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Australian Weather Calendar - February 2014
Cumulonimbus framed by gold and blue
This thunderstorm was generated by a low pressure trough—often known as an easterly, or inland, trough— extending through central Queensland and central New South Wales. This area of low pressure marks the boundary between warm, moist air and cool, dry air. The cool air can push under the warm air and lift it, causing water vapour to condense and form clouds. While capturing the 'weather' is essential for a photograph to have any chance of appearing in the Bureau calendar, Geoff Wheeler of Dubbo had greater artistic ambitions when he spotted a 'spectacular' cloud near Gunnedah: he waited until he could frame it in a canola field, a hill and a windmill. | <urn:uuid:4ab10053-5d22-4e25-b43f-e3fee8397f6c> | {
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: any of a Tibetan breed of small dogs that have a dense coat of long hard straight hair, a heavy fall over the eyes, heavy whiskers and beard, and a well-feathered tail curled over the back —called also Lhasa
Illustration of LHASA APSO
Origin of LHASA APSO
Lhasa, Tibet + Tibetan (Lhasa dialect) ə̄bsɔɔ̀ (written Tibetan absog) small hairy dog, Lhasa apso
First Known Use: 1935
Lhasa apso—Sally Anne Thompson/EB Inc.
Breed of dog from Tibet. The Lhasa apso is hardy, intelligent, and watchful. Longer than it is tall, it stands 10–11 in. (25–28 cm) tall and weighs 13–15 lb (6–7 kg). It has a heavily haired tail that curls over its back and a long, profuse coat that covers its eyes. Its coat may be of various colours, but most breeders prefer golden-brown shades. | <urn:uuid:0c1a14c5-476c-4953-8e46-3e6076b96696> | {
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Objection 1: It seems that truth is not a part of justice. For it seems proper to justice to give another man his due. But, by telling the truth, one does not seem to give another man his due, as is the case in all the foregoing parts of justice. Therefore truth is not a part of justice.
Objection 2: Further, truth pertains to the intellect: whereas justice is in the will, as stated above (Q, A). Therefore truth is not a part of justice.
Objection 3: Further, according to Jerome truth is threefold, namely, |truth of life,| |truth of justice,| and |truth of doctrine.| But none of these is a part of justice. For truth of life comprises all virtues, as stated above (A, ad 3): truth of justice is the same as justice, so that it is not one of its parts; and truth of doctrine belongs rather to the intellectual virtues. Therefore truth is nowise a part of justice.
On the contrary, Tully (De Invent. Rhet. ii) reckons truth among the parts of justice.
I answer that, As stated above (Q), a virtue is annexed to justice, as secondary to a principal virtue, through having something in common with justice, while falling short from the perfect virtue thereof. Now the virtue of truth has two things in common with justice. In the first place it is directed to another, since the manifestation, which we have stated to be an act of truth, is directed to another, inasmuch as one person manifests to another the things that concern himself. In the second place, justice sets up a certain equality between things, and this the virtue of truth does also, for it equals signs to the things which concern man himself. Nevertheless it falls short of the proper aspect of justice, as to the notion of debt: for this virtue does not regard legal debt, which justice considers, but rather the moral debt, in so far as, out of equity, one man owes another a manifestation of the truth. Therefore truth is a part of justice, being annexed thereto as a secondary virtue to its principal.
Reply to Objection 1: Since man is a social animal, one man naturally owes another whatever is necessary for the preservation of human society. Now it would be impossible for men to live together, unless they believed one another, as declaring the truth one to another. Hence the virtue of truth does, in a manner, regard something as being due.
Reply to Objection 2: Truth, as known, belongs to the intellect. But man, by his own will, whereby he uses both habits and members, utters external signs in order to manifest the truth, and in this way the manifestation of the truth is an act of the will.
Reply to Objection 3: The truth of which we are speaking now differs from the truth of life, as stated in the preceding A, ad 3.
We speak of the truth of justice in two ways. In one way we refer to the fact that justice itself is a certain rectitude regulated according to the rule of the divine law; and in this way the truth of justice differs from the truth of life, because by the truth of life a man lives aright in himself, whereas by the truth of justice a man observes the rectitude of the law in those judgments which refer to another man: and in this sense the truth of justice has nothing to do with the truth of which we speak now, as neither has the truth of life. In another way the truth of justice may be understood as referring to the fact that, out of justice, a man manifests the truth, as for instance when a man confesses the truth, or gives true evidence in a court of justice. This truth is a particular act of justice, and does not pertain directly to this truth of which we are now speaking, because, to wit, in this manifestation of the truth a man's chief intention is to give another man his due. Hence the Philosopher says (Ethic. iv, 7) in describing this virtue: |We are not speaking of one who is truthful in his agreements, nor does this apply to matters in which justice or injustice is questioned.|
The truth of doctrine consists in a certain manifestation of truths relating to science wherefore neither does this truth directly pertain to this virtue, but only that truth whereby a man, both in life and in speech, shows himself to be such as he is, and the things that concern him, not other, and neither greater nor less, than they are. Nevertheless since truths of science, as known by us, are something concerning us, and pertain to this virtue, in this sense the truth of doctrine may pertain to this virtue, as well as any other kind of truth whereby a man manifests, by word or deed, what he knows. | <urn:uuid:3839105f-d8fd-46ab-9ab4-0464e894d723> | {
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Thinking Through Art
Thinking Through Art: Overview
Transforming Museum Curriculum
What kinds of programming should an art museum’s education department offer to the K–12 school community? How can we best contribute to students’ current and future intellectual development? What type of programming best fits the needs of students and teachers, while also addressing the unique aspects of the museum setting? Watch a video on Thinking Through Art here, or read more in the document below.
Research Study: How an Art Museum Multiple-Visit Program Can Facilitate Critical Thinking Amongst 3rd, 4th, and 5th Graders
In 2003, the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum and Institute for Learning Innovation Institute received a 3-year grant from the Federal Department of Education to research students’ learning in and from art museum multiple-visit programs.
Research efforts within this grant are focused on assessing the effects of participation in an art museum multiple-visit program on the
development of elementary students’ critical thinking skills. The Gardner's School Partnership Program (SPP), a multiple-visit program serving K-8, students from neighboring city public schools, provides the context for this study.
In the third and final year of the grant, research efforts were focused on better understanding how an art museum multiple visit program can facilitate critical thinking amongst participating 3rd, 4th, and 5th graders.
Specifically, the study was designed to answer three specific research questions:
1.) How does participation in SPP influence students’ individual critical thinking skills?
2.) How does it influence students’ critical thinking skills within a social context in the museum?
3.) How does it influence students’ critical thinking skills on standardized tests?
Learn more about the Thinking Through Art Research Project | <urn:uuid:4f3ad16b-a097-4364-b567-7ca2532d6f62> | {
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One a4 sheet that can be used as a discussion tool in class or for pupils to work from independently when getting to grips with the aqa gcse assessment criteria. Coursework expert singapore provides english coursework, gcse english course work, english coursework help, english after the toughest selection criteria. General activities/lessons to introduce the coursework assessments cambridge igcse writing coursework act 3 scene 1 macbeth gcse english literature. Coursework in mathematics a discussion paper october 2006 “gcse coursework marking criteria for these two pieces of coursework are presented in appendix a and.
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Preparing for the new gcse english 1 specifications howlet’s think in english can help laurie smith april 2014 • coursework and controlled conditions. So what are the specific examples gcse english coursework criteria for european voluntary service events months from the same year april at midday brussels time for. It is time to start thinking as an adult and get the best gcse coursework writing help on the market our team of experts is always ready to help you. 美国旅游网址大全 论坛 美国自由行讨论 gcse english coursework marking criteria – 145003 该主题包含 0 个回复，有 1 个. | <urn:uuid:e99b4194-de99-4ec0-9858-3e8d46550868> | {
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The recent public interest in using alternative fuels to power the automobile has created investment in a huge variety of technologies that could reduce the planets dependence on oil for transportation. Unfortunately, these technologies are diverse and disjointed, and while each one shows promise they need to be focused on working together to produce a system level solution that actually saves energy and reduces Green House Gas (GHG).
Fuel cells, fed by hydrogen and producing electricity and only water as a byproduct, have been in development for two decades and although the technology has improved tremendously the economic and safety aspects of producing and transporting hydrogen have not.
A recent joint study by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) concluded that Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) have the potential to improve air quality and substantially contribute to meeting long term goals of reducing GHG to 80% below 1990 levels by 2050.
The PHEV presents a suitable system approach that has the potential to be the most appropriate investment to have an impact on reducing our dependence on oil and reducing GHG. Genovation Cars exists to produce a PHEV product that makes best use of the latest technologies that are safe on the road, not experimental and do no harm to the environment. We are building a vehicle for the average family that cares about protecting the environment.
Powering the vehicle is not the only aspect of being green that we consider. All other materials such as composite body panels made from soy based resins and natural fibers such as jute, bamboo or basalt are considered for application in the vehicle.
We keep six factors in mind when considering whether a technology is ready for our car. Those are Safety, Cost, Weight, Availability, Reliability and Ease of use/maintenance. Using the initials we call these our SCWARE factors.
The major components that make up a PHEV car are:
- The electric traction motor that moves the car.
- The controller that manages the power flow from the batteries to the traction motor.
- The battery pack that stores the energy.
- The charger that refills the energy store.
- The battery regulators that prevent the individual batteries from damage by either overcharging or overdraining.
- The Range Extender that produces electricity while driving to recharge the battery pack.
- The auxiliary 12V system to power all standard vehicle subsystems.
- The energy recovery system that captures energy that would normally be dissipated as heat when braking.
- The safety management system that makes sure all systems work in harmony and do not allow dangerous situations to exist.
The traction motor is what provides the power to the vehicle’s wheels. Traction motors have been around for a long time and have been deployed in electric trains, trams and buses for a hundred years. The technology needed in these applications has been very high power with easy access to electric power (overhead lines or power rails). When looking at the family car the power comes from batteries and is a limited resource. Also the weight of the vehicle has the biggest impact on efficiency.
Small, lightweight, efficient traction motors are available but at a high cost. They tend to be either inductance motors requiring sophisticated, custom designed controllers or permanent magnet DC motors using expensive materials in the magnet design. There are many other types of motors each with their own unique benefits and drawbacks. Until recently, traction motors for vehicle applications have been adaptations of motors originally designed for something else, such as fork lift trucks. Today, there are motors available for specific vehicle applications that are efficient, light weight and powerful over a wide speed range. For our G2 car we are using an AC induction motor.
The motor controller (often called inverter) is the brain of the car. It controls the power going to the traction motor in response to the throttle pedal. Presently, motors and controllers have to be purchased from the same vendor to ensure reliable efficient operation. An induction motor must provide feedback to the controller about its precise position for the controller to operate the motor efficiently. Also, energy recovery under braking and making the motor operate seamlessly with the hydraulic brakes requires a design synergy. Until there is an open industry collaboration focused on controller design there will never be a competitive market for all the various peripherals.
Battery technology did not change for decades. The lead acid battery was the state of the art for as long as we can remember until the advent of the personal computer and other personal devices. Then a rapid evolution from lead acid to Nickel Cadmium (NiCad) then to Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) and finally to Lithium-ion (Li-ion) chemistries happened. In each step of the evolution the batteries became more powerful by weight and by volume plus they could be recharged faster.
Li-ion is now the battery of choice for laptop computers and cell-phones, however, many of us remember the early scares caused by battery fires in laptops. Several variations of Li-ion chemistry are competing in this industry and we have chosen Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4). This is because, in our judgment, the LiFePO4 chemistry is the only Li-ion chemistry now ready for use in family cars and meet our SCWARE factors. Our car has a high voltage string of batteries to power the traction motor and a 12V auxiliary battery to power all the normal 12V circuits of a family car such as the radio and windshield wipers.
Battery chargers are either very heavy or very expensive. For a pure electric vehicle the charger can be left out of the car as was the case with the EV-1 built by General Motors. The EV-1 charger was a very clever and safe design but was also extremely heavy. However, weight was not an issue as it stayed in the owner’s garage. A PHEV needs an on board charger that can provide the performance needed by the charging capability of the batteries. Li-ion batteries can absorb a charge very quickly but each cell in the stack must be managed individually for safety reasons.
Genovation is using a sophisticated light-weight charger that has a higher cost than we would like but out of all our SCWARE factors, cost is the only factor that is compromised in this case.
A DC to DC converter is used to charge the 12V auxiliary battery from the high voltage traction pack.
All batteries of a type are not created equal; each has a slightly different capacity, especially when new. The best way to make sure that each battery is charged to its maximum would be to charge them individually. Unfortunately, they are connected in series to power the motor and therefore must be charged in series. Consequently, one battery will reach full charge before the rest and as the charger treats the whole series chain as one entity for charging it is inevitable that the first batteries to reach full charge will be overcharged before the charger cuts back the current. To avoid this we equip each battery with a regulator that monitors the state of charge and bypasses the current when full charge is reached. All regulators communicate with the charger and thus the charger “knows” when the whole string has reached full charge.
Our cars feature an on board range extender (also called a Genset) that is a small internal combustion engine coupled to an electric generator. The range extender starts either automatically or when desired by the driver to begin charging the batteries. The automatic function activates when the batteries have drained to a set level. The driver may activate the range extender any time he or she feels it is appropriate based on present and predicted driving conditions.
Range extenders may be fitted to run from a variety of fuels including regular gasoline, bio-ethanol, bio-butanol, diesel, biodiesel and liquid petroleum gas.
The auxiliary 12V system powers all the standard 12V systems in a vehicle. Pumps of various types are needed for power steering, brakes and air conditioning, entertainment, lights, wipers, etc. are all standard 12V systems. The system is powered by the auxiliary battery which is continually charged from the traction battery.
It is possible to have the traction motor become a generator under braking. This allows us to recover energy and reduce wear and tear and maintenance costs on the mechanical brakes. However, the power generated during braking is much higher than the batteries can absorb in the time available. Therefore, we are investigating several technologies to store recovered energy that can react fast enough and meet our SCWARE factors. Such ideas include ultra capacitors and compressed air or hydraulics.
Just connecting the power to the motor via a controller and a throttle pedal will make a car move. However, there is a need for multiple safety interlocks to avoid dangerous situations such as trying to drive off when the car is plugged in for charging. Genovation has multiple custom designed safety modules installed in the car thus having multiple ways to break the current feed to the motor that ensures no single failure will put the car’s occupants in danger. For example, if the throttle and brake pedals are pressed at the same time, drive current will be removed from the traction motor. | <urn:uuid:93e71191-67bf-4731-a0b9-777cb89c1047> | {
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The IPFW visualization center doesn't look like much when you enter. The windows have been blocked; the temperature is slightly higher, and a large projection screen cuts the room about in half.
Put on a special pair of 3-D glasses, however, and the small, dark room turns into foreign terrain that needs to be navigated by military forces in order to provide aid to another unit, or a maze of objects to move through with the touch of a button.
The visualization center at IPFW recently received funding from a $1.5 million Lilly Endowment grant through the talent initiative. The grant for the student-run center is targeted for enhancements to the center, the training of students and to bring high-tech jobs to the area. The technology used to create the 3-D center can be difficult to come by; fewer than 10 institutions in the state have it.
Beomjin Kim, a professor and director of the center, said the question really is “how can we utilize cutting-edge technology across different areas?”
The center is working toward answering that question with the help of area businesses, including Raytheon, a major sponsor of the center's work.
Aside from military usage, the technology can also be used in the medical field, Kim said. Brain surgery is complicated and dangerous, but using this technology would allow surgeons to see the human brain in 3-D instead of making decisions based on a projected image like a CT scan. The technology would allow surgeons performing complicated procedures to practice in advance.
Kim said IPFW faculty members are currently working with area companies to develop practical application for the visualization center.
Challenging young minds through collaboration
The excitement of the center's potential spread to the science education department at the university, and with the help of another grant, students built computers that acted very much like projectors in the visualization center. The computers were given to elementary school teachers to study if students could learn concepts better by using the technology.
IPFW computer science students built and developed the technology and taught teachers how to use it in their classrooms. Kim said some students received a small stipend for their work, but many participated on a volunteer basis.
“I'm so happy students are willing to donate their time to the community,” he said. “The process can be tedious and frustrating, but they never complained.”
The partnership was with Fort Wayne Community Schools' Study Elementary, a school with 90 percent of students qualifying for free- and reduced-price lunches as well as a large population of English as a second language or ESL students.
On her first day of teaching second grade at Study two years ago, Amber Oswald began developing a curriculum to teach students phases of the moon using the 3-D visualization technology.
“It was worth it, but it was a big commitment,” she said.
The topic isn't usually addressed in second grade; usually it isn't taught at all until fifth grade.
“Normally younger students don't get to work with astronomy,” said Zeynep Isik-Ercan, an early childhood assistant professor at IPFW who worked with Oswald on the study of student outcomes. “We wanted to challenge their little minds.”
Technology yields positive results
Isik-Ercan has since written scholarly journal articles on the study and research from the collaboration.
“Astronomy is one of the hardest subjects to learn, not only for young children, but also for adults,” she wrote in one article. “However, the results clearly indicate that children as young as second-graders can learn about sun, moon and earth; their shapes, the relationship among them, such as day and night, the moon's changing appearance, and seasons with the help of 3-D visualization.”
Isik-Ercan interviewed students before the lessons and after to assess their knowledge. Many couldn't explain astronomical concepts or explained them using tales or fantasy, like a man on the moon. None could explain why seasons change, and most didn't know that the moon moved at all.
But after the unit, about 90 percent of the students could explain how the moon orbits the earth, and half of the students could explain why the moon looks different at different times of the year, compared with none before. Students not only had a better understanding of day and night, the project also sparked an interest in space through reading and writing.
“The teachers noted that 3D visualization stimulated children's interest in space and that using 3-D visualization in combination with other teaching methods — literacy experiences, videos and photos, simulations, discussions and presentations — supported student learning,” Isik-Ercan wrote.
Visualization technology reaches all students
The use of the technology was so successful for the second-graders, Study expanded the unit last year to fourth grade. These students take the science portion of the ISTEP+ standardized test which includes astronomy questions.
Fourth-grade teacher Lisa Herrington used the technology in her class last year. She said previously teachers used physical models or others to try to explain concepts like the moon's rotation around the earth.
“Those are nothing compared to the effectiveness of this 3-D technology,” she said. “My struggling kids, uninterested students and special (education) kids got it just as well as my straight-A students.”
Oswald reported her second-graders wanted to do more research on space and became more interested in reading nonfiction. Even parents became interested, she said. Kids talked about it at home, and parents wanted to know more about it at parent-teacher conferences.
Herrington said students began connecting the concepts they learned to other subjects like math.
“I hadn't seen that enthusiasm before,” she said. “This inspired a whole lot of exploration, learning and discovery.”
Herrington said this opportunity was particularly special for low-income students at Study who often “lack life experiences and background knowledge.”
“When else in their lives will they be able to experience 3-D technology? This makes it make sense to them,” she said.
“We're enabling children to think more deeply because we're providing the tools to do that,” Isik-Ercan said. “This is a nice opportunity for this diverse population, something ESL students could experience even without knowing English.”
Funding challenges halt expansion to other schools
One of the two computers at Study that enable to 3-D visualization to be projected onto a screen remains in Oswald's room. The 3-D glasses, which require charging, are kept in small cloth bags. It doesn't take long for Oswald to pull up a large image of the moon, which pops out as soon as the glasses go on.
Last year, Study also shared the 3-D visualization equipment with Abbett Elementary School, another school with a high population of low-income students, but Herrington said transporting the equipment was stressful because it's so expensive.
Ideally, Isik-Ercan said the technology would be brought to all schools in FWCS, but the funding for the project, which came entirely from grants, has dried up.
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Nine years ago, scientists at Cedars-Sinai's Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute detected a subtle shift occurring in the molecular makeup of the most aggressive type of brain tumors, glioblastoma multiforme. With further study, they found that a specific protein called laminin-411 plays a major role in a tumor's ability to build new blood vessels to support its growth and spread. But technology did not exist then to block this protein.
Now, employing new drug-engineering technology that is part of an advanced science called nanomedicine, the research team has created a "nanobioconjugate" drug that may be given by intravenous injection and carried in the blood to target the brain tumor. It is engineered to specifically permeate the tumor cell wall, entering endosomes, mobile compartments within cells.
As endosomes mature, they grow acidic (low pH), and a chemical component of the drug triggers at this point, breaking the endosomes' membranes. Freed drugs block the tumor cell's production of laminin-411, the "malignant" protein of new tumor vessels. By its nature, the drug is nontoxic to non-tumor cells; side effects associated with conventional chemotherapy are not an issue with this class of drugs.
This approach is believed to be the first of its kind the first application of a pH-dependent endosome escape unit in drugs administered intravenously for brain cancer treatment as reported in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Studies in lab mice show this system allows large amounts of antitumor drug to accumulate in tumors, significantly slowing the growth of new vessels and the tumors themselves. Tumors in animals treated with the drug were 90 percent smaller than those in a control group.
Gliomas, a type of malignant brain tumors, are extremely difficult to treat. Their tendency to spread into healthy brain tissue and their ability to reappear in distant locations make them virtually impossible to surgically remove completely. They resist chemotherapy and radiation therapy, and the brain itself is "protected" by the blood-brain barrier and immune system mechanisms that thwart most therapies.
The system developed at Cedars-Sinai a nanobioconjugate appears to clear major hurdles to brain tumor drug treatment. Nanoconjugates are the latest evolution of molecular drugs designed to enter cells and specifically alter defined targets within them. As suggested by the term "bioconjugate," these systems contain chemical "modules" attached (conjugated) to a delivery vehicle by strong chemical bonds. Such bonds prevent the components from being damaged or separated in tissues or blood plasma during transit. But with inventive drug engineering, the antitumor component activates directly inside tumor cells.
A nanoconjugate exists as a single chemical unit, with its components performing critical tasks in a predetermined sequence and attacking several targets simultaneously. The ultimate assault on a tumor cell depends on a complex, well-choreographed chain of biochemical events, such as: penetrating the blood-brain barrier and the blood-brain tumor barrier; specifically homing to tumor cells; permeating the walls of blood vessels and tumor cells; releasing antitumor drugs at the right place and time; and dismantling mechanisms that help tumor-feeding blood vessels grow.
"This nanobioconjugate is different from earlier nanomedicine drugs because it delivers and releases antitumor drugs within tumor cells, not just at the site of a tumor," said research scientist Julia Y. Ljubimova, M.D., Ph.D., senior author of the article. She directs the Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine Laboratory in the Department of Neurosurgery at Cedars-Sinai. Other major contributors to this study and the article include: Hui Ding, Ph.D., and Eggehard Holler, Ph.D., chemists, biochemists and immunologists. Holler is affiliated with both Cedars-Sinai and the University of Regensburg in Germany.
Cedars-Sinai's drug, a macromolecule of 20 to 30 nanometers in size, is based on a highly purified form of polymalic acid derived from the single cell organism Physarum polycephalum. When the nanoconjugate has accomplished its tasks, the body digests it completely, leaving no harmful residue.
"Based on our studies, this nanoconjugate appears to be a safe and efficient delivery platform that also may be appropriate in the treatment of degenerative brain conditions and a wide array of other disorders. It is harmlessly degraded to carbon dioxide and water, nontoxic to normal tissue, and, unlike some drugs, it is non-immunogenic, meaning that it does not stimulate the immune system to the point of causing allergic reactions that can range from mild coughs or rashes to sudden, life-threatening symptoms," Ljubimova said. Researchers anticipate that human clinical trials of the drug will begin in the near future.
Explore further: Research reveals how our bodies keep unwelcome visitors out of cell nuclei
More information: Citation: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences: "Inhibition of brain tumor growth by intravenous polymalic acid nanobioconjugate with pH-dependent drug release." | <urn:uuid:41997931-0de7-4ffa-94bc-5cd49720afc6> | {
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Free people all over the world owe a debt of gratitude to the Allied troops who heroically landed on the beaches of Normandy, France, on D-Day, June 6, 1944 — 67 years ago today. The invasion helped set the stage for Allied victory in the war.
We can scarcely imagine how differently World War II might have turned out had that effort not succeeded.
What if the war had ended not in indisputable Allied victory but in a stalemate with Nazi Germany and the Axis powers? Think how horribly different our world today might be if Nazi totalitarianism had not been decisively defeated. After all, victory was by no means certain. Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower had said prior to the invasion on D-Day that he accepted responsibility if the landing should fail.
Fortunately for the whole world, the D-Day invasion did not fail.
On that day in 1944, a massive naval force crossed the English Channel and landed on the coast of German-occupied France. Roughly 160,000 Allied troops — including a vast number of Americans — had been mustered for the invasion. Thousands would die or be wounded during the courageous attack, as they were fired upon by entrenched German soldiers.
Tens of thousands more, however, would survive and begin battling their way across Europe. As a result, on May 7, 1945, the Nazis were forced to surrender. Imperial Japan would surrender later that year, marking the end of World War II and the liberation of tens of millions from fascist oppression.
We can never repay the debt owed to those brave soldiers who stormed the beaches at Normandy. We can, however, honor their sacrifice by upholding the principles of freedom for which so many of them died.
We should resolve to do that individually — and to demand the same of our elected leaders. | <urn:uuid:fb396888-701f-4b94-80c4-a2668ea55576> | {
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The following is a guest post by Ximena Restrepo.
The cemetery as a museum is a beautiful and complex idea because it makes us question our thoughts on life, death and art.
Cementerio Museo de San Pedro is the cemetery best known for its “inhabitants,” its luxurious mausoleums and recently for its cultural agenda. It is located just a couple blocks north of Hospital Metro Station.
The History of Medellín Cemeteries
Originally, in the 1800s, Medellín’s cemeteries were not cemeteries at all. Bodies were buried in the church atrium. This tradition was inherited from European customs and expressed a belief that the proximity to the altar would guarantee a soul’s salvation.
Concerns about public health were ignored at the time; even after the first cemetery. San Benito was built in Medellín in 1809 across the Santa Elena creek and bodies continued to be buried in both churches and this designated space outside the city’s boundaries.
The second cemetery was built just twenty years later and was named “San Lorenzo” but commonly called “El Cementerio de Los Pobres” or “The Cemetery of the Poor.”
The public health situation, however, wasn’t improving and in 1842 the city’s higher class built a private cemetery first called “San Vicente de Paúl.” The name was later changed to the current “Cementerio San Pedro”.
The cemetery was declared a museum in 1998. There are still plenty of spaces open, some for rent for a four year period and others for sale for permanent placement.
Medellín Mirrored in a Museum
It has been contemplated by anthropologists in Medellín that what makes Cementerio Museo de San Pedro so different from the previous cemeteries is the fact that it mirrors the city exceptionally.
Landmarks that mark our most transited spots in the city correspond directly with some of the most important mausoleums in the graveyard.
Also, the history of the population’s behavior inside and outside of the home is revealed through their after-death wishes.
Medellín’s artistic tendencies, its musical tastes and its political history is clear in the stone cold mausoleums that reflect the City of Eternal Spring.
Pedro Justo Berrío’s mausoleum, for example, mirrors our well-known Parque Berrío. With large pieces of Italian marble, it is one of the most noticeable mausoleums in the plaza just outside the church, the most expensive space in after-death real estate.
Other mausoleums that reference the city are ex-President Carlos E. Restrepo’s resting place that echoes the university hot-spot Barrio Carlos E. Restrepo, and former professor Dr. Luis López de Mesa’s towering anchor, which references The University of Antioquia, among many other influencial figures.
Paisa culture’s “behind closed doors” habits are also exposed in the way they’re buried.
Some families chose to have their housekeepers and other help buried with them inside the mausoleum while others chose to keep them with the family but just outside the family space.
A number of mausoleums are actually built the way houses were built at a certain time, making eighties and nineties-style urban architecture very clear: in this case, aluminum doors and a foyer inside, some contain photos and other memorabilia.
Finally, Pablo Escobar’s narco-culture doesn’t escape the tell-all mirror of the city cemetery. At one point, a mausoleum belonging to one of Pablo Escobar’s hitmen had loud music playing around the clock.
It wasn’t uncommon for hitmen to be taken out to clubs after their death, tying together music, alcohol and death in sicario traditions. (This is depicted in the movie Rosario Tijeras.)
The public utilities company (EPM) shut it down several times, but it was mysteriously turned on again in a matter of hours.
After many complaints and power outages, the cemetery informed the deceased’s mother that unless the music was turned off she would lose rights to the mausoleum.
Who to Look For
The list of the famous and the wealthy buried at the museum is extensive. Among other ex-presidents, the cemetery is home to Mariano Ospina Rodríguez and son Pedro Nel Ospina who governed from 1857-1861 and 1922-1926 respectively.
San Pedro holds the remains of artists like Pedro Nel Gómez, and Bernardo Vieco, whose work can be seen on other mausoleums.
Among the wealthy lie Jose María “Pepe” Sierra, Luis Eduardo Yepes and Carlos Coriolano Amador, with their respective families in “La plaza de los Mausoleos.”
However, there are two particular tombs that stand out due to the fact that they contain no remains and are strictly symbolic.
The first, Jorge Isaacs, author of one of the most read Colombian novels María (1867), whose remains were exhumed and sent to Cali, has a sculpture of a woman who was first made nude and later clothed after the cemetery administration’s requests.
The second belongs to Argentinian tango star Carlos Gardel who died young in a plane crash arriving in Olaya Herrera Airport in 1935.
His remains were also exhumed after a few months and sent to Buenos Aires.
Although some may avoid the cemetery scene considering it morbid, San Pedro is anything but gloomy, it’s also known for its cultural events and tours.
A guided tour can be arranged according to your specific interests (anthropology, history, architecture, etc.) during the day and nocturnal tours are available upon request (6 p.m. to 8 p.m.).
The cemetery is home to a variety of literature and art programs, however, a particularly interesting nocturnal event that takes place at the museum is the “Noche de Luna Llena,” it takes place every full moon and started in 2000 but has only been happening constantly since its resurrection (so to speak) in 2013.
The event consists of a nocturnal tour and a cultural presentation, such as dance or drama, done by local artists.
This Cemetery-Museum is a dynamic place that welcomes people of all ages to get involved and reunites us with the idea that death is a part of life and can be observed, not only with melancholy, but also with artistic perspective and awe.
Photos: Main image, Jorge Isaacs – David Lee | <urn:uuid:c9f2a68b-917f-4b22-a43c-fe78342c7c47> | {
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Managed in cooperation with
South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD)
South Florida Water Management District
Aerial photo of Kissimmee Chain of Lakes
The Kissimmee Chain of Lakes Area (KCOLA) spans 21,000 acres in Polk and Osceola counties, about 11 miles south of St. Cloud and nine miles east of Lake Wales. KCOLA includes numerous lakes, from Cypress Lake in the north to Lake Kissimmee in the south. The lakes are a part of the greater Kissimmee Chain of Lakes watershed, which originates in Orange County and forms the headwaters of the Kissimmee-Okeechobee-Everglades system. The watershed encompasses more than two dozen lakes, their tributary streams and the Kissimmee River. Five units comprise KCOLA: North, Northwest Shore, Drasdo, East Shore Marshes and West Shore. The shallow lakes and associated marshes, wet prairies and pine flatwoods are important to deer, turkey, wading birds, wintering waterfowl, snail kites, bald eagles and sandhill and whooping cranes. Look for Florida scrub-jays on the Drasdo Unit. Numerous Great Florida Birding Trail sites are found within the KCOLA and throughout the watershed.
Historically, the region's waters were connected by broad waterways, streams, or sloughs and water levels fluctuated with the seasons. The construction of canals and other water control structures for flood control in the 1960s disrupted the natural water fluctuation and harmed the lakes and associated marshes. Development around the lakes and an increase in the nutrients flowing into them further disrupted the wetlands. The South Florida Water Management District is the lead agency coordinating a multi-partner effort to improve the health and sustainability of the Kissimmee Chain of Lakes. The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) administers hunting-related activities and works with local counties to create community fishing opportunities on several lakes designated as Fish Management Areas. Anglers reliably reel in catches of largemouth bass, bluegill, shellcracker and black crappie.
The units are open year round and have numerous access points. The only pedestrian access point is via a parking lot next to Thomas Landing. Access to the rest of the area is by boat only. The only canal owned by the South Florida Water Management District on KCOLA is the C-36 (the canal connecting Cypress Lake and Lake Hatchineha). All other canals area privately owned and posted as such. The September through April hunting seasons include opportunities for archery, crossbow, muzzleloading gun, general gun, small game, trapping and spring turkey. Hunting deer is prohibited in the Drasdo, East Shore Marshes and West Shore Units. Hunting with centerfire rifles is prohibited in the Northwest Shore, East Shore Marshes, West Shore and Drasdo Units. Quota permits are not required. A South Florida Water Management District Permit is required to access the Rough Island portion of the North Unit. Fishing, frogging and hunting wild hog are allowed year round. Public boat ramps are located throughout the area. Consult the regulations summary and map for more detailed information and regulations unique to particular units. Primitive camping is allowed on a first-come, first-served basis only at campsites designated by the SFWMD. See north area and south area camping maps for general locations of campsites. For specifics, contact the SFWMD Land Manager at (407) 846-5226, ext 3574.
For more information: Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, (352) 732-1225, MyFWC.com/recreation; South Florida Water Management District, Orlando Service Center, (407) 858-6100, or FL 1-800-250-4250, SFWMD.gov/recreation.
Rules Regarding Dogs
- For purposes other than hunting, dogs are allowed by South Florida Water Management District Rules, but must be kept under physical restraint at all times.
- Hunting deer and furbearers with dogs is prohibited. Wild hog may be hunted with dogs year round. Dogs on leashes may be used for trailing wounded game.
Visit the South Florida Water Management District web site for Kissimmee Chain of Lakes.
For more information on fishing opportunities, go to MyFWC.com and follow links to Freshwater Fishing. A freshwater fishing license is required for Fish Management Area lakes. Also, special bag limits and methods apply on these lakes. For the restrictions on each particular water body, consult the Freshwater Fishing Regulations or call the nearest FWC Regional office. | <urn:uuid:2a78f358-636a-4197-99fc-9e805dec8d3c> | {
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In the 1940s, whooping cranes were almost extinct. But they're beginning to come back, thanks to the strong work of partners supported by NFWF. NFWF has supported several projects to help the cranes' recovery, from hatching chicks in captivity to teaching them how to migrate, like wild birds do. It's an amazing story. Seeing these huge birds return to the sky, you can't help but be inspired by the work NFWF makes possible.
View all NFWF videos. | <urn:uuid:4e606664-0e6b-47f3-8ebf-7f64b4508fb8> | {
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Class Visits For Children Who Stutter
by Bill Murphy
Having the school aged client and the SLP discuss the disorder of
stuttering with the client's class is a powerful technique that can have
many positive consequences. When classmates are informed about the
nature of stuttering, teasing in the classroom is almost always reduced
or eliminated. Classmates also become advocates for the child who
stutters and will come to his rescue on the playground if other
children ridicule him. A class presentation is another way to
normalize, " deawfulize" stuttering. When done correctly, stuttering is
a less "loaded" topic, an issue that can, on occasion, be openly
discussed. It is possible for an SLP to come directly into the
classroom and work openly with the child on transfer and maintenance
skills. Teachers can now more easily signal a child to use
his management tools ( if appropriate and acceptable to the client and
SLP ). Most important, the child has a powerful experience during which
there is opportunity to self disclose stuttering in a supportive and
accepting environment. The child feels more comfortable while
attempting to implement therapy strategies in class without the worry
about the misunderstanding and ridicule by others. Foundation is laid
to learn pragmatically correct ways to use self disclosure as a
stuttering management tool. The child learns that talking openly about
stuttering puts both him and his audience at ease.
Procedures For Making A Classroom Visit
A classroom visit to help a child discuss his stuttering with his
classmates should be done only if the child is in agreement. For
some children this is an easy task. They want their classmates to know
about stuttering. For others who have been teased about stuttering or
who already have negative emotions strongly attached to the disorder,
desensitization work must come first. Strategies to reduce or eliminate
anxiety, shame, and guilt must be implemented both in and outside the
Teachers and parents must understand the rationale for this experience.
Even if a child has not been teased about stuttering by classmates,
important skills are acquired by the child in this exercise. During a
conference with the teacher the general mood of the classroom is
ascertained to determine whether the teacher expects interference from
any particular child.
The client should be included in the planning. Does the child want to
inform the class regarding specific issues? How much does the child
want to actually say versus what the SLP should tell? the child is
still at a point where speech management skills are not consistent, the
SLP may want to limit the child's verbal participation to speaking
parts that are short and well rehearsed.
What and how issues are discussed will vary according to each child's
needs and age level. Kindergarten children can understand concepts of
bumpy or sticky speech and that it feels bad to be teased. They can
learn that the speech teacher will teach how to have smoother
speech, but that sometimes bumpy speech will still happen. Third and
fourth graders can understand more complex explanations about
stuttering, speech therapy techniques, their inconsistent success,
the ramifications of teasing. Following is a sample outline of a class
visit that would be appropriate for third and fourth graders. This is
only a guide and each SLP must adapt it to their own style and the
developmental level of the class.
The SLP can introduce herself as the speech teacher and briefly explain
2. Classroom participation
To normalize the concept of receiving speech therapy in the classroom,
ask the children how many of them have been to speech before and what
they worked on. Many times a child will mention that your client is
currently in speech. Acknowledge that this is true and that you'll soon
be discussing it.
3. Other speech problems and rationale for coming to the class
Briefly indicate there are many types of speech difficulties, e.g. how
to pronounce speech sounds, hoarse voices, etc., but today you and the
client are going to focus on a problem called stuttering. Let the class
know that you and the client want to teach them some interesting things
about stuttering, and to educate them, because we all know how
important it is to be educated people. If the SLP also stutterers, this
is a good time to give this information.
4. Define stuttering and it's causation.
Give a brief definition, age appropriate for the class. When speaking
to this age level, I like to ask the kids if they know what stuttering
is and summarize the discussion with something like, "stuttering is a
speech problem where some people's speech system doesn't work very well
all the time. It doesn't seem to be as coordinated as it should. It
gets tripped up or stuck on sounds. We're not sure what causes this but
we think maybe some people are just born this way."
5. Famous people who stutter
I like to ask the class if they know that many famous and successful
people have stuttered and then briefly tell them about some of
these people. As visual aids, one can use some of the posters depicting
famous people produced by the Stuttering Foundation of America or the
National Stuttering Project.
6. It's no one's fault.
It's very important to stress that no one is responsible for
stuttering. People don't stutter because the are dumb or sick. Mom's
and Dad's did not cause it and it's not a disease that you can
7. Different ways to stutter.
Most clients, no matter what degree of speech management skill, can be
verbally involved with the class in this task. The clinician and client
can demonstrate different forms of stuttering behavior ( repetitions,
blocks ). Ask for volunteers to imitate the various patterns. It can be
fun, if done in a friendly manner, the client can grade attempts by
classmates, e.g. A, A- etc. The SLP should indicate this type of
imitation is for learning purposes only and should not be done at other
times. A class discussion should follow in which the children are asked
how they would feel and
act if they had to talk this way all of the time.
8. Tools that facilitate smoother speech.
Using the linguistic level at which the child is most comfortable, the
SLP and client together demonstrate the speech management techniques
the child is trying to incorporate, e.g. pullouts, stretched speech
etc. It may also be helpful to ask a few of the other children in the
class if the can do some of the fluency enhancing techniques, such as
prolonged speech. Here the class may also begin to appreciate the level
of difficulty involved in such management techniques.
9. We can't have 100% success. Change is hard.
It's important that both the teacher and the class recognize that speech management in
conversation is difficult and the client will continue to have some hard
stuttering. Change will come, but it takes time and practice. Influences that make changes difficult can be discussed.
Items may vary for each child but usually include the following: being tired, competing messages (many people trying to compete at once) and fear of being teased or ridiculed.
10. Why people make fun of others and how this affects us.
Here the SLP asks the class to share what they have been teased about.
Most elementary aged children are willing to disclose this information
and doing so actually creates a stronger bond among the children. I
always emphasis that anyone who is willing to share something they have
been teased about is very brave. It is also helpful to ask the children
how teasing makes them feel and behave. Parallels can then be drawn to
teasing someone about stuttering.
11. How the client wants his classmates to respond to stuttering.
The SLP and client can talk to the class about how they can react to
stuttering in a helpful manner. I have found that many elementary
children actually welcome their classmate filling in words on which
they are stuttering. Of course others want the listener to be patient
and wait until they are able to say the word.
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Demolition of the BGRR Instrument House
The Brookhaven Graphite Research Reactor (BGRR) decommissioning project was divided into seven sub-projects as a result of the BGRR Decommissioning Project Removal Action Alternatives Study, January 2000. The projects were scheduled beginning with the easiest and moved to the more difficult, and from the items taking the least time to complete to those that would require more time to plan and execute. This action was part of sub-project Step 5.
Most of the BGRR cleanup projects took place under federal Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) Removal Actions. These are cleanups where known contamination is dealt with as quickly as possible to remove the potential for it to affect human health or the environment, in the absence of a Record of Decision (ROD). A ROD is a CERCLA decision document that requires more detailed and time-consuming characterization and analysis of contamination sources and possible cleanup options.
The BGRR operated from 1950 until 1968. It was fueled with natural uranium until 1958 and enriched uranium until it was shutdown. There were 28 ruptured fuel cartridges reported during the lifetime of the reactor. These fuel failures lead to the contamination of the cooling system and its components, including the primary liner of the below-ground ducts.
The Instrument House, Building 708, was a steel, concrete, and brick structure approximately 45 feet long, 14 feet wide and 10 feet high. It was built over the underground primary air-cooling duct work and contained air-flow monitoring instrumentation, primary air exhaust water-cooling piping, and valves for Cooler operations. Portions of the building were contaminated with cesium-137, strontium-90, and cobalt-60 and uranium and plutonium.
The clean-up of the Instrument House was conducted in two phases. First, the above-ground portions of the building were addressed under the Above-Grade Ducting Removal Action Memorandum. Then, after the below-ground ducts underneath the Instrument House were dealt with, the building itself was addressed. Alternatives included decontamination or demolition. Community input helped determine the final action.
Description of Removal Action
In the first Removal Action in 2000, the equipment (air-flow monitoring instrumentation, valves, and cooling water manifolds) and piping in the Instrument House was removed along with the above-ground air ducts. Final demolition of the Instrument House began in May 2005 with the removal of the asbestos-containing roof material. The building was razed. The above-ground temporary access house was also demolished and temporary end caps were installed. The debris was packaged and transported off site for disposal.
There were numerous opportunities provided for stakeholders to provide input. As with previous Removal Actions, the Roundtable meetings held in 1999 helped to determine the extent of the BGRR cleanup activities. Additional input was received on the Decommissioning Project Removal Action Alternatives Study during the public comment period held from January 20 through February 28, 2000 and the two information meetings held on February 1 and 26.
The BGRR Working Group, established in June 2000 met monthly through August 2003. The Lab's Community Advisory Council and DOE's Brookhaven Executive Roundtable were kept up-to-date with briefings on progress of all the projects at the BGRR. Weekly status reports were posted on the BGRR web pages so that interested readers could follow the progress of the project.
A Feasibility Study and Proposed Remedial Action Plan on the BGRR were completed and released for public comment during 2004. Two information sessions and a public meeting were held to gather input from the community. The Record of Decision for the BGRR was signed in March 2005.
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The largest study of genetic variation in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension has associated two important genes with the disease.
In collaboration with institutes from Europe and Northern America, researchers from Imperial College London have conducted the largest genetic analysis to date of 2,000 patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and identified associations with two genes.
PAH is a rare form of pulmonary hypertension that affects the blood vessels in the lungs, causing high blood pressure that can lead to heart failure. The disease is often fatal and, on average, patients survive 5-6 years after diagnosis. Sufferers feel breathless and tired, with symptoms worsening during exercise.
The research is the first to demonstrate that variations in the SOX17 gene and the HLA-DPB1 gene were associated with PAH. Insight into the genetic mechanisms behind this life-threatening disease could help inform treatments and identify new therapeutic targets.
Common genetic variation
PAH can be related to other conditions such as congenital heart problems, connective tissue disease, and HIV but for many sufferers, PAH is either inherited (HPAH) or arises for no known reason, which is known as idiopathic PAH (IPAH). Around 1,500 people in the UK have either HPAH or IPAH and 10 per cent of sufferers die each year. PAH affects more women than men, typically in their 30s and 40s.
Previous research has identified some of the rare genetic mutations behind inherited PAH, but little is known about the common genetic variation responsible for smaller differences between patients and the variation in their response to treatments. Current treatments include medicines to help prevent blood clots, diuretics and specialist treatments to relax the arteries in the lungs.
Published in The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, the study aggregated data from four international cohorts from Europe and North America on patients with heritable or idiopathic PAH. UK data was from the National Institute for Health Research BioResource (NIHR BioResource) – Rare Diseases and the British Heart Foundation Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (BHFPAH) study.
The analysis took a genome-wide association (GWAS) approach, which examined millions of common variants covering the genome. The research identified three genetic signals associated with PAH: two of these were next to the SOX17 gene in the region that ‘loops back’ to regulate the levels of SOX17 and the third signal was within the HLA-DPB1 gene.
Lead author and British Heart Foundation Intermediate Basic Science Fellow Dr. Christopher Rhodes from Imperial’s Department of Medicine, said: “This is the first study at the scale required to look at how common genetic variations influence PAH, which could help us understand variations in how the disease presents itself and how patients respond to treatments.
“We were very lucky to pool data with our collaborators as this has provided us with a large enough sample to study these more subtle genetic variations in a statistically meaningful way. Out of the 23,000 genes in the whole genome we have found that PAH has significant associations with two genes, SOX17 and HLA-DPB1, providing strong evidence that these genes play an important role in PAH. This opens up exciting possibilities for future research into new therapies.”
Susceptibility and disease progression
SOX17 is instrumental in the development of the endothelial cells that line the arteries in the lung, indicating it could be associated with the structural changes that make patients susceptible to PAH. Previous research has shown that rare genetic variation in SOX17 can cause heritable PAH.
The other gene identified by the study, HLA-DPB1, is involved in controlling the immune response and plays a role in disease progression. The analysis identified different variations or alleles of HLA-DPB1 within PAH patients and found that the number of years that patients survived after diagnosis depended on which versions were active. About 5 per cent of patients have two copies of the C allele of HLA-DPB1 and on average they survived 13.5 years, whereas the majority of patients (69 per cent) have two copies of the T allele and survived on average 7 years.
One of the variations of HLA-DPB1 identified in the study has also been linked with susceptibility to lung diseases caused by exposure to hard metals such as berylliosis.
Professor Martin Wilkins, a senior author and Head of the Department of Medicine at Imperial College London, said:
“This study represents the enormous efforts of an international collaboration and the generous participation of many patients, making it the largest genetic study of PAH to date. The findings raise the importance of including the genotype as a factor when interpreting the results of clinical studies, as it may be that some patients deteriorate at a rate determined by their genotype, rather than at a rate determined by a new treatment.
“The discovery of a common variant that operates through a gene, SOX17, that is mutated in a few patients with the disease suggests that SOX17 may be more commonly involved in pulmonary hypertension than previously thought. This has implications for the development of new treatments that might come from further work on SOX17.”
Professor Metin Avkiran, Associate Medical Director at the British Heart Foundation said:
“PAH is a rare but devastating condition which usually strikes people in the prime of their life.
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It is the ultimate battle of the sexes - and women usually win.
Now scientists have come up with a new theory for why woman live, on average, longer than men: men are more biologically ‘disposable’.
The controversial theory, developed by Professor Tom Kirkwood of the University of Newcastle, suggests that the female body is better at carrying out routine maintenance and keeping the body’s cells alive.
Professor Kirkwood believes there is now growing evidence to suggest that men are more disposable than women, because the cells of their bodies are not genetically programmed to last as long as they are in females.
Many scientists believe that the aging process is caused by tiny faults throughout our body. As the tiny faults build up the length of our lives is determined by how quickly our body is able to carry out running repairs.
As the cells miss opportunities to repair themselves our body gradually degrades until we eventually die.
Professor Kirkwood’s theory behind why our cells do not mend every tiny problem in our body is that it is built into our DNA. The reason we do not live forever is because it would have cost our hunter-gather ancestors too much energy to constantly replenish cells when hunger was a more immediate danger, he says.
‘Under the pressure of natural selection to make the best use of scarce energy supplies, our species gave higher priority to growing and reproducing than to living forever,’ he writes in the magazine American Scientist.
'In humans, as in most animal species, the state of the female body is very important for the success of reproduction', he writes.
‘The foetus needs to grow inside the mother’s womb, and the infant needs to suckle at her breast. So if the female animal’s body is too much weakened by damage, there is a real threat to her chances of making healthy offspring. The man’s reproductive role, on the other hand, is less directly dependent on his continued good health.’
2010-10-27 13:18 编辑：kuaileyingyu
One in three employees with a commute longer than 90 minutes say they have had recurring neck or back pain within in the past 12 months. Just about the same amount say they have be
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An effective cultural biography is well-written and structured, but above all, it tells a story about a person's life and growth through rich cultural experiences and history. Explore the subject’s background and personal successes, passions and dreams as they relate to tradition and culture. If you have the opportunity to interview your subject, ask specific questions eliciting more than yes or no responses.
Research and Planning Phase
Research a life story by finding out as much about the subject's milestone events and cultural history as possible. Get to know your subject by gathering information about his background and geographic region. If you are focusing on a historical figure or popular individual, research known facts and extract culturally relevant details through documents, letters, interviews and media. If your subject is alive and willing, set up an in-person interview. Get background information and devise several questions about the individual's birthplace, social class, education, home life and neighborhood. If you wish, email your subject the basic history-gathering questions prior to your interview, but ask the deeper questions in person.
The Successful Interview
In the interview, you can get a subject to open up and share personal experiences that make a cultural biography specific. If the individual was born in a foreign country, find out when he moved and what the cultural traditions of his birthplace included. Explore what the cultural traditions of his grandparents were as well as where they lived and their primary language. Establish what the person’s milestones have been in life, such as early schooling, continuing education, career, work and family. Throughout the course of your interview, explore any opportunities for getting the individual to share growth experiences. For instance, how he brings past cultural traditions into his present day life.
Cultural Experiences and Facts
When writing a cultural biography, explore the subject’s memories and historical facts referencing primary and secondary sources pertaining to race and culture. These topics can be positive or negative, but your primary goal is to find out how they affected the person. A pivotal life experience could focus on race, war, social class, financial status or religious beliefs. Find out what effect your subject’s culture has had on her life, values, actions and decisions. Give readers a clear understanding about the values that were instilled in your subject through her upbringing. Explore which attitudes about success and failure, marriage and education were shared in her home. Find out what the family discussions were like at the dinner table or social events. Determine if aspects of the person’s upbringing affected her beliefs about others.
Organization and Style
After all of the interview questions are done and you have gathered the historical facts, formulate an outline or timeline for the biography. Scale it down to several key elements that give structure to the biography. Some biographies are written in a narrative style, with events flowing in chronological order. Other biographies are written with freer formats and styles, such as those centered on significant life events and powerful experiences of the subject. Biography passages can also include flashbacks from the subject’s point of view. Regardless of the style you choose, write the cultural biography in a way that shows your readers what you mean instead of telling them. Include quotes, examples of cuisine and customs that paint a picture of your subject’s lifestyle, religion, history, struggles and triumphs. End with a comparison of the person’s early life to his experiences and attitudes now. | <urn:uuid:b7c0c56d-3924-4b77-8392-ab01097db3d8> | {
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The Model T (colloquially known as the Tin Lizzie and the Flivver) was an automobile produced by Henry Ford's Ford Motor Company from 1908 through 1928. The first Model T was built on September 24, 1908. It is a vintage car, rather than a classic car.
There were several cars produced or prototyped by Henry Ford from the foundation of the company in 1903 until the Model T came along. Although he started at the Model A, there weren't 19 production models; some were only prototypes.The production model immediately before the Model T was the Model S, an upgraded version of the company's largest success to that point, the Model N. For some reason, the follow-on was the Model A and not the Model U.
Ford Model T used for giving tourist rides at Greenfield Village
The Model T was the first automobile mass produced on assembly lines with completely interchangeable parts, marketed to the middle class. To speed assembly, between 1915 and 1925 it was only available in one color, black, as black paint dried the fastest; Henry Ford is reputed to have made the statement "Any customer can have a car painted any color that he wants so long as it is black." Model Ts in different colors were produced from 1908 to 1914, and then again from 1926 to 1927.
By 1914, the assembly process for the Model T had been so streamlined it took only 93 minutes to assemble a car; that year, Ford produced more cars than all other automakers combined. The Model T was a great commercial success, and for years in the late 1910s and early 1920s, it was estimated that more that half of all motorcars in existence in the world were Model T Fords. In fact, it was so successful that Ford did not purchase any advertising between 1917 and 1923; in total, more than 15 million Model Ts were manufactured, more than any other model of automobile, with the exception of the Volkswagen Beetle.
In May 1927, Ford Motor Company ceased manufacturing Model Ts. Nevertheless, many Model T parts are still manufactured until today, particularly fibreglass replicas of their distinctive bodies, which are popular for hot rods (as immortalized in the Jan and Dean surf music song, "Bucket T", which was later recorded by The Who). | <urn:uuid:83755d8b-9622-4d5b-854c-ef87cd3385ef> | {
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How controlling our weight became a cultural—and industrial—phenomenon / Sander Gilman
In July 2004, Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy G. Thompson announced that Medicare was abandoning a long-held policy that obesity was not a disease, opening the way for the government to pay for a whole range of possible treatments. Soon there appeared a cartoon: A portly little boy, having read the headline “Obesity now considered a disease,” says into the telephone, “Hello, principal’s office? This is Tommy Frobish. I won’t be in school today; I got a disease.”
We know what type of disease Tommy Frobish had. As early as 1987, the media began to evoke the specter of a forthcoming epidemic of obesity. Parallel to the seemingly unstoppable spread of this new epidemic was the development of new, radical cures. Would the answer be surgical (stomach stapling), genetic (the “obesity gene”) or would it be the old, tried-and-true “cure” of dieting?
Fat is truly in the eye of the beholder. Each age, culture, and tradition defines unacceptable weight for itself; yet all do have a point beyond which excess weight is unacceptable—unhealthy, ugly, or corrupt. We today call this morbid obesity, and it is always seen as an issue of health. Yet health, as we well know, is a code word for a range of positive qualities that any given society wishes to see in its citizens, from beauty to loyalty, responsibility to fecundity, and the list marches on.
From the 1860s, it was the diet culture that dominated the market even as biomedical science developed tools to understand the nature of metabolism, endrocrinological imbalance and, more recently, genetics. Dieting was the tool of the physician, but it was also the means by which lay practitioners of the modern “health culture” were able to claim the fat as their clients. Dieting, or in modern parlance, “lifestyle change,” became a way to halt the obesity epidemic, to intervene to improve the private life of the individual and thus the health of the nation. The general stigma associated with a potentially unhealthy body made it imperative that the fat seek treatment.
There were financial incentives to seek out this group and rehabilitate them. The American food faddists of the late-nineteenth century, who produced machine-made foods such as “corn flakes,” sought to reform the body politic; today we hear their heirs advocate “natural” or “organic” food. All of their remedies were aimed at healthier, better citizens; and all succeed in making a profit. The early cereal manufacturers moved from fringe food-fad operations to dominate the food market; “organic” food today may well rescue the small farm as it returns much greater profit than “traditional” food. Health and wealth are linked by more than a rhyme.
Dieting aims at both cure and profit; it is thus very modern. It arose in the post-Copernican world when scientists and laypeople from the late-seventeenth to early-nineteenth century increasingly began to think of the body as a machine and then as a collection of chemical processes; the dieting body is no longer an extension of the divine. Dieting becomes the means of self-liberation, self-control, or self-limitation. Through it, individuals claim control over their bodies and reveal their ability to fulfill their roles in society. From the Enlightenment to the present, the healthy body is also the body in control of its own destiny—a basic claim of Enlightenment ideology.
Mind over body: the key to “lifestyle changes” in the twenty-first century. But now with a twist—you need the social structure to accomplish this, because fat is also a sign of another disease, the lack of will. The will becomes that which is healed by the dieting process and enables the rational mind to control the body. Fat is dangerous because it is now globalized. Fat is now a sign of the deleterious effect of the modern (read: the American) on the body. We have to restore the healthy mind and thus heal the unhealthy body.
Dieting is modern. We can cure ourselves and improve the world. We know where the weapons of mass destruction are hidden. They are within us, and we can seek to control and even destroy them—with a little help from the dieting culture. | <urn:uuid:0f8a32c4-5920-4cd1-a011-bc3b1ceb8461> | {
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1. What do some list as a reason to believe Marilyn Monroe was murdered?
2. What does the author note about the competency of natural death autopsies?
3. Which autopsies are done incompetently much of the time?
4. What does Baden prove is the material around Dr. Martin Luther King's wound?
5. Why does Baden challenge the autopsy finding of the Lindberg baby?
This section contains 5,608 words
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Answer to Question #43820 in Biochemistry for Debra
A person is declared to be dead upon the irreversible cessation of spontaneous body functions: brain activity, or blood circulation and respiration. However, only about 1% of a person’s cells have to die in order for all of these things to happen. Explain how a person can be dead when 99% of his or her cells are still alive, and provide examples with your explanation.
The complete cessation of cardio-respiratory functions leadsvery quickly to brain death. Brain death is the true criterion for death. When the brain is dead, the functioning of the other organs can be maintained only by the use of modern medical techniques and for a limited time. The body of a multicellular organism consists of the various body systems structurally and functionally linked as an entity. The brain coordinates vital functions of the body. Brain death leads to disturbance of functioning of life-sustaining body systems and to the death of the whole organism. | <urn:uuid:ff8ad0ab-d945-411b-bf5a-0efa1341e616> | {
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"The complex of vanillin/beta-CD can be used as an additive in foods that the vanillin is normally added as flavour with the advantage of higher antioxidant activity," wrote lead author lead author Vaios Karathanos from Harokopio University in Athens.
Such research is important because protecting the compound from oxidation could lead to reductions in the amount formulators need to add to flavour foods. The price of vanillin has risen significantly during the last twelve months.
Encapsulation of vanillin is not new, said Karathanos and co-workers, with gum arabic and modified starches, such as oxidized starches prepared from corn and waxy amaranth starch, already used as encapsulating agents.
Microcapsules are tiny particles that contain an active agent or core material surrounded by a shell or coating, and are now increasingly being used in food ingredients preparation.
The researchers extended this by looking at the vanillin-encapsulating potential of beta-cyclodextrin, a chemically and physically stable polysaccharide produced by the enzymatic modification of starch. Some cyclodextins are already used as carriers for natural colours, flavours and vitamins, solubilisers of lipids, stabilisers of oil in water emulsions, or flavour or aroma modifiers in a variety of processed foods.
The new research, published in the journal Food Chemistry (Vol 101, pp. 652-658), indicates that beta-CD also has significant potential as an encapsulator of vanillin.
Synthetic vanillin is a cost effective alternative to natural vanilla. Global demand currently hovers around 16,000 tons a year. By comparison, total world demand for natural vanilla is about 40 metric tons.
The reason for this is that synthetic vanillin costs one-hundredth of the price of the natural product. It not only substitutes for vanilla, but also supplements adulterated vanilla extracts.
The researchers used the freeze-drying method to produce encapsulated vanillin. The vanillin was obtained from Sigma, and the beta-CD from Aldrich Chemie. The vanillin was dispersed in a beta-CD solution with a molecular ration of one to one (1:1).
Techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) showed that the vanillin was protected against oxidation when encapsulated with beta-CD, even under conditions where free vanillin is oxidised (210 degrees Celsius).
"The vanillin molecule is all inside, the aldehyde group exits the primary side and the CHOOH axis must be tilted with respect to the cavity axis in order to accommodate the entire molecule inside," said the researchers.
"Encapsulation of vanillin in beta-cyclodextrin makes the active compound more soluble in water than the free molecule. Moreover, it may be concluded that the molecule of vanillin inside the cyclodextrin cavity is protected from oxidation, as depicted from oxidative DSC studies," they concluded.
The flavour arm of the French chemical giant, Rhodia, recently announced that increasing prices across its vanillin and ethylvanillin range by 6 per cent.
The firm argued that, as the global vanillin and ethylvanillin leader, it needed to guarantee capacity in order to be to invest in the future.
The hike also came as a direct response to current energy prices. There have been strong increases in both oil and gas prices, and the raw materials used in the production of vanillin are all high energy users.
But undercutting both these concerns is the issue of China. With vanillin growth in the mature markets of Europe and the US, annual growth is stable at around 2 per cent. But in China, this growth is set at over 10 per cent.
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Recent Examples of blueshift from the Web
Astronomers first studied faraway star surfaces by looking at the redshift or blueshift of light coming from the stars, a technique called Doppler imaging that reveals movement on the stars' surfaces.
These example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word 'blueshift.' Views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback.
Learn More about blueshift
Seen and Heard
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Flu shot vaccine with “dead” inactivated viruses. 75 studies conducted, with 300,000 children. Prevents 1 flu case in 28 vaccinated children, and 1 influenza-like-illness in 8 vaccinated children. Doesn't prevent flu complications. irritating side effects. Unclear safety.
Think before you use it, and decide for yourself:
It prevents flu infection in 3.6% of the vaccinated children, but it does not prevent complications. It has irritating side effects and unclear safety.
The recommended dosage for children who take the flu shot for the first time is twice, at least 4 weeks apart. This dosage primes the immune system, and may prove more effective.
Note that the information here relates only to HEALTHY children. Flu vaccines are, for example, essential for asthmatic children.
Flu shot vaccine with “dead” inactivated viruses
healthy Children, 2 to 16 years old
Seasonal vaccine (once a year). Most brands - 0.5 mL (Fluzone - 0.25 mL). One dose or two doses at least 1 month apart.
Prevention of Influenza infection, symptoms and complications.
Prevents 1 case of influenza infection when the vaccine is given to 28 children. Prevent 1 influenza-like-illness (including similar symptoms due to other viruses and causes) when the vaccine is given to 8 children. Does not prevent complications.
Unclear. More research needed. Irritating side effects: soreness, redness, and/or swelling from the shot; headache, fever, cough, nausea, muscle aches, itching, sore eyes.
Flu (influenza virus infection and symptoms).
Symptoms and signs:
Cough, dizziness, fever, headache, nausea, pains, runny nose, sore throat, vomiting and aches.
Ear infection, lung infection, Seizures.
Flu shot (vaccine)
See answers about other medical treatments here.
Choose only effective and safe medical treatments. Live longer. Enjoy better life quality. Save healthcare costs.
Good to know
Homeopathy, quackery and fraud
James Randi, Skeptic and conjuror
Are you happy with your blood test results?
Full of information that could make patients healthier, and evoke their engagement
Flu vaccine: NHS patients wanted to test 'universal' jab
Michelle Roberts, Health editor, BBC News online | <urn:uuid:152bc9bb-c041-4ee7-a87f-828bacf99788> | {
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New DBAs are often confused by the quirky methods of authentication that MySQL uses. Heck, extremely experienced MySQL DBAs can get confused.
From the manual, 6.2.4. Access Control, Stage 1: Connection Verification
When you attempt to connect to a MySQL server, the server accepts or rejects the connection based on your identity and whether you can verify your identity by supplying the correct password. If not, the server denies access to you completely. Otherwise, the server accepts the connection, and then enters Stage 2 and waits for requests.
Your identity is based on two pieces of information:
The client host from which you connect
Your MySQL user name
So the first user, Tom, is allowed to connect from ‘%’ and ‘%’ is a wildcard for any system. And the second user is only allowed to connect from a host with the address ‘127.0.0.1’. Usually systems have a network loop-back (think short circuit) assigned to 127.0.0.1 and uses that for its own traffic internally1.
Also from the same manual page (abbreviated) to provide a little more clarity.
The following table shows how various combinations of Host and User values in the user table apply to incoming connections.
Host Value User Value Permissible Connections ‘thomas.loc.gov’ ‘fred’ fred, connecting from thomas.loc.gov ‘thomas.loc.gov’ ” Any user, connecting from thomas.loc.gov ‘%’ ‘fred’ fred, connecting from any host ‘%’ ” Any user, connecting from any host ‘%.loc.gov’ ‘fred’ fred, connecting from any host in the loc.gov domain
It helps to occasionally re-read the The MySQL Access Privilege System of the manual to help remember how users get into the system as well as the edge cases. It is all too easy to set up multiple users with the same user name value but different privileges depending on where they connect.
And thanks to all who take the time to answer questions on the forums!
- Hugh simplification used here for brevity. | <urn:uuid:9870377e-e3a3-43d4-ac35-a22227c3a5a2> | {
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Kidney stones are a common problem of the urinary tract. They are like small rocks that form in the kidney. Stones form when certain chemicals in the body clump together. A stone can either stay in the kidney or travel through the urinary tract. This is called "passing."
Anyone can form a kidney stone, but you may be more likely to have one if you:
- Are male
- Are Caucasian
- Are very overweight
- Have had kidney infections
- Have a family member with kidney stones
- Have had kidney stones before
- Eat a lot of animal protein (such as meat and eggs)
- Do not drink enough liquids
Other conditions and medicines can also put you at more risk for kidney stones.
Kidney stone symptoms
Types of kidney stones
Treatment for kidney stones
Learn more about how your kidneys work
Illustration courtesy of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: www.niddk.nih.gov | <urn:uuid:0c9d9c57-842f-403d-bb11-05ef8f09b83f> | {
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Václav Hollar (1607-1677)
A draughtsman and engraver during the Baroque period, who spent most of his life in England, where he was known as Wenceslaus Hollar Bohemus. He became famous for his engravings and etchings: maps, depictions of the countryside, still-lifes and portraits. Particularly well-known are his depictions of Prague, London and other cities. More
Mikoláš Aleš (1852-19130)
A painter and illustrator, and classic of 19th century Czech art. In his work he drew on historical and also folk themes, and illustrated books by authors connected with the Czech National Revival. He designed decorative elements on a number of Prague buildings and was one of the main artists involved in decorating Prague’s National Theatre.
Antonín Slavíček (1870-1910)
A Czech painter who went from realism to an impressionistic style. He captured scenes of the countryside in the Czech-Moravian highlands. He died tragically – committing suicide after an illness.
Alfons Mucha (1860-1939)
Arguably the best-known Czech painter worldwide. He became famous for a poster called Gismonda for the French actress Sarah Bernhardt in 1894. He was popular in France and the United States as an Art Nouveau artist. Besides painting, he also designed jewellery, furniture and applied art. He was the author of the first Czechoslovak stamps and banknotes. At the end of his life he created a famous cycle of 20 large canvases known as the Slav Epic. More
František Kupka (1871-1957)
A Czech painter and graphic designer, and one of the founders of abstract art. He spent most of his life in France where he first made a living as a draughtsman and caricaturist. After 1900, he began making use of abstract elements in his work and later moved towards pure abstraction. His work from that period now fetches millions in international auctions. The largest collection of his work is housed at Prague’s Kampa Museum. More
Josef Čapek (1887-1945)
A painter and writer, brother of Karel Čapek. As a painter he was influenced by Cubism. Thematically, his work was socially engaged and anti-war. He perished in a concentration camp during World War II. More
Real name Marie Čermínová. “Toyen” was a nickname invented by Czech poet Jaroslav Seifert. She was a representative of Czech and international surrealism. She spent most of her life in Paris and was part of the circle around Paul Eluard and André Breton.
Jiří Anderle (1936)
A contemporary Czech painter and graphic designer, and an artist involved with the Black Light Theatre. He has won numerous international awards for his art, and his work is known for its elaborate technique – drawing on everyday and existential themes.
The anti-Babiš demonstration at Prague’s Letná: Questions and answers
Preservationists slam Jiřičná design for new Prague high rise development
PwC report: Prague increasingly attractive for real estate investors
Czech brewery rolls out first wastewater beer
Study provides Prague City Hall with vision for new neighbourhood | <urn:uuid:fa5dc440-8b11-4eb4-a1c5-9e2c7e8ee92d> | {
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From 11:00PM PDT on Friday, July 1 until 5:00AM PDT on Saturday, July 2, the Shmoop engineering elves will be making tweaks and improvements to the site. That means Shmoop will be unavailable for use during that time. Thanks for your patience!
Since -200 is to the left of 5 on the number line, we say that -200 is less than 5. This is abbreviated in symbols by -200 < 5.
Which is bigger: the absolute value of -200, or 5?
Remember that the absolute value of a number is the number of steps it
takes to reach that number from zero. (You can only take one step at a
time. We're very impressed that you can jump all the way from 3 to 7 in a
single bound, but you're going to have to pull it back a skosh.) Since |-200|
= 200, the absolute value of (-200) is greater than 5. As an inequality, that's |-200| > 5.
Compare 0 and n in an inequality if n is any positive number.
Either 0 < n or n > 0 will work, since all positive numbers are bigger than 0. | <urn:uuid:9ab07f01-0b89-4c7f-ab60-15e4d5f699bc> | {
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Serving Patients in Maryland and Delaware
Researchers Find That Osteoporosis May Attribute To Hearing Loss
A study featured in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism has unveiled a possible correlation between osteoporosis and hearing loss. Researchers in Taiwan have found that the onset of osteoporosis and abrupt hearing loss often occur at the same time. Half of those who suddenly experience hearing loss as a result of osteoporosis will regain their hearing, while the other half are not so lucky.
According to the U.S. National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, over 40 million Americans have or are at risk for osteoporosis; which means that those same 40 million Americans also are at risk for hearing loss.
What can you do? You can combat osteoporosis by making sure you have ample vitamins in your diet, taking calcium supplements, and doing weight-bearing exercises that strengthen your bones. If you are already suffering from hearing loss, you can visit one of our clinics for a hearing screening and personalized hearing solution that fits your lifestyle.
For information on osteoporosis treatment and prevention, you can talk to your doctor or search for accredited studies. | <urn:uuid:165d8404-f7e9-4c5a-9333-c5c814815ab0> | {
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The Louisiana Department of Health has been notified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that two Louisiana residents who recently traveled to the Caribbean and South America were found to have had the Zika virus. Both individuals no longer have symptoms, and the Zika virus was confirmed after the individuals had recovered and no longer had the virus in their bloodstream.
According to the CDC, there have been no identified cases of local, mosquito-borne transmission of the Zika virus in the continental United States. LDH continues to work closely with the CDC, health care professionals and mosquito abatement programs throughout the state to prevent the spread of Zika virus.
Health officials say Zika virus is primarily transmitted to people through the bite of an infected mosquito. Mosquitoes become infected when they feed on a person already infected with the virus and then spread the virus to other people through bites. This transmission from human to mosquito to human can only occur during the period that the viral infection is in the first person's blood, which can last from a few days to about a week from their own initial infection.
Both of these most recent cases in Louisiana are outside of this one-week window.
Avoiding Infection by Zika Virus
Zika virus is of greatest threat to pregnant women, as their child may be at risk for certain birth defects as a result of infection. Pregnant women in particular should therefore avoid travel to areas of active transmission.
All travelers to areas where Zika virus is active should be aware and take steps to protect themselves from mosquito bites (wear long sleeves and pants, use EPA-approved insect repellant, etc.).
The same precautions apply at home, and people should also make sure their house is mosquito-proof by ensuring their windows and doors have intact screens and that there is no standing water around their home, especially in small containers. The CDC is also recommending that residents should check with their neighbors about standing water in their yards and neighborhoods.
For more information about preventing Zika virus, see this site: http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/.
Zika-carrying Mosquito Activity Maps
As part of its ongoing work to provide timely information to the public regarding the Zika virus, the CDC has updated and released new maps of the United States that show the approximate and potential locations of the two species of mosquitoes that are associated with Zika virus transmission.
The updated maps reflect the latest data that have been collected by CDC and its state and local partners and show where these mosquitoes are now or have been previously found within the continental United States.
These maps do not show the numbers or density of mosquitoes within each area, and they don't indicate the risk of potential disease spread or risk of infection. However, the updated information can help the American people and health care providers assess potential health risks and take appropriate precautions. The maps and other resources are available on the CDC website at the locations listed below.
- Zika Vector Surveillance and Control main page:
- Estimated Range of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in the United States:
- Surveillance and Control of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in the United States: http://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/resources/vector-control.html
The Louisiana Department of Health strives to protect and promote health statewide and to ensure access to medical, preventive and rehabilitative services for all state residents.To learn more about LDH, visit www.dhh.la.gov. For up-to-date health information, news and emergency updates, follow LDH's Twitter account and Facebook. | <urn:uuid:6ef2e479-57ec-4331-90a9-d6503f4407cb> | {
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We are focusing on designing and manufacturing soft artificial skin sensors for various applications
by implementing novel fabrication methods conbined with additive manufacturing, micromachining, and shape deposition manufacturing.
We recently developed soft artificial skin sensors that detect contact pressure and multi-axis strains and shear forces.
These soft sensors are made of highly stretchable silicone elastomer with embedded microchannels filled with conductive liquids,
such as liquid metals and ionic liquids.
Soft Artificial Muscle Actuators
We are also developing soft artificial muscle actuators. Examples are miniaturized pneumatic artificial muscles
for use in soft exoskeleton suits that not only provide active assistance but also increase physical endurance of the wearer.
The hyperelasticity of the skin and muscle materials make the device easily wearable and conformable to
complicated 3-D human bodies. The artificial muscles also were designed to include embedded sensing
elements that can detect the contraction of the muscle in real-time.
As an application of the above soft sensors and actuators, we are developing soft wearable robots for human rehabilitation
The design of the device was inspired by the biomechanics of a human body, mimicking not only the morphology but also the
functionality of the biological muscle-tendon-ligament architecture.
In contrast to prior exoskeletons, our biomimetic design allows a completely soft structure that provides active support
and assistance without adding physical constraints to the wearer. These devices can be powered by either pneumatic or electromagnetic
actuation. They are also equipped with various embedded soft sensors for measuring the biomechanics of the wearer.
Ultimately, we envision a system that not only provides physical support to improve mobility but also increases safety and stability,
while enhancing muscle usage and rehabilitation.
Smart Robotic Structures
We also have focused on designing biologically inspired robots with embedded optical sensors for medical applications.
Our work on Force Sensing Robot Fingers proved that exoskeletal robot structures with embedded fiber optics could provide an accurate
and physically robust solution in detecting small contact forces. As an enabling technology, we developed a novel manufacturing method
that allowed us to create hollow hexagonal mesh structures with embedded fiber optic sensors.
In addition to sensitivity and robustness, one of the advantages of fiber optic sensors is immunity to electromagnetic interference.
Thus, our subsequent work focused on implementing fiber optics to biomedical devices that could be used in extreme environments
such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems: MRI-Compatible Shape Sensing Needle with embedded fiber optics. | <urn:uuid:58c8ee10-6e4c-40c9-947c-003313e326fa> | {
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lethargiclack of energydepressiondrowsinessgrew lethargiclistlesspoor activitysluggishness
Lethargy is a state of tiredness, weariness, fatigue, or lack of energy.wikipedia
238 Related Articles
Lethargy is a state of tiredness, weariness, fatigue, or lack of energy.
It can manifest as somnolence, lethargy, or directed attention fatigue.
sleeping sicknessa worldwide epidemic of sleeping sicknesslethargic encephalitis
Encephalitis lethargica, also known as "sleeping sickness"
It is characterized by high fever, sore throat, headache, lethargy, double vision, delayed physical and mental response, sleep inversion and catatonia.
alcoholic beveragealcoholalcoholic beverages
It may also be a side-effect of medication or caused by an interaction between medications or medication(s) and alcohol.
A BAC of 0.09% to 0.25% causes lethargy, sedation, balance problems and blurred vision.
It can be accompanied by lethargy, weakness, and lack of mental agility.
long-term use of benzodiazepinesContinued use despite harmful consequencesLong term use
Some of the symptoms that could possibly occur as a result of a withdrawal from benzodiazepines after long-term use include emotional clouding, flu-like symptoms, suicide, nausea, headaches, dizziness, irritability, lethargy, sleep problems, memory impairment, personality changes, aggression, depression, social deterioration as well as employment difficulties, while others never have any side effects from long-term benzodiazepine use.
distempercanine distemper virusCanine morbillivirus
In canines, distemper affects several body systems, including the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts and the spinal cord and brain, with common symptoms that include high fever, eye inflammation and eye/nose discharge, labored breathing and coughing, vomiting and diarrhea, loss of appetite and lethargy, and hardening of nose and footpads.
Side effects of AG include lethargy, somnolence, dizziness, headache, appetite loss, skin rash, hypertension, liver damage, and adrenal insufficiency, among others.
level of consciousnessaltered mental statusdecreased level of consciousness
A mildly depressed level of consciousness or alertness may be classed as lethargy; someone in this state can be aroused with little difficulty.
They were historically the period following the heliacal rising of the star system Sirius, which Greek and Roman astrology connected with heat, drought, sudden thunderstorms, lethargy, fever, mad dogs, and bad luck.
red winehealth benefits of winebeneficial effect
Wine has a long history of use as an early form of medication, being recommended variously as a safe alternative to drinking water, an antiseptic for treating wounds, a digestive aid, and as a cure for a wide range of ailments including lethargy, diarrhea and pain from child birth.
The signs may include lethargy, vomiting, fever, and diarrhea (usually bloody).
Symptoms associated with the development of pediatric ependymomas are varied, much like symptoms for a number of other pediatric brain tumors including vomiting, headache, irritability, lethargy, and changes in gait.
SARSSARS outbreakSevere Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
Initial symptoms are flu-like and may include fever, muscle pain, lethargy symptoms, cough, sore throat, and other nonspecific symptoms.
After ingesting psilocybin, a wide range of subjective effects may be experienced: feelings of disorientation, lethargy, giddiness, euphoria, joy, and depression.
sicknesssickness behavioursickness behaviour.
Such illness responses include lethargy, depression, anxiety, malaise, loss of appetite,
Low light and lack of color of this sort is associated with depression and lethargy.
beta cell dysregulation syndromecongential hyperinsulinismislet cell adenomatosis
Hypoglycemia in early infancy can cause jitteriness, lethargy, unresponsiveness, or seizures.
As a result, Gameau gained weight, grew lethargic, and developed fatty liver disease.
Clinical complaints can also include lethargy and anorexia.
4-hydroxybutyric aciduriasuccinate-semialdehyde dehydroxylaseγ-hydroxybutyric aciduria
Problems unique to neonates can include prematurity, lethargy, decreased sucking, respiratory difficulty and hypoglycemia.
colicinfant colicinfantile colic
Concerning findings include a fever, poor activity, or a swollen abdomen.
enlarged liverliver enlargementliver
Symptoms having to do with hepatomegaly can include several, among them the individual may experience some weight loss, poor appetite and lethargy (jaundice and bruising may also be present)
polioinfantile paralysisparalytic polio
Most patients with CNS involvement develop nonparalytic aseptic meningitis, with symptoms of headache, neck, back, abdominal and extremity pain, fever, vomiting, lethargy, and irritability. | <urn:uuid:b253fe7e-099e-46c2-93fa-f5bf8386cc4b> | {
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The earliest possible date for America's official withdrawal from the climate-rescue Paris Agreement is just a day after the country's next presidential election.
Could the timing thwart Donald Trump's plans to quit the 196-nation deal?
The rules of engagement
In the hard-fought pact's own wording, a party may withdraw by giving written notification "any time after three years" of its entry into force – which was on 4 November, 2016.
This means 4 November, 2019 at the earliest if Trump, who announced Thursday that the United States was "getting out" of the deal, were to use this option.
The withdrawal would take effect only a year later – on 4 November, 2020 – the day after America's next presidential election – potentially leaving a very small window for intervention if there is a new leader friendly to the Paris Agreement.
Trump's term ends officially on 20 January, 2021.
"Despite Trump’s announcement, the US cannot immediately withdraw from the Paris Agreement," stressed Richard Klein, of the Stockholm Environment Institute.
In the meantime, Washington may opt to withdraw from all climate negotiations and simply flout the commitments made under the previous administration.
A different route would be for America to withdraw from the 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, under whose auspices the pact was negotiated. This would take effect a year after notification, which can be done at any time.
America's ratification of the convention was approved by the senate after being signed by President HW Bush.
Trump has given no indication that he intends going this route, even saying he wanted negotiations for a new or better agreement – implying he intends staying in the convention. Only parties can negotiate.
As for reopening negotiations for a different deal, this is not explicitly ruled out by the convention's statute.
But Trump would have to convince nearly 200 other partners with whom the United States had fought and bartered for over two decades to get the 2015 Paris deal.
"The US can propose anything it wants, but no other country will join them at the negotiating table, said veteran climate talks observer Alden Meyer of the Union of Concerned Scientists.
"It’s a non-starter, and they know it – the point is to make it sound like they’re more reasonable than they really are."
Trump has said the US would "cease all implementation" of the agreement.
The deal itself, which sets out the goal of limiting emissions of planet-warming greenhouse gas emissions, is binding under international law. However, at America's insistence, countries' carbon-cutting pledges in support of the goal, are not.
Trump said Washington would not honour its carbon-cutting contribution, nor international climate finance commitments made under his predecessor Barack Obama.
For Arnaud Gossement, a French environmental lawyer, Washington's flouting of the agreement amounts to "a violation of international law".
International agreements of this type symbolically commit signatories to their undertakings, "even if there are no sanctions," he said.
Updated Date: Jun 02, 2017 16:10 PM | <urn:uuid:0ee56fc5-6a1e-4790-b09c-5b7c81022911> | {
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Many people are confused about the concepts in DBus. This page gives an analogy to the web which should help to explain things.
- unique bus name
- well-known bus name
- object path
- method name
- in parameters
- out parameters
Web Server Analogy
- unique bus name is like an IP address. In particular it is dynamic.
- well-known bus name is like a hostname. It can be held by different programs at different times, but they should all implement the same API
- object path is like the path on the server
- interface/method name is like GET or POST
- in parameters are like like GET/POST variables
- out parameters are like the page which is returned.
Object-Oriented Language Analogy
- an object path refers to an object, such as a java.lang.Object
- an interface is exactly like a Java interface
- in parameters are method arguments
- out parameters are method return values
- unique bus name identifies the running process or application uniquely (these bus names are never re-used by a different process)
- well-known bus name is a "symlink" that points to the process providing a particular API
- an API is made up of objects that are expected to exist, which are expected to implement certain interfaces
- see also http://log.ometer.com/2007-05.html#17 | <urn:uuid:cb0bcce9-2024-41cc-84bb-9ebb601e44b8> | {
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Pain in the lateral (outside) of the hip or leg can be associated with a condition known as hip bursitis or trochanteric bursitis. This condition is almost always a repetitive motion injury, but it could also be initially caused by direct trauma. In the case of a runner, the condition is most likely a repetitive overuse injury.
As an overuse injury, hip bursitis is caused by repetitive friction over the greater trochanter of the hip bone (which ultimately leads to pain). This excessive friction is almost always due to faulty biomechanics. In this case, it’s faulty running mechanics.
9 Tips to Self-Treat Hip Bursitis
The greater trochanter is a portion of the femur (leg bone) that is easily felt. It’s the harder portion of the hip bone on the side of the hip. A bursa is a fluid-filled sac that is around and near boney areas and tendons areas where there is the potential for the tendon to rub or have friction. The job of the bursa sac is to reduce friction by providing cushion and a viscous synovial fluid for the tendon to slide through. This sac and/or the associated tendon can become inflamed and painful.
Runners will often develop hip bursitis after running on uneven terrain or downhill or running higher mileage or at a slower pace than one is used to. Pain can range from the lateral side of the leg around the greater trochanter area, back toward the buttocks or down the leg along the IT Band. The pain can be very debilitating to the point that running or hiking activities have to be stopped. Even walking becomes difficult. It’s more commonly diagnosed in women, but both genders can develop this condition.
Risk factors for Hip Bursitis include:
- Gender. Females are at a higher risk for developing hip bursitis because of the shape and size of the hips and pelvis.
- Poor hip abductor and/or hip external rotator strength. This includes weakness in the gluteus medius and/or tensor fasciae latae muscle (TFL).
- Improper foot biomechanics during the single leg stance phase of the gait cycle or the mid foot strike during running.
- Leg length differences.
- Running on cambered surfaces (like the tilted edge of a road or trail). Running on one side of a crowned road or trail, the “high side”, causes the foot to pronate more.
- Overtraining. This condition often occurs when increasing your training volume too quickly (too much, too soon).
9 Tips to Self-Treat Hip Bursitis (Side of the Hip Pain)
- Rest. In this case, rest would indicate stopping all running activity for a period of time and tapering down from your regular exercise activity and any activity that worsens your symptoms. You should not return to running until you can be pain-free throughout the day.
- Ice. Hip bursitis is usually due to overuse which causes the inflammatory process. I typically apply ice to the lateral part of the hip over and near the greater trochanter, but place it on your most painful location(s). The rule for icing is to apply ice no more than twenty minutes per hour. Don’t place the ice directly against the skin, especially if you are using a gel pack style. Individuals with poor circulation or impaired sensation should take particular care when icing. A bag of frozen peas can be a cheap alternative or you could use one of my favorite gel pack style cold packs.
- Reduce training volume. Initially, discontinue running and any other aggravating factor until you can be pain-free throughout the day. It’s important to reduce the training volume and intensity in order to allow the tissue time to heal as you adequately rehabilitate. Be particularly cautious by reducing activities for at least a few weeks as you rehabilitate.
- Anti-inflammatories. Consider speaking with your medical professional about a short course of anti-inflammatory medication to help speed up your recovery. In severe cases, a cortisone injection may also be warranted. Addressing the biomechanical causes for the pain is the only way to prevent it from re-occurring.
- Improve your mobility. Mobility issues and myofascial restrictions are highly correlated with hip bursitis. Tightness in the IT Band (or in the deep hip internal or external rotators) is a contributing factor. Use self-mobilization techniques to work on the areas above, below, and around the painful area. Avoid the painful area as it tends to be too inflamed and boney to be easily or effectively self-mobilized.
- I recommend using a foam roller to address tightness in the quadriceps or IT Band. You may also utilize a tennis or lacrosse ball to mobilize the tensor fasciae latae (TFL) appropriately. The foam roller and roller massager don’t work as well because the greater trochanter of the hip (the boney part of the hip that sticks out) tends to be in the way. Using a plunger or “cupping” can also be an effective method of mobilizing the tissues particularly in this area of the body.
- Kinesiological taping. The purpose of the tape is to help support the tissue and aid in lymphatic drainage. It can also possibly help with kinesthetic awareness to insure proper mechanics.
- Strengthen your hip muscles. This is usually the most important component of your rehabilitation and for prevention long term. Weakness in the hip external rotators and the hip abductors, like the gluteus medius and the tensor fasciae latae (TFL), can lead to hip bursitis, IT Band Syndrome or other knee related issues. Core muscle weakness can also be associated with hip bursitis.
- Check your shoes. Your shoes may be worn out and may be the cause of the pain. If you wear a shoe that helps to limit overpronation, remember that the inner cushion and structure of the shoe can wear out before its outer appearance. If this occurs, the shoe can no longer adequately control inappropriate foot and heel movements such as overpronation. This could result in IT Band Syndrome or other hip, knee, or ankle related issues.
Shoes typically only last 350-500 miles. If you are nearing those miles, then it may be time to change. If you’re unsure if your shoes are performing correctly, visit your local running shoe store. The trained staff can inspect your shoes for wear and tear. They may ask you to walk or run in order to watch your gait to fit you in the appropriate shoe. If you continue to experience pain and you feel it is related to your foot or footwear, then you may need to consult with a physical therapist that specializes in feet and orthotics.
- Have your gait analyzed while running. Gait or running abnormalities can increase your risk of developing hip bursitis. Over striding tends to occur while running downhill. Scissoring occurs when your leg crosses over the midline with each step. Both over striding and scissoring are easily recognized by a professional. Check with your local running store or a physical therapy clinic for a monthly gait analysis clinic. If you’re unable to obtain a gait analysis, ask your spouse or a friend to video record you (from behind) while you’re running. Then watch the recording to see if you notice either over striding or scissoring.
The best way to rehabilitate hip bursitis is to avoid it in the first place! Be sure to work on lower leg mobility as part of your recovery protocol. Implement a strength training routine that targets the hip musculature as part of your ongoing cross training. If your race includes many hills, then be sure to adequately train for both the uphill and downhill portion so that your body is ready for the stress.
If you develop hip bursitis, then start your rehabilitation by resting while tapering down intensity and training volume. You will likely have to stop running for a portion of time.
After the acute pain subsides, initiate a strengthening program for the hips. Utilize a foam roller for tissue mobilization and implement hip strengthening exercises as part of an ongoing prevention and recovery strategy.
More specific strategies (including the exercises that address the most common muscle imbalances found in those suffering from hip bursitis) are covered in the Resilient Runner Program, which is designed to help YOU meet YOUR training goals by insuring you have the tools to avoid injury, recover quickly, and train at a peak level.
What’s Inside the Resilient Runner Program:
Specific guidelines on when and how to return to running after experiencing an injury.
Rehabilitation guides with step-by-step photos demonstrating recommended exercises.
Step-by-step instructions on how to apply Kinesiological tape.
Downloadable podcasts, videos, and more!
If you’re tired of ongoing aches, pains, and injuries, learn how to become a resilient runner so that you can continue to train and compete in order to meet your goals!
Read more about the Resilient Runner here: | <urn:uuid:edf2428a-5dcd-4c0d-b198-886057904ed7> | {
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Historians say that in Europe, the 20th century really began with the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, and that in many ways we still live in the shadow of that conflict. The centennials of various events leading to the war have been marked in recent months, and now battles, military campaigns and other milestones will have their 100th anniversaries in the next four years.
In the United States, the 20th century arguably began almost a year before, in October 1913, with a much less bloody event—when following the adoption of the 16th Amendment, Congress passed a law introducing permanent peacetime income tax. The tax centennial wasn't widely celebrated. When it was mentioned at all, it was in order to complain of the depredations of the IRS. Nevertheless, the introduction of the income tax was when the American Century came into being, with vast global repercussions.
Funding Global Power
The income tax was introduced just in time to finance America's entry into the European conflict in 1917, which helped decide its outcome. Later, it provided resources to fight World War II in Europe and on the Pacific. In the early postwar decades, the income tax helped repay the federal debt, which in 1945 stood at over 100% of GDP, and, more important, it funded the creation of the global economic system based on the dollar and American financial infrastructure, with the Federal Reserve serving as linchpin.
Washington also devised rules of international commerce, spearheading—and largely funding—a slew of institutions needed to expand it. It promoted free trade, free movement of people and ideas and various other aspects of economic integration. At the same time, it supplied the military muscle needed to keep peace. Even today, we see that few conflicts around the world are resolved without active U.S. involvement.
None of it would have been possible if the U.S. had not had the financial wherewithal to be the world leader.
The U.S.-dominated global system first encompassed Western Europe and Japan, which had to be rebuilt after the war. Gradually, over the years, it was joined by countries in the developing world and, after the collapse of the Berlin Wall, by former Communist nations and China. The system proved flexible, accommodating new entrants and bringing unprecedented prosperity to most of them.
Of course it was not done for altruistic motives. The U.S. and its multinationals have been the greatest beneficiaries of the global economic system. The dollar being the only reserve currency, this country is able to pay for its exports in domestic currency, and most commodities, including oil, are priced and traded in dollars. The U.S. can borrow in dollars and run up its current account and budget deficits seemingly without end, allowing Americans to consume much more than they produce, for decades. No other nation can do this with impunity, without running the risk of a massive default.
American companies have benefited from the international economic system by expanding around the globe. The vast majority of most valuable global brands are based in America. The U.S.-led international economic system also has fostered U.S. technological primacy, since most innovative projects around the world are tied to Silicon Valley and U.S.-based funds and markets.
Global economic integration also has been a source of soft power. Since Russia annexed Crimea and began stirring trouble in eastern Ukraine, Washington has been slowly tightening the noose around the Russian financial system with sanctions. Russia faces financial strangulation and economic collapse because it has taken on the U.S. in a Cold War-style confrontation. Meanwhile, China has refrained from acting on its territorial claims against its neighbors, notably Japan, in part because it fears being targeted by similar sanctions by Uncle Sam.
During Europe's mercantilist era in the 16th to 18th centuries, the wealth of nations was measured by the amount of gold they held in their vaults. During the industrial era, it was the tonnage of coal and steel and the quantities of machines they produced. Today, countries become wealthy or poor depending on their ability to produce what the rest of the world wants and to sell it in international markets. National wealth is directly correlated to the openness of a country's economy.
If the global economic system crumbles, the world will be plunged into economic collapse. This will be a near-certainty if the U.S. stops playing an active role on the international scene.
The Tax Revolt
And yet, the withdrawal into its own shell by the U.S. is not such a fanciful notion because the government in Washington, quite simply, is starting to run out of money. The tax revolt, which began innocuously enough in 1978 with the passage of Proposition 13 in California, putting a strict limit on property taxes in the state, spread to the national level with the election two years later of Ronald Reagan, who criticized the “tax and spend” government, and then George H.W. Bush with his famous “read my lips: no new taxes” pledge. While the 16th Amendment remains in place, the tax revolt is returning the U.S. to a semblance of the situation that prevailed before the introduction of income tax.
Over time, the tax revolt has brought about a fundamental change in the way federal operations are financed. Even as a new super-rich class emerged, the top income tax rate, which in the prosperous post-World War II decades stood at 70–80%, dropped into the 30% range. The actual rate is often even smaller: Billionaire Warren Buffett admitted a couple of years ago that he legally pays only 17.5% of his huge income in taxes. His was the lower rate than any of the salaried employees of his firm had to pay. Mitt Romney, multimillionaire presidential candidate, paid just 14%.
Meanwhile, the middle class has been steadily losing ground on the income front. The Commerce Department reported that in 2013 wages and salaries of Americans amounted to 42.5% of GDP, the lowest level since measurements began. As a result, the middle class can't afford to pay enough taxes to sustain the government, shifting the burden of taxation onto higher income brackets. Not surprisingly, the rich feel they are being unfairly targeted and spend their considerable resources to lobby Congress to cut their tax burden.
Corporate profits measured 10% of GDP last year, the highest percentage ever recorded. But businesses paid only 1.6% of GDP in taxes, compared to close to 5% in the 1950s and around 4% in the 1960s. Fortune magazine, a business publication, recently ran a cover story titled “Positively Un-American,” revealing a number of tax dodges used by U.S. corporations to minimize taxes they pay to Uncle Sam. It seems that many multinationals are giving up on the U.S. and so have little interest in funding the U.S. government.
The overall tax take in the U.S., including federal, state and local taxes, amounts to some 25% of GDP, well below comparable levels of other rich industrial nations, despite the fact that America's international commitments and military budget are the world's largest.
Initially, despite being squeezed for revenues, Washington attempted to provide the same level of services to citizens at home while continuing to engage abroad. Budget deficits grew, and the debt burden exploded. Congress began to worry about debt, but has resisted the idea of raising revenues. The result has been sequestration—a 10% across-the-board cut in federal spending, begun March 2013. The Congressional Budget Office now estimates that in the fiscal year ending October 2014, aside from Social Security, health care and interest payments, federal outlays in relation to GDP will be the lowest since it started keeping records in 1940.
In the foreseeable future, this seems to spell doom for America's engagement with the world. Signs of it are everywhere, but the most obvious is the disdain with which Washington is now held everywhere, from Asia to Europe to the Middle East. This is happening at a time when a number of international players are working to undermine the global economic system. If the U.S. fails to hold back the tide, every member of the international community will suffer severe economic damage—but none will be hurt as much as the U.S. economy. | <urn:uuid:cdf22cb1-f5ac-416f-84b5-b5a1484ed17d> | {
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Fayetteville, city, seat of Cumberland county, south-central North Carolina, U.S. It lies on the Cape Fear River at the head of navigation, about 70 miles (113 km) south of Raleigh. The two original settlements of Cambellton (1762) and Cross Creek (c. 1760) united in 1778 and were incorporated and renamed for the marquis de Lafayette in 1783.
Fayetteville was the state capital (1789–93) and the scene (November 21, 1789) of a second state convention to ratify the U.S. Constitution (after its earlier rejection at Hillsboro). A fire destroyed more than 600 buildings in 1831. A federal arsenal there was seized by the Confederates early in the American Civil War; Union troops under William Tecumseh Sherman occupied the city in March 1865 and destroyed the arsenal.
Nearby Fort Bragg and Pope Air Force Base are the economic mainstays. Manufacturing (tires, power tools, automotive products) is also of some importance. Fayetteville State University, founded in 1867, is part of the University of North Carolina system; other schools are Methodist College (1956) and Fayetteville Technical Community College (1961). The Museum of the Cape Fear Historical Complex has exhibits on the history and development of North Carolina, and the John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Museum and the 82nd Airborne Division Museum are at Fort Bragg. Bladen Lakes State Forest is about 25 miles (40 km) to the southeast. Pop. (2000) 121,015; Fayetteville Metro Area, 336,609; (2010) 200,564; Fayetteville Metro Area, 366,383. | <urn:uuid:67f77658-6876-4eb5-9ba2-afb77917f63c> | {
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Available in 中文
What’s a cash-tight government to do when it wants to modernize a hospital, build a railway, or expand the power grid to reach underserved areas? It might explore outside, private sources of financing—that’s where public-private partnerships (PPPs) come in. The acronym has a promising ring to it, yet going back to the 1970s, its impact has been mixed. At their best, PPPs can provide rapid injections of cash from private financiers, delivery of quality services, and overall cost-effectiveness the public sector can’t achieve on its own.
But at their worst, PPPs can also drive up costs, under-deliver services, harm the public interest, and introduce new opportunities for fraud, collusion, and corruption. Our experience at the World Bank Integrity Vice Presidency is that because PPPs most often are geared toward providing essential public services in infrastructure, health and education, the integrity risks inherent in these sectors also transfer to PPPs.
On April 17, the Integrity Vice Presidency convened a public discussion on corruption in PPPs (pdf) bringing together finance, energy, and fairness-monitoring perspectives. Looking at the landscape, in the last eight years, 134 developing countries have implemented PPPs in infrastructure, and in the last decade the World Bank has approved some $23 billion lending and risk guarantee operations in support of PPPs. | <urn:uuid:905bc21c-8892-4ed4-9d84-5e06b80dc460> | {
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Futura Font Project by X-Factor
Futura_Font Project by X-Factor. Letters are closely related to human life, exist in the streams of history, and contain various historical events such as invention of printing. Fonts of letters represent various languages and thoughts by human with its distinctive features. In terms of the “value” of the fonts, the designers always thought that fonts should stand one’s personality on the screen. Before moving forward, in order to choose right fonts for this project the designer first classified the existing fonts and organized by categories. Among the categories “Futura Fonts” was attractive to them because it shows the basic geometry in a simple way. they believe the objects in their work with Futura could communicate with the users effectively. | <urn:uuid:30fb2ac8-6098-4d48-b2aa-ba6d067705fa> | {
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Eva Watson-Schütze attracted a large and appreciative clientele for her romantic, yet powerfully composed photographic portraits and figure studies.
Like many late-19th-century photographers, Watson-Schütze originally intended to become a painter. She studied painting with Thomas Eakins for six years at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, only later developing her passion for photography.
In 1897, she opened her own Philadelphia portrait studio. Within four years, Watson-Schütze had established a significant reputation as a professional photographer—exhibiting works in the prestigious Philadelphia Salon and group shows that traveled to London and Paris. She also wrote articles on photography for several periodicals.
The artist married the German-born lawyer Martin Schütze in 1901 and moved to Chicago. There, Watson-Schütze’s career continued to prosper. In 1902 she was elected to membership in the Linked Ring, an important London-based organization that promoted pictorialism, which emphasized artistic as opposed to purely documentary photography. The following year she helped found the Photo-Secession, an early-20th-century movement that promoted photography as a fine art, and in 1905 Alfred Stieglitz exhibited her work at his influential New York Gallery, 291.
Watson-Schütze established a new studio in Chicago and continued to build her reputation. She and her husband spent their summers in Woodstock, New York. Eventually Watson-Schütze lived there six months out of the year, working on photography and painting. | <urn:uuid:d4a8707d-1453-404b-9a96-a559acff8385> | {
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Chiasmus is a literary technique that was common in ancient Greek writings, including the New Testament. Basically, chiasmus takes the form ABBA. An example in English is a familiar nursery rhyme:
A: The itsy-bitsy spider went up the water spout.
B: Down came the rain and washed the spider out.
B: Up came the sun and dried up all the rain.
A: And the itsy-bitsy spider went up the spout again.
Chiasms can be much larger and have more elements. Entire literary works sometimes take the form of a chiasm. The chiastic structure may have been an aid to memorization. Sometimes a chiasm may have been intended to emphasize its central element. The form ABCBA puts emphasis on C. The elements A and B form a frame.
I know a lot more about Greek than I do about Hebrew, but I think that chiasms may also be found in ancient Hebrew literature.
If you are looking for hope in the book of Lamentations, it is only to be found in the central verses of chapter 3, the central chapter. Whether this is intended to emphasize the message of hope, I'm not in a position to say. The rest of the book may frame this expression of hope or, alternatively, they may bury it. The New Interpreters Study Bible suggests that this chapter may serve as "a kind of abstract reflection on the catastrophe" of Jerusalem's fall and the exile.
Lamentations 3:22-23 is the inspiration for the favorite old hymn Great is Thy Faithfulness:
Because of the Lord’s great love we are not consumed,
for his compassions never fail.
They are new every morning;
great is your faithfulness.
The words sound very different in their original context than on most of the Sunday mornings when we sing them.
Verses 32-33 are, for this book, a powerful statement of faith:
Though [YHWH] brings grief, he will show compassion,
so great is his unfailing love.
For he does not willingly bring affliction
or grief to anyone.
There might be a little bit of the victim's self-blame in that. But to say, while remembering the horrors of the siege and destruction of Jerusalem, God "does not willingly afflict anyone" is remarkable.
Counting on YHWH's good will and faithfulness, verses 40-42 counsel repentance:
Let us examine our ways and test them,
and let us return to the Lord.
Let us lift up our hearts and our hands
to God in heaven, and say:
“We have sinned and rebelled
and you have not forgiven.”
Chapter 3 ends with a plea for vengeance (v.v. 64-66):
Pay them back what they deserve, Lord,
for what their hands have done.
Put a veil over their hearts,
and may your curse be on them!
Pursue them in anger and destroy them
from under the heavens of the Lord.
Chapter 4 bemoans the state to which Jerusalem's noble people were reduced:
With their own hands compassionate women
have cooked their own children,
who became their food
when my people were destroyed.
Once again responsibility is laid squarely on YHWH's shoulders:
The Lord has given full vent to his wrath;
he has poured out his fierce anger.
He kindled a fire in Zion
that consumed her foundations.
Verse 13 explains, once more, the reason for YHWH's anger:
But it happened because of the sins of her prophets
and the iniquities of her priests,
who shed within her
the blood of the righteous.
Verses 21-22 warn Judah's neighbor Edom not to gloat. Jerusalem will be restored but Edom will go down.
Chapter 5 is the only poem of Lamentations which is not structured as an alphabetic acrostic. It catalogs the degradations suffered by Judah's people including rape and torture:
Women have been violated in Zion,
and virgins in the towns of Judah.
Princes have been hung up by their hands....
The book ends with a plea for the eternal God to remember Zion and restore his people (vv. 19-21). Its final verse plays with the haunting possibility that this may never be:
...unless you have utterly rejected us
and are angry with us beyond measure.
Biblical quotations are from the New International Version. Next: Ezekiel 1-4 | <urn:uuid:5f9931b4-de40-4da3-9003-8fa42e485051> | {
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Thank you for the opportunity to help you with your question!
The molar mass of CH2 is 14.0267 g/mol. (42 g/mol) / (14.0267 g/mol) = 3 to the nearest whole number So multiply the empirical formula by 3: C3H6
each one determine the number of moles of each atom in a given sample. moles = mass / molar mass 10. moles Pb = 38.43 g / 207.2 g/mol = 0.1855 mol moles C = 17.83 g / 12.01 g/mol = 1.485 mol moles H = 3.74 g / 1.008 g/mol = 3.710 moles Now ratio Pb : C : H = 0.1855 : 1.485 : 3.710 divide each number in the ratio by the smallest number Pb : C : H (0.1855/ 0.1855) : (1.485 / 0.1855) : (3.710 / 0.1855) 1 : 8 : 20 empirical formula PbC8H20
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Forgot your password? | <urn:uuid:2bb0fcce-e5ae-4d62-9769-f7c273d29fba> | {
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The world is experiencing a dramatic increase in population, This is causing problems not only for poor, undeveloped countries, but also for industrialized and developing nations. Describe some of the problems that overpopulation causes, and suggest at least one possible solution.
You should write at least 250 words.
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Nowadays, the population increase（increases） dramatically in most countries around the world. This is true for developed and developing nations. Overpopulation cause（causes） different number of problems. However, government can solved（slove） these problems by many solution（solutions）.
There are several problems that raising number of people in undeveloped countries causes. Firstly, it is very difficult to provide enough food for all people. Secondly, the government limit the number of children per family to educate（that are allowed to be educated） in the school. In addition, in poorest countries usually have a lot of unemployment as well（higher unemployment rates）, and when the population increase the number of unemployment increase（unemployed increases）. Finally, when too many people live on the land, the environment suffers.
There are different problems that overpopulation causes in rich nations. Firstly, it is very difficult for governments to provide helpful public services in overcrowded cities. Moreover, there is generally a great deal more crime such as using drugs, killing people, steeling, and ect（避免用etc）. Which that（，which is） often because of high rates of unemployment.
However, overpopulation problems in both（both developed and undeveloped） nations have two main solution（solutions） which it deal（dealt with） by governments. Firstly, government must educate people to limit size of the family. For example, in China they have a policy call “one cild policy” which it is limit size of the family to have one or two children but that it is beginning to have an effect in the world’s most crowded nation.
To sum up, if the population impulsive increase continues, many more people will die of hunger in poor countries. Also, in rich nations, the life in the cities will become more and more difficult.
这篇文章内容不错，也按照要求完成了任务。但是语法要尤其注意，第一段最后重复solve and solution，不如说“can find many solutions to those problems”第三段，最后一句，结构也相当有问题，看上去像是还没有说完一样。 | <urn:uuid:bfc9216e-d483-4717-b96e-d9dfdd052995> | {
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Search for life on Mars goes underground
STONY BROOK (US) — Minerals from deep inside Mars offer the strongest evidence to date that the red planet could have supported life.
Up to half of all life on Earth consists of simple microorganisms hidden in rocks beneath the surface and for some time scientists have suggested that the same may be true for Mars. Now this theory has been supported by new research, which suggests that the ingredients for life have been present in the Martian subsurface, a zone of more than three miles below ground, for much of the planet’s history.
When meteorites strike the surface of Mars, they act like natural probes, bringing up rocks from far beneath the surface. Recent research published in the journal Nature Geoscience shows that many of the rocks brought up from the Martian subsurface contain clays and minerals with a chemical make-up that has been altered by water, an essential element to support life.
This view of layered rocks on the floor of McLaughlin Crater shows sedimentary rocks that contain spectroscopic evidence for minerals formed through interaction with water. The High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) camera on NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter recorded the image. (Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ. of Arizona)
Some deep craters on Mars also acted as basins where groundwater likely emerged to produce lakes. McLaughlin Crater is one such basin that contains clay and carbonate minerals formed in an ancient lake on Mars. The fluids that formed these minerals could carry clues as to whether the subsurface contained life.
“We don’t know how life on Earth formed but it is conceivable that it originated underground, protected from harsh surface conditions that existed on early Earth,” says Joseph Michalski, lead author and planetary geologist at the Natural History Museum in London. “Due to plate tectonics, however, the early geological record of Earth is poorly preserved so we may never know what processes led to life’s origin and early evolution.
“Exploring these rocks on Mars, where the ancient geologic record is better preserved than on Earth, would be like finding a stack of pages that have been ripped out of Earth’s geological history book. Whether the Martian geologic record contains life or not, analysis of these types of rocks would certainly teach us a tremendous amount about early chemical processes in the solar system.”
Co-author Deanne Rogers, assistant professor in the Department of Geosciences at Stony Brook University used data from the Thermal Emission Spectrometer aboard NASA’s Mars Global Surveyor and the Thermal Emission Imaging System aboard the Mars Odyssey orbiter to detect and identify minerals that proved to be consistent with a sustained aqueous environment on the floor of the McLaughlin Crater.
“Our understanding of Mars is changing very rapidly with all of the new mission data,” Rogers says. “There have been several recent observations and models that have pointed to the possibility of a vast store of groundwater in the Martian past, and perhaps present. So you might expect that deep basins such as McLaughlin, which intersect the upwelling groundwater table, would contain evidence of this water. And this study found that evidence.”
Current exploration of Mars focuses on investigating surface processes because sedimentary rocks are most likely to provide the best chance evidence for habitability. Evidence suggests, however, that the Martian surface environment has been quite inhospitable to life for billions of years. In future missions, scientists could choose to target rocks related to the surface or subsurface, or perhaps do both by targeting areas where sedimentary rocks formed from subsurface fluids.
“In this paper, we present a strong case for exploring the subsurface, as well as the surface. But I don’t personally think we should try to drill into the subsurface to look for ancient life,” says Michalski. “Instead, we can study rocks that are naturally brought to the surface by meteor impact and search in deep basins where fluids have come to the surface.”
Co-author Professor John Parnell, geochemist at the University of Aberdeen, adds, “This research has demonstrated how studies of Earth and Mars depend on each other. It is what we have observed of microbes living below the continents and oceans of Earth. They allow us to speculate on habitats for past life on Mars, which in turn show us how life on the early Earth could have survived.
“We know from Earth’s history that planets face traumatic conditions such as meteorite bombardment and ice ages, when the survival of life may depend on being well below ground. So it makes sense to search for evidence of life from that subsurface environment, in the geological records of both Earth and Mars. But it’s one thing to do that on Earth – we need to be clever in finding a way to do it on Mars.”
Researchers from Auburn University contributed to the study.
Source: Stony Brook University
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Microsoft is making the future of how we see it in the fantastic movies, getting closer. Microsoft showed off the new advances in electronic technology. For example, Microsoft has created an augmented reality glasses Hololens, that terrific way allow the connection a images the virtual world and the real one.
The device is called Hololens – autonomous wearable computer, which takes the form of points with translucent glass. Through this device user can connect the virtual world and the real, which gives him the opportunity, previously known only through science fiction movie.
The device has its own CPU and GPU, as well as a kind of holographic processor, which is responsible for real-time processing of digital images that appear on the display with voice acting.
In its work, a glasses Hololens create three-dimensional high-definition video, which you can either watch alone or impose on any object in reality. This greatly increases the chances of the user in virtually all areas of multimedia activities, for example, the device can be used for work, including design and, when communicating on Skype, surfing the pages on the Internet, video games, watching online television, education, exchange of ideas and many other fields.
A glasses Hololens work on based of technology Microsoft Holographic, which allows you to really tightly integrate virtual reality and physical world. A fans of three-dimensional modeling device would enjoy. Create 3D-projects can be directly “in the air” through the application HoloStudio. No need to sit in front of a monitor with keyboard and mouse.
Controls the ability of a glasses Hololens possible by means of voice, a turning your head, as well as computers and peripherals. That’s great – HoloLens does not depend of other gadgets. The unit does not need to be synchronized with the tablet, smartphone or PC.
However, as reported TheVerge, novelty can be used not only for entertainment. Reported, that during the testing of the product, Microsoft has collaborated with the space agency NASA. Under this the space agency has created a special software for holographic glasses, which helps scientists visually explore the surface of Mars. NASA engineers will be able to see through the eyes of the rover to the Red Planet and fully assess the situation.
While the technology is still in development, but its capabilities are impressive. As for its availability wide range of users, Microsoft promises,that HoloLens will be on sale the end of the life cycle of Windows 10, which is approximately 5 years.
Hologram cell phone
Future of technology | <urn:uuid:f3fabad8-61d3-452d-8aed-cfb982b68be8> | {
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The first Asian hornets found in Japan were seen on Tsushima, an island between Kyushu and the Korean Peninsula. The discovery has prodded local and central authorities to exterminate the insects immediately.
Scientifically called Vespa velutina, the insects known for their fatal sting, originated from China. It has already spread to other areas like South Korea and Europe, and has dealt a huge blow on the ecosystem and health of the people living there. Recent studies made by Takatoshi Ueno, associate professor at Kyushu University and local nature enthusiast for the city of Tsushima, show the deadly insects are now spreading throughout the island. Ueno described the insects to “have strong reproductive powers and could suddenly spread if they enter mainland Japan.” He also noted that the same kind found on Tsushima were the same species that wreaked havoc in South Korea and Europe.
The Asian hornets can be as long as 3 centimeters, and normally prey on bugs. However, it can also attack humans persistently, especially those that threaten their nests. Though smaller than the Asian giant hornets already common in the region, the ones they discovered are more aggressive than the black-tailed kind presently found on Tsushima. The black bodied and red headed kind targets Asian honeybees. Researchers believe that the species came to the island from ships arriving from South Korea. As many hornets’ nests were discovered on the northern area of Tsushima, many exterminators were sent to destroy them, but Ueno said that measures to remove the nests are not enough considering the nests are often found in branches near top of the trees and on cliff faces.
[via Kyodo News] | <urn:uuid:a68b6b4f-09e1-43ea-83f5-2f3616146ce5> | {
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Corinth was a powerful city-state. It was located on the coast and was ruled by a king. The Corinthians were problem solvers, possibly the best problem solvers in ancient Greece.
For a while, they had a huge problem with unemployment. Their city grew faster than the job market. Some city-states would have ignored this situation. But not Corinth. They solved this problem by creating a public works project. One of the public works projects was to build new new aqueducts. This put people to work, and solved another problem - the need for enough safe drinking water to provide to their growing population.
One of their most clever solutions was to create their own coinage. Argos did that as well. But Corinth took it one step further. They opened places where people could trade their money for Corinthian money so they could pay for goods. This was not a free service. There was a charge for this.
Corinth felt their schools were as good as Athens. They were not as fancy perhaps, but the level of education in Corinth was outstanding. All boys went to military school for at least two years after high school.
Corinth worked at being a leader in the ancient Greek world, and they were highly respected by other Greek city-states. They were very proud of their city-state. | <urn:uuid:bb48b36c-d9e0-4be7-9550-ba607c8d32a6> | {
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How does Canada Balsam work?
There isn't enough information to know how Canada balsam might work.
Are there safety concerns?
Canada balsam might be safe for most people when applied to the skin. Canada balsam needles and twigs are used to make food flavoring, but there isn't enough information to know if it's safe in amounts greater than those typically found in foods. There aren't any known adverse effects of Canada balsam, but it hasn't been well-researched by scientists.
Do not take Canada balsam if:
- You are pregnant or breast-feeding.
Dosing considerations for Canada Balsam.
The appropriate dose of Canada balsam for use as treatment depends on several factors such as the user's age, health, and several other conditions. At this time there is not enough scientific information to determine an appropriate range of doses for Canada balsam. Keep in mind that natural products are not always necessarily safe and dosages can be important. Be sure to follow relevant directions on product labels and consult your pharmacist or physician or other healthcare professional before using. | <urn:uuid:671ad3bc-a6a7-40d3-ba83-f8829b71bd7b> | {
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42 coturnix japanese quail eggs have been in the incubator for 17 days.
19 quail chicks hatched out unaided.
6 quail chicks hatched out with assistance.
2 eggs had partially formed chicks inside.
15 eggs were not fertile.
Currently only 2 of the quail chicks have died.
Quail Egg Hatch Rate – 25 quail eggs hatched out divided by 42 quail eggs in the incubator = 59% hatch rate.
Quail Hatchability – 25 quail eggs hatched out divided by 27 fertile quail eggs = 93% hatchability. This is a great hatchability rate for the first time we have incubated quail eggs.
Quail Egg Fertility – 27 fertile quail eggs divided by 42 quail eggs in the incubator = 64% fertility. This is a reasonable fertility rate for this time of the year as the male quail‘s fertility is effected by cold temperatures, thus breeding quail in November when the weather is colder can effect the fertility rate of the eggs. 15 quail eggs were infertile and this makes an infertility rate of 36%. | <urn:uuid:39390e18-5df4-46c8-ae5d-ca071c035f76> | {
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||A Study of the Leaf Phenology and Thermonastic Leaf Movement of Daphniphyllum macropodum
Park, Seok–GonMatsumoto, Masaru
335 , 2017-09-08 , Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University
In this study, leaf phenology (the seasonal growth pattern of leaves) was investigated for 1 year to investigate the life–cycle strategies of Daphniphyllum macropodum. In addition, the degree of drooping and rolling of the leaves was measured at freezing temperatures in the winter, and the leaf moisture and leaf thickness were examined to determine the changes within the leaves. In April, young leaves unfolded in a flush, while the leaves that had emerged the previous year began to fall. The leaf longevity of D. macropodum was 12–17 months, and in spring, leaf unfolding and defoliation occurred almost simultaneously, avoiding self–shading. The leaves of D. macropodum are thick and wide; thus, old leaves block the light from young leaves, reducing their photosynthesis rate. Therefore, it is assumed that there is no need to keep old leaves on the branch for a long time. The phenomena of drooping and rolling were easily observed in the leaves of D. macropodum at –6.9°C, which disappeared at –3.6°C. There was no change in the moisture content of the leaves with the changes in the freezing temperature (below 0°C), but the leaf thickness decreased with the decreasing freezing temperature. This phenomenon is called thermonastic leaf movement, which may be a reaction to the freezing temperature in order to prevent excessive moisture loss in winter. It appears that at the freezing temperature, the water inside the cells migrates out of the cell and gathers together, resulting in a change in the leaf thickness. | <urn:uuid:8f9bc585-83f3-4207-bfb5-0aedda2c99e3> | {
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Historian Alice Kessler-Harris asks in yesterday’s Chronicle of Higher Education, “Do We Still Need Women’s History?” She reflects on the shift in the study of “women’s history” to historical perspectives on “gender:”
The shift to gender has had long-range implications. As the history of women, and more recently the history of men, has become a subset of the history of gender, as historians increasingly investigate the practical and ideological implications of belief systems about the nature of men and women, so gender has increasingly become an important explanatory agent : a necessary part of the historian’s interpretive arsenal. Our more-enlightened colleagues and younger members of the profession now assume that all history has gendered components, and that, as they look for explanations for how and why things happened, gender will necessarily be part of their explanatory framework. *** [Historian Laura] Wexler and other scholars demonstrate the explanatory potential embedded in gender, and reveal why the topic “women” is now so often dismissed as too narrow and subjective a category to illuminate historical processes. Where the history of women is seen today as having celebratory content : its effort is to find our lost ancestors and restore them to a place in our memories : that of gender offers an analytic framework within which to view the sometimes abrasive relations of women and men.
Gender is a tempting and powerful framework. Far more inclusive than the category of women, it raises questions not so much about what women did or did not do, but about how the organization of relationships between men and women established priorities and motivated social and political action. Where the history of women can be accused of lacking objectivity : of having a feminist purpose : that of gender suggests a more distanced stance.
I am struck by Kessler-Harris’s assessment that the study of women has less currency among historians than does the study of gender. Is the same true in the law? Have courses on “Women and the Law” been replaced by courses on “Gender and the Law?” Do law students and faculty members view courses and studies of “Gender and the Law” as having a more “distanced stance” than courses and studies of “Women and the Law?”
My personal impression is that many students and professors consider a focus on “women” to be old-fashioned. Stating one’s interest as as “Women and the Law” seems old-school — yes, feminist (and therefore someone must have an ax to grind, right?). “Gender,” by comparison, has a hip, fluid, twenty-first century, moderne connotation. But is the evaluation of “women” vs. “gender” anything other than a high-theory rehash of the (unhelpful, in my view) attempt by self-proclaimed “third wave” feminists to distance themselves from purportedly ideological constraints of “second wave” feminism? I had long thought that these were two sides of the same coin. But Kessler-Harris’s article made me wonder for the first time whether an emphasis on gender is a form of anti-feminism.
A copy of Kessler-Harris’s full article from the Chronicle article is here (subscription site – sorry). | <urn:uuid:cdb8f36a-0e82-4af6-93cd-1f37314f5568> | {
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Gazelles are any of many antelope species currently or formerly in the genus Gazella. They are known as swift animals – some are able to maintain speeds as high as 50 miles per hour (80 km/h) for extended periods of time. Gazelles are mostly found in the deserts, grasslands and savannas of Africa, but they are also found in southwest and central Asia, and the Indian subcontinent. They tend to live in herds and will eat less coarse, easily digestible plants and leaves.
- All you gotta do is to use your instincts. How do you think a tiger knows how to tackle a gazelle? It's written, it's code written in their DNA, says "Tackle the gazelle." Believe it or not, in every man there's a code written that says "Tackle drunk bitches."
- Norville Barnes: That kind of person would come back as a wildebeest, or a warthog. No, I think it more likely that you were a gazelle, with long, graceful legs, gamboling through the underbrush. Perhaps we met once, a chance encounter in a forest glade. I must have been an antelope or an ibex. What times we must have had. Foraging together for sustenance, snorfling water from a forest stream, picking the grubs and burrs from one another's coats. Or perhaps we simply touched our horns briefly and went our separate ways.
Amy Archer: I wish it were that simple, Norville. I wish I was still a gazelle, and you were an antelope or an ibex.
Norville Barnes: Well, can I at least call you deer?
- Then, cleaving the grass, gazelles appear
(The gentler dolphins of kindlier waves)
With sensitive heads alert of ear;
Frail crowds that a delicate hearing saves.
- Thomas Sturge Moore, "The Gazelles", line 13; from The Centaur's Booty (London: Duckworth, 1903) p. ix.
Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations
- Quotes reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 307-08.
- I never nursed a dear Gazelle to glad me with its soft black eye, but when it came to know me well, and love me, it was sure to marry a market-gardener.
- Charles Dickens, Old Curiosity Shop, Chapter LVI, saying of Dick Swiveller.
- The gazelles so gentle and clever
Skip lightly in frolicsome mood.
- Heinrich Heine, Book of Songs, Lyrical, Interlude No. 9.
- I never nurs'd a dear gazelle,
To glad me with its soft black eye,
But when it came to know me well
And love me, it was sure to die.
- Thomas Moore, The Fire Worshippers.
- I never had a piece of toast particularly long and wide,
But fell upon the sanded floor,
And always on the buttered side.
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Education International welcomes the release of the 2019 Global Education Monitoring Report (GEM Report), and its focus on the importance of addressing issues related to migration, displacement and education in order to achieve the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development’s commitment to leave no one behind.
Bringing together the agenda of the New York Declaration for refugees and migrants and that of SDG 4, the report provides a valuable resource to transform commitments into action and hold governments accountable for fulfilling the right to education of migrant and refugee populations.
Taking a broad approach to the definitions of migration and displacement, the report provides an understanding of the phenomenon and its complex interactions with education. By doing so, it makes a strong case for setting up comprehensive and context-relevant policy frameworks and monitoring mechanisms, involving all concerned stakeholders.
As the report rightly recognizes, teachers and education support personnel are on the front line of diverse educational contexts. Considering the many activities developed by education unions worldwide to promote the rights of migrant and refugee teachers and students and build inclusive educational settings, the report asserts that education staff and their organizations should be given a centre stage in the development and implementation of education and migration policies.
The findings of the report show that access to education remains a major concern, especially for displaced populations. The report argues that governments should identify and remove administrative barriers and regulations that directly or indirectly restrict migrants and forcibly displaced persons’ education opportunities. In particular, it criticises the detention of migrant minors and youth, a concern EI has been raising over the years.
The report makes it very clear that treating migrants and refugees differently is wrong and rightly points out the many dimensions of exclusion, including geographical segregation, separation in preparatory courses, early tracking and channelling of migrants into different school types, misdiagnosis of special education needs. It is thus important that educational authorities tackle multifaceted discrimination facing migrants and refugees in education.
Of particular importance is the report’s bold step to bring to the fore the prejudice and discrimination faced by migrant, refugee and other minority teachers. These issues should be confronted and addressed head-on in order to make schools and all education institutions inclusive.
Considering the benefits associated with teacher diversity in relation to migrant students’ achievement, self-esteem and sense of safety, the recognition of prior qualifications and professional experience of migrant and refugee education staff should be addressed by governments as a matter of priority and in close collaboration with unions. More broadly and beyond bilateral/multilateral qualifications recognition agreements, the development of systematic and individualized assessment of migrants’ educational background and competences, even in absence of documentation, should be promoted.
Available evidence analysed in the report stresses the important role of education with regards to helping migrants and refugees integrate and develop their full potential, but also more broadly, building inclusive societies. Yet, many teachers and education personnel feel ill-equipped to address diversity in their classrooms and schools. It is urgent to increase support for both teaching and administrative staff through pre- and in-service training aiming to develop the skills and approaches they need to accommodate diversity and integrate newcomers, as well as provide them appropriate resources to fulfil their mission (curricula and pedagogical material). In many countries, education unions have developed a valuable experience in terms of transforming schools into welcoming environments, through supporting staff peer-learning and a 360-degree approach to integration. As the report underlines, putting in place the extra support measures needed to meet these challenges requires that governments and donors significantly increase and improve funding channels to schools and education systems enrolling significant numbers of migrants and refugees.
In addition to this year’s policy focus on migration and displacement, the GEM report, as usual, takes stock of the progress made across SDG4’s ten targets and the education targets in other goals. It is shown that “progress is under way, but stronger commitment is needed”. Three years into the global agreement, 33 of the 43 indicators under SDG4 are now being reported on, but the often limited data coverage make it difficult to assess progress. The report notes that the SDG monitoring framework needs to be further strengthened to provide clearer guidance to countries and help them to improve their public education systems, something which Education International is advocating for within the SDG Technical Cooperation Group developing the indicators. Unfortunately, one of the continued monitoring challenges is that quality data on the teacher indicators remain “surprisingly scarce” and EI repeats its calls for urgent progress to be made on the teacher indicators and related data collection.
Education financing is core to Education 2030 and central to the realisation of SDG4. The GEM report points out that inclusive, equitable quality education has a price tag, yet as many as 43 countries are not hitting the government spending targets for education laid out in the Education 2030 Agenda. Globally, household spending on education accounts for 20% of education spending – in Uganda it is as much as 63%. Governments need to make adequate investments in education to show their commitment to meet the targets as, globally, we are still far from achieving the goal. For instance, completion rates for upper secondary education are still only at 49%; there has been a global decline in trained primary teachers since 2013 according to current measures; and only 17% of countries include issues relating to Human Rights, global citizenship and sustainable development within in-service teacher education. If we are to achieve the SDG targets related to education, we need to work together globally to rapidly speed up progress.
In a video message released at the global launch events of the report, EI General Secretary, David Edwards, recalled that, despite the fact that education unions have long insisted on the need for governments and the UN to guarantee the human and education rights of migrants and refugees, this was yet to happen in a meaningful way.
“The 2019 GEM Report reminds us of the urgent need to make our education systems, schools and all education institutions more inclusive, sensitive and responsive to the needs of people and children on the move”, he stressed. Edwards went on to stress the need to empower and support teachers and education support personnel so that they are able to meet the diverse needs of students.
Edwards urged all governments around the world to ensure full implementation of the United Nations’ global compacts on migration and refugees, which will be adopted before the end of the year. “This will require immediate and concrete action by governments, the UN and all of us”, he concluded.
The 2019 GEM Report is available here | <urn:uuid:d74ea447-0534-4e4d-94e1-8b6d1b03e707> | {
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I’d like to take this app-ortunity to introduce you to Flash Tables – a fully interactive, gesture-based, multiplication tables (times tables) iPhone App by frogameleon, Ltd.
If you’re like me, you remember using paper flash cards to memorize your multiplication tables, but let me show you why we’ve enjoyed using Flash Tables to seal the multiplication tables into the heads of my youngest two kiddos.
In the MAIN MENU you can select whether to “Practice” or “Test.
If you select to “Practice”, you have the additional option of “Flash Cards” or “Times Tables”.
The “Practice” area for “Flash Cards” is the automated equivalent of paper flash cards.
1. You select one or multiple times tables to practice.
2. The flash cards can be viewed in order sequence or shuffled.
3. Children can check their answers by flicking the screen up or down.
4. Children can flick left or right to go forward or backwards in the sequence.
The “Practice” area for “Times Tables” is a good tool for kids working together to memorize or for an at-a-glance review of each # times table.
For instance, Kenny doesn’t yet know all his 8, 9 and 12 multiplication tables, but using the “Times Tables” for those three families, he can drill Meredith to keep her memorization fresh.
Kids could also use this area to self-teach, chant, or repeat the different times families – or even as a reference source.
Heading back to the MAIN MENU, the second option is to “Test”.
Just like in the “Practice” area for “Flash Cards”, the “Test” area allows you to select one or multiple times tables to test.
There is an option for the number of cards to be tested on depending on how many times tables your child selects – 10, 20, 30, or ALL.
So, your child can have a quick pop quiz on one times table family or a full scale test on all permutations from 0×0 to 12×12.
There is an added option in the “Test” area to “Play against the clock.” I don’t recommend setting your child up to play against the clock until they have nearly mastered their multiplication tables.
The clock only allows a 2 second delay and could prove to be stressful or leave some children feeling defeated before they even get started.
Instructions are given before the testing begins…
… and they’re off!
As your child tests, the star at the top advances across the blue line as an indicator where they are in the test.
Each flash card has three “answers” below it – your child touches the one they believe to be correct.
If your child selects the correct answer, a blue check appears below the problem; if the answer is wrong, a red “x” appears below the problem. Then, the app immediately moves to the next problem.
When finished, the child receives a score.
The Flash Tables iPhone app features:
–> flash cards from 0×0 to 12×12
–> times tables from 0×0 to 12×12
–> times tables tests from 0×0 to 12×12
–> timed times tables tests from 0×0 to 12×12
As of today, the current version is 1.5. The app is compatible with iPhone (OS 3.1.2 or later), iPod touch, and iPad.
In this household, the Flash Tables iPhone App is definitely worth the $0.99 investment!
Heather Sanders is a leading homeschooling journalist who inspires homeschooling families across the nation. Married to Jeff, Heather lives in the East Texas Piney Woods and homeschools her three children, Emelie, Meredith and Kenny. | <urn:uuid:74a7bc7f-5a82-4668-8b74-02b68c7788ab> | {
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This gorgeous set will help students learn all about Ancient Rome!
Interested in all the Ancient Civilizations? You can save over 10% by buying them all together. Check out our Complete Set of Ancient Civilizations!
This PDF file includes:
- 16 full-color pictures of objects, places, people, and landmarks from Ancient Rome
- Labels and control cards for each picture
- Detailed definitions of each picture
- A full-page map of Ancient Rome
- A timeline of important dates for Ancient Rome
- Instructions for making and using this item
Terms are: Rome, Colosseum, Senate, Caesar, aqueduct, quadriga, gladiator, toga, dome, theaters, mills, agriculture, public baths, currency, Hadrian's Wall, and Roman Army.
This item is available for instant download. Simply click "Click here to download your order" under Order Summary in the email you receive after making your purchase to download your PDF file(s). | <urn:uuid:4d70042e-1de9-438a-9d47-eada66615aa6> | {
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Which Joe gave his name to ‘sloppy joes’? We look at five interesting sandwiches and their lexical origins.
Relating to or denoting nerve cells in which acetylcholine acts as a neurotransmitter.Contrasted with adrenergic
- ‘Saliva substitutes or systemic cholinergic drugs may be useful.’
- ‘The active ingredients in this were alkaloids of belladonna, which we now know had the effect of inhibiting cholinergic neurotransmission and thereby reflex bronchoconstriction.’
- ‘The resulting overstimulation of cholinergic receptors produces the clinical effects shown in the table.’
- ‘Treatments for early, mild Alzheimer's disease, such as donepezil, improve the activity of neurons in the cholinergic system that use acetylcholine to transmit signals.’
- ‘Ketamine also indirectly interacts with a number of cellular receptors including the muscarinic, nicotinic, cholinergic, and opioid receptors.’
1930s: from choline + Greek ergon ‘work’ + -ic.
We take a look at several popular, though confusing, punctuation marks.
From Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, discover surprising and intriguing language facts from around the globe.
The definitions of ‘buddy’ and ‘bro’ in the OED have recently been revised. We explore their history and increase in popularity. | <urn:uuid:bb29030f-fe0b-424a-aa03-be65d8117a25> | {
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Subject: How are the magnitudes of flash floods classified? Is there a scale?
Date: Fri Jan 9 13:30:01 2004
Posted by Will, Vito, and Alvin
Grade level: 7-9
School: Pelham Middle School
City: Pelham State/Province: NY
Area of science: Earth Sciences
No message entered.
Re: How are the magnitudes of flash floods classified? Is there a scale?
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© 1995-2003. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:6f53b081-3d51-4848-98d5-5f7ea24b14e8> | {
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Iain Walker and Max Sherman developed the DeltaQ test in 2002 to provide a more accurate measurement of duct leakage. The test is relatively easy to perform, and it uses less time, less equipment, and less labor than the existing tests.
As they write in the September/October, 2002 issue of Home Energy, "For many years, building scientists have known that information on duct leakage can be obtained using blower door tests that include the duct system. However, most efforts have focused on using a single test pressure and some assumptions about converting measured air leakage flow to actual leakage at operating conditions.The DeltaQ test takes a different approach. It measures air leakage flows for the ducts and the building envelope over a large range of pressures, just as normal blower door testing does.
We call it DeltaQ because “Q” is the common term used for air flow, and “delta” is the common term used for differences. The test is based on measuring the change in flow through duct leaks as the pressure across those leaks is changed by turning the HVAC system air handler on and off." Read on... | <urn:uuid:00e3326c-4dba-4e99-8dd5-5b48fc3f7100> | {
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|Scientific Name:||Euastacus neodiversus|
|Species Authority:||Riek, 1956|
|Red List Category & Criteria:||Endangered B1ab(iii) ver 3.1|
|Assessor(s):||Coughran, J. & Furse, J.|
|Reviewer(s):||Collen, B. & Richman, N.|
|Contributor(s):||Livingston, F., Livingston, F., Soulsby, A.-M., Batchelor, A., Dyer, E., Whitton, F., Milligan, H.T., Smith, J., Lutz, M.L., De Silva, R., McGuinness, S., Kasthala, G., Jopling, B., Sullivan, K. & Cryer, G.|
Euasatcus neodiversus has been assessed as Endangered under criterion B1ab(iii). This species has an estimated extent of occurrence of 582 km² and has a severely fragmented distribution owing to areas of unsuitable heathland habitat. There is an ongoing decline in the quality of habitat as a result of logging activity which has resulted in sedimentation of this species habitat; studies have shown the negative influence of silt upon this species. This species is also impacted by frequent forest fires of which there have been a number in recent decades. Further work is urgently needed to secure this species habitat through identification of key habitat parameters, and local awareness programs. Further information is needed on the impact that forestry activity is having upon this species is needed to aid decisions on appropriate conservation measures.
|Previously published Red List assessments:|
This species is endemic to
|Range Map:||Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.|
This species has a restricted, fragmented distribution and is considered to be rare (O'Brien 2007). This species is further regarded to be rare within the Wilson Promentary (S. Lawler pers. comm. 2008).
|Current Population Trend:||Unknown|
|Habitat and Ecology:||This species is typically found in narrow and shallow waters with a temperature range of 7-15oC and high dissolved oxygen content (Van Praagh 2003). It is more commonly seen in streams with pool habitat and little or no aquatic vegetation (Van Praagh 2003). Riparian vegetation reflects the altitudinal differences of sites within its fragmented range (Morgan 1986, Van Praagh 2003).|
A considerable amount of land within the potential range of this species has been converted to pine plantations. However, quantitative studies on the impact of forestry practises on these crayfish are few and far between. Many studies have shown direct effects of timber harvesting on the macro-invertebrates of streams due to decreased water quality and quantity (Campbell and Doeg 1989). Forestry activities may pose direct and indirect threats to this species by changing the flow characteristics of the stream, run-off, the amounts and type of organic debris entering the stream, temperature regimes, and the amount and rate of in-stream sediment (Van Praagh 2003). The deposition of sediment in streams coats the substrata, fills interstitial spaces and is detrimental to young crayfish. These areas are of value in protecting juvenile crayfish from predators. A study recently showed a negative relationship between the presence of this species and levels of instream silt (Koster et al. 1999). Wildfires are another major threat to this species, of which there have been a few in the last decade (S. Lawler pers. comm. 2008).
Although technically protected by recreational fishing regulations, this rare species may be susceptible to over-collection and fishing pressure. Recreational fishing (in particular the taking of large adults) has the capacity to lead to serious and far reaching impacts on population structure (i.e. the stunted population phenomenon (Huner and Lindqvist 1985, Tulonen et al. 2008)), including impairment of reproductive success in females (Tulonen et al. 2008).
This species is listed as Threatened under the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 in the state of
Future conservation efforts need to focus on describing key habitat parameters for this species and protecting critical habitat. Research should also be initiated into the population status of this species and to what extent impacts such as forestry, invasive species and climate change are having upon it. Research should also be initiated into population genetics of the species and biological and life history information, and investigations into thermal tolerance and resilience to exotic species (J. Coughran and J. Furse pers. comm. 2009). Local awareness programs would benefit this species: at present there is a lack of awareness of this endemic species in this area (S. Lawler pers. comm. 2009).
|Citation:||Coughran, J. & Furse, J. 2010. Euastacus neodiversus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T8150A12892734.Downloaded on 26 March 2017.|
|Feedback:||If you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown on this page, please provide us with feedback so that we can correct or extend the information provided| | <urn:uuid:ecd964f7-b6e5-4052-8b61-acf96f1b82d7> | {
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Puzzles and Skills
It's time to decorate the trees for Christmas!
Go on an amazing adventure with Teddy as he works to find his way home!
Marble Blast - Colors Learn color names while matching. Blast the lines of colored marbles by aiming the cannon ball at the matching colors.
Typing Speed Test Practice your typing skills. Type the words as fast as you can! Teachers, Parents and Kids... If you would like to see your own paragraphs in this typing game, you can! Simply send an email to [email protected] listing the school, the name of the paragraph, the actual paragraph and any credits that you want to give to the author.
Build a Circut Game Use a soldering iron to design a pathway for electricity to flow from the battery through the lightbulb and back again.
Spot the Difference Identify the differences in the pictures by clicking the picture where they are different!
Shape and Color Train Help load the train for a ride. Find the the color or shape.
Dino Sorting Sort the dinosaurs by size. Big Dinosars, little dinosaurs! It's Prehistorific!
Jungle Jigsaw Puzzle Solve jigsaw puzzles online! Put the Lion family pride back together!
Sliding Space Puzzle Solve the sliding puzzles. Click on a piece to move to open spot. Rearrange the pieces to solve the puzzle.
Swapping Deep Sea Puzzle Solve the swapping puzzles. Click on two pieces to have them swap places. Keep swapping until the puzzle is solved.
The Four Seasons Identify the four seasons. Hint: it's not "Hot, Cold, Warm, and Cool!"
The Tower of Hanoi A classic problem solving game. How fast can you solve the puzzle with the fewest jumps?
Multi Ball Hand and eye (or should we say, mouse and eye) coordination put to the test.
3D Maze Challenging mazes at the click of a button. Don't get lost. | <urn:uuid:d6f71303-585f-4ef9-a677-77112d48189f> | {
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|Grow Taller Naturally|
The three components of the PIC model are consistent with the endocrine regulation of growth and development.
Model documents the existence of various hormonal systems control each of the components. "C" component depends primarily on growth hormone; "P" component reflects the additive effect of sex hormones. Management Components "I" is still relatively less explored.
Infant the first three years of life, according to IMP model combining the slowing component "I" and the incoming components "C", which operates from the second half of the first year of life.
During early childhood, the levels of gone detains and sex hormones, activated in the late fetal period. The influence of the "I" component at the end of this period, and completely ends of childhood onset, when the growth of the dominant component accounts "C"
Infantile growth period is a direct continuation of the postnatal intrauterine growth.
Growth is governed by different patterns than in later postnatal life. Parental height on the growth of the child in this period and does not directly affect growth hormone on growth rate is just starting to develop. To understand the infantile growth period, it is useful to try to understand how grow taller naturally is controlled by the fetus | <urn:uuid:742e8232-8879-4e41-8c15-b2667e39aeee> | {
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FindingsFindings in the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy in Dallas, Tex., November 22, 1963
Go to the footnotes for this chapter.
- Introduction: The Kennedy Presidency in Perspective
- Presidential Assassinations in the United States
- A New President
- Foreign Affairs: A Fragile Peace
- At Home: A Troubled Land
- November 1963: A Trip to Texas
John Fitzgerald Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, was shot to death on November 22, 1963, while riding in a motorcade in Dallas, Tex. Kennedy had represented for many the dawn of a new era of hope. In his account of the Kennedy administration, "A Thousand Days," historian and Kennedy staff member Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. wrote:
...[T]here can be no doubt that Kennedy's magic was not alone that of wealth and power and good looks, or even of these things joined to intelligence and will. It was, more than this, the hope that he could redeem American politics by releasing American life from its various bondages to orthodoxy. (1)When the young President died, much of the world grieved. West Berlin Mayor Willy Brandt's words reflected the sense of loss:"A flame went out for all those who had hoped for a just peace and a better world." (2) A stunned nation felt deeply the loss of a promising leader. The assassination, wrote historian Christopher Lasch, "helped to dispel the illusion that the United States was somehow exempt from history, a nation uniquely favored and destined ...to be spared the turmoil and conflict which had always characterized the politics of other countries." (3)
Top of Page
Presidential Assassinations in the United States (4)
John Fitzgerald Kennedy was the fourth victim of Presidential assassination, preceded by Abraham Lincoln in 1865, James A. Garfield in 1881, and William McKinley in 1901.
The first Presidential assassination occurred within 1 week of the end of the Civil War. President Lincoln was shot, by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865, while watching a British comedy, "Our American Cousin," at Ford's Theater in Washington, D.C. He died the following morning. Booth, an actor and Confederate sympathizer, fled Washington immediately after the crime. He reportedly was trapped in a burning barn by Federal troops on April 26, 1865, where he died of a gunshot wound to the head.
A military commission established to try persons accused of complicity in the assassination of President Lincoln found that the murder was part of a conspiracy to kill Lincoln, Vice President Andrew Johnson and Secretary of State William H. Seward. Having lost
heart, George A. Atzerodt did not attack Johnson as planned, but Seward was seriously wounded by Lewis Payne, a former Confederate soldier. As a result of the investigation by the Office of the Judge Advocate General of the U.S. Army, several defendants were accused of conspiring with Confederate President Jefferson Davis and a group of Confederate Commissioners in Canada to murder Lincoln. The accused were Confederate courier John T. Surratt, his mother, Mary E. Surratt, David Herold, a half-wit Confederate sympathizer, and Confederate veterans Samuel Arnold and Michael O'Laughlin. Edward Spangler, a stagehand at Ford's Theater, and Dr. Samuel A. Mudd, a physician who set the leg Booth injured in his escape from the theater, were accused of aiding the assassin's escape. Mrs. Surratt, Herold, Payne, and Atzerodt were found guilty and hanged on July 19, 1865. Three others received life sentences. John Surratt initially fled to Canada and then to Italy, where he joined the Papal Zouaves in Rome under an assumed name. He was captured in November 1866 and returned to the United States to stand trial on charges of complicity in the assassination. He was freed when the trial ended with a hung jury.
Several conspiracy theories emerged after the Lincoln assassination. Surratt's flight to Italy, coupled with the fact that many of Booth's co-conspirators were Roman Catholic, stirred the anti-Catholic sentiments of the "Know-Nothing Movement", which charged that the assassination was part of a Papist plot. Although the military commission ultimately dismissed the contention that the conspirators were in league with Jacob Thompson, head of the Confederate Commission to Canada, under the supervision of Confederate President Jefferson Davis, that theory also persisted. Another contention was advanced by those who opposed the execution of Mrs. Surratt. Suspicious of those in charge of her arrest and prosecution, they believed that Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton was the real mastermind of the assassination.
In 1866 and 1867, the House of Representatives authorized two separate investigations into the death of President Lincoln. (5) Neither finally laid to rest the suspicions around the death of President Lincoln.
President James A. Garfield was shot in the back by Charles J. Guiteau on July 2, 1881, in Washington, D.C. Guiteau, a religious fanatic and would-be officeholder, had been denied access to the White House after he had asked to be appointed U.S. Ambassador to Austria. When Garfield appointed James A. Blaine as Secretary of State, an incensed Guiteau apparently believed that the President had betrayed a faction of the Republican Party.
In the ensuing murder trial, there was no suggestion that the defendant was involved in any conspiracy. Guiteau maintained that he had acted as an agent of God in a political emergency and therefore was not guilty of wrongdoing. Despite a history of mental illness in Guiteau's family, the insanity defense presented by his counsel failed. Guiteau was declared sane, found guilty and hanged before a large crowd. Contrary to events following the Lincoln assassination, no
theories of possible conspiracy surfaced in the wake of Garfield's slaying.
While attending the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo, N.Y., on September 6, 1901, President William McKinley was shot. He died 8 days later, the victim of assassin Leon F. Czolgosz, a factory worker and anarchist. Although an anarchist group had published a warning about Czolgosz 5 days before McKinley was shot and Czolgosz insisted he had acted alone, many believed that the assassination was the result of an anarchist plot Czolgosz refused to testify at his own trial which was held 4 days after McKinley's funeral. After 34 minutes of deliberation, the jury found him guilty of murder. Czolgosz did not appeal the verdict, and he was executed in the electric chair.
McKinley's assassination came after a wave of anarchist terrorism in Europe. Between 1894 and 1900, anarchist assassins had killed M.F. Sadi Carnot, President of France; Elizabeth, Empress of Austria; and Humbert I, King Of Italy. Following McKinley's death vigilantes in the United States attacked anarchist communities. Anarchist leaders such as Emma Goldman were arrested. Responding to a plea by the new President, Theodore Roosevelt, Congress passed a series of restrictive measures that limited the activities of anarchists and added alien anarchists to the list of excluded immigrants. Despite a spate of frenzied charges of an anarchist conspiracy, no plot was ever proven, and the theories appeared to collapse shortly after the execution of Czolgosz.
Three Presidents who preceded John F. Kennedy were the target of attempted assassinations. On January 30, 1835, Richard Lawrence tried to kill President Andrew Jackson on the steps of the U.S. Capitol, but both pistols he carried misfired, and Jackson was not injured. Following the attempt, some of Jackson's supporters charged a Whig conspiracy, but this allegation was never substantiated. Lawrence was found not guilty by reason of insanity and spent the rest of his life in mental institutions.
On February 15, 1933, in Miami, Fla., President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt was fired upon by Guiseppe Zangara, an unemployed Italian immigrant bricklayer. Zangara missed Roosevelt, but mortally wounded Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak. Zangara was tried, found guilty of murder and executed. No conspiracy was charged in the shooting.
Two Puerto Rican nationalists attacked Blair House, the temporary residence of President Harry S. Truman in Washington, D.C., on November 1, 1950, with the apparent intention of assassinating the President. A White House guard and one of the nationalists, Griselio Torresola, were killed in the ensuing gun battle. The surviving nationalist, Oscar Collazo, explained that the action against Truman had been sparked by news of a revolt in Puerto Rico. He believed the assassination would call the attention of the American people to the appalling economic conditions in his country. The two would-be assassins were acting in league with P. Albuzio Campos, president of the Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico. Truman was not harmed during the assault. Collazo was tried and sentenced to death, but President Truman commuted the sentence to life imprisonment.
Top of Page
A New President
In an era when the United States was confronted with intractable, often dangerous, international and domestic issues, the Kennedy ad- ministration was inevitably surrounded by controversy as it made policies to deal with the problems it faced. Although a popular President, John F. Kennedy was reviled by some, an enmity inextricably related to his policies. The possibility of nuclear holocaust overshadowed the administration's reshaping of cold war foreign policy as it grappled with Cuba, Berlin, Laos, Vietnam, relations in the Third World and Western Europe, and U.S. military strength. At home, an emerging Black protest movement, persistent unemployment, poverty and urban blight, governmental disorganization, congressional resistance to the President's New Frontier program, and the menace of organized crime were among the problems Kennedy faced. He relied on the counsel of some of the foremost thinkers of his age, as he pursued new approaches in leading the country.
In the summer of 1960, Senator John F. Kennedy won the Democratic Party's nomination for President. In his acceptance speech, he emphasized the challenges of the 1960's and declared that "we stand today on the edge of a 'New Frontier'," a phrase that later became attached to his program. Two days before his election in November, Kennedy pledged, "I am not promising action in the first 100 days alone. I am promising you 1,000 days of exacting Presidential leadership." With the slogan "Let's get this country moving again," he pledged to combat unemployment, the sluggish economy, what he called a missile gap, and the Communist government in Havana. Kennedy defeated the Republican candidate, Richard M. Nixon, by a slim margin of 118,450 out of nearly 69 million votes cast. He was the first Roman Catholic and, at age 43, the youngest man ever elected President.
On a cold January morning in 1961, the new President stood before the Nation that elected him and voiced these memorable words:
Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, to assure the survival and the success of liberty.No words could have portrayed more aptly the determination of John F. Kennedy as he assumed office as the spokesman for "a new generation of Americans." His mettle yet to be tested, an articulate, confident new President confronted the issues that put him in conflict with forces at home and abroad.
Despite his narrow election victory, Kennedy's popularity was high at the time he took office. The Gallup Poll showed a 69 percent favorable rating. During his term, that popularity fluctuated, and, in the autumn of 1963. it appeared to be in decline. It was concern over that slump and the implications for the 1964 Presidential contest that led, in large part, to Kennedy's decision to make the ill-fated Texas trap in November 1963.
Top of Page
Foreign Affairs: A Fragile Peace
- The Cuban threat
- Combatting Communism in Latin America
- The arms race
- The missile crisis
- Southeast Asia
- Pledge to defend Europe
- Cold war thaw
- Growing involvement in Vietnam
Kennedy's first move in United States-Soviet relations was to reply to Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev's January 1961 congratulatory note:
We are ready and anxious to cooperate with all who are prepared to join in genuine dedication to the assurance of a peaceful and more fruitful life for mankind.Top of Page
The Cuban threat
With Premier Fidel Castro's increasing ties to the Soviet Union, Communist Cuba, just 90 miles from the United States, became an early focal point of Kennedy administration concern. In February 1961, Soviet Deputy Prime Minister Andrei Gromyko visited Cuba to arrange large-scale economic and military assistance. The United States ended formal diplomatic contacts with Cuba shortly after Gromyko's trip.
Soon after taking office, Kennedy learned that since the spring of 1960, the U.S. Government had been training a guerrilla force of anti-Castro Cuban exiles in Florida and Guatemala with the ultimate objective of invading Cuba and overthrowing Castro. Kennedy sanctioned the training and reluctantly allowed the invasion to proceed, but he limited U.S. participation and support.
On April 17, 1961, a force of anti-Castro Cuban refugees attempted to establish a beachhead in Cuba at the Bay of Pigs. The United States had grossly underestimated the popular support for the Castro regime. An anticipated internal uprising never occurred, and Castro's forces defeated the invaders within a few days. President Kennedy accepted "sole responsibility" for the debacle when the United States could no longer disavow its role in the ill-fated expedition. Privately, however, he blamed the CIA and reportedly vowed to "splinter the agency into a thousand pieces."
The Cuban Revolutionary Council, a group of anti-Castro exiles that was to have become the provisional government after Castro's overthrow, was particularly bitter about the Bay of Pigs. Its principal leaders Antonio Maceo, Justo Carillo, Carlos Heria, Antonio de Varona, Manuel Ray and Jose Miro Cardona--had formed the Council with the CIA's sanction and had been promised recognition by the U.S. Government. They were outraged by the failure of the United States to support the invasion force. At a meeting with President Kennedy shortly after the invasion, the angry leaders blamed his military advisors for the defeat, but Kennedy replied that he alone was responsible. On the other hand, Kennedy attempted to reassure them, promising that the United States was committed to returning Cuban refugees to their homeland.
A stunning setback for the new administration, the Bay of Pigs defeat resulted in worldwide criticism of the United States, both its role in the invasion and for its reluctance to back the refugees with sufficient force to allow the expedition to succeed. It also gave Khrushchev the occasion to lecture the new President on international morality and raised questions about Kennedy as a coolheaded leader. While anti-Castro Cuban exiles in the United States believed they had been betrayed by Kennedy and accused him of being a weak leader who was soft on communist, the administration was criticized from the left as a reactionary return to barbarism.
Kennedy traveled to Europe in June and met with Soviet Premier Khrushchev for 12 hours in Vienna, Austria. Nuclear testing, disarmament, and Berlin were discussed, but the leaders reached no agreement. Khrushchev threatened to end four-power control of Berlin by signing a treaty with East Germany that would give it control over access routes to West Berlin. In late June, he told the allies to get out of the city by the end of the year, charging that the air corridors were being used to import spies and saboteurs into East Germany.
On his return to the United States, Kennedy said:
I made it clear to Mr. Khrushchev that the security of Western Europe, and therefore our own security, are deeply involved in our presence and our access rights to West Berlin; that those rights are based on law and not on sufferance; and that we are determined to maintain those rights at any risk and thus meet our obligation to the people of West Berlin, and their right to choose their own future.Kennedy responded to Khrushchev's threat with a call for 217,000 more men in uniform. He ordered the draft doubled, tripled if necessary, and requested authority to activate Reserve and National Guard units. With the Soviet determination to eliminate West Berlin and the U.S. commitment to preserve it, the prospect of a third world war was greater than ever. The crisis intensified with the August 1961 construction of a wall that prevented eastern European refugees from entering West Berlin. The United States responded by sending troops and tanks to West Berlin. Western rights remained intact, and the crisis subsided with Khrushchev's decision in late 1961 not to sign a treaty with East Germany. U.S. armored units in Berlin were pulled back in January 1962.
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Combating communist in Latin America
Meanwhile, to encourage progressive democracy in the underdeveloped world, the administration embarked on programs of assistance. Peace Corps volunteers brought technical and educational expertise to emerging areas. Promising to "transform the American continent into a vast crucible of revolutionary ideas and efforts," Kennedy determined to wipe out the seedbed of communist in Latin America and contain Communist Cuba by raising the living standards with his Alliance for Progress. He proposed that the Latin American Republics join the United States in a 10-year plan for developing the Americas to satisfy the basic needs of housing, employment, land, health care, and education, thus relieving the economic distress that made the countries vulnerable to Castro-style revolutions. Formed in August 1961, the Alliance for Progress received the enthusiastic support of many Latin Americans, which was evident in the acclaim for Kennedy when he visited Colombia and Venezuela in 1961 and Mexico in 1962. At the Inter-American Conference in January 1962, he said, "I think communist has been isolated in this hemisphere and I think the hemisphere can move toward progress."
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The arms race
An escalating arms race and the harmful effects of radioactive contamination from nuclear tests deeply troubled the Kennedy administration. Despite an earlier promise by Khrushchev to join the United States in a no-test policy, the Soviets resumed nuclear tests on August 30, 1961, and exploded 50 devices that fall. Kennedy urged Khrushchev to join with the United States and Great Britain in an agreement banning atmospheric tests. When the Soviet Premier refused, Kennedy ordered resumption of underground tests. In March 1962, after studying Soviet advances, Kennedy reluctantly renewed atmospheric tests with a series of blasts over Christmas Island in the central Pacific. He told a writer it was his fate to "take arms against a sea of troubles and, by opposing, end them."
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The missile crisis
Acting on his pledge to defend the Western Hemisphere if it was threatened by Soviet aggression, Kennedy faced the greatest crisis of his brief Presidency in Cuba in October 1962. It was the closest the world had ever come to nuclear war. On October 16, aerial reconnaissance photographs of Cuba appeared to show installation of offensive nuclear missiles. This initial discovery was verified, and on October 20, Kennedy returned abruptly to Washington from a political trip to Chicago on the pretext of a sudden cold. On Monday, October 22, he revealed that the United States had discovered from aerial photographs that the Soviet Union had deployed ballistic missiles and Ilyushin-28 bombers in Cuba. He announced that he had ordered an air-sea quarantine on all offensive weapons bound for Cuba and promised more drastic action if the missiles and bombers were not removed. President Kennedy grimly stated that the United States would intercept any Soviet vessel with arms and that the United States would retaliate if the Soviets attacked any nation in the Western Hemisphere. The U.S. Armed Forces were at combat readiness on "maximum alert." After a tense 6 days, Khrushchev announced his decision
to dismantle and withdraw offensive weapons from Cuba in return for Kennedy's agreement not to invade Cuba and to lift the blockade. Kennedy received widespread international support during the, missile crisis and was later credited with having achieved a turning point in the cold war favorable to the West.
Among anti-Castro Cuban exiles and some rightwing factionis in this country, however, there was outrage over Kennedy's decision. Despite his reassurance that the Cubans would be returned to their homeland, he had promised not to invade Cuba. Militant rightwing extremists argued that the United States should have invaded Cuba, removed the Russians and their arms, and toppled Castro.
On December 29, 1962, President Kennedy greeted over 1,000 Cubans who had been captured at the Bay of Pigs and ransomed from Castro's jails by the United States. In a ceremony at the Orange Bowl in Miami, he accepted the brigade's invasion flag and addressed in their concerns about the future. The President declared, "I can assure you that this flag will be returned to this brigade in a free Cuba.
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Abandoning the Eisenhower administration's mistrust of neutral nations, Kennedy pursued a cautious approach in Laos where Communists had captured many of the northern provinces in 1961. In July 1962, the United States was able to get all parties in Laos to agree to a tripartite coalition government and withdrawal of all foreign troops.
In South Vietnam, however, the administration decided to take a stand against Communist inspired "wars of liberation." U.S. involvement dated back to 1956, when the Eisenhower administration backed the decision of the South Vietnamese Government to postpone elections there because Communist victory appeared imminent. The United States was pledged to support the pro-American regime of Ngo Dinh Diem in the fear that if one Southeast Asian nation fell to the Communists, others would soon follow. Kennedy continued that policy, although with growing reluctance by 1963.
In 1961, Viet Cong guerrillas backed by Ho Chi Minh of North Vietnam attacked South Vietnamese troops, murdered officials, and placed the Diem regime in jeopardy. Kennedy responded initially by sending more than 4,000 military advisers to South Vietnam and, over the following months, U.S. participation grew steadily. In his move away from the "all or nothing" nuclear arsenal strategy of the 1950's, Kennedy emphasized a varied military capability to meet the jungle warfare tactics of the enemy in countries such as Vietnam. He also directed economic aid to Southeast Asia to meet the Communist threat there. In November 1962, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara announced that the United States was winning the war in south Vietnam.
When the Chinese invaded northern India in 1962, Kennedy authorized an airlift of arms to halt the Chinese Communist advance.
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Pledge to defend Europe
To some critics, Kennedy's foreign policy, combining military bluster with negotiation, appeared vacillating and self-defeating. Their misgivings seemed to be confirmed by actions of some traditional allies of the United States. President Charles de Gaulle of France, for example, insisted on a defense capability independent of the United
States and refused to sign any nuclear arms limitation treaty, thus threatening the cohesiveness of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. In addition, Kennedy's acceptance of the principle of neutrality, manifested by the Laos agreement, was criticized by some who believed countries were either American friends or enemies.
Kennedy reasserted his pledge to defend Western Europe during a trip there in June 1963. "The United States will risk its cities to defend yours," he assured the West Germans, who feared a pullout of U.S. troops. In a speech to an enthusiastic West Berlin crowd, Kennedy described himself as a "Berliner," saying that "all free men, wherever they may live, are citizens of Berlin."
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Cold war thaw
Uneasiness over Cuba continued in 1963. The Soviet presence was symbolized by an attack of a Cuban Air Force MIG fighter on an American shrimp boat in March 1963. Some 17,000 Russian troops still occupied the island nation, and 500 antiaircraft missiles plus a large supply of other Soviet armaments were emplaced there.
Yet, with Kennedy's foreign policy emphasis on gradual progress, a thaw in the cold war was perceptible. In a major policy address on June 10, 1963, at American University in Washington, D.C., Kennedy proposed a "strategy of peace" to lead the United States and Soviet Union out of the "vicious and dangerous cycles" of the cold war.
Let us focus on a peace based not on a sudden revolution in human nature but on a gradual evolution of human institutions.He announced that the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union would begin work on a treaty to outlaw nuclear tests. A major accomplishment of the Kennedy administration, the nuclear test ban treaty, was signed in Moscow on August 5, 1963, and ratified by the U.S. Senate in September. This limited treaty, prohibiting atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons, represented the first limitation of arms expansion since the beginning of the cold war in 1945. The administration had hoped, however, for a more comprehensive agreement. Underground testing was not covered because of Soviet resistance to onsite inspection, and China and France refused to sign the treaty.
Although praised by many as a step toward peace, the treaty had its detractors. Air Force Gen. Thomas D. White described it as "next to unilateral disarmament," while scientist Edward Teller called for resumption of atmospheric testing to maintain American nuclear supremacy.
In October, the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union agreed to refrain from using nuclear weapons in outer space.
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Growing involvement in Vietnam
The Vietnam conflict intensified and U.S. involvement expanded steadily, although Kennedy refused to make any major increases in support. By October 1963, the United States had 16,000 troops in South Vietnam. As U.S. helicopters flew combat support missions and U.S. planes strafed enemy lines, U.S. advisers radically altered life there with the strategic hamlet resettlement program, an effort to concen-
trate the population in various areas. Some Americans criticized this involvement in support of the Diem dictatorship. At the insistence of his brother Ngo Dinh Nhu, the Roman Catholic Diem had instituted a number of repressive measures against the country's Buddhists, who made up 70 percent of the population. His troops attacked pagodas, and Buddhists were jailed. The self-immolation of protesting Buddhist monks dramatically called into question the American role in Vietnam.
By threatening withdrawal of economic support, the United States sought to persuade the Diem government to change its brutal policies. Diem resisted, denying that the Buddhists were being persecuted and charging that in fact they were aiding the Communists by demanding a change of government. U.S. advisers warned that Diem's unpopular regime imperiled the battle against the Viet Cong.
On November 1, 1963, Diem and his brother, Nhu, were killed in a military coup. The United States quickly recognized the new government.
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Kennedy's willingness to negotiate with the Russians, combined with a Sino-Soviet split, cased East-West tension and sparked optimism about the prospects for world peace. Other moves indicating Soviet-American detente and peaceful coexistence included installation of a "hot line" emergency telephone system from Washington to Moscow in the summer of 1963, approval of the sale of 4 million tons of surplus wheat to the Soviet Union, and initiation of cultural exchange programs. Kennedy also made overtures to Castro concerning normalization of relations, a move that enraged anti-Castro exiles in the United States. His steps away from dangerous nuclear diplomacy were praised by many, but some doubted that Kennedy's policy would contain communist and insure the strength of the United States.
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AT HOME: A TROUBLED LAND
- Civil rights progress
- Economic policies
- Government reform
- War on organized crime
- Opposition from the far right
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Civil rights progress
The administration's most dramatic accomplishments were in the area of civil rights, though the President did not live to see the passage of the comprehensive legislation he proposed, the most far-reaching since Reconstruction. Kennedy appointed Blacks to high administration posts and to Federal judgeships. He gave Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy his sanction for vigorous enforcement of civil
rights laws to extend voting rights, end segregation and fight racial discrimination. Attorney General Kennedy expanded the Civil Rights Division of the Department of Justice, and President Kennedy issued a strongly worded Executive order against discrimination in employment that established a Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity headed by Vice President Johnson. Kennedy's civil rights program, however, increasingly alienated southerners and conservatives.
Violence erupted soon after Kennedy took office. In May 1961, the Congress of Racial Equality staged a series of freedom rides in Alabama in an effort to integrate buses and terminals. One bus was burned by a mob in Anniston, Ala. An angry segregationist crowd attacked demonstrators in Montgomery, Ala., and several persons were injured. Attorney General Kennedy ordered several hundred U.S. marshals to Montgomery to protect the demonstrators. National Guardsmen with fixed bayonets scattered a mob that tried to overwhelm the marshals, who were protecting a mass meeting at a Black church where civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr., was speaking.
Sparked by the vicious treatment of the nonviolent demonstrators, protests continued in Mississippi. The Attorney General petitioned the Interstate Commerce Commission, and in September 1961, the ICC adopted rules banning segregation on interstate buses and in terminals.
Trouble exploded again in 1962 when James Meredith, a 29-year-old Black Air Force veteran, gained admission to the all-white University of Mississippi. Meredith had been refused admission, despite Federal court orders requiring that he be enrolled. The Kennedy administration supported an effort to force compliance by the State, but Governor Ross Barnett was equally determined to defy the orders. In his fourth attempt to enroll at the university, Meredith arrived in Oxford on September 30, escorted by 300 U.S. marshals. He was met by a mob of 2,500 students and segregationist extremists who howled, "Two-four-one-three, we hate Kennedy." The hecklers attacked the marshals with bricks and bottles. The marshals responded with tear gas. A bloody night-long riot that left two dead and scores injured quelled only after Federal troops had been dispatched by President Kennedy. Meredith registered the next day and began classes with the protection of marshals, who remained with him until his graduation in August 1963.
Urging the need for legislation in a February 28, 1963, address to Congress on civil rights, President Kennedy attacked the scourge, of racial discrimination:
Race discrimination hampers our economic growth by preventing the maximum development and utilization of our manpower. It hampers our world leadership by contradicting at home the message we preach abroad. It mars the atmosphere of a united and classless society in which this Nation rose to greatness. It increases the costs of public welfare, crime, delinquency and disorder. Above all, it is wrong. Therefore, let it be clear, in our own hearts and minds, that it is not merely because of the economic waste of discrimination, that we are committed to achieving true equality of opportunity. The basic reason is because it is right.Page 32
Although the administration's civil rights policies generated the dogged opposition of segregationists in the South, Black leaders criticized the President for not pursuing change even more forcefully. Dr. King said:
This administration has outstepped all previous ones in the breadth of its civil rights activity. Yet the movement, instead of breaking out into the open plains of progress, remains constricted and confirmed. A sweeping revolutionary force is pressed into a narrow tunnel. (7)Blacks continued demonstrations for equal rights in the spring of 1963. In April and May, Dr. King led an attack on what he called "the most segregated city in the United States," Birmingham, Ala. Demonstrators were met by police dogs, electric cattle prods and fire hoses. The brutal response to the nonviolent protesters led to worldwide outrage. Black leaders and Birmingham community leaders ultimately reached a compromise agreement to integrate public facilities. Birmingham became a rallying cry for the civil rights movement across the Nation. Over 700 demonstrations swept the South that summer, and northern public opinion increasingly supported the protesters.
In June 1963, Alabama Governor George Wallace, in defiance of a Federal court order, stood on the steps of the University of Alabama to prevent the admission of two Black students. Wallace bowed, however, to National Guard troops that had been federalized by the President. The Black students entered the university. In the same month, Medgar Evers, the NAACP field secretary for Mississippi was shot to death in front of his home in Jackson, Miss.
The turbulence sparked President Kennedy's special message to Congress in June 1963, in which he asked the legislators to help end "rancor, violence, disunity and national shame" by pushing what was described as the most sweeping civil rights legislation since Reconstruction. The bill would, among other things guarantee access to public accommodations and the right to vote. "We are confronted primarily with the moral issue," Kennedy said. He warned that Federal inaction would mean continued racial strife, declaring, "The fires of frustration and discord will burn in every city, North and South, where legal remedies are not at hand."
On August 28, 1963, an interracial group of more than 200,000 persons joined "The March for Jobs and Freedom" in Washington, D.C., to urge the Congress to pass the comprehensive civil rights legislation the Kennedy administration envisioned. Violence shattered the hopeful mood in the wake of the Washington march when a bomb exploded on September 17 at the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Ala. during a Sunday School session. Four young Black girls were killed and 23 other persons were injured. Despite the national unrest, Congress did not rush to pass the civil rights bill.
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Kennedy's Keynesian, New Deal economic policies brought him into conflict with business. For example, he advocated deficit spending at a time of economic growth in an attempt to overcome persistent high
unemployment. He also proposed costly welfare programs to improve the plight of the Nation's poor and issued voluntary wage-price guide lines that he was determined to enforce.
As the Kennedy administration grappled with thorny economic issues--persistent unemployment, recession--a steel price hike set the stage for the most dramatic economic crisis of Kennedy's term. In March 1962, the administration persuaded the United Steel Workers Union to accept a contract he called "noninflationary" in the belief that such an agreement would ameliorate the recession by preventing a rise in prices. A few days later, however, the U.S. Steel Corp. announced an increase of 3.5 percent, or $6 per ton, and most other steel companies followed suit. Kennedy commented, "My father always told me all businessmen are sons-of-bitches, but I never believed it until now." (8) In the 3 days that followed the increase, four antitrust investigations of the steel industry were initiated, a bill to roll back the price increase was considered, wage and price controls were discussed and the Department of Defense began to divert purchases away from U.S. Steel. Kennedy denounced the increase as "wholly unjustifiable and irresponsible defiance of the public interest.," and said the steel industry had shown its "utter contempt for their fellow citizens." U.S. Steel finally rescinded the price increase when several other steel companies said they would hold the price line. Despite the President's assurance after the steel crisis subsided that "this administration harbors no ill will against any individual, any industry, corporation, or segment of the American economy," business leaders complained about Government interference and hostility.
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Kennedy was also concerned about the autonomy of Federal agencies and reorganization of the Federal bureaucracy. He saw a need for greater control over the Central Intelligence Agency after the Bay of Pigs fiasco. Its independent role in the Southeast Asian conflict and in Cuba particularly troubled him. The CIA's budget was twice that of the State Department, its staff had doubled in the 1950's, and, it was said by its critics, in some Embassies it had more personnel than the State Department. Kennedy replaced Director Allen Dulles with John McCone, cut the Agency's budget, and assigned Robert Kennedy as Agency watchdog.
Kennedy's relations with Federal Bureau of Investigation Director J. Edgar Hoover were cool. In an attempt to bridle the independent Hoover, the administration insisted that the facts reflect the law that the FBI was under the Department of Justice and that the Department was led by the Attorney General. Attorney General Robert Kennedy also compelled a reluctant Hoover to investigate civil rights and organized crime cases.
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War on organized crime
The Kennedy administration made an unprecedented effort to fight the insidious menace of organized crime. The President had first encountered the problem when he became a member of the Senate Select Committee on Labor Racketeering. Robert Kennedy was chief counsel of the committee, and later, as Attorney General, he became the President's surrogate in a campaign against the underworld.
Dramatic developments in the war on organized crime had occurred Just before Kennedy came to the White House. A roundup of hoodlums in Apalachin, N.Y., in 1957, followed by an abortive prosecution of many of the leaders, demonstrated the impotence of Federal enforcement. The Senate testimony of Mafia member Joseph Valachi in 1963 became the catalyst for a renewed effort to strengthen Federal criminal laws that could be used to control the threat of organized crime.
The zeal of the Kennedy brothers signified the roughest period for organized crime in Department of Justice history. Historian Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. wrote in "Robert Kennedy and His Times" that, as a result of the Attorney General's pressure, "the national Government took on organized crime as it had never done before." (9) Schlesinger observed:
In New York, Robert Morgenthau, the Federal attorney, successfully prosecuted one syndicate leader after another. The Patriarca gang in Rhode Island and the De Cavalcante gang in New Jersey were smashed. Convictions of racketeers by the Organized Crime Section and the Tax Division steadily increased-- 96 in 1961, 101 in 1960, 373 in 1963. So long as John Kennedy sat in the White House, giving his Attorney General absolute backing, the underworld knew that the heat was on. (10)The Attorney General focused on targets he had become acquainted with as counsel for the Rackets Committee. He was particularly concerned about the alliance of the top labor leaders and racketeers as personified by Teamster President James R. Hoffa. Schlesinger wrote that "the pursuit of Hoffa was an aspect of the war against organized crime." (11) He added:
The relations between the Teamsters and the syndicates continued to grow. The FBI electronic microphone, planted from 1961 to 1964 in the office of Anthony Giacalone, a Detroit hood, revealed Hoffa's deep if wary involvement with the local mob. For national purposes a meeting place was the Rancho La Costa Country Club near San Clemente, Calif., built with $27 million in loans from the Teamsters pension fund; its proprietor, Morris B. Dalitz, had emerged from the Detroit [sic. Cleveland] underworld to become a Las Vegas and Havana gambling figure. Here the Teamsters and the mob golfed and drank together. Here they no doubt reflected that, as long as John Kennedy was President, Robert Kennedy would be unassailable. (12)As with the Civil Rights Division, Robert Kennedy expanded the Organized Crime Division at Justice. As a result of information collected by the FBI syndicate operations were seriously disrupted in some cases, and leading organized crime figures were concerned about the future.
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Opposition from the far right
As the policies of the Kennedy administration broke new ground, political extremists in the United States seemed increasingly willing
to resort to violence to achieve their goals. In an address at the University of Washington in Seattle on November 16, 1961, President Kennedy discussed the age of extremism: two groups of frustrated citizens, one urging surrender and the other urging war. He said:
It is a curious fact that each of these extreme opposites resembles the other. Each believes that we have only two choices: appeasement or war, suicide or surrender, humiliation or holocaust, to be either Red or dead.The radical right condemned Kennedy for his "big Government" policies, as well as his concern with social welfare and civil rights progress. The ultraconservative John Birch Society, Christian Anti- Communist Crusade led by Fred C. Schwarz, and the Christian Crusade led by Rev. Billy James Hargis attracted an anti-Kennedy following. The right wing was incensed by Kennedy's transfer of Gen. Edwin A. Walker from his command in West Germany to Hawaii for distributing right-wing literature to his troops. The paramilitary Minutemen condemned the administration as "soft on communist" and adopted guerrilla warfare tactics to prepare for the fight against the Communist foe. At the other extreme, the left labeled Kennedy a reactionary disappointment, a tool of the "power elite."
President Kennedy saw the danger of a politically polarized society and spoke against extremist solutions, urging reason in an ordered society. In the text of the speech he had planned to deliver in Dallas on November 22, 1963, he wrote:
Today ...voices are heard in the land--voices preaching doctrines wholly unrelated to reality, wholly unsuited to the sixties, doctrines which apparently assume that words will suffice without weapons, that vituperation is as good as victory and that peace is a sign of weakness.Top of Page
November 1963: A Trip to Texas(13)
At the beginning, John F. Kennedy had been an extremely popular President. His ratings, ironically, were highest in the aftermath of the April 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion, when he received a remarkable 83 percent approval rating in the Gallup Poll. But by the fall of 1963, he had slipped to 59 percent, and he became concerned about the political implications. In October, Newsweek magazine reported that the civil rights issue alone had cost Kennedy 3.5 million votes, adding that no Democrat in the White House had ever been so disliked in the South. In Georgia, the marquee of a movie theater showing PT 109 read, "See how the Japs almost got Kennedy" (14)
An inveterate traveler, Kennedy interspersed his diplomatic missions abroad with trips around the country. He made 83 trips in 1963. In June he visited Germany, Ireland and Italy; later in the summer he toured the western United States--North Dakota, Wyoming, Montana, Washington, Utah, Oregon, Nevada and California--to gain support for his legislative program.
Not only did Kennedy enjoy traveling, but he almost recklessly resisted the protective measures the Secret Service urged him to adopt. He would not allow blaring sirens, and only once--in Chicago in November 1963--did he permit his limousine to be flanked by motor-
cycle police officers. He told the special agent in charge of the White House detail that he did not want agents to ride on the rear of his car.
Kennedy was philosophical about danger. According to Arthur M. Schlesinger, "A Thousand Days," Kennedy believed assassination was a risk inherent in a democratic society. In 1953, Schlesinger recounted, then-Senator Kennedy read his favorite poem to his new bride, Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy. It was "I have a Rendezvous with Death," by Alan Seeger. (15)
It may be he shall take my handDuring the November 1963 Texas trip he told a special White House assistant:
And lead me into his dark land
And close my eyes and quench my breath ...
But I've a rendezvous with Death
At midnight in some flaming town,
When Spring trips north again this year,
And I to my pledged word am true,
I shall not fail that rendezvous.
...if anybody really wanted to shoot the President ...it was not a very difficult job-all one had to do was get on a high building someday with a telescopic rifle, and there was nothing anybody could do to defend against such an attempt.Kennedy had decided to visit the South to bolster his image in that region. He chose to visit Florida because it had voted Republican in 1960, and Texas because it only had been saved by Lyndon Johnson by an extremely slim margin. According to Texas Governor John B. Connally, Kennedy first mentioned a political trip to Texas in the summer of 1962 when Connally, a former Secretary of the Navy, was running for Governor. Kennedy broached the idea to Connally again the following summer.
Despite some obvious political reasons for a Texas visit, some members of Kennedy's staff opposed it because the State was not favorably disposed to the President. From 1961 to 1960, the Secret Service had received 34 threats on the President's life from Texas. Political embarrassment seemed a certainty. The decision to travel to Dallas was even more puzzling. Many perceived Dallas as a violent, hysterical center of right-wing fanaticism. There, in 1960, then-Texas Senator Lyndon B. Johnson had been heckled and spat upon. In October 1963, just a month before the President's scheduled visit, Ambassador to the United Nations Adlai Stevenson was jeered, hit with a placard and spat upon. Byron Skelton, the National Democratic Committee-man from Texas, wrote Attorney General Robert Kennedy about his concern for President Kennedy's safety and urged him to dissuade his brother from going to Texas.
There are several probable explanations for the decision to visit Dallas. Kennedy was to visit four other cities--San Antonio, Houston, Austin and Fort Worth--and it was feared that ignoring Dallas would harm his image in Texas. Kennedy also was anxious to win
over business, and Dallas was the place to address business leaders in Texas. As a result of his economic policies, particularly the rollback of steel prices, Kennedy believed he was perceived as hostile to business. Before the November Texas trip, he shared his concern with Governor Connally:
If these people are silly enough to think that I am going to dismantle this free enterprise system, they are crazy.All the other trips that summer and fall, including the visit to Florida, had been successful. In his testimony before this committee, Governor Connally explained that he believed that Texas was a State crucial to a Kennedy victory in 1964, and contended that Kennedy came to Texas for two reasons: to raise money and to enhance his own political prospects in Texas.
Word of the trip to Texas first appeared in the Dallas papers on September 13, and Kennedy's itinerary for Texas was announced by Governor Connally on November 1. The President was scheduled to address a luncheon of business leaders at the Trade Mart in Dallas on November 22. He decided to travel into the city in a motorcade that was to follow the normal Dallas parade route. Kennedy liked motorcades, for they afforded an opportunity to get close to the people, and he made a special point of arranging one in Dallas because he believe it would be his one chance that day to greet workers and minorities. The final motorcade route through Dealey Plaza in downtown Dallas was selected on November 15.
In 1963, the Secret Service had indentified six categories of persons who posed a threat to the President: right-wing extremists, left-wing extremists, Cubans, Puerto Ricans, Black militants, and a miscellaneous category that included mental patients. It indentified two cities as particularly threatening--Miami and Chicago. Dallas was considered a potential source of political embarrassment. Prior to the trip to Dallas, the Secret Service had not uncovered any serious threats there, and no extensive investigation was conducted in the city. Beginning a week before the trip, defamatory posters and leaflets excoriating the President appeared throughout Dallas. Some carried Kennedy's picture with the caption, "Wanted for Treason: This Man Is Wanted for Treasonous Activities Against the United States." It was suggested the President's Dallas parade route should not be published, but at the urging of Kennedy's staff, it appeared in the Dallas newspapers on the November 18 and 19.
The President and Mrs. Kennedy traveled to Texas on November 21. That day, Kennedy visited San Antonio and Houston, where he was warmly greeted by enthusiastic crowds. He flew to Fort Worth that evening.
One of the President's first act on the morning of November 22 was to call the woman who had arranged the accommodations that he and the First Lady occupied at Fort Worth's Texas Hotel. She had hung the walls with original paintings by modern masters such as Vincent Van Gogh and Claude Monet, and the special effort of the citizens of Fort Worth greatly impressed the Kennedys. That rainy morning, the President addressed the Fort Worth Chamber of Commerce. The speech was well received and, as Governor Connally recounted, it was
laced with fun. Later in the morning, after a query from Dallas, the President said that if the weather was clear, he did not want the protective bubble used on the Presidential limousine.
The President and his entourage took off for Dallas at approximately 11:20 a.m. While the Presidential plane, Air Force One, was airborne, the President looked out the window and remarked to Governor with a smile, "Our luck is holding. It looks as if we'll get, sunshine." A clear sky, brilliant sunshine. 68-degree temperature--a marvelous autumn day--provided the backdrop for the President and Mrs. Kennedy as they arrived at Love Field in Dallas. The First Lady was presented with a bouquet of roses, and the couple attended a reception held in their honor at the airport by the community leaders of Dallas. After greeting them, the President moved to shake hands with the enthusiastic crowd which according to some estimates, may have numbered 4,000 persons. For a few minutes, the President and the First Lady walked along the security barrier, greeting people. Then they joined Governor and Mrs. Connally in the Presidential limousine. Two Secret Service agents, one the driver, sat in front. The President and his wife sat in the rear seat, with the President on the right, in keeping with military protocol, as Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces. Governor Connally sat on a jump seat directly in front of the President, with his back to Kennedy, and Mrs. Connally occupied the left jump seat. Two cars with members of the Dallas Police Department, including Chief Jesse Curry, and Secret Service agents, preceded the Presidential limousine. Behind a follow-up car carried Secret Service agents and members of the White House staff. To the rear of that car, the Vice President and Mrs. Johnson and Senator Ralph Yarborough rode in another limousine. Next came the Vice President's follow-up car, and then a long line of limousines, trucks and various vehicles containing Members of Congress and other dignitaries, photographers, the President's physician, and members of the White House staff and the press.
The motorcade left Love Field at about 11:50 p.m. Governor Connally recalled he was worried not about violence but about the possibility that some incident might occur that would embarrass the President and disrupt the atmosphere of confidence that had been building throughout the trip. That morning a hostile full-page advertisement, sponsored by the "America-thinking Citizens of Dallas." had appeared in the pages of the Dallas Morning News. It charged among other things, that Kennedy had ignored the Constitution, scrapped the Monroe Doctrine in favor of the "Spirit of Moscow," and had been "soft on Communists, fellow-travelers, and ultra-leftists in America." The Governor was apprehensive that there might be unfriendly demonstrations during the motorcade or that the crowd's mood would be indifferent or even sullen.
The Governor's concern subsided as the motorcade passed through the outskirts of Dallas and neared the center of the city. The crowds grew larger and they were unmistakably friendly. with people smiling, waving, and calling the President's name. In Connally's words,
The further we got toward town, the denser became the crowds, and when we got down on Main Street, the crowds were extremely thick. They were pushed off of curbs; they were out in the street, and they were backed all the way upPage 39
against the walls of the buildings. They were just as thick as they could be. I don't know how many. But, there were at least a quarter of a million people on the parade route that day and everywhere the reception was good.Governor Connally noticed that Mrs. Kennedy, who had appeared apprehensive the previous day, was more relaxed and enjoyed the Dallas crowd. The only hostile act he remembered was a heckler with a placard that read "Kennedy Go Home." The President noticed the sign, and asked Governor and Mrs. Connally if they had seen it. Connally said, "Yes, but we were hoping you didn't."
"Well, I saw it. Don't you imagine he's a nice fellow?" Kennedy asked.
The Governor said, "Yes, I imagine he's a nice fellow."
Connally's fear of an embarrassing incident seemed to be unfounded.
The crowds were larger than I had anticipated. They were more enthusiastic than I could ever have hoped for.This enthusiasm was apparent in a number of incidents. A little girl held up a sign with the request, "President Kennedy, will you shake hands with me?" The President noticed the sign, had the car stopped and shook hands with the little girl. The car was mobbed by an admiring crowd that was only separated from the Presidential limousine by Secret Service agents. At another stop, as the motorcade approached downtown Dallas, the President caught sight of a Roman Catholic nun with a group of schoolchildren. He stopped and spoke with the group. Several times enthusiastic onlookers broke away from the curbside throng and attempted to reach the limousine. Secret Service agents cleared the admirers from the street.
The crowds grew thicker as the Presidential parade approached downtown. The motorcade followed the traditional Dallas parade route into the downtown business district, turning onto Main Street, which brought it through the center of the Dallas commercial district. It moved westward along Main toward Dealey Plaza. People crowded the sidewalks, surged into the street and waved from office building windows. The motorcade tunneled through the throng. The Governor later remarked that the business community, the group Kennedy sought to impress, would have to be affected by this remarkable reception. Connally said "...the trip had been absolutely wonderful, and we were heaving a sigh of relief because once we got through the motorcade at Dallas and through the Dallas luncheon, then everything else was pretty much routine."
President Kennedy was clearly delighted by his Dallas welcome. At the corner of Main and Houston, the motorcade made a sharp 90-degree turn to the right and headed north for one block, toward the Texas School Book Depository. As the limousine approached Houston and Elm, Mrs. Connally, elated by the reception, said, "Mr. President, you can't say Dallas doesn't love you." "That's obvious," the President replied.
At Elm Street, the limousine made a hairpin turn to the left and headed west, passing the book depository.
At about 12:30 p.m., as the President waved to the crowds, shots rang out.
Mrs. Connally heard a noise, turned to her right, and saw the President clutch his neck with both hands, then slump down in the seat. Governor Connally immediately thought the noise was a rifle shot. He turned from his straight-backed jump seat in an attempt to catch sight of the President because he feared an assassination attempt. The Governor described the scene:
I never looked, I never made the full turn. About the time I turned back where I was facing more or less straight ahead, the way the car was moving, I was hit. I was knocked over, just doubled over by the force of the bullet. It went in my back and came out my chest about 2 inches below and to the left of my right nipple. The force of the bullet drove my body over almost double, and when I looked, immediately I could see I was drenched with blood. So, I knew I had been badly hit and I more or less straightened up. At about this time, Nellie [Mrs. Connally] reached over and pulled me down into her lap.Mrs. Connally initially thought the Governor was dead as he fell into her lap. She did not look back after her husband was hit, but heard Mrs. Kennedy say. "They have shot my husband." After one shot, Mrs. Connally recalled. the President's wife said, "They have killed my husband. I have his brains in my hand."
I was in her lap facing forward when another shot was fired ...I did not hear the shot that hit me. I wasn't conscious of it. I am sure I heard it, but I was not conscious of it at all. I heard another shot. I heard it hit. It hit with a very pronounced impact ...it made a very, very strong sound.
Immediately, I could see blood and brain tissue all over the interior of the car and all over our clothes. We were both covered with brain tissue, and there were pieces of brain tissue as big as your little finger...
When I was hit, or shortly before I was hit--no, I guess it was after I was hit--I said first, just almost in despair, I said, "no no, no," just thinking how tragic it was that we had gone through this 24 hours, it had all been so wonderful and so beautifully executed.
The President had been so marvelously received and then here, at the last moment, this great tragedy. I just said, "no, no, no, no," Then I said right after I was hit, I said, "My God, they are going to kill us all."
Roy Kellerman, the Secret Service agent in the right front seat, said, "Let's get out of here fast." Bill Greer. the driver, accelerated tremendously. "So we pulled out of the motorcade," Mrs. Connally recalled, "and we must have been a horrible sight flying down the freeway with those dying men in our arms."
She added, "There was no screaming in that horrible car. It was just a silent, terrible drive."
The wounded President and Governor were rushed to Parkland Hospital.
At 1 p.m., the 35th President of the United States was pronounced dead, 1,037 days after his term had begun.
Note: Italic numerals in parentheses in the middle of or at the end of sentences indicate references which can be found at the end of the report.
Bibliographic note: Web version based on the Report of the Select Committee on Assassinations of the U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1979. 1 volume, 686 pages. The formatting of this Web version may differ from the original.
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WASHINGTON - An asteroid that has a size of a truck seen near the Earth on Wednesday night. Distance asteroids into Earth even closer than the Moon!
As quoted from MSNBC on Friday (06/03/2011), along the 7 meter asteroid is named as the 2009 BD. Closest distance to Earth asteroid is 346 thousand kilometers, while the distance of the Moon with the Earth itself is approximately 385 thousand kilometers.
The researchers say that the asteroid 2009 BD will not threaten the Earth. "But although asteriod it hit the Earth, will not cause damage," said the researchers.
"2009 BD is a small object, a length of 7 meters, and will not pose a threat," wrote the scientists through NASA Asteroid Watch.
"The object of this size would be destroyed in our atmosphere and will not cause damage," they added.
Small size of the asteroid is also made difficult by the observer to examine. "A large telescope is needed to see it," said the researchers.
"After reaching the closest distance, the asteroid 2009 BD will continue to accompany the Earth in its journey around the sun, until next month," said they.
Because anomalinya, the asteroid 2009 BD is not an ordinary asteroid. Astronomers call it "co-orbital object '. Scientists speculate that this type asteriod fractions derived from the Moon.
Parties NASA said that the possibility that an asteroid will hit Earth in 2009 BD is very small. "Only approximately 1 in 50 thousand," said NASA party.
"Space rock the size of a washing machine into the Earth's atmosphere every month, but most of them burned up in the atmosphere before reaching the ground," concluded the researchers. | <urn:uuid:78875741-3745-44f8-bbe2-a912427ce639> | {
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An ectopic pregnancy is when a fertilised egg implants itself outside of the womb, usually in one of the fallopian tubes.
This means the egg will not develop into a baby, which can be devastating to the pregnant woman.
In a few cases an ectopic pregnancy causes no noticeable symptoms and is only detected during routine pregnancy testing. However, most women do have symptoms and these usually become apparent between week five and week 14 of pregnancy.
Read more about the symptoms of an ectopic pregnancy.
How is an ectopic pregnancy treated?
If an ectopic pregnancy is detected at an early stage, a medication called methotrexate is sometimes needed to stop the egg developing. The pregnancy tissue is then absorbed into the woman's body.
But methotrexate is not always needed, as in around half of cases the egg dies before it can grow larger.
Ectopic pregnancies detected at a more advanced stage will require surgery to remove the egg.
If an ectopic pregnancy is left to develop, there is a risk that the fertilised egg could continue to grow and cause the fallopian tube to split open (rupture), which can cause life-threatening internal bleeding.
Signs of a ruptured fallopian tube are:
A ruptured fallopian tube is a medical emergency. If you think that you or someone in your care has experienced this complication, call 999 and ask for an ambulance.
Read more about treating ectopic pregnancy.
Why does an ectopic pregnancy happen?
In a normal pregnancy an egg is fertilised by sperm in one of the fallopian tubes, which connect the ovaries to the womb. The fertilised egg then moves into the womb and implants itself into the womb lining (endometrium), where it grows and develops.
An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilised egg implants itself outside the womb. It most commonly occurs in a fallopian tube (this is known as a tubal pregnancy), usually as the result of damage to the fallopian tube or the tube not working properly.
Less commonly (in around 2 in 100 cases), an ectopic pregnancy can occur in an ovary, in the abdominal space or in the cervix (neck of the womb).
Things that increase your risk of ectopic pregnancy include:
In around half of all cases, there are no obvious risk factors.
Read more about the causes of, and risk factors for, an ectopic pregnancy.
Losing a pregnancy can be devastating and many women feel the same sense of grief as if they had lost a family member or partner.
It is not uncommon for feelings of grief and bereavement to last for 6-12 months, although these feelings usually improve with time.
Trying for another pregnancy
It is normally recommended that you wait for at least two menstrual cycles before trying for another pregnancy, as this will allow time for your fallopian tubes to recover (if treated with methotrexate, you will need to wait at least three months). However, many women are not emotionally ready to try for another pregnancy so soon.
Your chances of having a successful pregnancy will depend on the underlying health of your fallopian tubes. In general, 65% of women achieve a successful pregnancy 18 months after having an ectopic pregnancy.
If you cannot conceive in the normal way then fertility treatment such as in-vitro fertilisation (IVF) may be an option.
IVF treatment is where an egg is fertilised by a sperm outside the womb (usually in a test tube) and, after fertilisation, the embryo is surgically implanted into the womb.
Who is affected
It is estimated that around 1 in 90 pregnancies in the UK develops into an ectopic pregnancy. This is around 10,700 pregnancies a year.
Nowadays, deaths from ectopic pregnancies are extremely rare. There was only one death in England and Wales due to an ectopic pregnancy in 2010.
Symptoms of ectopic pregnancy
Some women who have an ectopic pregnancy do not experience any symptoms. The pregnancy may not be found to be ectopic until an early scan shows up the problem or a woman's fallopian tube has ruptured.
If there are symptoms, they usually appear between weeks five and 14 of the pregnancy. They are outlined below.
One-sided abdominal pain
You may experience pain, typically on one side of your abdomen (tummy), which can be persistent and severe.
Vaginal bleeding is a different type of bleeding from your regular period. It often starts and stops, and can be bright or dark red in colour. Some women mistake this bleeding for a regular period and do not realise they are pregnant.
Shoulder tip pain
Shoulder tip pain is felt where your shoulder ends and your arm begins. It is not known exactly why shoulder tip pain occurs, but it usually occurs when you are lying down and is a sign that the ectopic pregnancy is causing internal bleeding.
The bleeding is thought to irritate the phrenic nerve, which is found in your diaphragm (the muscle used during breathing that separates your chest cavity from your abdomen). The irritation to the phrenic nerve causes referred pain (pain that is felt elsewhere) in the shoulder blade.
You may experience pain when passing urine or stools.
Diarrhoea and vomiting
An ectopic pregnancy can cause similar symptoms to a gastrointestinal disease and is often associated with diarrhoea and vomiting.
When to seek medical advice
You should always contact your GP if:
When to seek emergency medical treatment
The most serious symptom of an ectopic pregnancy is known as 'collapse'. This occurs when an ectopic pregnancy has split open the fallopian tubes (tubal rupture) and is causing dangerous internal bleeding.
People who have experienced collapse describe feeling lightheaded and faint. You may also:
If your fallopian tubes rupture, you will need emergency surgery to prevent blood loss. Dial 999 immediately and ask for an ambulance.
In rare cases, a ruptured fallopian tube can be fatal, but in most cases the fallopian tube can be successfully repaired or removed.
Causes of ectopic pregnancy
In the early stages of pregnancy, an egg is released from one of your ovaries into one of your fallopian tubes, where it is fertilised by sperm.
Each fallopian tube is about 10cm (4 inches) long and lined with millions of moving hair-like structures called cilia. In a normal pregnancy the cilia push the fertilised egg along the tube and into the womb, where the egg implants itself into the womb's lining (endometrium) and develops into a baby.
However, if the fallopian tube has been damaged (for example, if there is a blockage or narrowing in the tube), the cilia may not be able to move the egg to the womb and the pregnancy may develop in the fallopian tube.
Common risk factors
Some of the most common risk factors for an ectopic pregnancy are discussed below.
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a bacterial infection of the female reproductive system. Most cases of PID are caused by an infection in the vagina or the neck of the womb (cervix) that has spread to the reproductive organs higher up.
Many different types of bacteria can cause PID, but most cases are the result of a chlamydia infection, which is a type of sexually transmitted infection that can be spread during unprotected sex.
Chlamydia often exhibits no noticeable symptoms, so women may be unaware they are infected. But the bacteria can cause inflammation of the fallopian tubes, which is known as salpingitis. Salpingitis leads to a four-fold increase in the risk of having an ectopic pregnancy.
Having a previous history of ectopic pregnancy means that you have an increased risk of having one in the future compared to other women.
Depending on the underlying factors, the risk of having another ectopic pregnancy is somewhere between 1 in 10 and 1 in 4.
If you have ever had surgery that involved your fallopian tubes, you have an increased risk of having an ectopic pregnancy. Types of surgery known to increase your risk include:
Taking medication to stimulate ovulation (the release of an egg) can increase the risk of ectopic pregnancy by around four-fold.
In addition, the type of fertility treatment known as in-vitro fertilisation (IVF) is not always successful and can accidentally result in an ectopic pregnancy.
This occurs in around 1 in 22 cases of IVF.
The intrauterine device (IUD) and the intrauterine system (IUS) types of contraception are usually very effective in preventing pregnancy - estimated to be effective in around 99 out of 100 cases. But if a pregnancy does occur when using these types of contraception, it is more likely to be an ectopic pregnancy than a normal pregnancy.
There is also a risk that if you take emergency contraception and it fails to work, any subsequent pregnancy could be an ectopic pregnancy.
Other risk factors
Other potential risk factors for an ectopic pregnancy include:
Diagnosing ectopic pregnancy
If you start to have symptoms of an ectopic pregnancy a few weeks into your pregnancy, you may be offered a blood test to measure blood levels of the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), which is produced by placental tissue.
The hCG levels are usually lower than normal if your pregnancy is ectopic or you are going to have a miscarriage.
A transvaginal ultrasound scan is usually used to diagnose an ectopic pregnancy.
An ultrasound scan uses high frequency sound waves to create an image of your reproductive system.
A small probe is inserted into your vagina to take a close-up image of your womb and surrounding areas. It will usually show the location of your pregnancy.
If a diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy has still not been confirmed, a laparoscopy may be performed.
This is a direct examination of the womb and fallopian tubes using a viewing tube (a laparoscope), which is passed through a small opening in the wall of your abdomen.
The procedure is done under general anaesthetic (you are put to sleep).
Treating ectopic pregnancy
The baby cannot be saved in an ectopic pregnancy.
If the ectopic pregnancy is diagnosed before your fallopian tube ruptures, you have the following treatment options:
Your specialist or gynaecologist will be able to advise you about the benefits and risks of each option.
If you are only experiencing mild symptoms then there is a chance that the pregnancy will resolve by itself. The fertilised egg will die and then be absorbed into nearby tissue without the need for treatment.
This is more likely if your blood tests show low levels of the human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone.
If you decide on this option, you will still need to have regular blood tests and in some cases ultrasound scans to assess the progress of the pregnancy.
If tests do not show a continued drop in the hCG levels, additional treatment will be required (this is usually the case in around one in three cases treated using active monitoring).
The advantage of active monitoring is that you won't have to experience any side effects of treatment.
A disadvantage is that there is still a small risk of your fallopian tubes splitting open (tubal rupture), even if blood tests show low levels of the hCG hormone.
If an ectopic pregnancy is growing but is diagnosed early enough, it can be ended using a medicine called methotrexate.
Methotrexate works by stopping the growth of the embryo cells. It is usually only suitable if the egg is no larger than 3.5cm in diameter.
Methotrexate may also not be suitable if you have one or more of the following conditions:
If methotrexate is recommended for you, your condition will need to be closely monitored through regular blood tests after you have taken the medicine.
Methotrexate is usually given as a single injection into your buttocks. Sometimes, a second dose is required.
You need to use reliable contraception for three to six months (depending on how many doses) after taking methotrexate as there is an increased risk of development problems in your next baby if you become pregnant after being given the medication.
It is also important to avoid drinking alcohol until you are told it is safe to do so, as drinking soon after receiving a dose of methotrexate can damage your liver.
The most common side effect of methotrexate is abdominal pain, which usually develops a day or two after receiving a dose. This pain is usually mild and should pass within 24-48 hours.
Other side effects can include:
You will need to have blood tests around days four and seven after taking methotrexate. If the test does not show a significant drop in hCG levels, you may need surgery.
There is still around a one in 14 chance of your fallopian tubes splitting open (rupture) after medical treatment with methotrexate, even if your hCG levels are going down. Therefore, be aware of the potential symptoms of a rupture and be ready to call an ambulance if you think a rupture has occurred.
Surgery to remove the egg is the most common treatment for an ectopic pregnancy. Keyhole surgery (laparoscopy) is normally used.
This is where a tiny camera and surgical instruments are inserted through small cuts in your abdomen. If your fallopian tube has been damaged, it may also need to be removed (this procedure is called a salpingectomy).
To avoid having two surgical procedures, surgery to remove an ectopic pregnancy or fallopian tube is sometimes done at the same time as a laparoscopy to confirm your ectopic pregnancy.
Your consultant will explain the chance of this happening to you before you go into hospital and will ask your consent to remove your fallopian tubes, if this is found to be necessary.
Most women can leave hospital a few days after surgery, although it can take up to a month before you feel fully recovered.
If your fallopian tube has ruptured, you will need emergency surgery. The surgeon will make an incision in your abdomen (a laparotomy) to stop the bleeding and if possible, repair your fallopian tube.
Once your ectopic pregnancy has been treated, you may want to consider making a follow-up appointment with your GP.
Your GP should be able to discuss a number of issues, such as:
Complications of ectopic pregnancy
Avoiding physical complications
To avoid complications, it is important that an ectopic pregnancy is diagnosed as early as possible.
The later an ectopic pregnancy is diagnosed and treated, the more likely it is that your fallopian tubes will be damaged, leading to an increased likelihood of having another ectopic pregnancy in the future.
You will also be at a higher risk of a ruptured ectopic pregnancy (when the fallopian tube splits) and severe internal bleeding, which can lead to shock (when your blood pressure suddenly drops to a dangerously low level), and very rarely death (there is around one death a year in England due to an ectopic pregnancy).
In the UK, many women who have an ectopic pregnancy receive early diagnosis and treatment and avoid these types of complications. Some early pregnancy clinics will screen for an ectopic pregnancy using ultrasound in women thought to be at increased risk of having an ectopic pregnancy (such as having a previous history of ectopic pregnancy or pelvic inflammatory disease).
In general, 65% of women achieve a successful pregnancy 18 months after having an ectopic pregnancy.
The emotional impact of an ectopic pregnancy
The loss of a pregnancy can have a profound emotional impact, not only on the woman herself but also on her partner, friends and family.
The most common emotions that are felt after an ectopic pregnancy are grief and bereavement.
Physical symptoms of grief and bereavement include:
Emotional symptoms of grief and bereavement include:
These types of symptoms are often worse four to six weeks after the loss of pregnancy before gradually improving, but it can sometimes take up to 12 months for feelings such as distress to pass.
If you are worried that you or your partner are having problems coping with grief, you may need further treatment and counselling. Support groups can provide or arrange counselling for people who have been affected by loss of a pregnancy.
Your GP can provide you with support and advice and the following organisations can also help:
Preventing ectopic pregnancy
You cannot always prevent ectopic pregnancy from occurring, but you can reduce your risk by protecting yourself against pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).
PID is thought to be the leading cause of ectopic pregnancies as it can damage your fallopian tubes.
The male condom is the most effective method of preventing STIs. It is also important to have regular sexual health check-ups:
You can have a sexual health check-up by visiting your local genito-urinary medicine (GUM) or sexual health clinic. To find your local clinic see the NHS Choices service directory.
Read more about the health benefits associated with using a condom and safe sex.
Stopping smoking if you smoke will also lower your risk of ectopic pregnancy as well as many other serious health conditions such as lung cancer, stroke and heart disease.
If you decide to stop smoking, your GP will be able to refer you to an NHS Stop Smoking Service, which will provide you with dedicated help and advice about the best ways to give up smoking. You can also call the NHS Smoking Helpline on 0800 022 4332 (7am-11pm). The specially trained helpline staff will be able to offer you free expert advice and encouragement.
If you are committed to giving up smoking but do not want to be referred to a stop smoking service, your GP should be able to prescribe medical treatment to help with any withdrawal symptoms that you may experience after giving up.
See what the doctor sees with Map of Medicine
The Map of Medicine is used by doctors throughout the NHS to determine the best treatment options for their patients. NHS Choices offers everyone in England exclusive and free access to this cutting-edge internet resource, which lets you see exactly what your doctor sees.
The information in the Map has been approved by the UK's leading clinical experts, is based on the best available clinical evidence, and is continually updated. To take advantage of this unique resource go to: | <urn:uuid:d3f911a8-dcae-4a68-af0b-bcb3198feb52> | {
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Mention a victim of domestic violence and who do most people immediately imagine? Perhaps a disheveled young woman with bruises on her chin and a black eye, looking sad, frightened and forlorn. This is certainly one of the faces of domestic violence, but far from the only one.
One in every four women will experience at least one form of domestic violence in her lifetime. Over 85 percent of domestic violence victims are women, but men are victims as well. According to the National Coalition Against Domestic Violence:
- One in six women and one in 33 men have experienced an attempted or completed sexual assault.
- Less than 25 percent of all physical assaults, 20 percent of all sexual assaults and 50 percent of all stalkings by domestic partners are reported to the police.
- Domestic violence is one of the most chronically under-reported crimes despite the fact that “Violence against a partner or a child is a crime in all 50 states,” according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Defining domestic violence
Although physical violence is the most obvious and well known kind of domestic violence, there are many more that are more subtle, insidious and often hidden. Even within assault and battery, the category includes blows that inflict internal damage or bruising in “places that don’t show.” Other types of violence include dominance, humiliation, isolation, threats, intimidation, denial and blame.
Abuses may be emotional, sexual, verbal, economic and social, as well as physical. The U.S. Office on Violence Against Women (OVW) defines domestic violence as a “pattern of abusive behavior in any relationship that is used by one partner to gain or maintain power and control over another intimate partner.” The definition states that domestic violence “can happen to anyone regardless of race, age, sexual orientation, religion or gender.”
Cycle of abuse
Victims of domestic violence usually experience the “cycle of abuse,” which creates a confusing situation for the victim and leaves them open to further abuse. After the abuse occurs, the abuser may feel guilty, make excuses and resume “normal” behavior, often called the “honeymoon” phase. The abuser may then start building resentment against the victim, thinking of how to “get even,” after which the abuser may create another opportunity to justify abusing their victim, starting the cycle over again.
Adding mental illness and substance abuse to the mix
Domestic abuse is often accompanied by substance abuse and/or mental illness in the part of the abuser. Sometimes the victim turns to self-medicating to cope with the stress and the pain. Mental health professionals often find patients come for treatment for depression, anxiety or even suicidal ideations only to find that these patients are experiencing mental distress at least in part because of an abusive situation in their life.
It is imperative that clinical professionals, both medical and psychiatric, be aware of the danger signs and symptoms of domestic violence in order to help identify those dealing with it or at risk for it. They have an obligation to provide proper interventions.
However, everyone should be aware of signs of domestic abuse, and if you suspect that someone you know is being abused, speak up. If you’re hesitating—telling yourself that it’s none of your business, you might be wrong or the person might not want to talk about it—keep in mind that expressing your concern will let the person know that you care and may even save his or her life.
Silence hides violence. Speak up. | <urn:uuid:d3bedde2-c7d9-4a56-9c4f-4b339aa2eee7> | {
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Exoplanet Kepler-19b orbits its star in ways that violate the laws of physics, speeding up and slowing down its orbit for no apparent reason. The only explanation is a second, hidden planet...making it the first "phantom" exoplanet ever found.
Discovered by (and named after) NASA's exoplanet-hunting Kepler Space Telescope, Kepler 19-b is located about 650 light-years from Earth, and it completes one orbit every nine days and seven hours, give or take. That "give or take" bit is the problem - sometimes it will complete the orbit five minutes faster than it should, and other times it will be five minutes slow.
That may not seem like much of a difference, but that amount of variance flies completely in the face of the laws of planetary motion, first formulated by Johannes Kepler - which is strangely appropriate, considering it's his namesake that found this problem planet.
The explanation for this physics-defying anomaly is the presence of a nearby companion planet. The problem is that we've yet to find any direct sign of this planet, designated Kepler-19c. That makes this invisible exoplanet the first ever that is only known from its gravitational effect on another planet. Still, Kepler-19c is in good company - it was the gravitational anomalies of Uranus that led to the discoveries of Neptune and, albeit somewhat unintentionally, Pluto.
Since we can't see Kepler-19c, we don't have any solid idea what it actually looks like. We do know that it isn't massive enough to tug at its star, which means its mass can't be more than about 30 times Earth's mass, and the fact that we haven't detected it transiting in front of its star suggests an unusually oblong orbit. Other than that, it's anyone's guess, as UC Santa Cruz astronomer Daniel Fabrycky explains:
"Kepler-19c has multiple personalities consistent with our data. For instance, it could be a rocky planet on a circular 5-day orbit, or a gas-giant planet on an oblong 100-day orbit."
For now, Kepler-19c will have to just remain known as the galaxy's only phantom planet. It's a temporary title, to be sure, but still not too shabby, as these things go.
Via the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. Image by David A. Aguilar (CFA). | <urn:uuid:ca439cf0-8db6-40dc-83a1-f4cc4f2c7110> | {
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Inspired by Nelson Mandela’s dream to help transform lives and advance society, Schools for Africa was founded in 2004 by the Nelson Mandela Foundation, the Hamburg Society, and UNICEF. Promoting equality for education to over 13 different African countries, this initiative has helped more than 30 million children get the proper education, schools, teachers and facilities they need to better themselves and their society.
About the Program
In addition to the core focus of providing adequate education, facilities and teachers, the Build African Schools Initiative also focuses on providing access to clean drinking water, school supplies, and other necessities to arm these young bright minds with all the tools they need to be successful.
Since 2005, the program has reportedly raised over 200 million US dollars for education and over 20 million in 2014. The Schools for Africa Report outlined 13 countries being impacted by this education focus including Angola, Madagascar, Niger, and Zimbabwe.
Heart warming stories continue to flood the results as children of all ages pursue their dream of a proper education. Dorlys, an 18 year old student from Madagascar, celebrates her successful completion of secondary schooling, giving her opportunity to attend the newly constructed primary school in her village. A school which was built with campaign funding.
The Build African Schools Initiative has laid out very strategic goals to ensure their success and providing the proper support and materials needed for their impact.
UNICEF’s Strategic Plan 2014–2017, including:
- Early learning: providing an essential foundation for the future.
- Quality Learning: expanding child-friendly schools and improving learning outcomes.
- Equity:focusing on girls’ education and inclusive education for the most disadvantaged including children with disabilities.
- Education in emergencies:enhancing emergency and disaster preparedness and building resilient
- education systems.
As UNICEF continues to work closely with the national government, their goal is to continue increasing the recognition, attention and provide the proper resources devoted to early learning. As a direct result of this initiative, all countries participating have implemented some form of early learning policy or strategy to ensure the commitment and success of the project.
In addition, many countries have introduced community based activities. For example, in Rwanda, after implementing an early learning policy in 2011, authorities are piloting a per-primary school program that focuses on specific development needs of small children. Another successful result of the UNICEF support is in Ethiopia. Since 2009, Ethiopia has increased their enrollment for children from a lacking 4 % to a significant increase of 34% in 2014. Malawi has invested into the program as well, building over 8,000 learning centers managed by local communities and caregivers providing support to over 400,000 children nationwide according to the published SFA Annual Report 2014.
Neslon Mandela Foundation
Established in 1999, Mr. Nelson Mandela founded this organization after stepping down as the President of South Africa.
- Convening dialogue around critical social issues, including particular issues regarding human rights and democracy, in order to contribute to a just society
- The promotion of, or engaging in, philosophical activities, including discussion regarding issues pertaining to human rights and democracy
- The raising of funds in furtherance of the Trust’s objectives
- The provision of support services to or the promotion of the common interests of public benefit organizations
The Hamburg Society
Now known as the Peter Kramer Foundation, continues to support the education campaign.
Focused on ensuring that every child in the world has a fair chance in life, UNICEF has been a powerhouse to the Build African Schools Initiative. The organization has outlined their 2016 foundation strategic plan to ensure the programs continued success.
Foundation Strategic Plan
- Accelerating efforts to achieve the MDGs and continuing relevant programming after 2015, with a stronger results-based management approach that aligns with the institutional structures of most governments;
- Scaling up proven interventions, enhancing the accountability of national institutions for effective policies, systematically strengthening the use of services and encouraging appropriate behavior change and participation of children, including adolescents, and communities;
- Harnessing innovation and the deeper and wider evidence base to drive and sustain global progress towards realization of children rights;
- Complementing sector-based approaches with more attention to synergies across sectors and to multi-sectoral action;
- Addressing gaps in data, evidence, reporting and accountability | <urn:uuid:7a877f8e-a107-462f-9faf-22041018711b> | {
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Having undertaken, for the Glory of God and advancement of the Christian Faith and Honour of our King and Country, a Voyage to plant the First Colony in the Northern Parts of Virginia, do by these presents solemnly and mutually in the presence of God and one of another, Covenant and Combine ourselves together into a Civil Body Politic, for our better ordering and preservation and furtherance of the ends aforesaid; and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute and frame such just and equal Laws, Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions and Offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general good of the Colony, unto which we promise all due submission and obedience. In witness whereof we have hereunder subscribed our names at Cape Cod, the 11th of November, in the year of the reign of our Sovereign Lord King James, of England, France and Ireland the eighteenth, and of Scotland the fifty-fourth. Anno Domini 1620.
Here are some questions I'm not sure about and I donno how to answer them.
1. In what two "presences" is this document being signed?
My answer: The presence of God and the presence of the colonists
2. The signers promise to "covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil body politic." What does it mean to "covenant and combine"?
3. What do the signers mean by a 'civil body politic"?
My answer: Jus tand equal laws for all people.
4. What will the civil body politic do "from time to time"?
My answer: It will set up laws, Ordinances, Constitutions which are good to the colonists.
5. Why do the signers say they need to do this?
6. What do the signers promise?
My answer: They promise all due submission and obedience.
Thanks for all the help. | <urn:uuid:dbcc1e0b-01e0-4706-bf90-c82f830eed53> | {
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India: The Golden Bird
Her Spiritual Values and Scriptures
India is not just a place.
India is not just a people.
India is the celestial music,
And inside this music
Anybody from any corner of the globe
Can find the real significance of life.
– Sri Chinmoy.
India is the oldest civilization in the world. Spirituality seeps into every facet of Indian life and down through the ages, India has sent forth the message of peace, love and truth. India’s national flag with its tricolor of deep saffron, white and green clearly conveys India’s commitment and adherence to spiritual values. The color saffron on the flag stands for courage, sacrifice and the spirit of renunciation; the white for purity and truth; green for faith and aspiration. In the center of the white band on the flag, there is a wheel in navy blue to indicate the Dharma Chakra or the wheel of law.
For the last 4000 years despite invasions, persecution, European Colonialism and political upheaval, the spiritual and social structures that define India’s identity have remained intact.
On his return from the tour of the West Swami Vivekananda said:
“I loved my motherland dearly before I went to America and England. After my return, every particle of dust of this land seems sacred to me.”
The architect of independent India, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel remarked:
“There is something unique about this soil, which despite many obstacles has always remained the abode of great souls”.
The word “Hindu” comes from the name of the river Indus, which flows 1800 miles from Tibet through Kashmir and Pakistan to the sea. Originally the word “Hindu” was the name that the ancient Persians used to apply to the river Sindhu. Whenever in Sanskrit there is an s in ancient Persian it changes into h, so that sindhu became Hindu. This word Hindu referred to people living on the other side of the river Indus, regardless of their faith. Gradually in course of time, Hindus started being identified as people practicing the faith “Hinduism”.
Historically, the Indus valley civilization (3000 BC to 1500BC) is considered the first civilization in India. This was followed by the Vedic period (1500BC to 500 BC). The Mauryan Empire is the first Indian empire. The Gupta, Pratihara, Pala, Chalukya, Chola, Pandya dynasties followed this. The Muslim period was established in the 9th century and was followed by the arrival of Europeans, mostly British in the 17th century. India attained independence on August 15, 1947.
In India, Hinduism is the oldest living spiritual tradition. Hinduism was originally referred to as Sanatana Dharma, which in Sanskrit means “Eternal Law”. Hinduism does not have a founder or creator. Most of its principals and scriptures were formulated over thousands of years by many different “seers” or rishis, as well as avatars, or incarnations of God. One of the most unique features of Hinduism is its ability to evolve and update itself to suite changing times and people. This has helped to sustain Hinduism for thousands of years through many difficult times. To quote the world famous words of Rig Veda:
“Let noble thoughts come to us from all sides.”
According to Hinduism there is only one, all-pervasive God or Supreme Being. God is both transcendent and immanent in all things and has unlimited names and forms. This Supreme Being is the fundamental reality and the purpose of human life is to realize this underlying reality. Sri Chinmoy states:
“The ancient Indian seers felt that religion, nay, dharma, must release man from that which binds him, i.e., his own ignorance. Man’s awakened consciousness must do away with ignorance, or to be precise, must transform ignorance into the knowledge of Truth.”
Infinite tolerance is the hallmark of Hinduism. Though worshiped in different ways in different religious and spiritual paths, there is only one God. As stated in the Rig Veda:
“Truth is one, the wise call it by various names.”
This tolerance of other people’s cultures, religions and views is one of the most beautiful aspects of Indian spirituality. Within the framework of this tolerant spirituality is a tremendous spiritual freedom that encourages and provokes Hindus to think, learn, explore and look inside themselves for the meaning of life. The Hindu philosopher puts more emphasis on intuitive insight coupled with reason. According to President S. Radhakrishna,
“In the history of the world, Hinduism is the religion, that exhibits a complete independence and freedom of the human mind, its full confidence in its own powers. Hinduism is freedom, especially the freedom in thinking about God. In the search for the supernatural, it is like traveling in space without boundary or barrier.”
Hindu Scriptures are broadly classified into Shruti, Smriti and Nyaya. The Sruti scriptures are of divine origin, whose truths were directly revealed to ancient rishis (sages) in their deep meditations. Smriti refers to what was written down and remembered. The Smriti scriptures are of human origin and were written to explain the Sruti writings and make them understandable to the common man. Nyaya means logic. The four Vedas and the Bhagavad Gita constitute the shruti. The Itihaasa-s (epics), Puraana-s (moral stories), and Angamas (emanated scriptures) are known as smriti. The Vedanta-sutras (Vedanta aphorisms) are classified as Nyaya.
The Vedas are the most authoritative texts in the Sanatana Dharma. The word Veda literally means “knowledge”. In ancient times the Vedas were passed on from generation to generation orally, because the sages believed that the eternal truths of the Vedas could be contaminated, manipulated, or erased if they were ever written down. In all there are four Vedas: Rig, Yajur, Sama, and Atharva. The Upanishads also called as the Vedanta, are the philosophical parts of the Vedas and are found at the end of the Vedas. They expound on the spiritual essence of the Vedas.
The Smritis have lesser authority than the Shrutis. There are many smriti scriptures. The most popular among these are the Manu Smriti, the Ithaasas and the 18 Puranas written by sage Vyasa. The Ithaasas comprises of the two epics: Ramayana and Mahabharata. These two epics are by far most popular among the Hindus. Ramayana was written by Valmiki while Mahabharata was written by Sage Vyasa. The Bhagavad-Gita is the crest- jewel of Hindu philosophy and is found in the Mahabharata. In the Puranas are recorded the ancient Hindu history as well as a collection of fables and stories with moral, ethical and spiritual lessons.
There are six philosophical schools of Sanatana Dharma broadly classified as the Darshanas. These six schools of philosophical thought are: Jaimini’s Purva Mimanasa, Patanjali’s yoga, Gautama’s Nyaya, Kanada’s Vaisheshika, Vyasa’s Uttar Mimansa, and Kapila’s Sankhya.
India’s Offering to Humanity
The greatest offering of India to humanity has been the continuity of the line of her spiritual seekers and spiritual Masters. They are men who have a burning desire for truth, the courage to explore the unknown and have declared to the world the reality of spiritual values. It is because of these men that India in spite of the threatening darkness of the centuries, has held on to the ideals of the spirit – the love of God and the service of humanity, has shared with the world the message of universal peace and has always worked towards the unity of mankind.
“Today’s India is poverty-stricken. But tomorrow’s India will be prosperous. She will be a mighty wave of hope and faith. Her very thought will be stirred with a new vision. Infinite will be the possibilities on her horizon. Her sacrifice will build a more durable foundation for mankind. She will continue within herself nationalism and internationalism, becoming the true symbol of spirituality in action.
India, with her spiritual power, will wield a tremendous influence on the future generations. This is no imagination, but vision in operation.”
– Sri Chinmoy | <urn:uuid:2226587d-b79d-4d24-ae23-98cc2b83a1f6> | {
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According to family-based resources, Maria Post was born in Recife, Brazil in 1646 or 1649. She was the daughter of Dutch ancestry emigres Adrian and Clara Mookers Post. In 1650, the family migrated to New Netherland.
Her first husband was Jan Albertse Bradt. These Bradts were married about 1674 and resided in Albany and just outside the North Gate. That marriage produced ten children before Jan Albertse's death in 1697. In 1697, whe was identified as "Jan Bratt's Widow" and the head of an Albany household that included five children.
In November 1699, she re-married in Albany - by local justices under the auspices of the Albany Dutch church - where she had been a member for many years. Her second husband was Englishman Edward Corbett (Carbet).
The name of Maria Post Bradt Corbett dropped from Albany rolls following the marriage!
Sources: The life of Maria Post Bradt Corbett is CAP biography number 2221. This sketch is derived chiefly from family and community-based resources. Substantial family material has been presented by Olive Tree Genealogy.
first posted: 1/10/05 | <urn:uuid:a9e4cdab-b25b-4b7a-a25a-6a80c6a63f93> | {
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Learn how to say Platitude correctly in English with this tutorial pronunciation video.
Oxford dictionary definition of the word platitude:
a remark or statement, especially one with a moral content, that has been used too often to be interesting or thoughtful:
she began uttering liberal platitudes
(also platitudinise) verb
early 19th century: from French, from plat ‘flat’ | <urn:uuid:5ceda9d2-8e58-4250-a4ac-3a7df7fdbd75> | {
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What is over thinking?
Hundreds of potential definitions exist. Here are four examples:
1. Adding unnecessary complexity
2. Over-analysis and trapped in thought
3. Worry and mulling over problems instead of seeking solutions
4. Seeing personal and World problems as permanent or unsolvable
Using the 5W 1H prompts you can devise lots of questions to help guide you to possible solutions. Think SOS – Solution Orientated Success.
5W 1H from different angles focusing entirely on solutions – example starting points and probing questions:
- Am I worrying about something I have no control over?
- If you or someone else can change it – change it – if you can’t, why worry about it?
- What exactly is required to eradicate the problem?
- Who can I ask to help solve it?
- Where can I find a solution?
- Why is this a problem – can I change my thinking?
- When is a solution likely – can I chunk down and solve in parts?
- How can I help solve it?
If you seek out solutions in anything, try keeping it simple, reduce your thinking and shift your focus from problems to potential solutions.
Think SOS – Solution Orientated Success. | <urn:uuid:cf8cb88c-58a0-44b9-96dd-f7585c4c0f90> | {
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- Jerk - To pull or yank a rope or rein.
- Jog cart - Two-wheeled cart used to exercise Standardbred horses, heavier than a race sulky.
- Jog - A slow Western trot.
- Jump-Off - In the event of a tie, a course may be altered and the two tied horses asked to jump again.
- Jumper - Horse judged on jumping performance based only on faults and time.
- Junior - Rider under eighteen years of age as of January 1. Horse four years of age and under.
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Making handcrafted wire and beaded jewelry is a relaxing hobby that can bring you enjoyment and profit. The process of making a piece of jewelry engages your mind and your senses. The rhythmic motions of beading can be as calming as meditation, but at the end of your project you have something tangible that enhances your attire and others can admire. Beading projects can be made from inexpensive decorative materials, or from gemstones and precious metals such as gold and silver. The design of your necklaces, bracelets, pendants, brooches, and earrings is limited only by your imagination.
Supplies and findings:
This particular project uses 24-gauge gold-plated wire, aquamarine beads, fresh water pearls, vermeil beads, and a vermeil loop-and-bar clasp. When choosing your wire, beads, and findings, make sure that the wire will go through the holes in the beads. Heavy beads require heavier wire and should have bigger holes.
You will need several kinds of pliers for wiring work. The most useful are small needle-nose pliers, curved-nose pliers, wire cutters, and round-nose pliers which are shown here left to right. When you buy your tools, choose good quality tools that operate smoothly and that are comfortable to grip. Poorly machined tools will make it difficult to obtain good results, and may cause you to spoil and waste expensive materials. Below, there is a section where you can order jewelry supplies online.
Step 1: Thread the beads
There are many ways of doing a wiring project, but the best way to prevent errors and to avoid wasting wire is to thread all the beads on the wire in the sequence in which they will be joined together. As the loops of a bead are finished, the end of the wire is passed through the last loop to link the next bead on the wire.
Step 2: Making the first loop.
Using the round-nose pliers, hold the wire approximately half an inch (1.5 cm) from the end and make a 3/4 turn loop so that the end of the wire is away from you. Notice that this creates a loop the wire around the bottom jaw of the round-nose pliers. Remove the pliers from the loop and re-insert them so that the main wire is between the jaws of the round-nose pliers. This makes it possible to hold the main wire firmly and use the curved-nose pliers to pull the end of the wire and wrap it around the main wire by pulling from underneath toward you and then over the top of the main wire.
Step 3: Completing the first loop
This illustration shows how the end of the wire held by the curved-nose pliers has been wrapped once around the main wire being held by the round-nose pliers. The end wire is wrapped around the main wire a second time. The remaining piece of end wire is trimmed as close as possible to the main wire with the wire cutters, and the small needle-nose pliers are used to press the cut end so that it does not stick out and snag clothing later.
Step 4: Placing the bead
When the first loop has been finished, slide the next bead threaded on the wire against the first loop. The round-nose pliers are placed on the main wire next to the bead, but with a gap equal to two widths of the wire. This will make it possible to wrap the wire twice between the bead and the round-nose pliers.
Step 5: The second loop of the bead
Holding the main wire firmly with the round-nose pliers, use your free hand to wrap the wire over the top jaw of the round-nose pliers and around the portion of the main wire that is between the pliers and the bead. Repeat wrapping the wire a second time. Tug the wire firmly as you wrap the wire.
Step 6: Completing the second loop
This photograph shows the bead after the wire has been wrapped one and one-half times around the wire between the round-nose pliers and the bead. It is important to have sufficient space between the bead and the round-nose pliers to wrap the wire twice to complete the loop. Judging the distance between the bead and the pliers requires experience and practice.
Step 7: Trimming the bead
When the second wrapping is complete, the wire is trimmed as close as possible to the main wire. Notice that no wire is wasted when the wire is cut for the second loop.
Thread the main wire through the last loop completed.
Step 8: Linking the next bead
Use the round-nose pliers to hold the wire approximately half an inch from the end and make a 3/4 turn loop. This is the same as Step 2, except that the last loop of the previous bead has to be within the new loop being formed.
Step 9: The first loop of the next bead
Wrap the end wire twice around the main wire using the pliers as in Step 3. Trim the end wire, and press the end with the small needle-nose pliers. Slide the next bead toward the finished loop, and proceed as in Steps 4 and 5.
Step 10: The second loop of the next bead
Step 10 is like step 6. The process repeats by linking the next bead until the beads have been exhausted or the proper length has been achieved.
Step 11: Attaching a clasp
A clasp may be attached by shaping the wire into a figure 8 with the round-nose pliers. The clasp is placed in one of the loops, and a loop from the string of beads is placed in the other. The small needle-nosed pliers are used to hold the wire firmly.
Step 12: Completing the clasp attachment
The wire is wrapped three times around the center of the figure 8. Press the wrapping with the pliers, and trim the excess wire.
Supplies for making matching earings
Earrings require 24-gauge gold-plated wire, aquamarine beads, fresh water pearls, vermeil beads, gold-plated earring hooks, and gold-plated flat-headed pins. The pins are used to make a loop only on one side of the pearls in this case.
Making a loop using a pin
This photograph shows the pin being held by the round-nose pliers. Notice that there is a gap approximately equal to two thicknesses of the pin wire. This gap will make it possible to wrap the wire twice around itself to make a loop.
It is possible to create a loop for a single bead using craft wire instead of a pin. This is illustrated in the series of pictures below.
Finishing a loop using a pin
Using the bent-nose pliers, wrap the wire twice around itself as in Step 6, above, and trim the wire as in Step 7.
Make a loop using craft wire
Create a loop for a bead using only craft wire by threading the wire through the bead, and then making a small hook which is trimmed close to the bend. The bent portion of the wire holds the bead in place and the loop is made as indicated previously.
Setting up the beads
Thread all the beads on the wire in the sequence in which they will be joined together. Proceed to loop the wire as in Steps 8 and 9, above.
Linking the pearl
The pearl is attached through the wire loop using the same technique shown in Step 8. This picture shows the pearl after the wire has been bent with the round-nose pliers with a 3/4 turn loop. Hold the short wire with the bent-nose pliers, and wrap it twice around the main wire being held by the round-nose pliers as in Step 9. The process is repeated as for the necklace.
Artfully bent wire in combination with crystals and gemstones can produce attractive jewelry pieces. The wire bracelet above was made by bending jewelry wire using a Thing-A-Ma Jig peg board. Although it is possible to bend the wire using only pliers, it is difficult to obtain the regular spacing required for aesthetic results without a pegboard. | <urn:uuid:6f96c0fc-eea6-4767-9a9c-057d26c95c97> | {
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Academic Art (Art Pompier) in painting and sculpture is that art produced with a polished style, using mythological, historical or oriental subjects. It is applied to those artworks influenced by the standards of, especially, the French Académie des Beaux-Arts (Academy of Fine Arts) and the 19th century Paris "Salons"; it is also called Academism, and academic painting or academic sculpture for the art and artists influenced by this standards or accepted ideal forms. A canon, traditionally accepted by Western scholars, has had the most important and influential shaping in this movement. It is associated with Neoclassical Art.
Academic Art was in fashion in Europe from the 17th to the 19th century. Those who practiced under the movements of Neoclassicism and Romanticism, were usually referred as academic artists, in the attempt to synthesize their styles.
Some exponents of this artistic movement are: painters Paul Delaroche, Franz Xaver Winterhalter, Charles Gleyre, Eugene Emmanuel Amaury-Duval, Théodore Chassériau, Adolphe William Bouguereau, Gustave Boulanger, Sir Lawrence Alma Tadema, Emile Munier, Pierre-Auguste Cot, and among sculptors Jean-Pierre Cortot, Auguste Bartholdi and Emmanuel Frémiet.
Alma-Tadema, A Roman Art Lover.
- Academism or Academic Art.
- The Salon and The Royal Academy in the Nineteenth Century. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Rosenfeld, Ph.D., Jason.
- Academic Art.
MAKING ART WITH ART | <urn:uuid:6e054420-acec-400d-97b1-b306d22ee9a3> | {
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Introduction to this Stone Soup Writing Activity
This is a short story about someone who lights a fire in a fireplace, watches it burn for a while, letting his imagination wander along with the flames, and then, bored, goes away from the fire to do something else. The character finally returns to the fireplace, but only after the fire is out. This story has a beginning (lighting the fire), middle (the fire is burning and the character is dreaming), and end (the character returns to the dead fire).
Project: Describing What You See
Think of things you have watched closely, such as fish in an aquarium, rain falling outside a window, traffic on a street, or clouds in the sky. Decide on something to write about. Then think of a character who, in your story, will see what you saw. Show us what that character sees and how that character responds to what he or she has seen. Remember, this character is not you and may act very differently from the way you act.
Author Campe Goodman’s character in “The Fire” is not given a name and his physical features are not described. But writing fiction is like making magic: because Campe describes the fire so well, and because he shows us how his character does things—how he lights the fire, how he dreams for a while and then gets bored with it all—we get some idea of what this fictional person is like.
Campe gives his story structure (a beginning, a middle, and end) partly by choosing to describe a process (burning paper and wood) that involves dramatic change. You can do the same if you choose to describe something like the sky as it turns dark at night, or a cloud as it forms, turning from wisps to a fantastic shape and then back into wisps.
By Campe Goodman, 12, Norfolk Academy, Norfolk, Virginia
From the September/October 1985 Issue of Stone Soup
The pile of logs and paper lay lifeless in the fireplace. I lit a match and wondered how this could produce my mind’s picture of a roaring, blazing fire. I pulled back the chain curtain and tossed the flickering match in. Soon flames shot up from the paper leaving an inky black trail wherever they wandered. The smaller pieces of wood began to glow, and gradually tongues of fire enveloped them. I could no longer distinguish between paper and wood, for the dancing fire blurred everything. Slowly the flames soared higher and higher as a red veil crept over the logs. Now the fire was a mountain range with jagged red peaks rising and falling. Twisted ghostly shapes could be seen weaving in and out among the flames. Little by little I lost interest in the shapes and walked away.
I returned later to find the fire blackened, trying to find life in the few remaining embers. These gradually faded out, too, leaving me with only memories of the fire. | <urn:uuid:4cb70856-f36f-4659-b1c5-988a591e6628> | {
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We perceive the world not as it is, but based on our perceived ability to act.
We are all cognizant of the physical constraints obesity places on us physically: degenerative arthritis, metabolic diseases, poor surgical outcomes, body image, depression even. We are less aware of how it subconsciously restrains us from attempting and achieving our aspirations and potential in life.
Fruit sugar may well lie at the heart of our obesity and metabolic epidemic, and this means hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, gout and cardiovascular disease too.
Perhaps we should start eating healthier by reigning in soft drinks and juicing.
As evident from the earlier "popular press" article I posted, FRUCTOSE has become a convenient bogeyman in the great American obesity epidemic blame game. But what is the scientific basis, if any?
Firstly, looking at the metabolic pathway of fructose in the human body:
fructokinase effectively traps the absorbed fructose in the liver, eventually metabolising it to triglyceride for storage: ie FAT. It is tempting to draw a relationship to it causing fatty liver as well.
Secondly, that first step phosphorylation uses more energy (ATP) than it generates directly, resulting in the generation of uric acid:
thus providing yet another simplistic explanation linking fructose to GOUT.
But truth is never simplistic, and seldom simple, as this article shows. Most of the fructose consumed is converted into energy, glucose, glycogen or lactate, with <1% channeled to TG formation directly. In other studies, the proportion of daily uric acid generation attributable to fructose metabolism appears insignificant. Of course, these experiments do not address whether excessive fructose consumption may tip the balance.
The truth of obesity is, as it always has been: too much consumption (of any caloric source) with too little expenditure (exercise). | <urn:uuid:2219b111-97c3-4bad-bf02-ddc7cd3aaa13> | {
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Last modified: 2016-02-27 by rick wyatt
Keywords: portland | oregon | multnomah county |
Links: FOTW homepage | search | disclaimer and copyright | write us | mirrors
image by Blas Delgado Ortiz, 8 October 2005
Portland City site, in turn from NAVA's American City Flags)
Description: The flag of the City of Portland is an offset cross of light blue, edged by white-yellow-white stripes, with a white four-pointed star in the left center, all on a background of Kelly green. The official size, proportions, and color elements in the City Flag are specified in the Portland City Code 1.06.010 (www.portlandonline.com).
History: In 1969, at the suggestion of Mayor Terry Schrunk, the Portland Art Commission established a special committee to select a designer for an official city flag. It chose Douglas Lynch, former president of the Art Commission and a prominent local graphic design professional and teacher. After extensive research and consultation with art commission members and city commissioners, he proposed a design in a process he called "as much diplomatic as it was artistic". The Portland City Council adopted the flag in January 1970. In 2002, with the encouragement of the Portland Flag Association, Mr. Lynch simplified and improved the design, and the revised version was adopted by Ordinance 176874 on September 4, 2002.
Symbolism: Green symbolizes Oregon's forests, which surround Portland. The intersecting vertical and horizontal blue stripes represent the Columbia and Willamette Rivers, with the central white star (technically, a "hypocycloid") signifying Portland at their confluence. The yellow stripes symbolize the harvest of golden yellow grain Portland is a major exporter of wheat) and the gold of commerce. The white stripes are merely decorative. The offset cross is not intended to resemble a Scandinavian cross. The design inspired the logo of the Port of Portland.
Locations: The City Flag flies in front of the Portland Building (5th Avenue) and City Hall (4th Avenue), in Pioneer Courthouse Square, and on many other commercial buildings around the city. It also hangs in the City Council Chamber and the Portland Building's 2nd-Floor Auditorium.
located by Andrew Rogers, 4 August 2003
In the depths of the Portland civic code (section 1.06.010, para F, adopted 2002), it reads:
"Both the official flag described above and the prior official flag that was adopted in 1969 shall be considered valid official flags until and including December 31, 2004. On and after January 1, 2005, only the flag described above [i.e., without the seal] shall be considered the official flag of the City."
located by Andrew Rogers, 4 August 2003
by Jens Pattke, 18 April 2004
The City Seal distinguishes the official flag of the City of Portland, Oregon and appears in the upper left corner. The background is green for Oregon's forests, two blue stripes represent the Columbia and Willamette rivers, and a small white star points to Portland's location at their confluence. Gold stripes symbolize the harvest of golden grain and the gold of commerce. Size, proportions and color elements in the City Flag are specified in the Portland City Code 1.06.010 (www.bpcnet.com/codes/portland.htm).
History: In 1969, the Portland Art Commission established a special committee to select a design for an official city flag. Local artists submitted designs and the committee selected the design by Douglas Lynch. An Ordinance establishing the City Flag was passed by the Portland City Council January 8, 1970.
Symbolism: The City Code gives detailed specifications for the colors and proportions of the flag, but does not provide the meaning behind the colors and shapes. The symbolism of the flag was explained in 1975 by Ginna Deinum, an assistant to then Mayor Goldschmidt.
The flag's green field, or background, represents Oregon's forests. The two blue stripes which run through the flag at right angles represent the Columbia and Willamette Rivers, and the small four-pointed white star left of center represents the confluence of these Rivers and the location of the City of Portland. The gold stripes represent both the golden grain of our harvests and the gold derived from commerce in the Willamette Valley.
The white stripes are a heraldic custom stemming from medieval times when tradition decreed that colors should not touch each other. The white stripes used in the Portland flag separate the various colors, so that they will not visually blend into each other.
The seal in the upper left-hand corner is a vital part of the heraldic shield and is called a canton. It occupies the same position as does the field stars in our national flag. This is a place of honor, and the canton is in effect a small flag on a larger flag. The seal is the City of Portland's official seal. Much of the symbolism of the flag has been adopted from the seal, with the exception of a specific symbol on the flag to represent the importance of our status as a port city.
Portland Rose: Portland is known as the City of Roses and the original design for the flag called for a picture of a rose on the back of the flag in the same position as that of the seal on the front. A photograph in the City Archives file shows a brilliant, full-blown, red rose on a white circle. However, the due to costs of production this part of the design was eliminated when the design was officially adopted, and none of the flags currently on display include a rose.
Locations: The City Flag is hung on flag poles in front of the Portland Building (5th Avenue), City Hall (4th Avenue), in the City Council Chamber and the Portland Building, 2nd Floor Auditorium. A simplified version of the flag may be used when displayed outdoors from a pole or staff, but the official flag must be displayed inside a building or used for parade purposes. See Portland City Code 1.06.020 (www.bpcnet.com/codes/portland.htm).
located by Dov Gutterman, 3 October 2002
image located by Bill Garrison
Source: www.ebay.com/ (image no longer available)
"This is an extremely rare 1905 Lewis & Clark flag from the original World's Fair and Exposition in Portland, Oregon. The Oregon Historical Society says it may be 1 of only 2 in existence. The flag has been matted and framed. The frame measures 43" X 31"."
1905 Lewis & Clark Centennial Exposition, Portland, Oregon
[from the official report of the Exposition]
Emblem & Flag:
The official emblem symbolized the arrival of the explorers at the Pacific Ocean. In the foreground were the figures of Lewis and Clark, with the Goddess of Liberty marching between them. In the distance was the setting sun and the wave-washed ocean shore. The emblem was greatly admired for its strength and life. The colors of the official flag were red, white, blue, and yellow, a union of the national colors of the United States, Great Britain, Russia, France and Spain, in recognition of their explorations of the Northwest Coast and search for the Northwest Passage. That part of the flag corresponding to the starry field of the American flag was a blue field bearing in white, a flowering grape, surrounded by five stars, representing Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana and Wyoming, the five states of the old Oregon Country. The remainder of the flag was a square, yellow field crossed by four red bars in the form of a St. George's cross. The bars and the yellow field represented the five nations above referred to, while the yellow was symbolic also of the Oriental side of the Exposition. In the center, in a circle, was the official emblem in colors.
Oregon Historical Society 1994
See also: World Fairs | <urn:uuid:290cc50c-872a-4f04-87d9-d5dbdea3a0f6> | {
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In legal terms, inheritance describes the wealth that parents leave, or pass on, to their children. In biology, the word refers to the genetic processes by which parents endow their children with specific traits, like height, hair color, eye color, and other characteristics. It is an everyday observation that children tend to resemble their parents in many ways, but it is equally obvious that the resemblance is not a simple one. Tall parents do not always produce tall children; children with blue eyes do not necessarily have parents with blue eyes.
Yet, in humans and all other biological organisms, there are clear similarities between one generation and the next: Dogs always give birth to dogs; acorns always develop into oak trees; when a chicken's egg hatches, an infant chicken—not a duck or an eagle—emerges from the shell. In other words, each species, or type of organism, produces members of the same species. Striking similarities also exist within species. Every normal cat has four legs, humans have two, and spiders have eight. Despite these similarities, no two individuals of the same species (except for identical twins or triplets) are carbon copies of each other.
Genetics is the science that explains these similarities and differences. It even explains those rare and often tragic cases where a member of a species is born with physical abnormalities. It does so through
Although Mendel published the results of his work with peas almost a century and a half ago, his experiments are still regarded as masterpieces of scientific method. "While others . . . pondered the huge complexities and confusions of heredity, Mendel perceived that no one would make any progress until they first identified and worked out the simplest possible cases," says science writer Colin Tudge. "Never, in short, in all of science have experiments been more beautifully conceived and executed. This is not the simplicity of a simple man, but of a genius, who sees the simplicity that lies behind the surface incoherence." 2
That in essence is what science does. It seeks to find simple rules to explain phenomena that on the surface appear to be very complex. When these rules are confirmed by numerous experiments, they are classified as laws. Most scholars agree that the paper in which Mendel recorded the results of his eight years of work with garden peas remains a completely up-to-date discussion of the laws of heredity. "With peas, the simplest possible case, he worked out the ground rules," Tudge says. "But he knew . . . that most cases were more complicated. He wanted to find rules that were universal. I'm sure he felt in his bones that the rules he derived from peas were universal, and that with a little tweaking they could explain the odd patterns of inheritance in beans and bees and, indeed, in human beings." 3
Some organisms—bacteria, for example—are made up of just a single cell. These life-forms reproduce by a relatively simple process of cell division. Stimulated by internal chemical processes, the solitary cell divides to produce an exact replica, or clone, of itself. The genes contained in the replica are identical to those in the original. Depending on the type of organism involved and the environment in which it is living, cell division can recur a virtually limitless number of times, creating countless identical living things.
However, plants and animals—including human beings—reproduce sexually. That is, genetic material from both a male and a female parent is required to produce a new member of the species. One of the consequences of sexual reproduction and the transfer of genetic information that it entails is that offspring are different from their parents and from each other. Every individual produced in this way, except for identical twins and triplets, is unique.
To arrive at the principles underlying the transmission of traits from parents to their offspring in sexual reproduction, Mendel chose to study garden peas. He focused on seven traits that were easy to observe and, in garden peas, come in two distinct varieties: (1) seed shape, which is either round or wrinkled; (2) seed color, yellow or green; (3) flower color, purple or white; (4) pod shape, inflated or pinched; (5) pod color, green or yellow; (6) stem height, tall or short; and (7) flower position, at the end of the stem or off to the sides.
In order to fully appreciate the laws of inheritance, it is necessary to understand that plants, like people, have male and female sexual organs. However, unlike in people, both sex organs can occur on the same plant. This allows the plant to fertilize itself as well as be cross-fertilized by another plant. The sex organs are located in the flower of the plant. The male organs, called the anthers, produce pollen, which contains the male sex cells, or sperm. When fertilization occurs, pollen is transferred from the anthers to the female organ, called the stigma, where it combines with a female sex cell, or egg.
In nature, cross-fertilization (also called crossbreeding) occurs when a bee or other insect (or even the wind) transfers pollen from one plant to another. Mendel used a small brush to accomplish this chore. He set himself the task of cross-fertilizing plants with contrasting traits—tall with short, yellow-seeded with green-seeded, and so on—and tabulating the results. He realized that he would have to observe a large number of crossbreedings to compensate for the possibility that some of the results might be due to flukes like unintended wind-borne fertilization. By the time his eight-year experiment was over, he had carefully recorded the results of twenty-eight thousand crossbreedings.
As further insurance against false results, he also made sure that the plants he started with were pure-breeding, another way of saying that for generations they had produced only one version of each of the traits he was interested in. "He had a bunch of plants with yellow seeds that produced only plants with yellow seeds when bred to each other," explains geneticist R. Scott Hawley. "Similarly, he had a bunch of plants with green seeds that produced only plants with green seeds when bred to each other." 4
When Mendel looked at the first generation of plants produced by his pairings, he found immediate confirmation of his belief that the blending theory of heredity was wrong. The first trait he looked at was seed shape. All the plants produced by crossbreeding round-seed and wrinkle-seed plants had round seeds. Similarly, the mating of tall plants with short ones produced plants that were all tall. There were no intermediate specimens—no seeds that were somewhat wrinkled and no plants whose height fell between that of its tall and short parents.
Discussing seed color, Hawley says,
In the first generation, when Mendel crossed plants with green seeds to plants with yellow seeds, all he saw in the progeny were plants with seeds identical in color to those of the green-seeded parent. It didn't matter which way the cross was made (i.e., green males crossed to yellow females or vice versa), all the offspring had green seeds. . . . A real adherent to blending would have postulated that the progeny of the first generation should have been yellowish-green, not true green. 5
This part of Mendel's experiment established the first principle of inheritance. If genetic material was not blended, then it had to be passed on in discrete units. These units—Mendel called them factors, but they are now referred to as genes—retained their individual identity in the newly created organisms, which could then pass them on to succeeding generations. The second, and equally important, principle of inheritance came to light when Mendel bred second-generation plants to themselves and each other. Traits—yellow seeds and shortness, for example—that had vanished in the second generation suddenly reappeared in the third.
With respect to height, one out of every four third-generation plants was short. Mendel obtained similar ratios for the other traits he was studying. "In the subsequent generation, green-seeded plants crossed to themselves or each other produced both yellow and green-seeded plants," Hawley explains.
In order to explain differences in traits, Mendel supposed that genes could take different forms, called alleles, that specified different expressions of the trait. For example, Mendel claimed that there was a gene that gave seed color and two different forms or alleles of that gene: one specifying green color and one specifying yellow color.
In addition, an individual must be able to carry genetic information for a trait it does not express. (We know that the green-seeded progeny [offspring] produced by the first generation carried the information to produce yellow seeds because they were able to pass it on to the yellow-seeded progeny in the next generation.) Mendel's second insight was that this pattern of inheritance could only be explained if the green alleles could mask the expression of the yellow alleles, such that individuals getting a green allele from mom and a yellow allele from dad would be just as green as those that got green alleles, and only green alleles, from both parents. . . . To denote this difference between the ability of alleles to determine a [trait], Mendel introduced the terms dominant and recessive. 6
That every gene comes in two varieties, a dominant form and a recessive form, explains the ability of traits to skip generations. Each parent passes on one allele of each gene to each child. A child who inherits two dominant alleles for a given trait will exhibit that trait. A child who inherits one dominant and one recessive allele will also exhibit the trait because the dominant allele will mask the presence of the recessive allele. Only if the child inherits two recessive alleles will the dominant trait not appear.
The propensity for red hair, for example, could be lurking in recessive form in the genes two nonredheaded parents pass along to their children. Those children will, in turn, pass it on to their children. Should one of those children grow up and marry someone also carrying the recessive form of the gene, and should they both pass on the recessive form to their offspring, redheadedness will suddenly emerge after an absence of several generations in the family tree.
The height of garden pea plants illustrates this point clearly. With respect to the gene that governs this trait, the dominant allele leads to tallness and the recessive allele leads to shortness. A pea plant will be tall if it inherits the dominant (tall) allele of the gene from each of its parent plants. It will also be tall if it inherits one dominant (tall) allele and one recessive (short) allele. Only if it inherits two recessive alleles will it be short.
This insight is one of the cornerstones of modern genetics: Rather than blending in offspring, genes are inherited from parents as discrete units that come in two forms, each of which is passed on separately and remains separate in the genetic makeup of the new individual. This means that recessive traits can be passed on from generation to generation without leaving a visible trail.
"Mendel concluded that the hereditary determinants for the traits in the parental lines were transmitted as two different elements that retain their purity in the hybrids [the plants resulting from crossbreeding]," says geneticist Daniel L. Hartl. "In other words, the hereditary determinants do not 'mix' or 'contaminate each other.' The implication of this conclusion is that a plant with the dominant trait might carry, in unchanged form, a hereditary determinant for the recessive trait." 7
In humans, for example, a dimpled chin is caused by a dominant allele. A person with a dimpled chin has either one or two dominant alleles for this trait. The absence of a dimple indicates that two recessive alleles are present in the person's genetic makeup. However, since someone with a dimpled chin might have a recessive allele for that trait, it is possible for that person to pass it on to a child. Should that child's other parent also contribute a recessive allele for this trait, the child would have a dimpled chin.
This property of genes, that they each come in two different forms or alleles and that each parent contributes one allele to the genetic makeup of his or her children, is called the principle of segregation. Support for this principle came in the twentieth century when biologists discovered that when sex cells—male sperm and female eggs—are formed, each carries
Another important law of inheritance, also discovered by Mendel and proved by subsequent research, is called the principle of independent assortment. In conducting his experiments with peas, Mendel noticed that traits were inherited independently of each other. In other words, whether a plant was tall or short had no effect on whether its seeds were green or yellow. This is because the traits he was looking at are caused by genes that are located on different chromosomes (structures in each of an organism's cells). Mendel was not in a position to know this fact, but it was proved when the structure of cells was determined in the decades after he completed his work.
While it is true that Mendel's description of the principles of genetic inheritance has been confirmed by tens of thousands of experiments on plants and animals, it is also true that the transmission of genetic information from one generation to another is somewhat more complex than he realized. In certain cases, called incomplete dominance, the inheritance of both a dominant and a recessive allele of a gene does produce what appears to be a blend of traits.
Certain flowers, for example, come in three colors. When a dominant and a recessive allele for the gene that determines color combine, the result is a shade intermediate between the two other colors that the flower can assume. Although this seems to suggest that a blending of genetic material has occurred, it has not. It is simply a property of these flowers' genes to produce three colors and not two, as Mendel's peas did.
Another subtlety that escaped Mendel has come to be known as quantitative inheritance. The traits he studied were very easy to observe: A seed was either green or yellow, a plant was either tall or short. Each of these traits was caused by a single gene. Some characteristics, however, do not lend themselves so easily to either-or classification. Human skin color, to take an obvious example, comes in a wide range of shades. Scientists now know that these traits are determined by more than one gene. It is the combined effect of all the relevant genes that produce the characteristic, allowing for more variation than occurs when only single genes are involved.
The rules of inheritance that Mendel discovered—that genetic material is passed from generation to generation in discrete units, that these units come in two forms called alleles, that each parent contributes one allele for each gene to the offspring, and that the units operate independently of each other—laid the groundwork for twentieth-century genetics. From his modest experiments with garden peas have come the breakthroughs that are revolutionizing biological science and our understanding of life itself. | <urn:uuid:cc453b01-777e-4bf2-b5f3-4f63c89fe47a> | {
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Cysts on the thyroid are fluid-filled sacs that develop on the thyroid gland. Fluid-filled cysts are benign; but when solids and fluids form the cyst, there is an increased chance of malignancy, according to Cedars-Sinai. Complex cysts on the thyroid contain both fluids and solids, which a doctor can biopsy to determine if there is a malignancy. Doctors draw fluid from the cyst and test it to determine if cancer is present.
Cysts on the thyroid rarely cause symptoms; but when they become enlarged, the cyst may cause pain in the neck. Some patients may also detect the growth under their skin and notice that the area is tender. The neck size may increase as well when a thyroid cyst is large. When a cyst becomes enlarged enough to notice, it may be the only symptom that patients experience.
Cysts that are growing on the thyroid quickly may cause difficulty with swallowing. This can become a serious condition, and a doctor should evaluate the condition immediately to test for thyroid cancer, according to the Mayo Clinic. Thyroid nodules are more likely to be cancerous if they grow rapidly or cause difficulty when swallowing. Large cysts that make it difficult to breathe or swallow may be removed with surgery even if they are not malignant, according to the Mayo Clinic.
Change in Voice
When thyroid cysts press on the vocal cords, the voice may become hoarse, according to MyThyroid.com. This symptom is rare and usually occurs with rapidly growing cysts or nodules on the thyroid.
Excess Hormone Production
When thyroid nodules produce an excess amount of the thyroid hormone, thyroxine, symptoms of weight loss, nervousness and a rapid heartbeat may occur. Hormones may be given to patients to stop the gland from producing excess amounts on its own, according to the Mayo Clinic. | <urn:uuid:701c9f03-b65f-4d0e-98a1-7964968762eb> | {
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Video Games: Teens
Video games are entertainment, yet they also send strong messages about what society values and who has control. As a parent, your challenge is to dig deeper than the hype about video-game violence. Try to understand your teenager's relationship to video games, recognizing it may be complex.
As a first step, get to know the game titles that populate your teen's world, whether they are embedded in a social networking site, on a game console or delivered via a mobile app. It doesn't matter if you lack technological know-how or can't quite match your teen's game-playing talents. Simply having a conversation is a good way to begin.
7 Ways to Make the Most of Digital Games
- Get to know the games your teen plays.
Games attract players for many reasons. You won't know what draws your teen in unless you ask. Is it the chance to beat others? The mystique of getting lost in a fantasy world? The chance to solve problems? Or might it be gaining superpowers, connecting with others, or simply playing a game that's popular with friends? Check out Common Sense Media for parent reviews and the Entertainment Software Rating Board, which rates all computer and video computer games, and offers rating summaries.
- Beware of games with stereotypes and negative images of women.
Many games direct violence at female characters or lack racial diversity. They may portray whites as heroes and African-Americans or Latinos as athletes or victims of violence. Talk about the messages these games send, and discourage your teen from playing them. It's good for your teen to hear you speak out against images and ideas you find objectionable.
- Be vigilant for violence.
Avoid games that portray killing as justified or free of penalties. Encourage your teen to steer clear of "first-person shooter" games, where the player takes on the identity of a violent character.
- Teach your teen to spot product placement.
Marketers use video games to build brand exposure and to link their products with what is cool. Talk to your teen about why video characters would use or wear name-brand merchandise. Are there financial reasons why a product would appear in action and sports games?
- Emphasize the social aspects of game play.
Encourage your teen to swap game-playing hints with other players online or with friends. This can help prevent digital games from becoming a solo retreat.
- Talk to your teen about players she may meet online.
If your teen competes with peers online or via mobile networks — or chats with them on screen during gameplay — discuss the importance of privacy. Remind her not to reveal any personal information, especially to people she has never met. Encourage your teen to question what others say online.
- Encourage your teen to explore the creative process that produces video games.
Games are not divorced from your teenager's influence. They are creative works upon which your teen can improve. The GameCareer Guide, for example, offers information for students and educators in the game industry. | <urn:uuid:f1d35fdd-07f8-4335-b247-49a82b54b141> | {
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A new robotic mannequin may change the way both tailors and designers have worked on fittings for centuries, writes Allan CK Chan.
Fitting plays a crucial role in the fashion design process. Customers procure garments with proper fit or even pursue the perfect fit, though the fashion trend changes with time. Designers or tailors have used mannequins for garment-fitting in search of the perfect fit for centuries. Today, they are still essential for garment-making, although each mannequin only provides one fixed size which can be costly, and occupies lots of space for storage.
The design and construction of mannequins depend on the data of national anthropometric surveys. However, anthropometric measurements of individual customers alter from time to time due to their aging, eating habits, higher living standards, immigration etc. A continuous update and modification of mannequins becomes crucial for accuracy. Hence, a quick response to the change of body measurements and shapes can be a key success factor for the fashion world.
Technology is going to change the way designers and tailors work. A new robotic mannequin was developed to advance the apparel and clothing industry for more precise and customised fitting. Sizes (global) can be scanned, retrieved or amended. This robotic mannequin can morph into any body shape and size in accordance with the input of body measurements. It is made up of various panels to form different body parts such as shoulder, waist, hip and body length. Its size, shape, proportion and dimensions can be changed by simply entering the required measurements via the computer interface. It can transform from a specified size to any size figure within seconds. Different body configurations can be availed of on demand by customisable panel movements. For example, a smaller waist or a fuller back or abdomen can be achievable.
The robotic mannequin can reflect the sizes of different races with high accuracy by a high-quality body sizes database. Thanks to the analysis results of massive anthropometric data of American, European, Chinese and Japanese populations, precise body sizes of shapes of the robotic mannequin can now be reproduced through delicate mechatronics.
Real fitting models are also widely used by designers offering their customers the privilege of the perfect fit. The processes of model booking and scheduling are very time-consuming. The use of real models can be spared for fitting, and designers can check the styles, fit, drape and final visual appearance of their design on a mannequin resembling a real human body with any shapes and sizes by using the robotic mannequin. Moreover, remote fitting can be achieved for bespoke tailors, haute couture houses and design houses, while the robotic mannequin can stand in for the customer for the private fittings.
Mannequins currently used by designers and tailors are standard-sized which require adjustments for dressmaking for the sake of the perfect fit. They might have to spend lots of time to pad up their mannequins to the required body size and shape. However, they can do fittings without time and place registrations now with the robotic mannequin which can resize automatically and instantly. Moreover, the dress-making workshops or shop-floors do not have to stock mannequins with different sizes consuming lots of spaces with one robotic mannequin fitting all sizes. | <urn:uuid:96504b3f-f81c-40f1-a07a-3bcf17a80bf4> | {
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The Martyr Lupus lived at the end of the third century and beginning of the fourth century, and was a faithful servant of the holy Great Martyr Demetrius of Thessalonica (October 26). Being present at the death of his master, he soaked his own clothing with his blood and took a ring from his hand. With this clothing, and with the ring and the name of the Great Martyr Demetrius, St Lupus worked many miracles at Thessalonica. He destroyed pagan idols, for which he was subjected to persecution by the pagans, but he was preserved unharmed by the power of God.
St Lupus voluntarily delivered himself into the hands of the torturers, and by order of the emperor Maximian Galerius, he was beheaded by the sword. | <urn:uuid:6a7d05c5-6516-4274-95ff-30789943838d> | {
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Using a 3D printer, researchers at the University of Illinois have developed synthetic "bio-bots" about seven millimeters long that are powered by embedded cardiac cells that give them the ability to "walk" on their own. The researchers say they are just scratching the surface of what is possible, with their work potentially leading to millimeter-scale medical or environmental sensors that that can seek out and neutralize harmful toxins.
The bio-bots, which are made primarily out of a flexible hydrogel, move using a long leg that acts like a flagellum. The leg is coated with heart cells from the common rat so that when the cells beat, they cause the leg to swing, thrusting the robot forward. For now, the bio-bot is only able to move forward at a fairly constant rate, but the team hopes they'll be able to control the robot's movements by adding neurons, or cells that react to light. Cells that respond to specific chemicals could also give the bio-bots sensor-like qualities.
“Our goal is to see if we can get this thing to move toward chemical gradients, so we could eventually design something that can look for a specific toxin and then try to neutralize it,” said Rashid Bashir, a professor of engineering and director of the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory. “Now you can think about a sensor that’s moving and constantly sampling and doing something useful, in medicine and the environment. The applications could be many, depending on what cell types we use and where we want to go with it.”
The researchers say rapid-prototyping their designs on a 3D printer was instrumental in engineering faster bio-bots, and they're already looking to shapes with multiple legs, which could help the bots climb. However, there is still much more work to be done.
“We have the design rules to make these millimeter-scale shapes and different physical architectures, which hasn’t been done with this level of control," said Bashir. "What we want to do now is add more functionality to it.”
The team's work appears in the journal Scientific Reports and you can see the bio-bot in action in the following video.
Source: University of Illinois
- Around The Home
- Digital Cameras
- Good Thinking
- Health and Wellbeing
- Holiday Destinations
- Home Entertainment
- Inventors and Remarkable People
- Mobile Technology
- Urban Transport
- Wearable Electronics | <urn:uuid:fb4d5507-a696-43f2-b7eb-e5f0981d8ebb> | {
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David Dodds Henry served 16 years as president during a period of expansion in the 1950s and of campus unrest in the 1960s. A native of East McKeesport in Pennsylvania, Henry earned his bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees in English from The Pennsylvania State University. During his student days, Henry had been elected as president of the student government. He served as an instructor at Penn State, a teacher and department head at Battle Creek College, a state education administrator at Michigan, president of Wayne State University, and executive vice-chancellor of New York University.
During these years, the nation was in turmoil over these politically perilous times of the Vietnam War era. Henry was unapologetic in his hard line stance against violence by students demonstrating for civil rights or protesting the war.
Nevertheless, Henry firmly focused on moving the University of Illinois forward during this period of growth. Student enrollment doubled and academic standing improved. New facilities on the Urbana campus included residence halls, Assembly Hall and Krannert Center for the Performing Arts. The newly formed Chicago Circle campus enhanced the University's presence in Chicago.
In 1967, he initiated the chancellorship system of administration at the University, naming Jack Peltason as the first chancellor. Peltason later said Henry made the chancellor system work because he did not second guess decisions made by the chancellor.
Another initiative during Henry's administration was the Special Educational Opportunities Program, commonly referred to as Project 500, created after the assassination of Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. in 1968. The program was designed to improve access to the University for under-represented socio-cultural minority groups. From Project 500 grew the Afro-American Cultural Center and, in years to come, initiatives for other minority groups such as the Asian American Culture Center.
After his retirement in 1971, Henry served as distinguished professor of higher education in the College of Education at the University until 1974. A decade later, the Board of Trustees named the chief administration building in Urbana after him. To honor his contributions to higher education, the David Dodds Henry Lecture Series was established, endowed by gifts to the University of Illinois Foundation. | <urn:uuid:d488215b-ef37-4cab-849e-0e47976a1677> | {
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Flow measurement plays a critical role in chemical, petrochemical, oil and gas plants. Criticality of flow measurement in the plants has become a major component in the overall economic success or failure of given processes. Accurate flow measurements ensure the safety of the process and profits in plants. Better measurement can only be achieved by selecting the best/most suitable flow technology for each flow application. Sometimes the accuracy required by the end users is the most significant factor for the specific application. The challenge is to find out the value of the product stream being measured, thus providing the most reliable and cost-effective solution to the end users. Instrument engineers should convince the end user to not install a flowmeter that is more expensive than the yearly value of the stream and the potential loss of money caused by inaccuracies.
A diverse range of flowmeters, along with the turndown factors, is available for various flow applications, such as regular flow control (steam, gas, utilities, etc), process flow rates, fiscal or custody-transfer metering, and others. Most of these applications will be unidirectional, but some will be bidirectional.
The measurement of unidirectional flow rate is possible with all types of flow technologies, but the bidirectional flow measurement capability is required to measure the flow rates within the same flow loop in opposite directions. This sometimes creates difficult situations, challenges, process interruptions and/or measurement inaccuracies that can significantly affect the production and profitability of the plant.
We will further discuss the selection of the appropriate metering for bidirectional situations and applications, limitations, advantages and disadvantages, maintenance and installation costs.
Bidirectional Flow Measurement
Bidirectional flow lines are not very common in refineries and petrochemical plants, but if they are needed, they are always difficult. For bidirectional flow, the piping scheme uses the same line to accomplish delivery and/or control functions for flows moving in opposite directions (forward or reverse flow), depending upon the process conditions and objectives.
Examples of bidirectional flow are
- Raw water feed to two or more water treatment plants,
- Bidirectional steam lines supplying steam from one unit to another unit in the plant,
- Utility and circulating pumping of dielectric fluid into underground electrical cables in order to dissipate heat generated by high-voltage power lines,
- Gas injected or withdrawn from the gas storage field or reservoir,
- Purging and blanketing of nitrogen in plants, and
- Chilled water plant decoupling headers.
Bidirectional Flow Measurement Using Volumetric Flowmeter Options
The selection process of bidirectional flow metering depends on application requirements, process demand, end-user accuracy requirements and physical design constraints of the flowmeter itself. Various flowmeters are available with bidirectional flow capabilities, such as DP transmitters with an orifice, the Venturi or wedge element, Coriolis, ultrasonic, vortex, pitot, turbine and magnetic flowmeters.
Instances where a bidirectional flow measurement is required include
- Possibility of having two different flow rates in either direction, due to the process and design conditions, and both flows need to be measured,
- Reverse-flow accuracy is required by end user or by the process,
- The need to measure reverse flow in the process,
- Bidirectional flow measurement using dual DP transmitter options.
For bidirectional flow measurement between two process units in a process plant, for example, when two steam units are linked to each other, at the time of deficiency of steam in one unit, the other unit will supply the required steam to the deficient unit and vice versa. If reverse and forward flow rates are identical in both directions, and precise accuracy is not required, then dual transmitters, one for each flow direction, are the best solution for measuring the steam flows in/out of the plant. Two DP transmitters with an orifice plate, along with temperature compensation, can be used for the bidirectional flow. In this case, a non-beveled, square-edge type orifice plate should be used, and the two edges of the orifice should comply with specifications for the upstream edge mentioned in the ISO 5167 standard. It's also necessary to make sure of the full "upstream" straight lengths on both sides of the flow instrument. This must be clearly communicated to the piping design team during design reviews and before construction begins.
With this combination, do not expect high accuracy and turndown. This combination will provide the lowest installed cost with acceptable accuracy, as it is easy to maintain and replace. Also, this dual transmitter combination option will be ideal in cases where the transmitter will experience reverse flow once every four or five years for a four- or five-day period.
Bidirectional Flow Measurement with a Single DP Transmitter
A single DP flow transmitter coupled to a primary element option, such as the special orifice plate mentioned above, can also be adopted for cheap reverse-flow measurement. This arrangement will cut down the expense of installing another (second) DP transmitter, orifice plate, additional hardware, meter installation requirements and the complexity of signal switching. | <urn:uuid:a2e3b3e6-dd7e-474a-aa79-2fb347c30ff6> | {
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This is an application of the statistical theory of extreme values to astronomy. Once again the name of the illustrious statistician Sir Ronald Fisher comes up. for it was he who developed the theory of extreme values. The problem has to do with the remarkably small dispersion ( 0.35 mag) in the magnitudes, M1, of the first brightest galaxies in clusters. This has made them indispensable as "standard candles", and they have, for this reason, become the most powerful yardsticks in observational cosmology. There has existed, however disagreement as to the nature of these objects. The two opposing viewpoints have been: that they are a class of "special" objects (Peach 1969; Sandage 1976; Tremaine and Richstone 1977); and at the other extreme, that they are "statistical", representing the tail end of the luminosity function for galaxies (Peebles 1968, Geller and Peebles 1976).
In 1928, in a classic paper, R.A. Fisher and L.H.C. Tippett had derived the general asymptotic form that a distribution of extreme sample values should take - independent of the parent distribution from which they are drawn! This work was later expanded upon by Gumbel (1958).
From extreme value theory, for clusters of similar size, the probability density distribution of M1 for the "statistical" galaxies is given (Bhavsar and Barrow 1985) by the distribution in equation 6, which is often referred to as the first Fisher-Tippett asymptote, or Gumbel distribution.
where a is the parameter which measures the steepness of the luminosity function at the tail end. M0 is the mode of the distribution and is a measure of the cluster mass, but with only a logarithmical dependence on the cluster mass.
We can compare the above distribution with the data to answer the question: "Are the first-ranked galaxies statistical?" Figure 9 shows the maximum likelihood fit of equation (6) to the magnitudes of the 93 first-ranked galaxies from a homogeneous sample of richness 0 and 1 Abell clusters. This excellent data for M1 was obtained by Hoessel, Gunn and Thuan (1980, [HGT]). The fit is very bad. A Kolmogorov-Smirnov test also rejects the statistical hypothesis with 99% confidence. If all the galaxies are special, it is not possible to have a theoretical expression for their distribution in magnitude. Though we can make a simple argument that if they are formed from normal galaxies as a standard "mold", we expect a Gaussian distribution for their magnitudes or luminosities. This is in fact what is assumed for their distribution by most observers, as seen from the available literature. This possibility is explored also, and figure 9 shows a Gaussian with the same mean and variance as the data compared with the data for both cases where the magnitudes or the luminosities have a Gaussian distribution. The case where the luminosities are distributed as a Gaussian is called expnormal (in analogy to lognormal) for the magnitudes. Neither, it can be seen from figure 9 is acceptable.
This result does not necessarily imply that all brightest galaxies are special. It does demand though, that not all first ranked galaxies in clusters are statistical. The question as to their nature, implied by their distribution in magnitudes, was recently addressed by this author (Bhavsar 1989).
It was shown that a "two population model" (Bhavsar 1989) in which the first brightest galaxies are drawn from two distinct populations of objects - a class of special galaxies and a class of extremes of a statistical distribution - is needed. Such a model can explain the details of the distribution of M1 very well. Parameters determined purely on the basis of a statistical fit of this model with the observed distribution of the magnitudes of the brightest galaxies, are exceptionally consistent with their physically determined and observed values from other sources.
The probability density distribution of the magnitudes of the special galaxies is assumed to be a Gaussian. This is the most general expression for the distribution of either the magnitudes or luminosities of these galaxies, if they arise from some process which creates a standard mold with a small scatter, arising because of intrinsic variations as well as experimental uncertainty in measurement. The distribution of M1 for the special galaxies is given by
If a fraction, d, of the rich clusters have a special galaxy which competes with the normal brightest galaxy for first-rank, then the distribution that results is derived in Bhavsar (1989). This expression, f (M1), which describes the distribution of M1 for the first-ranked galaxies in rich clusters, for the two population model is given by equation (8)
The first term in the above expression gives the probability density distribution of special galaxies with the condition that the brightest normal galaxy in that cluster is always fainter. The second term gives the probability density distribution of first-ranked normal galaxies, in clusters containing a special galaxy, but the special galaxy is always fainter. The last term gives the probability density of normal galaxies in clusters that do not have a special galaxy. Equation (8) is our model's predicted distribution of M1 for the brightest galaxies in rich clusters. The parameters in this model are: i) sp - the standard deviation in the magnitude distribution of the special galaxies; ii) Msp - the mean of the absolute magnitude of the special galaxies; iii) a - the measure of the steepness of the luminosity function of galaxies at the tail end; iv) Mex - the mean of the absolute magnitude of the statistical extremes given by Mex = M0 - .577/a, we shall instead use the parameter b = Msp - Mex, the difference in the means of the magnitudes of special galaxies and statistical extremes; and v) d - the fraction of clusters that have a special galaxy.
We have chosen the maximum-likelihood method, being the most bias free, and therefore best suited, to determine the values of the parameters. There are five independent parameters and 93 values of data. We maximize the likelihood function, defined by
where the function f (M1[i]) is the value of f (M1) defined in equation (8), evaluated at each of the 93 values of M1 respectively for i = 1 to 93. The values of the parameters that maximize £ give the maximum-likelihood fit of the model to the data. The parameters, thus determined, have the following values:
Figure 10 compares the data to the model [equation (8)] evaluated for the parameter values determined above. The fit is very good. Note that the fit is calculated using all 93 independent observations, and not tailored to fit this particular histogram.
A further detailed statistical analysis by Bhavsar and Cohen (1989) of alternatives to the assumed Gaussian distribution of the magnitudes of special galaxies, along with a study of the confidence limits of the parameters determined by maximum-likelihood and other statistical methods has determined a "best" model. It turns out that the models in which the luminosities have a Gaussian distribution work marginally better. This may have been expected, luminosity being the physical quantity. This model requires 73% of the richness 0 and 1 clusters to have a special galaxy which is on average half a magnitude brighter than the average brightest normal galaxy. As a result, about 66% of all first-ranked galaxies in richness 0 and 1 clusters are special. This is because in 7% of the clusters, though a special galaxy is present, it is not the brightest.
Although it is generally appreciated that some of the brightest galaxies in rich dusters are a morphologically distinct class of objects (eg cD galaxies); we have approached the problem from the viewpoint of the statistics of their distribution in M1, and conclude that indeed some of the brightest galaxies in rich clusters are a special class of objects, distinct from the brightest normal galaxies. Further we have been able to model the distribution of these galaxies. We have presented statistical evidence that the magnitudes of first-ranked galaxies in rich clusters are best explained if they consist of two distinct populations of objects; a population of special galaxies having a Gaussian distribution of magnitudes with a small dispersion (0.21 mag), and a population of extremes of a statistical luminosity function. The best fit model requires that 73% of the clusters have a special galaxy that is on average 0.5 magnitudes brighter than the brightest normal galaxy. The model also requires the luminosity function of galaxies in clusters to be much steeper at the very tail end, than conventionally described. | <urn:uuid:a6d9033e-109a-401b-bdce-22bba6570028> | {
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CAPTCHA is an acronym for "Completely Automatic Public Turing Test to Tell Computers and Humans Apart". It is a task, that human can easily solve, but computer not. It is intended to determine whether or not the user is human.
Usually, CAPTCHA requires that the user type the letters and digits of a noised and distorted image.
This site is dedicated to easy in implementation, but effective CAPTCHA-solutions. | <urn:uuid:b448e32a-d6ea-4a18-8048-3f861e1bfab2> | {
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One of the most common heart diseases seen in cats, HCM is a disease that causes the heart muscle to abnormally thicken. The thickening primarily affects the muscle of the left pumping chamber (called “left ventricle”) and does so in a variety of patterns. Some cat’s muscle is diffusely thickened while others only have focal areas of thickening.
In order to understand how this disease may affect your pet, it is important to understand normal circulation in the heart. Blood drains from the body into the right collecting chamber (called “atrium”) where it passes through the tricuspid valve and into the right pumping chamber (called “ventricle”). From here, blood is pumped into the pulmonary artery and subsequently to the lungs where it picks up oxygen. The oxygenated blood then drains passively into the left atrium, through the mitral valve, and into the left ventricle. The left ventricle then pumps the blood through the aorta and back to the body.
When the left ventricle becomes severely thickened, it cannot fill properly. This results in increased pressure in the left ventricle, and enlargement of the left atrium. In severe cases, this can result in congestive heart failure. Imagine pouring water into both a thick and thin walled balloon. The thinner walled balloon is easily distensible and would fill readily. In order to fill the thick walled balloon, the water pressure would need to be turned up. This is analogous to a stiff left ventricle. Left atrial pressure must rise in order to fill it. This causes the left atrium to enlarge and the pressure to back up further into the lungs.
Many cats with HCM are only mildly affected and never experience clinical problems with the disease. However, some cats slowly progress over time. Unfortunately, it is impossible to predict the progression of disease. As the disease progresses, scar tissue replaces the thickened muscle. This muscle eventually becomes very stiff as well as too thick.
There are three potential complications that can occur from severe HCM.
1. Congestive Heart Failure (CHF). The most common outcome in cats with severe HCM.
2. Aortic Thromboembolism (ATE). An ATE is the result of abnormal clot formation in an enlarged left atrium. Once formed, it is often released into the blood stream and lodges in the blood supply to the hind legs. The most common signs of ATE are sudden inability to use the hind limbs, vocalization, and pain. If your pet demonstrates any of these signs, they should be evaluated by a veterinarian immediately. In rare cases, the clot
can lodge in the front legs, with similar signs, or travel to the brain, causing signs of a stroke such as abnormal behavior and seizures.
3. Sudden death. This is a RARE but possible outcome.
Diagnosing Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
The best test for HCM is an echocardiogram. Echocardiography enables visualization of the heart structure and function. Special testing can also be performed to assess the ability of the heart to relax and fill. If your cat has signs of heart failure, a chest x-ray may also be recommended to assess for evidence of fluid in the lungs. Unfortunately, a chest x-ray alone is typically not very good for evaluating the severity of disease.
Treatment for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
If your cat has only mild disease, there is limited risk of CHF and a very small risk of clot formation. The risk of sudden death is miniscule and medications are rarely necessary.
If your cat has moderate or severe disease, there is risk for both heart failure and clot formation. These cats should be monitored for any change in breathing (too fast or labored). If this occurs, a chest x-ray should be taken as soon as possible to evaluate for the presence of CHF.
Unfortunately, there is no proven therapy available to slow progression of this disease. There are many medications that have theoretical basis in slowing progression. When and if heart failure develops, there is also medication to help control fluid buildup from heart failure.
Plavix (clopidogrel) is a medication that is used to prevent platelets, the clotting components of blood, from sticking together. Plavix may be prescribed when the left atrium becomes enlarged, because cats with increased left atrial size are at increased risk of clot formation. Recent studies have shown that Plavix is more effective than Aspirin at preventing clots. Unfortunately, it is not always effective, and cats receiving medication can still experience an ATE.
Enoxaparin (Lovenox) is a different type of medication called low molecular weight heparin, which can also be used to try to prevent clot formation. This medication requires regular injections.
Regular monitoring with echocardiography is recommended to monitor your cat for signs of progression of heart disease, or evidence of clot formation in the left atrium. Based on the findings of regular monitoring, appropriate therapy will be prescribed.
How will this disease change my pet’s quality of life?
Most cats with HCM have an excellent quality of life and don’t realize they are sick. It is important to remember that many afflicted cats never develop problems with HCM.
We will work closely with your family veterinarian in developing the treatment plan best for your cat and your family. | <urn:uuid:0ae2c026-e057-4e8d-9ff9-3d08a0234a01> | {
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“Lives worth living”: Social memory, social action, and contemporary disability advocacy
Thursday 22nd March
The designation of ‘life unworthy of life’ was used to justify the deaths and persecution of hundreds of thousands of people with disability under National Socialism. The Nazi Government was not alone in endorsing these values, with many other nations, including Australia, also sanctioning a variety of eugenic practices, and the segregation of people with disability from the community a dominant feature of government policy.
The disability movement has made significant progress in transforming social values and attitudes since this dark period of history. However, marginalisation of people with disability continues and there are ongoing campaigns for equal rights and recognition within the Australian disability sector.
This event, hosted by the Sydney Jewish Museum and Sydney Health Ethics (USYD), moves from memorial and remembrance – the focus of the DGPPN exhibition* – to a focus on social action. Academic and community speakers will address the question of how we can all work towards ensuring ‘a life worth living’ for every member of society, discussing the importance of human rights-informed policy and legislation, the importance of advocacy, and the importance of embracing diversity at the community level.”
- Ms Nastasia Campanella, journalist and broadcaster, ABC Triple J
- Dr Laura Davy
- Ms Rosemary Kayess, Director, Disability Innovation Institute, UNSW Sydney
- Ms Ayah Wehbe
* The exhibition “Registered, Persecuted, Annihilated: The sick and disabled under National Socialism” will be on display at the Sydney Jewish Museum 9–25 March, 2018. The exhibition was developed by the German Association for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (DGPPN), in cooperation with the Foundation Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe and the Topography of Terror Foundation.
To book your place, email [email protected] or call 02 9360 7999 | <urn:uuid:6d2f02f2-3557-478a-adfc-3eac3b8bc103> | {
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Shape Match - A DIY Shape Game for Your Preschooler
Inside: Fun shape matching activity for your preschooler to play at school or home
Whoever said that games bring people together was right!
This game started as a simple DIY matching game for a Breakfast Invitation and very quickly evolved to the most played game in our house.
"Dad, you go, then I go. Then Hayes. It goes dad, me, Hayes, dad, me, Hayes."
We were literally all on the dining room floor playing this all weekend!
Did you know by Kindergarten children will be asked to follow agreed-upon rules for discussions (e.g., listening to others and taking turns speaking about the topics and texts under discussion)?
This shape matching activity is a fun way to practice this! - Along with the obvious skill of identifying shapes.
If you are in it for the shapes, be sure to also check out Fly in Your Shapes.
How a shape matching activity can help prepare your preschooler for Kindergarten
Shapes are everywhere, and preschoolers love to identify them.
Identifying shapes is one of the first major skills your preschooler may master. Shortly after, they recognize that shapes are found everywhere!
But they are not going to identify shapes with flashcards and boring printouts. Learning needs to be FUN!
Create this DIY shape activity with any shapes you think your preschooler will enjoy and ask to play over and over again.!
Super Simple Setup!
Does your family eat eggs? Perfect! I love to hoard these egg cartons just like I like to hoard paper rolls. Your collection can never be too large. We even use egg cartons to store paint as we create!
I then used a utility knife (do not allow your children handle this knife) for the openings.
Draw matching pairs of shapes on popsicle sticks.
Amazon Affiliate Supply List:
Shape Match Up also strengthens the small hand muscles.
Strong hands will help with cutting, squeezing glue, and writing down the road.
Wonder how I pick our activities every day?
Our Alphabet Activity Cards are always on hand for fast ideas without the Google search!
No time to make this? Check out these Amazon Affiliate links to more shape activities! | <urn:uuid:01f260b8-e3db-4b4a-9a36-280e5fe96cff> | {
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Tenth Grade English Composition
Mary Anne Whitchurch
December 7, 1941
On a cold, grey morning
when the fog had yet to rise;
The seagulls made a flutter
like a bird of paradise.
The waves were as a rose vine
coils in an arbor,
Thus began the day
Japanese bombed PEARL HARBOR.
The sun had yet to rise that day,
Dawn had just receded
to another day in heaven,
When from the sky a frightful noise
came booming from the guns.
Now in the place of clouds and sky
The Rising Sun.
Their guns were all ablaze.
From the air there came a shrieking of bullets whizzing by to find their targets,
The planes upon the ground
were shattered as they stood.
For the men to take their stations,
would of course, have done no good.
The people who had lived at PEARL HARBOR
were not spared.
Families of the fighting men
were sadly not prepared.
A couple that had risen right at dawn
to walk for pleasure
killed by bullets
which were made for such a measure.
A moment quickly passed.
The air was filled with death.
Looking toward the morning sky,
only clouds were left.
The sun had risen in the east;
its bright light showed a flood
of red, red streaks
upon the ground,
now sadly stained
The stillness in the morning air
dark and chilling.
A group of planes had quickly come.
Their one intent was killing.
The second world war began.
With it came the strife
of the men
whose fate it was
to lose their life.
PEARL HARBOR was the turning point
in nineteen forty-one.
It was to bring a mask of death
for five long years to come.
The seventh day of every month
and should remember…
The Japanese bombed PEARL HARBOR
on the seventh of December.
I’ve often wondered at the intensity of thought
of a 16 year old girl, (that was me),
considering the awful event of PEARL HARBOR.
This was written in 1951.
The event had happened only ten years earlier.
Although it seems to us in 2018
as only a point in history,
it was very real to a teen-ager
in those days.
The war had been over for 6 years at that time.
It remained fresh in the minds of our people.
The men and women who served in the war,
some of whom are still with us today,
can never erase the images
of horrors they witnessed
during their time of service to our country.
December 7th is a date to remember.
If we cannot remember what happened on that date,
investigate the history books.
It must never happen again.
Photography by Mary Anne Whitchurch Tuck | <urn:uuid:c52104d6-35ff-4cb8-8d38-ecf59861f516> | {
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What is the difference between a sprain and a fracture?
Although they might feel equally painful in the moment they happen, sprains and fractures are two different injuries affecting different tissues in your body. Sprains involve your ligaments, which are connective tissues that hold bones together. A sudden force overstretches them, leaving them loose or possibly torn. A fracture is a break in bone tissue. This could be as small as a crack or as big as multiple breaks in a single bone.
When these injuries happen, their early symptoms can be similar: pain, swelling, and possible bruising. Depending on the severity and location of the damage in your foot, you may or may not be able to walk after a sprain or fracture. The best way to tell which one you have is through an exam and diagnostic images. X-rays will show a break in the bone tissue, while sprains will not. However, a sprain will leave your joint unstable and may show torn ligaments on diagnostic images like MRIs.
If you’re concerned you may have a sprain or a fracture, let our experts at The Kansas Foot Center help you identify and treat the problem today. Contact our Wichita office for an appointment by calling 866.222.5177. | <urn:uuid:d82dfbf9-57ae-4680-8fc1-5942ca99f439> | {
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All procedures in the Verilog HDL are specified within one of the following four statements:
-- initial construct
-- always construct
The initial and always constructs are enabled at the beginning of a simulation. The initial construct shall execute only once and its activity shall cease when the statement has finished. In contrast, the always construct shall execute repeatedly. Its activity shall cease only when the simulation is terminated. There shall be no implied order of execution between initial and always constructs. The initial constructs need not be scheduled and executed before the always constructs. There shall be no limit to the number of initial and always constructs that can be defined in a module
An initial block consists of a statement or a group of statements enclosed in begin... end or a signle statement , which will be executed only once at simulation time 0. If there is more than one block they execute concurrently and independently. The initial block is normally used for initialisation, monitoring, generating wave forms (eg, clock pulses) and processes which are executed once in a simulation. An example of initialisation and wave generation is given below
clock = 1'b0; // variable initialization
begin // multiple statements have to be grouped
alpha = 0;
#10 alpha = 1; // waveform generation
#20 alpha = 0;
#5 alpha = 1;
#7 alpha = 0;
#10 alpha = 1;
#20 alpha = 0;
An always block is similar to the initial block, but the statements inside an always block will repeated continuously, in a looping fashion, until stopped by $finish or $stop.
NOTE: the $finish command actually terminates the simulation where as $stop. merely pauses it and awaits further instructions. Thus $finish is the preferred command unless you are using an interactive version of the simulator.
One way to simulate a clock pulse is shown in the example below. Note, this is not the best way to simulate a clock. See the section on the forever loop for a better method.
initial clock = 1'b0; // start the clock at 0
always #10 clock = ~clock; // toggle every 10 time units
initial #5000 $finish // end the simulation after 5000 time units
Tasks and functions can bu used to in much the same manner but there are some important differences that must be noted.
A function is unable to enable a task however functions can enable other functions.
A function will carry out its required duty in zero simulation time.
Within a function, no event, delay or timing control statements are permitted.
In the invocation of a function their must be at least one argument to be passed.
Functions will only return a single value and can not use either output or inout statements.
Functions are synthesysable.
Disable statements canot be used.
Function canot have numblocking statements.
module function_calling(a, b,c);
input a, b ;
input a, b;
myfunction = (a+b);
assign c = myfunction (a,b);
Tasks are capable of enabling a function as well as enabling other versions of a Task
Tasks also run with a zero simulation however they can if required be executed in a non zero simulation time.
Tasks are allowed to contain any of these statements.
A task is allowed to use zero or more arguments which are of type output, input or inout.
A Task is unable to return a value but has the facility to pass multiple values via the output and inout statements.
Tasks are not synthesisable.
Disable statements can be used.
reg clock, red, amber, green;
parameter on = 1, off = 0, red_tics = 350,
amber_tics = 30, green_tics = 200;
// initialize colors.
initial red = off;
initial amber = | <urn:uuid:2dc62b9f-398e-47e8-9d87-d0375daf0011> | {
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Food Safety in the Wild
If you’ve ever gone camping before, you know that bringing your own food is the best means of keeping well fed during your trek in the outdoors. When you do bring your own food into the wild, you’re imposing on yourself a series of mostly unspoken rules and regulations to diminish your impact on the environment. Additionally, you’re also going to need to exhibit a set of precautions to ensure that you’re able to enjoy your cache of goods in the safest way possible.
It’s unlikely that you’re traveling with a refrigerator and your food is going to be exposed to different elements than it would at home, so it’s best to keep the following in mind to ensure you, your food, and the environment around you remains safe and clean.
Stick to Cold Foods
While you may want to heat your meals prior to heading out, that casserole dish is only going to keep it hot for so long, and when food drops below 140° F, it enters a “Danger Zone” for bacteria. Chances are, by the time you pack everything and get to your campsite, even if you were to eat right away, your meal would have dipped below that line, putting you at risk.
It’s a lot easier to keep food cold, so try to pack only cold items like sandwiches, salads, and anything else that can be eaten called. Pack all cold food in an insulated container and cooler with cold packs.
Cleanliness is Key
Say you’re looking to break out a full course meal, something you can cook over the fire. This may require you to bring cold raw meat, which can pose a risk if not stored properly. Any sort of raw protein like chicken or pork needs to be stores separate in a lock-tight container to avoid contamination. Avoid packing meat with utensils or pots and pans, as well, in case the container leaks.
Beyond just the cleanliness of your food, the cleanliness of your campsite is also important. When you camp, your impact should be minimal, which means all trash needs to be disposed of in proper receptacles. Outside of causing actual harm to the wildlife around you, if you leave wrappers and scraps of food lying about, you may attract some unwanted attention.
Bring Your Own Water
You can purchase water filtration systems for fairly cheap but what you can’t guarantee is a viable water sources to syphon it from. Filtering and cleaning your own water should really be a last resort, so when you’re packing, pack your own supply. Of course, there’s no guarantee that what you bring will be enough, so it is good to have a back-up.
Never drink directly from a water source until you know it has been purified either through a water filtration or by boiling it.
Cooking at your campsite isn’t quite the same as at home. You’ll have to be very selective with your food to ensure it’s actually something you can cook over a campfire. Simple options like hot dogs are always best, but chicken and steak are also doable if you bring the proper implements. IF you don’t want to carry around a lot fancy cooking gear, aluminum foil and a simple pan also works.
When you’re done with your fire, be sure to extinguish it completely and get rid of the ashes. Water causes smoke to billow, so it’s best to suffocate the fire with dirt. | <urn:uuid:8102fc61-cfbc-4a89-8073-bfa6f5047b65> | {
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Woodward County, Oklahoma
|Woodward County, Oklahoma|
Location in the state of Oklahoma
Oklahoma's location in the U.S.
|• Total||1,246 sq mi (3,227 km2)|
|• Land||1,242 sq mi (3,218 km2)|
|• Water||4 sq mi (10 km2), 0.30|
|• Density||16/sq mi (6.3/km²)|
|Time zone||Central: UTC-6/-5|
Woodward County was originally known as "N" County and was composed of present day Woodward County and portions of Harper, Ellis, and Woods County. Before its division at statehood, Woodward County, then 60 miles square, was the westernmost county of the Cherokee Outlet and adjoined Texas and the Oklahoma Panhandle on the west and Kansas on the north. Political pressure applied by William H. Murray during Oklahoma's Constitutional Convention resulted in the reduction of the size of Woodward County to its present boundaries. It is unknown exactly whom the county (and the town) is named after, but the two leading candidates are Brinton W. Woodward, a Santa Fe railway director, or Richard Woodward, a buffalo hunter.
In the 19th century, the county was part of a well-used military transportation corridor that was important to frontier defense. In 1868, Camp Supply, was established as a depot leading up to a campaign against the Cheyenne. From 1876 through the 1880s massive herds of cattle passed through the southwestern corner of the county along the Great Western Trail from Texas to Kansas.
The Southern Kansas Railway, later acquired by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway built a line southwest from Kiowa, Kansas, through the region and into Texas during 1886-1887. It began the town of Woodward where the railroad crossed the military road. The Wichita Falls and Northwestern Railway, controlled by the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railway, constructed a north-south line from Elk City through Sharon, Woodward, and the town of Fort Supply to Forgan, in Beaver County, in 1911-12.
In September 1893, when the Cherokee Outlet opened for non-Indian settlement, Woodward County was created as County N in Oklahoma Territory, though its area was much larger than at present. In a November 6, 1894, election, the county was renamed Woodward County. Statehood in 1907 redrew the boundaries of the county, while the remainder was given to the present Harper, Ellis and Woods counties.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,246 square miles (3,230 km2), of which 1,242 square miles (3,220 km2) is land and 4 square miles (10 km2) (0.30%) is water. The Cimarron River forms part of the northern boundary and drains the northwestern section of the county. The North Canadian River flows through the county from the northwest to the southeast. The southern part of the county drains into the Canadian River. Fort Supply Lake, on Wolf Creek, lies in Woodward County.
The county is part of the Osage Plains and lies within the Western Red Prairies physiographic region and Gypsum Hills subregion. There are gypsum hills in the eastern and northwestern parts of the county. Protected areas in the county are Alabaster Caverns State Park and Boiling Springs State Park.
- Dewey County (south)
- Ellis County (west)
- Harper County (northwest)
- Major County (east)
- Woods County (northeast)
As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 20,081 people and 5,106 families residing in the county. The population density was 16.1 people per square mile (6.2/km²). There were 8,838 housing units at an average density of 7.1 per square mile (2.7/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 86.7% white, 1.6% black or African American, 2.8% Native American, 0.6% Asian, less than 0.1% Pacific Islander, 5.6% from other races, and 2.6% from two or more races. 10.6% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 7,654 households in the county, out of which 2,322 (30.3%) included children under the age of 18, 4,132 (54%) were married couples living together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32% were non-families. Individuals living alone accounted for 28% of households. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 3.
In the county, the population was spread out with 24.3% under the age of 18, 8.5% from 18 to 24, 27.1% from 25 to 44, 25.9% from 45 to 64, and 14.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 79 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $51,087, and the median income for a family was $60,684. Males had a median income of $48,228 versus $26,993 for females. The per capita income for the county was $24,735. About 6.5% of families and 12.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16% of those under age 18 and 11.8% of those age 65 or over.
|Voter Registration and Party Enrollment as of January 15, 2012|
|Party||Number of Voters||Percentage|
|2008||82.59% 6,404||17.41% 1,350|
|2004||80.94% 6,193||19.06% 1,458|
|2000||71.37% 5,067||27.46% 1,950|
Agriculture and cattle production have been very important to the county income since before statehood. Grains, especially wheat, were the largest crop. However, broomcorn grew abundantly. Broom factories operated in Woodward and Mooreland. Castor beans, grown during World War I, were processed into castor oil, which was used as a lubricant for aircraft engines.
Extractive industries became relatively more important during the 1920s, while agriculture began to decline. Mineral production included salt, bentonite and petroleum. Natural gas production began in 1956. In 1975, a plant was built near Woodward to extract iodine from oil field brine. It soon supplied 14 % of the nation's supply of the chemical.
Cities and towns
Wodward county has the following site on the National Register of Historic Places
- Fort Supply
- "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 13, 2013.
- "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
- "Origin of County Names in Oklahoma" Chronicles of Oklahoma. Volume 2, Number 1, March,1924. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
- Everett, Dianna. Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. "Woodward County." Accessed September 12, 2013
- "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
- "U.S. Decennial Census". Census.gov. Retrieved November 13, 2013.
- "General Housing Characteristics: 2010 - United States -- County by State; and for Puerto Rico". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
- "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". Retrieved 2011-06-11.
||Harper County||Woods County|
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The biogeochemical cycle of silicon, the second most abundant element of the earth's crust and a key nutrient element for numerous organisms, extends from the continents, via estuaries, to the oceans. In all environmental reservoirs (geo)physical, chemical, and biological processes affect the cycling of silicon. We invite research conducted on all aspects of the silicon cycle, at all spatial and temporal scales, using experimental, observational and modeling techniques. We particularly encourage contributions that explore the interconnections between the geological and biological roles of silicon.
For more information and abstract submission: http://www.goldschmidt2010.org
Source: NAI newsletter
Please follow Astrobiology on Twitter. | <urn:uuid:881f458c-582f-40d4-ba5a-b0c6d6c65804> | {
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One of the mysteries of the English language finally explained.
A swollen area within body tissue, containing an accumulation of pus.
ulcer, ulceration, cyst, boil, blister, sore, pustule, carbuncle, pimple, spot, papule, wen, whitlow, vesication, furuncle, cankerView synonyms
- ‘It was felt the likely cause of the abscess was an open lesion from the patient's severe eczema.’
- ‘Brain abscesses are a medical emergency because they can raise the pressure on the brain to a point that may be fatal.’
- ‘Most brain abscesses occur when infection spreads to the brain from elsewhere in the body, mostly from nearby areas such as the ears.’
- ‘Cerebral abscesses are typically circumscribed lesions with surrounding vasogenic edema.’
- ‘Most epidural abscesses are located posteriorly in the thoracic or lumbar spine.’
- ‘The neurologist who examined her found and drained an epidural abscess from the lumbar region.’
- ‘Around 40% of brain abscesses are caused by infections spread from areas nearby in the body, in the nose, throat and ear areas.’
- ‘Three cases involved a septic knee joint, and two patients developed subcutaneous abscesses.’
- ‘However, subcutaneous injections can cause abscesses and granulomas.’
- ‘At least 75% of cerebral abscesses are associated with infections elsewhere in the body.’
- ‘Surgery may be necessary to drain abscesses, debride infected tissue, or stabilize the spine and relieve spinal cord compression.’
- ‘A history of fever, chills or urinary tract infection suggests an infected cyst or an abscess.’
- ‘Unlike staphylococci, which tend to cause localised infections such as abscesses, streptococci are essentially organisms that spread.’
- ‘A more complicated operation is needed to drain an abscess from inside the body.’
- ‘Abscesses can be differentiated from brain tumours because abscesses tend to have smoother edges.’
- ‘Symptoms often depend on whereabouts in the body the abscess occurs.’
- ‘Your GP will normally prescribe oral antibiotics to fight the infection before an abscess has a chance to develop.’
- ‘In order to treat a tooth with an abscess your dentist will drain the abscess to release the pressure and relieve pain.’
- ‘If untreated, jaundice can lead to infection and abscesses in the liver, which can be fatal.’
- ‘We also recorded the presence and severity of scabies, abscesses, and fungal lesions.’
Mid 16th century: from Latin abscessus ‘a going away’, from the verb abscedere, from ab- ‘away from’ + cedere ‘go’, referring to the elimination of infected matter via the pus.
In this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot-on CV. | <urn:uuid:c32f3fb3-c154-4a6b-b53e-e55a7f5f8c28> | {
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International Women’s Day is upon us, dear readers! The March 8th holiday isn’t something we celebrate with much gusto here in the states, but it’s celebrated heartily in other corners of the world. We first learned about Women’s Day from an ex-pat friend who lives in Italy, where Italian regazzi give their ladies yellow mimosas as they gather for women-only dinners and parties. Anyone who’s seen an episode of Sex and the City finds this commonplace, but in Italy, ladies night is not so. In Poland Women’s Day is similar to American Mother’s Day; in Pakistan it’s a day to commemorate the struggle for women’s rights.
Women’s Day arose after an important protest on March 8, 1908, when 15,000 women took to the streets of New York, marching for voting rights, shorter hours, and better pay. The Socialist Party of America declared National Women’s Day to be February 28 the following year.
The first International Women’s Day was celebrated on March 19, 1911, with more than a million men and women attending rallies around the globe, campaigning for women’s rights to vote, work, and hold public office. The holiday was moved to March 8 two years later and has been celebrated then ever since. In 1975 the holiday received official sanction from the U.N. and has been an officially sponsored holiday ever since.
This International Women’s Day, why not celebrate with a cocktail from the “Lady” category?
White Lady, Chorus Lady, Creole Lady—there are several but a Pink Lady will always be my go to.
1.5 oz Plymouth gin
.5 oz applejack
.5 oz fresh lemon juice
.5 oz grenadine
1 egg white
Combine ingredients without ice in a cocktail shaker and shake vigorously for 20 seconds. Fill the shaker with ice and shake shake shake until frothy and delicious. | <urn:uuid:a93e0282-80b8-4ef5-b516-3e5b45cc7597> | {
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When NASA's Aqua satellite passed over Tropical Depression Khanun on July 15, infrared data revealed some high, strong thunderstorms that hinted the cyclone would intensify. On July 16 Khanun had indeed become a tropical storm.
NASA's Aqua satellite flew over Khanun on July 15, 2012 at 1635 UTC (12:35 p.m. EDT) when it was a tropical depression. At that time the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) instrument onboard measured Khanun's cloud top temperatures. The storm's coldest cloud top temperatures were as cold as or colder than -63 Fahrenheit (-52 Celsius), indicating strong thunderstorms with the potential for heavy rainfall. AIRS data also revealed that the area of strongest thunderstorms were becoming more organized, indicating that the tropical depression could strengthen into a tropical storm.
On July 16 at 1500 UTC (11 a.m. EDT), Khanun had become a tropical storm when maximum sustained winds reached 35 knots (40 mph/64.8 kmh). At that time Khanun was centered about 370 nautical miles (425.8 miles/685.2 km) east of Kadena Air Base, Okinawa, Japan, near 25.4 North and 133.6 East. Khanun is moving to the west-northwest near 17 knots (19.5 mph/31.4 kmh).
Infrared data on July 16 showed the Khanun continued to consolidate and had a larger area of stronger central convection (rising air that forms the thunderstorms that make up the tropical cyclone), so the system is getting more organized and stronger. Khanun is currently in an area where wind shear is weak allowing for more strengthening.
The Joint Typhoon Warning Center expects Khanun to begin curving to the northwest and passing north of Kadena Air Base on its way to a landfall in South Korea later this week. Khanun is following the periphery of a north-south oriented sub-tropical ridge (elongated area) of high pressure building up south of Honshu. Khanun is expected to make landfall as a tropical storm in South Korea in a few days.
Explore further: NASA sees Tropical Storm Meari headed for North Korea landfall | <urn:uuid:71b407d4-d48d-4f39-be51-bfa40111789c> | {
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