are the images of fans spread throughout the film. Why do people feel this? Because they saw the scenes where the fan appears as a logical sequence of events: before each killing. The sound signs are the metallic noises of the fan starting to revolve.. In most of these scenes. Both elements are related to Cypher through a metonym: these ventilators reproduce the circular movement of Cypher¶s cane/trident and make (almost) the same noise as the contact between the metallic tip of the cane and the wooden floor. The Harold Angel / Johnny Favourite leitmotif is a song. Later we will see a scene where Angel discovers the dead body. This honest development of the script is telling us what is happening in Angel¶s mind while he is not aware of being possessed. both related to a character or thing. we can talk of the most interesting kind of leitmotif: the audio / visual one. But we will know this close to the end. We see Angel talking to someone in a place that has a ventilator. we are forced to see the cane randomly entering the frame. we only see his face after seeing his cane. in which Lucifer has a different cane. In Alan Parker¶s Angel Heart. and are connected in a very subtle way. I¶m afraid of American. I know who I am. a trident that suggests his power and status. But first. When we recognise that it¶s Cypher¶s cane. with a third element having a different function). Trevor Jones - . Both elements are present in the first interview of Cypher and the private investigator Harold Angel/Faust. And primarily. It is interesting to see the final encounter between Angel and Lucifer. Cypher is playing with his cane making it turn in circles again and again. metonym of Louis Cypher. Harold Angel doesn¶t know he is in the verge of losing his mind in order to commit a crime. we will focus on the audio / visual. this emphasis guarantees the link). Fans suggest the ghostly presence of Lucifer in the scene. but are surely the most fascinating ones. And this movement and noise recall the cane. but perhaps it is so transformed as to be imperceptible for some people.
´ At last. He is seeking for his lost identity. Over this ground. or someone else sings it. Harold Angel does not know he is Mephistopheles and Faust at the same time. allows us to introduce a related form to leitmotif: the idée fixe. plays it on a piano. It was Berlioz who invented this predecessor of the leitmotif. variation 3/ variation 2/ variation 1/ original theme (the logic is n = more different. he himself plays the leitmotif on a piano. He asks her: ³what is this tune?´ She answers: ³It¶s a Johnny Favourite¶s song.. the parameters are gradually changed and each new appearance is closer to the original source. Lucifer puts the record on the old gramophone. Close to the ending. The important thing here is the parallel between detective investigation and musical revelation.. he faces the fact that melody in this head is a song: when he returns to his room.introduces what appears to be a typical musical ground. and now with a jazzy rhythm (the slow chromatic scale becomes just ornament). He . Later he will be at a bar and we will listen to a piano (whose source is offscreen) that let us clearly hear the melody line.. we listen to this tune: he whistles it. the leitmotif is transformed in tempo. he is a private investigator who has to find the lost singer Johnny Favourite (he does not know he is searching for himself). orchestration. a clear indication to pay attention to the tune). If in Hollywood classics leitmotifs are clearly recognised at the beginning. Courtney Pine plays on tenor sax a chromatic slow line...composer of the wonderful score . The important thing about this is that it¶s the opposite of the typical construction of leitmotif. ends as a typical song of the late 30s that helps to solve the mystery. Johnny¶s song is gradually ³revealed´ as the mystery of the plot. Angel whistles it in his car (while in the background we hear the same music from the non-diegetic score. As Angel. the obsessive heartbeat. Not all is leitmotif: Idée fixe The third repeated sound.. When he interviews Margaret (Charlotte Rampling). a low note on the synthesiser. What begins as typical 80s film music. so it¶s barely distinguishable. harmony. Logic: the classics and beyond We can trace the formula of the classical leitmotif in Hollywood classics as this: Original theme / variation 1/ variation 2/ variation 3. the musical version of the ³I´.. he finds the girl (Lisa Bonet) taking a bath and singing. Throughout the film. And beyond the originality and the skills involved in the process. character. and we hear the distant voice of Harold¶s past life as Johnny. He asks himself to fulfil the contract with the devil. when Harold / Johnny reencounters his mentor. we will listen to the song for the last time. My mother was always singing it to me. In the title sequence. the selfleitmotif. In this postmodern and distorted version of Faust. variation 1 = more similar to the song source).. here it is only recognised at the end. which is the melodic line of Johnny Favourite¶s song. Louis Cypher. the crooner. The treatment in Angel Heart is the exact opposite: Variation N. After this early appearance. ³The´ song. variation n (the variations are not necessarily more complex during their successive appearances). it is interesting to think in the symbolic dimension: a song that identifies someone.
etc. The ending shows a theatre . Wrong! Idée fixe is telling us ³because he is thinking of the disturbing beauty of the sister´. an independent source.wrote a theme that is repeated a few times throughout his Symphonie Fantastique. but they are not. metaphorically present in the inside of the ³new´ Harold Angel (Mickey Rourke). But it is impossible to think of this metonym while seeing the film. theatre stage devices. through the rite of eating the heart of a sacrificial lamb. but is disturbed (idée fixe again. To re-evaluate our perception of the things involved in the scene.performing a play about Death. Later. will be somehow connected by this invisible string. attitudes. In the French film Dr Pétiot (Christian de Chalonge. and even when we learn whom the Angel referred to is or was. While leitmotif is always ³the leitmotif of someone or something´. scratches. If we think again about the After Hours clock. and to link different moments and elements in the story: facts. Even though the film is called Angel Heart. the heart of the sacrificed victim. but is a part of the score. knives. 1990). The heartbeat of Angel Heart could be described as the leitmotif of the ³real´ and dead Harold Angel. persons. At last. the famous motif written by Michel Legrand (a perfect fifth followed by a minor sixth like C-G / C-Ab) is transformed throughout the film (mostly in the style of the baroque sequence). we have to guess. idée fixe is a kind of ³presence´ in itself. there is a group of metallic sounds that invades all locations: sounds of bicycle wheels.Julie Christie . situations. denying what seems so faithful and logical.and the impact of the music forces us to think again about what we are seeing. seen at different moments and not having a clear link between them. This ³recurrent idea´ is re-interpreted each time.we hear the idée fixe. but we don¶t know what it is. The idea is to connect all spaces in the film with the terrible final destination: Death. faces. because in between. information. Its tension and strength forces us to ask: what is happening? Why are these beautiful images accompanied by this macabre theme? When the boy discovers the belladonna plant and when he stares at his friend¶s elder sister . but is always easy to recognise. we know another Harold Angel and another heart. the boy is trying to sleep.all seem to be innocent . All the metallic noises were related to the blade of the symbolic figure of Death (Dr Pétiot was making people die in order to let them escape from Nazi . there is a lot of information that develops the musical narration. The contrast between the character of most scenes . In soundtracks. the idée fixe is not as specific as in Berlioz¶ music. As the music tell us ³its story´ (or at least as Berlioz intended it to). etc. A sound created about what the title suggests. louder this time). But we can use this notion because of its difference from leitmotif. So. in fact. That¶s the way Johnny became Harold. Idée fixe is resource that makes us notice key elements of the plot. pointing out and connecting things. It is more appropriate to think of this heartbeat as the obsessive sound that forces us to rethink the plot: the heartbeat is pointing something out. that is. The sounds seem to be the same. details. the interpretation of the theme changes.in which Dr Pétiot is hidden . and progressively. Its function is to awaken our attention. Why? Common sense probably makes us say ³because he is not at home and he misses his mother´. clock / hours. we begin to separate what seems so literally connected: the heartbeat of Angel in Angel Heart. In Joseph Losey¶s The Go-between. Things. The clock sound not only is not related to the clocks we see. We perceive them as the same because sound design cleverly uses the same kinds of object or objects having metallic parts. we discover a parallel: heartbeat / heart. we guess the heartbeat is the detective¶s.
in the mud of the garden. But besides its literal reference to the absurd teen-like organisation. Whether the aliens are angels or simply an excuse is irrelevant. Every time James Cole (Bruce Willis) finds a clue to discover the army¶s operations. y Finally.. Leitmotif or Idée fixe: types. the ³peak-less´ mountain form that is seen in the shaving cream. But this false information gives as a path to think of the other idée fixe of the film: the obsessive dreaming of airports and killing. the well-known motif played by toys. In Spielberg¶s Close Encounters of the Third Kind. aborigines. presented as ³the greater specialist in the field´ (filmmaking? human emotions?) is leading people . we notice they have no chance of being so terrible. François Truffaut. Idées fixes enhance the capacity of the listener to recognise the nature of this special connection. and we rethink the sequence and the whole plot (including the monkeys) in order to understand the actual cause of world and personal apocalypse. we have to say something about the functions performed by leitmotifs. on the other. If we think about the use of leitmotif. Finally.. functions A repeated motif is an idée fixe only when it is not clearly linked to a person. The idée fixe marks precisely the opposite: The Army of the Twelve Monkeys is not responsible for the biohazard disaster. etc . This is one of the most interesting idées fixes since the sound mark is not fixed to one object alone. The strength of Piazzolla¶s motif becomes the sadness of Paul Buckmeister¶s adagio (that includes a tango-like violin-sound litany). y Description: What happens to him or her? Is he or she to be regarded in a positive or negative light? Indication (or mark): this is the killer / the monster is coming.to meet and to share a destiny. we will find three general possibilities. the elements point towards different things.horrors. The presence of the noise in different spaces and situations becomes a sort of a subtle premonition of tragic events. in Terry Gilliam¶s Twelve Monkeys. We are tempted to think of Piazzolla¶s theme (from Suite Punta del Este) and the monkeys¶ icon as the leitmotif of The Army of the Twelve Monkeys(Brad Pitt¶s gang).).who do not necessarily know each other . This dream is almost an equivalent to the original idea of Berlioz. What James is dreaming of is his horrible destiny: he is condemned to escape to his own death. etc. object or situation. These related elements allow us to understand what the film is really about. it is possible to guess which is more appropriate to each particular case. we can find two more examples of audio / visual idée fixe. at the same time. this motif must reveal an invisible link between apparently unconnected things. links. If we ask what are idées fixes intended for. it is possible that leitmotif does a . there is an audio / visual version of idée fixe: on the one hand. Not all plots or narrative structures are able to include leitmotifs or idées fixes. Thinking about the functions or the uses provided by each one.
animals. the couple has its love song (for example. for example. the Everly Brothers µ song in Ghost). if widely used. sound/ character/ indication (Halloween¶s breathing). By combining the different terms. monsters. musical /object / indication (Jaws. LEITMOTIF IN CINEMA Type Musical Sound Audio/visual Link Character Object Situation Function Description Replacement Indication IDÉE FIXE IN CINEMA Type Description Function Reveals an instance of new signification of the sources or Sound Repetitive and disturbing sound not connected to the same character or . when she happens to be alive. Harold Angel). all chases have a chase theme. These leitmotifs replace the elements they are linked to. In action films. eating and making baby sharks´. it is no longer heard. etc. Regarding the links. in a melodrama. There could even be a modest approach to establish compositional criteria regarding plot and character. Object: relates to things. we have . This classification is intended to provide a resource for leitmotif analysis or to give a starting point to further development. that is to say the element that they are associated with: y Character: refers to all the persons or animated protagonists presenting a psychological development. is heard only while ³she is dead´. in Richard Dreyfuss¶ words). we see all the aspects of a leitmotif (regarding recognition). However. without psychological qualities (the shark in Jaws could be important from a symbolic perspective but has no other function besides ³hunting. Situation: includes all genre-related elements. etc. These leitmotifs.perhaps . y y In the chart.all the possible cases: musical/character/description (Star Wars. Superman and most characters¶ leitmotifs in Hollywood classics). some combinations may be impossible.y Replacement: Laura¶s theme. are less interesting to analyse because of their schematic nature and their subordination to genre or code.
orchestration or character somehow differs from the emotion of the scene the associated elements Reveals hidden or invisible connections (even antagonism) between characters or different elements in the plot Reveals places (sacred.thing every time it appears A theme whose style. cursed. special. person. divinity. etc . enchanted) or hidden aspects of a character Musical Audio/ Visual Two metonyms (a sound or musical theme / an image) related to a place.
1994. Other Raskin¶s soundtracks are analysed in Prendergast. New York: Oxford University Press. La música de John Williams para el cine. [ii] London. by Rodney Livingstone. [ix] In discussion this type of leitmotif. It¶s a theme on (ney?) flute that also refers to Robert Browining¶s Pied Piper of Hamelin. edition). Lukács. A nd Neglected Art. But it is possible to find some fine developments. Commodity fetishism is later developed by György Lukács into the concept of reification (Lukács¶s History and Class Consciousness. University of California Press. rather than deriving from its labour-value. Roberto: Over theMoon. 1947 [iv] The fetishism of commodities: Marx's term for the practice of seeing the exchange value of a commodity as inherent in the object. which we think is always rationalised (i. 1923). [viii] It¶s interesting to see how he uses leitmotif in this film. M. or (regarding sound) sound off. Interlink Publishers Group. Lack. see Burt. see Aschieri.. [iii] Adorno. So. the more interesting the sound design. 169. Russell: Twenty Four Frames Under. See Chion. Paris. However. Columbia University Press. A commodity represents a given amount of labour-value. T.: Audiovision (translated by Claudia Gorbman / foreword by Walter Murch). Roy: Film Music. or hors-champ ± main categories ± and sound on the air. The more diverse positions of the sound sources. . But this reference is very subtle because the flute is not clearly recognised as a flute. An interview with David Raskin is included in Brown. Royal: Overtones and Undertones. 1999. maybe meaning the tragic destiny of the boy and girls inside. trans.: Composing for the Films.e.[i] Russell Lack wrote a deep study on the history of Film Music. Boston. Universidad Diego Portales Press. W. Norton. London. 1970. making us rethink the meaning of both elements. The music of the flute condenses the leitmotif of the bus and the piper. and Chion. Merlin Press: London.: History and Class Consciousness. He wrote a leitmotif for the school bus. In fiction film they are restrain to a certain amount and types. Northeastern University Press. and Eisler H. which use sounds in the way musique concrète does. George: The Art of Film Music. [vii] For further reading and deeper approach on John Williams. The bus is climbing up the hills and is seen from the air. it¶s important to recognise when they are used in the same way music leitmotifs are. Los Angeles. Michel: La musique au Cinéma. Kurt (1936): Film Music. 1999 (in Spanish). [vi] For further reading on David Raskin and the soundtrack of Laura and about this sequence in particular. and therefore see themselves in commodities. [x] This distinction could be seen in Michel Chion¶s terms as (regarding music) musique de fosse / musique d¶écran. in. a thing is worth some determinate proportion of what it cost to produce). 1994. Chile. Fayard. internal (objective and subjective) and ambience. Michel Chion observed cinema was always involved with repetitive things. New York: Arno Press. Lots of camera movements and character displacements are not infinite. they lack the kind of variations that music is able to do with themes. Reading Film Music. 1990. 1994. 1992 (2 . [v] 1980 edition. 1995. G. In short: the proletariat see the commodity as representing labour-power (an abstract representation of their own labour). p.
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Safeguarding is at the very heart of life at Moreton School. With highly trained designated safeguarding leaders and the entire staff body trained in safeguarding – we are committed to giving the very best advice, support and interventions that are needed to ensure your child is safe in and out of school. Below are some links that may be beneficial to you as parents/carers on keeping your child safe and some useful information.”
Are you having problems or worried about something in your life? Are you worried about a friend or someone you know? If so we can help support you – check the definitions below to see which affects you and click the support logo to go to our contact form. Once you have submitted the form a member of the safeguarding team and trusted staff will be in touch.
“Cyberbullying” is when a child, preteen or teen is tormented, threatened, harassed, humiliated, embarrassed or otherwise targeted by another child, preteen or teen using the Internet, interactive and digital technologies or mobile phones.
Self harm is the deliberate injury to oneself, typically as a manifestation of a psychological or psychiatric disorder.
Racism is when someone is treated differently or unfairly just because of their race or culture.
Exam stress is a feeling of pressure that many young people feel coming up to exam time. It usually occurs during the revision period before exams and immediately before the exams themselves.
Children who suffer from an anxiety disorder experience fear, nervousness, and shyness, and they start to avoid places and activities
Harassment and Discrimination is any form of unwanted behaviour which could range from unpleasant remarks to physical abuse
Bullying is unwanted, aggressive behavior among school aged children that involves a real or perceived power imbalance. The behavior is repeated, or has the potential to be repeated, over time.
Drugs and Alcohol can cause major changes in behaviour and moods and if left unchecked can become extremely addictive and destructive.
Gangs can be groups of young people causing antisocial behaviour in their area or fighting with other gangs from another area
Child sexual exploitation (CSE) is a type of sexual abuse. Children in exploitative situations and relationships receive something such as gifts, money or affection as a result of performing sexual activities or others performing sexual activities on them.[/
Domestic violence is the abuse of one partner within an intimate or family relationship. It is the repeated, random and habitual use of intimidation to control a partner. The abuse can be physical, emotional, psychological, financial or sexual.
Neglect is the ongoing failure to meet a child’s basic needs and is the most common form of child abuse. A child may be left hungry or dirty, without adequate clothing, shelter, supervision, medical or health care. A child may be put in danger or not protected from physical or emotional harm.
All policies related to safeguarding can be found on the School Policies page on the link below.
School Policies Page
Mr Josh Kinsey – Deputy Head Teacher – Senior Designated Safeguarding Lead
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California is seen as a shining example of how tobacco taxes can be used to both dissuade smoking and also improve children’s health and readiness for school. Now President Obama is following California’s lead. When he presents his budget Wednesday, the president will outline a similar scheme to fund universal preschool, the White House has confirmed to various media outlets.
After Prop 10 passed in 1998, California became one of the first states to raise taxes on cigarettes to fund early education programs. A new agency, First Five California, was created to hand out the money to schools and nonprofits to run education and health programs for children under five.
Scott Moore, a political analyst with Early Edge California, a nonprofit that advocates for increased early education, said California’s experience shows that the president’s plan to increase tobacco taxes to fund universal preschool can provide two returns on the investment.
“You get the return from investing in young kids,” Moore said, “and you get the return in reduced healthcare costs from reduction in smoking.”
According to First 5 California’s most recent report, more than 160,000 children under 6 years old received child development services such as free preschool last year. Moore said the state has become a leader in early education services for low-income families, calling California an “innovation engine” for early childhood services.
Other states, like Arizona, started similar programs after California’s success using tobacco tax funding. Arkansas uses a beer sales tax to fund early childhood programs.
Not everyone agrees that this is the way to do it. The tobacco lobby has vociferously objected. Even some early education advocates question this as a long term strategy.
Lisa Guernsey, director of the Early Education Initiative at the New America Foundation, called the strategy “risky” because it might “create situations in which all education for 4-year-olds is completely paid for with tobacco taxes.”
When times are tight, she said, there is always the possibility that the funding from taxes might be diverted elsewhere. Guernsey said that pre-K funding must be seen as an “integral part" of education, not an add-on that can be cut.
Guernsey likes Oklahoma's model, where pre-K is funded the same way as K-12 public education.
“Ultimately, we need to move to a world in which pre-K is considered an integral part of PreK-12 education," she said, "not as a separate entity with a separate funding stream."
The president has mentioned a cost-sharing component with the states, but has yet to present any details on that. A report from the Congressional Budget Office calculated that a 50 cent increase on taxes on a pack of cigarettes or small cigars could yield $42 billion over 10 years. That would go nearly halfway towards paying for the President’s universal preschool plans, which estimates show could cost as much as $100 billion in that time. | <urn:uuid:2a93f4be-4437-49b4-8faa-e7fe8fd14351> | {
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An introduction to the terminology, physics and applications of hydrostatics and hydraulics, this course covers fluids at rest and in motion. Topics include the properties of water, fluid pressure, hydrostatic force and buoyancy, fundamental laws of incompressible fluid flow, and concepts of continuity, momentum, force, energy, power and work as they relate to hydraulic systems. Some basic concepts of pumps are also introduced.
Important course information will be sent to you immediately after registering.
Check your myBCIT email account to access this
Upon successful completion of this course, the student will be able to:
Define the basic fluid properties and the difference between absolute and gauge pressure.
Calculate the hydrostatic forces, the centre of pressure and the force distribution on a plane area as a consequence of static water pressure and forces due to fluid pressure on irregular surfaces.
Explain the principle of buoyancy and calculate the buoyant force on a submerged object.
Define basic terms describing fluid in motion.
Explain and employ the equation of continuity.
Describe the relationship between fluid force and momentum and use the law of momentum conservation in solving flow problems.
Describe the types of energy in a fluid and solve simple hydraulic flow problems using energy conservation methods.
Solve flow problems using fluid mechanics and hydraulics procedures based on the Bernoulli theorem.
Effective as of Fall 2010
If you have a comment or question about this course, please complete and submit the form below.
Interested in being notified about future offerings of TSYH 3145 - Fundamentals of Fluids?
If so, fill out the information below and we'll notify you by email when courses for each new term are displayed here. | <urn:uuid:c0742bd8-5ed7-43a4-9287-7731050eb292> | {
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Continents slide away as he speaks on a phone from Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, in Western Canada. The man who gave us Life of Pi is as much at home speaking about the caste system and the Holocaust as in explaining to an Indian that “one takes the wonders of India for granted”. Yann Martel speaks about his latest novel, Beatrice and Virgil, which is about animals, the Holocaust, the milk of human kindness and the lack of it.
Q Why a book on the Holocaust? There are so many good ones on the subject already—Sophie’s Choice, Time’s Arrow, etcetera.
A I’m not too sure about great Holocaust writing. The ones you mention are fairly old books too. There’s a lot more historical writing about the Holocaust which is very exhaustive, and there’s more that’s coming out. But I wanted to make sense of what happened in human and literary terms, I suppose—in the form of an allegory. I think that episode in human history tells us a lot about human evil, destruction and, at the same time, the greater human impulses of the need for generosity and kindness. In a way, I wanted to not only understand the Holocaust in terms of history, but in terms of a story, in terms of an allegory of human life.
Q Once again, there are animals in your new book. What’s your fascination with animal life?
A It comes from my interest in spirituality and religion. Animals are given God-like status in so many religions of the world. I don’t need to tell an Indian about that. Same goes for Ancient Egypt. Now, why is that so? I think it’s because we humans are far less cynical about animals than we are about human beings. And that’s a very useful thing for a storyteller. A good portion of the time I spent researching for Life of Pi was actually spent reading up on animal behaviour, observing them in zoos and listening to zookeepers. And I think that has also helped for this book.
Q What’s the difference in the animals in Life of Pi and Beatrice and Virgil?
A Here they speak, they have anthropomorphic features. In Life of Pi, they didn’t.
Q Is the religious way of life finished in the West? It’s become so fashionable to put down issues of faith in the liberal West. You’ve often spoken about according importance to our older systems of knowledge. What do you make of the current cultural scene?
A Life in the West has become a system of routines. Everything is a regimen—from school to work to retirement. In the midst of all this is a popular distaste for things that apparently run contradictory to the organised mechanism that is daily life here. Science and technology have so infused our lives here that our spiritual education has tended to suffer. For instance, science and technology may do lots of good things, but it doesn’t answer larger philosophical questions as to who I am or what I am to do with my life. This way of articulating things has also meant that art suffers. Nowadays, art has got reduced to a form of entertainment. Ordinary people put on the TV or watch sitcoms as an outlet. When you give up the realm of the religious-spiritual-artistic, you give up a key tool to understand yourself and human life.
Q What, according to you, would be the one lesson that has come out of the Holocaust?
A It told us more than ever that we need to be radically tolerant if the human race has to survive. We must be able to accept difference and live together. There’s no other go. It’s the same egalitarian principle that implies that caste discrimination must be completely eradicated in India. There’s not just a desire to be tolerant, but a need to be radically tolerant.
Q What went into the making of this book? What was your research?
A I read 80 books on the Holocaust. I visited Europe and went to Auschwitz and to Israel. That apart, I read accounts of survivors like Primo Levi, the World War II books of WG Sebald, and Holocaust survivor and Hungarian writer Imre Kertesz. The drafts were numerous. It came to a stage when I got sick of writing and rewriting. Then I thought it was ready.
Q We hear Life of Pi is being made into a film by Ang Lee. What if you turn out to be unhappy with the film?
A I trust Ang Lee. I read the screenplay, too, which I liked. If people don’t like the film, I can say “Read the book.” If people like it, I can say, “it’s based on my novel.” So both ways, I win! (laughs) | <urn:uuid:41f8faf1-f9b1-4a61-9cb0-497ae1c5e222> | {
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Crisis in Crater Count Dating
by David F. Coppedge *
Dating methods are like human pyramids; they depend ultimately on the support of the bottom layer. Picture an inverted pyramid. If the bottom guy buckles under pressure, the circus act quickly turns into a dogpile. One widely used technique for estimating ages of planetary surfaces is in similar jeopardy. Its underlying assumption, unquestioned for decades, has recently been found to be seriously flawed.
Crater-count dating seems perfectly logical: the more craters, the older the landscape. It assumes, however, that impactors arrive at a roughly steady rate and produce one crater per hit. After compensating for various complicating factors, like atmospheric density, gravity, and geological activity, scientists had been confident of their time charts -- until recently. New thinking about "secondary craters" has thrown this whole foundation of comparative planetary dating into disarray.
Secondary craters are those formed from the debris of an initial impact. If a sufficiently massive body hits a planet or moon, the debris cloud tossed upward will contain many pieces big enough to fall back and form more craters. Planetologists were not unaware of secondary cratering, but until recently, underestimated its significance. Now they are finding that the vast majority of craters could be secondaries. One writer in Nature estimated that a single large impact on Mars could generate ten million secondaries, and that 95% of the small craters on Europa could be from fallback debris.
Without a way to reliably identify secondary craters, only subjective inferences can be made about the history of a surface. One might suppose secondaries could be identified by proximity to a large crater, or by similar amounts of erosion or space weathering. It's not so simple. Some debris could go into orbit only to fall back centuries later, while other pieces could escape into space to eventually impact other bodies. Fallback debris could also cast dust over the primary craters, obscuring the relationship, or could even toss up more debris to generate additional impacts.
Believing they knew how old the earth-moon system was, and something about its geological history, scientists had plotted crater density on the moon against surface age. They applied this to Mars and other planets and moons, such that any surface could be dated by reference to the lunar standard. A pyramid was thus built on a shaky assumption. Now, awareness of the potential for single impacts to generate vast numbers of secondary craters has yanked the guy on the bottom, bringing the scheme crashing down. Science (May 26, 2006) reported that at a conference last March, "125 planetary scientists deadlocked" over how to apply the method, with many doubting that crater counts have anything to do with telling time. Geological dates inferred from the method could be "off by orders of magnitude."
A brief discussion like this cannot begin to place crater formation within a Biblical timescale. A full creationist model of cratering in the solar system will require much work. There is an important lesson here, though, for all science lovers: question assumptions.
*David F. Coppedge works in the Cassini program at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
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About Border Collies
Understanding Border Collies
Remember What Border Collies Are Bred For…
To chase and herd. This instinct varies from collie to collie but we should always assume it is present. Do not allow the dog to chase people, children, cats, cars, bikes, trains, or livestock. Start with a new dog by NOT taking it out.
As a new owner the dog will not see you as having the right to control it’s behaviour. Remember that the more exercise and excitement that you give a Border Collie, the higher its adrenaline levels will be. It can take weeks/months for these levels to come back to normal.
Puppies under 7/8 months should have very little walking on leads. Short sessions of up to 20 minutes only. (You wouldn’t take a toddler on a 10-mile hike would you?)
Adult collies need a fair amount of exercise off the lead, which needs to be filled with events which make it think. Build up time slowly, as obedience and muscle develop. A few minutes of recall, heelwork, hide & seek, fetch toy, with a period of free running.
Collies will anticipate your actions so during the walk call the dog, put on lead and then release, don’t wait until the walk has finished to produce the lead, he’ll know it’s home time and run off. Physically prevent the dog from chasing, by keeping it on a long line – a washing line, which you can reel in. Teach the dog to find things, hide a tit-bit and play “find it”. Great game for rainy days.
Keep your collie well socialised. If it shows fear of anything by barking, lunging, bolting, hiding, DO NOT touch the dog, walk on – assuming it’s on a lead, say nothing. Do not expose the dog to stress. If you speak to the dog or touch it, you are praising it for that behaviour. Teach the dog that being with you is better than anything else. You will need to be interesting. Tit-bits, games. Offer alternative behaviour to the unacceptable ones. DO NOT use check chains or half checks, force, punishment, shouting, or smacking.
Collies & Children…
Collies and small children together are a potential problem.
Toddlers are on the same eye level and stare. This is a challenge to any dog, particularly a collie. Children make high-pitched noises and sudden movements which can trigger collies. The dog must not be allowed to run up and down with children. It will get more and more excited and start jumping up and pulling at clothes or try to herd the children by nipping.
Keeping Them Busy…
A collie must be kept occupied or it will go self-employed. Indoor kennels are great to give the dog a safe den. Leave it something it can chew and remove the toy when the dog has something else to do. Their toys are your toys. Retain at the end of the game. Collies like to be part of the team and crave companionship of humans.
Don’t leave a collie alone all day. Three to four hours maximum for an adult, providing you give quality time later. Don’t let the dog follow you from room to room, it should spend some time in its bed alone when you are in. Chewing is common, boredom or separation anxiety Is often the cause. Shadow chasing is common in collies. Distract, remove source of light rays if possible and offer an alternative – stuff a kong, activity ball or buster cube.
Collies are problem-solving dogs, give them problems to deal with other than fetching the washing off the line. You can teach a collie tricks. Closing doors, taking the video out of the recorder – there’s no limit except your imagination and patience. | <urn:uuid:4e209435-a387-4ba2-82fc-72b2e1ef5bad> | {
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This day…..104 years ago saw one of history’s most famous earthquakes - the one that struck San Francisco at just before a quarter past five on the morning of April 18, 1906. It measured about 7.8, with its epicentre around two miles from the city.
For all its fame, it is not one of the deadliest the world has seen. The final death toll was around 3,000. (China’s Tangshan earthquake of 1976, for example, killed at least 240,000 and possibly many more – see also my blogs of July 28, 2009, Jan 22 and 24 and Feb 9, 2010.)
As with so many disasters, it was the aftermath rather than the quake itself that claimed most victims. Some people were drowned when water mains burst, but far more perished in fires that quickly engulfed the largely wooden city. Within half an hour, 50 had broken out, and they burned for three days.
More than 28,000 buildings were destroyed, including every downtown store, and nearly three quarters of San Francisco had to be rebuilt or extensively repaired, while more than half the population was made homeless. Many of the new buildings were designed to be resistant to fire and earthquake, and five years later the city hosted the world’s fair. | <urn:uuid:fc1faf29-915c-4209-92a5-a17cdf55b87e> | {
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in Home : Projects: Seeds and bulbs
Good quality compost
Slow release fertiliser
Moisture retaining gel
Growing flowers from seed is a great way of saving money, and summer planting doesn’t get easier than this. You can sow most half-hardy and hardy annuals straight into the container in late March (delay until April if the weather stays cold) - the first shoots often appear within days, with flowers from early June right through until October.
Place the container in full sun where your summer annuals can soak up the warmth, and get enough light to open their petals.
Place a couple of crocks in the base of your pot for drainage.
Following manufacturers’ instructions, add some slow-release fertiliser and moisture-retaining gel to a peat-free, multi-purpose compost with added John Innes.
Fill the pot with the compost mix, topping it off with 3cm seed compost. This is not vital, but it does give seedlings a good start. Water with a fine rose.
Divide the surface into thirds using sand or vermiculite, one section for each plant. Get 3 verieties of seed and sow them 5cm apart, thinned to 10cm.
Cover with vermiculite and don’t allow to dry out. Protect with a cloche overnight until germinated. Thin any overcrowded seedlings by gently prising out the surplus with a pencil. Firm in the rest. | <urn:uuid:aed19e28-067f-4fb0-8873-7856c529c3ba> | {
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Thomas Torlino, a Navajo Indian, demonstrates in these before and after pictures the change he underwent in the Carlise Indian School in Carlise, Pennsylvania. Looking at the untamed, vibrant and creative human in the first image, and the domesticated, neutralized citizen in the second, I'm reminded of lines from Chief Seattle's famous speech:
"There was a time when our people covered the land as the waves of a wind-ruffled sea cover its shell-paved floor, but that time long since passed away with the greatness of tribes that are now but a mournful memory... Your destiny is a mystery to us, for we do not understand when the buffalo are all slaughtered, the wild horses are tamed, the secret corners of the forest heavy with scent of many men, and the view of the ripe hills blotted by talking wires.
Where is the thicket? Gone. Where is the eagle? Gone. The end of living and the beginning of survival."
Thomas Torlino "survived" Carlisle Indian School, providing us with a lesson - through these pictures we can peer into the past and catch our own glimpse of the "secret corners of the forest."
Thomas Torlino before and after Carlisle School, photos by John N. Choate, 1848-1902. Call numbers: X-32984 and X-32985. | <urn:uuid:8eccbdc2-feb6-4fea-a923-e2766e53dbda> | {
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Herbal Remedies May Be Risky With Heart Drugs
Researchers Say Some Supplements Should be Avoided by Patients Taking Heart Drugs
Feb. 1, 2010 -- Patients taking heart drugs are at risk for potentially dangerous interactions when they also take herbal supplements such as ginkgo biloba, St. John's wort, and garlic, an analysis shows.
Investigators with the Mayo Clinic identified herbal and alternative products that they say should be avoided by patients with heart disease.
They claim the products could cause problems when taken with drugs commonly prescribed to lower blood pressure, control cholesterol, stabilize heart rhythms, or prevent blood clots.
The research analysis appears in the Feb. 9 issue of the Journal of the American College of Cardiology.
Researcher Arshad Jahangir, MD, tells WebMD that heart patients often fail to tell their doctors about the alternative remedies they take because they don't recognize the potential for harm.
"Many people think that natural is synonymous with safe," he says. "Many of these herbal remedies have been used for centuries, but they may not be safe in the current era when used by patients taking many other medications."
Older Patients Most at Risk
Jahangir says the danger is especially great in elderly heart patients, who are often also taking drugs for other chronic conditions and who may already have an increased risk for bleeding.
Bleeding was one of the most frequently cited interaction risks identified by the Mayo researchers, along with reducing or increasing the potency of the prescribed medications.
Some specific examples they cited included:
- St. John's wort, which is typically used to treat depression, anxiety, and sleep problems, has been shown in some studies to decrease the effectiveness of the arrhythmia drug digoxin, as well as blood-pressure-lowering medications and cholesterol-regulating statins.
- The herbal remedies alfalfa, dong quai, bilberry, fenugreek, garlic, ginger, and ginkgo biloba were all identified by the researchers as increasing bleeding risk when combined with the widely prescribed anti-clotting drug Coumadin (warfarin). Ginseng and green tea were identified as decreasing Coumadin's effects.
- The banned herbal product ephedra (ma-huang) has been linked to stroke, heart attack, seizures, and death from cardiac arrhythmia in otherwise healthy adults who used the product to boost energy or lose weight. | <urn:uuid:a449646f-60d6-4bcb-aa14-f0934efd7de0> | {
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Madden (The Durable Human Manifesto, 2013), a member of the National Association of Science Writers and the Society of Environmental Journalists, warns that with their current dependence on technology, humans are not only losing muscle mass and memory, but also opening themselves up to the possibility of being superseded by robots. She calls her proposed solution the "Triple Crown of Durability": self-reliance, genuine relationships, and curiosity. According to the author, the barriers to healthy development are considerable, ranging from the metabolic diseases associated with a sedentary lifestyle to the eye strain caused by frequent screen use. She also frets over the energy emitted by Wi-Fi-enabled devices, which she rather whimsically refers to as "The Glow." A possible association between cellphone use and cancer remains controversial, but a few high-profile cases have made it at least seem prudent to use hands-free devices whenever possible and not store cellphones and tablets on one's person. Luckily, this book is not all doom and gloom: rather than leaving it at plain scaremongering, it lists straightforward mitigation strategies at every turn. Madden enumerates simple ways to add more walking and standing to each workday and suggests that cutting time with gadgets by spending more moments outside contributes to better health and sleep, especially for children. Many problems boil down to having an overloaded brain, she explains, so mindfulness and decompression through music, conversation, or exercise are essential. Anecdotes and everyday metaphors help to drive the lessons home. For instance, Madden was forced to pay better attention when she fell off her folding bike because she didn't secure the handlebars properly. She deftly equates sleep to the body performing a thorough cleanup of its systems like a dishwasher and compares working memory to an often leaky bucket. Sometimes the book seems overly indebted to opinions and quotations from other authors, but that doesn't significantly detract from how useful a compendium of knowledge it should prove to be.
An all-too-relevant and eminently practical book that offers health strategies in a gadget-packed world. - Kirkus Reviews
From the Back Cover
- Be more creative and productive
- Deepen your focus and concentration
- Overcome information overload
- Eat to compete with tireless gadgets
- Don't let "sit happen"
- Sleep well in an always-on culture
- Help kids to be more durable, too! | <urn:uuid:172c4ca4-ee65-4493-808e-7c49e6700939> | {
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What are digital stories and how do you tell them? At a recent exhibit at Brown University, that topic was examined in a few different ways. One of the stories shown was a large screen version of images and text selected out of the "From Earth to the Universe" (FETTU) collection. FETTU is a Chandra-led project of astronomical image exhibits that began in the International Year of Astronomy in 2009 but has remained as a legacy project of public science. The location types of the FETTU exhibits have ranged from cafes to malls to metros.
Exhibiting FETTU with Brown University's large visualization wall in the Rockefeller library offered a special opportunity to display ultra-large astronomy data sets on a huge screen that lets the viewer not only see details in the images that are hard to see on small screens but also helps the viewer feel somewhat immersed in the image. The science images included Chandra’s composite with Hubble and Spitzer of the galactic center, a recent Solar Dynamics Observatory image of our Sun (shown here), an image of Mount Sharp, Mars from the Curiosity mission, and 5 other objects.
The NH National Guard Child and Youth Program and NHNG Military Education Outreach Committee were proud to present a pilot science event with the Chandra Education & Outreach Group on October 14, 2012 in Concord, New Hampshire. The Mission to the Universe – Stars and Stripes Family Fest provided family friendly science activities from Chandra such as the "Here, There, and Everywhere" project, "STOP for Science" and the "Universe in a Jelly Bean Jar". Chandra science imager Joe DePasquale was on hand to demonstrate the concept of lensing to visitors and talk about how Chandra images are made. Chandra educator Donna Young discussed the life and death of stars.
Last week, the Intrepid Sea, Air, and Space Museum welcomed a very unusual guest (who will be staying quite a while): the Space Shuttle Enterprise. The Intrepid, which is located on the Hudson River in New York City, will be the Enterprise's new home now that the Shuttle program has officially ended.
While we usually talk about meetings where astronomers get together, there are also other meetings where all types of scientists meet and exchange ideas. The AAAS meeting is one of them. "AAAS" stands for the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and it is the world's largest general scientific society.
Credit: Jonathan McDowell, SAO
This week, a new exhibit opened at the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History in Washington, DC. The "Evolving Universe" exhibit showcases many images from Chandra along with other telescopes and projects that involve the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO). This project, which can be found on the second floor of the museum, is a collaboration between these two branches of the Smithsonian, and gives visitors a chance to learn a little bit more about what happens at SAO's Cambridge, MA location. The exhibit will be on display now through January 20, 2012, so don't miss it.
This week, the latest incarnation of the Communicating Astronomy with the Public (CAP) series of meetings is happening in Beijing, China. There have been several of these meetings around the world – Munich in 2005, Athens in 2007, and Cape Town in 2010. Each of these, with a slightly different twist, have been designed to bring those of us who do astronomy outreach and communication together to discuss best practices, new ideas, emerging trends, etc.
This week, the focus will be to look at the ever-evolving landscape of modern communication and how astronomy can – and should – fit in. We are here talking about some of the latest work we’ve done in what we call “public science”. Like public art, public science strives to engage people in their everyday lives. Instead of having the general public stumble across a piece of artwork, we suggest that unintentionally interacting with science could be surprising, inspiring, and beneficial to any efforts to boost scientific interest and literacy.
And, most importantly, we are here to see old and new colleagues and to learn what else is going on around the world in astronomy communication. It’s great for CAP to be in Asia for the first time, and we are looking forward to an exciting week.
-Megan Watzke, Kim Arcand et al.
This morning, the High Energy Astrophysics Division (aka HEAD) meeting kicks off in Newport, RI. What is this, you might ask? Well, the American Astronomical Society, or AAS, is the country’s largest professional group for astronomers. And because it is so large, they have also created several subdivisions so that scientists of a particular bent can gather to talk about their areas of interest. You can find a full list of the divisions here.
HEAD’s focus is what astronomers consider to be the higher energies of the electromagnetic spectrum – that is, generally anything more energetic than visible light. There’s the official mission statement on the
Ever since we publicized the "deepest note in the Universe" in 2003, I have admired outreach efforts that combine music and astronomy. These efforts have continued this summer and fall with a program by Don Lubowich, from Hofstra University, who has organised astronomy exhibits to be installed at a large number of music festivals and events. My small role in this program involved displaying images from the "From Earth to the Universe (FETTU)" exhibit on the first day of the Newport Folk Festival at the end of July, added to Don's astronomy banners which also included material from FETTU.
The International Year of Astronomy continues to reach new audiences.
Photographs from the "From Earth to the Universe" (FETTU) gallery have been viewed by people all over the world in a variety of venues since 2009. A tactile version of the FETTU exhibit, based on the book Touch the Invisible Sky by Grice, Steel and Daou, was also created in 2009 so people could explore the multi-wavelength universe non-visually, by touch.
On July 20, 2011 the tactile FETTU exhibition continued on to the National Federation of the Blind (NFB) headquarters in Baltimore, Maryland. The images were examined by students attending the National Federation of the Blind Youth Slam - an innovative STEM enrichment program for high school students who are blind or have low vision. Noreen Grice was a course instructor for the Youth Slam Space Track and was on-site at the exhibition. She verbally described the color images as students explored the tactile counterparts by touch. The tactile FETTU exhibition will now be on permanent display at the National Federation of the Blind and will hopefully continue to excite a new generation of science enthusiasts.
(Photos by N.Grice)
On the evening of July 9th, as the intense heat of the summer sun on the National Mall faded into a cool breeze and sunlight gave way to a pale waxing gibbous moonlight, crowds quickly gathered at the National Air and Space Museum's public observatory for the 2nd annual Astronomy Night on the National Mall event.
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Read the privacy statement | <urn:uuid:93c8c575-2d12-4cde-bbf8-9499f844ea59> | {
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But first there are the thistles we saw. I know that some of the thistles are invasive weeds, and in fact the star thistle is devastating pastures all over the state. And killing horses in the process. I don't know if the other thistles are natural or invaders. Hopefully my botanist readers can clue us in.
tolerant of serpentine soils.
eastern Great Valley and lower Sierra Nevada foothills near New Hogan Reservoir and Valley Springs, followed by a pair of laboratory field trips to Del Puerto Canyon in the Coast Ranges where I took these wildflower pictures. Then, on Saturday, it was another field trip to Yosemite Valley, where we saw Half El Capitan, Half Cathedral Rocks, Half Yosemite Falls, and No Dome. Check out the different kinds of scenery and rocks...
|The Great Valley with Mount Diablo in the distance|
|The lower reaches of Del Puerto Canyon, showing thick layers of the Great Valley Group, |
and a pretty incredible landslide (slump and earthflow)
|Some tightly folded radiolarian cherts in the middle stretches of Del Puerto Canyon|
|Olivine peridotite from the upper end of Del Puerto Canyon|
|An overcast day in one of the best places in the world to see granitic rock exposed in all its splendor|
This isn't exactly a mystery to be solved by the readers, more a lead-in to the next post, but you are welcome to comment if you can answer what exactly it is that links these disparate features of California's landscape. | <urn:uuid:ead05a4f-f148-4917-ae46-cad6d3266526> | {
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Landscape/Architecture Firms Growing Closer
When SWA Group was brought in as the landscape architect for the California Academy of Sciences, located in San Francisco’s Golden Gate Park, the challenge was to create one of the most efficient and sustainable buildings in the Bay Area. Renzo Piano’s design called for a green roof that would essentially lift a piece of the park and place it atop the building: seven earth mounds that would serve as a research facility.
Based on what you have seen and read about this project, how would you grade it? Use the stars below to indicate your assessment, five stars being the highest rating.
“Implementing the architect’s conceptual plan for the roof mounds was initially seen as a significant technical challenge because the planting surface was steeper than had been attempted before, almost 55 degrees at certain points,” says John Loomis, a principal of SWA.
As architects attempt ever more ambitious feats with green projects, the collaborative relationship between members of a design team is becoming more important. Landscape architects, in particular, are codifying their role and taking on additional responsibilities. “It is not about just dressing something that the architect gives us,” Loomis says. “We would always like to be in there right at the same time the architect starts on the project, if possible.”
At the California Academy of Sciences, for instance, one of SWA’s early ideas called for concentric earth rings that stepped down from the slopes. But these circular patterns ran counter to the architects’ intent to maintain the grid of the building structure as an exposed reflection of the ceiling plan. SWA solved the problem by designing a semi-rigid framework that is laid across the roof to hold the sections of soil systems in place within a 24-foot grid of gabion curbs, which are wire baskets filled with volcanic scoria rock that are linked together. A interconnecting subsystem of epoxy-coated rebar and reinforced nylon strapping to maintain the alignment of the curbs. The grid is strong enough to hold the soil systems in place on the sharp inclines of the slopes, yet accommodates water runoff even at high rates during winter storms.
The structure of the collaboration between SWA and Piano’s office required lots of back and forth to deal with issues including soil systems, irrigation, HVAC venting, and insulation. “As we got up specifically on the roof, it is really a piece of (Piano’s) building, so we had a lot of meetings about how to make that roof work with his office,” says Lawrence Reed, a principal of SWA.
SWA also worked closely with BAR Architects at the National Audio-Visual Conservation Center, a former Federal Reserve System bunker in Culpepper, Virginia, that underwent a $155 million transformation into an archive for the Library of Congress. The client was concerned that a 400,000-square-foot building would overwhelm its rural location. Accordingly, BAR decided to make use of an existing bunker and construct a new structure partially into a hillside. This required two types of green roofs: a deeper one for the bunker and a more conventional, shallow one for the new building.
“Having the two different types of green roof and the different plantings that would go on those two types of roofs were things that we were working really quite closely in conjunction with SWA on,” says Earl Wilson, a principal of BAR.
The entire 5.5-acre site harnesses the region’s native plants and is insulated with 23 varieties of sedum to reduce HVAC usage and provide storm water management. “We spent a lot of time refining plant lists and making sure we have the right plant material for the individual circumstance,” Reed says. SWA met with regional experts in green roof type plants, meadow grass restoration, as well as forest restoration.
Green roofs also require collaboration when it comes to building drainage systems and repurposing storm water. Landscape firm Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates recently worked with Steven Holl Architects on the Whitney Water Treatment facility, in New Haven, to design a green roof that is as complex as the water treatment center itself in its repurposing of storm water.
Holl’s intention was to have a roof that collects rainwater, which could be routed back into the landscapes and planted area, as opposed to being directed into the piping and going into the storm drainage. “We would create the details that we thought would make the building more sustainable and present them to the architects,” says Robert Rock, an associate at Van Valkenburgh, adding that the architects in turn presented the designs to structural and mechanical engineers.
Rock’s design called for a roofing slab that acts like a shallow bathtub. On top of the slab is waterproofing, insulation, and a drainage mat that covers the structure and drains out to the roof’s edges. Covering all of this is a 4-inch layer of 3/8” pea gravel, which is used as the drainage medium. As water comes down through the soil on the surface, it passes into the granular layer that has larger pore spaces between the particles, where the water can be stored until it is absorbed by the plant material. Above the gravel layer are six to eight inches of soil that has vermiculite and Perelite mixed into it, which helps lighten the concentrated load.
Water coming down onto the roof then drains to the perimeter from where it is reintegrated into the site. The highest elevations are all graded so that they converge into a vegetative swale that empties into a pond on the east side of the building. That pond is then connected to the groundwater table and holds that water on site. By incorporating that pond on site with the roof drainage system, all the rainwater that falls on the site stays there, as opposed to being dumped into the nearest body of water.
As the environmental details of sites become more integrated into architectural design, be it to store water or to absorb the impact of a large building, landscape design is becoming a major part of the architecture. And as green roofs are growing up in our own backyards, the relationship between architect and landscape architect is sure to blossom.
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A team of archaeologists has uncovered what some are calling a “coffin birth” in remains found in a medieval tomb. In Imola, a town in northern Italy near Bologna, experts found what they believe to be evidence of a post-mortem birth. They also found evidence of trepanation -- one of the most ancient forms of surgery, that has been documented by archaeologists in cases dating into darkest prehistory.
The archaeologists found the skeletal remains of a young woman and a fetus from the 12th century A.D. The fetal remains were found laid between the the female skeleton’s pelvis and legs. In addition, they found a perforation in the frontal bone of the young woman’s skull, above her eye sockets. According to a summary of the study, the authors of the study of the find attempted to interpret the injury and reconstruct the circumstances of death.
According to the authors of the study titled “Neurosurgery on a Pregnant Woman with Post Mortem Fetal Extrusion: An Unusual Case from Medieval Italy,” they found that the lesion on the skull appears “commensurate with a surgical intervention.” They wrote that there were signs of healing along the edges of the skull lesion, which is round in shape. “It can be hypothesized that the survival of the woman undergoing the surgery was approximately 1 week and the fetus extruded after the burial.” This unique case has shed more light on the history of neurosurgery during the Early Middle Ages in Europe, claimed the authors.
“Because trepanation was once often used in the treatment of hypertension to reduce blood pressure in the skull,we theorized that this lesion could be associated with the treatment of a hypertensive pregnancy disorder, such as preeclampsia,” the researchers wrote. “This finding is one of the few documented cases of trepanation in the European early Middle Ages, and the only one featuring a pregnant woman in association with a postmortem fetal-extrusion phenomenon.”
At the time of her death, the mother was between 25 to 35 years old. When they measured the length of the femur of the fetus, the authors of the study determined that he was 38 weeks in gestation. The mother was but two weeks away from carrying the baby to full term. This is a rare case of "post-mortem fetal expulsion" or "coffin birth." While the phenomenon is rare in northern climes, it is known in archaeological and forensic medical circles. Upon the death of a pregnant woman, the gases caused by decomposition fill the abdominal cavity. After a period of two to five days, the pressure of the gases may eventually expel the baby from the uterus. Pushed by the gases, the baby goes out by the most natural way, although the pressure can sometimes be too weak. In the absence of muscle contractions, the child then remains partially in the body of the mother.
The scientists were able to reconstruct more precisely the events that led to the death of the young mother. Between the forehead and top of the skull, they found a small circular hole approximately 5 millimeters (0.20 inches) in diameter. They believe that this shows that the woman was subjected to trepanning, which consists of drilling a hole in the cranium by using a this discovery. A nearby mark on the skull gave further evidence of trepanning. This very delicate surgical operation has been in use since Neolithic times. Trepanning was known to be in use during the Lombard era in Italy. Currently, a related technique is used to to remove brain tumors, evacuate blood during subdural or epidural hematomas in the brain. | <urn:uuid:81f9b508-b88c-434e-9346-4f93537f97f6> | {
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Forum Topic: Prediction
Talk by Ivan Godard – 2013-11-12 at
IEEE CS Santa Clara Valley
NOTE: the slides require genuine Microsoft PowerPoint to view; open source PowerPoint clones are unable to show the animations, which are essential to the slide content. If you do not have access to PowerPoint then watch the video, which shows the slides as intended.
Slides: PowerPoint (.pptx)
Run-ahead transfer prediction in the Mill CPU architecture
Programs frequently execute only a handful of operations between transfers of control: branches, calls, and returns. Yet modern wide-issue VLIW and superscalar CPUs can issue similar handfuls of operations every cycle, so the hardware must be able to change to a new point of execution each cycle if performance is not to suffer from stalls. Changing the point of execution requires determining the new execution address, fetching instructions at that address from the memory hierarchy, decoding the instructions, and issuing them—steps that can take tens of cycles on modern out-of-order machines. Without hardware help, a machine could take 20 cycles to transfer, for just one cycle of actual work.
The branch predictor hardware in conventional out-of-order processors does help a lot. It attempts to predict the taken vs. untaken state of conditional branches based on historical behavior of the same branch in earlier executions. Modern predictors achieve 95% accuracy, and large instruction-decode windows can hide top-level cache latency. Together these effects are sufficient for programs like benchmarks that are regular and small. However, on real-world problems today’s CPUs can spend a third or more of their cycles stalled for instructions.
The Mill uses a novel prediction mechanism to avoid these problems; it predicts transfers rather than branches. It can do so for all code, including code that has not yet ever been executed, running well ahead of execution so as to mask all cache latency and most memory latency. It needs no area- and power-hungry instruction window, using instead a very short decode pipeline and direct in-order issue and execution. It can use all present and future prediction algorithms, with the same accuracy as any other processor. On those occasions in which prediction is in error, the mispredict penalty is four cycles, a quarter that of superscalar designs. As a result, code stall is a rarity on a Mill, even on large programs with irregular control flow.
The talk describes the prediction mechanism of the Mill and compares it with the conventional approach.
Ivan Godard has designed, implemented or led the teams for 11 compilers for a variety of languages and targets, an operating system, an object-oriented database, and four instruction set architectures. He participated in the revision of Algol68 and is mentioned in its Report, was on the Green team that won the Ada language competition, designed the Mary family of system implementation languages, and was founding editor of the Machine Oriented Languages Bulletin. He is a Member Emeritus of IFIPS Working Group 2.4 (Implementation languages) and was a member of the committee that produced the IEEE and ISO floating-point standard 754-2011.
Ivan is currently CTO at Mill Computing, a startup now emerging from stealth mode. Mill Computing has developed the Mill, a clean-sheet rethink of general-purpose CPU architectures. The Mill is the subject of this talk. | <urn:uuid:11ed33c3-ffcc-42b8-b2a1-f6213c416a55> | {
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|Lorenz Infantry Rifle Model 1854|
|Place of origin||Austrian Empire|
|Wars||Second Italian War of Independence, American Civil War, Austro-Prussian War|
|Manufacturer||Austrian government with many private contracts|
|Barrel length||37.5" (952.5 mm)|
The Lorenz rifle was an Austrian rifle used in the mid 19th century. It was used in several European wars, and also featured prominently in the U.S. Civil War.
The Lorenz rifle was designed by Austrian lieutenant Joseph Lorenz. It was first approved for manufacture in 1854, and was Austria's first all-new infantry firearm in decades. The demand for the rifles was much greater than what the Austrian government could produce, so much of the production was done by private manufacturers. Many of these manufacturers did not have the skill and precision required to make what was then a very modern and sophisticated rifle design, and as a result, the quality of Lorenz rifles varied quite a bit. The bore diameters also varied quite a bit due to insufficient control of allowable tolerances. This often left too much of a gap between the bullet and the barrel, resulting in poor performance.
Replacing the earlier Augustin rifled musket, the Lorenz was first distributed to Austrian soldiers in 1855. Despite its superiority to the Augustin, the Lorenz suffered from slow delivery and was sometimes used ineffectively due to prevailing conservatism in tactics and training. By 1859, the year of the Austro-Sardinian War, not all Austrian units had received the new rifle.
The Lorenz rifle was a percussion type muzzle loader, and as such was similar in design to the British Pattern 1853 Enfield and the American Springfield rifle-muskets. It had a 37.5 inch barrel which was held into place by three barrel bands. The barrel was .54 caliber, which was slightly smaller than the .577 used by the Enfield and the .58 standardized in later Springfields.
The rifle was fitted with a quadrangle socket bayonet.
The Lorenz rifle first saw action in the Second Italian War of Independence. It was later used in the Balkans.
The Lorenz rifle was the third most widely used rifle during the American Civil War. The Union recorded purchases of 226,924 and the Confederacy bought as many as 100,000. Confederate-bought Lorenz rifles saw heavy use in the Army of Tennessee in 1863-64, with many of them being issued to re-equip regiments captured at the siege of Vicksburg and later exchanged. The quality of Lorenz rifles during the Civil War was not consistent. Some were considered to be of the finest quality (particularly ones from the Vienna Arsenal), and were sometimes praised as being superior to the Enfield; others, especially those in later purchases from private contractors, were described as horrible in both design and condition. Many of these poorer-quality weapons were swapped out on the battlefield for the British Enfield or the American Springfield rifle-muskets whenever one became available.
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The Lorenz rifle was produced in three different variants, designed for short, medium, and long range combat. The short range version, which was the most common, had less of a twist in the rifling, and lacked long range sights. The medium range version had more of a twist in the rifling to increase long range accuracy, and had movable long range sights. The long range version had an even greater twist in the rifling as well as a finer adjustable sight. This long range version was intended only for use by elite fighting units.
The rifle was also produced in two different patterns, the 1854 and the 1862. The Pattern 1862 had a different type of lock plate that more closely resembled that used on the Enfield. Pattern 1862 rifles were also more consistent in their manufacturing.
A large number of Lorenz rifles purchased by the Union during Civil War had their barrels bored to .58 caliber, so that they could fire the same ammunition as the Enfield and Springfield rifle-muskets. The boring on these rifles suffered from the same lack of consistency that was found in the original manufacture of the rifles. Confederate purchased rifles were kept in .54 caliber.
The finish on the rifles varied. Some were blued, some browned, and others were polished bright.
- "Civil War Firearms: Their Historical Background and Tactical Use" By Joseph G. Bilby
- Rothenberg. G.E. The Army of Francis Joseph. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press, 1976. p 43.
- Bilby, J, the Lorenz (Mar 26, 2009) | <urn:uuid:7aaa3e53-ca83-4e84-a9c7-4c02b9ea3ba7> | {
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