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In figuring, a mouse whose plural is termed as mice or mousse is regarded as a pointing contrivance without wire connected to the computer device.
It operates by detecting two-dimensional activity comparative to its sustaining exterior.
Actually, a mouse includes of a small case that is held under one of the user's hands, with one or more buttons.
There are also other attributes and elements, such as "wheels", which permits the user to execute a variety of system-dependent functions, or enhanced buttons or attributes can even attach additional control or dimensional put in.
For well control of a Graphical User Interface the movement of the mouse characteristically translates into the action of a pointer on a exhibit is permitted.
Basic Idea of Wireless Mouse
- With the initial introduction the computer mouse has developed into a lot of dissimilar kinds of pointing tools.
- With the initiation of wireless expertise, wireless mouse generally works with a transceiver box associated to the computer and broadcasts and obtain radio occurrence signals.
- A Bluetooth mouse is referred as the other variation on the wireless mouse idea.
Advantages of Using a Wireless Mouse
- A wireless mouse facilitates greater variety of movement as long as the component stays within the particular in service distance.
- As movement around is free, a wireless mouse get better the ergonomics of the work atmosphere.
- A wireless mouse at the time of presentations permits the presenter more autonomy of progress and the unit can be conceded from person to person if someone else would like to make a point.
- A wireless mouse lessens clutter on a desktop.
- Wireless mice also perform fine with notebook computers, and many of which are provided with Bluetooth incorporated into the structural design.
Instances of Wireless Mouse
- Microsoft Wireless Optical Mouse is considered as the best example of wireless mouse.
- The Microsoft Wireless Optical Mouse was the leading initial products by Microsoft to utilize wireless technology.
Characteristics of Microsoft Wireless Optical Mouse
- Microsoft Wireless Optical Mouse is designed ambidextrously.
- Microsoft Wireless Optical Mouse possesses programmable buttons, scrolling wheel for smooth browsing.
- It runs on low power consumption and extended battery life
- Even it is powered by alkaline batteries
- Microsoft Wireless Optical Mouse also possesses Intellipoint software to transform settings
- Microsoft Wireless Optical Mouse is built in Tilt Wheel technology and on cross podium compatibility. | <urn:uuid:5a7ff7a8-7411-4e4d-ba56-d6c531fe26be> | {
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Use these 5 easy music activities today at home or in therapy sessions!
Many parents I encounter think they can’t sing. This is simply untrue. Children want to hear your voice. Even from the time they are in the womb children begin to recognize and prefer their mom’s voice. If you are a teacher or therapist not sure about singing, sing anyway! Singing is fun and if you sing, they will sing too! We want to teach our kids that self-expression is OK and nothing to be self-conscious about. We must set an example for them.
If you are in the small percentage whose client or child has perfect pitch and aural sensitivity and requests that you not sing as a result, (I do see this from time to time with children who have autism spectrum disorders), then tip #2 is for you.
Use recorded music! There is an infinite amount of children’s music out there. Follow the child’s lead. In music therapy we often teach that an effective way to connect to any client, young or old, is to use their preferred music. If your child is always singing Let it Go from Frozen (every child is these days!!), introduce him or her to popular songs from older Disney movies. Before you spent a ton on downloading music, make sure to check out YouTube for educational and fun songs. Make your own playlist for daily listening!
Don’t just listen to that recorded music. Encourage your child to move and set an example by dancing with them! You can pretend to be the characters in the song. You can act out the actions. You can just boogie down! Tap your toes and swing to the beat! Some songs are written with actions which will give the child an opportunity to practice listening and following directions in a positive environment.
Do you need instruments to create instrumental music? Yes AND No. There are plenty of ways to use common household items as instruments. My son certainly loves to bang on pots and pans in the kitchen using utensils! You can fill old medicine containers with bean or beads to use as shakers. If you prefer to have real instruments check out these maracas and drums from West music. There is a range of options for instruments to fit every family’s budget.
So how do you use the instruments? Simply play! For a little more structure, turn on a recording or sing as you play. Take turns. Give each other cues to start and stop (freeze game). There is no right or wrong. Only you connecting with the child in a meaningful way.
Have you ever noticed how many children’s books rhyme? Do you know the ABC song or Twinkle little star? Then you are ready to sing those rhyming books with your child. During story time sing the words to a tune that you know rather than just reading out loud. This makes for a more enriching sensory experience. Your child will likely begin to learn and anticipate the words more quickly than she may otherwise. Some books are even designed to be sung and come WITH a CD that you can use! One of my clients’ favorites is Dinosaur Pet by Neil Sedaka.
Guide to the Best Singable Books
Get our FREE Singable Books ebook - 25 stories that can easily be used with music. | <urn:uuid:3861abe8-2af2-41ce-a96b-cc522af27581> | {
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SALT LAKE CITY — Large wildfires that delivered destruction last summer in two distinct watersheds have long been snuffed out, but their lingering effects include a spring runoff that will happen a month earlier, less water in the creeks and heightened risk for damaging mud flows.
A new report spells out the "considerable" potential for more trouble on the ground and in creeks as a result of the Seeley Fire in central Utah and the Clay Springs Fire north of Delta.
"If we were to get a large precipitation event over either one of these watersheds, you can see that there will be mud and debris flows," said Randy Julander, supervisor of the U.S. Natural Resources' Utah Snow Survey. "It is something we should be a little concerned about."
Julander's monthly report detailing February's accumulation of rain and snowfall across the state was released Tuesday and also included an addendum specifically addressing snowpack behavior, runoff and stream flows in regions dramatically impacted by wildfire.
The Seeley Fire, for example, burned 48,000 acres and wiped out 18,500 acres of the Huntington Creek watershed in the bottom portion of the basin. Because of the burn conditions in the watershed, Julander said he expects the typical April to July snow melt period to be moved up by a month — a condition that could persist for years to come.
A heavy rainstorm in August on the fresh burn scar washed away soils no longer held together by root systems, causing damaging mud and debris flows that closed state Route 31 for a week. The heavy sediment in the creek led to fish kills and caused water filtration problems to a nearby power plant, challenges county officials are still grappling with.
Similar conditions are playing out north of Delta as a result of the Clay Springs Fire, which burned 180,000 acres and damaged close to 97 percent of the Oak Creek watershed.
Julander said if the weather behaves as it has been, the north-facing mountains could begin shedding snow by mid-month. Soil moisture levels at one particular site are already "powder dry," he noted.
Snow survey employees conducted a field visit to the Clay Springs Fire area last week to check snow measuring equipment and investigate snowpack conditions.
Julander's report said the majority of the snowpack is already gone from the mountains facing the south, and the area remains highly susceptible to soil erosion.
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Teachers of all backgrounds
Our restless efforts to promote multicultural education include to better serve the growing student body of color in the U.S (Banks, 2006). But it seems that hiring teachers of color is not so easy. According to the article “Tough Tests for Teachers, with Question of Bias” in NY Times regarding new teacher licensing exams, “Minority candidates have been doing especially poorly, jeopardizing a long-held goal of diversifying the teaching force so it more closely resembles the makeup of the country’s student body.” It brings our attention to whether the test itself is discriminatory. The Brown v. Board of Education case demonstrates our historical mistakes about segregating schools. After the decision which mandated non-discrimination in schools, certification exams were used as “a tool kit used to force black teachers out of the profession.” Are we repeating the same mistakes we made before?
Why is it important to have a teacher of the same race? Teachers are not just teachers who transfer their knowledge to students. They are mentors and role models. Sharing similar cultural beliefs, values, and norms would be a great tool for teachers to build such relationships with students. Accordingly, hiring racially and ethnically diverse teachers will ensure minority groups of students to have equal educational opportunities.
As Linda Darling-Hammond, a professor of education at Stanford, argued, “We need to be clear about what skills are necessary, rather than just trying to eliminate people from the pool.” From this perspective, teacher licensure tests alone cannot be a major qualification of teachers. Although it might be true to an extent that “rigorous entrance requirements” for teachers are crucial to ensure a good quality of education, it does not mean that so called smart teachers better teach students. Having an appropriate level of knowledge in a subject is important, but the way of teaching is as critical in meeting students’ needs. It is a time for policy makers to carefully examine what is truly beneficial for students of all backgrounds.
Banks, J. (2006). Multicultural education: Characteristics and goals. | <urn:uuid:c27f9a0d-a712-4622-b980-3213e6b88a9e> | {
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Avifauna of Mount Talinis, Philippines
This Filipino project aimed to survey the avifauna of Mt. Talinis on the island of Negros. The project consisted of three components: (i) an assessment of the relationship between altitude, habitat and bird species endemic to Negros; (ii) training in field techniques of students and local government/non-government officials; (iii) a conservation education and awareness campaign. The latter aim would be achieved by the production of a photographic booklet and the development of slide presentations. The ornithological research would target unsurveyed areas of Mt Talinis, aiming to analyse elevational changes in bird communities, to assess the status of threatened and endemic birds and to identify key areas and habitats for bird conservation. | <urn:uuid:abc9b258-b0af-48ad-837e-bcb3e7db7822> | {
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Home >> FAQs/Tutorials >> XHTML Tutorials and Tips >> Index
XHTML Tutorial - Definition List "dl" Tag/Element
(Continued from previous topic...)
What Is a "dl" Tag/Element?
A "dl" element is block level element that can be used to define
a definition list, where items are displayed with leading terms.
Here are basic rules about "dl" elements:
- "dl" elements are block level elements.
- "dl" elements can not have text contents.
- An "dl" element must have one or more pairs of "dt" and "dd" elements as sub-elements.
- Each pair of "dt" and "dd" elements will be displayed by browsers as a term and a definition.
Below is a good tutorial example of "dl" elements:
<?xml version="1.0" ?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
<dt>CSS</dt><dd>Cascading Style Sheet</dd>
<dt>DTD</dt><dd>Document Type Definition</dd>
<dt>WWW</dt><dd>World Wide Web</dd>
<dt>XML</dt><dd>eXtensible Markup Language</dd>
If you save the above document as definition_list.html, and view it with
Internet Explorer, you will see a list of items with leading terms
as shown below:
(Continued on next topic...)
- What Are List Elements?
- What Is an "ol" Tag/Element?
- What Is a "li" Tag/Element?
- Can Multiple Paragraphs Be Included in a List Item?
- What Is a "ul" Tag/Element?
- What Is a "dl" Tag/Element?
- Can List Elements Be Nested?
- How To Use Different Markers on Ordered List Items?
- How To Use Different Markers on Unordered List Items? | <urn:uuid:9a8ca2ff-029a-42ef-8b9e-3511054ea55e> | {
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Initially restricted to members of the British Commonwealth, the Colombo Plan expanded rapidly to include non-Commonwealth nations such as Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, and the Philippines (later extended to the South Pacific) and to donors such as the United States and Japan. Japan's membership in 1954 illustrated briefly held American hopes that the Colombo Plan might become a vehicle for more than bilateral aid projects, in the same way that the Marshall Plan had been in Europe. Washington hoped that Japan's membership would facilitate rapid integration of developing Asian economies with Japan's economy—that is, raw materials flowing into Japan and capital flowing out to developing nations. In the mid-1950s, however, memories of World War II were still vivid, and there was little Cold War consensus among new Asian nations. Thus, Japan's role in the plan remained a minor one.
The Colombo Plan began with two separate operations. One operation was an economic development scheme inviting financial support for developmental projects such as dam and road building. The other operation was technical assistance—the promotion of technical expertise, education, and training in a broad range of activities that logically assisted economic development and sound administration. Separate groups—a Consultative Committee in the case of economic development and a Council for Technical Cooperation for other aid—comprising members of the Colombo Plan met regularly to examine requests for aid and coordinate responses. The development projects were the more expensive, and in the late 1950s and 1960s they included ambitious dam building, agricultural innovations, and other modernizing features. The Canadians built a nuclear power reactor in India, but an even more ambitious plan for a reactor and school in nuclear technology, servicing Southeast Asia and based in Singapore, was not realized.
The Colombo Plan continues today (with twenty-five member countries), but since the 1980s it has become a much-reduced concept, focused on security, drug advisory programs, and the like. It is hard to evaluate its impact up to the 1980s. Most of the more ambitious development schemes depended on U.S. aid that had little to do with the Colombo Plan. In fact, much of the American money labeled as Colombo Plan aid was only loosely associated with it. Some projects made significant differences but, on their own, could hardly be credited with transforming Asian economies. For other donor countries, such as Australia and New Zealand, scholarships granted under the technical assistance side of the plan provided Asian students with study opportunities at a tertiary level and helped foster dialogue while eroding anti-Asian sentiments at home.
Oakman, Daniel. Facing Asia: A History of the Colombo Plan. Canberra, Australia: Pandanus, 2004.; Tarling, Nicholas. Britain, Southeast Asia and the Onset of the Cold War, 1945–1950. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998. | <urn:uuid:d624f632-0a3b-4980-a9c5-8b3fed6aafdc> | {
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Learning what depression is just part of what you’re going to have to do to take it on. Here are some tips for beating depression.
Meditation can be helpful at getting rid of mind and a new perspective.Studies have shown that meditation can increase mood and makes blood pressure lower.
TIP! Antidepressants are helpful with balancing out the chemicals in your brain. These medications are only effective, though, when there are a few things used alongside them.
One of the most important things to remember is to avoid anything that triggers your depression triggers. If a person or activity is bringing you down, you should try to avoid them.
TIP! Music in and of itself is helpful for those suffering from depression, but be cautious about the kids of music you choose to listen to. Do not listen to music that may make you sad.
Antidepressants are a help in restoring the chemicals in your brain. However, they will work much better if you combine them with regular exercise, you must also exercise and take part in therapy.
Look for support network wherever you are able.
TIP! Learn about your depression. Depression ranges in its severity depending on the person.
Try to maintain a healthy circle of relying on one best friend who you tell everything to. You need to have many friends to talk to, but sharing with several people can make things easier.
Find an activity you enjoy such as a concert, play video games with or go out to eat with. Just getting out and doing something can boost your spirits.
You should always remember that even if things haven’t been or aren’t going well right now, it will promise you a better future!
TIP! Consider becoming more “green”. Toxins in traditional food supplies can have a negative impact.
Music can be great for dealing with depression, but be cautious about the kids of music you choose to listen to. Don’t focus on music that makes you sad or reminds you of sad memories. This music will make you remember bad feelings mentioned in the song.
TIP! It can be hard to beat depression. One way to do this is to count your blessings every day.
Having fresh flowers around can really brighten your home will help you cheer up a little. Flowers and their smell and color. Use this tip to your advantage; surround yourself with fresh flowers.
If you are depressed, it’s very important that you realize you are never in it alone. You can always find someone who can help you manage your problems.
TIP! If you feel depressed, start dancing. Play your favorite, upbeat music and start moving.
Try to figure out what your depression is about. Depression affects people both your physical and psychologically. This may cause the effects of the stress and depression that you may already be experiencing. Anti-depressants can be helpful for dealing with depression, as they can encourage the brain to make extra seratonin. There are other natural ways to make your serotonin. Stay away from stimulants, instead make sure you get plenty of rest, exercise, and stick to a healthy diet.
One way to battle depression is to unravel the problems and triggers that trigger your depressive feelings.
Eating overly processed and chemically treated foods can make you feel unhealthy and used.
TIP! Anyone who suffers from depression should avoid alcohol. Alcohol has a depressive effect on the body which can make the symptoms of depression even more intense for people prone to suffer the illness.
Avoid consuming too many products with artificial sweeteners which are believed to have a potential negative effect on people who suffer from depression.These types of sweeteners are bad because they block serotonin production while also causing headaches and insomnia, which will only serve the purpose of making your depression worse. Remove these items from your diet.
TIP! Bird houses are a great way to battle depression. A birdhouse is not only a great addition to your home decor, but it is also very enjoyable to watch birds come and go all day.
Think about getting psychological counseling to deal with depression.The best depression remedy is to incorporate both therapy and medication is a highly effective way to treat depression. Research indicates that utilizing both methods of treatment concurrently achieves better results than utilizing either treatment does on its own. Therapy will help you alleviate your depression and medication can handle the sudden shifts in mood.
TIP! Fixing all personal problems that can be fixed also helps to battle depression. Any problem, no matter how large or small, will exacerbate your condition, if it is not properly addressed.
A great tip for battling depression is to fix any personal problems you may have. No matter the issue, as long as it is hanging over your head, it is always going to contribute to your depression. Make an honest effort to solve the problems that are troubling you.
TIP! Make changes in your relationship or job if either of those is the root of your depression. Don’t be afraid of the consequences if this is the cause.
If you suffer from depression, you need to change your inner dialog. Instead of negative words, flip them around into more positive thoughts, even if they don’t seem authentic at first. The more frequently you reiterate these positive thoughts, the more accepting your mind will become of it.
TIP! Improve your physical and mental health by improving your diet. A lot of people who suffer from depression do not eat nutrient rich, well balanced diets, which can only add to negative emotions.
If you feel as though a relationship or your job is part of your depression, you need to get out. It actually can be that simple. Others will simply have to make peace with the decisions you make.
TIP! Expand your areas of interest to avert depression. A common cause of depression is the absence of hobbies and activities.
Physical exercises cause the brain to release endorphins. Endorphins help you feel better and can put you in a better mood. If you are feeling sad, you will instantly feel better if you exercise. The more rousing and fast-paced, the better you will feel. This will help improve your mood and body simultaneously.
TIP! Try changing something in your life if you’re depressed. Even small changes could improve your mood if you find yourself bored with your life.
Your diet plays a big part in the state of your mental state. Many people experiencing depression are not consuming a healthy diet which increase their negative feelings. Change up your eating routine to include leaner meats, as well as lean meats.
When suffering from depression, the first thing you want to do is withdraw from your friends and family. You should actually behave in an opposite instead.
TIP! Eliminate the negative habits that cause you to spiral into depression. Find the negative habits and replace them with healthier, more positive alternatives.
Take a single step at a time.Persons coping with depression often feel overwhelmed at the thought of having to do many things in just one single day. If you take small steps to make small changes with your own life, it is not as overwhelming on you, and you can succeed with your goals.
Make sure you surround yourself with positive social circle. Try to make your social interactions more rewarding and warm when you interact socially. Show an interest in others and what they are interested in. Ask those you care about to ignore the negative behaviors.
You’ve discovered in this post a few quality ways to combat depression in your life. Now, you have to actually apply these tips. Refer back to this article as necessary, and you are sure to get your life back on track. | <urn:uuid:ad08c0f7-8529-41a6-ac2e-98120a82181e> | {
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It's less exciting than the debate over accents, but it's more important:
Candidate Barack Obama was quite right about what the reconstruction of New Orleans did to the city's former black population. In the same year as Barack Obama's Hampton College speech, the Journal of American History recorded:
While the Army Corps of Engineers and the employees of Jefferson and Orleans parishes drained the flooded city, the demand for laborers to clean up the soggy mess surged. Foreign-born Hispanic migrants were the first to respond to that demand, just as they have followed the construction boom throughout the New South. That is not surprising, since workers born in Mexico and Central America make up about 21 percent of the U.S. construction labor force. Although many New Orleanians were unprepared to see those unfamiliar faces and hear strange languages in their nearly empty city, the newcomer Latino migrants were the rapid-response labor force that was necessary to reconstruct New Orleans.
Nevertheless, the migrants received a mixed reception. The federal government welcomed the labor force by suspending the Davis-Bacon Act mandating that federal contractors pay prevailing wages and by waiving sanctions against employers who hired undocumented workers, thereby letting market forces reign. New Orleanians able to return home were pleased to find workers to clean out their moldy belongings, gut houses and other buildings, repair and replace roofs, and paint over the cryptic markings left on their doors by search-and-rescue crews. Displaced New Orleanians in the newly formed diaspora, many of them former renters, resented the speedy arrival of Hispanic workers while they waited to find out when they could return home or receive assistance or whether the city would devise a plan for rebuilding the most devastated neighborhoods. Such New Orleanians, many of them working-class blacks, understood that they would not be part of New Orleans’s reconstruction labor force, at least not unless they accepted the conditions—dangerous work without adequate protection, lack of housing, low wages—that migrants tolerated. New Orleans’s history with race and class shaped the experience of the flood and evacuation. Low-income black neighborhoods in low-lying areas suffered a disproportionate share of the floodwater, while wealthier, whiter neighborhoods on higher land stayed dry. Those disadvantages accumulated more rapidly for those who were already disadvantaged—mostly low-income blacks—creating more obstacles to their return.
In the span of a year, New Orleans' former black majority dropped by 20 percentage points, while the "other" population doubled.
Is it really so outrageous that a black presidential candidate would want to talk about the displacement of black Americans in this way? Maybe a better question is: why isn't the condition of black America an important topic for all presidential candidates of all backgrounds and all races? | <urn:uuid:a1b92ee8-7823-4b6c-a1bb-996cf36d514f> | {
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- Grasslands are open areas dominated by perennial grasses and occasionally broken by stands of trees. They vary in appearance but share typical characteristics: hot summers, a tolerance for drought and low rainfall, and an intolerance of shade.
- Grasslands are an anomaly in the natural world, straddling the ground between forest and desert: slightly more rainfall would have resulted in forest; less rainfall, in desert.
- Grasslands are considered to be one of the most imperiled ecosystems in North America and worldwide.
- Colorado has lost approximately 35% of its central shortgrass prairie.
- More than 800 million people live in grassland ecosystems all over the world.
- Only 0.1% of the tallgrass prairie in North America has not been degraded.
The Conservancy is working to create a lasting, tangible and large-scale conservation impact on Colorado's grasslands. Below are three important projects from the often overlooked, but incredibly significant, prairie of eastern Colorado that demonstrate our work.
Making the Connection between the Mountains and the Plains
The Conservancy and our partners are working to protect the last intact landscape north of Douglas County where native grasslands still merge with Front Range mountains. In partnership with Larimer County and the City of Fort Collins, we are working to conserve up to 70,000 acres of Front Range grasslands, including some of the most intact productive ranchland along the entire corridor.
While we have worked in the Laramie Foothills for almost 20 years, only recently have our efforts resulted in such a grand opportunity to work with private landowners and local government to achieve large-scale success. The City of Fort Collins has enthusiastically embraced the Mountains to Plains Project. Together with the City and Larimer County, we have submitted a concept paper to the Great Outdoors Colorado Trust Fund (GOCO), encouraging the state to provide significant funding for this $20+ million project.
Mitigating the Impact of Colorado's Highways
Shortgrass prairie is among the most imperiled ecosystems in North America. As such, the Conservancy has sought out partners who can best help us protect remaining intact prairie and the diverse wildlife it supports. One of our most effective partnerships is with the Colorado Department of Transportation. Together, we have launched the Shortgrass Prairie Initiative.
This initiative emerged from a shared vision that public transportation agencies could more effectively use environmental mitigation dollars to recover declining ecosystems. By looking ahead and estimating the damage to natural areas caused by road-widening activities, the Colorado Department of Transportation can direct funding nowto recover and preserve similar habitat outside of the state’s major transportation corridors.
Partnering with the Department of Defense
In the past several months, we have developed another promising grasslands project, with what may at first seem like an unusual partner—the Department of Defense (DoD).The DoD manages 25 million acres nationwide, lands which harbor numerous threatened and endangered species. Recently, the DoD awarded the Conservancy nearly $300,000 to update our Central Shortgrass Prairie Ecoregional Assessment. This assessment will identify plants, animals and natural processes within this ecoregion, which covers the eastern plains of Colorado and portions of Wyoming, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma and New Mexico. The assessment will also recommend a portfolio of conservation areas necessary for protecting the region's full range of natural diversity.
Additionally, the Conservancy has been working with the DoD to protect "buffer areas"—lands that border military bases—in southeastern Colorado. The DoD seeks to guard against residential encroachment, while the Conservancy seeks to protect habitat for plants and animals within those buffer zones. Together, we have already invested in a conservation lease that protects prairie habitat bordering the entire southern boundary of Fort Carson, south of Colorado Springs. | <urn:uuid:365c529b-0e75-48bd-9bbb-b20c9050c928> | {
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This is like the classic causality dilemma on "chicken and egg" question. Here is what I think the sequence of how it comes:
- Machine code: The 1st program was written directly in the hardware's machine code
- Assembler (Interpreter): A program written in machine code to interpret ASM into machine code.
- Compiler: This is a set of programs (lexical analyser, parser linker etc) which could convert source code to assembler/machine code. | <urn:uuid:06e0f60c-bb83-47a5-a393-9703309a90cf> | {
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Truancy Rates in Colorado
Truancy is a complicated issue. It is a symptom or outcome of various conditions and circumstances that eventually lead to a student not attending school. It is one of the earliest indicators of students needing help and if not addressed effectively, can result in a student eventually dropping out of school. Working with each truant student as soon as attendance issues become known is one of the earliest opportunities to identify and address a student's learning and social and emotional needs with the goal of the student becoming more engaged in the learning process and on a path toward academic success.
To learn more about truancy including its causes and effects see the Truancy Fact Sheet from the National Center for School Engagement.
The answers to the following questions explain the developmental process that led to determining truancy rates and information to better understand Colorado’s truancy data:
- Which federal law requires the Colorado Department of Education to publish truancy rates on a school-by-school basis?
- What are some beneficial ways that truancy-related data can be used?
- How did the Colorado Department of Education determine the definition for truancy?
- What is the definition of truancy for the purpose of calculating rates?
- What is the difference between the definition for truancy and the Colorado Revised Statute definition for “habitually truant?”
- How is the truancy rate calculated and what does it indicate?
- Why is the rate based on “unexcused days absent” instead of number of truant students?
- Is the data comparable between schools or districts to indicate or rank which schools or districts may have greater or lesser school attendance-related problems than others?
To better understand truancy-related issues, increase school attendance, and otherwise prevent or reduce truancy:
- National Center for School Engagement, Denver
- “Expelled and At-Risk Student Services” state grants program administered by the Colorado Department of Education
Colorado School-by-School Truancy Rates
The Truancy Rates spreadsheets are organized first by the county in alphabetical order, then school districts alphabetized within that county, followed by each district’s grouping by school level. Query each year by clicking its tab at the bottom of the worksheet.
- 2013-2014 School Year (.xls)
- 2012-2013 School Year (.xls)
- 2011-2012 School Year (.xls)
- 2010-2011 School Year (.xls)
- 2009-2010 School Year (.xls) (Revised 6/16/2011)
- 2008-2009 School Year
- 2009-2010 thru 2012-2013 School Years
- 2005-2006 thru 2007-2008 School Years, includes a worksheet that compares changes between the years.
- 2004-2005 and 2005-2006 School Years
For additional information, E-Mail: Annette Severson | <urn:uuid:4f25e406-eeea-47f2-9432-d78bde4a2cb3> | {
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Canada's Métis are celebrating a Supreme Court ruling that found the federal government failed to follow through on a promise it made to the Métis people over 140 years ago.
A legal challenge by the Manitoba Métis Federation sought recognition for the treatment of its people after the 1870 government land deal that ended the Red River resistance.
The 6-2 ruling in Canada's highest court declared that "the Federal Crown failed to implement the land grant provision set out in s.31 of the Manitoba Act, 1870 in accordance with the honour of the Crown."
The federal government "acted with persistent inattention and failed to act diligently," the ruling explains, adding that it "could and should have done better."
"This was not a matter of occasional negligence, but of repeated mistakes and inaction that persisted for more than a decade," it says.
Writing the reasons for the majority decision, Chief Justice Beverley McLachlin and Justice Andromache Karakatsanis outlined lasting effects of the federal government's failure to honour obligations dating back 140 years.
"So long as the issue remains outstanding, the goal of reconciliation and constitutional harmony, recognized in s. 35 of the Charter and underlying s. 31 of the Manitoba Act, remains unachieved. The ongoing rift in the national fabric that s. 31 was adopted to cure remains unremedied," they wrote.
"The unfinished business of reconciliation of the Métis people with Canadian sovereignty is a matter of national and constitutional import," the ruling says.
Justices Marshall Rothstein and Michael Moldaver dissented from the majority view.
Negotiations now likely
The ruling ends three decades of legal challenges brought by the Métis against the federal government.
Friday's decision has not ordered any particular remedies, but it could open the door to land claim negotiations or talks toward other forms of compensation from the federal government.
The Métis argued that Ottawa reneged on its promises under the Manitoba Act, which created the province and brought it into Confederation.
The Manitoba Act, made in 1870, promised to set aside 5,565 square kilometres of land for 7,000 children of the Red River Métis. That land includes what is now the city of Winnipeg.
The land transfer to the Métis outlined in the Act was to be a "concrete measure" to reconcile with the Métis community, the ruling agrees, calling its "prompt and equitable implementation... fundamental."
The land grants were meant to give the Métis a head start in the race for land in the new province, and that meant the grants had to be made while a head start was still possible, the justices wrote. "Everyone concerned understood that a wave of settlement from Europe and Canada to the east would soon sweep over the province."
The land deal was made in order to settle the Red River resistance, which was fought by Métis struggling to hold onto their land amid growing white settlements.
However, it took 15 years for the lands to be completely distributed, while the Métis faced hostility from large numbers of incoming settlers.
Lower courts found in federal government's favour
The federal government ultimately distributed the land through a random lottery, destroying the dream of a Métis homeland.
"Section 31 conferred land rights on yet-to-be-identified individuals – the Métis children," the ruling says. "Yet the record leaves no doubt that it was a promise made to the Métis people collectively, in recognition of their distinct community. The honour of the Crown is thus engaged here."
In 2010, the Manitoba Court of Appeal upheld a lower court ruling that found the federal government did not violate its duty to the Métis.
The case then went to the Supreme Court of Canada, where lawyers for both sides presented their arguments in December 2011.
The Métis federation requested a declaration that the constitutional agreement was not upheld.
Federal lawyers argued that the case should be thrown out because it is more than a century old. They also said Ottawa didn't actually violate its side of the agreement.
Manitoba Métis Federation President David Chartrand said the ruling provides the vindication the MMF has been fighting for for years. He said he had been fielding emotional phone calls all morning.
"Such pride at home right now, and tears are being shed. They’re crying and they’re phoning," Chartrand said.
"They can’t even talk on the phone properly because there’s so much joy at home right now."
Chartrand said it is now time for the group to sit down and negotiate with the government of Canada. He said they have no interest in land but believes they should be compensated for what they have lost.
"Our country did not give us any kind of credence and respect and felt they just could take whatever they wanted, and today our justice system is saying, ‘No, you can’t. You were wrong. Now fix it,’" said Chartrand.
Winnipegger John Morrisseau is a descendant of the original Red River settlers. He said the ruling not only helps right a historical wrong but makes him optimistic for the future of government-Métis relations.
"It’s kind of put a different turn to it. So now, the government’s going to have to look at us a little different when we go to the table to negotiate," said Morrisseau.
Chartrand said the negotiations are long overdue and added insight from Louis Riel, who spoke of the relationship between the federal government and the Métis during the Red River resistance.
"He said there were two societies with treaty together. One was small but in its smallness had its rights. The other was great but in its greatness had no greater rights than the rights of the small. You know, how more fitting can that be today?"
Historians, politicians laud decision
Manitoba historian Philippe Mailhot studied the 1870 negotiations between the Métis and the federal government and said he's pleased with the ruling.
"My reaction is extremely positive because what was said to the delegation from the Red River Settlement in terms of the distribution of land was not what actually happened," said Mailhot.
Karen Busby, a professor of law at the University of Manitoba, was shocked by the decision, which she says will have major implications.
"This is an absolutely groundbreaking decision," said Busby.
"The Manitoba Métis Federation and the individual plaintiffs lost on every point at the lower courts, and now, before the Supreme Court of Canada they’ve won on the most important point."
MP Jean Crowder is the NDP’s aboriginal affairs critic. In a statement issued Friday afternoon, she said it was regrettable the federal government did not negotiate a settlement on the issue before the ruling was handed down.
Crowder said the federal government must now negotiate with the Métis in "good faith."
Chartrand said after 140 years of waiting, a prompt response from the federal government is necessary.
"I think the onus is on Canada now to do the right thing now, quickly," he said. "I think this prime minister will sit down with us. It’s my message to him: I’m expecting we should sit down."
The government of Canada issued a statement Friday saying it is reviewing the ruling. | <urn:uuid:103b32e6-2262-4ead-8772-daa1160ece25> | {
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A subdomain is a part of a web address which is under the main domain name, for instance name.example.com. Technically, even in www.example.com the "www" element is a subdomain given that the fully qualified domain name is only "example.com". Each subdomain can have its own site and records and can also be hosted using a different provider if you want to use a certain feature that's not provided by your current provider. One example for using a subdomain is if you have a company site and an online store under a subdomain where clients can buy your products. You can also have a forum in which they can comment on the products and by using subdomains as an alternative to subfolders you are going to avoid any chance of all websites going down if you perform maintenance, or update one of the site scripts. Keeping your sites separated is more secure in case of a script security breach. | <urn:uuid:417711aa-06f1-4231-98dc-f7cf9c6a2bde> | {
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Theresienstadt was a ghetto and a concentration camp and a transient camp. People came people left. Terezin is not like other camps conditions were okay. Conditions were not terrible or wonderful. Terezin was the "death place". terezin was located in Czechoslovakia. Those are the basics of Terezin.
Life in the camp/ghetto
Life wasnt that hard. Well not as hard as it was in Aushwitz or Bergen-belelsen. They provided food and water and housing. Life had its up and downs. People came and people left. People died and people that came took their place.
International Red Cross Visit
This visit happened at the end of 1993. They put in a cafe, stores, school, bank, etc just for this visit. The"cast" of the film they made they sent the "cast" to Aushwitz to be gassed.
The Last 6 Months
The last 6 months the jewish population went up. May 8 was the date Theresienstadt was liberated. The last jew left was on August 17,1945. The last 6 month were rough they gassed alot of people. 144,000 Jew sent Terezin 33,000 died.
What Where People Thinking?
Some people PAID to get into Terezin. Those people requested rooms. Some people wore top hats and dresses. They wanted to go to Terezin . They thought it was a holiday (vacation). | <urn:uuid:448677d9-754a-47c6-8477-bdd0c25e78fe> | {
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Even if you eschew "fashion," you still wear clothes. And right now, the clothing industry is a mess. What we wear is cheaper than it's ever been, and those low prices lead to tons of waste — literally. According to the Ellen MacArthur Foundation, a garbage-truck's worth of textiles is wasted every second.
While it's great to donate or recycle your clothes when you're done with them, only about 15 percent of our clothes get made into "shoddy," which is cheap fabric made from ripped up garments, or reused in another way. Less than 5 percent of what's donated makes its way to thrift store shelves. Less than 1 percent of clothing is recycled into new clothing. All the rest is landfilled.
Making clothes takes a tremendous amount of energy. Polyester production has doubled in the last 15 years, but polyester is made from oil and gas, which are environmentally costly to extract from the earth, and polyester won't biodegrade. About 30 percent of all clothes are made from cotton, a water-intensive crop that often uses pesticides and insecticides. Dyeing cotton takes more water and chemicals, and then the material is flown around the world to be sewed (sometimes in sweatshop-like conditions) before it's shipped again (burning more fossil fuels) to us in the U.S.
'Our textile system is broken'
Using figures from 2015, this graphic illustrates the flow of material from production to waste. (Photo: Courtesy Ellen MacArthur Foundation)
Fashion production needs a makeover, and as the Ellen MacArthur Foundation has so boldly stated: "Our textile system is broken." The foundation's mission is to "accelerate the transition to a circular economy," and they recently launched the Circular Fibres Initiative targeting the fashion industry. Stella McCartney, H&M, Lenzing, NIKE Inc., and more than 30 other organizations have signed on to support the effort.
These organizations — including the Danish Fashion Institute, Fashion for Good, Cradle to Cradle and Mistra Future Fashion — are dedicated to converting fashion from its current production methods — "take, make, dispose" as the video below describes it — to a compete reimagining of how clothes are made and used.
In this vision for a new textiles economy, according to the Ellen MacArthur Foundation, "clothes would be designed to last longer, be worn more, and be easily rented, resold or recycled, and no toxic substances or pollutants would be released during their production and use."
The goal is a no-waste clothing and textiles system. It's possible, but it will require plenty of effort: "New business models, technological innovation, radical collaboration, and most importantly, rapid acceleration are critical steps the report identifies to catalyze this critical transformation,” said Jason Kibbey, the CEO of the Sustainable Apparel Coalition.
This graphic illustrates the Ellen MacArthur Foundation's ambitions for a new textiles economy. (Photo: Courtesy Ellen MacArthur Foundation) | <urn:uuid:c22efa16-96a3-405e-a25b-2a7865d0d3ec> | {
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The main merits and demerits of scatter diagram are
Merits of Scatter Diagram .
(i) It is simple and a non-mathematical method of studying correlation between two variables.
(ii) It can be easily understood and interpreted.
(iii) It is not influenced by the size of extreme values.
Demerits of Scatter Diagram
(i) It is only a qualitative expression rather than a quantitative expression.
(ii) It gives only a broad and rough idea of the degree and nature of correlation between two variables.
(iii) This method does not indicate the exact numerical value of correlation. | <urn:uuid:817c5141-8777-47fa-83e5-44579beec3ac> | {
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TiKV (The pronunciation is: /‘taɪkeɪvi:/ tai-K-V, etymology: titanium) is a distributed Key-Value database which is based on the design of Google Spanner and HBase, but it is much simpler without dependency on any distributed file system.
As the storage layer of TiDB, TiKV can work separately and does not depend on the SQL layer of TiDB. To apply to different scenarios, TiKV provides two types of APIs for developers: the Raw Key-Value API and the Transactional Key-Value API.
The key features of TiKV are as follows:
With Placement Driver and carefully designed Raft groups, TiKV excels in horizontal scalability and can easily scale to 100+ TBs of data.
Consistent distributed transactions
Similar to Google’s Spanner, TiKV supports externally-consistent distributed transactions.
Similar to HBase, TiKV implements a Coprocessor framework to support distributed computing.
Cooperates with TiDB
Thanks to the internal optimization, TiKV and TiDB can work together to be a compelling database solution with high horizontal scalability, externally-consistent transactions, and support for RDMBS and NoSQL design patterns.
The TiKV server software stack is as follows:
When a node starts, the metadata of the Node, Store and Region are recorded into PD. The status of each Region and Store is reported to PD regularly.
TiKV provides two types of APIs for developers:
If your application scenario does not need distributed transactions or MVCC (Multi-Version Concurrency Control) and only need to guarantee the atomicity towards one key, you can use the Raw Key-Value API.
If your application scenario requires distributed ACID transactions and the atomicity of multiple keys within a transaction, you can use the Transactional Key-Value API.
Compared to the Transactional Key-Value API, the Raw Key-Value API is more performant with lower latency and easier to use. | <urn:uuid:24cc046c-7592-45a5-a1c6-3b7c3c1b0b69> | {
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People who are known as “game changers” rarely seek out the notoriety or fame that we bestow upon them. Instead, they’re individuals who through extraordinary actions and self-sacrifice help to make the world a better place.
- Mahatma Gandhi who fought for India’s independence through passive resistance and non-violence;
- Nelson Mandela who peacefully fought against apartheid in South Africa, spent 27 years in prison and was eventually elected as that country’s first black president;
- and Aung San Suu Kyi, who spent a total of 15 years under house arrest and continues to fight for a more democratic Myanmar (Burma), as a member of its parliament.
Now, there’s Malala Yousafzai. If you don’t know her name, you should. She’s the 14-year-old student-activist who the Taliban hunted down and shot.
Malala is still critical but her condition has stabilized. The bullet that entered her head and lodged in her back near her neck has been removed. The Taliban has declared that if Malala survives they will try again to kill her. Her father has also been threatened.
In their minds Malala poses a serious threat. But why? How could a 14-year-old girl pose a threat to a faceless, and cowardly group that felt the need to shoot at innocent children in order to extinguish her voice? According to a Taliban spokesman after they shot Malala it’s because,
“She has become a symbol of Western culture in the area; she was openly propagating it.”
The “western culture” that Malala has been fighting for is for girls to have the right to receive an education in Pakistan.
The New York Times documented her struggles in a 2009 documentary as the Taliban sought to end female education in the Swat region of Pakistan and close schools like the one ran by her father. Yet Malala remained determined to get an education:
“They cannot stop me. I will get my education if it is in home, school or any place. This is our request to all the world that save our schools, save our world, save our Pakistan. Save our Swat.”
Malala also chronicled the experience of her school closing in a blog for the BBC Urdu, and made television appearances in support of girls receiving an education without the threat of violence. Her work did not go unnoticed. Last year, she was awarded Pakistan’s National Peace Award.
As we now know, Malala’s profile may have grown too much for the Taliban. Her cause was seen as radical for a woman, let alone a child. And as Maine democratic Senate candidate Cynthia Dill notes in her article, “it gives credence to the mounting international concerns about the Taliban’s resurgence in the wake of a planned U.S. military exit in 2014.”
Our presidential election will determine the course of action the next administration takes regarding the Taliban’s resurgence based on who’s elected to office. But the more immediate concern is the loss of advances that have been made in the region in women’s rights, especially in the area of education.
In neighboring Afghanistan, when the Taliban was in power girls were not allowed to go to school. Now, the estimates are that more than three million girls are receiving some form of education. That said, the struggles for women and girls are far from over in a country that is heavily male-dominated.
Violence in Pakistan against those who fight for women’s rights is nothing new. Normally, sectarian divides and fear of the Taliban have caused Pakistanis to cast an ambivalent eye on attacks against those seeking rights for women and girls, but this time may be different. On Friday, fellow school children and adults around Pakistan prayed for Malala’s recovery. And there has been worldwide condemnation of the Taliban’s actions. Additionally, arrests have been made.
In this instance, it appears that the Taliban has failed. Malala is fighting for her life, as the world waits with anticipation for the latest reports on her health. She has shown the world what one little girl can do. How one person was willing to put herself in harm’s way; willing to fight for her and every other young woman’s right to an education.
No, the Taliban did not succeed. They have made Malala an icon, and shown the world how one little girl was willing to peacefully fight to change the game.
Ed. note: Melissa’s essay from today’s show has been added, along with her interview with Newsweek foreign policy analyst Rula Jebreal below the jump.
Update, Monday 10/15, 9:45am ET: Malala arrived in England this morning for further treatment. More information from NBC News here. | <urn:uuid:517a7a15-8076-44f1-9f1d-38776455b3ef> | {
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The most common type of buildings that you see whenever you go out are concrete frame structures. As the name suggests, these buildings have a frame that’s made entirely out of concrete, with the vertical parts of it being called columns and the horizontal parts being called beams.
When it comes to these structures, the columns are the ones that have load bearing properties and if a beam were to be damaged in a building, it will affect the column and therefore increase the risk of the entire building collapsing.
Concrete is also known as RCC which is basically concrete that contains rebars or steel bars. This combination is the best for building most structures these days since steel is extremely strong in tension and concrete is extremely strong in compression.
Making reinforced concrete is not hard at all, but first of all a mold needs to be made which gives the concrete the desired shape for the project you're working on. Next, you'll have to take a good look at the drawings made by the engineer to place the rebars properly and then tie them using wire.
When the steel is properly tied up, the builder will need to prepare the concrete. He does so by mixing stone chips, sand and cement in a wide range of sizes, but he also adds water in the cement mixer and then, when ready, the liquid concrete is going to be poured into the formwork.
It's very important that the right amount of each ingredient is mixed in order to make sure that the concrete is going to have the right consistency and strength when it dries up to ensure the building won't crack or collapse at the first earthquake.
While different concrete mixes are used depending on the project, in general standard mixes are used. To offer some examples of such mixes, they include M40, M30 and M20 concrete mixes and in this case, the number refers to the concrete's strength in Newtons per square mm.
What this means is that M3 concrete has a compressive strength of thirty Newtons per square millimeter. Keep in mind that the maximum aggregate size can also be specified in the standard mix. So for instance, if an engineer were to specific M30/20 concrete, ten what he means is that the M thirty concrete has to have a maximum aggregate size of twenty millimeters.
So to sum things up, a concrete wall structure is basically made up of connected frame members that are very well connected to one another. When it comes to steel structures, hinge connections are the ones which are used most, yet when it comes to the concrete frame structures, they feature connections in ninety nine point nine percent of the case.
Due to the fact this frame will eventually become really strong, it can and will resist the wide range of loads which are undoubtedly going to act on a construction during its lifespan.
Some Examples of These Loads are as Following:
This refers to the building's downward force that comes from its weight.
This refers to the building's downward force that comes from the weight of its occupants, but also their possessions. The loads can vary if the building is an industrial, office or residential construction. For residential buildings, the minimum load is around two hundred kilograms per square meter.
Generally occurring in bridges, these loads are created by traffic, such as accelerating and braking loads.
These buildings are designed so they can withstand extreme conditions occurring once every one hundred years. These kinds of buildings will therefore withstand wind forces of about one hundred and fifty kilograms per square meter.
When an earthquake takes place, the building will be shook both vertically and horizontally which may cause it to fall apart. The thing is that if the building is very heavy, then its chances of collapse are much higher.
Since the concrete frame is resting on the foundation, the earthquake's force will be transferred from the building onto it and finally to the ground.
Other Essential Components of Concrete Frame Structures:
When it comes to high rise buildings, you should know what shear walls are very important elements. So basically, they are very big columns which can be as long as 9-10 feet and as thick as 16 inches.
Because of their size, they appear to be walls and not column. The reason they're integrated in a building is because they deal with the horizontal forces that act upon the building, including the forces generated by earthquakes and winds.
A building is also subjected to vertical loads which are usually due to gravity. The good news is that these types of loads are also carried by the shear walls, however, it's essential that you understand these walls will only be useful for handling horizontal loads in a single direction. Therefore, given their function, you won't actually find these walls built into low rise buildings.
As you may expect, each high-rise building will have elevator and the elevator shafts are basically vertical boxes that allow elevators to move down and up. In general, elevators are enclosed in their own box made of concrete. But what you don't know is that the shafts are also excellent structural elements that carry vertical loads and help resist horizontal loads.
Walls in Concrete Frame Buildings
One thing you need to know about concrete frame structures is the fact that they are not only economical, but they're also very strong. Because of that, you can basically use any type of wall material with them and if you want to lean towards the heavier options, they include stone, concrete blocks, but also walls of brick.
On the other hand, lighter options may be a good idea, deepening on your preferences and needs and some of them include wood studs covered with sheeting material and masonry walls of brick.
The truth is that most of the times when concrete or brick blocks are used, the entire surface will have to be plastered using a cement plaster. This helps form a long lasting, but also very durable finish.
Cladding of Concrete Frame Structures
One of the best things about concrete frame buildings is that you can easily clad them with just about any cladding material. Some of the most popular ones include ceramic facades, stone sheets, but also aluminum panels and glass. Since these types of buildings can be designed for heavy loading, you can also choose to clad them in stone, brick or solid masonry walls. | <urn:uuid:c118166b-4c16-4e03-a176-ce821ac92673> | {
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From Our 2012 Archives
Most 'Extreme Preemies' Grow Into Happy, Healthy Teens
Latest Healthy Kids News
THURSDAY, June 7 (HealthDay News) -- The tiniest, most underweight babies emerge as teens who feel good about themselves, rating their health about the same as children born at normal weights, according to a new study.
The research, which tracked children who weighed less than 2.2 pounds at birth, found that 69 percent reported their health as good to excellent when they were teenagers. That was about the same rate reported by both a control group of teens who weighed at least 7 pounds as newborns, and the general population of adolescents in the United States.
While severely underweight babies do have more health problems and learning disabilities than other children, the study's lead author stressed that the research revealed how they feel about themselves in their teen years.
"There is this whole question of whether we should be keeping these very premature babies alive," said Dr. Maureen Hack, a professor of pediatrics at Case Western Reserve University Medical School, in Cleveland, where the study was done. "It is important to consider how they feel about themselves, not just how other people feel about them."
Another key finding of the study was that the smallest children at birth tended to avoid risk more than their peers in adolescence. But those risks included dangers such as alcohol, drugs and friends who get into trouble, according to the research.
The study appeared online June 4 and will be published in the July issue of Pediatrics.
About 30,000 very low birth weight babies are born in the United States each year, and about 80 percent survive, Hack said. Risk factors for very low birth weight include low socioeconomic status, maternal high blood pressure, maternal infection and multiple births.
Very underweight babies born prematurely often have lung, vision and hearing problems. But their vision tends to improve as they grow older, said another expert, Dr. Roya Samuels.
Yet, "these infants do not come out unscathed," said Samuels, a pediatrician at Cohen Children's Medical Center in New Hyde Park, N.Y. She warned against drawing too many conclusions from the study because self-reporting by teenagers can be flawed.
She said one finding in the research -- that teens in the study group had significantly higher rates of learning disabilities and other medical problems -- "didn't make a lot of sense" if the teens also rated their health as good to excellent.
"There are no objective measures," she said, adding that parents or doctors could have given valuable input. The study noted that parents involved in other research had "reported poorer health" for their preterm children than the children did.
The study followed 168 extremely underweight babies admitted to Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital from 1992 to 1995. Researchers also recruited a control group of 115 normal birth-weight children matched for age, gender and socioeconomic status. Both groups filled out the same questionnaire at ages 8 and 14. Most participants were black and from middle- to lower-middle-income households, said Hack, noting that premature birth is a serious problem among black women.
Participants answered questions about overall health, specific health problems, self-esteem, sexual activity, drug and alcohol use, peers and school performance.
At age 14, about 45 percent of the extremely low birth weight children were in special education programs, compared with about 10 percent of those with normal birth weights. Significantly, more of the former group also had long-term medical disorders such as cerebral palsy.
The study noted that the children who were severely underweight at birth were less likely to engage in physical exercise and risky behaviors, including riding in fast cars, breaking parental rules, drug and alcohol use and sexual intercourse.
Hack, who is also a professor of obstetrics and gynecology at Case Western, said risk aversion in teen years might not be "entirely beneficial" because some risk-taking during adolescence is normal and it could mean the children are more socially isolated. She also said parents might be more protective of preterm children, resulting in fewer opportunities to take chances.
Yet, the study's key message is "that the children feel okay about themselves, despite their problems," Hack said. "It is important to know that."
Copyright © 2012 HealthDay. All rights reserved.
SOURCES: Maureen Hack, M.D., professor of pediatrics and of obstetrics and gynecology, Case Western University Medical School, Cleveland; Roya Samuels, M.D., pediatrician, Cohen Children's Medical Center, New Hyde Park, N.Y.; July 2012, Pediatrics
- Allergic Skin Disorders
- Bacterial Skin Diseases
- Bites and Infestations
- Diseases of Pigment
- Fungal Skin Diseases
- Medical Anatomy and Illustrations
- Noncancerous, Precancerous & Cancerous Tumors
- Oral Health Conditions
- Papules, Scales, Plaques and Eruptions
- Scalp, Hair and Nails
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
- Vascular, Lymphatic and Systemic Conditions
- Viral Skin Diseases
- Additional Skin Conditions | <urn:uuid:8cf8294b-0b3a-47db-b302-29271699e537> | {
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Stem cell transplant for childhood non-Hodgkin lymphoma
A stem cell transplant is sometimes used to treat childhood non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). It is used to replace stem cells when stem cells or bone marrow are damaged. A stem cell transplant is a very risky and complex procedure that must be done in a specialized transplant centre or hospital.
Stem cells are found in the bone marrow, the bloodstream and umbilical cords. They are basic cells that develop into different types of cells that have different jobs. For example, all our blood cells develop from blood stem cells.
A stem cell transplant uses high-dose chemotherapy to kill all of the cells in the bone marrow. This includes both healthy cells and the lymphoma cells. After high-dose chemotherapy, healthy stem cells are given to replace the ones in the bone marrow that were destroyed.
Your child may be offered a stem cell transplant to treat non-Hodgkin lymphoma if:
- the cancer does not respond to other treatments or is resistant to treatment
- the cancer comes back (recurs, or relapses) after treatment
A stem cell transplant is a complex procedure with many side effects and risks that must be done in specialized transplant centres or hospitals.
Types of transplants used for childhood NHL
The following types of stem cell transplant may be used with childhood NHL.
In this type of transplant, the stem cells are taken from the child’s own blood or bone marrow.
Autologous transplants are the most common type used to treat resistant or recurrent childhood NHL. Before the stem cells are collected, the doctor will do bone marrow aspiration and biopsy to make sure that there are no cancer cells in the bone marrow. Stem cells are usually collected from the peripheral blood through a special venous catheter, after recovery from a cycle of chemotherapy. The stem cells are then frozen until needed.
In an autologous stem cell transplant, very high doses of chemotherapy (conditioning) are used to try to kill any remaining cancer cells. The doses are so high that the child’s healthy bone marrow will not recover without being “rescued” by his or her previously collected healthy stem cells. These stem cells are given back to the child after the high-dose chemotherapy is complete.
In this type of transplant, the stem cells are taken from one person (the donor) and are given to the child receiving the transplant (the recipient). The donor may be a relative or may be unrelated to the child. The stem cells may either be collected from the donor’s bone marrow or peripheral blood or from an umbilical cord. The donor and recipient are matched through a process called human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing.
Allogeneic transplants may be used to treat certain types of relapsed childhood NHL. In addition to providing a “rescue” from very high doses of chemotherapy, the donor’s stem cells will often help fight lymphoma in the recipient (person receiving the stem cells), because they recognize the cancer cells as foreign.
Side effects can happen with any type of treatment for NHL, but every child’s experience is different.
Side effects can develop any time during, immediately after or a few days or weeks after a stem cell transplant. Sometimes late side effects develop months or years after a stem cell transplant. Most side effects go away on their own or can be treated, but some side effects may last a long time or become permanent.
Side effects of a stem cell transplant will depend mainly on the type of chemotherapy drug or drug combination given, if radiation therapy was given, the type of transplant and the child’s overall health. Common side effects of a stem cell transplant include:
- low blood cell counts
- graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)
- digestive system problems
Other side effects can develop months or years after treatment for childhood NHL. Find out more about late effects for childhood NHL.
Tell your child’s healthcare team if your child has side effects you think might be from a stem cell transplant. The sooner you tell them of any problems, the sooner they can suggest ways to help your child deal with them. | <urn:uuid:dfaeb55d-5354-477a-9551-7ee4ee6e9171> | {
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Pre-Gather and Post-Gather Counts. The number of animals captured or removed from the land is used to inform population estimates. This technique can be used when a count has been conducted and is followed soon thereafter by a gather, in which a relatively large proportion of the horses are removed and the quantity is known. Another count is conducted soon after the gather. The difference between the two counts can be used to estimate the detection probability (Eberhardt, 1982).
All the methods except removals or captures can be conducted from the ground or from the air. In ground-based surveys, observers might traverse transects on foot, in vehicles, on horseback, or a combination of the three. Ground-based observers may be in prepositioned, stationary blinds to count animals with the mark-resight or double-observation methods. Cameras can be used to photograph animals at places of common congregation, such as watering holes (Cao et al., 2012; Petersen et al., 2012), and animals can be identified in a series of photographs over time by their markings; this procedure is typically used in a mark-resight analytical framework. Given the sizes of HMAs and their varied topography, it is usually practical and cost-effective to conduct surveys of horses and burros from the air. Helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft are the two aerial survey platforms typically used. In some cases, fixed-wing aerial surveys, which are less expensive than helicopter surveys, are adequate to locate and count animals, especially in areas dominated by sagebrush or other low-growing vegetation. In areas that have higher canopy and cover, however, helicopters may be needed for slower and more careful searching patterns. In aerial surveys, survey methods may be combined. For example, more than one observer may count animals as an aircraft follows a transect pattern by using distance sampling. Transect patterns can also be flown more than once during a survey to increase accuracy of population estimation, assuming that animals do not move substantially relative to flight paths between surveys.
Similarly, the Wild Horse Identification Management System (Osborn, 2004) was established in the Pryor Mountains to enumerate free-ranging horses by using unique coat-color markings and morphological characteristics in photographs. Lubow and Ransom (2009) used this approach in three HMAs (whose horse populations were of known size and were each smaller than 400) that were monitored weekly. Before correcting for detection probability, population size was biased (undercounted) by as much as 32 percent, but estimates accounting for heterogeneity of sighting probability (detection probability) were within 3-29 percent of the true number of animals known to be occupying the areas at the time of the surveys (Lubow and Ransom, 2009). The authors considered the cost of the more accurate models that quantified uncertainty in population-size estimates to be comparable with the costs of raw counts typically used by BLM (Lubow and Ransom, 2009), although the post-processing staff time required can be greater for this technique (Ransom, 2012b).
Remote-sensing technology can be used effectively to locate and count free-ranging horses and burros with a wide variety of sensors on satellites or manned and unmanned aircraft. The sensors can obtain high-resolution images at user-defined times and locations and can capture surface-reflectance characteristics at various spatial resolutions. Manned and unmanned aircraft can also take high-resolution videography that can be used to count horses and assess condition. New technology, including videography that detects movement patterns and measures speed of travel, can sense features with tremendous detail and accuracy. These methods will continue to be developed and improved and will allow even | <urn:uuid:e9783411-002d-44ae-8e82-1c0905b79054> | {
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Poets are charged with creating works that are highly evocative. They use images that demonstrate emotions and ideas, either literally or metaphorically. Creative language is one of the tools that the best poets employ to get a point across. Consonance, alliteration and rhyme are often discussed, but among the most evocative choices in poetry is the use of onomatopoeia.
Onomatopoeia is a fancy term for a word that mimics a sound. For example:
Onomatopoeia is often used by poets because it allows the reader to visualize the scene that they are setting up by creating a multi-sensory experience, all in words.
Alfred Lord Tennyson was one of the most famous poets of the Victorian Era, succeeding the great Romantic poet William Wordsworth as England’s poet laureate. Lord Tennyson was widely known for his particularly effective use of language, which conjured up whimsy, mystery, and even sadness.
His medievalist poem, Morte D’Arthur, chronicles the death of the legendary King Arthur. The work is full of onomatopoeia.
Around the same time Tennyson wrote poetry in England, Edgar Allan Poe was doing the same in America. Poe’s poetry is always filled with sensory detail, quite often unsettling and frightening.
For example, in The Raven:
Poe’s poem The Bells is one of his most onomatopoetic. For example, in The Bells:
A popular fairy tale widely believed to be true is the tale of the Pied Piper of Hamelin, who supposedly led children away from their families in Germany during the Middle Ages.
Robert Browning, a poet who popularized the dramatic monologue, wrote an onomatopoetic poem about the pied piper. This poem depicts:
Gwendolyn Brooks was an American author who wrote prominently during the years of the civil rights movement. An African-American, Brooks experienced many of the trials and tribulations associated with being black during a tumultuous time in the history of the United States.
She often poured these experiences into her poetry, which used particularly sensory language to depict a variety of different ideas, scenarios, and stories. She later became a Poet Laureate Consultant for her works.
Brooks’ poem Cynthia in the Snow uses onomatopoeia to depict a girl’s thoughts about the snow:
These onomatopoetic words also contain hints of alliteration, words that begin with the same sound.
Create and save customized word lists. Sign up today and start improving your vocabulary!
Please set a username for yourself.
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Compares two object reference variables.
The IsNot operator determines if two object references refer to different objects. However, it does not perform value comparisons. If object1 and object2 both refer to the exact same object instance, result is False; if they do not, result is True.
IsNot is the opposite of the Is operator. The advantage of IsNot is that you can avoid awkward syntax with Not and Is, which can be difficult to read.
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Age is directly proportional to fertility in women
- By Dr. T Deepa Porkodi
There was a reason why our mothers and grandmothers were married off once they got their educational degrees. The right age to have a child is when you are in your twenties. In today’s world, the age when a girl gets married has been extended under the influence of several factors. Girls today put their careers, financial stability and independence and mental preparedness before they finally decide to have a baby. But time and tide waits for no man, or woman for that matter.
Fertility starts falling after the age of 30. After 35, the fall is steep. Conception and giving birth to a healthy baby is natural till the age of 35. After that, however, the chances of assisted pregnancy and babies with birth defects rise. From a purely biological perspective 35 years is the upper limit for a woman to have her first baby.
The chances of you conceiving quickly also depend a lot on your age. 85% of the couples conceive within one year if they stop using contraception and have sexual intercourse every 2 to 3 days of the cycle. The chances of getting pregnant within a year are high for women in the 20 to 24 age group. As you grow older, you will require more time to conceive naturally.
As you grow older, the number of good eggs in your ovaries decreases slowly. So even if you are menstruating regularly and ovulating on time, because your eggs are not viable, it will take a longer time for you to get pregnant. As you approach menopause, the periods become irregular and so does ovulation, making it even more difficult for you to get pregnant.
Fallopian tube problems are also factors affecting pregnancy. Fallopian tube blockage due to infection is an extreme condition. As you age, it may mean that you have been infected with a condition that hasn’t been treated for a longer time. An infection like Chlamydia may develop into pelvic inflammatory disease and block your fallopian tubes. This may prevent fertilization altogether or increase your chances of ectopic pregnancy. So if you are trying to have a baby, looking after your sexual health is equally important.
Endometriosis and fibroids are common diseases of the uterus that can make pregnancy difficult as you age. Endometriosis can cause scars that block the fallopian tubes and as you age the disease becomes more extensive. Fibroids are muscular growth on the wall of the uterus that make your menstrual cycle painful and also prevent the implantation of fertilized zygote.
PCOS or Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is a disease that is on the rise among young girls. The lifestyle led today is extremely unhealthy leading to obesity. Obesity is the root cause of several health issues, infertility being one of them.
One of the interesting factors regarding age and fertility is that as you age, the chances of multiple pregnancy increase. As you grow older your body has to work more to help you get pregnant. For this the body produces more amount of Follicle Stimulating Hormone or FSH. The job of FSH is to help in the process of ovulation. As you age, the increased FSH causes more than one egg to ovulate. This greatly increases the chance of you conceiving non-identical twins. Having twins can be an exciting prospect but it would also mean double the care and responsibilities.
Age-related infertility is becoming more and more common. Even though health awareness is at its best and women are taking better care of their bodies, it does not offset age-related decrease in fertility.
Nature has a blueprint for all its functions. Things have to happen at the right time. If they don’t, it would means tampering with nature’s plans and the effects will have to be faced.
As the age increases, fertility decreases in both men and women. In men the decline is very gradual and they may remain fertile even at 50 years. In women however the decline is steep and after 35 natural conception becomes a difficult process. | <urn:uuid:6d5be289-687c-417c-9338-9e7a2a6bb02f> | {
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Click on a thumbnail to go to Google Books.
Bacteria: Staph, Strep, Clostridium, and Other Bacteria (Class of Their… (edition 2010)
by Judy Wearing
Bacteria: Staph, Strep, Clostridium, and Other Bacteria (A Class of Their Own) by Judy Wearing
No current Talk conversations about this book.
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Bacteria are microscopic organisms with a cell structure that is very different from that of the other kingdoms. Traditionally classified according to their shape, scientists now use DNA studies to refine the groupings of bacteria. This book examines bacteria that are found in virtually every environment--including those that are characterized by extreme heat, cold, and depth--and, of course, bacteria that are found inside our bodies. Intriguing information highlights the key role that bacteria play in shaping the ecology of our planet, how some bacteria make their own food while others feed on ready-made food, and how some do indeed cause disease, while most do not. Case studies examine the development of new vaccines against bacterial diseases and the use of bacteria to help fight pollution.
(summary from another edition)
Is this you?
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Inverholme Schoolhouse is a one-storey, one
room wood-frame schoolhouse. It has been relocated to Deas Island Park, along with the Delta Agricultural Hall and Burrvilla, and is now situated adjacent to large grassed expanses and a mixed canopy of deciduous and coniferous trees, with views towards the Fraser River.
This typical example of an early twentieth century western Canadian one room schoolhouse serves as an outstanding physical reminder of the importance of education to the pioneers who built this community. It is an example of the standard one-room design provided by the Provincial Department of Public Works, that facilitated the growth of the educational system in rural communities. This practical and functional design was easy and inexpensive to execute and was notable for its separate boys' and girls' entrances and boxy form. Typical of mandated school policy, the windows are banked along one side to allow
natural light but left sufficient wall space on the other side for educational purposes. It was built in 1909 for the Delta Municipal School Board by contractor, Hector Campbell, at a cost of $1,290.
Furthermore, the heritage value of Inverholme School is its reflection of the rapid growth and development of Delta. It was originally located on 72 Street about a mile south of Ladner Trunk Road. It remained in operation only until 1926, by which time it had been outgrown. When Alex D. Paterson sold a large portion of his land to the Federal Government for the development of the Boundary Bay Airport, the old schoolhouse was moved north, adjacent to the Paterson farm, ‘Inverholme,’ from which its current name is derived.
Additionally, the heritage value of Inverholme Schoolhouse lies in its interior and exterior preservation as an illustration of early education in Delta. In 1982, it was moved to Deas Island Park and restored to its original character. It stands as a reflection of the community’s commitment to the preservation of their heritage, and is an important facility for the interpretation of local history. It was designated as a municipal heritage site in 1983.
Character defining elements:
Institutional form, scale and massing as expressed in its rectangular one-room schoolhouse plan
Interior features: original spatial configuration with high ceilings, multi-panelled doors and fir floors; cloak room at entry with floor to ceiling tongue-and-groove; panelling and brick hearth with a hanging red brick chimney; and single large open class room with vertical tongue-and-groove wainscoting
Pyramidal roof with lower front-gabled roof over entry
Wood-frame construction clad with wooden drop siding and corner boards
Additional exterior elements such as: separate boys' and girls' entries; original panelled exterior doors with hardware; internal red brick chimney and central roof ventilator
Fenestration: banked row of double-hung 6-over-6 wooden sash windows; double-hung 2-over-2 wooden sash windows at entry; and 4-paned awning-swing wooden sash windows at rear
Added to Municipal Register: January 15, 2007
Submitted to National Register: 2005
Designated: June 13, 1983
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Conditional statements (i.e., statements of the form “If p, then q”, where p and q are statements) are staples of logic and are used widely in mathematics, science, philosophy, and everyday life. How do we judge whether such statements are true or not? Normally this is achieved by looking at whether each of the statements p and q are true or not, and whether the consequence follows from the antecedent. But it is not always that simple.
In a post examining this question, Jason Rosenhouse examines a simple statement “If it rains, then I will go to the movies”. In everyday language, the truth of the statement is determined by actual facts. If in fact it rained and I did go the movies, then the statement is true. If it rained and I did not go to the movies, then it is false. But how do we judge if the statement is true or not if it does not rain? In everyday life, we would then say that the truth of the statement cannot be tested.
But according to the rules of classical logic we cannot dodge the question that way but must assign a truth value based on the truth values of the statements p and q alone. The rules for doing so are as follows:
If p and q are true, then the statement is true.
If p is false, then the statement is true whether q is true or false.
If p is true and q is false, then the statement is false.
Rosenhouse gives some amusing examples of seemingly absurd statements that are deemed to be true by following these rules, such as “If I am not in France, then I am not in Spain” (assuming you are not actually in either country), “If Santa Claus exists, then the Moon is made of green cheese”, and “If Neil Armstrong had not walked on the moon, then no one else would have”.
Since all mathematical theorems are at root based on such statements, then according to the rules of mathematics, we need to assign truth values there as well. Rosenhouse says that when it comes to the kinds of statements that mathematicians care about, no problems arise. But these rules do cause problems for formal logicians and philosophers and they have developed a vast literature to address such questions. | <urn:uuid:0a38ffde-4065-45d4-9206-326afb39cda1> | {
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Global eradication of polio would enhance individual health
Globalization in economies and societies also impacts medical concerns. International travel and global trade continue to rise, and infectious diseases spread quickly around the world, no matter how rare or commonplace they may sound.
Even polio, a virus that has been eliminated from the U.S. for more than 30 years, can pose a global health threat. The average American does not remember childhood polio vaccinations, children in leg braces, and black-and-white photos of iron-lungs, as these things are now only seen in history textbooks. Unfortunately, polio remains a very real health threat.
Eliminating this virus from the world means everyone can be considered safe from polio and its consequences.
“Scenarios for polio being introduced into the United States are easy to imagine, and the disease could get a foothold if we don’t maintain high vaccination rates,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention team leader Greg Wallace said. “For example, an unvaccinated U.S. resident could travel abroad and become infected before returning home. Or, a visitor to the United States could travel here while infected. The point is that one person infected with polio is all it takes to start the spread of polio to others if they are not protected by vaccination.” | <urn:uuid:5c5a1003-86bd-48cc-8168-f084839c05c2> | {
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What Is IPv4 Multicasting?
Updated: March 28, 2003
Applies To: Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2003 R2, Windows Server 2003 with SP1, Windows Server 2003 with SP2
IP Multicasting Overview
The concept of group membership is central to IP multicasting. IP multicast datagrams are sent to a group, and only members of the group receive the datagrams. A group is identified by a single IP multicast address, which is an IP address in the Class D range of 188.8.131.52 to 184.108.40.206 (designated as 220.127.116.11/4 in classless interdomain routing (CIDR) notation). These Class D addresses are known as group addresses. A source host sends multicast datagrams to a group address. Destination hosts inform a local router that they need to join the group.
In an IP multicast-enabled intranet, any host can send IP multicast datagrams to any group address, and any host can receive IP multicast datagrams from any group address regardless of its location. To facilitate this capability, the hosts and routers on the intranet must support IP multicasting. Hosts use the Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) for establishing group membership. Routers use multicast routing protocols for forwarding multicast data.
The following figure illustrates a multicast-enabled intranet.
In this illustration, the hosts and routers are multicast-enabled so that the following can occur:
The sending host sends multicast datagrams to a designated group address.
The routers forward the multicast datagrams to any network segments that include group members. Routers can forward multicast traffic across a network, between networks, and across the Internet.
The receiving hosts inform a local router to join the group, and then they receive all subsequent datagrams sent to the group address.
If a receiving host leaves the group and detects that it might be the last group member on the subnet, it can contact the local router to leave the group, informing the router to stop forwarding the multicast datagrams to that subnet.
Benefits of IP Multicasting
Multicasting provides an efficient way to support high-bandwidth, one-to-many applications on a network:
Multicasting can dramatically reduce network traffic by sending a single copy of the data.
Hosts can be configured for multicasting without hardware upgrades.
Because newer routers already support multicast forwarding and multicast routing protocols, enabling multicasting on a network is practical and cost-effective.
Multicasting is useful for many types of one-to-many applications, such as the following:
Multimedia, such as video conferencing and collaborative computing.
Automatic discovery of resources in an internetwork (in Windows Server 2003 for example, TCP/IP router discovery uses multicasting by default, and WINS uses multicasting during automatic discovery of replication partners).
Datacasting such as file distribution or database synchronization.
Mobile computer support such as remote address book updating.
Distribution of organizational publications.
IP Multicasting with Routing and Remote Access
Windows Server 2003 does not provide multicast routing protocols, such as Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP), Multicast Extensions to Open Shortest Path First (MOSPF), and Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM), although Routing and Remote Access does support multicast routing protocols developed by independent software vendors (ISVs).
As an alternative, you can use the Routing and Remote Access service to forward multicast traffic. In this case, the Routing and Remote Access service uses IGMP as an IP routing protocol component. Router interfaces are configured in one of two operating modes: IGMP router mode or IGMP proxy mode. The purpose of IGMP router mode is to forward multicast traffic in a single-router intranet. The purpose of IGMP proxy mode is to connect a single-router intranet to a multicast-capable intranet or the Internet.
Although Routing and Remote Access uses IGMP in a limited way to enable multicast forwarding on an intranet, it is not the equivalent of a true multicast routing protocol. The Routing and Remote Access IGMP routing protocol component supports multicast forwarding for several specific internetwork topologies. For more information about the supported topologies, see “How IPv4 Multicasting Works.” | <urn:uuid:6496ea56-f149-40c7-a017-75fbf860f0dd> | {
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Routine screening for a panel of genetic diseases, often done without the parents’ consent, is mandated by the government on all babies born in the U.S., and many states, also unbeknownst to the parents, reportedly store newborn babies DNA indefinitely, sparking a new debate about whether it’s appropriate for a baby’s genetic blueprint to be in the government’s possession.
Many parents are unaware that their baby’s DNA is being stored in a government lab, but when they find out, they take action. Parents in Texas and Minnesota have filed lawsuits to have their baby’s DNA removed from government’s newborn baby DNA data base.
Texas reportedly transferred hundreds of infant blood spots to an Armed Forces lab to build a national — and someday international — mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) registry between 2003 and 2009. Records released after the state agreed in December to destroy more than 5 million infant blood spots, also revealed that an effort was made to limit the public’s knowledge of aspects of the newborn blood program and to manage the debate around it. A lawsuit was filed but the plaintiffs never saw the records involved because the state of Texas settled the case so quickly that it never reached the discovery phase.
States Now Mandate that Newborns be Tested for 28 to 54 Different Conditions
Starting in 2002, the Texas state health department reportedly began storing blood spots indefinitely, for “research into causes of selected diseases.” Four years later, Texas started contracting with Texas A&M University’s School of Rural Public Health to warehouse the blood spot cards, which were accumulating at a rate of 800,000 a year. State health officials never notified parents of the changes; they didn’t need parental consent for the birth-defect screening so they didn’t ask for it for research purposes. More on what the Texas Tribune calls the “DNA Deception” can be found in this article.
During a recent television appearance, former Vice President Dick Cheney wantonly — and proudly — admitted to violating section 2340A of the federal criminal code that makes it an offense to torture or to conspire to torture.
In a normal criminal justice system that hasn’t been subverted by corrupted politicians and lawyers, Cheney would have convicted himself with his confession, but in the U.S. — at least for now — the justice system does not apply to politicians regardless of how corrupt and treasonous they are.
This past Sunday, Cheney admitted to being ‘a big supporter of water boarding,’ which, depending upon who is doing it, has been regarded as torture and a serious war crime. As noted by AlterNet, Japanese commanders were prosecuted for using it on American prisoners during World War II. Those rules — according to the government — don’t apply to U.S. politicians who illegally lie this country to war. The hypocrisy really is astounding.
In the U.S. however, it is deemed ‘justifiable’ when highly politicized ‘Justice’ Department lawyers illegally say it is. In Cheney’s warped sense of reality, water boarding should still be ‘on the table.’
Makers of the Swine Flu vaccine had a very profitable year in 2009. By last June, CSL Limited’s annual profits had reportedly risen 63 percent over 2008, GlaxoSmithKline’s 2009 earnings spiked 30 percent in the third quarter alone, to $2.19 billion and Roche made 12 times more in the second quarter of 2009 than of 2008, all because of a Swine Flu pandemic that, according to a Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) investigation, was driven by collusion between the World Health Organization (WHO) and Big Pharma.
Revelations that the Swine Flu pandemic was falsely created are not new. Much was written about the creation of the pandemic when it began, questioning the accuracy and motives that were behind it.
Recently, the Council of Europe launched an investigation into whether the WHO ‘faked’ the Swine Flu pandemic in order to boost profits for vaccine manufacturers. The inquiry was held in Strasbourg, France.
Dr. Ulrich Keil, director of the WHO’s Collaborating Centre for Epidemiology, slammed his own organization and Dr. Keiji Fukuda, the WHO’s flu chief, for ‘producing angst campaigns.’ Dr. Keil says the false pandemic was completely exaggerated in contrast with all the really important matters the WHO deals with in public health. | <urn:uuid:e34351a8-aead-4078-9a23-5999729119e4> | {
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1- make a volcano
2 - make the volcano erupt
Although some groups experiments were less successful, we all had great fun.
In writing, we wrote instructions on how we did this and gave them to P7. They are going to try out the experiment using our writing and give us feedback on the quality of our instructions! | <urn:uuid:2d59251b-7622-4423-814f-4c5ea14bd240> | {
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St David's Church was a chapelry during the post-conquest period, belonging to the Deanery of Cemais. It is home to four medieval cross-incised stones (NPRN 276032). Two are incorporated into the churchyard wall, with the other two incorporated into the present church building. The pattern of one of the latter includes a linear Latin cross with a lozenge shaped ring at its upper end, and with stones at St Tecwyn's Church, Llandecwyn (NPRN 43903), St Tanwg's Church, Llandanwg (NPRN 43901) and St Sulien's Church, Silian (NPRN 402554) is one of only four examples in Wales. Llanllawer Holy Well (NPRN 32485), also known as Ffynnon Gapan is located some 40m north-east of the church. The well reportedly had a reputation for its miraculous healing powers, and was reputedly particularly effective in curing sore eyes. In 1998 the church had been redundant for some years.
The form of the medieval church building is unknown. It was entirely rebuilt in 1860, on the same location as its predecessor, but retaining nothing from the earlier fabric.
The current church is constructed of limestone and slate rubble. It consists of two-bayed chancel, wider two-bayed nave, vestry (north of the chancel) south porch and west single bellcote. There is a re-used stoup set within a niche in the north-west angle of the nave. It is filled by a spring which permeates up through the church walls.
Cambria Archaeology, 2000, Carmarthenshire Churches, gazetteer, 48
Edwards, N, 2007, A Corpus of early Medieval Inscribed Stones and Stone Sculpture in Wales: Volume II
N Vousden, RCAHMW, 30 May 2013 | <urn:uuid:df491082-d836-4a46-8ee6-3f81cbc4ef9c> | {
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Willem Sandberg (1897-1984) was director of the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam between 1945-63. Whilst he championed new artists and developed one of the most important collections of modern art in Europe, he also designed almost all of the posters, catalogues and graphic material for the museum – an unusual activity for a museum director. Sandberg’s graphic design reflected his vision and defined the look of the museum. With a focus on experimenting with type as image, his style was marked by simplicity, bright colors, torn paper shapes and the re-use of images in multiple contexts.
He designed 380 posters and more than 250 catalogues. After leaving the museum he stayed active as a graphic designer for a long time.
With the belief that art should be integrated into daily life, Sandberg introduced an education program and modernized the museum by transforming it into an inviting environment with a library, reading room, a restaurant and an auditorium with a film- and music program. Already in 1938 he whitewashed the interior of the museum and in 1954 he added an extension to the building. The year before he retired he replaced the solid wooden doors of the entrance into huge transparent glass doors. Sandberg constantly aimed to lower the threshold of the museum to make it more appealing and easy to access for everybody.
Under his directorship, the Stedelijk Museum began collecting not only important works by Van Gogh, Cézanne, Picasso, Léger, Mondrian, Moore, Calder and Malevich, but also other art forms including an international collection of design and photography. Most of all Sandberg exhibited artists from all over the world. | <urn:uuid:9cbf5e25-c458-4c65-a718-1b190976ddcc> | {
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Alcohol and other Drugs Social & Health Consequences Use, Misuse, Abuse and Addiction • Use – Ingestion of Alcohol or other Drugs without the experience of negative consequences • Misuse – Ingestion of Alcohol or other Drugs experiencing negative consequences such as: DWI, MIP • Abuse – Continued use of Alcohol and other Drugs in spite of negative consequences • Addiction - A habitual repetition of excessive behavior that a person is unable and unwilling to STOP regardless of negative and harmful consequences. http://www.rsoa.org/TKLiResponseToSUAA.pdf Addiction is a “chronic brain disorder and not simply a behavioral problem.” • Addiction is a primary, chronic disease of brain reward, motivation, memory and related circuitry. • Addiction affects neurotransmission and interactions within reward structures of the brain. • Memory of previous exposures to rewards leads to a biological and behavioral response to external cues, in turn triggering craving. http://addiction-dirkh.blogspot.com/2012/01/brain-scans-and-addiction-research.html http://psychcentral.com/blog/archives/2011/08/16/is-addiction-simply-a-brain-disease-it-is-now http://teens.drugabuse.gov/drug-facts/brain-and-addiction Treating Addiction must go beyond just fixing the brain chemistry Pharmacological Treatments Medical Services http://www.recoveryconnection.org/cycle-of-addiction/ Behavioral Therapy Social Services • Alcohol is the drug most commonly used, misused and abused among youth and adults. • Motor vehicle crashes. Every day, 28 people in the United States die in motor vehicle crashes that involve an alcohol-impaired driver. • Intimate partner violence. About 2 of 3 incidents of intimate partner violence are associated with alcohol. • Risky sexual behaviors. Excessive drinking increases risky sexual behaviors, including unprotected sex and sex with multiple partners. • Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Any alcohol use by a pregnant woman can cause harm to a developing fetus. • Chronic conditions. Excessive drinking can lead to alcohol dependence, liver disease, high blood pressure, heart attack, stroke, and certain kinds of cancer. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration FARS data, 2013 CDC stats for 2011 - http://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/resources/publications/aag/alcohol.htm Alcohol and Drugs have a great impact on Brain Development • Young people who begin drinking before the age of 15, are five times more likely to develop alcohol dependence than those who wait until they are 21. • Alcohol can cause permanent brain damage while brain is under its developmental stages. • Exposure to substances that inhibit cell growth can have a devastating effect on the developing brain. • Alcohol and other Drugs limits the Brain’s ability to form new pathways and connections that are essential to learning and memory. • Adults who abuse drugs often have problems thinking clearly, remembering, and paying attention. Alcohol and Adolescent Brain Development The frontal lobes, responsible for reasoning and thinking are the last areas of the brain to develop fully. Paul Thompson, Ph.D. UCLA Laboratory of Neuroimaging Brain Developing from ages 5 to 20 Brain affected by Alcohol Drinkers have less Active Brains Brain scans of two females. Top view of the brain. Note Differences In back of the Brain Healthy Control Alcohol Dependent Colored areas show active brain areas during memory task. Alcohol primarily interferes with the transfer of information from short - term to long - term storage. Drinking Alcohol while pregnant: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) • Each year between 1,300 and 8,000 babies in the United States are born with FAS. • FAS include retardation, behavior problems, ADHD, seizures, and autism. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Drug Facts • Thanks to medical and drug research, there are thousands of drugs that help people. • But there are also lots of illegal, harmful drugs that people take to help them feel good or have a good time. • In the brain, drugs may either intensify or dull your senses, alter your sense of alertness, and sometimes decrease physical pain. • Some drugs severely impair a person's ability to make healthy choices and decisions. National Survey on Drug Use & Health Marijuana • Opponents of legalization assert that it will have a significant, negative impact on public health, leading to an increase in marijuana-related accidents and widespread addiction. • Many marijuana users believe smoking pot has no negative effects, scientific research indicates that marijuana use can cause many different health problems. Long Term effects of Marijuana Use • Marijuana has serious harmful effects on the skills required to drive safely – Short term and long term use. • Reduced resistance to common illnesses (colds, bronchitis, etc.) • Suppression of the immune system. • Increase of abnormally structured cells in the body. • Reduction of male sex hormones. • Rapid destruction of lung fibers and lesions (injuries) to the brain could be permanent. • Reduced sexual capacity. • Study difficulties: reduced ability to learn and retain information. • Apathy, drowsiness, lack of motivation. • Inability to understand things clearly. Long term effects of Marijuana on the Brain Surface SPECT of a healthy brain. MARIJUANA USE Effects of smoking marijuana use typically cause decreased activity in the posterior temporal lobes bilaterally. http://www.amenclinics.com/the-science/spect-gallery/item/alcohol-anddrug-abuse Prescription Drugs One Death Every 24 Minutes Center of disease Control - CDC • Prescription Meds are now The number ONE accidental killer in the U.S. • 40 people die every day from overdoses involving narcotic pain relievers . • New Mexico has the highest overall drug overdose death rate in the country. • According to newly released numbers by the New Mexico Department of Health, 486 people died in New Mexico in 2012 of prescription drug overdose. Prescription Drug Abuse - Facts • Nonmedical use of prescription drugs remains high, while teens’ perception of the risk of such abuse is low. • After alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana, prescription and over-the-counter medications account for most of the top drugs abused by 12th graders in the past years • The National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) show that nearly one-third of people aged 12 and over who used drugs for the first time in 2009 began by using a prescription drug non-medically. NIDA / PeerX- http://teens.drugabuse.gov/peerx/about-peerx Heroin on the rise among New Mexican Teens • New Mexico had the second highest drug overdose mortality rate in the United States. • In 2012 there were 486 drug overdose deaths in New Mexico. • The small town of Espanola is in the grips of a heroin epidemic. In 2009, for example, the city saw 42.5 drug-related deaths per 100,000 residents. • As Heroin keeps increasing in popularity and easy access young adults have to it, the problem doesn’t seem to be slowing down anytime soon. • Once you get involved with heroin – you have to fight your way out. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/03/14/teen-heroin-use-skyrocket_n_1345695.html http://www.kob.com/article/stories/s3388960.shtml#.U_usZaR0yUk Heroin: Not a “back alley” drug anymore. Philip Seymour Hoffman. Cory Monteith. Janis Joplin. River Phoenix. John Belushi. Synthetic Drugs (a.k.a. K2, Spice, Bath Salts) • Synthetic drugs represent a dangerous trend in substance abuse. • Teens who use synthetic marijuana, also called K2 or spice, could end up in the emergency room experiencing some serious side effects such as seizures, hallucinations, rapid heart rate, vomiting or even death from overdose. • Bath salts are probably more dangerous than synthetic cannabis and can cause psychotic breaks and suicidal ideation. http://www.alamogordonews.com/ci_20176958/schools-discuss-spice-and-k2-problem Using Drugs while pregnant: • Babies exposed to legal and illegal drugs in the womb may be born premature and underweight. • Drug exposure can slow the child's intellectual development and affect behavior later in life. NIDA – National Institute of Drug Abuse Alcohol Poisoning / Overdose National Center for Health Statistics - National Vital Statistics - New Mexico Department of Health Facts: • A person with Alcohol Poisoning / Overdose Cannot Sleep it Off. • Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) continues to rise even after person stops Drinking. • It takes about one hour for the liver to metabolize one drink. (In the female this number will be about 20% longer, regardless of body weight. • Forced Fluids like Coffee, Cold Showers, Walking it Off or Sleeping it Off is a Myth. • Drugs combined with alcohol accounts for increasing numbers of drug overdoses and emergency room visits. • New Mexico leads the Nation in Drug overdose deaths, second to car crashes. • Never Leave The Victim Alone! Know The Signs of an Alcohol Overdose. • • • • • Cannot Follow Directions or is Unconscious. Slow or Irregular Breathing. Very Low or Very Rapid Pulse Rate. Vomiting While Passed Out. No Response to Shaking or Pinching. | <urn:uuid:e7cb9ae9-1ade-4dc0-bcaa-8a9643a63b83> | {
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GENEVA – The vision of universal health coverage dominates the discussions at the 72nd World Health Organization gathering, to the point that initials are considered sufficient — UHC — to argue its importance. Still, the goal remains far out of reach without greatly improved access to medicines, diagnostic tools and vaccines, health ministers said here today.
More than 100 million people fall into poverty every year due to high out-of-pocket costs for drugs and other healthcare services, Dr. Mariangela Simao, assistant director general of the WHO said. “We must not forget that medicines are public goods necessary for protecting health and promoting human rights,” she said, adding, “Promoting better health of people and communities should be the main motivator in the development of new drugs.”
Current market structures for drug development and sales are imbalanced, Dr. Armando Bartolazzi, Undersecretary of State for Health in Italy, said.
Between 30 and 40 percent of all financing for health research and development comes from the public sector, Bartolazzi said. That, he added, entitles taxpayers to better access to the commodities being developed with their tax money.
“Better access to generic drugs will be instrumental for universal health coverage,” he said, “especially in low- and middle-income countries where expenditures for medicines account for a huge share of health expenses.”
Affordability is not only a problem for low- and middle-income countries, Soonman Kwon of Seoul National University said. High-income countries are often forced to pay high prices for antiretrovirals for HIV treatment, drugs for cancer treatment and other chronic conditions, Kwon said.
Market withdrawal is another factor that impacts access, Kwon said. “Multinational companies often stop domestic drug supplies in a bid to raise prices, which endangers patients’ access to essential medicines,” he said.
Health ministers called for greater transparency from countries on how much they’re paying for drugs, with a first step of eliminating nondisclosure agreements pharmaceutical companies require countries to sign when they procure drugs.
Insufficient evidence of the benefits of some high-priced medicines is a huge issue, Kwon said, adding that research shows marginal or no additional therapeutic benefits to patients – especially when it comes to cancer and orphan disease drugs, he said. Lack of information and transparency on the effectiveness of new drugs forces countries to accept high prices for drugs with low benefits, Kwon said.
Even access to low-priced, but critically needed drugs is no longer a certainty, Bruno Bruins, Minister of Health in the Netherlands said. “Some antibiotics are manufactured at a single site,” he said. “It is worrisome that the entire world depends on one site for a needed antibiotic,” he said.
Rabita Aziz is senior global health policy specialist at the Infectious Diseases Society of America, which produces this blog. | <urn:uuid:397d6a55-e412-4e28-a89b-c66770fa3d6e> | {
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TFTP Overview, History and Standards
(Page 1 of 3)
The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is the main protocol used for the majority of general file transfers in TCP/IP internetworks. One of the objectives of the designers of FTP was to keep the protocol relatively simple, but that was really only possible to a limited extent. To enable the protocol to be useful in a variety of cases and between many kinds of devices, FTP needed a fairly large set of features and capabilities. As a result, while FTP is not as complex as certain other protocols, it is still fairly complicated in a number of respects.
The complexity of FTP is partially due to the protocol itself, with its dozens of commands and reply codes, and partly due to the need to use of the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) for connections and data transport. The reliance on TCP means that any device wanting to use FTP needs not only the FTP program, but also a full TCP implementation as well. It must handle FTP's need for simultaneous data and control channel connections and other requirements.
For a conventional computer, like a regular PC, Macintosh or UNIX workstation, none of this is really an issue, especially with today's large hard disks and fast, cheap memory. But remember that FTP was developed over three decades ago, when hardware was slow and memory was expensive. Furthermore, even today, regular computers are not the only devices used on networks. There are some networked devices that do not have the capabilities of true computers, but still need to be able to do file transfers. For these devices, a full FTP and TCP implementation is a non-trivial matter.
One of the most notable examples of devices where this is an issue are diskless workstations. These are computers that have no permanent storage, so when they start up, they cannot read a whole TCP/IP implementation from a hard disk like most computers do easily. They start with only a small amount of built-in software, and must obtain configuration information from a server and then download the rest of their software from another network device. The same issue arises for certain other hardware devices with no hard disks.
The process of starting up these devices is commonly called bootstrapping and occurs in two phases. First, the workstation is provided with an IP address and other parameters, through the use of a host configuration protocol such as BOOTP or DHCP. Second, the client downloads software, such as an operating system and drivers, that let it function on the network like any other device. This requires the ability to transfer files quickly and easily. The instructions to perform this bootstrapping must fit onto a read-only memory (ROM) chip and this makes the size of the software an important issueagain, especially many years ago.
The solution to this need was to create a light version of FTP that would emphasize small program size and simplicity over functionality. This new protocol, called the Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP), was initially developed in the late 1970s, and first standardized in 1980. The modern version, called TFTP version 2, was documented in RFC 783 in 1981, which was revised and published as RFC 1350, The TFTP Protocol (Revision 2), in 1992. This is the current version of the standard.
Home - Table Of Contents - Contact Us
The TCP/IP Guide (http://www.TCPIPGuide.com)
Version 3.0 - Version Date: September 20, 2005
© Copyright 2001-2005 Charles M. Kozierok. All Rights Reserved.
Not responsible for any loss resulting from the use of this site. | <urn:uuid:6ef41df1-ee8a-41c6-afd9-54cf0c8e131f> | {
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- Psychology & the public
- What we do
- Member networks
- Careers, education & training
ADHD and academic achievement
The link between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and academic performance is a complex one, a new study carried out by Lee Thompson - Chair of Case Western Reserve University's Psychological Sciences Department - and colleagues, has found.
It showed that the link involves the interaction of genes and environment.
The investigation has been published in the journal Psychological Science and considered the influences with regards to the impact they have on reading ability, mathematics performance and the continuum of ADHD behaviour.
Mr Thompson said: "If we have this much overlap between genes that affect behaviours of ADHD and academic achievement, it gives validity to the relation of ADHD behaviours and poor academics."
However, he added there are different approaches for interventions that can be taken based on the extent of environmental influence on ADHD tendencies.
Chartered Psychologist and Chartered Scientist Barry Bourne said: "The results of a piece of action research, which I conducted last year and which were reported in ADHD in Practice, Nov 2010, Volume Two Number Three, outlined the crucial involvement of deficiencies in working memory in many of those with a diagnosis of ADD/ADHD, which also would appear to be one of the reasons for the relatively high comorbidity levels between ADD/ADHD and other neurodevelopmental 'disorders'."
"The results of clinical practice over 40 years led to the above piece of action research."
"I wonder if the link between poor feeding and sleeping babies is due to the underlying neurobiological deficits in those with inherited ADHD, rather than vice-versa?"
A recent study published in Archives of Disease in Childhood showed that babies who have difficulties with feeding and sleeping can be at greater risk of developing behavioural problems such as ADHD. | <urn:uuid:2b705f41-4d47-49fe-a473-a4b67d2048f8> | {
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What kind of water should I drink?
Most people know that tap water isn’t good for us. But this is what most people don’t know: Why should we drink alkaline water? And why should we rethink bottled, reverse osmosis, and distilled water?
In order to kill parasites and bacteria in water, governments add other possibly even more disturbing chemical agents and pathogens such as chlorine, carbon, phosphates, aluminum sulfate, and lime. Most municipal water supplies also contain some or all of the following toxic chemicals: radon, arsenic, fluoride, and heavy metals, such as copper, lead, and iron.
Pesticides and fertilizers may leach into groundwater supplies as well; they include cyanides, asbestos, and industrial chemicals.
People are wise to want to eliminate these contaminants before drinking tap water. But how to deal with the problem can be confusing.
Some people are drinking cases full of bottled or “spring” water rather than far superior alkaline water. Most of these sources are NOT from actual springs with naturally mineralized water. Many companies are now simply bottling tap water, for convenience. Those who purchase bottled water are contributing to over 1 million plastic bottles going to landfills every day. But they also risk health effects from chemical toxins called phthalates that are sometimes added to plastics to give them flexibility.
Phthalates function like hormones, disrupting endocrine systems in humans (especially children), according to Dr. Rolf Halden of Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. If you heat plastics, phthalates leach from containers into water and food. Of course, water bottles are stored and transported in hot warehouses and trucks, which increases that likelihood. Bottled water should be avoided, and water should be contained in inert materials like glass, ceramic, or stainless steel.
Many people believe that a reverse osmosis (R.O.) water filter is the best way to address these issues, as it removes about 99 percent of these contaminants. Others use distilled water, which removes 100 percent (while affecting the taste of the water significantly).
Unfortunately, your R.O. system or distiller cannot differentiate between good compounds and bad. They categorically remove dozens of trace minerals from the water that are critical to your health.
Because your body requires minerals for a variety of processes, if it does not receive them in water, it must rob your bones and tissues of these elements, possibly leaving you deficient and prone to a variety of health problems.
A good answer to this problem is to install a remineralizer, using the well documented organic material coral calcium, after the R.O. system and before it leaves the tap and enters your glass. If you choose to use a distiller, you can add mineral drops (Trace Minerals Research is a good company) to the alkaline water.
Why drink alkaline water?
You’ll get more antioxidants than you could eat in a day, from your water. Add a water ionizer to make your water alkaline, installing it after the R.O. system and remineralizer, if you have R.O. already. Not only will you have alkaline water to use in all cooking and drinking, but you’ll also have acid water for many other uses (cleaning, killing bugs on plants, anti-bacterial). Life Ionizer is the only company that has a unit that mounts under the sink—I have one and love it.
Water needs to be purified, but minerals are removed along with contaminants, causing mineral leaching from your body’s tissues and bones. For ideal drinking water, install a reverse osmosis system, followed by a remineralizer and a water ionizer, all easily mounted under the sink. (Or, at least use just a water ionizer, which does quite a bit of filtration.) Further, consider having a plumber put fairly inexpensive carbon filters on the water supply to your home, since you absorb more chlorine in a shower than you can drink all day long.
Learn More About Water Ionizers
Watch my 2013 LIFE Ionizer Webinar to learn more about water and how ionizers can help your health! | <urn:uuid:974aecd9-5899-40a4-af0a-cc39bf969ce3> | {
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Theories and Philosophy of Detoxification
Why do we engage in cleansing or detoxification programs anyway? Well, in one sense it is because of the symbolic commitment to ourselves. In another more physical sense, it is to give ourselves a break from exposure to toxins so that our bodies might take the opportunity to get rid of what we have in storage.
Toxins come from both exogenous (outside of the body) and endogenous (inside of the body) sources. Exogenous exposure comes from our interactions with our environment, while endogenous exposure comes from our body’s own biochemistry which is turn affected by what we are exposed to in our environment.
Examples of exogenous exposure include:
- Consuming foods that are synthetic such as artificial colorings (food dyes), artificial sweeteners (splenda, nutrasweet, etc…), artificial flavorings (Monosodium Glutamate), trans-fats (Crisco, margarine)
- Pesticides and herbicides on food
- Cigarette smoke and other air-borne pollutants like, car exhaust, mold, industrial fumes, asbestos
- Heavy metals such as lead, arsenic, aluminum, tin and mercury. Which we counter in our food, beauty products, vaccines, and most famously amalgam fillings.
- Make-up, shampoo, deodorant, and other self-care products that contain methyl and propyl parabens and many other ingredients you don’t recognize
- Cleaning products, chemical solvents, “non-stick” Teflon pans
- Plastics containing BPAs and other harmful components that can mimic hormones in our bodies
- Hormones and antibiotics from non-organic meat and dairy products
- Excessive alcohol
- Prescription drugs
Examples of endogenous production include:
- “Free radicals” as a normal bi-product of many reactions that occur in our biochemistry
- Hormones that can accumulate excessively like cortisol and estrogen
At no other time in human history have we been exposed to so many toxins from our environment (think about how many of the “exogenous” toxins you are exposed to on a day-to-day basis). These “external” toxins gunk up the body’s natural systems of detoxification, which are meant to only deal with “internal” toxins. While some human beings are naturally better at detoxifying than others (for example, that Uncle or Grandfather who smoked his entire life and lived to be 90), participating in 21st century America means that we ALL have a toxic burden to unload. In addition to being informed consumers about the products we buy, we also must regularly “open up” the pathways of detoxification.
The following is a list of the organs the body employs to do the work of detoxification and the feature of the Detox Program that assists with cleaning the organ out:
- Liver: avoid alcohol, most caffeine and processed foods, Liver Cleanse herbs, liver support herbs in Detox-approved protein powders
- Skin: use natural beauty products, sweat from physical activity
- Intestines: Juice fasting to rest the gut, avoid processed foods, increase “roughage” from fibrous veggies, flax seed meal to increase bowel movement bulk, “gut” support nutrients in Detox-approved protein powders
- Kidneys: flush with non-alcoholic, non-caffeinated diuretics, kidney support in Liver Cleanse herbs
- Lungs: increased respiration from physical activity, deep breathing as in breathing exercises
The above are strategies we “practice” during the 10 days of the Detoxification Program. The more we practice and reap the health benefits of these strategies, the more motivation we have to continue to use them the rest of the year.
Options for Cleanses
Pick a length of time to eliminate all common food allergens including:
- Red meat (can choose to go vegetarian as well for optimal detox benefits)
- Caffeine (optional but encouraged)
Definition: To abstain from all or some kinds of food or drink for a period of time.
There are many different types of fasting including water fasting, Juice fasting, fruit fasting, and so on. Though technically the term is being used incorrectly. It would be more appropriate to call it a Juice Feast! Whichever type of fasting you choose the goal is to allow the body to detoxify and allow the gut some much needed rest.
Water Fasting vs Juice Fasting
Water Fasting is a very strong detox that happens more quickly then other types of fasting. During a water fast energy is generally low though hunger disappears completely. This form of fasting is best for dealing with more serious and chronic health conditions because you are able to enter Ketosis. Ketosis occurs when the body begins using fat as fuel instead of glucose.
Juice Fasting – Gentler cleansing then water though it can be just as effective. Generally you will have greater energy then usual, which makes juice fasting perfect for people who can not take time off!
Benefits of Fasting
Both Water & Juice Fasting:
- Detoxify the body from endogenous and exogenous toxins (chemicals, pesticides, plasticizers, pollutants, free-radicals produced by the body)
- Reset and rebalance the nervous system
- Boost the immune system making you more resilient to infection
- Rebalance gut flora – Great for healing any digestive disorder (ie gas, bloating, belching, constipation, diarrhea, heartburn, etc.)
- Increase cell turnover/ Rejuvenate the body – making skin brighter and more youthful
- Balance blood sugar
- Decrease blood pressure
- Get rid of old habits and addictions that no longer serve
How does fasting work?
The major mechanism of fasting is pure physiologic rest. Physiologic rest means that we are giving the digestive track and associated organs a much-needed break. Normally much of our body’s energy is being allocated to digestion, about 80%. This means that we are almost always running on about 20% of our body’s total energy. When we fast we are able to utilize this “extra” energy for healing, detoxification, and rejuvenation. These are the normal functions of our body’s but because we rarely break from eating we are not able to function at full capacity.
With juice fasting we are loading the body full of nutrients that help the liver process toxins that are being released from the body tissue. It also allows us to maintain normal or elevated energy levels while giving the digestive tract a rest.
During a water fast the physiology is a little more complicated. When water fasting the body will switch from using glucose for fuel to ketones. This physiologic process is called ketosis and happens when fat is being broken down for energy. Ketosis has been praised for over 40 years for it’s neuro-protective function, being used in the treatment of seizure disorder, bipolar disorder, Alzheimer’s, and other neurodegenerative disease. More recently studies have been reporting more on the regenerative effects of ketosis including nerve regeneration, decreased healing time, increased insulin sensitivity (reversing diabetes), anti-inflammatory, and more visceral weight loss (organ fat loss). Not to mention ketone kill hunger completely, which is what makes water fasting very comfortable in most cases.
- 80% of our body’s energy goes to digestion when we are consuming!
- On average American adults eat every 3.5-4 hours, with snacks inbetween.
Is there anyone who should not fast?
- People with Type 1 diabetes
- People with serious wasting disorders
- Pregnant or breast feeding women
- People who are afraid of fasting
- People on Medications that can not be stopped (Applies to Water fasting only)
Other tips and tricks to maximize your cleansing experience
Castor oil packs (30 min)
Benefits of COPs:
- Extremely anti-inflammatory
- Stimulated the liver to produce Glutathione peroxidase
- Stimulated immune function
- Moves the lymph
- Anti-fungal, anti-bacterial
- Supports healthy liver and digestive function
What you will need:
- Flannel or wool cloth
- Hot water bottle or electric heat pad may be used
- Plastic wrap
- Castor oil
- Make sure you are in old clothes and that you are laying on a towel or something that you don’t mind getting oily.
- Fold the flannel or wool cloth into 2-4 layers. Make sure it is a suitable size to cover your abdomen from hip bones to solar plexus.
- Soak the wool flannel in castor oil (or coat abdomen in generous amount of castor oil)
- Apply wool to the abdomen.
- Place sheet of plastic over pack. This is to protect your clothes and linen from getting oily.
- Place hot water bottle or heating pad on the abdomen on top of plastic
- Cover abdomen with towel or blanket to keep the heat in.
- Treatment should continue for at least 30 minutes. Longer treatments are not harmful.
- When finished remove the pack and wide residual oil with clothe. Easy Peasy!
**Wool can be stored in the refrigerator in a container. It can be reused 20-25 times, after which it should be washed or dry-cleaned.
Usage of Castor Oil Pack
COPs can be done daily. They are especially useful during a fast or cleansing program. You may also using COPs for indigestion, abdominal discomfort, gas, and cramping.
Contraindications: Do not use heat with uterine growths, bleeding, pregnancy, ulcers or while menstruating. Do not fall asleep while using the electric heating pad.
Coffee enemas (45 min – 1hr)
- Increase elimination and stimulate bowel movements. Coffee acts as an astringent in the colon and cleans the colon walls
- Stimulating toxin elimination – have been found to increase the production of Glutathione Peroxidase by the liver, which activates Glutathione, the major anti-oxidant in the body. Anti-oxidants work to remove harmful free radicals and toxins from the body.
- Enhance digestion – coffee enemas increase bile flow and removes toxins in the large intestine
- Stimulates the liver – especially helpful for slow oxidizers, usually people with impaired digestion.
* For procedures and instructions on how to prepare and administer a coffee enema please use the below resources:
Dry Skin Brushing (2 min)
- Do this before you shower each morning.
- 4-8 strokes in each area of the body indicated below.
- Make sure you are brushing in the directing of the arrows in the picture below.
Caution: Do not brush on or over areas of thin or damaged skin (skin rashes, wounds, cuts, infections, poison oak or poison ivy)
Contrasting Hot/Cold Shower (10 min)
- Immediately after skin brushing, start your shower with the water as hot as you can tolerate for 5 minuets.
- Allow water to warm mainly your chest and abdomen. Spend half the time warming your back and the other half warming your chest and abdomen.
- End the shower by going directly from as hot as you can handle to as cold as your water gets.
- End your shower with the water turned down as cold as it gets for at least 30 sec (up to 1 minuet) before finishing.
- Immediately after skin brushing, start your shower with the water as hot as you can tolerate for 5 minuets.
Sauna – FAR Infrared saunas are best though any type of sweating is beneficial. It is best to sweat for at least 20 minuets a day.
Deep Breathing (3 min) – Belly breathing or deep breathing can be done during COPs. Best way to increase elimination through the lungs. Best is practices a couple times throughout the day. Create a new habit for yourself!
Exercise – helps to move the blood and lymph. Even walking 20-30 minuets a day will make a huge difference.
- Lecithin – Assists with healthy weight loss and the elimination of fat-soluble toxins from the body. Support healthy neurotransmitter and hormone production. Neuro protective action.
- Activated Charcoal – Works to absorb harmful and irritating toxins from the body by acting as a super sponge.
- Fiber (Ground Flax, Psyllium husk, Oat bran, etc.) – Assist in creating healthy bowel movement and there by making sure we are removing waste and other toxins from the body.
- Liver Cleanse – During a fast or any type of cleanse the liver is working very hard to process all the toxic waste. This is why it is important to take something to support the liver. | <urn:uuid:9d4060a9-7c63-4beb-a8b8-45deb3ddcf99> | {
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The new wetland habitat in Cheshire has been created by conservationists
A machine which creates ditches to attract rare birds to farmland is being used for the first time in the north-west of England.
The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) has imported the "big wheel rotary ditcher" from America.
It is hoped it will create wet pools to attract declining species, like Lapwing and Redshank, to five Cheshire farms.
The farms are near the River Gowy, a tributary of the Mersey, which runs from Peckforton to Stanlow.
The RSPB hopes the ditching machine, a giant rotating digger pulled by a tractor, will help re-colonising lost breeding grounds.
It said many of Cheshire's wet meadows have disappeared over the past 50 years due to development, land drainage and changes in agriculture.
It is hoped that Lapwings will be attracted to the ditches
All the farmers involved have entered Natural England's flagship Environmental Stewardship Scheme, and the work is funded through this.
Andrew Gouldstone, RSPB area conservation manager, said: "This is an exciting opportunity for more wetland creation in Cheshire.
"We are delighted to see the ditcher in the county, and it is great that these farmers have been willing to use it on their land.
"The Stewardship scheme will fund the work, but the involvement of the farmers is crucial.
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Marijana's Backyard, by Marijana Grisnik
Community Life in Strawberry Hill
This Croatian neighborhood of Kansas City is
documented through a catalog of paintings by local artist Marijana
Grisnik entitled Images of Strawberry Hill. The catalog was
published by the Kansas State Historical Society to complement a
traveling exhibition of the same name.
Marijana Grisnk was born in 1936 in an area of Kansas
City, Kansas, known as Strawberry Hill. This area lies on the
bluffs overlooking the confluence of the Kansas and Missouri
Rivers. Legend has it that the name comes from wild strawberries
that once grew there. The area is most closely defined with the
South Slavic immigrants, especially the Croatians, who came in the
late nineteenth century to seek greater opportunity and prosperity.
As was the case for many ethnic communities, life in Strawberry
Hill at first resembled life in the old country. Although many
changes have occurred, it remains a strong ethnic enclave and a
center for Croatian-Americans throughout the Kansas City area.
Marijana was raised within the ethnic traditions of
the community and, even as a child, loved to sketch sights on the
Hill. It was not until the birth of her third child, however, that
she began to paint her memories of growing up there. The images she
created are of her youth, when the area was less threatened by the
world that surrounds it. For inspiration, she uses the customs,
songs, foods, arts and stories that circulate among members of the
Originally submitted by: Dennis Moore, Representative (3rd District).
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Though some environmentalists love their dogs more than they love their Sierra Club reusable water bottles, a single dog can have a bigger ecological footprint than an SUV. And cats aren’t much better. According to research highlighted by the New Scientist, it takes an estimated 1.1 hectares of land per year to create the chicken and grain that a large dog eats for its food. A Toyota Land Cruiser SUV, driven 10,000 kilometres a year, would use .41 hectares of land, less than half that of the dog.
"Owning a dog really is quite an extravagance," Dr. John Barrett of the Stockholm Environment Institute in York, UK told the New Scientist, "mainly because of the carbon footprint of meat."
Cats and dogs also wreak havoc on the local wildlife. The estimated 7.7 million cats in the United Kingdom kill more than 188 million wild animals every year. And cat excrement, which can contain the disease Toxoplasma gondii, has been blamed for killing sea otters (and may have a hand in causing schizophrenia in humans, according to RadioLab).*
The New Scientist has some suggestions of how to lessen Fido’s ecological “pawprint,” including feeding him more environmentally friendly foods. Perhaps forcing people to consider the impact of their pets may keep the carbon footprint on a leash.
*Correction: The word "can" has been added to this sentence. Millions of people are infected with Toxoplasma gondii, according to WebMD, and cats are one of the most common ways that people can get it. Though not all cat cxcrement contains the disease. | <urn:uuid:9dd353b7-140c-4f3f-8fc7-2d377f635d69> | {
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Make a Terrarium | Plant Crafts
Materials to Make a Terrarium
1 wide-mouth glass container (lid optional)
1 pair gardening gloves
1 cup 3/8-inch pebbles
1 heaping tablespoon charcoal
2 to 3 cups potting soil
3 or 4 shade-loving dwarf plants
1 ornament or accent
Instructions to Make a Terrarium
1. Prepare the base. Wearing gloves, sprinkle the pebbles into the container, covering the base with an inch of stone. Then sprinkle in the charcoal (available at garden centers and aquarium stores) and mix them together. Add a 2- to 3-inch layer of potting soil and tamp it down.
2. Add plants. Design your space just as you would a garden scene, with a variety of shapes and textures. One effective and simple formula is: one vertical plant plus one bushy plant plus groundcover. The easiest plants for the job are ferns, spike and club mosses, ivies, orchids, peperomias, pileas, African violets, and begonias. Dig a pocket into the potting soil to receive each plant, then firm each one into its space. Make sure no roots are exposed.
3. Add a focal point. We used a cabbage-shaped porcelain votive holder filled with dyed moss here, but accents can be cost-free; just take a walk around your yard to find lichen-covered pieces of bark, pinecones, seedpods, or intriguing stones. Seashells are also apropos. Then after you’ve set your scene, water your plants lightly into place.
4. Remember: location, location, location. Terrariums prefer indirect light. Place the container near an east or west window, away from potentially burning sunbeams. No need to worry about lack of humidity; your terrarium will remain moist.
5. Keep maintenance simple. If you’re working with an open-mouthed terrarium, you might need to water once a week. If the container is closed, it’ll need water less often. Open the lid every 10 to 14 days and air it out for half a day; then close it again. If condensation appears on the glass, no need to water. If not, give it a slight drink. Remove flowers after they fade, and divide or prune plants if they begin stepping on their terrarium-mates’ toes. Terrariums don’t need food; after all, the goal is to keep the plants dwarf size. Most of your time will be spent sitting back and admiring your sparkling mini-garden.
Please Note: This article was accurate at the time of publication. When planning a trip, please confirm details by directly contacting any company or establishment you intend to visit. | <urn:uuid:c927e9cf-2081-40df-b914-b73507d5e34c> | {
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Managing Stud Dogs – Hot Weather Breeding
Hot weather takes its toll on animals, especially the male breeding dog. Male dog fertility peaks around five years of age, but he can breed and settle females long after five years if managed for fertility.
SEASON OF THE YEAR
Research tells us that the season of the year does have an effect on concentration of sperm per ejaculate. Increased concentration occurs in spring/early summer and lower concentration in late summer/fall (Tahs 1981). Sperm concentration is thought to be influenced by photoperiod (day length) and the environmental temperature. One or both can be controlled. Though the concentration of sperm fluctuates, the normal dog is still fertile and can settle females anytime of the year if managed in hot weather.
The testicle is outside the body in the scrotum to keep it cooler than the body temp. The breeding male is often housed outside, and the semen quality he is producing is sensitive to environmental temperature. When the outside temp approaches 102°F, the normal body temp, male fertility can suffer. When the temperature reaches over 105°F, males can be become infertile if overheating happens. The issue with the testicle is the stored sperm in the epididymis. If it gets too hot, the stored sperm dies and the replacement can take 60 days. Temperature is worth managing!
over the kennel with shade have long been used to lower the environmental temp by 10°F. Simple solutions such as mister hoses are OK, but they can create mud holes. In warm areas of the south, more permanent misters or low-water misters can be installed. Timers can be set for the hottest part of day, to run 5 minutes every 30 minutes if the temperature is under 100°F and twice as often when over 100°F. Or, just turn the misters on during the 4-6 hours of afternoon sun. The shade can be permanent with metal roofing or shade netting. Feedlot netting lasts for years and is effective. Just be sure to keep netting out of reach! If you have an air-conditioned kennel, keep males inside and don’t allow outside access during the heat of day.
FREQUENCY OF USE
Sperm is viable for up to nine days in a female with natural breeding (Threlfall OSU). Artificial Insemination (AI) breeding sperm is viable for 3-5 days, so most of us need to breed smarter, not more frequent. The female ovulates at the end of standing heat, which is why they quit accepting the male. The best conception rate is when females are bred 4 days before or 3 days after ovulation. That is pretty wide window to hit!
Research done on frequency of use for males found healthy stud dogs could breed once daily without affecting fertility. In hot weather, never pen breed, leaving male with female. Put the females with the male and remove after the tie to limit the temperature influence and keep sperm numbers per ejaculate high. Breeders are moving away from pen breeding to better manage stud dogs. Breed when the evening cools or in early morning to improve success in hot weather. Do not use a male in hot weather more than once a day. Breeding every 3rd day will increase the number of sperm per ejaculate and increase success. Sub-fertile stud dogs should only be used every 3rd day for the same reason. Limited use will increase the number of live, viable sperm per ejaculate to fertilize eggs.
INFERTILE OR STERILE MALE
The number of live sperm and limited number of abnormal sperm more closely correlates with ability to settle females than the total number of sperm. Both can be influenced by temperature. When we check males, we cannot call them sterile on the basis of one sample. Repeatable lack of sperm or dead sperm is needed to declare a stud dog infertile. There are multiple reasons for temporary infertility, including trauma to the testicle, infection and overheating. Always check at least three times over 60 days before calling the stud dog sterile.
Both male and female fertility can be affected by Brucella canis
. Any dog affected with testicular issues and infertility should have B. canis
in the screening test. Likewise, any dog brought into the kennel for breeding should have Brucella testing to protect your breeding stock investment.
Testing involves serum sent to a lab. The most accurate test is the PCR test, which detects the Brucella DNA. Other tests for B. canis
have had issues with false positives and negatives that are not seen with the PCR test. If you have a positive test, you can be assured it is positive, and no repeat testing is needed to prove the test results. Please always test any new dog and any adult dog brought into the kennel for breeding, and be sure the PCR test was the one used. Two negative tests 60 days apart should prove your added breeding stock is free of Brucellosis.
MALE FERTILITY SUPPLEMENTS
- L-Carnitine plays a vital role in the process of sperm development, in promoting proper maturation and morphology of sperm. It also has a role in ensuring the maintenance of sperm quality and vitality.
- Vitamins A, C, E, and Selenium are important vitamins and cleansing antioxidants that play a key role in repairing damage caused by the environment and aging.
- Grape seed extract scours damaging free-radicals from your system and literally prevents “rusting” of tissues and cells of the testicle.
- Zinc has been shown to have a positive effect on sperm formation, sperm motility, and testosterone metabolism.
- Vitamins – B6, B12 and Folate are vitamins critical to male reproductive.
- Lastly, Vitamin D has shown to increase sperm motility. Always use if males are primarily housed inside.
These are the vitamins, minerals, and herbs found through research to help mammals reach maximum fertility. They can be useful when given during the breeding season. You can research these products yourself or use
Breeders' Edge® Oxy Stud™
, which has the recommended vitamin and mineral levels needed. Oxy Stud™
is used during breeding season and is best to start 30 days before for best results. The reason for use is maximum fertility and to keep the stud dog fertile. Most products do not correct infertility, but can be helpful when sub-fertile if used early. You have an investment in your stud dog; the use of supplements can help keep your investment fertile!
Hot weather breeding is never a sure thing and is one of the toughest management times in the kennel. Keeping your stud dogs cool and not overusing them can increase your hot weather breeding success!
If you need help, call us at 1-800-786-4751.
Don Bramlage, DVM, Director of Veterinary Services at Revival Animal Health
The materials, information and answers provided through this website are not intended to replace the medical advice or services of a qualified veterinarian or other pet health care professional. Consult your own veterinarian for answers to specific medical questions, including diagnosis, treatment, therapy or medical | <urn:uuid:0f6fdfc2-b3c8-4f3a-af80-6d99ac29dadf> | {
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Metadata is information about information. For example, the title and author is metadata about the book. Metadata can be many kinds of information -- a location, a date, or a catalog item number. When you use SharePoint products, you can manage the metadata centrally. You can organize the metadata in a way that makes sense in your business and use the metadata to make it easier to find what you want.
This article describes some important terminology of managed metadata, and gives you a quick look at how you can use the tools in SharePoint to manage metadata.
In this article
This section contains definitions of some key terminology. These terms and concepts appear frequently in articles about managed metadata.
A taxonomy is a formal classification system. A taxonomy groups the words, labels, and terms that describe something, and then arranges the groups into a hierarchy.
People construct taxonomies for almost any kind of information, from biological systems to organizational structures. For example, biologists group living organisms into four major classifications: animal, plant, fungus, and microbe. Each of these major groups has many subdivisions. Together, the whole system is a taxonomy.
Organizations create taxonomies in too many ways to list. They create Chart of Accounts taxonomies to manage accounting systems, organization charts and job classifications to manage employees, product catalogs and so on. All these taxonomies are structured hierarchies of information; formal classification systems that help people handle information.
A folksonomy is an informal classification system. It is evolves gradually as web site users collaborate on words, labels, and terms on a site. Originally, folksonomies developed from popular applications such as bookmarking.
If you have ever seen a tag cloud on a website, then you have seen a visualization of a folksonomy. The following figure shows a tag cloud on a SharePoint site.
A folksonomy-based approach to metadata can be useful. It creates a way to share the knowledge and expertise of site users. By using a folksonomy, content classification can evolve together with changing business needs and user interests.
A Term set is a group of related terms.
Terms sets can have different scope, depending on where you create the term set.
- Local term sets are created within the context of a site collection, and are available for use (and visible) only to users of that site collection. For example, when you create a term set for a metadata column in a list or library, then the term set is local. It is available only in the site collection that contains this list or library. For example, a media library might have a metadata column that shows the kind of media (diagram, photograph, screen shot, video, etc.). The list of permitted terms is relevant only to this library, and available for use in the library.
- Global term sets are available for use across all sites that subscribe to a specific Managed Metadata Service application. For example, an organization might create a term set that lists names of business units in the organization, such as Human Resources, Marketing, Information Technology, and so on.
In addition, you can configure a term set as closed or open. In a closed term set, users can't add new terms unless they have appropriate permissions. In an open term set, users can add new terms in a column that is mapped to the term set.
A term is a specific word or phrase that you associated with an item on a SharePoint site. It is a single item in a term set. A term has a unique ID and it can have many text labels (synonyms). If you work on a multilingual site, the term can have labels in different languages.
There are two types of terms:
- Managed terms Managed terms are terms that are pre-defined. Term Store administrators organize managed terms into a hierarchical term set.
- Enterprise keywords An enterprise keyword is a word or phrase that a user adds to items on a SharePoint site. The collection of enterprise keywords is known as the Keywords set. Typically, users can typically add any word or phrase to an item as a keyword. This means that you can use enterprise keywords for folksonomy-style tagging. Sometimes, Term Store administrators move enterprise keywords into a specific managed term set. When they are part of a managed term set, keywords become available in the context of that term set.
To learn more about how to create and manage terms, see Create and manage terms in a term set.
In SharePoint products, group is a security term. With respect to managed metadata, a group is a set of term sets that all share common security requirements. Only users who have contributor permissions for a specific group can manage term sets that belong to the group or create new term sets within it. Organizations should create groups for term sets that will have unique access or security needs.
To learn more about how to create a group for term sets, see Set up a new group for term sets.
Term Store Management Tool
The Term Store Management Tool is the tool that people who manage taxonomies use to create or manage term sets and the terms within them. The Term Store Management tool displays all the global term sets and any local term sets available for the site collection from which you access the Term Store Management Tool.
Managed Metadata column
A Managed Metadata column is a special kind of column that you can add to lists or libraries. It enables site users to select terms from a specific term set. A Managed Metadata column can map to an existing term set, or you can create a local term set specifically for the column.
To learn how to work with a Managed Metadata column, see Create a managed metadata column
Enterprise Keywords column
The enterprise Keywords column is a column that you can add to content types, lists, or libraries to enable users to tag items with words or phrases that they choose. By default, it is a multi-value column. When users type a word or phrase into the column, SharePoint presents type-ahead suggestions. Type-ahead suggestions might include items from managed term sets and the Keywords term set. Users can select an existing value, or enter something new.
Social tags are words or phrases that site users can apply to content to help them categorize information in ways that are meaningful to them. Social tagging is useful because it helps site users to improve the discoverability of information on a site. Users can add social tags to information on a SharePoint site and to URLs outside a SharePoint site.
A social tag contains pointers to three types of information:
- A user identity
- An item URL
- A term
When you add a social tag to an item, you can specify whether you want to make your identity and the item URL private. However, the term part of the social tag is always public, because it is stored in the Term Store.
When you create a social tag, you can choose from a set of existing terms or enter something new. If you select an existing term, your social tag contains a pointer to that term.
If, instead, you enter a new term, SharePoint creates a new keyword for it in the Keywords term set. The new social tag points to this term. In in this manner, social tags support folksonomy-based tagging. Additionally, when users update an enterprise Keywords or Managed Metadata column, SharePoint can create social tags automatically. These terms then become visible as tags in newsfeeds, tag clouds, or My Site profiles.
List or library owners can enable or disable metadata publishing by updating the Enterprise Metadata and Keywords Settings for a list or library.
To learn how to add a special keywords column, see Add an enterprise keywords column to a list or library.
In a general sense, tagging refers to the act of applying metadata to an item, whether the tag is managed metadata or a social tag.
Metadata scenarios: from taxonomies to folksonomies
SharePoint metadata management supports a range of approaches to metadata, from formal taxonomies to user-driver folksonomies. You can implement formal taxonomies through managed terms and term sets. You can also use enterprise keywords and social tagging, which enable site users to tag content with keywords that they choose.
In addition, SharePoint products offer flexibility. You can choose how much structure and control to use with metadata, and you can choose the scope of control and structure. For example:
- You can apply control globally across sites, or make local to specific sites.
- You can configure term sets to be closed or open to user contributions.
- You can choose to use enterprise keywords and social tagging with managed terms, or not.
SharePoint products enable organizations to combine the advantages of formal, managed taxonomies with the dynamic benefits of social tagging in customized ways.
The following diagram shows how different requirements might use different levels of scope and control.
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Benefits of managed metadata
There are several advantages to using managed metadata across the sites in an organization:
Consistent use of metadata
The managed metadata features in SharePoint products enable you to control how users add metadata to content. For example, by using term sets and managed terms, you can control which terms users can add to content, and you can control who can add new terms. You can also limit enterprise keywords to a specific list by configuring the Keywords term set as closed.
When the same terms are used consistently across sites, it is easier to build robust processes or solutions that rely on metadata. Additionally, it is easier for site users to apply metadata consistently to their content.
Improved content discoverability
When the content across sites in an organization has consistent metadata, it is easier to find business information and data by using search. Search features such as the refinement panel, which displays on the left-hand side of the search results page, enable users to filter search results based on metadata.
Metadata navigation for lists and libraries
Metadata navigation enables users to create views of information dynamically, based on specific metadata fields. Then, users can locate libraries by using folders or by using metadata pivots, and refine the results by using additional Key Filters. To learn how to set this up, see Set up metadata navigation for a list or library.
Managed metadata makes it easier for Term Store Administrators to maintain and adapt your metadata as business needs evolve. You can update a term set easily. And, new or updated terms automatically become available when you associate a Managed Metadata column with that term set. For example, if you merge multiple terms into one term, content that is tagged with these terms is automatically updated to reflect this change. You can specify multiple synonyms (or labels) for individual terms. If your site is multilingual, you can also specify multilingual labels for individual terms.
Managing metadata effectively requires careful thought and planning. Think about the kind of information that you want to manage the content of lists and libraries, and think about the way that the information is used in the organization. You can create term sets of metadata terms for lots of different information.
For example, you might have a single content type for a document. Each document can have metadata that identifies many of the relevant facts about it, such as these examples:
- Document purpose - Is it a sales proposal? An engineering specification? A Human Resources procedure?
- Document author, and names of people who changed it
- Date of creation, date of approval, date of most recent modification
- Department responsible for any budgetary implications of the document
The next sections provide an overview of some important activities that are involved with managing metadata:
- Planning and configuring
- Managing terms, term sets, and groups
- Specifying properties for metadata
Planning and configuring managed metadata
Your organization may want to do careful planning before you start to use managed metadata. The amount of planning that you must do depends on how formal your taxonomy is. It also depends on how much control that you want to impose on metadata.
If you want to let users help develop your taxonomy, then you can just have users add keywords to items, and then organize these into term sets as necessary.
If your organization wants to use managed term sets to implement formal taxonomies, then it is important to involve key stakeholders in planning and development. After the key stakeholders in the organization agree upon the required term sets, you can use the Term Store Management Tool to import or create your term sets. You can also use the tool to manage the term sets as users start to work with the metadata. If your web application is configured correctly, and you have the appropriate permissions, you can go to the Term Store Management Tool by following these steps.
- Select Settings and then choose Site Settings.
- Select Term store management under Site Administration.
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Managing terms, term sets, and groups
The Term Store Management Tool provides a tree control that you can use to perform most tasks. Your user role for this tool determines the tasks that you can perform. To work in the Term Store Management Tool, you must be a Farm Administrator or a Term Store Administrator. Or, you can be a designated Group Manager or Contributor for term sets.
For more information, see Create and manage groups and term sets.
To take actions on an item in the hierarchy, follow these steps.
- Point to the name of the Managed Metadata Service application, group, term set, or term that you want to change, and then click the arrow that appears.
- Select the actions that you want from the menu.
For example, if you are a Term Store Administrator or a Group Manager you can create, import, or delete term sets in a group. Term set contributors can create new term sets.
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Properties for terms and term sets
At each level of the hierarchy, you can configure specific properties for a group, term set, or term by using the properties pane in the Term Store Management Tool. For example, if you are configuring a term set, you can specify information such as Name, Description, Owner, Contact, and Stakeholders in pane available on the General tab. You can also specify whether you want a term set to be open or closed to new submissions from users. Or, you can choose the Intended Use tab, and specify whether the term set should be available for tagging or site navigation.
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Xantusiidae is a clade of viviparous (live bearing) lizards that ranges from southwestern North America and Baja California (Xantusia) into Central America (Lepidophyma) and Cuba (Cricosaura). Xantusia magdalena occurs in Baja California. Xantusiidae is a relatively small clade, with 3 genera and approximately 30 living species. Lepidophyma is the most speciose (~17 species), whereas Cricosaura is monotypic. Xantusiids have a reasonably good fossil record extending from the mid-Paleocene onward in western North America.
Xantusiids are fascinating lizards for several reasons. First, although they are almost uniformly diminuitive (Xantusia magdalena measures less than 4 cm snout-vent length, and the largest xantusiid species measure about 10 cm snout-vent length), xantusiids generally take several years to reach sexual maturity, and several species give birth to just 1 or 2 offspring. It is a more usual reproductive strategy for small lizards to mature quickly and produce large numbers of offspring, to increase their chances of survival. Despite this low reproductive potential, xantusiid neonates actually have a high life expectancy; this can be attributed at least in part to their secretive lifestyle, which leads to the second reason why xantusiids are particularly interesting -- microhabitat specialization.
Microhabitat specialization is an ecological hallmark of Xantusiidae. Many populations are narrowly restricted to specific niches -- crevices (e.g., Xantusia henshawi in exfoliating granitic cap rocks), interstices in agaves and yuccas in dry climates (e.g., X. magdalena), decaying logs in wet climates (e.g., Lepidophyma flavimaculatum) -- and individuals may be found under the same patch of cover throughout their lives!
These microhabitat restrictions result in extremely disjunct geographical distributions, and also may be responsible for some morphological convergence within the group (e.g., flattened skulls for crevice dwelling). Xantusiidae also includes two insular endemics: the Cuban Cricosaura typica is the only xantusiid found in the West Indies and is interpreted as one of the Caribbean's few ancient endemic vertebrate lineages; and Xantusia riversiana (formerly Klauberina riversiana) is limited to three of the Channel Islands off the coast of California.
The phylogenetic relationships of Xantusiidae are problematic. Morphology and molecules produce different topologies within the clade: morphology recovers a Cricosaura + Lepidophyma clade, while mitochondrial genes recover a Lepidophyma + Xantusia clade. Lack of resolution of relationships within Xantusiidae has hindered the placement of this clade within the squamate tree. Xantusiidae is a "tree-changing" taxon: it causes homoplasy wherever it is placed, and its placement can tip the balance between the two primary competing hypotheses of scleroglossan relationships. Xantusiidae is traditionally placed within Scincomorpha, but some analyses have placed it near Gekkota. Thus, Xantusiidae is either a highly derived, or extremely basal, scleroglossan clade. Previous analyses of squamate phylogeny have almost certainly suffered in relying on species of the readily available -- but relatively derived -- genus Xantusia as exemplars for Xantusiidae. Cricosaura or a species of Lepidophyma would be more appropriate, but both are exceedingly rare in collections; indeed, some species of Lepidophyma are known from only 1 or 2 specimens.
Whatever the placement of Xantusiidae within squamates, there is no doubt that xantusiids are monophyletic. The following are some of the hypothesized synapomorphies of the lineage (from Estes et al., 1988), most of which can be seen in the skull reconstructions above: supratemporal fenestra closed primarily by postorbital; parietals paired well into postembryonic ontogeny; parietal table extensive posteriorly, largely obscuring braincase in dorsal view, supratemporal process short; vomers fused; ectopterygoid contacts palatine anterolaterally, excluding maxilla from suborbital fenestra; ectopterygoid enlarged medially, restricting suborbital fenestra.
About the Species
This specimen was collected in Baja California Sur, Mexico. It was made available to the University of Texas High-Resolution X-ray CT Facility for scanning by Dr. Jessie Maisano of The University of Texas and Dr. Jacques Gauthier of Yale University. Funding for scanning was provided by an NSF grant (DEB-0132227) to Dr. Jack Sites of Brigham Young University. Funding for image processing was provided by a National Science Foundation Digital Libraries Initiative grant to Dr. Timothy Rowe of The University of Texas at Austin.
About this Specimen
The specimen was scanned by Matthew Colbert on 18 May 2005 along the coronal axis for a total of 615 1024x1024 pixel slices. Each slice is 0.0152 mm thick, with an interslice spacing of 0.0152 mm and a field of reconstruction of 7 mm.
Bezy, R. L. 1982. Xantusia vigilis. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 302.1-302.4.
Bezy, R. L. 1988. The natural history of the night lizards, family Xantusiidae, p. 1-12. In H. F. DeLisle et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the Conference on California Herpetology. Southwest Herpetological Society Special Publication 4.
Bezy, R. L. 1989. Night lizards: the evolution of habitat specialists. Terra 28:29-34.
Bezy, R. L., and J. L. Camarillo. 2002. Systematics of xantusiid lizards of the genus Lepidophyma. Los Angeles County Museum Contributions in Science 493:1-41.
Crother, B. I., M. M. Miyamoto, and W. F. Presch. 1986. Phylogeny and biogeography of the lizard family Xantusiidae. Systematic Zoology 35:37-45.
Estes, R. 1983. Sauria Terrestria, Amphisbaenia. Handbuch der Palaoherpetologie, Part 10A. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart.
Estes, R., K. de Queiroz, and J. Gauthier. 1988. Phylogenetic relationships within Squamata, p. 119-281. In R. G. Estes and G. K. Pregill (eds.), Phylogenetic Relationships of the Lizard Families: Essays Commemorating Charles L. Camp. Stanford University Press, Stanford.
Fellers, G. M., and C. A. Drost. 1991. Ecology of the island night lizard, Xantusia riversiana, on Santa Barbara Island, California. Herpetological Monographs 5:28-78.
Hedges, S. B., R. L. Bezy, and L. B. Maxson. 1991. Phylogenetic relationships and biogeography of xantusiid lizards, inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Biology and Evolution 8:767-780.
Lee, M. S. Y. 1998. Convergent evolution and character correlation in burrowing reptiles: towards a resolution of squamte relationships. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 63:369-453.
Macey, J. R., A. Larson, N. B. Ananjeva, and T. J. Papenfuss. 1997. Evolutionary shifts in three major structural features of the mitochondrial genome among iguanian lizards. Journal of Molecular Evolution 44:660-674.
Savage, J. M. 1955. The lizard family Xantusiidae: an evolutionary study. Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanford University.
Savage, J. M. 1963. Studies on the lizard family Xantusiidae. IV. The genera. Los Angeles County Museum Contributions in Science 71:3-38.
Sinclair, E. A., Bezy, R. L., Bolles, K., Camarillo R., J. L., Crandall, K. A. and J. W. Sites Jr. 2004. Testing species boundaries in an ancient species complex with deep phylogeographic history: Genus Xantusia (Squamata: Xantusiidae). The American Naturalist 164:396-414.
Van Denburgh, J. 1895. The species of the genus Xantusia
. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 2) 5:523-534.
Zweifel, R. G., and C. H. Lowe. 1966. The ecology of a population of Xantusia vigilis
, the desert night lizard. American Museum Novitates 2247:1-57.
Xantusiidae page on the EMBL Reptile Database
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Sentences written in the active voice are easier to understand than sentences written in the passive voice switching the passive voice into the active voice is. A voz ativa enfatiza quem praticou a ação, ou seja, no sujeito a voz passiva se preocupa em enfatizar mais a ação o sujeito não é a parte mais importante e. A video explaining the difference between active and passive voice practice at learn english on skype: http. Dr murray and anna c rockowitz writing center, hunter college, city university of new york verb tenses used in active and passive voice the.
Examples and definition of an active and passive voice in english, we can use active or passive verbs to determine the focus of a sentence these form the voices of. Get grammar girl's take on active voice versus passive voice learn whether passive voice is always wrong, or if it is sometimes preferred to active voice. Most verbs have past tense and past participle in –ed (worked, played, listened) but many of the most frequent verbs are irregular. Typically, the active voice is preferable to the passive voice, as it requires fewer words and expresses a clearer relationship between the verb and its.
Functions of the passive voice the passive voice is used to show interest in the person or object that experiences an action rather than the person or object that. This handout will explain the difference between active and passive voice in writing it gives examples of both, and shows how to turn a passive sentence. Resolva exercícios sobre “passive voice” e exercite todo o conhecimento de que dispõe sobre esse assunto note que na “active voice”.
What’s the difference between active and passive verbs when and how should you use them.
A sentence cast in the passive voice will not always include an agent of the action for instance if a gorilla crushes a tin can, we could say the tin can was. Passive voice is a grammatical voice common in many languages in a clause with passive voice, the grammatical subject expresses the. This handout will explain the difference between active and passive voice in writing it gives examples of both, and shows how to turn a passive sentence into an. Learn the basics of active voice and passive voice for english grammar part 2. The passive voice is a grammatical voice the noun or noun phrase that would be the object of an active sentence (such as our troops defeated the enemy) appears. | <urn:uuid:1c99b3ce-879e-4602-84e3-5bbfcea187dd> | {
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"Books are the quietest and most constant of friends; they are the most accessible and wisest of counselors, and the most patient of teachers."
Charles W Eliot
Here are some of my favorite books about bookmaking and books, as well as links. I've divided the Resources into ones written For Children and ones For Adults.
Bookworks: Making Books by Hand, Gwenyth Swain. Minneapolis: CarolRhoda Books, 1995.
A book for kids with a good historical introduction and clear directions for making several forms of book, as well as paper making, marbling, and printmaking techniques.
Making Books That Fly, Fold, Wrap, Hide, Pop Up, Twist and Turn, Gwen Diehn. Asheville, NC: Lark Books, 1998.
Series of creative bookmaking projects with historical information interspersed.
The Bookmaking Kit,
Ann Morris and Peter Linenthal. San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 2001.
The book has directions for lots of books, from the simple (Easy Fastener Book) to the more complicated (Button Closure Clothbound Book). Materials are provided for five of the projects.
Making Mini Books, Sherri Haab. Klutz Press, 2002.
A fun book from Klutz Press with lots of ideas for making small books and materials to help you get started.
How To Make Pop-Ups, Joan Irvine. New York: Morrow Junior Books, 1987.
Basics of pop-up construction in card format with information on how to assemble them in book form at the end. Also by Joan Irvine: How to Make Super Pop-ups and How to Make Holiday Pop-ups
Pop-O-Mania: How to Create Your Own Pop-Ups, Barbara Valenta. New York: Dial Books for Young Readers.
What makes this book special is that it is a pop-up book that teaches you how to make pop-ups.
Books About Book History
Books And Libraries, Jack Knowlton. New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 1991.
Children's book on the history of books and libraries. Emphasis on Western forms from Mesopotamia and Egypt to Europe and colonial New England.
Book, Karen Brookfield. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993.
Part of Eyewitness Books series. Excellent photographs make it a good visual resource to have in the classroom.
"Paper" Through the Ages, Shaaron Cosner. Minneapolis: Carolrhoda Books, 1984.
This easy chapter book introduces children to writing materials of the past--stone, clay, papyrus, wax, parchment, and paper--and the people who used them.
The History of Making Books. New York: Scholastic, Inc., 1996.
Well illustrated interactive book with sections on Ancient writing, Asian Ingenuity, Arabic Treasures, Parchment, Illuminated Manuscripts, Paper, Printing, Bookbinding, and more.
Writing and Printing, Steve and Patricia Harrison. London: BBC Educational Publishing, 1991.
Part of the BBC Fact Finders series. This is a concise overview with a double page spread for each topic from cave painting to the way books are printed today.
Scrawl! Writing in Ancient Times, Geography Department. Minneapolis: Runestone Press, a division of Lerner Publications Company, 1994.
This well illustrated and wide ranging guide to the early book includes chapters on the development of writing, writing materials, papyrus, parchment, and paper, the scribes, and the survival of ancient literature.
Alphabetical Order: How the Alphabet Began, Tiphaine Samoyault. New York: Viking, 1996.
This is a well illustrated guide to the development of the alphabet and the alphabets of the world, including Arabic, Hebrew, Latin, Cyrillic, Indian, and Japanese. as well as sign language, Morse Code, and Braille.
Bibles and Bestiaries: A Guide to Illuminated Manuscripts, Elizabeth B. Wilson, The Pierpont Morgan Library. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1994.
I love this book. It's clearly written and beautifully illustrated with examples from manuscripts in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York. The book includes a detailed description of the process of making an illuminated manuscript from making the vellum to binding the book and information on the "Best-Selling Books" of the Middle Ages, such as Gospels, Psalters, Herbals, and Books of Hours.
The Duke and the Peasant: Life in the Middle Ages, Sister Wendy Beckett. New York: Prestel, 1997.
This book shows the twelve illustrations for the months of the year from the well- known medieval manuscript, Les Tres Riches Heures which was commissioned and owned by the Duc de Berry. The pictures are commented upon by Sister Wendy Beckett of PBS fame. I found her frequent descriptions of how much fun the working peasants were having in contrast to the miserable nobles who were feasting and lolling about rather strange.
Breaking into Print: Before and After the Invention of the Printing Press, Stephen Krensky. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1996.
Breaking into Print tells of the evolution of the book from the hand-lettered manuscripts of the monasteries through the development of the printing press to today. The main text is supplemented by additional facts on the side margins. It is cleanly laid out and nicely illustrated but I found the transition from block printing to movable type confusing. There is a timeline of the history of printing at the back.
Johann Gutenberg and the Amazing Printing Press, Bruce Koscielniak. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2003.
This lively picture book presents lots of information about the process of printing and its development by Gutenberg in a friendly humorous way.
Johann Gutenberg: Master of Modern Printing, Michael Pollard. Woodbridge, CT: Blackbirch Press, Inc., 2001.
Readable account of Gutenberg's work as a printer set in the context of his time with looks back in history to printing in ninth century China and forward to the use of computer technology today. Illustrated with period illustrations.
Fine Print: A Story about Johann Gutenberg, Joann Johansen Burch. Minneapolis: Carolrhoda Books, Inc., 1991.
This short chapter book tells how Gutenberg invented movable type. It gives an excellent view of city life in fifteenth-century Germany, as well as information on handwritten books, the making of paper, and the printing process.
Gutenberg, Leonard Everett Fisher. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1993.
This picture book gives a little background on printing history, but concentrates on the story of Gutenberg: his experiments with printing and the trials of his business life which included scheming partners and bankruptcies.
Picture Books and Fiction Relating to Books
Anna the Bookbinder, Andrea Cheng, illustrated by Ted Rand. New York: Walker and Company, 2003.
This is a warm and touching story of family love with lots of details about bookbinding. Anna's Papa is a binder with a bindery in his basement where Anna spends much of her time. He does quality work and works hard to compete with big binderies with lots of employees. Anna surprises her father by stitching an important commission when her pregnant mother goes into labor.
Magic in the Margins: A Medieval Tale of Bookmaking, W. Nikola-Lish, illustarted by Bonnie Christensen. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin Company, 2007.
Simon, a peasant's son, learns the ways of work in a monastery scriptorium and a valuable lesson in imagination and creativity as he works to earn permission to illustrate the margins of manuscripts.
Marguerite Makes A Book, Bruce Robertson. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 1999.
This beautifully illustrated picture book tells of Marguerite, a girl in medieval Paris. Her father illuminates books and she helps him finish an important commission of a book of Hours for Lady Isabelle.
The Flame of Peace, Deborah Nourse Lattimore. New York: Harper Trophy, 1987.
A young Aztec boy, Two Flint, braves nine evil demons and brings the magic flame of peace to his people. While this isn't about books, the illustrations in this picture book were inspired by and are in the style of Aztec manuscripts. A nice touch is the page numbers which are written in Aztec as well as Arabic numerals.
The Sailor Who Captured the Sea, Deborah Nourse Lattimore. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1991.
In this picture book about the Book of Kells from Ireland, three brothers leave their trades to become scribes in the belief that the completion of the book will save their people from Viking invaders. The book is out of print but the story can be found in the collection, The Sailor Who Captured the Sea and Other Celtic Tales, published in 2002 by HarperTrophy.
The Man Who Loved Books, Jean Fritz. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1981.
This picture book is the true story of St. Columba who founded the monastery on Iona which produced many books. It is told in Jean Fritz's lively style and simply but beautifully illustrated by Trina Shart Hyman.
Across A Dark and Wild Sea, Don Brown. Brookfield, Ct: Roaring Brook Press, 2002.
Another story about St.Columba also known by his Irish name Columcille.
St. Jerome and the Lion, Margaret Hodges. New York: Orchard Books, 1991.
I chose this picture book because Jerome is the patron saint of librarians. He governed a monastery in Bethlehem by day and translated the Bible into Latin at night. The story itself has nothing to do with books but it is well told and beautifully illustrated by Barry Moser.
The Shipwrecked Sailor: An Egyptian Tale with Hieroglyphs, Tamara Bower. New York: Atheneum Books for Young Readers, 2000. Based on a story found in an ancient papyrus scroll, this picture book tells of a shipwreck on the island of the soul and a happy homecoming. One line on each page has been translated into hieroglyphs. The illustrations were inspired by papyrus scrolls.
James Printer: A Novel of Rebellion, Paul Samuel Jacobs. New York: Scholastic Press, 1997
This children's novel tells the story of James Printer, a Nipmuc Indian and apprentice to Samuel Green, master printer at Harvard College in 1675. Told in the first person by Samuel Green's eleven year old son Bartholomew, it has lots of details of the printer's world in the midst of a dramatic story of King Philip's War.
Links for Kids
Make an Artist Book
Clear directions for making an eight page book from a paper bag.
The friendly site of Joan Irvine, author of How to Make Pop-ups. Includes directions on how to make a pop-up.
Writing in Ancient Civilizations
Site on Ancient Civilizations with information on writing in the Near East, Egypt, Greece, and Rome
Leaves of Gold: Treasures of Manuscript Illumination from Philadelphia Collections
This is a thorough site, written for kids with a section on how manuscripts are made, a slide show of manuscript pages and descriptions, a glossary of terms, and directions to make your own medieval manuscript.
For Teaching in the Classroom
Multicultural Books To Make And Share, Susan Kapuscinski Gaylord. Newburyport, MA: makingbooks.com, 2004.
Sixteen projects from four continents cover topics across the curriculum. Historical information, detailed directions, suggestions for variations and readings to use along with the projects are included. Revised edition of original book from Scholastic. All of Susan's books are available from the Book Store at makingbooks.com.
Making Books for Young Learners, Susan Kapuscinski Gaylord. Newburyport, MA: makingbooks.com, 2006.
Seventeen projects, detailed step-by-step directions, and lots of reproducible pages to make bookmaking easy and fun for young learners.
Homes for Poems: Making Books for Poetry, Susan Kapuscinski Gaylord. Newburyport, MA: makingbooks.com, 2006.
Eight projects to make special homes for your poems.
Festivals of Light: Making Books for the Holiday Season, Susan Kapuscinski Gaylord. Newburyport, MA: makingbooks.com, 2004.
Celebrate the season with six projects for Christmas, Hanukkah, Kwanzaa, and Diwali with reproducible images for all.
Gung Hay Fat Choy: Making Books for Chinese New Year, Susan Kapuscinski Gaylord. Newburyport, MA: makingbooks.com, 2004.
Five creative projects for celebrating Chinese New Year.
Yearbooks: Making Books to Celbrate the School Year, Susan Kapuscinski Gaylord. Newburyport, MA: makingbooks.com, 2004.
Five end-of-the-year book collaborative publishing projects for grades pre-K through 8.
A Book of One's Own: Developing Literacy through Making Books, Paul Johnson. Portsmouth, NH: Hienemann, 1998.
Paul Johnson is a well-known English educator who integrates the book arts into the curriculum. His work has both artistic creativity and educational theory. As in all his books, it is well illustrated with children's work.
Literacy Through the Book Arts, Paul Johnson. Portsmouth, NH: Hienemann, 1993.
This book expands on the ideas and forms presented in A Book of One's Own.
Pictures & Words Together: Children Illustrating and Writing Their Own Books, Paul Johnson. Portsmouth, NH: Hienemann, 1997.
This book focuses on the content with information on writing and illustrating. It covers both the big picture- the narrative line and overall concept and the little- techniques for drawing people and perspective. It's deep and thorough.
"A Tale of Two Roads," Craig Hinshaw. Social Studies and the Young Learner, Volume 10, Number 3, January/ February 1998.
Excellent article on a fourth grade project based on the wood block prints of the Japanese artist Horoshige who documented his travel along the Tokaido Road. Students used printmaking and haiku to study the Tokaido Road in Japan and a local interstate. The resulting work was displayed in an accordion book.
Teaching Hand Papermaking: A Classroom Guide, Gloria Zmolek. Cedar Rapids, IA: Zpaperpress, 1995.
I've never made paper with kids but I taught with Gloria Zmolek at the Book Arts Jamboree in 1999 and she was terrific. The book contains clear directions on how to make paper in the classroom plus ways to integrate paper in the arts and basic curricula.
For Making On Your Own
Cover To Cover, Shereen La Plantz. Asheville, NC: Lark Books, 1995.
The first of a new crop of books about bookmaking, covering many simple and complex book forms.
The Art and Craft of Handmade Books, Shereen LaPlantz. New York: Lark Books, 2001.
Shereen's new book which expands upon the first. Interesting book forms and lots of photos of books for inspiration.
Handmade Books And Cards, Jean Kropper. Worcester, MA: Davis Publications, 1997.
Another book that offers a nice introduction to simple book forms and cards. Clear directions and lots of photos of work by different artists. Again, the photos can be as worthwhile as the instructions.
Creating Handmade Books, Alisa Golden. New York: Sterling Publishing Co, Inc, 1998.
This book takes a different approach with all the work included by the author. A wide range of simple and more complex forms with clear instructions and personal reflections.
Books, Boxes & Wraps, Marilyn Webberley and JoAn Forsyth. Kirkland, WA: Bifocal Publishing, 1995.
No color photos in this one, but it's no less of a book. Illustrated with charming line drawings, it contains a wealth of different forms with clear instructions and diagrams.
Creative Bookbinding, Pauline Johnson. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1990.
This reprint of a 1963 book is an oldie but goodie. This was the main resource when I started. Lots of information on simple bindings, folders, and a large section on printing techniques for covers and endpapers.
Japanese Bookbinding, Instructions from a Master Craftsman, Kojiro Ikegami. New York: Weatherhill, 1986.
Beautiful book, clear instructions with photographs, many styles of Japanese bindings. The real thing from a Japanese master.
Non-Adhesive Binding, Keith A. Smith. Fairport, NY: The Sigma Foundation, 1990. order from http://www.keithsmithbooks.com.
An excellent resource with many simple, combination, and complex bindings and a focus on the making of books not just the binding. He has lots of other titles as well.
Books, Boxes, And Portfolios, Franz Zeier. New York: Design Press, 1990.
Basic techniques of cutting, folding and pasting, emphasis on boxes and portfolios, but information about books as well.
Making Memory Boxes, Barbara Mauriello. Gloucester, MA: Rockport Publishers, 2000.
I had the good fortune of taking a weekend workshop with Barbara and it was wonderful. Her book has detailed directions for a variety of different books.
The Pocket Paper Engineer, Volume I: Basic Forms: How to Make Pop-Ups Step-by-Step, Carol Barton. Glen Echo, MD: Popular Kinetics Press, 2005.
This is a workbook with do-it-yourself models. Each form is illustrated with a pull-out card that can be cut and assembled, then stored in a pocket within the book.
How To Make Books, Esther K. Smith. New York: Potter Craft, 2007.
Lots of interesting book forms from simple cut and fold books to stitched bindings. The book contains design ideas as well as construction information and features recycled materials in some of the books. I especially like the Cake Box Book.
Books About Book History
The Book Before Printing: Ancient, Medieval And Oriental, David Diringer. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1982.
Originally published in 1953 as The Hand-Produced Book, this reference book is wide in scope, dense with information, and a good resource.
The Book: The Story of Printing and Bookmaking, Douglas C. McMurtrie. New York: Dorset Press, 1971.
This reprint of a 1943 book begins with Primitive Human Records and goes through to Modern Typography. Gutenberg comes along about a quarter of the way through the book, so the biggest focus is on printed books.
The Book on the Bookshelf, Henry Petroski. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999.
This book is more about the storage and presentation of books than the books themselves but there is lots of fascinating information about the books as well. I found the early chapters from Egyptian scrolls to chained medieval books the most useful.
The Story of Writing, Andrew Robinson. London: Thames & Hudson, 1995.
This book has three sections: How Writing Works, Extinct Writing: Cuneiform, Egyptian Hieroglyphs, Linear B, Mayan Glyphs, Undeciphered Scripts, and Living Writing: The First Alphabet, New Alphabets from Old, Chinese Writing, Japanese Writing. There are lots of illustrations.
The Story of Writing, Donald Jackson. New York: Taplinger Publishing Co, 1981.
This book is on the Roman alphabet was written by a well-known English calligrapher who is Scribe to Her Majesty the Queen. The main focus is on the calligraphic hands from the Dark Ages through the Renaissance. The history is enhanced by his perspective as a working scribe.
A History of Writing, Albertine Gaur. New York: Cross River Press, 1992.
This book has the broadest scope with chapters on The Fertile Crescent, Ancient Mediterranean, Pre-Columbian, Far East, Semitic, Indian and Southeast Asian, Greek and European. It also covers social attitudes towards writing and literacy.
Writing Materials of the East, Albertine Gaur. London: The British Library Board, 1979.
A slim book focusing on the surface materials used for writing with some nice illustrations of books and writing from India, China, Burma, and Sumatra.
The Story of Chinese Books, Lui Guojun and Zheng Rusi. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1985.
History of Chinese books from oracle bones through slats, scrolls, and accordions to sewn bindings with information on block printing and movable type. A good resource but hard to find. Printed in the People's Republic of China.
Chinese Traditional Bookbinding: A Study of Its Evolution and Techniques, Edward Martinique. Chinese Materials Center, 1983.
A history of Chinese books from slats to scrolls to accordions to sewn bindings. Interesting illustrations. A good resource but hard to find.
Aztec and Maya
The Art of the Maya Scribe, Michael D Coe and Justin Kerr. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. Publishers, 1997.
This is a big beautiful art book that is filled with information with chapters on the Maya script, the scribes, the tools and materials, and the books.
The Aztec and Maya Papermakers, Victor Wolfgang von Hagen. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1999.
This is a reprint of a 1944 book. The focus is on the importance of amate or bark paper in the Aztec and Maya world and how it was made. The story is told in a narrative style that I didn't expect. There are lots of good stories and interesting tidbits in this book.
The Codex Nuttall: A Picture Manuscript from Ancient Mexico, Zelia Nuttall, ed. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1975.
Facsimile of a Mixtec manuscript
The Codex Borgia: A full Color restoration of the Ancient Mexican Manuscript, Gisele Diaz and Alan Rodgers. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1993.
Facsimile of a restoration of a pre-Columbian manuscript from about 1400 in central Mexico.
A History of Illuminated Manuscripts, Christopher De Hamel. London: Phaidon Press, 1986.
This well illustrated and thorough book about illuminated manuscripts from the 7th to the 16th century is organized by the uses of the books: for missionaries, emperors, monks, students, aristocrats, everybody, priests, and collectors.
Scribes and Illuminators, Christopher De Hamel. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992.
This short book focuses on how the books were made. There are three sections: Paper- and Parchment-Makers, Ink-Makers and Scribes, and Illuminators, Bookbinders, and Booksellers.
The Illuminated Manuscript, Janet Backhouse. Oxford: Phaidon, 1979.
This is a well illustrated and explained survey of the illuminated manuscript from the seventh to the sixteenth century.
Painted Prayers: The Book of Hours in Medieval and Renaissance Art, Roger S. Wieck. New York: George Braziller, Inc. in association with The Pierpont Morgan Library, 1997.
This is the catalog to accompany an exhibit called "Medieval Bestseller: The Book of Hours." There is detailed commentary on all the illustrations.
Time Sanctified: The Book of Hours in Medieval Art and Life, Roger S. Weick. Baltimore: George Braziller, Inc. in association with The Walters Art Museum, 2001.
Illustrated with manuscripts from the collection of the Walters Art Museum, this book explores the Books of Hours in depth, with a detailed description of the contents, as well as their placement in the social and religious context of the time.
Susan's YouTube Tutorials
Short video tutorials on making books with children with repurposed materials.
Creating Artistic Books from the San Diego Museum of Art
Directions for seven different books and information about making paste paper and screen printing are available for free as downloadable pdfs.
Directions for a Japanese binding from an article originally published in Boy's Life magazine in October 1991.
Directions for making an origami book from The Bookmaking Kit from Chronicle books.
Robert Sabuda's Making Pop-ups is Easy
Pop-up book master, Robert Sabuda, gives directions and templates for making a variety of pop-ups including a birthday cake and butterfly.
Organizations and Links
Peter Verheyen's Book Arts Web
Links to a huge number of book arts sites- organizations, suppliers, schools, individual binders, calligraphy, letterpress printing, papermaking, tutorials, etc. I think it is THE place to start for book arts info on the web. Peter also runs an excellent Book Arts List for online communication about the book arts. Information on how to join is available on the site. There is also an Archive to look up past messages.
Calligraphy and Artist Book Galleries
A site from Australia focusing on calligraphy and artists' books as well. Includes a Calligraphic and Book Arts World Travel Guide.
Canadian Bookbinders and Book Artists Guild
Extensive links. Exhibitions and Collections gives access to historical and contemporary books, including the Book of Kells. Book Arts has a well-done introduction with informative pages on The Book, Vellum and Parchment, Papermaking, etc.
Minnesota Center for Books Arts
MCBA celebrates the book as a vibrant contemporary art form that takes many shapes with studios, an exhibition space, a studio shop and an archive and reference library.
Center for Book Arts
Website of the country's first book arts center in New York City with information on events, classes, and membership.
Chicago Center for Book and Paper Arts
Chicago Center for Book and Paper Arts at Columbia College has exhibits and classes and offers an MFA program in Interdisciplinary Book and Paper Arts.
Newburyport Art Association
Although this is not specifically book arts, I can't leave out my local art organization. It has a wonderful gallery with large juried members' exhibits and Featured Artist shows, as well as a small gift shop.
65 Water Street
Newburyport, MA 01950
Books and Journals
John Neal Bookseller
1833 Spring Garden Street
Greensboro, NC 27403
Specializes in books on calligraphy and the the book arts. You can order online or from their print catalog. John Neal also publishes Bound and Lettered and the Letter Arts Review.
Bound and Lettered
Bound and Lettered contains articles on Artists' Books, Bookbinding, Books for Kids, and Calligraphy and is published quarterly. It was established by Shereen LaPlantz, the author of Cover to Cover, as Tabellae Ansatae.
For 30 years, Judith Hoffberg has been publishing this wonderful magazine with an emphasis on artists' books, mail art, and Fluxus, but with a wide knowledge of the art world and an intrepid spirit. It is now an online publication. Although I miss my blue copy in the mailbox, I still love the magazine.
The Bonefolder, an outgrowth of the Book Arts Web, is a peer-reviewed e-journal for bookbinding and the book arts. It is published twice a year, in the fall and spring.
Book Arts Classified
The Book Arts Classified is an online publication containing ads for an assortment of books, paper, equipment, and supplies; as well as listings for conferences, workshops, exhibitions, and calls for entry.
The Art of Bookbinding
The complete volume of The Art of Bookbinding written by Joseph W. Zaehnsdorf in 1897 is here as well as Bookbinding and the Care of Books: A Handbook for Amateur Bookbinders and Librarians from 1902 and Bookbinding for Beginners from 1914.
The Illustrated Book: A Survey of Genres
Richard Minsky approaches commentary with the same intelligence and individuality he brings to making books. The works are grouped by interesting categories, such as cave paintings as self-publishing. This is a site by someone comfortable with the way the computer allows one to skip around with hyperlinks; it's not a straightforward outline approach.
Bookbinding from the International Dunhuang Project
A history of bookbinding in China illustrated with books found in the Caves of Dunhuang in 1900.
The Tibetan Book of the Dead
Site to accompany an exhibit of the Tibetan Book of the Dead. Beautiful illustrations and informative text.
The Preparation of Palm Leaf Documents
Archived article from the Journal of Indian States History with information on the preparation of palm leaves for writing with drawings of writing implements and photos of pages.
Forerunners of Paper
Descriptions of materials used before paper, clay, bark, papyrus. If you "Continue the Tour" on the bottom of the page, it will lead you from the invention of paper through history to paper in our lives.
Individual Artist Sites
Website of Ed Hutchins, who creates editioned books that are both playful and profound. Some of his thoughts on what is a book and teaching are included on the site.
Website of Karen Hanmer, a versatile book artist of great depth whose works run the gamut from small edition books to large installations.
Website of Marcia Ciro, who combines photography with interesting book structures in her meditations on our environment, both man-made or natural, and the stratagems we devise to control it.
Stephanie Mahan Stigliano
Stephanie uses a range of media and materials in her poetic books on a variety of personal and universal themes.
Website of Jody Alexander who makes artist's books and blank books and teaches classes in Felton, CA.
Mission Creek Press
Roberta Lavadour makes handmade papers from natural fibers in eastern Washington and wonderfully inventive artists books.
Emily Martin and the Naughty Dog Press
Emily Martin creates thought-provoking and humorous books in Iowa, including I Live in Iowa, How Can I Live in Iowa?, Yes, I Like living in Iowa.
Purgatory Pie Press
Dikko Faust and Esther K. Smith collaborate with other artists as well as create their own books with letterpress printing. They explore a variety of book structures and their design is elegant, humorous, and hip.
I came across this page and found it utterly delightful. Kara Sjoblom-Bay's wedding bouquet was made up of handmade books by her friends from the Bay Area Book Artists. You can view the books here.
Where to Buy Art & Bookmaking Supplies
I now concentrate on using recycled, or repurposed materials, in my workshops. Here are some of the sources I have used for art papers and bookbinding materials.
New York Central Art Supply
62 Third Avenue @ 11th Street
New York City 10003
New York Central is my first stop when looking for paper. Much to my regret, I haven't been to their store in years, but their website is easy to use and I have had helpful correspondence by phone, mail, and email with them when looking for a particular paper.
4150 First Street South, PO Box 84268
Seattle, WA 98124-5568
Daniel Smith is an art supply company. They have an extensive selection of paper and a small bookmaking section, as well as paints, brushes, etc. The website is well-organized.
66 Doyle Ave.
I first bought paper from Lauren, the owner, when she worked for a Japanese paper company in Boston. She specializes in Japanese papers, although she also carries handmade papers from Nepal and other locations. She is primarily a wholesaler but will sell to individuals if you place an order of $150 or more.
1810 Massachusetts Ave.
Paper Source has an extensive selection of paper, some bookbinding materials, rubber stamps, and interesting stuff. They offer book arts workshops. There are also stores in Boston, Brookline, and Wellesley as well as around the country. Locations can be found on the website.
Rugg Road Paper
105 Charles St.
Boston, MA 02114
Rugg Road started on Rugg Road in Allston as a papermaking studio. The current store sells handmade paper and an extensive selection of papers from around the world as well as a small selection of bookbinding materials. They have a selection of small size paper. They offer workshops in the book arts.
2525 Michigan Avenue
Bergamot Station Art Center G-9
Santa Monica, CA 90404
I haven't ordered from Hiromi Paper in years but they have an excellent selection of papers from around the world with a concentration on Japan. They have a retail location in Santa Monica, CA.
47-30 213th Street, Ground Floor
Bayside, NY 11361-3368
I have not ordered from Victoria Paper but the selection of papers from around the world is excellent. Owner Aimee Klingman includes information about her travels and the papermakers on the website.
House No. 142, Jyogi pako Marg, Kaldhara Ð 17
PO Box 2272, Kathmandu, Nepal
I met Bindhu Adhikary when he came to Boston to show his papers to members of Boston Book Arts. The Lokta papers, both plain and leaf-printed, made by artisans in Nepal are beautiful. They also have hand carved clasps. Individuals can purchase direct with a minimum order.
I recently ordered from Talas and found them helpful and prompt. They have an extensive online catalog.
6701B Lafayette Avenue
Riverdale, MD 20737
I have also ordered from Bookmakers and found them very helpful.
Review of catalog and online retailers
Thorough reviews of major catalog and online retailers are presented on this site from Handprint. Service and shipping are noted as well as selection.
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As African leaders converge on Washington, D.C. this week for the U.S.-Africa Leaders Summit, economic development is at the top of their agenda.
And while their discussions are primarily focused around trade and energy, we know it’s hard for any country to develop without considering the needs of half of its population. That’s right—if leaders want to have a real conversation about potential, they need to be talking about and including women.
While it’s true that Africa is home to six of the world’s 10 fastest-growing economies, it is also home to countries with some of the highest rates of child marriage around the world. In the 50 African countries invited to the Summit, roughly one-third of girls are married before age 18.
Child marriage stifles girls’—and these countries’—potential, by putting girls at increased risk of dangerous teen pregnancies, and hurting their chances of staying in school and participating in the work force. On the flip side, research has shown that when women and girls have equal access to education, economic opportunities, and rights, countries benefit from increased development and economic growth.
Contraception and reproductive health care are key to this growth, as they allow women and girls to improve their health, plan their families, and take control of their futures. Check out our media kit to learn more. | <urn:uuid:c220233c-95e5-4bd0-b7b9-e6bb91c9026c> | {
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Respiratory therapy is best described as the assessment and treatment of patients with both acute and chronic dysfunction of the cardiopulmonary system. Today’s respiratory therapists have demanding responsibilities related to patient care and serve as vital members of the healthcare team.
Respiratory therapists must have a broad knowledge of the pathophysiology of the cardiopulmonary system and the complex procedures required to properly diagnose and treat patients, from the very young to the very old.
Where do Respiratory Therapists Work?
Respiratory therapy may include treating diseases, infections, or viruses of the cardiopulmonary system, such as lung cancer, asthma, emphysema, bronchitis, and pneumonia. RTs may also provide life-saving care to trauma patients.
Respiratory therapists may be found in acute-care hospital settings, including the emergency room, the intensive care unit, the newborn or pediatric intensive care unit, or the pulmonary diagnostics laboratory. They work with patients of all ages, from premature infants with underdeveloped lungs, to senior citizens with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Outside of the hospital setting, respiratory therapists may work in pulmonary rehabilitation clinics, performing pulmonary rehabilitation. They may also counsel patients on topics such as smoking cessation and disease prevention, and they may work in home care settings, teaching patients and their families to use assistive breathing devices. They may also work out of physician offices, long-term acute and skilled nursing facilities, and sleep disorder centers, to name just a few.
The Duties Respiratory Therapists Perform
In addition to treatment, respiratory therapists are required to diagnose lung disease and breathing disorders, and then recommend the most appropriate treatment methods. As such, their work often includes examining patients, performing chest exams, and analyzing tissue specimens.
Along with having an extensive knowledge of the cardiopulmonary system, respiratory therapists must be experts in the machines and devices used to administer respiratory care treatments. This would involve managing patients on ventilators and artificial airway devices, and assessing the blood-oxygen level of patients.
Just a few of the responsibilities of respiratory therapists include:
- Managing life support mechanical ventilation systems
- Administering aerosol-based medications
- Monitoring equipment related to cardiopulmonary therapy
- Analyzing blood samples to determine levels of oxygen and other gases
- Managing artificial airways
- Assessing lung capacity to determine impairment
- Analyzing chest x-rays and sputum specimens
- Assessing vital signs
- Performing tests and studies related to the cardiopulmonary system (e.g., examinations, stress tests, etc.)
- Performing studies related to the cardiopulmonary system
- Conducting rehabilitation activities
- Counseling individuals in cardiopulmonary health (e.g., asthma education, smoking cessation, etc.)
- Consulting with physicians and members of the medical team to recommend a change in therapy
Respiratory therapy is always practiced under medical direction. As such, respiratory therapists are always part of a medical team. Their work includes participating in:
- The development and implementation of treatment plans and protocols
- Health promotion activities and programs
- Disease prevention
- Disease management
- Clinical decision-making
- Patient education
Their work involves critical thinking skills, assessment skills, and advanced knowledge in evidence-based clinical practice guidelines, all of which enable them to develop and implement effective care, treatment, and disease management plans.
Entering the Respiratory Therapy Profession
The minimum requirement for entering the respiratory therapy profession is an associate’s degree, although it is quite typical for respiratory therapists to possess more advanced degrees, so as to enjoy more professional opportunities and higher pay. Advanced degrees in respiratory care, such as bachelor’s and master’s degrees, provide students with additional clinical experiences and more in-depth study in respiratory care techniques.
To work as a respiratory therapist, you must hold state licensure. To date, every state in the U.S., as well as Washington, D.C., requires state licensure to practice respiratory therapy, with the exception of Alaska.
To become licensed as a respiratory therapist, candidates must complete a respiratory therapy education program at the associate’s or bachelor’s level that is accredited by the Commission on Accreditation for Respiratory Care (CoARC).
All states also require candidates to earn either an entry-level Certified Respiratory Therapist—CRT credential or advanced-level Registered Respiratory Therapist—RRT credential through the National Board for Respiratory Care (NBRC) to qualify for licensure.
Similar to other allied health professionals, licensed respiratory therapists must apply for licensure and maintain their license according to their state’s respiratory care board requirements. This usually involves the completion of specific continuing education requirements.
Characteristics of Successful Respiratory Therapists
In addition to being state licensed to practice respiratory therapy, successful respiratory therapists are those who possess the following:
- Compassion: Compassionate respiratory therapists are able to provide emotional support to patients who are undergoing treatments for serious and often life-threatening diseases.
- Critical thinking skills: Respiratory therapists must be able quickly solve problems, particularly in trauma or emergency situations. Therefore, the ability to think critically to provide the medical team with rapid and accurate assessments, assess patents, and provide patients with the appropriate treatment is crucial.
- Excellent communication skills: Because respiratory therapists spend much of their time communicating with members of the medical team, with patients, or with patient families, the ability to communicate well is important.
- Organized and meticulous: Respiratory therapists must maintain, use, and manage many types of equipment and administer many types of medications; therefore, successful respiratory therapists are detail-oriented, organized, meticulous, and thorough, ensuring that patients receive the appropriate treatments at all times. | <urn:uuid:6ba7746d-48c5-4bdd-b322-e3e48718eb18> | {
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A team of experts has refuted previous findings published last summer stating that Pfiesteria is not toxic to fish or humans. When they cultured the same strain of P. shumwayae studied by the dissenting scientists, it produced a toxin that killed fish within minutes.
Dr. JoAnn Burkholder, director of North Carolina State University's Center for Applied Aquatic Ecology, presented the results of the new study Tuesday at the 10th International Conference on Harmful Algae in St. Petersburg, Fla. The findings are significant because they reconfirm a decade of research showing that Pfiesteria is a dangerous toxic organism.
Last summer's papers had been critical of work by Burkholder and other scientists who discovered Pfiesteria and described its life cycle and toxic impacts on fish and mammals. However, the dissenting scientists' work was based primarily on research with one strain. In the new study three laboratories, assisted in toxin analysis by a fourth "blind" lab, have shown that this allegedly nontoxic strain does produce toxin after all. Burkholder said that their team's results differed because they grew the culture under conditions that allowed it to express toxicity.
"I hope these findings finally help set the record straight by addressing the widespread misinformation about this issue during the past few months," Burkholder said. "Growing these cultures is very complex and difficult work. We are entirely confident that the strain we have tested, taken from the very same culture they used, is toxic and dangerous."
Populations or strains of Pfiesteria, like other toxic algae, are known to vary in toxicity. There are strains that can kill fish with toxin and benign strains that cannot. More than 50 peer-reviewed science articles have been published about toxic Pfiesteria, in cross-confirmed research based on more than 400 toxic strains and 200 nontoxic strains.
Careful review of the culture methods used in last summer's studies raised concerns among Burkholder, Drs. Andrew Gordon and Harold Marshall at Old Dominion University, and Dr. Alan Lewitus at the University of South Carolina.
"We were surprised to find that these scientists extrapolated beyond their data from just one strain to all strains of Pfiesteria, even to both species," Burkholder explained. "Pfiesteria is difficult to culture in actively toxic mode, and their methods did not follow the only standard procedure that has worked so far in producing toxic Pfiesteria. We decided to re-test that strain of Pfiesteria shumwayae using the standard protocol."
The P. shumwayae strain had been grown with algal prey for two years. In previous research, all but four of the 400 toxic strains examined by Burkholder and other specialists on toxic Pfiesteria had rapidly lost their ability to make toxin when they were not grown with live fish. Therefore, the team led by Burkholder expected that the strain would not be able to produce toxin. The three laboratories grew this strain in standardized fish bioassays. They compared mortality of juvenile tilapia grown with the test strain of Pfiesteria shumwayae, versus tilapia grown with a known toxic strain. Some control fish were grown with a known nontoxic Pfiesteria strain, while others were maintained without any Pfiesteria. Once the strain was rapidly killing fish, it was re-isolated from the fish cultures and grown with algae for several weeks so that pure culture, without fish and associated contaminating microbes, could also be tested for any remaining toxicity.
"When we used the standardized method with this P. shumwayae strain, it responded to fish very quickly," said Lewitus. Within a few days the culture was killing fish at low to moderate cell densities of 800-5000 cells per milliliter. Fish died at comparable rates when exposed to the known toxic strain, but all control fish remained healthy.
"With the nontoxic control strain, even at very high densities of 40,000 cells per milliliter, there was no fish death or apparent stress," said Marshall, "although there was some physical attack."
The scientists then sent samples to toxin specialists Drs. John Ramsdell and Peter Moeller at the NOAA-National Ocean Service Marine Biotoxins Program in Charleston, S.C., for toxin analysis. The toxin specialists analyzed them "blind," without knowing the identity of the samples. A potent water-soluble toxin was detected from the test P. shumwayae strain grown with fish and in pure culture with algae - the same toxin that was found in the known toxic strain. Both the cells and the surrounding water in which the test strain was grown contained toxin. No toxin was found in the negative controls.
These new data show that the scientists who reported that Pfiesteria is not toxic actually had a toxic strain all along. "Toxic Pfiesteria strains are widespread and easily found in many estuaries," said Burkholder. "The controversy here is not a culture availability issue. This multi-laboratory study shows that it is, instead, a culturing issue. It is really important for laboratories to use procedures that allow Pfiesteria to express toxicity."
At the same conference on Thursday, Gordon and Marshall will present related research showing that when some strains of toxic P. shumwayae and other microbes are removed from fish-killing cultures by filtration, the filtrate kills fish. This indicates a toxic effect of Pfiesteria without physical contact. Dr. Mac Law, a veterinary fish pathologist at NC State, found that fish exposed to the toxic filtrate developed skin lesions, showing that Pfiesteria can cause these sores without physical attack.
New findings about Pfiesteria toxin will also be presented at the Florida meeting this week. Ramsdell and Moeller will describe novel rapid purification methods that they used to obtain information on the toxin's chemical structure. They also isolated toxin from pure cultures of toxic Pfiesteria, grown without live fish. When test fish were exposed to the toxin, they died in minutes.
Other new research, conducted by Dr. Edward Levin of Duke University, will highlight impacts of Pfiesteria toxin on mammals. When Levin injected this Pfiesteria toxin into the hippocampus of live rats, they developed severe learning deficits, supporting previous studies that have linked toxic Pfiesteria with profound learning disabilities in rats and humans.
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By Guru Prem Singh Khalsa
The yogic journey begins with bowing, not only physically, but with devotion and humility. Forward bending is essentially the most basic of movements. It is the first movement to which we attach an exhalation. Forward bends or “bows” require learning the skill of rooting into a position in order to create a controlled release as we bend forward. In learning how to bend forward correctly, we are setting the foundation for building many other postures, like wide leg stretches, single leg stretches, and standing forward bends. The fundamentals listed below are applied, whether sitting or standing, moving fast or slow, with our feet together or apart.
Forward Bends require that we learn, and learn how to apply, three basic principles that govern all postures.
The First Principle: Always Use the Fewest Moving Parts
We do this by creating two simple unobstructed energy flows from the navel point: The Root Line and the Heart Line.
The first energy flow we create is the Root Line, which is both a muscular connection and a flow of energy, from the navel point to whatever part of us is touching the floor. This consolidates that half of the body into one firm but active unit that can act as our base. Our base both connects us to the ground and gives us the support we need for leverage. Creating a root line uses the navel to engage the muscles of the pelvic floor (Mulbandh or root lock), which allows us to control the position of the sacrum to consolidate its relationship to the rest of the spine. This positioning is important to protect the lower back from compression and injury.
The second energy flow we create is the Heart Line. This is to keep the flow of energy between the navel point and the heart, and between the heart and the head, unobstructed and open. We do this by creating an active cooperation between the contraction of the muscles of the pelvic floor (through Mulbandh) and the positive positioning of the rib cage, mid-back, neck, and head (Jalandhar bandh or neck lock). When the Mulbandh stretches the lower and sacral spine in one direction, the Jalandhar bandh stretches the thoracic (ribcage area) spine and cervical spine in the opposite direction. This consolidates the upper half of the body into another firm but active unit. And both units are connected at the navel point.
The Second Principle: Move from the Major Joints First
Forward bends take place at the hip, the ball and socket joint where the heads of the femurs (long bones of the thighs) attach to the pelvis. When the top and bottom units of the body are consolidated, then the hip joint can act between them like the hinge on a door. This allows us to use leverage to take maximum advantage of the force of gravity. Once we have consolidated the two halves of our body and centered our bend at the hip joint, we can let our top half release forward. In order to control this forward release, we have to use the navel to press our legs into the floor so that our base provides a counterbalance to our forward movement. Confidence in our ability to provide this counterbalance allows us to ride gravity downward as far as our flexibility will allow. In rising back up from a forward bend, we once again use the navel to press our legs into the floor, which creates leverage so that our upper body rises in reaction to the downward press of the legs.
The Third Principle: Move with the Breath
Coordinating the breath with a forward bend makes good sense: it is simply the need to empty out the balloons of the lungs and reduce the girth of the chest in order to fold forward with ease. That the inhalation, the filling up of those two air balloons within the chest, can help you to “float” back up, is also an easy concept to accept. As our proficiency develops, we will become more and more aware of how the breath interacts with the outer movement, but that awareness can most easily begin in forward bends.
The Forward Bend
Begin by sitting on the floor with your spine straight. Extend your legs straight out in front, a few inches apart. (If you cannot straighten your spine, put a yoga pillow or rolled up mat under your buttocks so that your hips are higher than your knees.)
Before you reach forward and grab your big toes, apply the Mulbandh, contracting the Navel Point (located an inch and a half below the navel) and engaging the muscles of the pelvic floor (by contracting the muscles of the rectum, sex organs, and lower abdomen). Flex the feet by pulling the toes back towards your body, and contract the quadriceps (the muscles on the front of the upper thighs). This activates the muscles on the front of the legs, which allows the hamstrings to stretch in a supported way.
Straighten the spine (opening the heart center) as you bend forward and grab your toes. If you cannot keep your spine straight and reach your toes at the same time, you will need to add length to your arms by placing a yoga strap around your feet (any kind of belt or strap will do) and holding onto the strap. Then use your arms to pull your chest forward towards your toes, maintaining the Mulbandh and keeping the quadriceps contracted.
Lengthen your chest towards your toes and drop your belly to your thighs. Relax, and let the force of gravity gracefully pull you downward. Keep your spine straight and bend only at the hip joints. Keeping your legs straight, use your arms to lightly pull against your feet as if you were trying to pull your legs towards your hips. Hold the alignment of your spine without being concerned with how far down you can bend.
To come up out of a sitting forward bend, inhale and press your legs into the floor to leverage the rising of the upper torso. As the inhalation expands the chest, you will feel as if you are floating up.
In order to gain and maintain flexibility it is important to “strengthen what you stretch.” When you press the legs into the floor to raise the upper torso, it contracts and strengthens the hamstrings, the same muscles you have just stretched.
When we have dynamic forward bends, we need to engage a light Jalandhar bandh, the neck lock, to keep the head from leading the movement. If you lead from your head you will collapse your chest and strain your back. As you “inhale up,” lift and open the chest and press the legs firmly into the floor from “sit bones” to heels. As you “exhale down,” release forward while continuing to draw the legs into the hips.
To have fun and safely practice forward bends or any yoga posture, you must enjoy the process. Keep the end result in mind, but be unattached to it. Attachment creates tension which will not allow you to release or surrender into the process. Enjoy the journey, because there are always rewards along the way if you are in the moment to receive them.
Yogi Bhajan gave Guru Prem Singh Khalsa the title of “Posture Master,” and asked him to map out the correct and conscious practice of Kundalini Yoga. Guru Prem is an ex-gymnast has been practicing Therapeutic Massage and Yoga Therapy for 26 years. He is the author of Divine Alignment and The Heart Rules.
Reprinted from Aquarian Times, January 2006
The muscles of the rectum, sex organs, lower abdomen, and navel point
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Vibrating Wire Push-In Pressure Cell
The Vibrating Wire Push-In Pressure Cell is normally installed in vertical boreholes and measures total horizontal stresses. They are often installed in stiff clay behind and in front of retaining walls, in soft puddle clay cores of old embankment dams and in glacial till adjacent to sea cliffs.
The Vibrating Wire Push-In Pressure Cell measures total earth pressures in all soil types. The cell is spade-shaped and pointed at one end. A piezometer within the unit allows the measurement of pore water pressure and therefore the derivation of effective pressure.
The cell is formed from two sheets of steel welded around the periphery, with the narrow gap between the plates being filled with oil. A Vibrating Wire pressure transducer is connected by a short steel tube, forming a sealed hydraulic system.
A porous filter disc is incorporated in the cell and is connected to a second Vibrating Wire transducer, together forming an integral piezometer. The two Vibrating Wire transducers are mounted in tandem behind the spade-shaped cell and protected within the installing pipe.
- Uses proven Vibrating Wire technology
- Designed to be pushed into all soil types
- Recoverable push-in casing
- Additional, integral pore pressure sensor allows derivation of effective pressure
- Measures total earth pressures in all soil types
- Fast response to low volume pressure changes
- Suitable for manual or remote monitoring
- Fitted with thermistor for temperature monitoring
- Strong, screened and flexible connecting cables
- Over 30 years of expertise in the design and manufacture of Vibrating Wire instrument technology
- Push-in design facilitates perfect contact with the soil
- Accurate, repeatable readings over long cable lengths
- Long working life, longterm stability and reliability
- Over-voltage surge arrestor protects against electrical damage
- Design prevents case stresses from affecting readings
A borehole is formed to a depth just short of the installation level.
The Push-In Pressure Cell is lowered to the base of the borehole via the push-in casing. Once at the base, the orientation of the cell is checked before pushing it to its final elevation below the base of the borehole. The temporary push-in casings are then removed leaving the cell in situ.
After the removal of the push-in casings, the borehole is grouted. The sensor cables connect the transducers to either a terminal unit or data logger.
The Vibrating Wire Push-in Pressure Cell monitors changes in earth pressure associated with the construction of excavations, embankments and dams. The instrument is capable of providing total pressure, earth pressure and ground water pressure readings. Vibrating Wire Pressure cells are often installed in stiff clay behind and in front of retaining walls, in soft puddle clay cores of old embankment dams and in glacial till adjacent to sea cliffs.
Typical applications include:
- Measuring the total horizontal stresses in vertical boreholes
- Measuring horizontal and vertical stresses in horizontally drilled boreholes, such as around tunnels and cliff faces
- As a site investigation tool to measure the in situ stresses in the ground prior to any disturbance or construction
- Measuring total pressure within tailings dams
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Asparagus - Mary Washington. Asparagus takes 2-3 years to establish BUT, then produces for 30 years or more! It is one of the first veggies to pop up in the spring. It is so worth the wait! Mary Washington is one of the most popular of all heirloom asparagus varieties and is an excellent choice for the garden. The delicious spears are tender, thick, heavy and straight and are of a rich dark green colour with a purple tinge. Produces uniform spears and a heavy yield.
|How To Grow||Plants can yield for 20 years. Select a sunny site with well drained soil and work in large amounts of composted manure 12" deep. A soil pH in the range of 6.5 to 7.5 is ideal. Soak seeds in water for 2 days. Sow 2.5 cm (1") deep and 12.5 cm (5") apart in rows 45 to 60 cm (18-24") apart. Thin the seedlings to 15 cm (6") apart when they are 7.5 cm (3") tall. During mid-spring in the second year, transplant the 1 year old roots 45 cm (18") apart in rows 1 m (40") apart. It is best to wait until the third year after sowing to take a regular harvest. Each spring, mulch established plants with compost and work in large amounts of composted manure 30 cm (12") deep. Feed with a general-purpose vegetable fertilizer.|
|Blooming Season Begins||Early Summer|
|Days to Emergence||7 to 14|
|Height||Medium Tall (50 to 100 cm)(20" to 39")|
|Frost Tolerance||Frost Hardy|
|Degree of Difficulty||Prior Experience Beneficial| | <urn:uuid:e729ab10-1d5e-4d4f-ab60-d82c71b2ff05> | {
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Twenty seven million years ago a volcanic eruption of immense proportions shook the land around Chiricahua National Monument. One thousand times greater than the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, the Turkey Creek Caldera eruption eventually laid down two thousand feet of highly silicious ash and pumice. This mixture fused into a rock called rhyolitic tuff and eventually eroded into the spires and unusual rock formations of today.
Life in the Mountains
Exploring Chiricahua National Monument is exploring a fantasy world of extraordinary rock sculptures that were created by the forces of nature over millions of years. Called the "Land of the Standing-Up Rocks" by Chiricahua Apaches and later the "Wonderland of Rocks" by pioneers, this northwest corner of the Chiricahua Mountains harbors towering rock spires, massive stone columns, and balanced rocks weighing hundreds of tons that perch delicately on small pedestals. Where hundreds of these rocks occur together, such as in the Heart of Rocks, the landscape appears as rugged badlands.
The story behind the rocks is not completely understood, but geologists believe that about 27 million years ago violent volcanic eruptions from nearby Turkey Creek caldera spewed forth thick white-hot ash. The ash cooled and fused into an almost 2,000-foot thick layer of dark volcanic rock known as rhyolite. The Chiricahua Mountains formed from this rock upheaval, and then the masters of erosion - water, wind, and ice - began sculpting the rock into odd formations. Erosion carved along weak vertical and horizontal cracks forming the fascinating rock forms preserved today in Chiricahua National Monument.
The General park map handed out at the visitor center is available on the park's map webpage.For information about topographic maps, geologic maps, and geologic data sets, please see the geologic maps page.
A geology photo album for this park can be found here.For information on other photo collections featuring National Park geology, please see the Image Sources page.
Currently, we do not have a listing for a park-specific geoscience book. The park's geology may be described in regional or state geology texts.
Parks and Plates: The Geology of Our National Parks, Monuments & Seashores.
Lillie, Robert J., 2005.
W.W. Norton and Company.
9" x 10.75", paperback, 550 pages, full color throughout
The spectacular geology in our national parks provides the answers to many questions about the Earth. The answers can be appreciated through plate tectonics, an exciting way to understand the ongoing natural processes that sculpt our landscape. Parks and Plates is a visual and scientific voyage of discovery!
Ordering from your National Park Cooperative Associations' bookstores helps to support programs in the parks. Please visit the bookstore locator for park books and much more.
Information about the park's research program is available on the park's research webpage.
For information about permits that are required for conducting geologic research activities in National Parks, see the Permits Information page.
The NPS maintains a searchable data base of research needs that have been identified by parks.
A bibliography of geologic references is being prepared for each park through the Geologic Resources Evaluation Program (GRE). Please see the GRE website for more information and contacts.
NPS Geology and Soils PartnersAssociation of American State Geologists
Geological Society of America
Natural Resource Conservation Service - Soils
U.S. Geological Survey
Currently, we do not have a listing for any park-specific geology education programs or activities.
General information about the park's education and intrepretive programs is available on the park's education webpage.For resources and information on teaching geology using National Park examples, see the Students & Teachers pages. | <urn:uuid:e073c70b-6b5a-4680-a346-a2726edf5c41> | {
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Bernhard Rust was Minister of Education in Nazi Germany. He was born in Germany, and served in the army during the First World War. He was awarded the Iron Cross for his bravery during the war. He suffered from a head injury during the war, and this injury contributed to his unstable mental health the rest of his life.
He joined the NSDAP in 1922. He worked as a schoolteacher, but lost his job in 1930 because of sexual relations with a student. He was elected to the Reichstag later that year. In 1934, he became Minister of Education for the Reich, a position that allowed him complete control over universities, youth groups, public schools, and science. Rust was instrumental in purging German universities, most notably the University of Göttingen, of Jews, left-wingers and other non-Nazis. Some of these “non-Nazis” included Nobel Prize winners such as Albert Einstein, Fritz Haber, and Otto Warburg.
Rust believed in educating Germans with a pro-Aryan, anti-Semitic influence. He once remarked, “the whole function of education is to create Nazis.”
Rust committed suicide in 1945 when it became clear that Germany was losing the war. | <urn:uuid:3a32c2f5-2201-4f4f-9327-41812b6ba8ae> | {
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Professional boxing, or prizefighting, is a regulated, sanctioned sport. Professional boxing bouts are fought for a purse which is divided between the boxers as determined by contract. Most professional bouts are supervised by a regulatory authority to guarantee the fighters' safety. Most high-profile bouts obtain the endorsement of a sanctioning body, which awards championship belts, establishes rules, and assigns its own judges and referee.
In contrast with amateur boxing, professional bouts are typically much longer and can last up to twelve rounds, though less significant fights can be as short as four rounds. Protective headgear is not permitted, and boxers are generally allowed to take substantial punishment before a fight is halted. Professional boxing has enjoyed a much higher profile than amateur boxing throughout the 20th century and beyond.
In 1891, the National Sporting Club (N.S.C.), a private club in London, began to promote professional glove fights at its own premises, and created nine of its own rules to augment the Queensberry Rules. These rules specified more accurately the role of the officials, and produced a system of scoring that enabled the referee to decide the result of a fight. The British Boxing Board of Control (B.B.B.C.) was first formed in 1919 with close links to the N.S.C., and was re-formed in 1929 after the N.S.C. closed.
In 1909, the first of twenty-two belts were presented by the fifth Earl of Lonsdale to the winner of a British title fight held at the N.S.C. In 1929, the B.B.B.C. continued to award Lonsdale Belts to any British boxer who won three title fights in the same weight division. The "title fight" has always been the focal point in professional boxing. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, however, there were title fights at each weight. Promoters who could stage profitable title fights became influential in the sport, as did boxers' managers. The best promoters and managers have been instrumental in bringing boxing to new audiences and provoking media and public interest. The most famous of all three-way partnership (fighter-manager-promoter) was that of Jack Dempsey (heavyweight champion 1919–1926), his manager Jack Kearns, and the promoter Tex Rickard. Together they grossed US$8.4 million in only five fights between 1921 and 1927 and ushered in a "golden age" of popularity for professional boxing in the 1920s. They were also responsible for the first live radio broadcast of a title fight (Dempsey v. Georges Carpentier, in 1921). In the United Kingdom, Jack Solomons' success as a fight promoter helped re-establish professional boxing after the Second World War and made the UK a popular place for title fights in the 1950s and 1960s.
In the first part of the 20th century, the United States became the centre for professional boxing. It was generally accepted that the "world champions" were those listed by the Police Gazette. After 1920, the National Boxing Association (N.B.A.) began to sanction "title fights". Also during that time, The Ring was founded, and it listed champions and awarded championship belts. The N.B.A. was renamed in 1962 and became the World Boxing Association (W.B.A.). The following year, a rival body, the World Boxing Council (W.B.C.), was formed. In 1983, the International Boxing Federation (I.B.F.) was formed. In 1988, another world sanctioning body, World Boxing Organization (WBO) was formed. By the end of the 20th century, the World Professional Boxing Federation (W.P.B.F.) was formed, a boxer had to be recognized by the separate bodies to be the "Undisputed World Champion". Regional sanctioning bodies such as the North American Boxing Federation, the North American Boxing Council and the United States Boxing Association also awarded championships. Ring Magazine also continued listing the World Champion of each weight division, and its rankings continue to be appreciated by fans.
1900 to 1920
In the early twentieth century, most professional bouts took place in the United States and Britain, and champions were recognized by popular consensus as expressed in the newspapers of the day. Among the great champions of the era were the peerless heavyweight Jim Jeffries and Bob Fitzsimmons, who weighed less than 12 stone (164 pounds), but won world titles at middleweight (1892), light heavyweight (1903), and heavyweight (1897). Other famous champions included light heavyweight Philadelphia Jack O'Brien and middleweight Tommy Ryan. On May 12, 1902 lightweight Joe Gans became the first black American to be boxing champion. Despite the public's enthusiasm, this was an era of far-reaching regulation of the sport, often with the stated goal of outright prohibition. In 1900, the State of New York enacted the Lewis Law, banned prizefights except for those held in private athletic clubs between members. Thus, when introducing the fighters, the announcer frequently added the phrase "Both members of this club", as George Wesley Bellows titled one of his paintings. The western region of the United States tended to be more tolerant of prizefights in this era, although the private club arrangement was standard practice here as well, San Francisco's California Athletic Club being a prominent example.
On December 26, 1908, heavyweight Jack Johnson became the first black heavyweight champion and a highly controversial figure in that racially charged era. Prizefights often had unlimited rounds, and could easily become endurance tests, favoring patient tacticians like Johnson. At lighter weights, ten round fights were common, and lightweight Benny Leonard dominated his division from the late teens into the early twenties.
Prizefighting champions in this period were the premier sports celebrities, and a championship event generated intense public interest. Long before bars became popular venues in which to watch sporting events on television, enterprising saloon keepers were known to set up ticker machines and announce the progress of an important bout, blow by blow. Local kids often hung about outside the saloon doors, hoping for news of the fight. Harpo Marx, then fifteen, recounted vicariously experiencing the 1904 Jeffries-Munroe championship fight in this way.
1920 to 1940
In the 1920s, prizefighting was the pre-eminent sport in the United States, and no figure loomed larger than Jack Dempsey, who became world heavyweight champion after brutally defeating Jess Willard. Dempsey was one of the hardest punchers of all time and as Bert Randolph Sugar put it, "had a left hook from hell." He is remembered for his iconic fight with Luis Ángel Firpo, which was followed by a lavish life of celebrity away from the ring. The enormously popular Dempsey would conclude his career with a memorable two bouts with Gene Tunney, breaking the $1 million gate threshold for the first time. Although Tunney dominated both fights, Dempsey retained the public's sympathy, especially after the controversy of a "long count" in their second fight. This fight introduced the new rule that the counting of a downed opponent would not begin until the standing opponent went into a neutral corner. At this time, rules were negotiated by parties, as there were no sanctioning bodies.
The New York State Athletic Commission took a more prominent role in organizing fights in the 1930s. Famous champions of that era included the German heavyweight Max Schmeling and the American Max Baer, who wielded a devastating right hand. Baer was defeated by "Cinderella Man" James Braddock, a former light heavyweight contender before a series of injuries and setbacks during the Great Depression and was at one point even stripped of his license. Most famous of all was Joe Louis, who avenged an earlier defeat by demolishing Schmeling in the first round of their 1938 rematch. Louis was voted the best puncher of all time by The Ring, and is arguably the greatest heavyweight of all time. In 1938, Henry Armstrong became the only boxer to hold titles in three different weight classes at the same time (featherweight, lightweight, and welterweight). His attempt at winning the middleweight title would be thwarted in 1940.
1940 to 1960
The Second World War brought a lull in competitive boxing, and champion Louis fought mostly exhibitions. After the war, Louis continued his reign, but new stars emerged in other divisions, such as the inimitable featherweight Willie Pep, who won over 200 fights, and most notably Sugar Ray Robinson, widely regarded as the greatest pound-for-pound fighter of all time. Robinson held the world welterweight title from 1946 to 1951 and the world middleweight title a record five times from 1951 to 1960. His notable rivals included Jake LaMotta, Gene Fullmer, and Carmen Basilio. Unfortunately, many fights in the 1940s and 1950s were marred by suspected mafia involvement, though some fighters like Robinson and Basilio openly resisted mob influence.
Among the heavyweights, Joe Louis retained his title until his 1949 retirement, having held the championship for an unprecedented eleven years. Ezzard Charles and Jersey Joe Walcott succeeded him as champion, but they were soon outshone by the remarkable Rocky Marciano, who compiled an astounding 49-0 record before retiring as world champion. Among his opponents was the ageless Archie Moore, who held the world light heavyweight title for ten years and scored more knockout victories than any other boxer in history.
1960 to 1980
In the early 1960s, the seemingly invincible Sonny Liston captured the public imagination with his one-sided destruction of two-time heavyweight champion Floyd Patterson. One of the last mob-connected fighters, Liston had his mystique shattered in two controversial losses to the brash upstart Cassius Clay, who changed his name to Muhammad Ali after becoming champion. Ali would become the most iconic figure in boxing history, transcending the sport and achieving global recognition. His refusal to serve in the Vietnam War resulted in the stripping of his title, and tore down the barrier between sport and culture.
After three years of inactivity, Ali returned to the sport, leading to his first epic clash with Joe Frazier in 1971, ushering in a "golden age" of heavyweight boxing. Ali, Frazier, and the heavy-hitting George Foreman were the top fighters in a division overloaded with talent. Among the middleweights, Argentine Carlos Monzón emerged as a dominant champion, reigning from 1970 to his retirement in 1977, after an unprecedented 14 title defenses. Roberto Durán dismantled opponents for 6½ years as lightweight champion, Defending the title 12 times, 11 by knockout.
The late 1970s witnessed the end of universally recognized champions, as the WBC and WBA began to recognize different champions and top contenders, ushering in the era of multiple champions, unworthy mandatory challengers, and general corruption that came to be associated with sanctioning bodies in later decades.
The end of this decade also saw the sport begin to become more oriented toward the casino industry. The Caesars Palace hotel in Las Vegas began to host major bouts featuring George Foreman, Ron Lyle, Muhammad Ali, Roberto Durán, Sugar Ray Leonard, Marvin Hagler and Thomas Hearns. Also, public broadcasts would be replaced by closed-circuit, and ultimately pay-per-view, broadcasts, as the boxing audience shrank in numbers.
1980 to 2000
In the early 1980s Larry Holmes was a lone heavyweight talent in a division full of pretenders, so the most compelling boxing matchups were to be found in the lower weight classes.Roberto Durán dominated the lightweight division and became welterweight champion, but quit during the 8th round in his second fight with Sugar Ray Leonard (the famous "no mas" fight of Nov. 1980), who emerged as the best fighter of the decade. Leonard went on to knock out the formidable Thomas Hearns in 1981. Meanwhile, the junior welterweight division was ruled by Aaron Pryor, who made 10 title defenses from 1980 to 1985, before vacating the championship.
The prestigious middleweight division was dominated by "Marvelous" Marvin Hagler, who fought Thomas Hearns at Caesars Palace on April 15, 1985. The fight was billed as "The War", and it lived up to its billing. As soon as the bell rang, both fighters ran towards the center of the ring and began trading hooks and uppercuts nonstop. This continued into round three, when Hagler overwhelmed Hearns and knocked him out in brutal fashion. This fight made Hagler famous; he was able to lure Ray Leonard out of retirement in 1987, but lost in a highly-controversial decision. Hagler retired from boxing immediately after that fight.
In the latter half of the decade young heavyweight Mike Tyson emerged as a serious contender. Nicknamed "Iron Mike", Tyson became world heavyweight champion at the age of 20 and the first undisputed champion in a decade. Tyson soon became the most widely known boxer since Ali due to an aura of unrestrained ferocity, such as that exuded by Jack Dempsey or Sonny Liston.
Much like Liston, Tyson's career was marked by controversy and self-destruction. He was accused of domestic violence against his wife Robin Givens, whom he soon divorced. Meanwhile, he lost his title to 42-1 underdog James Douglas. His progress toward another title shot was derailed by allegations of rape made by Desiree Washington, a beauty pageant queen. In 1992 Tyson was imprisoned for rape, and released three years later. With Tyson removed from the heavyweight picture, Evander Holyfield and Riddick Bowe emerged as top heavyweights in the early nineties, facing each other in three bouts.
Meanwhile, at light welterweight, Mexican Julio César Chávez compiled an official record of 89-0 before fighting to a controversial draw in 1993 with Pernell Whitaker, who later also became a great boxer. In the late 1990s Chavez was superseded by Olympic gold medalist Oscar De La Hoya, who became the most popular pay-per-view draw of his era. De la Hoya won championships in six weight classes, competing with fighters including Chavez, Whitaker, and Félix Trinidad.
In the late 1990s Mike Tyson made a comeback, which took an unexpected turn when he was defeated by heavy underdog Evander Holyfield in 1996. In their 1997 rematch, Tyson bit a chunk from Holyfield's ear, resulting in his disqualification; Tyson's boxing license was revoked by the Nevada State Athletic Commission for one year and he was fined US$3 million. Holyfield won two of the three title belts, but lost a final match in 1999 with WBC champion Lennox Lewis, who became undisputed champion.
2000 to present
The last decade has witnessed a continued decline in the popularity of boxing in the United States, marked by a malaise in the heavyweight division and the increased competition in the Pay-Per-View market from MMA and its main promotion, the UFC. The sport has grown in Germany and Eastern Europe, and is also currently strong in Britain. This cultural shift is reflected in some of the changes in championship title holders, especially in the upper weight divisions.
The light heavyweight division was dominated in the early part of the decade by Roy Jones, Jr., a former middleweight champion, and the Polish-German Dariusz Michalczewski. Michalczewski held the WBO title, while Jones held the WBC, WBA, and IBF titles, two of which had been relinquished by Michalczewski. The two fighters never met, due to a dispute over whether the fight would be held in the U.S. or in Germany. This sort of dispute would be repeated among other top fighters, as Germany emerged as a top venue for world class boxing.
The most famous German-based boxers are the Ukrainian Klitschko brothers, Wladimir and Vitali, both of whom held versions of the heavyweight title. The Klitschkos were often depicted as representing a new generation of fighters from ex-Soviet republics, possessing great size, yet considerable skill and stamina, developed by years of amateur experience. Most versions of the heavyweight title were held by fighters from the former Soviet Union.
Since the retirement of Lennox Lewis in 2004, the heavyweight division has been criticized as lacking talent or depth, especially among American fighters. This has resulted in a higher profile for fighters in lower weight classes, including the age-defying middleweight and light heavyweight champion Bernard Hopkins, and the undefeated multiple weight division champion Floyd Mayweather, Jr., who won a 2007 split decision over Oscar De La Hoya in a record-breaking pay-per-view event. Billed as the "fight to save boxing", the success of this event shows that American boxing still retains a considerable core audience when its product is of descent from the American continent.
Other notable fighters in even lower weight classes are experiencing unprecedented popularity today. In the last five years junior lightweights Marco Antonio Barrera, Erik Morales, Juan Manuel Márquez and multiple weight division champion Manny Pacquiao have fought numerous times on pay-per-view. These small fighters often display tremendous punching power for their size, producing exciting fights such as the incredible 2005 bout between Castillo and the late Diego Corrales.
Interest in the lower weight divisions further increased with the possibility of a superfight between two of the current best fighters in the world, Manny Pacquiao and Floyd Mayweather, Jr. Experts predicted this would break current pay-per-view records, due to the tremendous public demand for the fight. Long negotiations finally culminated in the Mayweather-Pacquiao fight on May 2, 2015, six years after negotiation first began and resulted in estimated revenues of $450,000,000.
Length of bouts
Professional bouts are limited to a maximum of twelve rounds, most are fought over four, six, eight or ten rounds depending upon the experience of the boxers. Through the early twentieth century, it was common for fights to have unlimited rounds, ending only when one fighter quit or the fight was stopped by police. In the 1910s and 1920s, a fifteen-round limit gradually became the norm, benefiting high-energy fighters like Jack Dempsey.
For decades, from the 1920s to the 1980s, world championship matches in professional boxing were scheduled for fifteen rounds, but that changed after a November 13, 1982 WBA Lightweight title bout ended with the death of boxer Duk Koo Kim in a fight against Ray Mancini in the 14th round of a nationally televised championship fight on CBS. Exactly three months after the fatal fight, the WBC reduced the number of their championship fights to 12 rounds. The WBA even stripped a fighter of his championship in 1983 because the fight had been a 15-round bout, shortly after the rule was changed to 12 rounds. By 1988, to the displeasure of some boxing purists, all fights had been reduced to a maximum of 12 rounds only, partially for safety, and partially for television, as a 12-round bout could be broadcast within an hour, while a 15-round bout could require up to 90 minutes to broadcast.
If a knockout or disqualification does not occur, the fight is determined by decision. In the early days of boxing, the referee decided the winner by raising his arm at the end of the bout, a practice that is still used for some professional bouts in Britain. In the early twentieth century, it became common for the referee or judge to score bouts by the number of rounds won. To improve the reliability of scoring, two ringside judges were added besides the referee, and the winner was decided by majority decision. Since the late twentieth century, it has become common practice for all three judges to be ringside observers, though the referee still has the authority to stop a fight or deduct points.
At the end of the fight, the judges add their scores for all rounds, and each judge thereby determines a winner. If all three judges choose the same fighter as the winner, that fighter wins by unanimous decision. If two judges have one boxer winning the fight and the third judge scores it a draw, the boxer wins by majority decision. If two judges have one boxer winning the fight and the third judge has the other boxer winning, the first boxer wins by split decision. If one judge chooses one boxer as the winner, the second judge chooses the other boxer, and the third judge calls it a draw, then the bout is ruled a draw. The bout is also ruled a draw if at least two out of three judges score the fight a draw, regardless of the third score. In the United Kingdom, the bout is only scored by the referee, except when a title is at stake, in which case it is scored by three judges.
The most widely used scoring system since the mid-twentieth century is the "10-point must system", so named because a judge "must" award ten points to at least one fighter each round (before deductions for fouls). Most rounds are scored 10-9, with 10 points for the fighter who won the round, and 9 points for the fighter the judge believes lost the round. If a round is judged to be even, it is scored 10-10. For each knockdown in a round, the judge deducts an additional point from the fighter knocked down, resulting in a 10-8 score if there is one knockdown or a 10-7 score if there are two knockdowns. If the referee instructs the judges to deduct a point for a foul, this deduction is applied after the preliminary computation. So, if a fighter wins a round, but is penalized for a foul, the score changes from 10-9 to 9-9. If that same fighter scored a knockdown in the round, the score would change from 10-8 in his favor to 9-8.
Other scoring systems have also been used in various locations, including the five-point must system (in which the winning fighter is awarded five points, the loser four or less), the one-point system (in which the winning fighter is awarded one or more points, and the losing fighter is awarded zero), and the rounds system which simply awards the round to the winning fighter. In the rounds system, the bout is won by the fighter determined to have won more rounds. This system often used a supplemental points system (generally the ten-point must) in the case of even rounds.
If a fight is stopped due to a cut from an unintentional headbutt, the fight goes to the scorecards only if a specified number of rounds (usually three, sometimes four) have been completed. Whoever is ahead on the scorecards wins by a technical decision. If the required number of rounds has not been completed, the fight is declared a technical draw or a no contest.
If a fight is stopped due to a cut resulting from a legal punch, the other participant is awarded a technical knockout win. For this reason, fighters often employ cutmen, whose job is to treat cuts between rounds so that the boxer is able to continue despite the cut.
Judges do not have the ability to disregard an official knockdown. If the referee declares a fighter going down to be a knockdown, the judges must score it as such.
Major sanctioning bodies
- International Boxing Federation (IBF)
- World Boxing Association (WBA)
- World Boxing Council (WBC)
- World Boxing Organization (WBO)
||Constructs such as ibid., loc. cit. and idem are discouraged by Wikipedia's style guide for footnotes, as they are easily broken. Please improve this article by replacing them with named references (quick guide), or an abbreviated title. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)|
- Fish, Jim (June 26, 2007). "Boxers bounce back in Sweden". BBC News.
- Hjellen, Bjørnar (December 16, 2014). "Brækhus fikk drømmen oppfylt". BBC News.
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- "Jackson: Boxing's black eye - ESPN Page 2". go.com.
- Hayward, Paul (2011-11-12). "No fighting against the painful decline in heavyweight boxing". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2012-02-25.
- "Pacquino Mayweather fight". sbsun.com.
- Bert Randolph Sugar (2001). "Boxing", World Book Online Americas Edition | <urn:uuid:82051c17-683f-46a3-9870-5a0989ec3b9d> | {
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VECCHIA, AD. et al. Assessment of enteric viruses in a sewage treatment plant located in Porto Alegre, southern Brazil. Braz. J. Biol. [online]. 2012, vol.72, n.4, pp.839-846.
ISSN 1519-6984. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842012000500009.
Trouble over (waste)water
The authors developed this study, in 2009, at the Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Feevale University, in Novo Hamburgo, RS, analyzing the presence of enteric viruses in influent and effluent samples from a sewage treatment plant located in Porto Alegre, RS. The article was published in the Brazilian Journal of Biology, in November 2012.
The Brazilian regulations about the microbiological quality of water and wastewater do not include routine or preventive monitoring of enteric viruses; fecal coliforms are solely used as the microbiological indicators of fecal contamination. Viruses are known to have higher resistance than other microorganisms (including fecal coliforms) to the conventional protocols applied to the treatment of drinking water and wastewater derived from sewage. Thus, a given water sample may be free of detectable fecal coliforms but viruses may be present.
Enteric viruses may cause a wide range of clinical manifestation in human beings, from gastroenteritis to central nervous system illness. An eight months survey was conducted to examine the presence of human adenovirus (HAdV), enterovirus (EV), genogroup A rotaviruses (GARV) and Torque teno virus (TTV) in influent and treated effluent samples from the São João/Navegantes sewage treatment plant, located in Porto Alegre (Brazil).
Regardless of the month analyzed, all samples presented detection of genomes from at least one virus genus, except for one sample collected in April. Higher virus detection rates were observed in treated sewage samples (62.5 %), and in 80% of these were positive for the presence of HAdV. These results are pointing to the inefficacy of the current techniques applied to the treatment of sewage. Another problem is the lack of regulatory issues that may force the use of newer and more efficacious technologies for the removal or destruction of viral particles. All the effluents from this sewage treatment plant are discharged in water bodies, carrying a vast array of viruses; however, this wastewater is accomplishing the standards of the current legislation, since there are no rules for the preventive virological analysis of water and wastewater in Brazil.
To the knowledge of the authors, this is the first study showing the monitoring of viral genomes in influent and effluent samples from a sewage treatment sample located in Porto Alegre (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil), Southern Brazil. The study had the financial support of the National Counsel of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq) and the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Level Personnel (Capes).
Fernando Rosado Spilki | <urn:uuid:ffd641c6-d836-4dfa-9905-db57c532ab61> | {
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Bones On The Beach
Ancient mastodon bones uncovered at Daytona Beach construction site.
Scientists confirmed Tuesday that prehistoric animal bones found at a Daytona Beach, Florida construction site were that of a Mastodon -- a large mammal belonging to the Ice Age.
Crews working at a storm water project off Nova Road found the ancient bones Friday, and officials said they have shut down the construction site to preserve the discovery.
According to scientists, the fossilized mastodon was between 13,000 and 150,000 years old.
The tusked mammal would have weighed several tons, like a prehistoric elephant.
“We're finding some significant pieces -- tusks and vertebrae. We don't know completely what's down there yet, so it gets more exciting the more we dig,” Zach Zacharias, of the Museum of Arts and Sciences, said.
Whether there is a full or a partial skeleton, or even more than one creature is still unclear, but scientists said more and more bones have been emerging.
“Mastodons were big, hairy animals,” Zacharias said.
Teacher and amateur paleontologist Don Brunning and his wife are local experts the museum relies on, and he said the mastodon would have been a contemporary of the giant ground sloth, which was also uncovered locally.
“They were all hanging out and eating during that epoch because we had super fauna and super flora blooming all over the place,” Brunning said.
Scientists said that it’s possible that man hunted mastodons to extinction, though a changing environment may have also played a major role.
Now, man is hunting for his remains to help tell the story of its past life on earth. | <urn:uuid:2e309a8c-539e-4dc0-8090-bbc6ab61e99f> | {
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Includes bibliographical references (p. 299-321) and index.
Preface Readers' Guide 1. Introducing Religion and Dark Green Religion 2. Dark Green Religion 3. Dark Green Religion in North America 4. Radical Environmentalism 5. Surfing Spirituality 6. Globalization with Predators and Moving Pictures 7. Globalization in Arts, Sciences, and Letters 8. Terrapolitan Earth Religion 9 .Conclusion: Dark Green Religion and the Planetary Future Afterword on Terminology Acknowledgments Appendix: Excerpts with Commentary on the Writings of Henry David Thoreau Notes Bibliography Index.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)
In this innovative and deeply felt work, Bron Taylor examines the evolution of 'green religions' in North America and beyond: spiritual practices that hold nature as sacred and have in many cases replaced traditional religions. Tracing a wide range of groups - radical environmental activists, lifestyle-focused bioregionalists, surfers, new-agers involved in 'ecopsychology, ' and groups that hold scientific narratives as sacred - Taylor addresses a central theoretical question: How can environmentally oriented, spiritually motivated individuals and movements be understood as religious when many of them reject religious and supernatural worldviews? The 'dark' of the title further expands this idea by emphasizing the depth of believers' passion and also suggesting a potential shadow side: besides uplifting and inspiring, such religion might mislead, deceive, or in some cases precipitate violence. This book provides a fascinating global tour of the green religious phenomenon, enabling readers to evaluate its worldwide emergence and to assess its role in a critically important religious revolution. (source: Nielsen Book Data) | <urn:uuid:1bda5011-12ef-4f6c-bcd4-751149c68c92> | {
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Efforts to preserve the Web should make use of the powerful, distributed collaboration it allows.
Analyzing what people do online provides a way to peer into society's collective mind.
Using virtual points and badges to shape our behavior may not be as effective as some have hoped.
Web apps can displace all other forms of software if browser and Web technology continue to improve.
Starting an Internet company with the potential to reshape how we use the Web has never been cheaper.
The way privacy is encoded into software doesn't match the way we handle it in real life.
New tools are helping video become part of the fabric of the Web.
We need to reimagine the role of search engines and their sources of data.
Library science will improve online search.
Whether the Internet will help or hinder the spread of democracy is still uncertain. | <urn:uuid:f47a154c-0a75-4bc1-bfb7-003008e25857> | {
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Week of October 8
During the first two weeks of October 1967, some of the heaviest fighting of Operation WHEELER took place in I Corps, as elements of the 23d Infantry Division (Americal) engaged multiple regiments of the North Vietnamese Army 2nd Division west of Tam Kỳ.
General William C. Westmoreland, commander of U.S. forces in Vietnam, had recently moved the Americal Division into I Corps to counter the growing Communist buildup in the region and to allow the Marines to move reinforcements closer to the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). General Westmoreland soon decided that the Americal Division would need to stay in I Corps indefinitely, and they replaced the 5th Marines in the Quế Sơn Valley, home of the North Vietnamese 2nd Division. This enemy division had long used the jungle-covered hills and extensive rice paddies in the region as bases from which to launch attacks on both Đà Nẵng and Chu Lai. The U.S. hoped the troops of Operation WHEELER would find and eliminate those bases, along with the North Vietnamese 2nd Division itself. WHEELER officially began on September 11, 1967.
By the end of September and during the first weeks of October, the monsoon season had made for rough combat conditions. Increasingly heavy downpours and nearly constant low cloud cover snarled supply lines, both on the ground and in the air, and kept most aircraft grounded except for a few medevac helicopters. With resupply, reinforcement, and air support unreliable, on October 5 just after midnight a large enemy force surrounded and attacked the weakened 2d Battalion of the 502d Infantry using grenades, machine guns, and small arms fire. In the middle of a drenching rain, the American battalion managed to hold out while taking heavy casualties, and the enemy units withdrew in under an hour.
Days later, on October 8, as the rain continued to pour, a platoon was ambushed while on a sweep looking for the 2nd Division’s headquarters. The weather continued to make air support virtually impossible, and the platoon commander radioed that they were being overrun, having been forced into hand-to-hand fighting. By the time a relief column reached the platoon’s last known position, no survivors could be found.
The Americal Division withdrew back toward the coast late in the month, as the terrible weather continued. Though U.S. troops did not manage to locate the North Vietnamese Army base areas, they inflicted severe losses on the 2nd Division. Between 500 and 1,100 Communist troops were killed in Operation WHEELER, and U.S. forces captured 50 enemy POWs, reducing the 2nd Division by at least 12 percent. U.S. losses were also relatively heavy. Nearly 500 Americans were wounded and 126 were killed. The vast majority of these casualties occurred during the first two weeks of October 1967.1
1 George L. MacGarrigle, Combat Operations: Taking the Offensive, October 1966 to October 1967, The United States Army in Vietnam (Washington, DC: Center of Military History, 1998), 267–75, 283; David Burns Sigler, Vietnam Battle Chronology: U.S. Army and Marine Corps Combat Operations, 1965–1973 (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc.), 54. | <urn:uuid:929d179f-1967-423d-9bda-e0fc9fca22a1> | {
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blocked out; blocking out; blocks out
Definition of block out
1 : to hide or cover something so that it cannot be seen, felt, or heard Clouds blocked out the sun. We put on music to block out the sound of the traffic.
2 : to force oneself not to think about (something) He tried to block the event out.
3 : to ignore (something) blocking out distractions
Love words? Need even more definitions?Merriam-Webster unabridged
Words at Play
- 'They' Is Merriam-Webster's Word of the Year 2019
- Word of the Year 2019 | They
- A Guide to Surviving Winter
- The Good, The Bad, & The Semantically Imprecise - 12/6/19
Ask the Editors | <urn:uuid:ecc25518-2761-4a6c-98c3-072a7e3dbc36> | {
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By Sam Piha
Many afterschool leaders describe their programs as using “disguised learning”. I always cringe when I hear this term. Why you ask?
1- Definition of “Disguise”
According to the dictionary, disguise is defined as “to change the appearance or guise of so as to conceal identity or mislead, as by means of deceptive garb; to conceal or cover up the truth or actual character of by a counterfeit form or appearance; misrepresent”. Why do we need to conceal learning or mislead the learners? How is this related to children, their learning, or our role as teachers?
2 - Assumptions about Learning
This term assumes that you have to hide learning. I always found this offensive because through my experience as a classroom teacher and youth worker, children love to learn. They have an innate drive to learn and master, thus why the need for disguise? “Disguised learning” is like “candy flavored medicine” - it assumes that learning is foul tasting but good for you.
3 - Assumptions about Play
“Students think they are merely playing, but they are simultaneously learning.” This assumes that children only learn through play when adults sneak it in. We know that play is an important form of learning and that children are always learning.
The problem is that adults have managed to make learning a negative thing by making it boring and divorced from the real world and young people’s interests. In this way, we have suppressed children’s drive to learn and master.
Instead, we need to ensure that learning experiences are challenging and engaging. In the LIAS project, we name five attributes that promote young people's learning: Learning needs to be active, collaborative, meaningful, support mastery, and expand horizons. We can even be transparent about our learning objectives of the activities.
I believe that those touting “disguised learning” are well intentioned. We just need to do away with this term. Instead we can talk about being intentional about the learning objectives, informal learning, using clever ways to introduce learning objectives through non-traditional tools, such as games, to encourage students to have fun while they learn.
Sam Piha is the founder and principal of Temescal Associates, a consulting group dedicated to building the capacity of leaders and organizations in education and youth development. | <urn:uuid:ae1db9ef-58dc-4308-907a-f319783a597d> | {
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In: Other Topics
Internal/External FactorsExternal/Internal Factors Paper
A company’s management team is impacted by the different internal and external factors that are presented. Depending on how strong the management is determines how a company pulls through with the ever-changing industry they are part of. Intel Corporation is one of these companies. Intel was “founded in 1968 to build semiconductor memory, while in 1971 produced the first microprocessor” (Intel Corporation, 2005). Being that Intel needs to keep up with the constant change of microprocessors, motherboards, and other computer and communication products, they need to have a management team that adapts to this fast-paced environment. For Intel Corporation, the three factors that influence management most in the company is the rapid change of the industry Intel is part of, the technology that is always being updated, as well as the innovation that needs imagined.
In 1965, Gordon Moore, cofounder of Intel Corp. made the observation that processing power would double every 18 months. This is now called Moore’s law, and the implications of it are that Intel has to plan, organize, lead, and control rapid change at least every 18 months, or otherwise they will be left in the dust of their competitors. A look on Intel’s web page will show that Intel is not sitting idle. Intel has several plans for the future that not only includes new processors, but chips for wireless technology, higher security technology, and several others. A check of Intel’s on line job search indicated that there are no less than 20 openings in the Untied States for research and development engineering positions. This indicates that Intel is currently in the process organizing the resources required to meet the challenging plans. Intel’s internal philosophies govern the leadership and control for rapid change. According to Intel values, customer orientation, discipline, quality, risk taking, and results orientation are key values. These values set the... | <urn:uuid:4fe086f6-7113-47e9-a1d6-77abccf97c9b> | {
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25 September 1765, Guzów n. Warsaw — 15 October 1833, Florence
Born on an estate in Guzów near Warsaw, Michał Kleofas Ogiński was a politician and diplomat as well as a composer of early Romantic era music, who studied arts, literature and philosophy in addition to being a violin student of Giovanni Battista Viotti and Pierre Baillot.
An heir to a great Polish tradition of patriotic gentry, Ogiński’s grandfather, Tadeusz, was the governor of the Troki District in the Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania, and his father, Andrzej, was a cousin of the Lithuanian general and composer, Michał Kazimierz Ogiński (1728-1800). Michał Kleofas studied piano with Józef Kozłowski (1757-1831) the court musician of his family (until 1786) before continuing to study violin with Italian and French virtuosos. Although he did not receive any formal training in composition, Ogiński wrote and published a number of very popular works, mainly for piano, throughout his career.
As a diplomat, Ogiński served as a representative of Poland in the Hague (1789), London (1790), and again in Holland (1791). During the tumultuous time of Polish Partitions, he joined the Targowica group (who took over all of his property), but soon found himself on the side of the Kościuszko Insurrection, as a member of the Council. He created his own division of cavalry and served as its commander during the war. After 1794 he emigrated to Italy, where he continued his political activities and traveled to Constantinople in 1796 as a representative of the Polish émigré community.
In 1802 he returned to Poland, to his manor in Zalesie near Wilno, where he wrote his memoirs and composed music. In 1811 Ogiński participated in the creation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and became one of the supporters of the Tsar, who nominated him a senator. After the creation of the Congress Kingdom in 1815 Ogiński left for Italy, settling in Florence, where he died. His tombstone may be found in the church of Santa Maria Novella.
The list of Ogiński’s compositions includes over twenty polonaises for piano solo (and some for piano 3- or 4-hands), that were published in several editions in Lwów, Warsaw, Berlin, Vienna, Dresden, Prague, Paris, and London. The most famous, the Polonaise in A minor, “Pożegnanie Ojczyzny” [Farewell to the Homeland], also known as “Les Adieux” or “Polonaise très favorite,” was published throughout Europe. The location of the manuscript of this work is not known; its first edition appeared in 1831, with a scene from the 1831 November Insurrection against the Russians on the cover. In addition to over 20 editions of the piano version, there are transcriptions for orchestras, chamber ensembles, according, viola, flute solo, flute and piano, guitar solo, 2 violins or mandolins, violin and piano, cello and piano and vocal transcriptions. Choral arrangements of this Polonaise with Polish and Russian texts appeared in the early 1960s.
Ogiński is credited with transforming the formal court dance into a melancholy, salon composition: his polonaises are among the earliest instances of romantic piano miniatures. Often called “character pieces for the piano,” they express a particular mood within a stylized dance form. Besides the polonaises, Ogiński composed a series of romances to French and Polish texts and patriotic songs for the Kościuszko Insurrection. The latter group of pieces did not survive. He is also the author of the 1799 opera to his own libretto: Zelis et Valcour ou Bonaparte au Caire (the manuscript is at the Iagellonian University in Kraków). This opera may have been inspired by contacts with his uncle, Michał Kazimierz Ogiński, a composer – aristocrat who had a private opera company and an orchestra at his service. The Bonaparte opera reveals the younger composer’s interest in literature; his output in this area includes a series of memoirs and diaries, as well as collections of letters, rhymed treatises sent to friends. These writings place Ogiński in the artistic milieu of the late 1700s and early 1800s, among such notable figures in Polish music as Maria Szymanowska (1789-1831) or Karol Kurpiński (1785-1857).
I never claimed to be a composer and didn’t think much of my modest talent; I never felt being able to create something majestic and I never had the time or the drive to succeed because of my musical compositions. […] All I have is a good ear, solid sense of harmony and taste, which I acquired listening and performing good music.”
[Quoted from an article by KW, „Książę Michał Kleofas Ogiński—wybitna posatć końca XVIII i poczatku XIX wieku (2).” Kurier Wileński, 18 December 2015]
Todespolonäze in F major (1792)
Polonez “Pożegnanie” [Farewell-Polonaise in C minor]
Polonaise sopra un tema di Caraffa in G major for piano 3 hands
Polonez “Pożegnanie Ojczyzny” [Farewell to the Homeland Polonaise] in A minor (1794)
Marsz wojskowy dla legionów polskich w Lombardii [Military March for Polish Legions in Lombardy] (ca 1797)
Various other piano miniatures, including mazurkas, waltzes, quadrilles, marches, menuet, gallop, etc.
Zélis et Valcour, ou Bonaparte au Caire [opera] (1799)
Letters about music [treatise] (1828)
Mémoires sur la Pologne et les Polonais, depuis 1788 jusqu’à la fin de 1815, Paris (ca 1820)
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Understanding and Managing Adolescent Disruptive Behavior: Page 2 of 3
Understanding and Managing Adolescent Disruptive Behavior: Page 2 of 3
The symptoms of disruptive behavior may be medically induced or induced by substance abuse. All of the following medical conditions may cause disruptive behavior:
• Neurological disorders: traumatic brain injury, seizures (temporal lobe epilepsy), tumors, vascular abnormalities
• Endocrinopathies: thyroid abnormalities (eg, hyperthyroidism)
• Infections: encephalitis/postencephalitic syndromes
• Metabolic disturbances: glucose dysregulation
• Systemic illness: systemic lupus erythematosus, Wilson disease
While these are rare, it is tragic for these potentially treatable illnesses to go undetected. At the University of Louisville Child and Adolescent Inpatient Unit during the past year, we have encountered adolescents whose disruptive behavior was caused by hyperthyroidism (with mood instability and aggression), juvenile Huntington chorea (manifested by cognitive and behavioral changes), and cannabis-induced psychotic disorder.
In addition, drugs can promote externalizing behaviors, such as violence and aggression. Common substances associated with aggression include alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, amphetamines, hallucinogens, phencyclidine, sedatives, inhalants, anabolic steroids, and ecstasy.5
For those DSM-IV disorders that are defined by disruptiveness, uncomplicated ADHD is a model neuropsychiatric disorder that responds to medication intervention and is a clear example of a disease model. Other psychiatric disorders may be comorbid with the disruptive disorders (eg, depression and conduct disorder). In addition, a number of disorders (eg, conduct disorder, ODD, disruptive behavior disorder NOS, ADHD, communication disorders, adjustment disorders, autism and pervasive developmental disorder, mood disorder, PTSD, psychotic disorders) have disruptive behaviors as part of the relevant diagnostic criteria, although the core disorder is not in the disruptive category. In these instances, using approved treatments for the primary disorder often ameliorates the disruptive behavior.
Assessing severity and comorbidities
While identifying disruptive behavior is not particularly difficult, assessing severity and comorbid problems can be challenging. Some of the more common means of identifying externalizing symptoms, such as the Conner Rating Scales or the Child Behavior Checklist, can guide the diagnostic assessment. These assessments can be supplemented by more in-depth psychological examinations (eg, projective testing) to solve a complex differential diagnostic problem, usually to assess a possible thought disorder.
Describing how disruptive youth behave is not the same as understanding why they behave as they do. The challenge for the clinician is to determine if there are unifying elements in understanding disruptive behavior. Are there identifiable developmental pathways that lead to the lack of self-regulation that is so characteristic of disruptive youth? Can these pathways be linked to understanding the family dysfunctions that seem to accompany disruptive behavior?
Both case vignettes illustrate a family interaction model that places children at risk for disruptive behavior. Such a model provides a way to understand the lack of self-regulated behavior, how disruptiveness is maintained, and how the child’s internalized world is formed, and it offers areas for intervention. This approach challenges a contemporary reductionism, whereby impulsivity and aggressive behavior are seen primarily as major mental illness requiring pharmacotherapy.6
J.C. is a white, 13-year-old boy who presented to the outpatient psychiatric clinic, accompanied by his mother. She reported that he no longer respected her authority, was struggling with anger control problems, and had severe outbursts every time she told him “no.” J.C. lives with his single mother and has no contact with his biological father. He has witnessed significant violence between his mother and her abusive boyfriend. Through his early development, his mother gave in to most of his demands, largely because of guilt engendered by the negative impact of her decisions. This deprived and indulged teen acted on any impulse and became violent and aggressive. He had little empathy for his mother; instead, he became the abuser in the relationship. He met criteria for ADHD and conduct disorder of adolescent onset. Because of his mood lability, marijuana abuse, rage, and sense of entitlement, pediatric bipolar disorder had been diagnosed.
The therapist encouraged J.C.’s mother not to accept the disrespectful treatment. However, the mother’s guilt and passive personality impeded her progress. J.C. received common interventions for ADHD and was placed on a low dose of atypical antipsychotic to blunt aggressivity.7
It was difficult for him to engage in psychotherapy and he was often nonadherent with his medication regimen. However, his mother made strides in being more consistent in limit setting. She developed insight, understanding that her inability to set limits was related to her guilt for choosing father figures who were unavailable and even destructive. Perhaps more important, she began to see that her interactions with her son prevented his self-regulation. In individual and family therapy, J.C. was directed to be more respectful of his mother and she was encouraged to demand that respect. This learning process facilitated J.C.’s self-regulation.
A family model of self-regulation
Before describing the model of self-regulation and where it goes awry in families, several points must be made regarding family function. While the ensuing discussion focuses on the role of the environment in self-regulation, biological vulnerabilities (eg, temperament) are important variables in eliciting parenting responses. The clinician must be able to see familial influence in 2 ways:
• Problematic interaction can be elicited by a child.
• Families can create problems for a child. Recent findings show the influence of parental depression on child psychopathology.8,9
Specific epidemiological data indicate that a family intervention may be needed when there is a history of parental drug use, parental criminal behavior, child abuse and/or neglect, parental psychopathology, marital conflict, and single parenting.10
Development is a process of the external becoming internal. The child moves from depending on his parents to regulate essentially all aspects of functioning to gradually taking over and self-regulating more and more of his or her own behavior. This certainly includes developing control over impulses.11
Children listen best to parents with whom they feel safe, and their adherence is linked to pleasing their parents. When a parent is relatively unavailable, a child learns impulsivity and lack of self-control. As one child said, “I cannot wait for my needs to get met because they probably won’t be met.” An environment of relative deprivation fosters a narcissistic viewpoint and a lack of self-regulation. A secure attachment to a caregiver gives a safe context for the trial and error necessary to develop self-regulation in response to stress. A child literally learns how to control himself.
On one hand, when insecure attachment is coupled with harsh, inconsistent parenting, the chances for disruptive behavior are heightened. On the other hand, parental overindulgence that removes roadblocks and mitigates child distress compromises the child’s opportunity to learn to self-regulate responses to frustration. By immediately gratifying a need, the indulgent parent predisposes his child to disruptive behavior and impulsivity: the child is literally prevented from learning how to control himself.
Although the mechanisms remain somewhat unclear, it seems that both types of parental problems in attachment predispose to a disruptive child who becomes angry and labile when experiencing environmental limits. Hence, the frequent presenting complaint from parents: “Doctor, he rages when he doesn’t get his way. He is fine if he gets what he wants.” These children are often clinically narcissistic, with a grandiose, yet fragile, sense of self.
J.P. is a biracial, 12-year-old, adopted boy with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder. He came in for a second opinion consultation because he had not responded to numerous trials of pharmacotherapy (he had been treated with 6 different psychotropic medications since the diagnosis). J.P. refuses to do his homework and often takes hours to do work that could be done in an hour. His father often completes J.P.’s assignments. J.P. justifies his poor performance by complaining that the teachers are mean and “give us work that is too hard.”
When J.P. was adopted, his father was 43 years old and his mother was 40. This middle-class couple showered J.P. with affection and wanted to “see him happy.” As J.P. got older, he passively resisted many developmental challenges, and his parents acquiesced to his demands for assistance. His parents saw J.P.’s behavior as “cute.” His disruptive behavior increased as developmental demands increased. The therapist identified the parental adoration as incompatible with limiting J.P.’s disruptive behavior.
The early stages of treatment involved numerous discussions with the parents to help them understand the disease and available treatments. They were confused about the previous diagnosis of bipolar disorder. While that diagnosis was not summarily dismissed, the clinician helped the family see that J.P.’s problems in self-regulating his behavior had meaning in a family context.
J.P.’s medication was withdrawn with no observable adverse effects. His demand that his parents help him with his homework because it was “too hard” came to be seen for what it was—a significant deficit in the ability to handle stress. The parents worked on their own dynamics—his father thought his son was “cute and humorous” while his mother felt undermined when she attempted to set limits. They developed insight into their indulgence as having roots in J.P.’s adoption as a special, longed-for moment in their lives.
With the family’s consistency in setting limits and increased expectation of accountability, J.P. resisted and became angrier and physically and verbally threatening. His entitled behavior was countered with clear family expectations of self-control. Currently, J.P. has little insight into his own entitled behavior. By doing less for J.P., his family has prepared the way for his acquisition of self-regulation. | <urn:uuid:950b4234-0c6c-488a-988f-d1ac6b37b4c0> | {
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Among the many laws and regulations in construction, sometimes it’s easy to get lost in the legal lingo. The Davis-Bacon Act (or “prevailing wage” law) is one that many contractors are familiar with, but with the constant updates, revisions and repeals occurring from state to state, it’s difficult to stay informed. Are you keeping up with the Davis-Bacon Act? Join us as we sift through the details. Find out where it all started, which states are making changes and why, and where it’s headed in the future.
What Is the Davis-Bacon Act? (In 30 Seconds or Less)
At its most basic, the Davis-Bacon Act requires contractors working on federal-government jobs to pay laborers a wage and benefits equal to what other union and non-union shops pay their workers in the same area for more or less the same project. In other words, it’s the wage that “prevails” locally for a given trade or type of work.
People may also refer to the many Davis-Bacon related acts and other legislation that impose prevailing wages. But the Davis-Bacon Act is really one bill, which traces back to the early 20th century.
Where Davis-Bacon Began
Prior to Davis-Bacon, several local laws required a prevailing wage on public-works projects. However, in the 1920s, many grew worried over declining wages and displacement of local workers by migrant laborers. This was Rep. Robert Bacon’s concern when he introduced an early form of the federal bill in 1927. Versions of it failed 13 times, until the Great Depression shifted Washington’s attention to a bill that would control collapsing wages.
The Davis-Bacon Act of 1931 was sponsored by two individuals — Rep. Bacon and former labor secretary Sen. James Davis. They each felt laborers and mechanics in the construction industry were being hurt by low wages and could be helped when it came to government jobs. Many times these low-paid workers were unskilled, recent immigrants.
The authors of the Act set out to establish a local wage standard, which the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) would determine, that contractors must pay workers on public projects. This, they hoped, would make it fair to everyone — the contractors, the government and the workers. Contractors could place their bids on jobs competitively, knowing they’d all have to pay their workers the same rate.
Since then, numerous amendments and related laws have expanded prevailing wage legislation.
Where Is Davis-Bacon Today?
Today, according to the DOL, “The Davis-Bacon and Related Acts apply to contractors and subcontractors performing on federally funded or assisted contracts in excess of $2,000 for the construction, alteration, or repair (including painting and decorating) of public buildings or public works.”
Trainees and apprentices may receive less than the predetermined rates, as long as they’re in a DOL program. Additionally, employers must pay any employee working on a contract that exceeds $100,000 one and a half times the employee’s basic rate for all hours above 40 worked on a prevailing wage job in that week.
Under the big umbrella of the Davis-Bacon Act are smaller umbrellas — sets of state laws referred to as the Little Davis-Bacon Act (LDBA) — that are individualized per state and apply to state-funded projects. When both federal and state levels fund projects, which might be the case in some highway projects, both laws would apply, but the contractor would comply with whichever law is most stringent.
What’s Next for Prevailing Wage?
Not everyone is in agreement that prevailing wage laws are positive for the health of the industry. In fact, in early April 2017, Arkansas joined 21 other states without a prevailing wage when it repealed its LDBA. It was the second state to eliminate prevailing wage this year after Kentucky signed a repeal bill in January.
On the other side of the country, in Nevada, prevailing wage has been in the spotlight over the past few months. Legislators are currently trying to reverse amendments made about two years ago. AB154 would lower the threshold that makes university or public school work eligible for prevailing wage. That means existing prevailing wage law would cover more jobs. Additionally, this seeks to raise the rate contractors pay on school district and Nevada System of Higher Education construction projects from 90% to 100% of the prevailing wage.
At the federal level, Rep. Steve King from Iowa is working on repealing the Davis-Bacon Act. The U.S. House of Representatives introduced King’s H.R. 743 in January as a bill to repeal the Davis-Bacon Act completely. Sen. Mike Lee introduced its companion bill in the Senate. If enacted, H.R. 743 would make any reference in any law to a wage requirement of the Davis-Bacon Act null and void.
King and Lee have expressed concern that the Davis-Bacon Act affects taxpayers and federal contractors negatively, with prevailing wages costing 20-25% more. Lee said in a press release that contractors would have “the ability to hire more workers of all skill level” if Congress were to repeal the act. Many proponents of the repeal also believe that the prevailing wage raises construction costs and therefore raises taxpayer dollars.
However, there are also groups debating that theory. A study conducted in Ohio, “The Economic, Fiscal, and Social Effects of Ohio’s Prevailing Wage Law,” concluded that there is no increase in construction costs due to prevailing wages: “Over the past 16 years, 76% of the studies examining the effect of prevailing wage laws on construction costs find no impact, including 82% of the studies focused on public school construction.” The authors also state that repealing prevailing wage will not only decrease the income of construction workers but that it will increase poverty and reliance on public assistance.
For the bill to take effect, the House and the Senate will each have to pass it, and President Trump will have to sign it before it becomes law. In the meantime, a healthy debate will no doubt continue.
For almost a hundred years, legislatures have expanded, modified and in some cases repealed the Davis-Bacon Act and LDBA. Though we briefly mentioned the recent legislation in Arkansas, Kentucky and Nevada, if the history of prevailing wage in America has shown us anything, it’s that we can expect many more changes to come. As the voices on both sides of the topic continue to work diligently towards their desired outcome, only time will tell the fate of the Davis-Bacon Act. | <urn:uuid:b662271d-006b-4dd3-a97d-3ed0343fef7b> | {
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Japanese Kanji Flashcards Grades 1, 2 Publisher's Description
Computer flashcards for learning to read Japanese Kyoiku Kanji Grades 1 and 2. The Japanese Kanji characters are standardized into groups that are taught to Japanese school children during the 1st through the 9th grade. The groups are defined and maintained by the Japanese Ministry for Education - although the list is designed for Japanese school children it is an excellent place where non-native speakers can begin to learn the most commonly used characters. The 1006 characters for grades 1 through 6 together are known as the Kyoiku Kanji. Mastering them is a great first step in being comfortable reading and understanding Japanese.
The flashcards are organized into easy to learn groups (colors, people, numbers, structures, food, etc.) Cards are grouped by the stroke count used to draw the kanji character so that you can choose to learn the simpler characters first. Also, there are separate cards for learning the basic radicals from which more complicated Kanji are derived. The program will automatically re-quiz you on the ones you don't know and remove cards of no interest. You can choose to be quizzed on a single group (usually 15 cards) or multiple groups.
Each card consists of a large Kanji character, the sub-radicals are named, the English translation, the stroke count used to draw the character, and the On and Kun pronunciations.
The demo contains a subset of the cards that are available.
No special requirements
kanji , grade , learn , flashcards , computer , flash cards , educational , language , katagana , hiragana , radicals , kun , on , pronunciation , japanese kanji flashcards grades 1 , 2 , education , languages
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Patrick Kelly (ca. 1822 – June 14, 1864) was an Irish-American Union Army officer in during the American Civil War. He led the famed Irish Brigade at the Battle of Gettysburg.
Kelly was born in Castlehacket, County Galway, Ireland, and emigrated to the United States of America, landing in New York City. His wife Elizabeth was another Irish immigrant. He enlisted in the Union army with the outset of the Civil War, and saw action as captain of Company E of the 69th New York Infantry at the First Battle of Bull Run. He briefly was a captain in the 16th U.S. Infantry. On September 14, 1861, he was named lieutenant colonel of the 88th New York Infantry and fought in the Irish Brigade's major battles in 1862. He commanded the regiment at the Battle of Antietam. While stationed at Harpers Ferry following the Maryland Campaign, he was promoted to colonel on October 20, 1862. He led the regiment in the ill-fated attacks in front of Marye's Heights in the Battle of Fredericksburg. Col Kelly was acting commander of the Irish Brigade at the end of 1862.
After the 1863 Battle of Chancellorsville, Kelly was promoted to command the Irish Brigade following the resignation of Brig. Gen. Thomas Meagher. Kelly led the heavily depleted brigade (down to less than 600 men) in an attack at the Wheatfield at Gettysburg. The brigade lost 198 of 532 troops engaged (ca. 37%). | <urn:uuid:be3b92b4-0677-4caf-888a-51d8227f295e> | {
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Sponsored - If you live in a state that abides by daylight savings time, you know how difficult a time change can be. Time changes are hard enough on adults, but especially hard for children and teens. With a recent “spring forward” time change, perhaps you noticed your child struggle or maybe you often have wondered if your child is getting enough sleep in general. It’s important to encourage and establish healthy sleep habits from an early age to prevent children’s long-term sleep problems and other associated risk factors in children.
According to healthychildren.org, while it’s true that sleep needs vary from one person to another, there are very reasonable, science-based guidelines to help you determine whether your child is getting the sleep he or she needs to function appropriately. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) issued a statement of endorsement for the following recommended sleep hours:
- Infants 4 to 12 months: 12-16 hours (including naps)
- Toddlers 1 to 2 years: 11 to 14 hours (including naps)
- Preschoolers 3 to 5 years: 10 to 13 hours (including naps)
- Gradeschoolers 6 to 12 years: 9 to 12 hours
- Teens 13 to 18 years: 8 to 10 hours
Are you surprised by the recommended sleep hours?
If the above numbers are surprising to you, you’re not alone. Many parents skate by on five or six hours of sleep per night and may not realize the direct impact of their social and mental functioning, as well as their increased risk for health problems. It can be tempting to think that your children, especially older kids, can skate by on less sleep than they need, or that they should be able to cope with a few skipped hours here and there. The truth is, all children thrive on a regular and consistent bedtime routine.
Regular sleep deprivation leads to difficult behaviors and health issues
WebMD states sleep is no less important than food, drink or safety in the lives of children. Although this may seem apparent, many parents actually do not allow their children to get the critical sleep they need to develop and function properly. This obviously is not something that parents do on purpose and often, they don’t think much of it. With parents working long hours, packed school schedules and other lifestyle factors, you can see how sleep isn’t always at the forefront of hard working, exhausted parents. Sleep deprivation can lead to:
- Difficulty concentrating
Your child’s brain needs sleep to restore resources that were used during the day. A well-rested brain can solve problems, learn new information and enjoy the day a lot more than a tired brain. Some areas of your child’s brain are even more active when they sleep, according to the National Sleep Foundation.
Healthy routines for maintaining a consistent sleep schedule
At SAFY, we know there will be days when a normal sleep schedule isn’t possible, as life happens, but there are certainly tips that can be implemented to help your child fall asleep, stay asleep and establish overall good sleeping habits. Here are four tips for consideration:
- Maintain a consistent schedule
Your child’s bedtime and wake up time should be about the same every day of the week. It’s encouraged that parents allow adequate sleep pressure to build up by a late evening to allow for quicker sleep onset at an appropriate time of night, according to the Cleveland Clinic.
Exercise can give a boost to sleep in several ways for children and contributes to more sound and restful sleep. In addition to improving the quality of sleep, exercise can also help reduce stress or anxiety that teens, specifically, may have.
- Avoid caffeinated products
Your child should avoid products that contain caffeine in the late afternoon and early evening. 75% of kids consume caffeine every day and the more caffeinated products they intake, the fewer hours they will sleep.
- Limit electronic stimulants
The AAP recommends keeping all screens—TVs, computers, tablets, phones, etc., out of children’s bedrooms, especially at night. To prevent sleep disruption, turn off all screens at least 60 minutes before bedtime. This may be a hard guideline to establish with teens, but it’s important to help older kids realize that device usage before bed can greatly impact quality of sleep and mental health.
The American Psychological Association states that 69% of children experience one or more sleep problems a few nights or more during a week. At SAFY, we put children and families first. Part of our Mission is to help biological and foster parents establish healthy routines in all areas of life that have an effect on a child’s mental health. Sleep is definitely one of the areas that we know to be linked to happy, healthy kids!
To learn more about SAFY and the services we provide, contact us. | <urn:uuid:5007eea6-ed88-4a84-a174-b099a6be8bf0> | {
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Most of us in the mathematics profession know at least the basic outline of Paul Erdős’s life: brilliant, Hungarian, prodigy, peripatetic mathematician who spent a lifetime fostering collaborations all around the world, engendering the concept of an Erdős number.
Before reading the book I wondered how Heiligman and Pham would make a successful children’s book of Erdős’s singular, eccentric life. Several years ago I had read the popular Erdős biography by Paul Hoffman (The Man Who Loved Only Numbers), and the one worry I carried away from that delightful book was that it might inadvertently reinforce the stereotype that many in the general public have about mathematicians — that we must be a bit weird to love such an abstruse discipline.
Given this concern going in, I was happy that The Boy Who Loved Math left me with no such worries. First, I realized that children are — thankfully — not yet imbued with the notion that “different = weird.” When I read the book to my grandson (age 4½) I could see that the book engaged him as a story: he could relate to it, and it entertained him.
Heiligman chooses a theme that works well with children: aversion to rules. Much of children’s literature uses this theme to great advantage. Tom Sawyer is a classic example. Tom was both accomplished and assiduous in his avoidance of rules, but his passion was so deep that he “apprenticed” with his wayward buddy Huck in order to elevate his game a couple of notches.
“Paul hated rules” recurs through the story. The first rules enforcer is the family nanny Fräulein, whose earnestness is conveyed beautifully through Pham’s drawings. Then Paul encounters the rules of elementary school, familiar rules such as sitting in one’s desk. Finally, we get to Erdős’s unusual adult life-style. “And he still didn’t like to follow rules. So he invented his own way to live” is how Heiligman puts it. Because most children understand a child wanting to break rules (at least sometimes) it seems natural that maybe an adult can afford to do the same. And so, the adult Paul is made to seem less weird or eccentric.
When the weirdness is taken away, we are left with the story of a boy who is both different and has a passion that he follows through his entire life. Since most of us, beginning in our childhood, often feel out of step with at least some aspects of society, I would view The Boy Who Loved Math as an affirmation that being different is okay. And since many of us as children may find ourselves passionate about something, it is nice to have affirmation that it is right to follow that passion.
I don’t mean to suggest that the primary purpose of literature — including children’s literature — should be didactic, but to the extent that some lessons are inevitably going to be “taught” by a biography, I would prefer they be the right lessons.
One message this book definitely brings home is that numbers are way cool. The book swims with numbers: numbers of seconds in a lifetime, prime numbers, negative numbers, Erdős numbers, and even what I’ll call bonus numbers. For example in sentences such as “Even Fräulein was better than school. Maybe 500 times better,” the 500 is a bonus, one the author could easily have avoided. The book abounds in bonus numbers, almost always rendered in numerals, rather than words.
Pham incorporates numbers and other mathematical objects into almost every page of the book in beautiful and clever ways. There are numerals embedded into the architecture of Budapest, a picture of Paul the boy playing with the Sieve of Eratosthenes, combinatorial identities, famous graphs, tilings, and so on.
One novel feature of the book is the two sets of endnotes written by Heiligman and Pham. Neither of them is a mathematician, but both worked hard to get the mathematics right, and these notes should be interesting to the adult reading the book or to an older child with a budding interest in mathematics.
As I read the book to my grandson, he grinned with each appearance of Fräulein and each instance of Paul not liking rules. And that night, when he drew the symbol for infinity in the air for his father and told him it was like a figure 8, I saw that he’d picked up some of the mathematics as well. While my 4-year-old enjoyed the book, I feel he is at the young end of the spectrum the book would appeal to, because it is rich enough in mathematical ideas and engaging enough as a beautifully illustrated story to appeal to much older children as well. I highly recommend it.
Tom Moore is a professor of mathematics and statistics at Grinnell College, where he has been since 1980. His main interest has been in statistics education, but during his time he has taught a variety of mathematics courses as well, including combinatorics, his closest brush with the mathematics of Paul Erdős. While his Erdős number appears to be 4, his Erdős dinner number is definitely 1. | <urn:uuid:cfad1281-095e-40e4-87a7-9b45b94c75c8> | {
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No matter how positive personality we can have, all of us face hard times in life sooner or later. Of course, we are not robots and we behave based on our emotions and feelings.
There are periods in life when we just can’t focus on the positive side. This is just a swift change if one is in “solid” negative state, and that can last hours… maybe even days. In situations like this, thinking positively will not have any impact on our mind.
Why is it like this?
Because we all have a MIND in the thinking process, and a BODY in physiology. The mind and the body are always connected to each other. So, in situations where it seems that nothing can be changed, we need to be conscious on how to change at least a small part of what is happening.
Where can we begin?
This can be strange, but we need to change some postures of our body. By changing our physiology we put ourselves in different mood.
And how can we do that?
The first thing to do is to be aware of our own physiology when we are in a negative state of mind, and start to pay attention to our:
- movements – what we do and how we do it
- posture – pay attention to the posture our body is positioned
- facial expression – what we do with our facial movements
- breathing – to feel the breaths we inhale/exhale
What should we do in order to make our mind and our body function as ONE?
- RELAX EVERY LITTLE PART OF YOUR BODY – This is the first step when you start to change the body posture. By trying to loosen up your muscles, your physiology starts to change. While you loosen up your muscles, walk around and start to swing your arms and legs. If you are in a sitting position, stand up and continue to swing them energetically. Pay attention to your breathing and start to take deep and slow breaths.
- MOVE MORE – In general, a lot of people sit a lot during the work time (even me). This causes as a lot of health problems which can reflect on the physical body. If you sit excessive amount of time during the day, you should stand up every hour and walk around for a few minutes. A smart move is to pay attention to your posture when you’re in a sitting position and try to change it. When we sit, we are not in a good physiological mood… that’s why we should start to move more in a combination with the relaxation of the muscles.
- WALK LIKE YOU ALREADY HAVE YOUR ‘POSITIVE CLOTHES’ – Try to walk with a different posture… this will ‘click’ positive energy throughout your body. Fake it until you make it! Moving with positive energy changes the posture of your body, and you start to feel the changes in your mind.
- SING YOUR FAVORITE SONG – Usually, singing our favorite song bring us physical change. Pay attention when you favorite song plays on the radio. Songs are often related with good memories from our lives. They take us back in a good and positive state. Sometimes we even get goosebumps, a clear proof that the song is connected with positive event.
- KEEP ON SMILING – Sometimes, even if we are not in a positive mood, we must keep our smile. A smile is a psychical thing that can open up our inner emotions. Stand up, relax your muscles, see yourself in the mirror, smile, and try to see the positive energy inside your eyes. Then you are already filled with that positive energy!
It is not only positive thinking that will bring us what we want. It is actually something deeper. This means that our MIND and our BODY should be connected and have flow between them. Feeling good sometimes starts with physical movements. Then, it reflects on your thinking and your self-talks.
Feel the vibrations in you body and get rid of the negative emotions that brings you negative moods. Just keep on doing this everyday and you will gear yourself up with positive and good mood… physically and mentally! | <urn:uuid:f9041218-ba12-42cb-997c-e189593829c5> | {
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The good news about getting oldThe largest ever study of the health of people aged 85+ dispels the gloomy predictions surrounding the elderly, says its chief architect Carol Jagger.
These optimistic voices are those of people aged 85 in the Newcastle area of northeast England, participants in the Newcastle 85+ Study, the most comprehensive effort yet to understand the aging process.
The study’s results challenge the negativity surrounding the “burden” of aging, in particular the emergence of the over-85s as the fastest growing sector populations in the UK and other developed nations, often presented as a kind of demographic doomsday for healthcare and public finances.
“The picture of doom and gloom is not actually the case,” says Professor Carol Jagger, AXA Professor of Epidemiology of Ageing at Newcastle University, who oversees the design and analysis of the Newcastle 85+ Study. “Yes, there is a lot of disease but there are still a lot of people functioning well both mentally and physically.”
Creating a healthy aging index
The project involved 850 people in the Newcastle area of northeast England, from all social groups, who in 2006, when aged 85, either underwent health assessments or had their medical records reviewed, or both. About 10 percent of them were living in care homes at the time.
The baseline health assessment included a blood test and timed participants doing physical activities like getting up from a chair and going to do a task. Researchers asked participants about daily activities like washing, getting dressed, housework, and getting around, quizzing them on their levels of independence, wellbeing, happiness and loneliness.
In addition, they were tested for cognitive ability, including a computerised test which helped measure reaction times. All these tests were repeated after 18 months, after 36 months and finally a shorter interview was undertaken after five years in 2011.
“The ultimate goal is to produce a healthy aging index,” explains Jagger. “There is a lot of research on frailty. This is a more positive view. It is about how healthy our 85-year-olds are, what care they need, and how that changes over time. We wanted to look at the whole spectrum of health—biological, functional, clinical, and social.”
Consequences of comorbidityFirst the bad news: nobody had zero diseases. On average, men had four diseases and women had five. Known as comorbidity, this prevalence of multiple diseases challenges established medical practice, says Jagger. “It has implications for general practitioners who like to deal with one problem per consultation, and also for management of multiple medications.”
Instead of consulting specialists in particular diseases separately, these people may be better served by panels of experts that coordinate treatment for multiple conditions. While in the short term this might eat up healthcare resources, a joined-up approach could prove more efficient at preventing complications.
If the current disease trends prevail, the research indicates, there will be an increase in those requiring 24-hour care of about 82 percent in England and Wales. That would imply a further 630,000 care home places by 2030.
This pattern of aging, comorbidity and consequent healthcare demand will be repeated across the developed world. “We have to find out what the determinants are of disability progression so we can hopefully slow that down, which will mean that fewer people require 24-hour care,” says Jagger.
Reasons to be cheerful
At the same time, however, the picture emerging from Newcastle is that the impact of these diseases is not as debilitating as perceived.
Ninety-one percent of participants reported that they were happy most of the time, over three quarters reported good health for their age, and four out of five required little care. Of the 17 activities of daily living that the study measured over 20 percent of participants said they had no difficulty with any of them. In addition, 70 percent of participants had normal cognitive function, with a surprisingly high number scoring full marks in the test (which includes tasks like counting backwards from 100 in 7s).
Is it possible that the participants are over-estimating their abilities, or putting on a brave face? Jagger insists that the questionnaires are robust, and consistent with independent observations and objective testing.
“Women live longer but have a greater proportion of their lives with disability. They tend to have more disabling diseases while men have more fatal diseases. For example, women have more arthritis while men have more cardiovascular disease,” she explains. Why this happens nobody yet knows, although the 85+ Study is preparing numerous research papers on how specific diseases develop.
Come grow old with me
There is a paradox at the heart of the Newcastle 85+ Study—widespread disease without corresponding levels of disability.
“The big question is: what do you consider to be successful aging?” Jagger suggests. “The WHO defines health as a state of complete mental and physical and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. But that implies the absence of disease is necessary for health. So when we talk about healthy aging do we really mean with no disease, because then we would say that none of our 85-year-olds are aging healthily whereas I think quite a few of them are.”
And it is not just health institutions and the wider public that need to have a rethink. The elderly themselves should consider their options.
“A lot of older people think that staying in their own house is keeping control but it’s not,” says Jagger. “Often the house is totally inappropriate and when you get too ill someone else has to make that decision. Being in control is when you are doing the planning.” This means providing the elderly with more accurate information about how their chronic conditions are likely to progress, one of the key goals of the Newcastle 85+ Study.
“I know there will come a time when I need to move closer to my daughter but I will do that when I am still active and can create a network,” Jagger explains. “My mother did the same and moved to be near me at 82. I like to think, as the Robert Browning poem says, ‘Come grow old with me! The best is yet to be.’” | <urn:uuid:e0c967f0-6c65-4854-bf39-4cb03f5231ef> | {
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This time next week, the final, major meteor shower of the year—and likely the best—will be peaking overnight. Get yourself a blanket and a clear view of the sky, because you could be in for a great show.
If you liked the Orionids meteor shower in October, you're going to love the Geminids—so named because they appear to emanate from the constellation, Gemini. Producing about 20 meteors per hour when first sighted in the 1830s, NASA reports the Geminids regularly spawn 80 to 120 meteors per hour at peak.
What are the Geminids?
The Geminids are a relatively young meteor shower that originated as pieces of debris from the celestial object 3200 Phaethon. Phaethon is the rocky skeleton of a comet that lost most of its outer covering of ice after too many close encounters with the sun. Scientists speculate it may be a chip from a nearby asteroid.
Most meteors meet Earth's atmosphere, burning up in a brilliant light show when the planet passes through the tail of a comet as its orbit nears Earth. The Geminids appear when Earth comes in contact with the particles associated with Phaethon.
Tips for best viewing
"With no moon to ruin the show, 2012 presents a most favorable year for watching the grand finale of the meteor showers," Earthsky reports. "Best viewing of the Geminids will probably be from about 1 a.m. to 3 a.m. on December 14."
1. To best view the meteor shower, give your eyes time to dilate. Turn off any light sources, even flashlights, for at least 15 minutes before you gaze skyward.
2. Find an open field, school yard or even a rooftop—if you can reach it carefully—and take care not to fall.
3. Consider a blanket or reclining lawn chair, a thermos with a hot drink, binoculars for gazing along the pathway of the Milky Way, Earthsky says. Be sure to dress warmly.
Although astronomers have tried to publish exact predictions in recent years, meteor showers remain notoriously unpredictable. Your best bet is to go outside at the suggested time—and hope. | <urn:uuid:de006803-5279-45f9-9bb3-be73a29cbd0a> | {
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“Two Trees in Paradise”
God planted two special trees in the middle of Eden: the tree of life and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. They represent two out of the three most important trees in the Bible (the third being the cross).
The tree of life stands for all life created by God, and he declared it “good.” It is a tree of justice, beauty, truth, love, light, and righteousness. While in the garden, Adam and Eve ate freely from the tree of life.
To eat from, be grafted into, or take hold of this tree is to obtain everlasting life. Thus, by definition, the tree of life stands for Christ. The rest of the Bible centers on the tree of life.
The other tree planted in the middle of paradise was the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. This tree opens the door to pride, evil, greed, arrogance, hatred, cruelty, malice, ugliness, and callousness. To eat from this tree is bad, while to consciously avoid this tree is good. The tree of the knowledge of good and evil symbolizes death, and death is bad.
God put the poisonous tree in the middle of the garden, where Adam and Eve couldn’t mistake it. “This tree will kill you the minute you eat from it,” God warned. He then offered some helpful advice: “The tree of life is always here right beside temptation—just to remind you.” Beside every bad decision in life, there is a good alternative.
Sadly, Adam and Eve made the wrong decision. As a result, the couple would no longer have access to the tree of life, meaning they would age and then die. And as if that weren’t enough, they would be evicted from paradise.
With the first day’s devotional, we have only dipped our toes into the first three chapters of the Bible, yet we see that God places the most important events under, around, on, and next to trees. Thus far, in today’s Scripture, we’ve seen fig leaves used in an attempt to hide human shame, the earth grow thorns and thistles, the tree of life taken away, and the gates of paradise locked. We’ve seen humanity lose its innocence. But don’t despair: while brutally honest, the Bible is a story of hope and redemption.
What decision is weighing on your mind now? How can a godly ethical perspective guide you to make the right choice? | <urn:uuid:13c0d956-5ef5-4119-be86-adea1fd42465> | {
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What a great question! Parents and teachers want to see students doing an optimal amount of work--enough that they progress without being overburdened. Of course, the factors in this equation vary for each individual student.
According to guidelines from Harris Cooper of Duke University, teachers should use the "10-minute rule":
"'The "10-minute rule," Cooper said, is a commonly accepted practice in which teachers add 10 minutes of homework as students progress one grade. In other words, a fourth-grader would be assigned 40 minutes of homework a night, while a high school senior would be assigned about two hours. For upper high school students, after about two hours' worth, more homework was not associated with higher achievement.'"
So, a third grader should have roughly 30 minutes of homework.
As a former classroom teacher, I would agree but with the caveat that this does not include study time. Some skills, such as foreign languages should be practiced for 10-15 minutes every night. And some time must also be set aside for steps in long-term projects, such as essays or science fair projects.
Additionally, I highly recommend that each child read a book of his or her choice for at least 20-30 minutes a night--though if you can find the right book, hopefully your child wants to continue reading more!
As a contrarian intellectual, I'm usually all too ready to laugh at most "expert" opinion, especially from elite educators! But I really did like this answer. The 10-minute rule. It rings true for me. I can't imagine that a half-hour would hurt or oppress a third grader. (Never mind what Alfie Kohn says!) Thirty minutes is just enough to create a rhythm of doing something at home. I note that 12th graders would be doing two hours. Seems to me I did almost three. But I would be quite pleased to find that typical high school seniors are doing two hours...On the other hand, if your child doesn't object, try the 12-minute rule. Or the 15-minute rule. Of course, you don't tell the kids that...Another way to go at it is to block out more time than you hope to get and say, "Well, it's like study hall. You do home work, you read, you think.." and hope the smarter angels will prevail.
I very much like the 30 min rule. My daughter is in 3rd grade and her teacher is homework crazy. It takes us 3-4 hours every day and on the weekend 4-5. It has been rough not just on my child but on me. I am a single working mom that has do housework. After getting done with the homework I have a rough time cleaning and cooking so we end up eating microwave dinners. My daughter has no time to play. Last week she had to write a book report, read 2 book and do 200 multiplications for math. | <urn:uuid:bde553c1-5682-4b0a-a93f-668d2ced014c> | {
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Ready yourselves because today’s funny/interesting/curious name isn’t chock full of vowels or silly sounds or alliteration. ‘Tis true. But it will honor today’s birthday boy (no, not John Travolta), the guy on the one dollar bill. So buckle up, because we’re about to go on a wonderfully spherical ride.
The dapper Dan above is George Washington Gale Ferris Jr., an American engineer and inventor, not to be confused with the other famous Ferris–Bueller, the sick-faking high school slacker in the 1986 film. As you can probably surmise, this Ferris is best known for creating the original Ferris Wheel for the 1893 Chicago World’s Columbian Exposition, aka the World’s Fair, which celebrated the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus’s arrival to the New World in 1492. We all know that rhyme, don’t we?
Though he appears to be named after our first president, he was actually the junior to dad, George Washington Gale Ferris, Sr, a minister. The Senior Ferris founded Galesburg, Illinois. And isn’t that odd, considering Gale wasn’t even his last name? Gale is an uncommon male name. Remember Gale Gordon from The Lucy Show eons ago? I can tell you it’s not hitting the Top 100 Baby Names for 2019. But props for getting a city named after himself. Senior also founded Knox College, site of one of the famous Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858. So, in more than one way, he was a founding father. And isn’t that nominative determinism in the best way possible?
Founding cities and colleges like a boss.
What’s odd is that Junior had a brother 16 years his senior, named Frederick. Usually, it’s the firstborn son that holds the Junior title to the Senior. Nonetheless, he carried the name all his 39 years, in the same manner as did George Washington Carver, another inventor himself. Y’all remember how he promoted alternative crops like peanuts? You might not know he was kidnapped at a week old, though, but that’s a whole nother story.
Now back to Ferris! He proposed an awesome wheel that would “Out-Eiffel Eiffel” for the fair. And while the planners understandably feared his design might spill souls out all over the ground, he engineered and constructed a mighty fine wheel. It held 36 cars, each accommodating up to 60 people, giving a total capacity of 2,160. How is that even possible? When I rode the SkyWheel in Myrtle Beach, it only had 42 “gondolas.” No way it could hold 2000 folks. But this first Ferris Wheel did the unthinkable for 50 cents a person. By the time it was demolished in 1906, it had carried 2.5 million passengers!
And lest you think GW’s no longer walk amonst us, per http://www.howmanyofme.com, there are currently 926 people in the U.S. named George Washington. Have you ever met one?
Sadly, the legit George Washington never had children of his own, serving as stepfather instead. So there are no George Washington, Juniors in that regard. But his image lives on in both currency and silly internet humor.
Well, that’s it for today, folks! Enjoy your President’s Day! | <urn:uuid:76c357aa-a97c-4c56-b039-d0ea471c80b2> | {
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The colour of our food is an intrinsic part of its appeal. Colours contribute to the taste sensation, whether they are the bright colours we associate with many fruit and vegetables, or the lurid reds and yellows common in Indian dishes. Grey colours give the impression that a food will be tasteless, or even spoiled.
Colour is one of the many facets that food manufacturers have to consider when they are creating food products. Many natural food colours degrade over time or when they are heated, and they need to ensure that the products remain attractive and look edible throughout their life on the shelf. This is one of the main reasons why colour ingredients are needed.
There are three main categories of food colourings: natural colours, browning colours, and artificial colours. The current trend in the market is towards a greater use of natural colours.
Natural colours are extracted and purified directly from nature. The most important natural colours are chlorophyll, carotenoids and flavonoids, which include anthocyanins.
Chlorophyll (E140) is the green pigment present in most plants, and is a vital part of the photosynthesis process by which they get their energy. It is extracted commercially from crops such as alfalfa and grass.
beta-Carotene (E160a) and the other carotenes are yellow-orange pigments found in fruit and vegetables like carrots, mango, papaya and squash. beta-Carotene can be extracted commercially from carrots or palm oil, but is mainly produced synthetically, and is converted into vitamin A in the body. It is also an antioxidant, and may have a beneficial effect in reducing the risk of some cancers and heart disease.
Annatto (E160b) is extracted from the achiote tree, which grows in the American tropics. Its colour derives from the two carotenoids, the fat-soluble bixin, which is red, and water-soluble norbixin, which share its E-number. It is used as an orange food colouring in products such as cheese, butter, custard powder and smoked fish. Annatto is unusual among natural food colourings as it has been associated with asthma-type side-effects, which are more commonly attributed to synthetic colours.
Lycopene (E160d) is a another carotenoid. The dark red chemical can be extracted from tomatoes, and is also present in a variety of other red and yellow fruit, as well as being produced synthetically using microorganisms. It is another strong antioxidant, and may help protect the body against degenerative diseases.
Lutein (E161b), another carotenoid which occurs naturally in maize and marigolds, has an orange-red colour. Its primary use as a food colorant is in chicken feed, where it gives a darker yellow yolk, and also yellower chicken skin. It is also believed to be important in eye health.
Anthocyanins (E163) are a group of water-soluble pigments whose colour varies from red to purple. They are widespread throughout the plant kingdom, and are responsible for the red and purple colours of fruit and vegetables such as blackcurrants, red grapes, aubergines and beetroot. However, they are prone to decomposing and losing their characteristic colour on heating, and in acidic conditions.
Browning colours are produced during cooking and processing.
Caramel (E150) is the most familiar browning colour. It is made by the caramelisation of sugars, and the colour ranges from yellow through to dark brown depending on the degree of caramelisation and how it was prepared. It is one of the oldest food colourings, and is used in many different products such as gravy browning, breads and bakery products, chocolates and sweets, and soft drinks such as colas.
Artificial colours have been used to colour foods for more than a century. They tend to have stronger colours than natural colorants, and most are azo dyes. Over the years, some have been banned from food use, starting with the dye butter yellow, or dimethylazobenzene, which was found to cause cancer in rats and was withdrawn in 1937. Several azo dyes are still used in food, and all have been extensively tested.
A number of artificial food colours have been implicated in causing hyperactivity in children. As a result, several of these are being phased out on a voluntary basis in the UK. Click here for more information on additives and hyperactivity.
Brilliant blue (E133) is a reddish-blue substance that can be used to colour food blue. It can be combined with yellow colours, notably tartrazine, to make food more green. It appears in products such as ice cream, confectionery, soft drinks and tinned peas.
Tartrazine (E102) has gained something of a bad reputation in recent years, with suspicions that it causes hyperactivity and exacerbates asthma. It is a bright yellow colour. Products that can contain tartrazine include sweets, soft drinks and soups. | <urn:uuid:2f1b14f0-bc76-45d7-8ab4-960087e9f4b3> | {
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By now, you’ve definitely heard about it, but what exactly is trans fat? Basically, trans fat is made from unsaturated fat that’s been chemically altered. What makes this fat so dangerous is that it can simultaneously raise bad LDL and lower good HDL. Trans fat is very good friends with heart disease.
According to most experts, your body has absolutely no use for this type of fat, which can be found in shortening, margarine, doughnuts, french fries, and processed foods such as crackers, cookies, chips and cakes.
An important note: The FDA allows food manufacturers to claim that a product contains “zero trans fats” if one serving of it has 0.5 grams of trans fats or less. So check product labels for “partially hydrogenated vegetable oil,” which is another name that trans fats often go by.
Foods With The Healthiest Fats
So, now that you know about healthy fat vs. not-so-healthy fat, what are some healthy fat foods that you should be focusing on eating more of?
Cooking with olive oil can help make any meal healthier. But, it is an oil, and too many calories, even if they’re good oil calories, can hurt your waistline. So, be sure to measure your oil.
Not only are eggs are a great source of protein, they also contain healthy fats. Some eggs are even enriched with extra omega-3.
Seeds & Nuts
Pumpkin seeds, sunflower seeds, and sesame seeds can be tremendously good for you, as can nuts such as almonds, walnuts and peanuts. Just watch those servings sizes!
Fatty fish like salmon, mackerel, herring, lake trout, sardines, and albacore tuna are good sources of omega-3 fatty acids. The American Heart Association suggests eating two 3-ounce servings of fatty fish a week.
Did you know that when you eat healthy fat-rich avocado with other foods, it helps your body better absorb their nutrients? | <urn:uuid:da0f9d01-7c6e-451e-9bcd-ee15ae271aab> | {
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Institute’s programs rank first in 7 engineering, 5 science, and 3 business fields.
Three MIT satellites resembling brightly colored volleyballs await a trip to the International Space Station in the next step of a research project begun by undergraduates that could lead to better space telescopes, robotic "repairmen" for space-based equipment, and much more.
They are slated to fly to the ISS May 19 on the Russian Progress-14P launch. The hardware was shipped to Baikonur launch area earlier this month.
The satellites are essentially a lab for "developing techniques to allow future satellites to cooperate with each other," said David W. Miller, an associate professor in the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics and director of the Space Systems Laboratory.
Imagine, for example, satellites that could rendezvous in space to build larger systems, or repair and resupply other satellites. "Right now, if a big expensive satellite runs out of fuel or a circuit board blows, it's abandoned," Miller said. Satellites that fly in formation are also key to future space telescopes. Several tiny satellites outfitted with mirrors and strung across the sky could create a telescope with a higher resolution than the Hubble.
Recently the MIT team and its research partner, Payload Systems Inc. of Cambridge, won a NASA contract related to getting soil samples from Mars back to Earth. Essentially small, smart satellites equipped with "catcher's mitt" mechanisms would capture Mars sample capsules launched into space by rovers on the planet's surface.
There are other research projects involving satellite formation flight underway at places like Stanford and NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. The MIT SPHERES project--for Synchronized Position Hold Engage Re-orient Experimental Satellites--was designed to complement that work and is the first satellite-formation project to be tested aboard the ISS.
SPHERES began in 1998 as an educational experiment through MIT's Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics. The idea was to give undergraduates the opportunity to design, implement, and test an aerospace product within one course (conducted over three semesters).
The team of 13 students met the challenge. Working with Miller, Associate Professor Dava J. Newman, and Payload Systems, the students ultimately tested two prototype SPHERES in 2000 aboard NASA's KC-135 airplane. The KC-135 allows satellites (and researchers) to become essentially weightless for short periods of time, an environment that more closely approximates conditions in space.
After the original students graduated--one, Stephanie Chen (S.B. 2000), is employed by Payload Systems--Miller and colleagues from MIT and Payload Systems took the project to the next level, building SPHERES that meet the stringent requirements for a trip into space. "We modified the design," Miller said, "but it still draws heavily from the students' original work."
The current team includes Miller, research scientist Edmund Kong, and graduate students Alvar Saenz Otero, Simon Nolet, Dustin Berkovitz, Mark Hilstad and Arthur Richards. Last month the team tested the modified satellites aboard the KC-135.
The new SPHERES will communicate with each other over wireless links and determine their positions inside the ISS via five beacons mounted on the spaceship's walls that provide the equivalent of a GPS navigation capability. "It's basically how the SPHERES figure out where they are," Miller said. The satellites will move around via small propellant tanks that, when depleted, can be easily popped out and replaced by the astronauts.
Miller stressed the value of testing the SPHERES aboard the ISS. For one, even the most careful ground-based tests are not necessarily representative of conditions in space. And the periods of microgravity available in the KC-135 are too short for more involved experiments.
Also, "the crew is instrumental to giving us feedback on what's going well and what isn't." If something does go awry, "within 72 hours I can get data and video, fix the algorithms, send them up and try again," said Miller.
As the researchers wait for the May liftoff to the ISS, they continue to work on future SPHERES. For example, they are developing Exo-SPHERES to fly outside the space station, and exploring a propulsion system that doesn't require changing used tanks.
DARPA, NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center and NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory sponsor the work.
A version of this article appeared in MIT Tech Talk on March 31, 2004. | <urn:uuid:80365e0b-9a59-400e-a4cf-3ddbbd7680a2> | {
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Sixth comic book focuses on math concepts
|Author: Lynn Minton|
Date: Monday, May 14th, 2012
Kessler created Wonderguy, a super hero who patrols the city, helps people and stops crime. But when strength isn’t enough, two schoolchildren, Claire and Dillon, help him using math to solve the problems. Some of the concepts in the book include divisibility, volume, statistics and graphing.
As a university mathematics teacher, Kessler decided to develop stories, embedding math concepts appropriate for third- through sixth-graders.
The comic books are available at the Bowling Green location of Barnes & Noble or online at www.wku.edu/operationcomics. Kessler has also worked to make them available as NOOKbooks through the Barnes & Noble Booksellers website using the self-publishing application on www.pubit.com.
Two events have been scheduled at Barnes & Noble to promote the Operation Comics series. On September 10th at 3 p.m. Kessler will have a book signing event and on October 18 an educator event will take place for teachers interested in utilizing the comic books in their class. This event will be a professional development opportunity for teachers.
In the spring of 2009, Dr. Kessler created the Operation Comics series which has been well received in the classrooms at Cumberland Trace Elementary. Dr. Kessler contends that this approach to teaching and learning can be used in any content area, and is useful for engaging students who might not be as interested the learning specific concepts.
A WKU graduate student has developed a smartphone app that uses Twitter data to track the outbreak of the Ebola virus and could predict the spread of the virus.
Bridge the gap between school and real-world experience by applying for a Faculty-Undergraduate Student Engagement (FUSE) Grant.
Dr. Nahid Gani, Assistant Professor of WKU’s Department of Geography and Geology, has been awarded the prestigious and nationally competitive American Chemical Society-Petroleum Research Fund (ACS-PRF) Grant to support her research in East Africa.
Dr. Jill Maples, WKU assistant professor of exercise science selected as co-winner in the first “Science Idol” competition at the National IDeA Symposium of Biomedical Research Excellence in Washington, D.C. | <urn:uuid:bff96951-41b6-49fa-ac45-806d53bdeb03> | {
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Amnesia is a kind of deficit in memory which is caused by brain damage, disease or psychological trauma and can also be caused temporarily due to use of various sedatives and hypnotic drugs which can cause loss of memory.
Memory can be wholly or partially lost based on the extent of the damage that may be caused to the brain. The two types of amnesia are retrograde amnesia and anterograde amnesia, In the case of retrograde amnesia it is the inability to retrieve information which has been acquired before a date, it could be the date of an operation or an accident, while in some cases, the loss of memory may stretch way back to decades and in still other cases, the person may tend to lose memory only for a few months.
Anterograde amnesia is the difficulty to transfer new information from short term to long term and people with this type of ailment have problem in remembering things for long period of time. It is basically normal to be a little forgetful at times as one begins to age, though memory loss associated with these symptom needs attention and should be checked by a physician for precautionary measures.
Loses Ability to Recall Events/Information
Memory loss takes place when the person loses the ability to recall events and information, they would in normal situations be able to recall, which could take place only seconds or minutes ago or a memorable event that could have happened in the past and this loss of memory could have started all of a sudden or could have been processing over a period of time.
This could be very disturbing and distressing to the affected person along with their family members. Persons suffering from amnesia should visit the physician at the earliest where an initial assessment and queries are conducted related to the symptoms, family history together with the life style of the individual and probably a blood test may also be done.
There are a wide range of possible causes for memory loss based on the type of loss namely immediate memories related to sound which are only stored for a few seconds. Short term or recent memories relates to telephone numbers which tend to remain in the memory for 15- 20 seconds since the brain can store around seven kinds of short term information at any time.
Anterograde/Retrograde/Transient Global/Traumatic Amnesia
Long term or remote memories relate to permanent memories which tend to be reinforced due to repeatedly going over them in the mind. The different types of amnesia besides anterograde and retrograde amnesia are transient global amnesia wherein there is a temporary loss of memory and the patient with this type of amnesia finds it hard to form new memories and may be suffering from severe anterograde amnesia.
Past memories loss is milder and is a very rare form of amnesia. Moreover a transient global person may be older and tend to have a vascular disease which is a problem related to blood vessels. Traumatic amnesia memory loss could be caused by a hard blow on the head. Mostly people who have a car accident may lose their memory and suffer from traumatic amnesia.
They may experience brief loss of consciousness or at times go into a coma. In most cases the amnesia seems to be temporary though the period of memory loss depends on the impact of the injury. | <urn:uuid:e5f8ae83-d27a-4788-9610-aba68882a16d> | {
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© 2011 – Routledge
If you've ever wanted a quick and easy guide to verbs and adverbs, commas and apostrophes, clauses and prepositions, then this is a must-have book for you. Easing readers gently into the study of the structure of English, Grammar: A Pocket Guide covers common questions such as:
Using examples from everyday speech and writing, this handy book "cracks the code" of off-putting grammatical jargon so that readers can enjoy learning how to think and talk about grammar. With practice exercises, a glossary, and suggestions for further reading, Grammar: A Pocket Guide is the perfect foundation for anyone wanting to improve his or her writing and communication.
"Behren's book clearly shows that the study of language should not be a 'joyless censoriousness' (Dick Veit's expression) but an inquiry into language questions we encounter daily in writing, ranging from syntactic issues to punctuation concerns… [Her] linguistic training is evident throughout." - The ATEG Journal
Introduction. 1. The Great Subject-Predicate Divide. 2. All Types of Verbs: Beyond "Action". 3. Verb Forms Telling Time (and More). 4. Subjects and Verbs Agreeing. 5. Nouns and Their Determiners. 6. Objects and Complements. 7. Verb Transitivity. 8. The Subjunctive: In the Right Mood. 9. The Passive (and Active) Structure: Watch Your Voice. 10. The Case of Pronouns. 11. Adjectives and Adverbs Modifying. 12. Prepositional Phrases and Verb Particles. 13. Conjunctions at Junctions. 14. Relative Clauses (and More Clauses and Phrases). 15. Misaligned Modifiers. 16. Commas: More Than Pauses. 17. Apostrophes: Dueling Functions. 18. Applying the Knowledge. Appendices: Further Reading. Answer Key to Chapter Questions. Cheat Sheet Tables. Glossary | <urn:uuid:b4d94c43-8cb3-4100-a483-0fb3c3367fb1> | {
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A range of calculators for doing acoustics calculations.
An carat weight value calculator and a precious metal value calculator, use on-line gem/metal prices to predict a gem or an alloy's value.
A calculator to predict the pitch of a string of given dimensions under a given tension.
A fully working physical calculator with physical constants stored in memory.
A simple calculator that works in both decimal and hexadecimal
A calculator for aerodynamics students
Provides conversions in a variety of areas - measurement, currency Also included is a variety of calculators.
A set of simple interactive calculators for chemistry. The Sheffield ChemPuter is a demonstration of WebStar/AppleEvents/SuperCard for the Macintosh.
Explanation of Ohm's law, the relationship between voltage, resistance and current intensity . Includes a calculator for solving basic problems.
This is a basic JAVA script calculator which will work out quadratic equations for you.
Showing 1 - 10 of 25 | <urn:uuid:c73af1a6-9627-4136-9aa8-e14248db9ce5> | {
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Battling Infant Mortality
5 Global Kids’ Health Issues
Huge progress has been made in many critical areas involving children’s health. Yet there is still important work to be done, and most of it doesn’t involve expensive new drugs or surgical procedures. Instead, it’s about the basics that most of us take for granted. We have identified 5 issues that desperately need the world’s attention for the sake of children and their families, and suggest some ways that you and your family can help.
Battling Infant Mortality
The joy of giving birth is usually accompanied by a sense of wonder while watching a tiny, fragile creature take those first breaths. Luckily, for most new mothers, skilled medical attendants are on hand to make sure that all goes well during and just after delivery.
The first 28 days of life — the “neonatal period” — are the riskiest in a child’s life:
- Almost 3 million babies die within the first month of life each year; that’s 44% of all deaths in children younger than 5 years old.
- About 50% of all newborn deaths are within 24 hours of birth; up to 75% occur in the first week of life.
- Birth asphyxia (the inability to breathe immediately after delivery) claims 1 million babies every year.
- More than half of these deaths are after a home birth without any health care.
Almost all newborn deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries (particularly Africa and South Asia), where nearly half of all mothers and newborns do not have medical care during and after birth.
Most of these babies would survive if their mothers had a skilled birth attendant, especially if delivering in a health care facility. After birth, a newborn must be breathing well and kept warm.
Millennium Development Goal 4 addresses child mortality: “Reduce by two thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-5 mortality rate.” The global under-5 mortality rate has dropped (from 90 deaths per 1,000 live births in 1990 to 48 in 2012); however, deaths in the neonatal period increased from 37% to 44%.
Many of these deaths can be prevented through simple, affordable interventions that can be used in home births. Here are a few that could use your help:
- Helping Babies Breathe: This group promotes skilled attendance at birth, assessment of newborns, temperature support, stimulation to breathe, and assisted ventilation as needed, all within “The Golden Minute” after birth. You can donate or even teach neonatal resuscitation.
- Embrace: This social enterprise developed an innovative, low-cost infant warmer that stays at a constant temperature for up to 6 hours to maintain premature and low-birthweight babies’ body temperature. You can donate, volunteer, or spread the word.
- Every Beat Matters: Save the Children’s newborn and child survival campaign works to make basic lifesaving health care available to children in the world’s poorest countries by training and supporting frontline health workers. You can donate, advocate, and spread the word.
Find out how to help kids worldwide in other important ways:
Reviewed by: Steven Dowshen, MD
Date reviewed: December 2013 | <urn:uuid:2243042b-f51f-43bf-9a3e-caa42dc51421> | {
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A compensator can be built-into a heating system to absorb pipe linear expansion as an alternative to an expansion loop.
Pipe linear expansion in a heating system is caused by the difference between the operating temperature and ambient temperature and by variations in media temperature. A compensator can be built-into the system to compensate for this linear expansion, as an alternative to an expansion loop. The compensator can be a hinged or axial type. Pipe fixtures and lateral pipe guides have to be built-in if a compensator is used to deal with the expansion.
A hinged compensator allows a pipe corner to move, so that the pipe expansion can be absorbed by the compensator. An axial compensator works by allowing two pipes to move against each other, thus absorbing the expansion. A flexible bellow prevents the system from leaking.
District heating systems often use an alternative to compensators. Instead, pipes are stressed/distorted in such a way that any expansion is minimised. To deal with expansion, stressed steel pipes and even extra-strength steel pipes are used as an alternative or in a combined solution. | <urn:uuid:ed6dcee1-1953-4499-bc29-c77a014fe1d4> | {
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After asking many teachers the top three answers that have been given are:
1) “To assess, and find out actually what the students know” Rebuttal to this
2) “If we don’t test it, the students won’t want to learn it”
3) “Hold teachers accountable for their teaching`
Rebuttal to 2:
First, we need to understand that there is difference between learning and achievement. For more click here.
Second, if a student asks you, “Why do I have to learn this?” and your first or only response is “for the test”, then you are actually destroying any possible engagement. People need to understand that learners don’t ask for the application to challenge the teacher, but actually want to understand the meaning behind the concept.
If there truly is NO real life application then I would first advise you to contact those in charge of your mandated outcomes and ask them why you need to teach the specific outcome. In the defense of the government, if they don’t know there is a problem, how can we expect them to find a solution?
Assuming that the outcome does have real life application, we should be focusing on the relevance and not the mindless repetition of the outcome. Contrary to some popular belief, students do crave knowledge, but they need to be shown the “why” just as often as the “how”.
For some outcomes this is an easy task, while for others I understand this can be quite difficult. I, however, do believe that no matter how challenging it might be to show the “why”, the learning that will occur because of it, will make the journey worth taking.
An exam should not be the reason anything is taught in a class. “Teaching to the test” should be the equivalent of swearing in a classroom; something that should NEVER be done or even entertained. I read the following, and became sick to my stomach!
Everything that has to do with the test has been given such a high priority, that there is no priority any more but that … The bottom line question comes down to, "Well, what’s going to help them do better on the test?" And if it’s not going to help them do better on the test, well, we don’t have time for that right now (Wright, 2002, p.10).
I would hope, that most agree, that the above statement is not one that teachers should be making. If you believe, however, that a test is the only way students will learn, you are on your way to making the statement above. I strongly encourage educators to allow students to find significance in given tasks, and you will start to see that your test no longer becomes the reason students want to learn. | <urn:uuid:85f6b13e-4043-40bb-829f-1dca803ed863> | {
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For decades, technologists have lived by the mantra of Moore’s Law. But cloud, faster technological advancement and economics are jeopardizing the principle's position.
Moore's Law is named after Intel co-founder Gordon E. Moore, who described the trend in a 1965 paper that later appeared in Electronics magazine on April 19, 1965. Titled "Cramming more components onto integrated circuits," the article said:
The future of integrated electronics is the future of electronics itself. The advantages of integration will bring about a proliferation of electronics, pushing this science into many new areas.
Moore predicted that the number of microcomponents that could be placed in an integrated circuit (or microchip) of the lowest manufacturing cost was doubling every year and that this trend would likely continue into the future. This observation became an industry roadmap adopted by all major chip manufacturers across all ASIC streams. Unlike the rules of natural law, Moore's Law does not merely happen independently; rather, an entire industry works to make it happen and any period that meets the expectations set out by the law is considered a fairly good period.
Exponential Growth Problem
The new age economic boom can partly be attributed to the technological advancement heralded by faster processing and decreasing price. But just as all good things must come to an end, the party for integrated circuits may already be over, said Robert Colwell, director of the Microsystems Technology Office at the government’s Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), Intel's chief chip architect from 1990 to 2001, and an Intel Fellow. | <urn:uuid:3cadac7f-2a56-45b7-a2cb-3ca0d093650a> | {
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A little about Tancook…
Big Tancook Island is a community of about 125 year round residents. Our population grows to about 250 people during the Summer season, while during the colder months our population dwindles. We are home to one of the last remaining one room schoolhouses in Canada. Our residents primarily make their living through fishing (our primary catch is lobster), although we are also proud of our unique artistic community, which adds a certain dynamic vibrancy to our island.
The island itself is about 5 miles long and 3 miles wide. Visitors may be surprised to learn that our wildlife populations are limited to deer, muskrats, snakes, and pheasants. We are however, home to a great variety of birds.
The island was originally a summer fishing ground for native peoples. The word Tancook is Micmac and means facing the open sea. Our island was later settled by German immigrants. The industry at that time was mostly agricultural, and primarily consisted of cabbage farming. Tancook was at one time the leading producer of Sauerkraut in Canada. Only after the popularity of this industry diminished did we shift to fishing.
To learn more about visiting us, please view our Tancook Tourism Center page.
* For information about Tancook Island genealogy and other related history please visit our sister site | <urn:uuid:7ae8cfc0-1277-4989-b83e-d612dea21509> | {
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After 8 months of hibernation, all of red-sided garter snakes in Narcisse, Canada crawl out of their dens. It happens during the last week of April and their numbers grow until the second week of May. The reason is simple. They are all coming out to mate.
Like all other snakes, red-sided garters are cold-blooded. During the winter, when the temperatures drop to below freezing, they hibernate for eight months.
Manitoba, Canada, is laced with sinkholes that line its superficial limestone bedrock. Underground dens form here, attracting the snakes, who see them as the ideal spots for an eight-month snooze.
But space is limited. Thousands of snakes end up in dens as large as an average living room.
Once spring arrives, thousands of the the red-sided garters slither over one another to emerge from their lairs, forming a carpet of quivering snakes.
It's also peak breeding time. The males eagerly look for a female to mate with in the areas surrounding the dens.
In the huge heap of snakes, it can be tough for the males to recognize the females, even though they're longer and wider.
This is made even more interesting by the fact that the ratio of males to females is 10,000 to 1.
The male-biased sex ratio is a result of the males pouring out of the den first and awaiting the females, who typically emerge over the course of a few weeks.
Once the males are lured by a female's pheromones, several try to court one female by rubbing their chins along her back. This is called a "mating ball."
The male closest to the female copulates with her, leaving a gelatinous plug inside her body that blocks her reproductive tract for about two days, warding off other males.
Then, the female can slither away from the carpet of snakes, where she'll feed and give birth later in the summer. One female can give birth to 40 to 50 young at once.
But if the female rejects the male, then she can prevent his sperm from fertilizing her eggs, a mechanism called "cryptic female choice." She simply waits for the smelly plug to dissolve and then mates with another male.
In September, the snakes return to their dens for the winter, where scientists think they spend the next eight months in hibernation once again. | <urn:uuid:526fcb19-7e19-4a6c-b131-6ef3e1b04d04> | {
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by James Hoyle, archive co-ordinator for British Pathé
This post is Part II of IV.
For the years 1895 to 1910, see blog post “Pathé Before British Pathé”.
For the years 1933 to 1958, see blog post “A Golden Age”.
For the years 1958 to 2012, see blog post “Decline and Transformation”.
By the time Charles Pathé opened the UK newsreel arm of his company CGPC (established 1896), the Pathé brand was already influential in the world of film production and distribution, as well as a notable record label. A Westminster distribution office had opened as early as 1902, and Pathé-branded movie theatres were spreading across Western Europe. CGPC had invented the newsreel in 1908 for French audiences, and in 1910 spread this innovation to other markets as well. One result was the UK newsreel office located on Wardour Street which produced its first newsreels under the Pathé Animated Gazette label. (That same year, Pathé News was set up in the United States).
Many of these early newsreels are sadly missing. One of the earliest still within the archive is believed to be the departure of the Terra Nova, Captain Scott’s famous ship that took him to the Antarctic. It was a section of the 87th newsreel package, released in cinemas in December of 1910, and was one of eight stories that included flooding in Worcester and a railway crash in Willesden. Other early footage of note includes the coronation of George V, the RMS Titanic, and the death of suffragette Emily Davison.
The archive also contains an extensive collection of World War One material, much of which remains unidentified. Dates and locations are often unclear. Cataloguing is not helped by a lack of clarity over which events have been captured as they occurred and which are staged (photographers and cameramen were not above posing corpses for a better shot). Regardless, the material remains incredible to view. Though silent, grainy, and black-and-white, the footage is often awesome and sometimes harrowing. The faces of the daring recruits, huddled in their trenches, many about to die, are preserved for posterity. It is a shame that we cannot put a name to them.
From 1918, CGPC began to be run as two separate divisions, with Pathé-Cinema (films and newsreels) under the control of Charles Pathé, and Pathé Records (music) overseen by brother Émile Pathé. This was the first step towards the eventual splintering of the company that can cause endless headaches for anyone attempting to trace the history of the Pathé brand:
- The USA Pathé-Cinema arm (including Pathé News) was sold in 1921. It was run by Pathé Exchange and then RKO Radio Pictures, which shut down the film production arm. Warner Brothers purchased the newsreel arm in 1947 before selling it to Studio Films. Pathé News disappeared from cinemas in the 1950s.
- In 1927, CGPC also sold the UK arm of Pathé-Cinema, which included both the film production office and the newsreel office, to First National, forming First National-Pathé.
- In 1928 CGPC sold the French and UK arms of Pathé Records to the British Columbia Graphophone Company. The USA arm of Pathé Records was sold the following year to the American Record Corporation. Its assets now lie with Sony.
- The remaining assets of CGPC (such as the French film production arm, the international cinema chain, and the French Pathé Journal newsreels) were taken over by Bernard Natan to form Pathé-Natan. It changed hands a few times after that before becoming the present-day film company “Pathé”. Pathé Journal continued until 1981. Its newsreel archive now lies with Gaumont-Pathé.
This was the complicated process by which the UK newsreel company became divorced from its overseas parent and sister companies, never to be reunited. Pathé-branded newsreel and film production in the UK was now on its own.
As First National-Pathé, newsreels were released under the name of Pathé Gazette and an internationally-distributed newsreel was produced from Wardour Street – Pathetone Weekly. But the great innovation of this period was, of course, the introduction of sound in 1930. This brought a new immediacy and reality to the footage, despite the limitations of early technology.
Sound also allowed newsreels to start including interviews, and one early interviewee was the Editor of the Pathé Gazette himself, upon the occasion of the UK newsreel’s twenty-first anniversary. In the clip, the Editor takes the opportunity to look back on what his company has achieved so far and on the recent history that has been captured by the Pathé cameramen. We may not be able to witness the Norman Conquest or the Great Fire of London, the Editor says, but we can relive history which has been preserved through the magic of newsreels: “One of cinema’s greatest privileges is to be able to bring back the past.” The company had proven its worth.
But in 1931, Warner Brothers purchased First National and formed Warner Brothers-First National and the future of the Pathé brand looked uncertain. That is, until 1933, when the golden age of British Pathé really began.
British Pathé is always keen for corrections and additional information about its footage and corporate history. Please email us or leave a comment beneath the relevant clip on the website, www.britishpathe.com. | <urn:uuid:67948283-e18c-4dce-b612-2d143d966024> | {
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A study published in the Journal of the Acoustical Society of America presents the world's first evidence that size can be assessed on the basis of vocal signals. Anna Taylor, a psychologist at the University of Sussex, and her colleagues recorded growls emitted by 30 privately owned domestic dogs of 22 different breeds. An experimenter would get a dog to growl by showing up at the dog's house, approaching it and then staring into its eyes. The dog perceives this as an intimidating move and emits a defensive growl. The researchers then played these growls back to over 50 human listeners, who were asked, "What is the size of this dog?" In virtually all cases, the listeners correctly guessed the general size of the dog, be it a 45 kilos Rottweiler or a miniature Dachshund, based on just the animal's growl. | <urn:uuid:b4408244-9228-4b4a-add6-d74b07b5556e> | {
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Launching his lecture with an illustration of a patient in the Middle Ages undergoing gall bladder surgery, Dr. Joseph Civetta of the UConn Health Center invited students Tuesday night to ponder troubling questions that present themselves when medical technology collides with ethics, theology, and economics.
The unlucky gall bladder patient in days of yore would be amazed to see modern advances, Civetta said.
The large incision in the abdomen that doctors learned to make decades ago has been replaced by laparoscopic surgery and even robotic surgery, in which a doctor looks through goggles and manipulates instruments inside the patient.
Organ transplants and the ability to restart a heart have altered the very notion of what constitutes death, he added. The new standard is cessation of brain activity.
Medical advances mean that doctors can prolong life as never before, even when a patient’s life may have lost value, dignity, and meaning, Civetta said.
So how should we deal with death? To engage the mostly youthful audience, whose thoughts of dying may be remote at best, he used personal recollections, cartoons, and quotations to probe the
Civetta was the inaugural speaker for the John and Valerie Rowe Lecture Series, which brings distinguished medical scholars to campus to speak about critical topics in health care.
Civetta, a surgeon, has written extensively and taught at Harvard Medical School and the University of Miami School of Medicine.
Until recently, he was program director of the Integrated General Surgery Residency at the UConn Health Center.
“We as a society have a problem facing both life and death,” he said.
“Even though we talk about death being a part of life, we use euphemisms like ‘passed away’ or ‘expired,’ and identify with cartoons like the one in which one fellow asks another what he would like to have on his headstone. The answer: ‘He’s not here yet’.”
Two principles of medicine – to preserve life and alleviate suffering – are not always compatible, Civetta explained.
Another cartoon, this one depicting an ancient man surrounded by machines in intensive care while being queried by a reporter about his wonderful long life, drove home the point.
| Dr. Joseph Civetta, professor and vice chair of the Health Center’s surgery department, gives the inaugural John and Valerie Rowe Lecture at the
Pharmacy/Biology Building April 11.
|Photo by Peter Morenus
“We think we’re supposed to be able to save everybody, so we regard somebody dying as a failure. This is viewing death as unnatural, rather than as a successful departure from life,” Civetta said.
“We should not be preventing death, but we should be preventing bad dying.”
A good death, he suggested, is focused on the patient’s needs, rather than a family’s needs, or the protocols of a health insurance company.
But many people – apparently including almost all of Civetta’s audience – have not made their end-of-life wishes known, complicating the direction medical care may take when the time comes.
For a Mississippi doctor quoted by Civetta, the answer about what to do medically and when to do it was intuitive: “When the Lord puts his hands on, I take mine off.”
Despite all the advances in medical care, “The death rate remains the same, one per person,” Civetta said, quoting a former Department of Health, Education, and Welfare secretary.
Civetta encouraged potential caregivers in his audience to spend as much time developing good doctor-patient relationships as they do mastering new technology.
He also urged them to become familiar with right-to-die cases, futile vs. worthwhile care, and what constitutes quality of life.
He touched on the financial cost of care and joked that one day insurance companies may figure out a way of automatically shutting off care once their payout ceiling is reached, simplifying the dilemma doctors and patients often face.
He also introduced his listeners to the “Franklin-Allen” school of medical economics, founded by Benjamin Franklin, who said, “God heals and the doctor takes the fee,” and augmented by Woody Allen, who said, “Death is a great way to cut down expenses.” | <urn:uuid:43e963c4-41a4-47db-9602-c4efb7eab8b2> | {
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Magnifying and Observing Cells
Easy tips to guide students in an activity that teaches them all organisms are composed of cells, and best practices as they make slides of onion skin cells and Elodea to observe under a microscope.
This work was developed in partnership with the Baylor-UT Houston Center for AIDS Research, an NIH-funded program.
Funded by the following grant(s)
Grant Number: 5R25RR018605 | <urn:uuid:42b50c6c-c86c-40c3-a164-cee77673c1bb> | {
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FLUSHING TOWNSHIP, Michigan — As the focus moves toward prevention and National Diabetes Month starts at the end of this week, four diabetic students at Elms Elementary School say being diagnosed with the disease isn't the end of the world.
"You can still do anything you want," said Jessi Kujat, an 11-year-old sixth-grader at Elms Elementary School who was diagnosed with diabetes last spring. "I play basketball, and I went to a basketball camp this summer at Northwood University for three days."
Jessi has type 1, or juvenile onset diabetes, which results from the body's failure to produce insulin, the hormone that "unlocks" the cells of the body and allows glucose (a type of sugar) to enter and fuel them.
There are four main diabetic condidions:
• Type 1 diabetes is more common in children than adults, but can occur at any age. It happens when the body's immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells, the only cells in the body that make the insulin hormone that regulates blood glucose.
• Type 2 diabetes results from insulin resistance, a condition in which the body fails to properly use insulin, combined with relative insulin deficiency. According to the Centers for Disease Control, Type 2 diabetes accounts for 90-95 percent of all diabetes cases diagnosed. It is more common in adults than children, but as the numbers of obese children rise, so does the number of children with Type 2 diabetes.
• Gestational diabetes is a form of glucose intolerance that occurs during pregnancy. Five-10 percent of women with gestational diabetes will continue to have diabetes after their baby is born. Women who have had gestational diabetes have a 40-60 percent chance of developing diabetes five-10 years after the pregnancy.
• Pre-diabetes occurs when a person's blood glucose levels are higher than normal, but not high enough for a diagnosis. People with pre-diabetes may be able to make diet and lifestyle changes to help prevent diabetes.
The American Diabetes Association reports that one in every 400-600 children in the U.S. have type 1 diabetes.
Jessi uses an insulin pen to give herself injections at every meal and before bedtime. Elms students Katlyn Wells, 7, and Taylor Yaros, 6, also use an insulin pen to help control their type 1 diabetes. Insulin pens allow the user to set the dial on the pen for the amount of insulin needed rather than use a syringe.
Elms student Kayle Terryah, 11, wears an insulin pump on her waist that delivers small amounts into her body all day through a small tube. Every time she eats, she has to know how many grams of carbohydrates are in the food and check her blood glucose level. Then she inputs the number of carbohydrates and blood glucose level into the pump and it determines how much insulin she needs.
Kayle plays softball in the summer and participates in Kangaroo Kids during the school year, during which students jump rope to raise money for the American Heart Association. Although the children's activities aren't limited, they do have to watch their blood glucose level if they do a lot of physical exercise and adjust their insulin accordingly.
"It is hard when they have snacks at school," said Tish Yaros, Taylor's mother. "They have to think about what they're eating and sometimes they have to eat a different snack."
Kayle said one misconception about diabetes is that diabetics have to drastically change their diet and stop eating their favorite foods. Although the students are careful, they said they adjust their insulin levels to eat some foods.
"You can even eat cotton candy," Kayle said.
Taylor, Katlyn and Jessi's mothers said it was easy to attribute their daughters' diabetic symptoms to another illness before they were correctly diagnosed last year.
"Pay attention to your child's health," said Kathy Kujat, Jessi's mother.
"I lost 10 pounds in two weeks, I had to go to the bathroom a lot and I was drinking a lot of water," Jessi said of her initial symptoms, which are three important indicators of diabetes for a person of any age.
Tracy Miller, Katlyn's mother, said she thought her daughter had the flu and Tish Yaros thought her daughter was depressed.
"She was so withdrawn and quiet," Tish Yaros said of her daughter, who was in kindergarten when she was diagnosed. "She was sleeping a lot. We were going to take her to a counselor."
Flushing School District nurse JoEllen Reed said 15 students in the school district have diabetes. She said the Elms students have shown a lot of responsibility in taking care of themselves.
"It takes a lot of education — for the parents, the schools, the grandparents, the baby-sitters," Reed said.
Katlyn said she knows it's important to monitor herself. Complications of diabetes include heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, blindness, kidney disease, nervous system disease, amputations and dental diseases.
"It's important for people to know that they can deal with this," Kathy Kujat said. "Walking out of the hospital and seeing a child with cancer or something ... it's not like this is unmanageable." | <urn:uuid:b55ade59-21ba-43e3-9509-23693a8dcdf9> | {
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3 Things You Need to Know About Women in Politics
This election year has not been one without controversy. But if anything, it's shed a light on how far women have come in the political arena and beyond. But while women have made progress, it's important to be mindful that we still have a ways to go.
When it comes to women in politics, there is room for improvement, despite the cracks women have made in the glass ceiling.
1. A striking number of females in politics experience or have experienced some form of "sexism, harassment [or] violence," according to a recent study.
The study, concluded with the help of data from 55 women in parliament from 39 countries worldwide ("18 in Africa, 15 in Europe, 10 in Asia-Pacific, 8 in the Americas and 4 in the Arab World"), shows that 81.8 percent of women have been personally subjected to one or more acts of psychological violence, 21.8 percent have been subjected to sexual violence, 25.5 percent have been subjected to physical violence, and 32.7 percent have been subjected to economic violence. Of the highest percentage of violence, psychological violence (81.8 percent), 65.5 percent said they have suffered from humiliating sexual or sexist remarks, 44.4 percent answered that they've received "threats of death, rape, beatings or abduction," and 41.8 percent have seen "humiliating or sexually charged" images of themselves spread on social media.
2. Out of 189 elected governments in the world, Women in the World states that America is currently ranked 75th for female representation in government.
While the United States frequently prides itself on equality, statistics do not necessarily match that same pride. With under 25 percent of those in state government positions being women, 19.4 percent of Congress being female, and (so far) not a single female commander in chief, there is room to grow in number in addition to decreasing the violence against women once they are in politics.
3. According to The Nation, it will take up to 500 years for women to reach equal representation in government at its current rate of progress.
To put that in perspective... that's literally five centuries. Literally 100 years, five times. And that is just time we do not have. But, at the rate government is progressing — with women making up 20 percent of the U.S. Senate, 19 percent of the U.S. House of Representatives, 24 percent statewide offices and legislative seats, 18 percent of mayors in cities with populations over 30,000 people, and 0 percent of POTUSes — one can only hope the first female president will help change this.
Photo Credit: Scott Eisen/Bloomberg via Getty Images | <urn:uuid:aabfe172-822d-4bb8-a0c5-3b93856be002> | {
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Arguing Is No Fun
Plan a special meal to teach kids about unity. Announce each item (appetizer, main course, vegetables, drink, dessert) and invite each family member to share what they would like. (Expect lots of different opinions!)
Ask each one to compromise and then prepare a good meal.
We all have different opinions about what we like or don’t like…and that’s okay. We don’t all have to agree that broccoli is the best vegetable in the world.
What might have happened if we hadn’t reached an agreement? (We would still be arguing; we wouldn’t have known what to make; etc.)
The Christ-followers in Corinth had divided into groups based on their likes and dislikes. Paul (in his letter to the Corinthians) told the Christ-followers to work together instead of dividing according to whom they liked. Even though we have different likes/dislikes, we can work together to do good things for God’s church.
Think of a simple activity for your family to do together (clean the kitchen; play a game of kickball; plant flowers; etc.). In a discreet way, tell one child to do one thing and then tell another child to do the opposite. (For example, if you are cleaning the kitchen, tell one child to put the dishes in the dishwasher, while telling another one to put the dishes in the dining room, or even another to put the dishes under the sink. They should all be working against each other.)
Call a halt and give ONE instruction (put the dishes in the dishwasher). Then talk about it:
Why was it hard to accomplish this task? (We were working against each other; we had different goals; etc.)
Why it is better to work together? (We can accomplish more; we don’t spend our time arguing; etc.)
We can accomplish so much more when we all work together! God meant for all Christ-followers to work together to do His work.
Review the Bible verse, John 1:12, kids using D6 Curriculum started learning this week.
Read the verse aloud.
Who are we to receive? (Jesus!)
What will happen to those who receive Jesus, those who believe in Him? (Become part of God’s family)
It is only by God’s power and goodness that we can actually be part of His family. When we believe in Jesus, His death and resurrection, God gives us the power to be united with Him. If we are connected to God, we are also connected to all other believers (1 John 1:7). As we work together, we can share God’s message and build His church. | <urn:uuid:12ae3ebe-49f3-49aa-82df-a25a594bf476> | {
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