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Visit my teacher blogs for classroom resources and useful strategies! Math in the Middle & Put Your Name on Your Paper
Front-end estimation is a useful strategy. How do you use it with decimals or whole numbers?
I used to think a factor was… Now I know that a factor is…
Tanya rounded a fraction to 1/2. What fraction(s) could she have rounded? Why?
Jason said, “All numbers have an even number of factors.: “No, they don’t,” said Brad. “Some special numbers have an odd number of factors.” Why would Brad say that? What was he talking about?
Sasha said, “One is the smallest prime number.” Jeri said, “No, two is the smallest prime number.” Who do you agree with? Justify your choice.
This section of the ISN deals with rational and irrational numbers. The pages for this section are 38-45. Download Terminating and Recurring Decimals Terminating and recurring decimals are rational. Students sometimes get non-terminating and recurring decimals confused! … Continue Reading → | <urn:uuid:5c505528-86ee-4c27-9e2e-c666da9329b9> | {
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Spiral Galaxy NGC 6503
Most galaxies are clumped together in groups or clusters. A neighboring galaxy is never far away. But this galaxy, known as NGC 6503, has found itself in a lonely position, at the edge of a strangely empty patch of space called the Local Void.
The Local Void is a huge stretch of space that is at least 150 million light-years across. It seems completely empty of stars or galaxies. The galaxy's odd location on the edge of this never-land led stargazer Stephen James O'Meara to dub it the "Lost-In-Space galaxy" in his 2007 book, Hidden Treasures.
NGC 6503 is 18 million light-years away from us in the northern circumpolar constellation of Draco. NGC 6503 spans some 30,000 light-years, about a third of the size of the Milky Way.
This Hubble Space Telescope image shows NGC 6503 in striking detail and with a rich set of colors. Bright red patches of gas can be seen scattered through its swirling spiral arms, mixed with bright blue regions that contain newly forming stars. Dark brown dust lanes snake across the galaxy's bright arms and center, giving it a mottled appearance.
The Hubble Advanced Camera for Surveys data for NGC 6503 were taken in April 2003, and the Wide Field Camera 3 data were taken in August 2013. | <urn:uuid:ea9c795f-f9e3-4cdc-971c-b1a665c0d594> | {
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A. The algorithm Win2K uses to calculate the amount of remaining time if you have two batteries is incorrect. The algorithm should be
Remaining time = (RemainingCapacity1 + RemainingCapacity2) / <br> (PresentRate1 + PresentRate2)<br><br>This algorithm simply says that the amount of time left is the total capacity left of both batteries divided by the rate at which they are being used.
The actual algorithm Win2K uses is
Remaining time = (RemainingCapacity1 + RemainingCapacity2) / <br> (PresentRate1)<br><br>The system calculates remaining time based on the use rate for one battery, so the system thinks you have much longer left than you actually have. To work around this bug, set your alarms at a higher power percentage level. | <urn:uuid:63ea3aea-c1cc-4c15-b265-6778bd788319> | {
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As you’re making your way through the first few weeks of term, it’s a great time to settle into a routine with classes. The start of the year can be a whirlwind as there’s a lot to take in. Now you’ve hopefully got to grips with your timetable, here are some tips to help you get the most out of lessons.
Get to know your tutors
Book tutorials if you have an interest in a particular module or you are concerned about one. Your tutors are some of the most valuable contacts you will have at BIMM. So get to know their expertise! The better you know them, the better they can help you. Staying on top of what you are learning will make assessment time a lot less stressful. If you have queries, talk about it as soon as possible. Tutors will be more than happy to go through things with you. If you leave everything until that last-minute, there is only so much they can help you with.
Organise your notes
Everyone has their own way of note-taking that works best for them, so work out what is best for you. I’d recommend highlighting any assessment notes you make as you go. That way when you come to revise you don’t have to spend hours looking for what you need. If you want to make your life easier, create a separate document exclusively for assessment notes. Then you know where everything is.
It can be hard in class if you’re trying to concentrate and take notes at the same time. Get what you can down, then spend five minutes afterwards typing them up or checking them over. Another little tip: name the files after the week or topic to make it even quicker when going back over your notes.
You’re probably rolling your eyes because everyone says this, but it’s very important. If you have something to ask the tutor, ask as soon as you can. If you don’t feel comfortable asking in class, note it down so you don’t forget, then drop them an email or book a tutorial if necessary. Ask your classmates questions too. Don’t rely on them for everything, but they may be able to quickly solve it or explain things in a different way. Don’t be afraid to have your say in a lesson, you’ll be surprised how much you can learn from each other, not just your tutor.
Be open minded
You might occasionally finish a lesson thinking ‘But how does this relate to the assessment?’. Whilst your assessments are a huge part of your studies, the lessons that seem irrelevant are still important in the grand scheme of things. Although something might not seem 100% relevant now, you never know when it may come up again. Being in education isn’t just about passing assessments, you’re there to gain as much knowledge as you can. So, make the most of it!
Bring your A game
Try and stay on top of things. Make sure you’re prepared for each class and check your emails and Moodle account. Put yourself in the best position when walking into class. Use your classes as a chance to build confidence and gain experience. Remember, you get out what you put into them. Stay on top of your reading, practice as much as you can and learn your LPW songs in advance.
If you are set a task in between classes, do it! Tutors will plan lessons and rely on you completing your work. You don’t have to leave every lesson having given 110%, but in general you should put the work in. At the end of the day, you can only do your best! | <urn:uuid:a176fe98-dc7e-49f6-93a2-c656461cb1a0> | {
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There has been no distinction drawn as to how different student outcomes were related to the various ways in which students experienced desegregation in their schools and communities.
Central Nervous System consists of the brain and spinal cord engaged in a complex network of sending and receiving messages throughout the body. Voluntary-aided faith schools are mainly religious although anyone can apply for a place.
Community schools are run by the local authority, which employs school staff, owns the land and buildings, and sets the entrance criteria such as catchment area that decide which children are eligible for a place. Deciding what to do next or finding out what is available can be hard, the National Careers Service and Local Connexions both provide information, advice and guidance to help make decisions on learning, training and work opportunities to both work with school leavers and adults.
Chemotherapy A treatment that uses powerful medications to kill cancer cells. They are run by their own governing body however the land and buildings are usually owned by a religious organisation or charity. The concept of equality in education, therefore, is in fact entirely opposite to the notion of sameness and uniformity, of turning out all children to one pattern.
Cell A unit of life at the smallest level in living things. Department of Agriculture USDA grades; estimation of wildlife populations and pulpwood yields; and calculation of mapping data inherent to systems of agriculture or agribusiness.
Communication A process of sharing information which requires both the sender and the receiver of a message to mutually agree on that message. The Structure of education from early years to post compulsory education.
Friends in the same form, brothers and sisters from the same family, may be sent off to different types of schools, some to wear the caps and blazers of the grammar school, others to the modern school.
The legislative offensive against public employees and public services Having outlined the origin of recent legislative measures aimed at undermining unions, wages, and labor standards—as well as the strategies employed to enact these measures—the report now spells out the details of this agenda, beginning with an examination of the recent attacks on public employees and public services.
The sections below provide additional evidence that these attacks are not a response to fiscal crises, but rather reflect a political agenda unrelated to budget deficits.
Capitation rates are keyed to an entire services group. Livestock Production One CreditAdopted They showed that there were only secondary schools in England which are officially regarded as comprehensive There are four main types of state schools funded by local authorities.
Communication repair Steps taken by one or both communication partners to fix a situation where it is clear that the receiver has not understood the intended message. Original As Enacted or Made: Then the choice of schooling for children can be more flexible and less worrying for parents.
This task is impossible so long as our teachers are themselves sharply divided into what are in effect two classes, graduate and non-graduate, with their different backgrounds and correspondingly different social status and public esteem.
To prepare for success, students need opportunities to learn, reinforce, experience, apply, and transfer their knowledge and skills in a variety of settings. For instance, we know that diverse classrooms, in which students learn cooperatively alongside those whose perspectives and backgrounds are different from their own, are beneficial to all students, including middle-class white students, because they promote creativity, motivation, deeper learning, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills.
If this could be achieved, he argued, there would be no need to worry about the public schools: Cavities A breakdown or decay of the tooth caused by bacteria. Cataracts A clouding of the lens of the eye making vision poor.
Unfortunately, too few policy makers see the need for such programs, even as a growing number of educators in diverse schools are clamoring for help to close those gaps and teach diverse groups of students.
In his first major speech - at the opening of Brunel College of Technology at Acton - he declared that Few people now remember the extreme class bitterness between the aristocracy and the rising middle class in the nineteenth century, because almost in a generation the public schools merged the two contestants to form what became known as the governing class.
Civil Right The rights of personal liberty for people who are citizens of the United States. The current mismatch between the policies and the needs of an increasingly racially and ethnically diverse society inspire us to fill the void with compelling success stories of public schools working toward a greater public good.
Early years provision in schools is about supporting very young children and is based on the concept of learning through play as play has been shown to be an important tool for a childs early learning progress.
Chronic diseases See Chronic Health Condition: Parents of children in the last year of junior schools in the Churchfields district are interviewed and asked to choose in principle between selective and non-selective education.
Multicultural Education and Culturally Relevant Pedagogy: Pictures on a communication board can be grouped into colored areas on the board, or they can be separate boards entirely.
Personal information may not be sent outside the European Economic Area unless the individual whom it is about has consented or adequate protection is in place, for example by the use of a prescribed form of contract to govern the transmission of the data. A term for diseases in which abnormal cells multiply without control.I'm stuck on this question " Explain how legislation affects how schools work".
I've listed all the relevant laws etc in the first question and so far have this as my answer: "Schools need to comply fully with all legal requirements.
Explain how legislation affects how schools work Since all children in the UK aged years old are entitled to hours of free early years education or childcare places at nursery or a. O ver the past two years, state legislators across the country have launched an unprecedented series of initiatives aimed at lowering labor standards, weakening unions, and eroding workplace protections for both union and non-union workers.
This policy agenda undercuts the ability of low- and middle-wage workers, both union and non. Explain how each of these affect work in schools. Legislation refers to the actual law enacted by a governing or legislative body at national or local level.
There are legislations for more or less all aspects of life but we are particularly going to discuss the ones that affect schools. The way in which races are distributed throughout occupations affects the racial wage gap. White and Asian Americans, who have the highest median incomes, are concentrated more in professional, executive, and managerial occupations than blacks, Hispanics, or American Indians.
Black and Hispanic workers are not only more likely to work.
A service for consumers from the American Association of Naturopathic Physicians (AANP) and the Institute for Natural Medicine (INM). The AANP and the INM would like to acknowledge the Association of Accredited Naturopathic Medical Colleges (AANMC) for its contributions to the content of this FAQ.
The AANMC was established in to.Download | <urn:uuid:0830e330-55d7-4c75-9d38-7423907b8f65> | {
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Striking salamander species found
A striking new species of lungless salamander has been found living in a small stream in the Appalachian foothills of the US.
The salamander is so distinct that it's been classified within its own genus, a taxonomic grouping that usually includes a host of related species.
The creature breathes through its skin, and unusually for its kind, males and females have different colouration.
Such a distinct amphibian has not been found in the US for half a century.
The researchers who discovered the salamander describe it in the Journal of Zoology. They have dubbed it the 'patch-nosed' salamander after the yellow patch on the animal's snout.
The tiny animal averages just 25 to 26mm long.
They found so few of the animals that either it is highly secretive, or more likely it survives in such small, isolated numbers that it is already at risk of extinction.
"This animal is really a spectacular find," says biologist Carlos Camp of Piedmont College in Demorest, Georgia, who led the team which described the new species.
"It is the first genus of amphibian, indeed of any four-footed vertebrate, discovered in the US in nearly 50 years."
Around the world, there are approximately 500 species of salamander.
Two-thirds of these species are lungless, breathing entirely through their porous, moist skin.
The Appalachian Highlands of the southeastern US is a hot spot for lungless salamander diversity, with species occupying a variety of moist or wet environments including living in streams, underground, among the leaf litter of the forest floor, up cliffs and in trees.
"The salamander fauna of the US, particularly of the southern Appalachians, has been intensively studied for well over a century, so the discovery of such a distinct form was completely unsuspected," says Carlos.
Two graduate students, Bill Peterman of the University of Missouri, Columbia and Joe Milanovich of the University of Georgia, Athens discovered the first example of the species, scientifically named Urspelerpes brucei. They took the animal to Camp for identification.
"When we realised that it was something novel, we contacted a geneticist, Trip Lamb, of East Carolina University, Greenville and a bone specialist, David Wake of the University of California at Berkeley. John Maerz, a professor at the University of Georgia, completed the research team," says Carlos.
The team's investigations revealed just how novel the salamander is.
"The genetic data revealed that this was far more unusual than any of us suspected, which is why we described it in its own genus," says Camp.
But the amphibian also looks strikingly different to other species.
For a start, it has the smallest body size of any salamander in the US. It is also the only lungless salamander in the US whose males have a different colour and pattern than females, a trait more characteristic of birds.
Males have a pair of distinct dark stripes running down the sides of the body and a yellow back. Females lack stripes and are more muted in colour.
Males also have 15 vertebrae, one less than females. Yet while most species of lungless salamander have male and females of differing sizes, those of Urspelerpes brucei are close to being equal in size.
Uniquely for such a small lungless salamander, Urspelerpes brucei has five toes, whereas most other small species have reduced that number to four.
The behaviour and lifestyle of the salamander remain a mystery.
The animal's jaw and teeth structure suggest that it eats small, terrestrial prey such as insects caught using a projectile tongue as some other species of lungless salamander do.
So far, Camp's team have recovered just eight adults, all from within or alongside a single stream. Four were collected hiding under rocks and four in loose leaf litter. Three were females, each carrying eggs.
The last new genus of amphibian living in the US to be described, in 1961, was also a lungless salamander, the Red Hills Salamander of southern Alabama.
BBC © MMIX
|Photo © Paul S. Hamilton||HOME / DONATE NOW / SIGN UP FOR E-NETWORK / CONTACT US / PHOTO USE /| | <urn:uuid:7ca44a19-e9eb-4e83-ac66-26587ad74185> | {
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Feather box (waka huia) in the style of Northern carving. As the box was suspended from the roof, the bottom (shown here) was the most ornate. This specimen is stone tool work. Its place of origin is unknown. It come to the Dominion Museum from the Oldman Collection. The long rolling curi [ unclear: ] inear surface decoration, the images with demand heads, sinuous bodies and webbed feet, are all typical of the Northern style. (Photograph: Dr. T. Barrow.)
The waka huia or papahou was the treasure box of a chief or of a family group. It may be more rightly termed papahou, for it held many small treasured items of adornment other than huia tail feathers. Combs for the hair, tiki, greenstone and bone ornaments, valued feathers and other small treasures were all retained in the papahou under a very special tapu, the box being suspended from a rafter of a chief's sleeping hut, or kept in one of those small whatu rangi upheld by a single pole of considerable length. Many of the curious and remarkable pendants held in our Museums once graced a welcarved waka huia or papahou.
There were several different forms of waka huia or papahou, all more or less fully ornamented with superficial carving. Examples of some of the man groups are figured. A highly ornamental specimen has a raised carved lid with human or manaia figures (above). The lower surface is covered with running scrolls and spirals which have two plain ridges partially interlocking at intervals. The second figure illustrates
Lastly we have an unusual type of treasure box of which no specific name is known to me and which exhibits a human form holding the box on his bent back. The specimen illustrated is a modern carving by Mr J. M. McEwen after an old prototype. It is worthy of mention that similar small boxes on the back of an alleged ‘fire god’ have been excavated in Peru.
We have Maori carvers in our midst; all too few in relation to the population. Why should not the great Maori families of today have their own carved waka huia, made to their own design. Here is a work for an ambitious young man or a group of ambitious young men. Let us start with simple types until we get used to our tools. Strong hands and resolute hearts are the ingredients required. The rest will follow. Many beautiful waka huia have gone overseas; but in recent years some have been returned.
Oustanding and interesting types are on view in the Dominion Museum. These are from the collection gathered together by the late W. O. Oldman, London, and purchased by the New Zealand Government. It is perhaps not remarkable that so many of the finest examples of waka huia are to be found in England, for this was a convenient type of gift wherewith to speed the departure of some pakeha well loved by the Maoris of his day. | <urn:uuid:c1a70fdd-65ee-4aff-985f-ddfb849b5ccb> | {
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|Gun Control in Canada
The Canada eZine - Politics and Law
History of Gun Laws in Canada
The Criminal Code of Canada enacted in 1892, required individuals to have a permit to carry a pistol unless the owner had cause to fear assault or injury. It was an offence to sell a pistol to anyone under 16. Vendors who sold handguns had to keep records, including purchaser's name, the date of sale and a description of the gun.
In the 1920s, permits became necessary for all firearms newly acquired by foreigners.
Legislation in 1934 required the registration of handguns with records identifying the owner, the owner's address and the firearm. Registration certificates were issued and records kept by the Commissioner of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) or by other police forces designated by provincial Attorneys General.
In 1947, the offence of "constructive murder" was added to the Criminal Code for offences resulting in death, when the offender carried a firearm. This offence was struck down as unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of Canada in a 1987 case called R. v. Vaillancourt
Automatic weapons were added to the category of firearms that had to be registered in 1951. The registry system was centralized under the Commissioner of the RCMP.
In 1969, Bill C-150 created categories of "non-restricted," "restricted" and "prohibited" weapons. Police were also given preventive powers of search and seizure by judicial warrant if they had grounds to believe that weapons that belonged to an individual endangered the safety of society.
In 1977, Bill C-51 required Firearms Acquisition Certificates (FACs) for the acquisition (but not possession) of all firearms and introduced controls on the selling of ammunition. FAC applicants were required to pass a basic criminal record check before being issued an FAC. Fully automatic weapons were also prohibited.
In 1991, Bill C-17 tightened up restrictions and established controls on any firearms that had a military or paramilitary appearance. Legislation also made changes to the FAC system. FAC applicants were now required to pass a firearms safety course, pass a more thorough background check, and wait a minimum of 28 days aftering applying for an FAC before being issued one. Finally in addition to the above changes, laws were put into place that restricted ownership of high capacity magazines, limiting handguns to 10 rounds and most semi-automatic rifles to 5. The restrictions did not cover rimfire rifles or manual ( e.g., bolt action rifles). Provinces have the choice to opt-out of this regulation.
In 1995, Bill C-68 introduced new, stricter, gun control legislation. The current legislation provides harsher penalties for crimes involving firearm use, licenses to possess and acquire firearms, and registration of all firearms, including shotguns and rifles. This legislation was upheld by the Supreme Court in Reference re Firearms Act (2000). The FAC system was replaced with Possession Only Licences (POLs) and Possession and Acquisition Licences (PALs). Referring to Bill C-68, John Dixon, a former advisor to Deputy Minister of Justice John C. Tait, stated that the Firearms Act was not public safety policy, but rather an election ploy by the Liberals intended to help defeat Prime Minister Kim Campbell.
As of 2006, while legislation is still in place, the government is no longer asking long gun owners for a registration fee and will not prosecute long gun owners who do not register at all.
By law, a potential customer must be 18 years of age or older to purchase a firearm or legally maintain possession of one. Citizens of Canada under the age of 18 but over the age of 12 may procure a Minor's Licence which does not allow them to purchase a firearm but allows them to borrow a firearm unsupervised and purchase ammunition. Children under the age of 12 that are found to need a firearm to hunt or trap may also be awarded the Minor's Licence. This is generally reserved for children in remote locations, primarily aboriginal communities that engage in sustenance hunting.
By law, as of January 1, 2001, all firearms in Canada must legally be registered with the Canadian gun registry. In early 2006 the Conservative Party of Canada formed the 39th Canadian govornment and announced an amnesty period of one year in which all long gun owners would not be punished for not registering their long guns. The legal requirement to register as set forth by law has not been revoked.
Canada did not have serious gun control until the late 1970s. The homicide rate in Canada has been stable or declining since (e.g., the homicide rate has declined 40% from 1991-2004). Violent crime went up briefly during the economic recession of the 1980s and then began to decline when the economy went up in the 1990s.
Cutting down on gun crime without Gun Control
Illegal Guns in Criminal Hands
1. Make it significantly easier for police to gain search warrants for searching property with respect to suspected gun trafficking.
2. Increase the number of police officers in undercover roles relating to gun smuggling in order to catch illegal gun traffickers.
3. Offer rewards to people who come forward with information that leads to the arrest of gun traffickers and violent criminals.
4. Hand held metal detectors and gun-sniffing dogs at all ports of entry into Canada.
5. Stronger police presence in docks with random checks of cargo for illegal narcotics, smuggled guns, explosives and illegal immigrants.
6. Check for criminal records at all border crossings and automatically search all people suspected of smuggling.
7. Reject entry into Canada for any person with a criminal record that involves a gun crime. All criminals or ex-cons who are convicted of gun-related offenses should automatically be rejected from entering Canada.
Legal Guns in the Wrong Hands
1. Mandatory criminal and mental health background checks on gun purchases for EVERY purchase. If a person has been involved in a crime, has a history of mental disorders, is currently wanted by the government or has a restraining order against them they should be barred from purchasing a firearm.
2. Raise the age requirement for gun ownership from 18 to 19 by 2008. Increase the age limit every 2 years until it is 24. Most gun crimes are committed by young men between the ages of 16 and 24, often using guns that were legally obtained.
3. Tighten rules concerning who can sell guns. Only gun dealers should be allowed to sell guns and they should be tightly watched and audited to make certain they are not selling to minors or people without a license.
4. Legally seize all firearms from people with mental disorders or on any kind of medication for a mental disorder.
5. Restrict anyone who is currently undergoing a divorce from owning a gun. Most gun murders are spousal related. The guns should be taken away temporarily and returned after the divorce is finalized.
Gun Laws do Work / Gun control is only part of the solution
Gun control is the least of the changes that are needed to crack down on gun criminals. It is significantly more important to cut down on illegal guns coming in to Canada from overseas, catch criminals that sell illegal guns and to tighten laws that will keep legal guns out of the hands of children and people who don't understand the responsibility of owning a gun.
Owning a gun is a huge responsibility. It is not something to be taken lightly and it is every gun owners responsibility to make certain that gun is well kept, properly maintained and kept out of the hands of children and criminals.
Fact: Most gun thefts are the result of family members stealing the firearm. If you're going to give family members access to your weapons make sure they understand the responsibility involved.
About the Author: Charles Moffat collects water guns, toy guns, BB guns and airsoft guns. He also enjoys playing the violent video game Counter-Strike. He's also a huge fan of violent movies by Quentin Tarantino (Kill Bill) and Russ Meyer (Faster Pussycat! Kill! Kill!).
Moffat believes that firearms have their place in society but must be kept out of the hands of those who lack the responsibility to properly use them.
If you have a child or a teenager who is curious about firearms he suggests that you keep them away from firearms and allow them to explore the use of bows, crossbows and airsoft guns. No need for your kids to become gun wackos. Teach them to appreciate the value of target practice but without the violence and recklessness of crime. | <urn:uuid:e89b6ec4-4c97-47b6-b89e-8ab2a2495d78> | {
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Sharing is the use of a device with Internet access
such as 3G cellular service, broadband via Ethernet, or other Internet gateway
as an access point for other devices. It was implemented by Microsoft as a
feature of its Windows
operating system (as of Windows 98 Second Edition and later) for
sharing a single Internet access on one computer between other computers on the same local area network. It
makes use of DHCP and network
address translation (NAT). | <urn:uuid:1475202b-fd8c-4ab8-a32a-2e6ce0aa4efe> | {
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Researchers at the University of California, San Diego School of Medicine have discovered that a signaling molecule is crucial to cellular reprogramming.
This is a finding with significant implications for stem cell-based regenerative medicine, wound repair therapies and potential cancer treatments. The findings are published in the Nov. 20 online issue of Cell Reports
Karl Willert, PhD, assistant professor in the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and colleagues were attempting to use induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) to create a "disease-in-a-dish" model for focal dermal hypoplasia (FDH), a rare inherited disorder caused by mutations in a gene called PORCN. Study co-authors V. Reid Sutton and Ignatia Van den Veyver at Baylor College of Medicine had published the observation that PORCN mutations underlie FDH in humans in 2007.
FDH is characterized by skin abnormalities such as streaks of very thin skin or different shades, clusters of visible veins and wartlike growths. Many individuals with FDH also suffer from hand and foot abnormalities and distinct facial features. The condition is also known as Goltz syndrome after Robert Goltz, who first described it in the 1960s. Goltz spent the last portion of his career as a professor at UC San Diego School of Medicine. He retired in 2004 and passed away earlier this year.
To their surprise, Willert and colleagues discovered that attempts to reprogram FDH fibroblasts or skin cells with the requisite PORCN mutation into iPSCs failed using standard methods, but succeeded when they added WNT proteins - a family of highly conserved signaling molecules that regulate cell-to-cell interactions during embryogenesis.
"WNT signaling is ubiquitous," said Willert. "Every cell expresses one or more WNT genes and every cell is able to receive WNT signals. Individual cells in a dish can grow and divide without WNT, but in an organism, WNT is critical for cell-cell communication so that cells distinguish themselves from neighbors and thus generate distinct tissues, organs and body parts."
WNT signaling is also critical in limb regeneration (in some organisms) and tissue repair.
"We''ve shown that WNT signaling is required for cellular reprogramming," said Willert. "Some of the processes that occur during cellular reprogramming resemble those that occur during regenerative processes and wound repair. For example, limb regeneration in organisms like axolotl and zebrafish require cells at the injury site to de-differentiate (change their function) and then rebuild the damaged tissue. WNT is essential for these amazing regenerative processes."
Willert cautioned that "it would be a stretch to say that activation of WNT signaling will allow us to regenerate limbs," but said WNT activation is likely valuable in assisting tissue repair.
A variety of efforts are already underway exploring how to leverage WNT signaling to promote wound healing, such as speeding bone fracture repairs, and even hair growth. "That''s not really a wound repair process," Willert said, "but WNT is required for hair growth."
The caveat, he noted, is that "there''s a fine line between repairing tissue and promoting cancer growth." Willert said there are efforts underway to create therapeutics that block WNT signaling as a means to block cancer growth. Earlier this year, for example, Willert and colleagues published findings describing the use of an antibody to disrupt WNT signaling in embryonic stem cells. In cancer cells with mutations in the WNT signaling pathway this antibody may inhibit their growth and development.
Co-authors include Jason Ross, Julia Busch, Damian Ng, Alexandra Stanley and David Brafman, UCSD Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine; Ellen Mintz, California Polytechnic State University; V. Reid Sutton and Ignatia Van den Veyver, Baylor College of Medicine.
Funding for this research came, in part, from the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (grant RB1-01406), the National Institutes of Health (grant 1R01GM110304-01), the UC San Diego Stem Cell Program and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development. | <urn:uuid:00ffa814-68ce-4dad-a607-386046f9d113> | {
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University Of Pittsburgh Researchers Develop Co-Polymer That Acts Like A Super Sunscreen To Prolong Life Of Antioxidants
PITTSBURGH, January 10, 2005 — University of Pittsburgh researchers have developed a way that could prolong the effectiveness of antioxidants that are commonly used in products to protect against the harmful effects caused by sun and air exposure. Reporting in the Jan. 10 print issue of Biomacromolecules, a journal of the American Chemical Society, they describe a chemically formulated co-polymer that in laboratory studies was able to withstand significantly longer periods of intense ultraviolet light than other formulations.
Antioxidants are added to many types of products, from sunscreens and cosmetics to exterior paints and industrial and consumer plastics, in order to stave off oxidation – a process whereby UV radiation or oxygen in air or water produces a chemical reaction to the surface of an object. Oxidation causes skin to burn or wrinkle, iron to rust and plastics to turn yellow or crack. Yet even the addition of antioxidants cannot provide complete protection. Eventually, the antioxidants themselves become vulnerable to oxidation caused by UV light, hence the need to reapply sunscreen, repaint homes and replace sun-damaged materials.
“We wanted to identify a way to stabilize antioxidants against the deleterious effects of photo-oxidation caused by the sun. This has been a major obstacle that has limited the effectiveness of antioxidants to protect materials against oxidation,” said Bhalchandra S. Lele, Ph.D., research associate at the University of Pittsburgh’s McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine and the department of bioengineering at the University of Pittsburgh School of Engineering.
Dr. Lele and principal author Alan J. Russell, Ph.D., professor of surgery at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and director of the university’s McGowan Institute, developed a co-polymer that acts as a super sunscreen of sorts, whereby one chemical sacrificially takes the hit of UV rays to allow its partner, the antioxidant, to work longer. Specifically, the co-polymer consists of benzotriazole, a chemical that absorbs UV light, and an antioxidant called Trolox, a water-soluble derivative of vitamin E that has been shown to protect against the harmful effects of UV radiation.
“We have not simply combined these two compounds to create this unique co-polymer. In fact, when mixed, the end product is no more effective than each of the individual compounds. Rather, for these two chemical structures to be synergistically effective we found that the key components must reside in the same molecule,” explained Dr. Russell.
As a single chain molecule – with the two components side by side – benzotriazole preferentially receives the UV, thereby protecting the Trolox from exposure, in much the same way that a tall building takes the bright sun while casting a cool shadow on a house next door.
Dr. Russell began working on the creation of a co-polymer that was both protective of and protected against photo-oxidation as part of his lab’s primary focus to develop materials that can be used as coatings on buildings or vehicles that simultaneously detect and decontaminate chemical and biological agents. With funding from the U.S. Department of Defense Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative program administered by the Army Research Office, Dr. Russell has been seeking ways to couple the power of biological detection with light-activated decontamination. The only way to use both simultaneously was to invent a way to protect the biological component that is capable of detection and decontamination (nature’s catalyst) from the sun and other oxidants.
In their current study, the researchers created the laboratory equivalent of an extreme outside environment, subjecting an enzyme to eight hours of UV light roughly seven times the intensity of a blazing summer sun. Under these harsh conditions, an enzyme called chymotrypsin quickly lost its ability to function. The researchers then coated the enzyme with mixtures of UV-absorbing molecules and antioxidants. Only when the UV-absorbing and antioxidant molecules were placed in the same polymer chain could the enzyme survive for long periods.
“This surprising result implied that the UV-absorber could protect the antioxidant in the co-polymer. More detailed studies showed this to be true even without the enzyme, and as such, we found a unique way to stabilize antioxidants from their own oxidation. Now we can modify our decontaminating coatings so that they are less vulnerable to oxidative reactions from sun, and there very well could be additional applications in which protection of antioxidants is important,” said Dr. Russell.
The University of Pittsburgh has applied for a U.S. patent for the process involved in using a UV-absorber to stabilize an antioxidant. | <urn:uuid:526b427e-caf9-4da8-b70e-aba227e45030> | {
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Жизненный цикл пакета
Let’s consider a relatively simple model of client/server interaction where TCP is being used. Let’s say we have data to send from the client to the server. (It works almost identically when the server sends data to the client.) The client application creates a block of data and sends it to the TCP software in the client’s computer. It’s placed in an output buffer and timers are started that are associated with that block of data. TCP finds out from the operating system how much data it can send in each outgoing TCP block called a segment or Maximum Segment Size (MSS). TCP MSSs can range from 1460 bytes for 100 Mb and 8960 bytes for 1 Gb (with Jumbo Frames).
This segment is delivered to the IP software and the IP addresses of the sender and receiver are added. Then the IP software contacts the operating system to say an outgoing message is ready to be sent. When the operating system gives the okay, the outgoing packet is moved to the network interface card (NIC) to be sent. In this entire process, the performance of the client processor is critical to how fast this all can take place.
After the packet is sent from the interface card, the network performance is the critical factor. Packets can follow a short, fast route, a slow, long route or any combination of links. It is common for a packet to traverse 10-20 individual network links when going over an Internet connection. Like the adage about the strength of a chain depending on the weakest link, the speed through the network depends on the slowest link. More often than not, the slowest link is the access link into the network and the egress link out of the network.
At the server, the TCP segment is received on the NIC, delivered to the IP software and the process described above is reversed. During this process, it is the speed of the processing in the server that affects how quickly the data is received and the acknowledgement is prepared to be sent back.
In conclusion, there are three critical phases necessary for the successful delivery of the application message to the server’s application:
1. Processing of the message in the client to prepare it to be sent.
2. Network delivery.
3. Processing in the server when the message arrives. | <urn:uuid:0ce5749e-fb42-4d32-9033-cedc94e635eb> | {
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The big push by the Allies at Cassino was now fully underway and there was fierce fighting as the infantry got to grips with the Germans defences.
In Italy, on 12th May, 1944, after crossing the River Gari overnight, the Company advance was held up by heavy machine-gun fire from four posts on the front and flanks. As the capture of the position was essential to secure the bridgehead, the Company Commander called for a volunteer to get round the rear of the right post and silence it.
Volunteering at once and crawling forward through the wire to a flank, Sepoy Kamal Ram attacked the post single handed and shot the first machine-gunner; a second German tried to seize his weapon but Sepoy Kamal Ram killed him with the bayonet, and then shot a German officer who, appearing from the trench with his pistol, was about to fire.
Sepoy Kamal Ram, still alone, at once went on to attack the second machine-gun post which was continuing to hold up the advance, and after shooting one machine-gunner, he threw a grenade and the remaining enemy surrendered.
Seeing a Havildar making a reconnaissance for an attack on the third post, Sepoy Kamal Ram joined him, and, having first covered his companion, went in and completed the destruction of this post. By his courage, initiative and disregard for personal risk, Sepoy Kamal Ram enabled his Company to charge and secure the ground vital to the establishment of the bridgehead and the completion of work on two bridges.
When a platoon, pushed further forward to widen the position, was fired on from a house, Sepoy Kamal Ram, dashing towards the house, shot one German in a slit trench and captured two more. His sustained and outstanding bravery unquestionably saved a difficult situation at a critical period of the battle and enabled his Battalion to attain the essential part of their objective.
The London Gazette: 27 July 1944
Contemporary footage of the King presenting the VC medal. | <urn:uuid:b5dd1cb4-34d6-4920-afdb-d02fca659eed> | {
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COSHH regulations provide a structure to guard people in the workplace against health risks from hazardous materials, Substances which are used openly in the workplace such as chemicals or that arises due to process work such as: dusts, fumes and waste vapours.
COSHH regulations are created by the Health and Safety Executive to guide employers and business owners regarding the correct control measure shall implement in their workplace to protect the manpower against the hazards affecting employees due to exposure to substances containing chemicals, or produced fumes, dust emissions, chemical vapours, mists and gases, and biological agents.
According to the following case study it was identified that a fifty one year old fitter worked at a bakery for twenty years, he was not a smoker or had any history of asthma before he started work.
He complained of breathlessness, this was getting worse during the past fifteen years at work, his eyes frequently developed red and watery, he was suffering sneezing attacks also symptoms were not affected by the season of the year but it was noticed that they improved when he was away from work, Physician had previously diagnosed the fitter with asthma but had not connected this with his work, was the occupation union in charge who doubted that he suffer from occupational asthma then after series of examinations presented that his lung function was significantly better at vacations. Further examinations indicated a flour dust allergy.
Due to these investigations management decided for him to work in not as much of dusty areas of the plant after that management of the bakery improved the flour dust extraction and supplied him with appropriate respiratory protective equipment, he was ideal at work using a respiratory protective equipment to reduce his exposure, and medication to improve his symptoms. However, his general respiratory health was not fit because of chronic asthma, for which he obtains disablement benefit. Investigations revealed that this was not the only victim. Two other cases of flour dust allergy were detected.
These workers have better health, because their developing asthmas were picked up more quickly. However, they still need medication to control their symptoms but they are likely to suffer from breathing problems for the rest of their lives.
The company was fined for breaching The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974, and for not following Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Regulations for not making adequate risk assessments, not preventing or controlling exposure of employees to chemicals, and for not providing any ‘health surveillance\' of employees at-risk.
I was noticed from the case study that the main cause for the lung problems the workers suffered is the dust or flour dust emissions due to processing inside the bakery without monitoring the dust emissions caused during production for long periods of time. Absence of COSHH risk assessment was also noticed and no management commitment towards health and safety welfare of their workforce.
I would recommend that the company shall implement a health surveillance system, continuous monitoring by dating analysis of Air and taking samples from Air to identify the exposure limits among workers , control the flour dust in the atmospheres were the workers are working and reduce the exposure limits according to the dust levels in the bakers or factory secondly I would recommend dust control system to be applied in the workplace to reduce the dust emissions as well as it is important for continuous cleaning and applying mechanical techniques such as exhaustion systems to reduce the dust contained inside the factory
Additionally COSHH risk assessment shall be conducted by a qualified person to identify what substances are being used beside flour dust that may also expose workers to the lung and health problems
COSHH regulation analysis
COSHH is the law that requires companies to control substances that are hazardous to health and includes nanomaterials by finding out what the wellbeing hazards and deciding how to avoid harm to health
COSHH regulations stipulate that employers control substances that are hazardous to health. The Health and Safety Executive advice that hazards are identified and the risks to health stemming from the hazards are assessed. One of the main points of the COSHH risk assessment is to recognize the actions that are to be used to avoid a hazard or reduce the level of risk associated with a hazard. Employers must ensure that exposure to hazardous substances is prevented if this is not reasonably practicable or sufficiently controlled.
A COSHH assessment focuses on the hazards and risks from hazardous substances in the working environment also it shall be in mind that wellbeing hazards are not restricted to substances labelled as \'hazardous\' but also harmful substances can be produced by the process you use such wood dust from sanding, or silica dust from tile cutting or flour dust as noticed on the case study | <urn:uuid:bb756ae9-5820-4124-ab40-23cbd2d72419> | {
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It’s springtime at Louisiana’s Lake Martin. The air is filled with the chattering of wading birds in the trees that ring the shoreline as they build their nests and prepare to lay eggs. An alligator lies submerged, its body just barely breaching the surface. A snowy egret spots a good-looking stick floating on the water. It would make a fine addition to her nest, so she swoops down to snatch it up. Bad idea. The stick was perfectly perched on the alligator’s snout, just inches from his razor-sharp teeth. With one well-timed snap of his jaws, the alligator makes quick work of the bird and enjoys his lunch, beak and feathers and all.
Jane Goodall first described chimpanzees using sticks as tools in 1964. Prior to that, it was had been thought that tool use was exclusive to our species. In the decades since, the club of tool users has expanded to include other big-brained mammals such as apes, elephants and dolphins, such clever birds as crows, ravens and jays, and even the octopus. Now it turns out that crocodilians, animals once thought of as stupid, may use tools, too.
Vladimir Dinets, an assistant professor of psychology at the University of Tennessee and an author of a new study describing this hunting technique, first saw a hint that crocodilians – which include crocodiles, alligators, and caimans – might use sticks as a lure in 2007. Doing research in India, he watched as a mugger crocodile lay motionless in shallow water with an array of sticks and twigs laid across its snout. When an egret flew by to grab the stick, the crocodile snapped and the bird narrowly escaped. Dinets had heard stories of similar crafty behavior by animals at Florida’s St. Augustine Alligator Farm Zoo.
But these were just isolated anecdotes, not subject to the rigors of scientific observation. “We needed to prove convincingly that the use of sticks was intentional,” Dinets said. He started spending his weekends at two Louisiana lakes and discovered that the use of sticks as bait by wild alligators there was not haphazard. Alligators living beneath bird rookeries used them, while others didn’t. Because the trees near the lakes don’t regularly shed branches or twigs, this suggests that the gators were intentionally searching out sticks to use.
More significant, the alligators only used twigs as bait during the time of year that the wading birds were busy collecting twigs for their nests, from late March through early June.
This is the first report of a predator synchronizing the use of hunting lures to the seasonal behavior of its prey. And if tool use is rare in the animal kingdom, the use of objects as bait is even more rare. Until now, it has only ever been seen in capuchin monkeys, a few bird species and one insect.
Nathan Emery, a bird cognition researcher at Queen Mary University of London, isn’t quite convinced. If the alligators “had detached the sticks from trees themselves, this would be considered true tool use,” he says. “They need to do some experimental manipulation to go further in explaining what’s driving this.” For example, if the alligators were purposely choosing the best sticks and discarding others, that might be sufficient to qualify as true tool use.
Given that tool use might now occur in crocodilians and birds, both of which descend from dinosaurs, might dinosaurs themselves have used tools? According to Dinets, it is “very likely that at least some of the thousands of non-avian dinosaur species used tools as well,” but he admits that this is at best an educated guess.
The new study adds to evidence suggesting that alligators, crocodiles and other reptiles are highly social, clever animals, not the plodding dullards of their image. They care for their young and have sophisticated mating rituals, and they might hunt cooperatively. “I do think that we have vastly underestimated the abilities of reptiles,” Emery says. “but I don’t think we’ve really got into their heads in the same way that we’ve been able to with birds and mammals.” | <urn:uuid:0bf1cd52-7585-428a-bb31-681a64f48ffa> | {
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go4IT! Basic Workshop "B-O-B-3"
The objective of these novel go4IT! Basic Workshops is to give the participating girls the opportunity to take home the hardware they have built and programmed themselves. Keeping the hardware allows them to further develop their programming skills at home, in class or in working groups.
This is why we are working with B-O-B-3 which is a small robot developed by Nicai Systems. In a first step, the girls solder the small robot, before they have to focus on the robots’ programming. Finally – and this is the real benefit – they can take their self-made robot home, where they are able to continue the programming whenever they want.
In contrast to the simple plugging together of different LEGO components, soldering has the advantage that no association to a well-known toy arises and thus that a high level of professionalization is imparted from the very beginning. In addition, the girls are being trained in their motor skills as well as in the practical handling of technology. The girls get to know the basic components of a computing system (such as they can be found in computers, smartphones and other technical devices), which materials can be classified as conducting materials, and how the different components work together. With total of 22 soldering points, the B-O-B-3 can be completely soldered together within one hour and is fully operational afterwards.
In its final state (with programming-helmet), the B-O-B-3 is equipped with an ATmega88A controller, two multi-colored LEDs, two super-bright white LEDs, an IR transmitter and receiver, two tactile sensors, a phototransistor and a programming interface. So there is a lot to discover on this little robot. Working together, the girls shall try to guess or to find out what the different components can be used for. For the different LEDs this might be easy, while for the tactile sensors this is much more difficult. On the B-O-B-3, there is a test program already installed so that the girls can try out different features. At the same time, this allows them to test if they did a good job in soldering the 22 solder joints – if not, they can still ask for help.
After getting to know the different components of the B-O-B-3, the girls start programming. In this context, they program the B-O-B-3 with a text-based program in a specially prepared environment; this assures the presentation of the results to their proud and impressed family and friends.
On the second day, beginning with some guided tasks, the girls develop their own ideas of what B-O-B-3 should be able to do and what they want to teach their robot with the help of a programming language similar to C. The girls will be free in the organization of their work and can count on the support of the tutors to ensure them to implement their own ideas in an autonomous way. They can, for example, let two B-O-B-3 communicate by IR-LEDs and they can identify one another as either friend or enemy through the use of a binary code ID. During partner- and teamwork the girls learn to discuss their solution approach using technical language.
Finally, and this is the major advantage of the new go4IT-workshops, the girls cannot only take home numerous new experiences and amazing photos, but also their own B-O-B-3 for which they can develop new programs everywhere and at any time (using the online programming environment).
At this juncture, we would like to offer our special thanks to Synopsis which made the start of this project and the first ten go4IT!-Basic-Workshops 2.0 with the B-O-B-3 possible. | <urn:uuid:df4bdb5e-0f10-4c60-9a97-c978cf5fd236> | {
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Presentation on theme: "U.S. Supreme Court. Called the “high court” and last court of appeal *** only court specifically mentioned by the Constitution 2 Types of Jurisdiction."— Presentation transcript:
Called the “high court” and last court of appeal *** only court specifically mentioned by the Constitution 2 Types of Jurisdiction 1) Original A) cases involving diplomats from foreign countries B) cases involving a state as a party 2) Appellate Must be heard in lower courts and brought by appeal
Requirements to serve: Appointed by the President Confirmed by the Senate (simple majority) Length of term: Life *****Pay can never be reduced In theory- This creates an independent judiciary that is free from political pressures
Confirming a justice 1) Nomination The President, after consultation with advisers, submits a nomination to the Senate. 2) Investigations The FBI, the American Bar Association, and the Senate Judiciary Committee staff conduct investigations of the nominee’s professional and private life. Special interest groups and the press also bring out information about the nominee.
3) Senate Hearings The Senate Judiciary Committee holds public hearings to interview the nominee and hear testimony from his or her critics and supporters. 4) Senate Voting Senate Judiciary Committee votes whether to recommend the nominee to the full Senate. If recommended, the Senate then votes to confirm or reject the nominee.
9 Members: 1 Chief justice 8 Associate Justices # of members has stayed the same since 1869 Congress has the power to change the # (FDR plan) Who are the current justices??
US Supreme Court Justices John Paul Stevens Born: April 20, 1920 Education: A.B., Univ. of Chicago; J.D., Northwestern Univ. School of Law Joined: 1975 nominated by Gerald Ford Religion: Protestant *** Would have needed to serve until 2012 to set record for longevity but retired on June 29, 2010
Antonin Scalia Born: March 11, 1936 Education: A.B., Georgetown University and Univ. of Fribourg, Switz. LL.B., Harvard Law School Joined: 1986 nominated by Ronald Reagan Religion: Roman Catholic
Anthony Kennedy Born: July 23, 1936 Education: B.A., Stanford University and the London School of Economics LL.B. Harvard Law School Joined: 1988 nominated by Ronald Reagan Religion: Roman Catholic
Clarence Thomas Born: June 23, 1948 Education: A.B., Holy Cross College J.D., Yale Law School Joined: 1991 nominated by George H.W. Bush Religion: Roman Catholic
Ruth Bader Ginsberg Born: March 15, 1933 Education: B.A., Cornell University LL.B., Columbia Law School Joined: 1993 nominated by Bill Clinton Religion: Jewish
Stephen Breyer Born: August 15, 1938 Education: A.B. Stanford University B.A., Magdalen College at Oxford University LL.B., Harvard Law School Joined: 1994 nominated by Bill Clinton Religion: Jewish
Samuel Alito Born: April 1, 1950 Education: B.A. Princeton University J.D. Yale Law School Joined: 2006 nominated by George W. Bush Religion: Roman Catholic
Sonia Sotomayor Born: June 25, 1954 Education: B.A., Princeton University J.D., Yale Law School Joined: August 8, 2009 nominated by Barack Obama 1 st Hispanic, 3 rd Female Religion: Roman Catholic
Elena Kagan Born: April 28, 1960 Education: B.A. Princeton Univ. J.D., Harvard Law Joined: August 7, 2010 nominated by Barack Obama 4 th Female Religion: Jewish
John G. Roberts, Jr. Chief Justice Born: January 27, 1955 Education: A.B. Harvard University J.D. Harvard Law School Joined: 2005 nominated by George W. Bush Religion: Roman Catholic | <urn:uuid:acb96ed3-79b0-4b47-8e3e-31eabbdeacc6> | {
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Although it's rare, some meteorites that drop in on Earth come from our neighboring Red Planet. We have suspected this for years, but this week, NASA's Curiosity rover confirmed their origin.
Using her Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument — a highly sophisticated onboard chemistry lab that can conduct hundreds of the same experiments we do on Earth — Curiosity rover found two forms of argon, a noble gas that doesn't react to other compounds. This is an important gas because it tells the straightforward history of Mars, which was once a wet planet similar to Earth.
While argon exists throughout our solar system, on Mars, the ratio of heavy to light argon is skewed due to the loss of its atmosphere over billions of years. This fundamentally changed it into the cold, desert-like planet that exists today.
Modern Mars is filled with the heavy form, Argon 38. The lighter form, Argon 36, rose to the top where it then easily escaped. In a sense, Curiosity uncovered the planet's hidden signature by pinning down the ratio of these two forms at 4:2. To put that into context, NASA's Viking landers estimated the planet's atmospheric value to be in the range of 4:7.
"We really nailed it," said Sushil Atreya of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, in a press release. Atreya is the lead author of a paper reporting the finding. “This direct reading from Mars settles the case with all Martian meteorites."
Out of the tens of thousands of known meteorites to slam into Earth, less than 150 have been identified with Mars origins.
The study appears in Geophysical Research Letters, a journal of the American Geophysical Union. | <urn:uuid:31a7b113-1e59-4d8a-998b-20a248ce508f> | {
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Over the past decade, the study of organismal or systematic paleobiology has been progressing into a new age of digital paleobiology, in which advanced instrumentation is utilized for primary data collection and analyses. Having been progressing throughout this field of study, advanced instruments—commonly electron- and ion- microbeam equipment—have been employed for numerous fossils over the entire range of geologic
time, from microfossils to macrofossils and from the Archean (beginning at 3800 Ma) to the Cenozoic (ending at the recent). These techniques, predominantly used for geochemical, morphological, and ultra-/micro-structural analyses, have unlocked an incredible amount of detail contributing to our understanding of fossil organisms, their modes of life, and their biological affinities. But further, as these techniques continue to grow and become popularized in various fields of paleobiological study, they are certain to significantly progress our comprehension and knowledge of the evolution of life through time.
While the chapters presented in this dissertation may not have a unifying theme in terms of a distinct fossil organism or specific time in Earth’s history, furthering the use of electron- and ion- microbeam instrumentation and expanding the paleo-genres to which digital paleobiological approaches may be applied encompasses the fundamental intention of my research. Two of the chapters reported here focus on the geochemical,
ultrastructural, and microstructural investigation of organic-walled microfossils, or
acritarchs, from the Paleoproterozoic (2500–1600 Ma) and Mesoproterozoic (1600–1000 Ma), using a range of advanced instrumentation including field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, laser Raman spectroscopy, electron microprobe, secondary ion mass spectroscopy, and focused ion beam electron
microscopy. Moving into the Neoproterozoic (1000–542 Ma), the third primary research chapter utilizes field emission scanning electron microscopy for high-resolution, high magnification imaging and quantitative evaluation of an entire fossil assemblage—from acritarchs and algal fossils to the earliest metazoan embryos. This study was conducted in an effort to examine and describe the phosphatization taphonomic window of the Doushantuo Formation of South China, which is a prime example of exceptional preservation. Finally, the fourth primary research chapter reported here uses field
emission scanning electron microscopy and environmental scanning electron microscopy
in a field of paleobiology in which advanced instrumentation has been highly underutilized – predatory-prey interactions. This research examines microstructural characteristics of predatory drill holes in both modern and fossil organisms in an attempt to mitigate the identification of predation traces in the fossil record. | <urn:uuid:aefdba52-fe10-4de5-8458-73f3cee8f7fa> | {
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Innovative methods of storing thermal energy come to the fore
By Ben Sampson of Professional Engineering
After years of being taken for granted, are we finally beginning to feel the heat?
Last week the government closed its consultation on the renewable heat incentive, a scheme it plans to start in April 2011. Its premise is almost identical to the feed-in tariff, which was launched this month. But instead of encouraging people to generate their own electricity, the renewable heat incentive will encourage people to generate their own heat.
Where the feed-in tariff aims to encourage technology such as solar photovoltaics and wind turbines by financially rewarding them per kilowatt hour, the renewable heat incentive (RHI) aims to encourage the development and uptake of technology such as ground source heat pumps and biomass boilers.
The tariff will be a world first in supporting renewable heat technology, says the government. Certainly, the scheme marks a change from the previously dismissive attitude the government took towards heat as part of the energy mix. Over the last decade energy policy, legislation and research funding has targeted mainly electricity generation and use. That heat is now gaining currency in political circles is because of a growing awareness of its role in energy efficiency and storage.
Storing Thermal Energy from power stations for district heating
The Technology Strategy Board, the Carbon Trust and the Energy Technologies Institute (ETI) have big plans for the technology. The ETI announced a feasibility study in January into creating giant heat stores near power stations.
With “interseasonal heat storage” the stores would capture heat normally lost from the power stations and discharge it via district heating when needed.
Professor Brian Norton, who is director of the Dublin Energy Lab at Dublin University and runs the European Union’s research network on heat storage, says that interseasonal heat storage on a large scale is technically feasible but there may be economic considerations against it.
Charging the heat reservoir results in thermal stratification – layers of different temperatures within the store – and discharge of heat does not take place until thermal equilibrium is reached, which could take several years, says Norton. He adds: “The insulation would be a huge cost. Then there are the economics of developing the controls and instrumentation. It would also be very location-specific. Storage competes with fossil fuel energy and the economics of storage have to stack up to be viable compared to fossil fuels.
“The important part is the interaction of the storage material with the system – how it behaves with the pattern of the loads and inputs.”
Norton is effusive about the state of heat energy storage research and says there are numerous projects and organisations across Europe engaged in the area. Researchers are using computer simulations to improve their understanding of heat in the context of storage and transfer materials and devices. Engineers have to do a lot of calculations to work out the optimum size of the store, the temperature, and the best material for the job, he says. For example, storage media for a system in a building would require an ambient temperature and slightly above, whereas at solar power stations you would want to store at a higher temperature with sodium.
A great deal of research deals with “phase change” materials for heat energy storage and transfer, materials such as molten salt, fatty acids and liquid sodium. The main direction of research here is to reduce the mass of stores. There are also many novel applications in development, such as using phase change as a cooling medium or in water desalination plants. “Or you might want to create a thermal delay, store energy and then discharge it at a particular rate,” says Norton.
Interseasonal Heat Transfer for on-site renewable energy
Not all interseasonal thermal energy stores have to be massive, and a few companies in the UK offer services to design and build heat stores for buildings. Since 2006, ICAX has installed several interseasonal thermal stores in new buildings. Its latest project, a community centre in Merton, south London, was completed last month.
According to Edward Thompson, director for ICAX, the architects of the community centre initially considered a biomass boiler. However, there were problems, such as the delivery of biomass, storage of fuel, personnel for the boiler, and the disposal of the ash. “It was more expensive than people thought,” he says. Once designed, the architects realised that cooling the structure would be a bigger problem than heating it.
They specified an Interseasonal Heat Transfer system which collects heat from the sun and the air-conditioning units. The collected heat is pumped into a “thermal bank” in the ground and stored and pumped back into the building when required.
“It’s extremely efficient and so simple that sometimes people don’t believe it works,” says Thompson. “The building is unusual in London because it has no gas supply or boiler. We’re confident that the system will supply sufficient heat throughout the winter. We’ve done it before and we’ll do it again.”
Each ICAX system has been tailored to a specific building because every building has different thermal properties. Engineers at ICAX use CFD software to model the heat flows in the thermal bank. “Thermal modelling is critical to the installation of the system, in the building and in the thermal bank. The bank has to be the right size,” says Thompson.
Thermal energy stores are being touted as a way of filling the intermittency hole an increased dependence on renewable energy may leave us with in the future. Solar energy collectors, tidal and wave energy collectors, wind turbines, all share an engineering challenge in that their power output varies according to environmental factors – the strength of the wind, the times of tides, the amount of sunshine – that do not match the requirements of society. Although a future “smart” grid may cope with this alongside a constant baseload, many experts believe an effective way of storing energy, more practical than pumped hydro, is needed.
Pumped heat electrical energy storage
Cambridge start-up Isentropic has developed what it calls pumped heat electrical energy storage (PHES), which uses gravel as its phase change material. Jonathan Howes, Isentropic’s technical director, says: “PHES has the potential to dominate the large-scale electrical storage market.
“It provides a cost-effective solution to the intermittency problems of renewable energy sources. Moreover, it has no geographical constraints, is compact, can demonstrate a round-trip efficiency of 72%-80% and has the lowest costs of any storage technology.”
The system consists of two silos, one at 500°C and one at -150°C, containing gravel. The machine compresses or expands air to either of the two temperatures and the air passes through the two piles of gravel where it gives up its heat or cold to the gravel. In order to regenerate the electricity, the cycle is simply reversed. The temperature difference is used to run the machine as a heat engine.
Because gravel is such a cheap and readily available material, the company claims the cost can be kept very low – $55/kWh and $10/kWh at scale.
The Technology Strategy Board is interested and selected the firm to represent promising clean technology companies on a trade trip to the US recently. Isentropic is in talks with a sponsor company to build a demonstrator plant.
Heat drives cyclic adsorption process
At the opposite end of the spectrum, Professor Bob Critoph from the University of Warwick and his spin-out Sorption Energy, are working to miniaturise a thermal process and exploit it efficiently.
Based on 20 years of research, the firm is several years away from its first commercial product – a domestic boiler that promises to be up to 40% more efficient than conventional boilers. The company is targeting the automotive sector and air-conditioning industry and has a Carbon Trust loan for R&D. “The technology can utilise the waste heat of the engine for the car’s air-conditioning,” says Critoph. “It’s basically a heat-operated compressor.”
The adsorption process at the heart of Sorption’s technology uses active carbon instead of a mechanical compressor and is driven by heat rather than mechanics. The system uses natural refrigerants such as water or ammonia.
Molecules of the refrigerant accumulate on the active carbon, creating a film on the surfaces of the micropores within the carbon. The process differs from absorption, where a substance diffuses into a liquid to form a solution. An adsorbent will adsorb the refrigerant vapour when cooled and desorb (release) it when heated.
According to the company, adsorption heat pumps can be driven by waste heat or solar energy and are cyclic in operation. They require a condenser, expansion valve and evaporator similar to those used in conventional compressor-driven systems. However, the compressor is replaced by the adsorption system.
The main challenge has been squeezing the technology into a small footprint. “It’s engineering the technology to make it small enough and low enough cost to make it commercial,” says Critoph.
“There are people out there doing fuel cells, CHP and various heat pumps for this market. From a consumer point of view, they just use less gas. The main driver for the technology is the government’s stance on global warming.”
With schemes like the renewable heat incentive and more renewables coming online, it’s likely we will see more thermal energy devices and stores, big and small, soon. | <urn:uuid:588ba7c1-af89-4770-99ff-c9f3f85a42f1> | {
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If you are longing to grow vegetables but have limited space, don’t despair. All you need are some big containers, the right amount of sunlight every day, access to water, and a willingness to get your hands dirty.
Container vegetable gardening has grown so popular that there are varieties bred just for that purpose. Container vegetable varieties tend to be smaller plants, but the vegetables themselves are the same size and just as prolific as standard sized vegetable plants.
Here are some good plants to start with.
Look for smaller, “determinate” tomato varieties. Their smaller vines stop elongating at about 3 to 5 feet long. It’s a bit more difficult to find determinate seedlings in the nursery, so you may need to start them from seed. ‘Tasti-Lee’ from Nichols Garden Nursery and ‘Super Bush’ tomato from Renee’s Garden fall into this smaller, container plant category. The tomatoes they produce, however, are full sized, and there are plenty of them, so plants need a strong support system to hold branches up.
Cucumbers are simple to start from seed. Shorter varieties such as ‘Bush Slicer’ (also from Renee’s Garden) are good choices for containers. The cucumber fruits (we think of them as vegetables but technically, since they have seeds, they are fruits) grow on vines, so they, too, need a trellis or other structure to support them.
Both tomatoes and cucumbers need at least six hours of full, direct sunlight in the warmest months of the year to fruit.
If you don’t have that much sunlight, try growing lettuces instead. Lettuces even grow in part shade, especially inland. Try slow-bolting varieties such as the gorgeous, frilly red-leaved ‘New Red Fire’ from Johnny’s Select Seeds.
Bolting, by the way, is the term for when a lettuce plant stops making new leaves and instead forms a flower stalk. Bolting is triggered by warm weather, a signal to the plant that its life cycle is ending and it’s time to make seeds to ensure there’s a next generation. All the plant’s energy (in the form of sugars) is redirected from leaves to flowers. Leaves, then, become very bitter.
When a lettuce plant starts to bolt, pull it out and compost it — it won’t be worth eating.
By the way, there’s no need to harvest entire heads of lettuce at once. That’s how they harvest for the grocery store, but when you grow your own, just pick off outer leaves as you need them.
Tomatoes and cucumbers have extensive root systems so the larger the container, the better. Shallow-rooted lettuces grow fine in smaller pots, even tubs.
If you are a no-frills gardener, you can grow a single tomato or three to four lettuce plants in a five-gallon plastic nursery container. A 15-gallon plastic nursery container can hold three or four cucumber plants. Line the bottoms of these containers with a circle of old window screen to cover the drainage holes. The screen holds dirt in and keeps critters (mostly snails, slugs, and pill bugs) out.
If you can make the investment, a half whiskey barrel is big enough for two tomato plants, four or five cucumbers and six to eight lettuce plants. You might want to drill some large drainage holes in the bottom; cover each hole with a piece of window screen, too.
These vegetables all prefer rich, well-draining potting mix. Don’t use garden dirt. Fill containers to within a half inch of the top, throw in some worm castings (one handful for a one-gallon, three for a five gallon, seven for a whiskey barrel), and mix in granular, organic vegetable food. Water the soil well, so it settles before you plant.
Always plant into damp potting mix. Seeds are best planted just below the soil surface. Cucumber and lettuce seedlings go in at the same depth they were in the nursery containers.
Tomatoes are one of the very few plants that do better when you bury the stem. The bumps on the tomato stem sprout roots that add to the plants’ support systems. Plant each tomato plant with just the top one or two sets of leaves above the soil.
Fully filled and planted whiskey barrels are really heavy, so place them in a permanent location before planting. And be prepared with a support system. My favorite support is a 4-by-7-foot piece of concrete reinforcing wire from the hardware store. Pull the short ends together to form a cylinder and secure with three or four zip ties (also called cable ties) to connect the ends. The cylinder fits perfectly over the top of a half whiskey barrel and supports tomato plants or any kind of vine like cucumber or watermelon.
For the final touch, water the seedlings to settle all the soil around roots, then mulch the top of the container with straw to keep the soil evenly moist. Water often and pay attention to how your plants are growing.
April in the garden
Winter was cold and long, then ended suddenly about two weeks ago. There’s been just the right amount of heat since then to throw my garden into a riot of color, and I am so incredibly happy to see it!
Color in the garden makes my heart sing. I’m amazed at how much there is, despite the fact that I just turned irrigation system on for the first time since November.
• In addition to blooming, all my plants are growing, and the flip side of growing is weeds. Weeds everywhere! Errant grasses, spreading spurge, dandelions, Oxalis — you name it, it’s in my garden. The only combat is to grab a hoe, or get down on my knees and pull weeds out by the root.
• The unfortunate part about spring bloom is that it’s too late to plant the bright colored annuals that are already flowering. Don’t despair. Take photos, make a note to put those plants on your shopping list for next fall.
• By the end of the month, start planting tomatoes. The soil has to be warm enough to plant. Only once soil warms will plants be stimulated to grow, so don’t be in too much of a hurry. As you bide your time, however, dig some good compost, earth worm castings, and some organic vegetable food into your garden beds.
• Later in April, start checking on the developing peaches, apples and other deciduous fruits in the garden. Once they are marble sized, thin them to about one fruit along every 4 to 6 inches of branch.
• Along the coast in particular, continue planting ornamental trees, vines and shrubs. As the weather warms, it’s also time to plant passionvines. These beautiful, vigorous vines make multilayered, multicolored blooms, some of which make edible fruits. Passiflora edulis is the best-known fruiting variety. Be sure to have a very strong support structure in place before you plant. Fences are good; trellises usually are not. Full sun and occasional to regular water is important, too.
• Are you fertilizing your citrus? If not, get started. Citrus need fertilizer to fruit well, as do avocados. Use an organic fertilizer regularly.
• Start seeds for summer herbs, annual fruits and vegetables: cucumber, basil, squash, tomato, peppers, watermelon, pumpkins and more.
• Plant a big pot of basil right outside the kitchen door. That way, when you are cooking, it’s easy to grab and add to salad, soups, pasta or anything else. Nothing beats the taste of fresh basil.
•Deadhead perennials as they finish their spring bloom. That stimulates them to make more flowers.
• Cut sweet pea flowers to make bouquets. The more flowers you cut, the more you get. And their flowery perfume will fill your home.
• Garden tours continue into early May, but most are in April. This year’s Encinitas Garden Festival & Tour is April 20. It’s always a great day of walking from garden to garden and shopping in the Gardeners Marketplace.(www.encinitasgardenfestival.org).
• You are invited to Plant Your Promise, a series of pop-up planting opportunities at farmers markets across San Diego and at Earth Fair, all part of the celebration for the launch of “A Growing Passion,” my new TV show debuting May 2 at 8:30 p.m. on KPBS television. Plant a seedling, take photos as it grows, and share them with us on Instagram @agrowingpassion, or on upload to www.AGrowingPassi.... Check www.AGrowingPassi... for a schedule of planting events. | <urn:uuid:51134250-3a1d-4f86-af8f-bb4825acaf60> | {
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Dr. Dee Thomason, Pharm.D., BCPS, professor of pharmacy practice at the McWhorter School of Pharmacy at Samford University, talks about blood thinners and common diseases (i.e. atrial fibrillation, clotting disorders) that blood thinners are commonly prescribed for. Dr. Thomason will also discuss the difference between Aspirin and other blood thinners along with discussing signs/symptoms of heart attack and stroke.
DID YOU KNOW?
During atrial fibrillation, blood can pool between heart beats and risk a clot to form; therefore, a blood thinner is recommended to decrease that chance.
Remember the signs of stroke to help a loved one F-A-S-T – Facial drooping, arm weakness, slurred speech and time to act. | <urn:uuid:1965b237-998e-40dc-8eb4-1e6b31e4b831> | {
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CHICAGO — Babies born just a few weeks early face higher odds of developmental delays and behavior problems that show up in kindergarten, a study of nearly 160,000 children found.
The research adds to emerging evidence about potential threats facing otherwise healthy "late preterm" infants, who until recently were not even called premature.
It also bolsters arguments against scheduling caesarean section births more than a few days early just for the convenience of doctors and mothers.
Babies in the study born at 34 to 36 weeks were 36 percent more likely to have developmental delays including learning difficulties in kindergarten than those born during the 37th to 41st week, which is the range for a full-term pregnancy.
Slightly more than 4 percent of late preemies had developmental delays, compared with nearly 3 percent of the other infants. That would mean about 14,000 of about 360,000 late preterm children born each year are affected.
While that excess risk is notable, it should not raise undue alarm because most late preemies had no developmental problems, said lead author Dr. Steven Morse of the University of Florida.
Still, Morse said obstetricians, pediatricians and parents should be aware that these babies might face delays because "the sooner we can recognize it, the more likely we can do something about it."
Reasons for the results are uncertain, although brain immaturity is one theory.
Late preemies were slightly more likely to have low-income, less educated mothers, but Morse said factoring in those differences didn't change the results.
Other studies have suggested that the brain continues to mature in the final month of pregnancy, and that babies born a month early have smaller brains than those born on time.
The study, released today, is in April's Pediatrics journal.
Until recently, babies born up to a month early were referred to as "near-term" infants, but recent studies have shown that they may develop problems shortly after birth that are similar to those affecting very premature babies. These include breathing difficulties, problems regulating body temperature and jaundice. | <urn:uuid:04bb06ef-8277-46e8-9c9d-7b3e4112641f> | {
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OF MEN AND RECORDS IN
HISTORY OF THE NEGRO
by Dorothy Porter Wesley
presented at Morgan State College, Social Science Club,
February 13, 1957, in celebration of the
Negro History Week Program. Edited
and referenced by Constance Porter Uzelac,
Executive Director, Dorothy
Porter Wesley Research Center, Inc., January 16, 2001)
It is a real pleasure and
privilege for me to be here and to participate in your Negro History Week
Program. Over the years, Negro History Week has become for me a living event. I
have learned to look forward to it with a sense of obligation, or duty, and to
feel that somehow I have become a devotee of its cult. Each year, for many
years, I have assembled special exhibitions and helped groups throughout the
country to mark and color the event. I have subscribed to the belief that Negro
History Week must be just as seriously regarded in a national way as it well
may be in a regional or local way.
Certainly it was the hope of
Carter G. Woodson,1 the founder of this annual celebration, that all African
Americans would be aroused through the annual recurrence of this event to a
keener appreciation of the contributions our people have made to their own as
well as to world history. Indeed, Carter G. Woodson was dedicated not only to
the passion of scholarship but his public life was an unending search for the
greater- as well as the lesser-known truths of the Negro past. And it was from
him, this leader who began life as a coal miner and ended it as an educator,
humanist, historian and publisher, that we have learned the hard but all
important fact that the African American can claim no achievement as a group
unless he has records to document them. It was under the compulsion of this
belief that Woodson begged for and assiduously collected old family records in
the form of letters, diaries, bills, certificates and other miscellany of our
racial past. Moreover, along with many like-minded men, he helped to raise up a
small army of younger scholars with the double purpose of preserving and
interpreting the records of his people.
I have often wondered how
C[arter] G[odwin] W[oodson], who worked nearly always alone, found time to
write and edit seventeen books on Negro life and history, to establish the
A[ssociation for the] S[tudy of] N[egro] L[ife and] H[istory], 2 the Associated
Publishers, the Journal of Negro History and the Bulletin of Negro History.
Additionally, he completed three volumes of a projected Encyclopedia Africana.
He inspired many historians, white and black; and some of the fine scholars he
championed are on your faculty now, carrying the burden of teaching while
trying to reevaluate the African American and to fit him into his proper place
I know some of you who are here
today may be wondering why a librarian is addressing you instead of an
historian. If you are making an effort to recall the title of some monograph or
book of fullsome bulk I may have written, or if you are trying to recall which
aspect of a burning social or political question I may have defended, set your
minds at rest for I make no claim to memorable literary or polemical
effectiveness in the area of history. As a librarian, I do claim to have had
access to a few unusual collections of books and periodicals.
It is fitting, therefore, that I
share with you some of the experiences and insights that I have derived from an
actively acquisitive and professional concern with the materials of African
American history. While I will not attempt a definition of such materials at
this time, you will be able to imagine its scope when I say that within it are
embraced books and pamphlets, manuscript letters, diaries, journals, documents
of all kinds, broadsides, maps, engravings, pictures, microfilms, microprints,
phonograph records, curios, museum and ephemeral pieces of various types.
To work with such a varied
accumulation of materials is a never-ending temptation to browse or to do
research. Occasionally, and to a degree automatically, I find myself doing both
at the same time. However, a librarian's task is somewhat like that of an
historian: to pursue the facts and, quite naturally, more facts are often
turned up in places where interest has already made the ground familiar.
I recall that not many years ago
the African was said to lack all sense of history because African history was
not available in the form of written language. But now I know that the
objective studies of anthropologists, linguists and historians have gone far to
correct this ignorant opinion. They have proved that many African people of
high culture have possessed an historical sense, and further, that their
trained memories and prodigious fund of legend have served as the actual
conservators of their history.
Delafosse3 in his Negroes in
Africa stated that over many areas of Africa one finds "living books" rather
than libraries, laws and codes, supernatural tales, comic stories, proverbs,
riddles, epic poems, funeral dirges and dramas. These living books are of all
types: some are musicians, poets, storytellers, and others are dancers. They
memorize genealogies of noble families, many important facts relating to great
men, religious beliefs, and tribal life that is then handed down from
generation to generation, each one adding to the heritage it has received from
the preceding generation.
Emil Torday, the Hungarian
ethnologist who lived among and studied very seriously the Bushongo people of
the Central Congo region, is one of several scientists who has helped Western
minds to learn the real truth about African culture. He tells us that for many
centuries, among the Bushongo people, a high-placed dignitary known as the
M'aridi was the Court Historian. In his own person and in the quality of his
office he represented the highest expression of oral tradition to be observed
any place in Africa. The M'aridi was a walking encyclopedia of the history as
well as of the mythology of his people. Through him and his associates, Torday
was able to learn much of the history of the past Bakuba chiefs: he was able to
retrospectively document 120 Nyimis or sovereigns (kings), thus placing the
known beginnings of Boshongo culture back to the sixteenth century.
The effect of this and many
similar researches by persistent investigators, among them Delaforre, Frobenius
and Griaule, to name only the most persistent, has been utilized by both
African and European students of culture, and particularly by African writers
who are earnestly probing the root traditions, folklore, and other hallowed
customs of their own people. These writers have collected and preserved in
written form many of the old Court praises, folk tales, tribal histories, laws
and stories derived from the more sophisticated accounts of tribal life and
This lifting of the ancient
curtain of mystery and half-truths has revealed the African people in a new
light, and it is with a sense of appreciation that I note the recent
organization of libraries with progressive, systematic collections and a
concentration of records in many different formats at various urban university
centers in West Africa, East Africa and, more recently, in the Belgian Congo.
This, of course, does not mean that the oral tradition, the verbal and mimic
modes of African communication or expression, is at an end.
Jomo Kenyatta, the Kikuyu
anthropologist, writes in his book My People of Kikuyu: "The Kikuyu people have
no written records and all they know of their early history is told in legends
and traditions. There is no sharp line where legend ends and history begins...
but there is no reason to doubt that these traditions, in their main outline,
present a true picture, for the Kikuyu have always remembered their ancestors.
Kikuyu history is preserved in legends and tribal songs. It is in these that
the memories of great men are kept green and their personalities and deeds are
Silas M. Molema,5 a black South
African, in his book entitled: The Bantu urged Africans to collect and record
the history of their people. Not only is this being done in South Africa, but
everywhere Africans are feeding presses with their manuscripts written in
French, English, or their vernacular languages.
Recently, Miss Joan Parkes, a
Nigerian traveling librarian, ransacked Nigerian reading rooms for local
materials that where no longer of use to their owners. Her purpose was to
deposit these gleanings where they would be preserved. The University College
at Ibadan, Nigeria, is now a depository for all government publications. It is
there that the private library of the late Herbert Macaulay, founder of the
Nigerian Democratic Party, is deposited. It contains thousands of items,
including pamphlets, newspapers, government documents, minute books, papers of
societies, maps, manuscripts letters, diaries and business documents of great
value to historical research. Other collections of Africana are finding their
way into libraries especially concerned with black Africa.
The priority that collections of
Afro-Americana have in our minds over collections of Africana is explained by
historical conditions. Thrust into the center of a dynamic Western civilization
and buffeted by powerful social, economic and cultural forces, the African
American early on developed a consciousness of self that corresponds to that of
a rationally controlled society. He mastered the language of the dominant group
and produced in that language a literature marked by experience and hope.
African American leaders, along
with their white Abolitionists friends, very early recognized the importance of
the African American position in America. In response to individual and family
needs and national interests and in the face of slavery and the later
disappointments of reconstruction and disfranchisement, they persisted in
gathering data and in the production and the preservation of records of their
African American slaves,
freedmen, politicians, preachers and scientific-minded men from the middle of
the eighteenth century in this country recorded their activities, personal
histories and numerous facts that enable us today to re-evaluate past history.
Their lives and their times contain much of curious history. Probably the first
of these men was Briton Hammon, whose narrative was published in 1760 in
Boston. I would like very much to read the title page of this book to you since
it not only gives us an idea of the experiences of Hammon but also because I
believe it to be the first book written by a Negro and published in the United
A narrative of the uncommon
sufferings, and surprizing deliverance of Briton Hammon, A Negro man . . .
servant to General Winslow, of Marshfield, In New-England who returned to
Boston after having been absent almost thirteen years. Containing an account of
the many hardships he underwent from the time he left his master's house, in
the year 1747, to the time of his return to Boston. "How he was cast away in
the capes of Florida; . . . the horrid cruelty and inhuman barbarity of the
Indians in murdering the whole ship's crew; . . . the manner of his being
carried by them into captivity. Also, an account of his being confined four
years and seven months in a close dungeon and the remarkable manner in which he
met with his good old master in London, who returned to New-England, a
passenger in the same ship.
Before 1800, a number of
interesting and often exciting volumes written by African Americans were
published in this country. Among these were books by John Marrant,6 James Alber
Ukawsaw, Gustavus Vassa,7 Venture Smith,8 Paul Cuffee, 9 Phillis Wheatley,10
Jupiter Hammon,11 Benjamin Banneker,12 and Richard Allen.13
In 1810, Daniel Coker14 published
in Baltimore a book on anti-slavery entitled: A Dialogue between a Virginian
and an African Minister. In 1816, he became a minister of the African Bethel
Church in that same city. For ten years I searched a number of libraries for
this book and finally found it on making a second trip to the American
Antiquarian Society in Worcester, Mass. The dialogue between the Virginian and
the African minister was of course an argument on slavery versus liberty. The
Virginian attempts to convince the minister that the enactment of a law in the
V[irginia] Legislature for the emancipation of slaves would be wrong since he
had legally purchased them as property. The African minister contends that
freeing men will not deprive anyone of his property but merely restore property
to its rightful owner. At the end of the argument the Virginian is convinced by
the persuasive African minister that he is wrong. He agreed to return home,
free his 55 slaves, and treat well those who did
not wish to leave. However, of
greater significance today is that in this little volume Coker included facts
that are still of historical interest: such as the names of the Negro ministers
whom he knew with the locations of their churches; a list of the African
churches in Philadelphia, New York, Long Island, Boston, New Jersey, Baltimore,
Wilmington, Annapolis and Charleston. He also gave statistics on the number of
African Methodists in the United States, which he placed at 31,885 in 1809. Of
particular interest to me is his list of sermons and orations written by
Negroes and published prior to 1810. Coker himself published sermons and an
interesting Journal in 1820, telling of his voyage on the ship Elizabeth from
New York to Sierra Leone where he took three agents and ninety persons of color
to settle a colony.
Anti-slavery societies, African
American literary organizations, church associations, and historical societies
did much to stimulate the collecting of books and pamphlets by African American
authors; they also encouraged the publication of titles about the African
American in order to show that our people were worthy of a fate better than
slavery and that they were not the inferior beings so many believed them to be.
Before emancipation many abolitionists of both races assembled representative
collections of anti-slavery publications and books of African American
authorship. A Catalogue of Anti-Slavery Publications in America, compiled by
Samuel J. May, was printed in the 1869 Report of the American Anti-Slavery
Society. It was a chronological list of publications printed from 1750 to 1863.
Perhaps the earliest effort by an
African American to collect and make books available to an African American
readership was that made by David Ruggles,15 an abolitionist. In 1834, Ruggles
opened a book shop in New York City where he circulated anti-slavery
publications. He also provided a reading room for colored persons since they
were excluded because of their color from literary institutions and reading
rooms provided primarily for white persons. Unfortunately, Ruggles' bookstore
was destroyed by fire in 1835.
Of the several African American
historical associations that had as one of their objectives book collecting,
the most interesting was the Negro Society for Historical Research16 founded at
Sunny Slope Farm, Yonkers, N.Y., on April 18, 1911, at the residence of John E.
Bruce.17 It numbered among its corresponding members residents of Panama, Cuba,
several West Indian Islands, Brazil, Sierra Leone, the Gold Coast, Liberia and
South Africa. This society published a few historical papers and occasionally
circulated some of the books from its collection of African American authors.
An article published on the society in the 1912 annual issue of the African
Times and Orient Review lists a few of the 300 rare works in the collection.
Several of the members of this society assembled collections of Negroana that
have found their way into public and university libraries. These men were John
E. Bruce, John W. Cromwell,18 W[illia]m A. Lavellet, William Bolivar,19 Daniel
Murray,20 Arthur A. Schomburg21 and Alain LeRoy Locke.22
It is not unlikely that early
African American historians prior to Carter Woodson's time had good private
collections during their day. William C. Nell,23 William Wells Brown,24 George
W. Williams,25 William H. Ferris26 and others must have had near their writing
tables numerous books, pamphlets and periodicals that they consulted while
writing their histories.
At the turn-of-the-century there
appeared many individual collectors of Afro-Americana. One of these was William
C. Bolivar, a colored businessman of Philadelphia who for many years had some
connection with almost every uplift movement of his race. For twenty years he
wrote a weekly column for the Philadelphia Tribune. Many of his articles
appeared under the nom de plume "Pencil Pusher." In 1914, a 32-page list of his
library of books, pamphlets, magazines, reports and manuscript letters was
printed. His collection was sold at auction to various collectors.
In 1899, at the suggestion of
President McKinley, the American Commissioner of the Paris Exposition decided
to have as a feature of the American exhibit a collection of books and
pamphlets by Afro-American authors. Daniel Murray, then assistant librarian of
the Library of Congress, was asked to assemble the collection. When the
exhibition opened in May 1900, he had succeeded in identifying 1,100 titles
from which he was able to send 500 to Paris. Murray continued to identify and
list African American authors and by 1904 his list had increased to 2,200.
There was much public reaction to Daniel Murray's printed Preliminary List of
Books and Pamphlets by Negro Authors, published in 1900. One such reaction was
a statement printed in the Boston Transcript of November 14, 1902, which
declared: "this work cannot be strictly a bibliography of Negro authors, since
it contains publications by mulattos, quadroons and octoroons." Senator
Benjamin R. Tillman, in his speech in the Senate on February 23, 1903, said:
"In South Carolina, we recognize octoroons as white people." This becomes
important since Henry Timrod, a great Southern poet to whom a monument was
erected in Charleston, S.C., and in whose honor numerous Timrod Societies have
been formed, was an astern.
During one of the sessions of the
American Negro Academy,27 a literary and historical association, held in
Washington early in the 1900s, a group of delegates, while eating dinner at the
home of John Cromwell,28 author of The Negro In American History, engaged in
much bookish conversation. As a result, The American Negro Book Exchange was
organized for the purpose of centralizing literature written by colored people.
The newly-formed organization planned to contact book collectors in Africa, the
West Indies, South America and Europe and to exchange duplicates written by
Africana authors. A list of such authors and their works was to be compiled.
Henry P. Slaughter,29 the well-known book collector, was elected president. He
had come to Washington in 1896 and was at the time of the meeting a government
printer. When Henry P. Slaughter was a boy he began to buy books on slavery and
read them because his parents and the older folk would not talk to him about
this subject that they wished to forget. From then on he avidly acquired books
not only on slavery but on [the] African American in general. These were
supplemented by titles on the Civil War and on A[braham] Lincoln. An eccentric
bookworm, Henry P. Slaughter preferred his books to intimate companionship or
to a new hat or a new suit of clothes any day. In 1946, his collection was
purchased by Atlanta University. It contained more than 7,000 books and
pamphlets, over 800 manuscript pieces, a large number of musical compositions
by African Americans, slave papers, photographs, engravings, framed pictures
and documents, as well as curios and museum pieces. It well supplemented the
Countee Cullen30 Memorial Collection and other collections of Africana interest
already at the University.
Among our people, no other man
was more intrigued by the history and culture of his race than Arthur Alphonso
Schomburg31 of Puerto Rico. He was perhaps the most noted of our bibliophiles.
He came to New York City in 1891 to study medicine but only studied for one
year. For thirty years Schomburg gathered data on the contribution of the
African and his descendants to art, literature, history and science. The
achievements of Africans in the Western world was a subject of special interest
to him. He journeyed to Spain to study Moorish history and to establish the
thesis that the Africans who accompanied the early explorers were Christians
brought over to help Christianize the natives. There, he also did research on
the colony of Africana founded by Balboa on the mainland of Panama. In Spain he
learned of the consecration in 1751 of Doctor Don Francisco Giver Lana Victoria
y Castro, an African and the first native bishop of Panama. International in
scope, the Schomburg collection covered nearly every phase of Africana activity
in Africa and in Europe, in South America, in the West Indies and in the United
States. The Schomburg collection has many rare volumes in addition to
quantities of books, pamphlets and periodicals of lesser value. It also
contains prints by and about Africana, newspaper clippings, playbills,
programs, broadsides, sheet music and recordings of music composed or performed
by peoples of African descent. In the same room with this collection, an
interesting group of African ivory, metal and wood-carved objects is always on
display. In 1926, The Arthur Schomburg collection was purchased by the Carnegie
Cooperation and placed under his care in the 135th Street Branch of The New
York Public Library. Schomburg served for several years as its curator.
When I was the age of many of
you, I knew nothing about Africa or of her descendants in this country. Of
course, I was aware that the third collection of pennies taken up in the church
of which I was a member went for the work of the missionaries in Africa. But no
one seemed to care about Africa but the missionaries. My school textbooks did
inform me that Africa was a land of naked savages, thatched huts, pygmies,
witch doctors, intense heat and torrential rains. There were no special issues
Look, Life or even Colliers at
that time devoted to the Negro. Ed Morrow's "See It Now" and Alan Patton's Cry,
the Beloved Country32 were not televised into my home. Perhaps my first real
introduction to African history was through a course I had on the early
civilization of Africa taught by William Leo Hansberry33 at Howard University.
Later, I was overjoyed when I learned shortly after finishing my academic work
that I was to have charge of building and developing an Africana library
collection at Howard University.
The excellent anti-slavery
collection of L[ewis] Tappan was received as a gift by the University in 1873.
Thereafter, smaller important gift items were frequently deposited by friends
of the University, one of whom was Charles Sumner.
In 1914, Dr. Jesse Edward
Moorland,34 a trustee of the University donated his collection of more than
3,000 books on the Negro and such diversified materials as engravings,
portraits, manuscripts, curios, pictures and clippings. The acceptance of this
gift by the trustees of Howard University created the Moorland Foundation, a
Library of Negro Life and History. In 1932, the collection was organized as a
reference collection and with the purchase in 1946 of the Arthur B. Spingarn35
Collection of Negro Authors, from all parts of the world the Moorland
Foundation became probably the most comprehensive collection in existence for
the study of Africana. Just this month we have unpacked the Alain L. Locke
collection of books and manuscripts bequeathed to the University by the late
Dr. Locke. Since time does not permit me to tell you about the wealth of
materials in the Moorland-Spingarn Collection, I invite each of you to visit
our library and see these treasures that are being added regularly to the
Perhaps the rapid growth of the
collection is one of my greatest problems. It reminds me of the elderly
Vermonter who, when asked if it were not awful to be growing older and older,
replied, "No, tain't awful to be growing older and older. If I wasn't getting
older, I'd be dead." Collections of course will never die when they stop
growing, and I would be very unhappy if my collection did not continue to grow.
I would like to say a word about
the competitive book dealers who not only often supply collectors with valuable
items that later get into public collections but who also search for and call
to the attention of librarians, books and manuscripts of special interest. Many
book dealers mimeograph or print lists and well-annotated bibliographies of the
titles that they have for sale. Frequently the finer catalogs issued by these
dealers become rare bibliographical items as they soon go out-of-print or are
lost. What is even more important is that they sometimes contain, in the
annotation above the item for sale, interesting facts often previously unknown
to the reader. Let me cite two or three examples: one dealer listed a
manuscript that he offered for sale for $95.00. It was a petition written by
Francisco, a slave, about 1630 that sheds light on the slave trade; however,
Francisco claimed to be a free man. He said he had obtained his liberty from a
Portuguese man who owned him in Brazil. Captured by the Dutch and taken to the
Netherlands, he was sold to the Calvinist Jacob in Dublin, who later gave him
to a Captain Tomas Gins. Finally, he was sold again to John Des, British Consul
at Cadiz, where this document was written.
A few days ago a catalog reached
my desk that listed many rare books and manuscripts relative to the discovery
and history of America for the period 1492-1814. One item for sale was a
manuscript diary of the 1779 Siege of Savannah, a contemporary account written
by the Comte D'Estaing. The diary includes statements concerning the
comparative strengths of the American and British forces at Savannah, checked
and dated October 8, 1779. The annotation includes the statement that the
American troops numbered 2,000 and together with the French, who had over
3,000, made a force of 5,883 men; the British troops numbered 3,000 and they
had as auxiliaries 4,000 Negroes and 80 "Chiroquis savages, which brought the
British forces up to 7,080.
Elsewhere we learn that of the
many Negro units in the Union Army during the Civil War, the 14th Rhode Island
Heavy Artillery was the only one found to have issued a newspaper. It was
called the Black Warrior. One hundred and eight different military units of the
Civil War published newspapers. Perhaps the young women here today will be
interested in this abstract describing the contents in part of a letter written
by Adah Isaacs Menken,36 a beautiful actress who for 15 years was the talk of
two continents. She was born in New Orleans in 1835 and was supposed to have
had a little African blood. Perhaps her life was made more exciting by the fact
that she had four husbands and equally as many lovers. A manuscript letter
written by her appeared in a recent catalog. In a letter to Robert Reece, the
librettist, she invited him to visit her and her "Ghosts." "They will be
harmless to you these Ghosts of mine," she wrote:
"They are soft-footed things that
wear my brain, and live on my heart, that is the fragment, I have left to be
called a heart. I hear you are married. I am glad of that. I believe all men
should be married. Yet, I do not believe women should marry. Somehow, they all
sink into nonentities after this epoch in their existence. This is the fault of
female education. They are taught from their cradles to look upon marriage as
the one event of their lives. That accomplished, nothing remains. However,
Byron might have been right after all "Man's love of his life a thing apart, it
is a woman's whole existence. If this is true, we do not wonder to find so many
stupid wives. Good women are rarely clever, and clever women are rarely good.
Now a royal tigress waits in her lonely jungle the coming of the king of the
forest, brown gaiters not excluded."
An exceedingly rare Haitian
imprint entitled: Glorious Events Which Have Brought Their Royal Majesties to
the Throne of Haiti37 was last week listed in a dealer catalog. It belongs to
the early period of King Henry Christoph's reign and was printed by Roux for
the Royal Government before the Imprimerie Royale was established at Sans
Souci. This publication describes the events that led to Christoph's elevation
to the throne, the fabulous coronation that took place in June 1811, the Royal
decrees establishing the hereditary nobility of Haiti and much other
information. This costly dealer's item was written by Julien Prevost, Comte de
Limonade, a very talented Mulatto, well educated in France, who held the
portfolio of Minister of Foreign Affairs, and thus had more frequent
intercourse with Europeans than did the other members of King Henry's Court. I
had never heard of Julien Prevost before I noted this annotation. These
examples illustrated the kind of information to be gleaned from dealer's
catalogs that list items on Africana and related subjects. These dealers in all
part of the United States and abroad are ready to supply prospective buyers
with their catalogs.
Many Africana victims of
Bibliomania have significantly enriched public and university library
collections. It is, or course, more than likely that in most instances they
were impelled by their affection for the recipient library who in many
instances have perpetuated their names, but occasionally gifts are made to
public institutions because they are deductible when the old man with the beard
comes around in March. The impulses, however, that move them to assemble rare
and useful books have varied as have their own differences in personality and
background. All, however, have been equally zealous in the pursuit of their
pleasures. For every true book collector book hunting is the best game in the
world. Books, he believes, are even more decorative in the home than paintings.
They are more varied in color and appearance than any wallpaper could possible
be. Best of all, to this breed of men each book has or contains a separate
personality. They are never alone when they sit surrounded by these intimate
friends. They may be forgiven this odd passion when it is realized that the
records they have collected and preserved would have been lost had they not
been touched early in life by that gentlest of infirmities:
Book collectors and book dealers,
and these latter are often true book collectors, very often perform a great
service to the historian or scholar, although they usually increase the labors
or test the conservation skills of the librarian. They supply us with enormous
accumulations of books, journals and other types of documents. Our scholars
must have not only the best materials but the mediocre bits also, for they are
often as valuable as the phenomenal in providing understanding of the climate
of opinion out of which emerged, or against which rebelled, a Frederick
Douglass or a W[illiam] E[dward] B[urghardt] D[uBois].
From year to year, as I have
witnessed the depositing of collections of materials in libraries through gifts
or through purchase, I have become very concerned over the lack of time and
opportunity to prepare bibliographies or catalogs, for they are our principle
instruments of research.
The compilation of giant
bibliographies such as Monroe Work's Bibliography of the Negro in Africa and
America,38 a tool of some 17,000 titles published in 1928, and Max Bissainthe's
Dictionnaire de bibliographie haitienne,39 which includes some 10,000 entries
relating to the rich culture of Haiti, require not only great moral stamina on
the part of the compiler but also physical vigor and abundant time. The useful
and significant contributions of the Works Progress Administration Federal
Writers' Project and the Historical Records Survey are easily noted in the many
guide books and calendars of manuscripts that were prepared a few years ago by
many contributors. The Calendar of the Frederick Douglass Papers is an example
of the kind of initial documentation that should be done for many family and
personal papers of Negro men and women.
The recent discovery of the diary
and personal papers of William Johnson,40 a free African American of Natchez,
Miss., and the finding of the correspondence between George A. Myers of
Cleveland and James Ford Rhodes,41 the historian, and the subsequent
publications resulting from the discovery of these papers, indicates the unique
contributions unpublished manuscripts can make to American history.
Finally, I hope many of you here
will have a serious interest in the records of men and women. No doubt some of
you have already been bitten by the book collecting bug. Others of you lacking
time to search for particular volumes may be compiling fine scrapbooks on local
history, on well- or not so well-known individuals, which will be of great
value a few years from today.
Not that the collector is by his
collecting proved an historian or that collecting presupposes devotion to a
single idea, I say avoid the tragic example of Lord Kingsborough, who in the
nineteenth century beggared himself in gathering a mammoth collection of books
and manuscripts in order to publish a thesis that would prove the American
Indians were descended from one of the Lost Tribes of Israel, which it is more
recently believed, never left Africa.
Now may I close with this thought
from William Wordsworth:
Dream books, are each a world;
and books, we know
Are a substantial world, both pure and good.
these, with tendrils strong as flesh and blood,
Our pastime and pure
happiness will grow.
Dorothy Porter Wesley, Librarian
Moorland-Spingarn Research Center
N O T E
- Carter Godwin Woodson (1875-1950),
educator, historian and editor of the Journal of Negro History from 1916 to
- Founded by Carter G. Woodson in 1915,
it is now known as the Association for the Study of African-American Life and
- Delafosse, Maurice (1870-1926). Negroes
in Africa: history and culture. Washington: Associated Publishers, 1931.
- Jomo Kenyatta. My People of Kikuyu and
the Life of Chief Wangome. London: United Society for Christian Literature,
- Silas M. Molema. The Bantu, past and
present: an ethnographical and historical study of the nature races of South
Africa. Edinburgh: Green, 1929.
- John Marrant (1755-1791), authored
Narrative of the Lord's Wonderful Dealings with John Marrant, 1785; preacher,
missionary, and Masonic Lodge chaplain.
- Vassa, Gustavus. Interesting narrative
of the life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African written by
- Smith, Venture. A Narrative of the
Life and Adventures of Venture, a Native of Africa, But Resident Above Sixty
Years in the United States of America. New London: Holt at the Bee- Office,
- Paul Cuffee (1759-1817), wealthy
merchant-mariner and humanitarian; leader in the early movement for the
settlement of Negroes from the United States In Sierra Leona.
- Phillis Wheatley (ca. 1753-1784), poet;
slave in the John Wheatley household, treated as if a member of the family,
trained in social graces, learned to read and write; authored Poems on Various
Subjects, Religious and Moral, 1773.
- Jupiter Hammon (1711-1806?). first
American Negro poet; a favored slave to three generations of the Lloyd family
of Lloyd's Neck, Long Island, NY.
- Benjamin Banneker (1731-1806),
self-taught amateur mathematician and astronomer; authored Benjamin Banneker's
Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and Virginia Almanack and Ephemeris, for the
Year of Our Lord, 1792: Being Bissextile, or Leap-Year, and the Sixteenth Year
of American Independence, which commenced July 4, 1776.
- Richard Allen (1760-1831), abolitionist
and founder of the Free African Society and the African Methodist Episcopal
- Daniel Coker (1780-1846), minister,
teacher, writer, activist and colonizationist.
- David Ruggles (1810-1849), businessman,
abolitionist, journalist and hydropathist.
- Negro Society for Historical Research
organizers included Arthur A. Schomburg and William C. Bolivar.
- John Edward Bruce (1856-1924),
journalist and historian; founded the Argus (1879, Washington, DC); Sunday Item
(1880, Washington, DC); Editor of the Republican (1884, Norfolk, VA); associate
editor of Howard's American Magazine (1896-1901), and several newspapers.
- John Wesley Cromwell (1846-1927),
editor of People's Advocate (Washington, DC) and historian; president of the
Bethel Literary and Historical Association (1881); secretary of the American
Negro Academy; authored The Negro in American History (1914), and other works.
- William Carl Bolivar (1849-1914),
bibliophile, journalist, and historical researcher; organized the
- Daniel Alexander Payne Murray
(1852-1925), librarian, bibliographer, and biographical researcher; assistant
librarian, Library of Congress from 1881 to 1923.
- Arthur Alphonso Schomburg (1874-1938),
bibliophile, curator, writer, and Mason; president of American Negro Academy in
1922; authored several publications.
- Alain LeRoy Locke (1885-1954),
philosopher, educator, and critic; graduated from Harvard College in 1907;
elected to Phi Beta Kappa; first African American selected for Rhodes
Scholarship in 1907.
- William Cooper Nell (1816-1874),
abolitionist, lecturer, journalist, and historian; authored several
publications including Colored Patriots of the American Revolution... 1855; his
book collection appeared in the: Catalogue of interesting books including
portions of the libraries of Dr. John W. Francis of New York City and Mr.
William C. Nell the famous abolitionist. Monday afternoon and evening, October
19, 1908. New York: Anderson Auction Company, 1908. 60 p.
- William Wells Brown (ca.1814-1884),
abolitionist, author and reformer.
- George Washington Williams (1849-1891),
soldier, clergyman, lawyer, legislator, and historian.
- William Henry Ferris (1874-1914),
author, lecturer and editor.
- American Negro Academy founded in
- John Wesley Cromwell (1846-1927),
editor and historian; authored The Negro in American History: Men and Women
Eminent in the Evolution of the American of African Descent. Washington, DC:
American Negro Academy, 1914.
- Henry Proctor Slaughter(1871-1958),
typographer, journalist, leader of fraternal organizations and book collector.
- Countee P. Cullen (1903-1946), poet,
novelist and anthropologist
- Arthur Alphonso Schomburg (1874-1938),
bibliophile, curator, writer and Mason.
- Edward Morrow. "See It Now"; TV show;
Alan Patton, Cry, the Beloved Country: NY: Charles Scribner, 1948.
- William Leon Hansberry (1894-1965),
historian and pioneer Africanist.
- Jesse Edward Moorland (1863-1940),
clergyman and YMCA executive.
- Arthur B. Spingarn (1878-1971).
- Adah Isaacs Menken (1835-1868).
Infelicia. London: Chatto & Windus, 1888.
- Julien Prevost. Glorious Events Which
Have Brought Their Royal Majesties to the Throne of Haiti.
- Monroe Nathan Work (1866-1945),
bibliographer, sociologist, teacher and writer; authored A Bibliography of the
Negro in Africa and America. New York: Wilson, 1928.
- Max Bissainthe. Dictionnaire de
bibliographie haitienne. Washington: Scarecrow Press, 1951.
- William Johnson (1809-1851),
businessman and diarist; authored thirteen volume journal of antebellum
- George A. Myers (1859-1930),
politician, barber and civil leader; Rhodes, James Ford
to Table of Contents
Back to Exhibitions | <urn:uuid:5cb6d1f8-ddde-4a3f-ae02-6566b231f102> | {
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Washer Method- Inner and Outer Radius?
I am in Calc II and a few days ago we did the section on the disk/washer method. I get how to use the volume formula and integrate just fine, what I don't quite understand is how to obtain the inner and outer radius? I mean, I "get" what they are, sort of, but not when it comes to the actual problems and how to find them. I had this one question in my homework that is a pretty good example of what I'm talking about.
Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region bounded by the graphs of the equations about the line y=4.
y= 3/(1+x), y=0, x=0, x=3
I know in the solutions book they say R(x)=4 and r(x)= 4-3/(1+x), but why? I'm just not understanding how they are finding this? I have tried various things, and while they'll work in one problem, they won't work in the next. I'm not exactly sure what I'm not "getting" (because it seems like it should be awfully simple...), but I just can't get it. I have looked through all of the examples and through my class notes (I have a very vague professor if you haven't guessed...), and I can't find anything that really gets me to understand. Any help would be awesome! :) | <urn:uuid:29168ce9-1abd-4723-bc53-d296ef3a7dbd> | {
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There is an abundance of evidence that there was significant anti-Jewish hostility in the early church. It is also evident that much of this hostility was directed at Jewish believers who continued to practice Jewish customs.
The questions for us are: What effect did these attitudes have on the doctrines and practices of the church? What effect did they have on the Christian culture that we inherited?
Following is a selection of quotes and links that are examples of the attitudes in the church during the fourth-century and a few centuries that followed.
Council of Elvira (Spain — 305 A.D. — link)
Canon 49. Landlords are not to allow Jews to bless the crops they have received from God and for which they have offered thanks. Such an action would make our blessing invalid and meaningless. Anyone who continues this practice is to be expelled completely from the church.
Canon 50. If any cleric or layperson eats with Jews, he or she shall be kept from communion as a way of correction.
An Edict of Constantine (315 A.D.)
We wish to make it know to the Jews and their elders and their patriarchs that if, after the enactment of this law, any one of them dares to attack with stones or some other manifestation of anger another who has fled their dangerous sect and attached himself to the worship of God [Christianity], he must speedily be given to flames and burn— together with all his accomplices.
Moreover, if any one of the population should join their abominable sect and attend their meetings, he will bear with them the deserved penalties.
A Convenient Hatred: The History of Antisemitism, p. 33
Constantine on the decision of the Council of Nicaea (link)
It was, in the first place, declared improper to follow the custom of the Jews in the celebration of this holy festival [Easter/Passover], because, their hands having been stained with crime, the minds of these wretched men are necessarily blinded.
Let us, then, have nothing in common with the Jews, who are our adversaries.
... it is most pious that all should unanimously agree in that course which accurate reasoning seems to demand, and which has no single point in common with the perjury of the Jews.
Council of Laodicea (363–364 A.D. — link)
Canon 29. Christians must not judaize by resting on the Sabbath, but must work on that day, rather honouring the Lord's Day; and, if they can, resting then as Christians. But if any shall be found to be judaizers, let them be anathema from Christ.
Canon 37. It is not lawful to receive portions sent from the feasts of Jews or heretics, nor to feast together with them.
Canon 38. It is not lawful to receive unleavened bread from the Jews, nor to be partakers of their impiety.
St. John Chrysostom: Adversus Judaeos (386-387 A.D. — link)
John Chrysostomos Adversus Judaeos is a series of eight homilies directed agains Jews and Jewish Christians. Following is only a very brief selection of paragraphs from the homilies. John Chrysostom established a new level of vitriol in these homilies— it is hate speech.
But do not be surprised that I called the Jews pitiable. They really are pitiable and miserable. When so many blessings from heaven came into their hands, they thrust them aside and were at great pains to reject them.
Although such beasts are unfit for work, they are fit for killing. And this is what happened to the Jews: while they were making themselves unfit for work, they grew fit for slaughter. This is why Christ said: "But as for these my enemies, who did not want me to be king over them, bring them here and slay them".
But these Jews are gathering choruses of effeminates and a great rubbish heap of harlots; they drag into the synagogue the whole theater, actors and all. For there is no difference between the theater and the synagogue.
But the Jews neither know nor dream of these things. They live for their bellies, they gape for the things of this world, their condition is not better than that of pigs or goats because of their wanton ways and excessive gluttony.
So the godlessness of the Jews and the pagans is on a par. But the Jews practice a deceit which is more dangerous. In their synagogue stands an invisible altar of deceit on which they sacrifice not sheep and calves but the souls of men.
But you dishonor him so much that you pay honor to those who slew him on the cross, that you observe with them the fellowship of the festivals, that you go to their profane places, enter their unclean doors, and share in the tables of demons. For I am persuaded to call the fasting of the Jews a table of demons because they slew God. If the Jews are acting against God, must they not be serving the demons?
Did you not hear in my previous discourse the argument which clearly proved to us that demons dwell in the very souls of the Jews and in places in which they gather?
Council of Vannes (465 A.D. — link)
Canon 12. All clergy must avoid eating with Jews, nor should anyone entertain them to a meal.
Council of Epaone (517 A.D. — link)
Canon 15. Attendance at Jewish banquets prohibited.
Council of Orleans III (538 A.D. — link)
We also prohibit all Christians from intermingling in marriage with Jews. If they should do it, whoever he will be, he shall be driven out of communion unit he effects separation. We also forbid Christians to take part in meals with Jews; if anyone should be found guilty of this, they shall undergo excommunication for a year as punishment for such insolence.
Council of Macon (581 A.D. — link)
The 14th canon imposed a curfew against Jews, banning them from the streets at all times between Maundy Thursday and Easter Sunday. | <urn:uuid:d73be1c9-aeec-41a5-9346-69824cd74a48> | {
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Cinco de Mayo commemorates the victory of the Mexican militia against the French army during the Battle of Puebla. It was the year 1862, and although the French army beat Mexican militia in many battles, the victory during the Battle of Puebla was a morale booster for Mexican fighters.
The city were the battle was held is now known as Puebla de Zaragoza, the name was changed to honor the Mexican Commander responsible for the victory of the Battle of Puebla General Ignacio Zaragoza.
Here in the United States Cinco de Mayo is, not necessarily, a holiday but an excuse to celebrate Mexican heritage and to indulged in Mexican food and drinks.
Here are some facts you should know about the Cinco de Mayo celebration:
1. Cinco de Mayo is not Mexico’s Independence Day.
2. Cinco de Mayo is not as popular in Mexico as it is in the United States.
3. Cinco de Mayo is celebrated in the White House.
4. The largest celebration of Cinco de Mayo is held in Los Angeles, CA.
What are some of the typical Mexican foods we like to eat during the Cinco de Mayo?
The classic tacos, burritos, guacamole, salsa, chips and the obvious Margaritas complete the main dishes Americans eat during the celebration of the Cinco de Mayo. Easy dishes to please the gathering crowd. Some people decorate with sombreros, and colorful decorations around the house or place where the celebration will be held.
Cinco de Mayo is another “holiday” adopted by Americans. Another way to gather amongst friends and family, an excuse to get together to enjoy good food, drinks, and chatter.
How are you celebrating Cinco de Mayo? Do you have something special, like a tradition you want to share?by | <urn:uuid:bbd89a10-c311-485d-82ae-cff5955eb437> | {
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From Stamps of the World
To see only pages that require images (have placeholders with no image) visit : Victoria Image Requirements
Victoria is the second most populous state in Australia. Geographically the smallest mainland state, Victoria is bordered by New South Wales to the north, South Australia to the west, and Tasmania to the south, across Bass Strait. Victoria is the most densely populated state, and has a highly centralised population, with almost 75% of Victorians living in Melbourne, the state capital and largest city. Approximately 30,000 Indigenous Australians are estimated to have lived in the area, before European settlement in Victoria began in the 1830s. The discovery of gold in 1851 at Ballarat and Warrandyte transformed it into a leading industrial and commercial centre.
After the founding of the colony of New South Wales in 1788, Australia was divided into an eastern half named New South Wales and a western half named New Holland, under the administration of the colonial government in Sydney. The first European settlement in the area later known as Victoria was established in October 1803.
The region around Melbourne was known as the Port Phillip District, a separately administered part of New South Wales. In 1851, the British Government separated the area from New South Wales, proclaiming a new Colony of Victoria.
In 1854 at Ballarat there was an armed rebellion against the government of Victoria by miners protesting against mining taxes (the "Eureka Stockade"). This was crushed by British troops, but the discontents prompted colonial authorities to reform the administration (particularly reducing the hated mining licence fees) and extend the franchise. Within a short time, the Imperial Parliament granted Victoria responsible government with the passage of the Colony of Victoria Act 1855. Some of the leaders of the Eureka rebellion went on to became members of the Victorian Parliament.
In 1901 Victoria became a state in the Commonwealth of Australia.
Pages in category "Victoria"
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5 Things About Newborns That Will Even Surprise Parents
Photo credit: Blend Images/Mike Kemp/Brand X Pictures/Getty Images
At first glance, you might think you know all there is to know about newborns, but those seemingly fragile creatures who go from womb to cradle can actually surprise you when you least expect it. These few surprising facts about newborns may just have you looking at your baby in a new light.
1. Newborns' grasps are incredibly strong
Akin to monkey babies, whose survival depends on gripping onto their mothers as they swing through the jungle, newborn babies have incredibly strong grasps. One old-school study even tested how long newborns could hang from a walking stick by just grasping it and found one super baby who lasted a whopping two minutes and 35 seconds. You'll probably remember this fact the next time your baby grabs on to your hair.
2. Newborns can crawl to their mothers' breastshttp://youtu.be/D92j4Xco68A
I had to see this one to believe it, but it's true — newborn babies, if left alone, can "crawl" (it looks more like a slow push-up) their way from their mother's stomach up to the breasts and latch on for a feeding. "The baby is most alert right after birth," explains Dr. Melanie Kramer-Harrington, a Family Doctor at Hills & Dales General Hospital. "Vision is poorly developed in a newborn but their sense of smell is excellent. The breast odor mimics the odor of the amniotic fluid and seems to help the baby find its way."
3. Baby girls can have discharge down there
If you see blood in your baby girl's diaper, don't panic, advises Dr. Kramer-Harrington. It could just be normal discharge from the hormones circulating in her body from the mother's pregnancy. "The hormone changes may also cause some temporary breast development," she explains. "And baby boys may have swollen testicles for the same reason."
4. It's normal for newborns to stop breathing once in a while
Of course you will anxiously watch over your little one's breathing every time he or she falls asleep, but it can actually be normal for your baby to have a pause in breathing. Babies can breathe quickly and then stop breathing, in an irregular pattern called periodic breathing, explains Dr. Kramer-Harrington. "A pause of up to 20 seconds is normal and is caused by the nervous system and diaphragm not being completely developed yet," she says. "A regular breathing pattern will be developed by 6 months."
5. They have cysts in their mouth
It may sound kind of gross, but some babies have small white or yellowish spots on their gums that can look like teeth coming in. According to Dr. Kramer-Harrington, those little bumps are actually cysts called Epstein's pearls. "They are formed during development of the palate and resolve on their own in the first few weeks of life," she says. | <urn:uuid:c57b726f-ef51-4413-a493-e2c11d8d4b2e> | {
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Even if you hate the thought of a dentist’s chair—or just always lose your yearly check-up reminder card—here’s reason enough to schedule a visit today: going to the dentist may lower your risk for heart attack and stroke, according to a new study from Taiwan.
Researchers tracked more than 100,000 people for an average of seven years. People who had their teeth scraped and cleaned by a dentist or hygienist twice or more in a 2-year period had an overall 24 per cent lower risk of heart attack and 13 per cent lower risk of stroke overall compared to those who had less frequent dental cleanings.
But how does keeping your mouth clean help your ticker? Regular dentist visits and oral hygiene reduces inflammation-causing bacterial growth—bacteria like Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum found in dental plaques. Not only does bacteria like P. gingivalis cause periodontal disease, but also the chronic inflammation at the initial site of infection in your mouth can accelerate inflammation that causes atherosclerosis, says Zu-Yin Chen, M.D., coauthor of the study.
“Atherosclerosis is seen as an inflammatory process, so the more inflammation you have, the likelier you'll have plaques forming in the blood vessels leading to potential heart attack or stroke,” says Chen.
Even if you haven’t been to the dentist lately, there are ways you can mimic professional cleaning at home. Regularly use these five best teeth products for men to not only keep your teeth pearly white but also cavity and plaque free.
And to remember to visit your dentist (or any doctor for that matter), add your next appointment into your phone or e-mail calendar while you’re still in the doctor's office. No more wondering "when do I need to have that next cleaning?" | <urn:uuid:f223859c-8832-4a98-aadb-2d65d4674be2> | {
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Two Key Climate Change Concepts Are ‘Misunderstood’
There is widespread confusion about the near-term benefits of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and that misunderstanding may be complicating the formidable task of reducing manmade global warming, argue two climate researchers in Science in a story published Thursday.
The scientists, Damon Matthews of Concordia University in Montreal and Susan Solomon of MIT, make the case that policymakers, the media, and to some extent the public have misunderstood the implications of two key concepts — the “irreversibility” of climate change, and the amount of global warming already in the pipeline due to historical greenhouse gas emissions.
The duo challenge what they say have become pervasive misinterpretations of recent scientific results, including findings from a 2010 National Research Council report they helped write that said that the amount of global warming to date is essentially irreversible on the timescale of about 1,000 years. That study has been repeatedly cited by policymakers to justify delays in tackling carbon emissions by making global warming appear to be inexorable, regardless of what actions are taken.
But Matthews and Solomon rebut that justification, writing instead that, “the irreversibility of past changes does not mean that future warming is unavoidable.”
In addition, they said the notion that global warming would continue to take place even if the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere were to be frozen at current levels — rather than increasing year-after-year as they are now — has also helped justify inaction.
These findings have “been misinterpreted to mean that the rate of increase in Earth’s global temperature is inevitable, regardless of how much or how quickly emissions decrease,” the Science article said.
In an interview, Matthews said that confusion over the irreversibility and the amount of future warming that is already baked into the climate system has been widespread, and is serving to overcomplicate the global-warming issue, which is already challenging. “Anything that makes the problem seem more complicated than it is, is disempowering I think,” Matthews said.
“Over the years, I keep hearing both scientists and certainly policymakers talk about future warming, particularly near-term future warming, as if it is inevitable or predetermined by emissions that we’ve already put into the atmosphere,” Matthews said. “That’s actually a misinterpretation” of the published research, he said, since future warming depends mainly on future emissions, leaving the ball squarely in the court of policymakers.
“There will be future warming, but it’s because of human actions. It’s not because of the climate system itself,” Matthews said. “Future emissions are what’s driving future warming.”
If emissions are cut, that means that future warming will be reduced. If not, then future warming will be higher. It’s as simple as that, Matthews said.
For example, “freezing” the amount of greenhouse gases in the air at current levels — about 397 parts per million — would require massive emissions cuts from present emissions trajectories, but the emissions that would continue would still contribute to global warming, Matthews said.
In other words, freezing carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere at a particular level, such as 350 parts per million, — the target of the environmental advocacy group 350.org — is not the same thing as eliminating all emissions.
In reality, neither scenario is likely anytime soon. Given recent global emissions trends, with rapidly increasing emissions from developing countries like China and India and a lack of sharp emissions cuts from the industrialized world, a freeze in atmospheric carbon concentrations is nowhere in sight, let alone a shutdown of all emissions, and a massive global effort would be needed to reverse course.
Matthews said that if emissions were reduced significantly in the near term, global warming would also be reduced over that time period, although it might not be detectable given the presence of natural climate variability.
Gavin Schmidt, a climate scientist at NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies in New York, said that near-term actions to reduce emissions wouldn’t have a noticeable impact on the climate system for many years. “The fact remains that plausible near-term actions to reduce emissions are not going to have a detectable impact on trends for a couple of decades,” he said in an interview.
The Science article said the critical factor determining future warming is “societal inertia,” rather than the inertia of the climate system, since actions taken now will determine the amount of emissions in the next few decades, and thereby determine how much additional global warming is likely to take place. “The future is within our hands. The amount of climate warming will be whatever we make it. We have not yet committed ourselves to anything particular other than by lack of action,” Matthews said.
Energy infrastructure such as coal-burning power plants, oil refineries, and pipelines are built to last several decades, so decisions made today regarding the building of such plants will affect emissions for many years to come.
Katharine Hayhoe, a climate scientist at Texas Tech University who was not involved in the Science article, said the misconceptions that Matthews and Solomon set out to correct are more common, and more problematic, among policymakers than in the general public. She said she thinks the main message that emerges from the article is a hopeful one.
“It is often said — and I have said it myself — that a certain amount of change is inevitable. As the authors point out, that is largely because of the inertia in our energy systems that do not allow us to rapidly transition from carbon-emitting to carbon-free sources,” she said in an email. “This sad fact can make us feel like any action is futile. Reality, however, is very different: action is necessary, possible, and important. To me, that's the main point of this paper.”
Report: Can U.S. Carbon Emissions Keep Falling?
Stablization Targets and Irreversible Climate Change
CO2 Hits New High, World Could Warm 7F by 2060
In the Curve: Monitoring Rising Carbon Emissions
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Binge eating is much more than an ordinary episode of overindulgence. During an eating binge, you may take in more calories in an hour or two than you would usually consume in an entire day. A binge often consists of comfort foods or forbidden foods that are high in calories, fat, starch or sugar.
If you overindulge every once in a while as part of a celebration, a holiday or a vacation, these episodes probably aren’t signs of an eating disorder. But if you overeat compulsively on a regular basis at least once a week for three or more months in a row, you may have a condition called binge eating disorder.
Binge eating disorder, or BED, has emotional, psychological and physical sources. This condition can do serious harm to your body and mind, affecting your weight, your internal organs, your mood and your self-esteem. People with BED often battle depression, anxiety or substance abuse along with their eating disorder. The myth that people who overeat compulsively are weak-willed or lazy is false — eating disorder specialists know that this compulsion is a serious psychiatric illness that demands intensive treatment.
What We Treat
Futures offers an integrated multidisciplinary approach for treating those suffering from drug or alcohol addictions as well as those with addiction and underlying co-occurring disorders.
How We Can Help
- Personalized Care
- Safe and Comfortable Medical Detoxification
- Comprehensive Introduction to Adherent DBT
- Intensive Clinically Based Program
- Luxury Accommodations and Amenities
- Experienced, Educated and Compassionate Staff
- Extensive Continuing Care
- Experiential and Cognitive Therapies
- 24 – Hour Medical Care
- Private Bedrooms / Private Baths
- A Healing, Process-Oriented Family Program
Call for Additional Information
Binge Eating as an Eating Disorder
Compulsive overeating has always been recognized as a health risk by the medical community, and mental health professionals have recognized that the drive to overeat has deep roots in the psyche. More recently, the American Psychiatric Association has established new diagnostic guidelines for binge eating disorder.
A binge eating episode is defined by:
- A loss of control over the length and extent of the episode
- Eating when you’re not hungry
- Eating more quickly than usual
- Eating past the point of physical comfort
- Feeling guilty, remorseful or disgusted after a binge
Binge eating may occur as part of another disorder, like bulimia nervosa, which is characterized by binge eating and purging. However, BED has now been recognized as a condition of its own, which arises from specific causes and responds to certain types of treatment.
What Triggers a Binge Eating Episode?
Binge eating can be triggered by emotions, by memories or by an unhealthy response to stress. This behavior may also be caused by abnormalities in brain chemistry that affect your moods and your appetite. Regardless of the reason for binge eating, hunger alone is rarely the only trigger.
Here are a few of the reasons that people overeat compulsively:
- Biological triggers. According to the Nemours Foundation, abnormalities in brain chemistry can prompt binge eating episodes. People who binge on a weekly or daily basis may have problems with the way the hypothalamus — the area of the brain that controls your appetite — communicates messages of satiety. They may also have a deficiency in serotonin, a neurotransmitter that plays a part in appetite and mood regulation.
- Learned behaviors. Binge eating often runs in families, which could indicate that your genes are partly responsible for the impulse to overeat. Binge eating could also be a result of behaviors that are learned in families where food is used as a source of comfort or emotional reassurance.
- Emotional responses. Do you ever eat in response to anger, happiness, boredom, sadness or frustration instead of hunger? If so, your eating may have an emotional dimension that could make you vulnerable to binge eating disorder. Learning how to manage your emotions without turning to food is one of the most important tasks of treatment.
- A response to dieting. Ironically, binge eating may occur as a result of excessive dieting. On calorie-restricted diets, the body may respond as if it were starving, triggering an impulse to overeat. This response can lead to a cycle of binge eating, fasting and purging to get rid of the calories consumed during the binge.
Binge Eating Disorder vs. Bulimia
Binge eating is a hallmark sign of bulimia nervosa, another eating disorder that is characterized by episodes of compulsive overeating. But unlike people who suffer from bulimia, people with binge eating disorder usually do not purge the food they’ve eaten. Bulimics will force themselves to vomit, go through periods of self-starvation or exercise strenuously in order to compensate for their binges. People with BED either cannot purge their unwanted calories or don’t want to engage in purging behavior.
According to the National Association of Anorexia and Associated Disorders, binge eating disorder is more common than bulimia or anorexia, affecting one out of every 35 American adults. Unlike bulimia and anorexia, binge eating disorder is almost as common in men as it is in women. While most people who have bulimia have an average body weight, people with binge eating disorder are more likely to be overweight or obese. And while bulimia usually affects females ages 25 and younger, binge eating disorder is most common in men and women between the ages of 46 and 55, according to the Weight-Control Information Network. However, people of all ages and from all socioeconomic backgrounds may display the symptoms of binge eating.
Obesity is one of the most serious health risks of binge eating. Although binge eating disorder does not necessarily mean that you will become obese, many people with BED are in danger of developing the complications of being extremely overweight, such as:
- High cholesterol
- High blood pressure
- Digestive problems
- Hormonal imbalances
- Gallbladder problems
- Sleep apnea
Binge eating disorder affects the psyche as well as the body. The disorder may cause depression, intense feelings of self-loathing and emotional stress. Kids who binge may be exposed to bullying and teasing at school, while adults may have trouble forming relationships or holding down a steady job. Academic performance, job performance and overall satisfaction with life may suffer. People with BED may struggle with suicidal thoughts and may turn to drugs or alcohol to suppress painful emotions.
Treatment for Binge Eating
An effective treatment plan for binge eating requires careful identification of the causes of this behavior. Binge eating disorder may require a different approach to treatment than bulimia nervosa, depression or anxiety, all of which may accompany compulsive overeating. If binge eating has caused you to gain weight, you may need nutritional counseling and dietary planning to lose the extra pounds; however, long-term weight control won’t be possible unless you also address the psychosocial reasons for your compulsive overeating. A balanced diet and exercise program, combined with individual therapy, group and family counseling, will help you start the process of getting your life back.
Treatment for binge eating disorder might involve the use of prescription medications to help reduce the desire to binge or to handle the symptoms of a co-occurring mood disorder. If you are battling depression, anxiety or substance abuse, treatment for these conditions must be integrated with your recovery plan. According to the journal Eating Behaviors, cognitive behavioral therapy in combination with antidepressant medications has proven effective at reducing compulsive overeating and stabilizing mood. Cognitive behavioral therapy, or CBT, is a therapeutic approach that teaches the client practical ways to identify self-defeating thoughts, modify destructive behaviors and avoid relapse.
A facility that specializes in the treatment of eating disorders will work with you to develop a plan of care that addresses your unique needs. Eating disorders are complex, highly individualized conditions. No two people who experience binge eating are exactly alike, which means that treatment for each person must be tailored to the individual. | <urn:uuid:00c52a68-0686-4b01-89c7-758defed3e2d> | {
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How about making an advent calendar where instead of eating a piece of chocolate, kids open a box to find a Bible passage and a piece of the Story of Christmas?
(Sound familiar? Check out my homemade Resurrection Eggs for Easter.)
This tutorial is going to walk you through what to put in your advent calendar, and almost every piece of the Story is going to be things you already have around your house.
This would also be a great craft to do with a group (MOPs, craft night, family gathering, etc.)!
The best part is that this is a hands-on learning experience to help kids remember the different parts of the Story... You'll teach your kids the true Story of Christmas without spending much, if any, money.
They won't want to wait to see what's in the next box!
Here's what you need:
(scour your junk drawers, toy chests and craft supplies before you spend any money)
Advent Calendar with numbers 1-25 and small storage for each date
Bible passage for each day (the whole passage or just the reference - printable version with full passages available here)
angel wings (from craft store)
two gold rings (from craft store)
shrunken sheet music or music notes
piece of white satin or organza or guardian angel
bridge or string
Star of David, house or chain
donkey or horse
lion or piece of purple cloth
baby (from craft store)
piece of soft cloth
piece of wool or shepherd's staff
pieces of straw, hay or dead grass
many gold "halos" (brass rings from craft store)
dirt or rocks
heart (sticker, embellishment, etc.)
the name Jesus (typed or written out)
two doves or feathers
googly eyes or Mr. Potato Head eyes
small book or scroll (rolled up paper tied with string)
crown, rhinestones, jewels, throne or piece of purple cloth
star (sticker, embellishment, etc.)
three gift boxes (from craft store)
Be creative when finding the items to represent each part of the Story... these are just my ideas but yours may be better. Here's a closeup (click on photo for even bigger closeup):
Each day you'll open a box and read the Bible verses related to the Story. Bible verses or references can be in the box with the item or kept separate. Explain how the item in the box relates to that Bible passage to give kids a hands-on understanding of what the Story is all about. If you also go over the previous days' verses each day, on December 25th, you'll read the entire story all the way through.
I chose to go through the Christmas Story mostly in order from Matthew 1-2 and Luke 2, with a few relevant Old Testament prophecies interspersed. Feel free to rearrange the pieces of the Story to your liking (another way to do this is to find the baby Jesus on the 25th instead of the gift boxes). All verses here are from the New International Version. I added [brackets] to give better context with names.
Now on to the Greatest Story Ever Told!
(Click here to download a printable version of the advent calendar items, what they represent and the Bible passages.)
1. Angel wings (Angel Gabriel)
Luke 1:26-28, 31
“In the sixth month, God sent the angel Gabriel to Nazareth, a town in Galilee, to a virgin pledged to be married to a man named Joseph, a descendant of David. The virgin’s name was Mary. The angel went to her and said, ‘Greetings, you who are highly favored! The Lord is with you… You will be with child and give birth to a son, and you are to give him the name Jesus.’”
2. Two gold rings (Engagement)
“This is how the birth of Jesus Christ came about: His mother Mary was pledged to be married to Joseph, but before they came together, she was found to be with child through the Holy Spirit.”
3. Sheet music or music notes (Mary’s Song)
“And Mary said:
‘My soul glorifies the Lord
and my spirit rejoices in God my Savior,
for he has been mindful
of the humble state of his servant.
From now on all generations will call me blessed,
for the Mighty One has done great things for me—holy is his name.
His mercy extends to those who fear him,
from generation to generation.
He has performed mighty deeds with his arm;
he has scattered those who are proud in their inmost thoughts.
He has brought down rulers from their thrones
but has lifted up the humble.
He has filled the hungry with good things
but has sent the rich away empty.
He has helped his servant Israel,
remembering to be merciful
to Abraham and his descendants forever,
even as he said to our fathers.’”
4. White satin or organza or Guardian Angel pin (Angel)
“…an angel of the Lord appeared to [Joseph] in a dream and said, ‘Joseph son of David, do not be afraid to take Mary home as your wife, because what is conceived in her is from the Holy Spirit.’”
5. Cross (Salvation through Jesus’ sacrifice)
“‘[Mary] will give birth to a son, and you are to give him the name Jesus, because he will save his people from their sins.’”
6. Bridge or string (Jesus bridged the gap between Heaven/God and earth/humanity)
“All this took place to fulfill what the Lord had said through the prophet: ‘The virgin will be with child and will give birth to a son, and they will call him Immanuel’—which means, ‘God with us.’”
“Therefore the Lord himself will give you a sign: The virgin will be with child and will give birth to a son, and will call him Immanuel.”
7. Star of David, house or chain (House and line/chain of David, Jesus’ genealogy)
“So Joseph also went up from the town of Nazareth in Galilee to Judea, to Bethlehem the town of David, because he belonged to house and line of David.”
8. Donkey or horse (Journey from Nazareth to Bethlehem)
“[Joseph] went [to Bethlehem] to register with Mary, who was pledged to be married to him and was expecting a child.”
9. Lion or purple cloth (Lion represents house of Judah, Purple indicates royalty)
“‘But you, Bethlehem Ephrathah,
though you are small among the clans of Judah,
out of you will come for me
one who will be ruler over Israel,
whose origins are from of old,
from ancient times.’”
10. Baby (Baby Jesus)
“While they were [in Bethlehem], the time came for the baby to be born, and [Mary] gave birth to her firstborn, a son…”
11. Piece of soft cloth (Swaddling blanket)
“…[Mary] wrapped [Jesus] in cloths and placed him in a manger, because there was no room for them in the inn.”
12. Peace sign (Jesus is Prince of Peace)
“For to us a child is born,
to us a son is given,
and the government will be on his shoulders.
And he will be called
Wonderful Counselor, Mighty God,
Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace.”
13. Wool or shepherd’s staff (Sheep and shepherds)
“And there were shepherds living out in the fields nearby, keeping watch over their flocks at night. An angel of Lord appeared to them, and the glory of the Lord shone around them, and they were terrified. But the angel said to them, ‘Do not be afraid. I bring you good news of great joy that will be for all the people. Today in the town of David a Savior has been born to you; he is Christ the Lord.’”
14. Pieces of straw, hay or dead grass (Manger)
“‘This will be a sign to you: You will find a baby wrapped in cloths and lying in a manger.’”
15. Many gold “halos” (Multitude of angels)
“Suddenly a great company of the heavenly host appeared with the angel, praising God and saying,
‘Glory to God in the highest;
and on earth peace to men on whom his favor rests.’”
16. Bells (Spreading the word and carrying the message to others)
“When the angels had left them and gone into heaven, the shepherds said to one another, ‘Let’s go to Bethlehem and see this thing that has happened, which the Lord has told us about.’ So they hurried off and found Mary and Joseph, and the baby, who was lying in the manger. When they had seen him, they spread the word concerning what had been told them about this child, and all who heard it were amazed at what the shepherds said to them.”
17. Dirt or rocks (Kneeling on the ground – our right response to Jesus as God)
“Come, let us bow down in worship,
let us kneel before the Lord our Maker;
for he is our God
and we are the people of his pasture,
the flock under his care.”
18. Heart (The emotions of Mary as Jesus' earthly mother)
Luke 2:19-20, 33-35
“But Mary treasured up all these things and pondered them in her heart. The shepherds returned, glorifying and praising God for all the things they had heard and seen, which were just as they had been told.”
… “The child’s father and mother marveled at what was said about [Jesus]. Then Simeon blessed them and said to Mary, his mother: ‘This child is destined to cause the falling and rising of many in Israel, and to be a sign that will be spoken against, so that the thoughts of many hearts will be revealed. And a sword will pierce your own soul too.’”
19. The name Jesus (The name Jesus is the Greek form of Joshua, which means “the Lord saves”)
“On the eighth day, when it was time to circumcise him, he was named Jesus, the name the angel had given him before he had been conceived.”
20. Two doves or feathers (Sacrifice of doves by Joseph and Mary, Holy Spirit like a dove at his baptism later in life)
“When the time of their purification according to the Law of Moses had been completed, Joseph and Mary took [Jesus] to Jerusalem to present him to the Lord (as it is written in the Law of the Lord, ‘Every firstborn male is to be consecrated to the Lord’), and to offer a sacrifice in keeping with what is said in the Law of the Lord: ‘a pair of doves or two young pigeons.’”
“When all the people were being baptized, Jesus was baptized too. And as he was praying, heaven was opened and the Holy Spirit descended on him in bodily form like a dove. And a voice came from heaven: ‘You are my Son, whom I love; with you I am well pleased.’”
21. Googly eyes or Mr. Potato Head eyes (Revelation of Jesus as Christ the Savior to Simeon and to all people)
“Now there was a man in Jerusalem called Simeon, who was righteous and devout. He was waiting for the consolation of Israel, and the Holy Spirit was upon him. It had been revealed to him by the Holy Spirit that he would not die before he had seen the Lord’s Christ. Moved by the Spirit, he went into the temple courts. When the parents brought in the child Jesus to do for him what the custom of the Law required, Simeon took him in his arms and praised God, saying:
‘Sovereign Lord, as you have promised,
you now dismiss your servant in peace.
For my eyes have seen your salvation,
which you have prepared in sight of all people,
a light for revelation to the Gentiles
and for glory to your people Israel.’”
22. Small book or scroll (The wisdom and knowledge of the Magi)
“After Jesus was born in Bethlehem in Judea, during the time of King Herod, Magi from the east came to Jerusalem.”
“… Magi from the east came to Jerusalem and asked, ‘Where is the one who has been born king of the Jews? We saw his star in the east and have come to worship him.’”
24. Star (Star that the Magi followed)
“After [the Magi] had heard the king, they went on their way, and the star they had seen in the east went ahead of them until it stopped over the place where the child was. When they saw the star, they were overjoyed.”
25. Three gift boxes (Gifts from the Magi to Jesus)
“On coming to the house, they saw the child with his mother Mary, and they bowed down and worshiped him. Then they opened their treasures and presented him with gifts of gold and of incense and of myrrh.”
And that is the True Story of Christmas, the one that we need to teach our children.
Hope you enjoyed this project as much as I did putting it together. May God be glorified this Christmas and every day! | <urn:uuid:fbf77b54-9392-4c9a-9a3e-7e7452961e16> | {
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People, especially people who are most interested in material culture, often find it hard to accept that ancient art does not directly and literally depict the world. People who recreate Roman material culture, for example, often fret that when we can check it against other evidence, Trajan’s column is usually wrong. “But the rest of the sculpture is so lifelike,” they complain. “Shouldn’t we use what evidence we have?” “Why would they go to so much trouble to depict something wrong?”
One parallel which they might want to think about is the role of sound in movies and television. In the age of sound stages, digital libraries of effects, and sophisticated editing software, directors have almost total control over the sound track of their films. In theory, they could give each scene exactly the sounds which a bystander would hear in real life. In practice, film-makers adopt a set of stylized conventions which audiences learn to recognize. In the movies every symphony is Beethoven’s Fifth, every operetta “The Marriage of Figaro,” every jungle echoes with the calls of Australian frogs and Brazilian birds, every shotgun makes loud pumping noises when it is readied and a rather dull “BOOM” when it is fired, every sword leaves its scabbard with a “schling!” and foreign languages are replaced with whatever the local extras speak and the expected audience does not. Some of these sounds exist but have become stereotyped, some exist but not in the context in which they appear, some are jumbles of real things which don’t appear together in real life, and some are pure confections for the screen.
There are good reasons for this symbolism: using conventional sounds is easier for the film-maker, and easier for the film-goer. If the purpose of a sound is to communicate “this character is cultured” or “the thug with the shotgun is serious,” then the sound is right if most listeners will get the message, not if it is what one would really hear in that situation. Once a symbol has become recognized, it tends to persist even if the outside world changes. People whose closest contact with swords or jungles is on the screen may even mistake the symbol for the reality and complain when it is missing.
The best way to avoid being mislead by television and film is to seek knowledge of a domain and use that to test the fiction rather than vice versa. In material culture, we can start with archaeology and inventories, or study how other artisans with hand tools and natural materials made things, before we turn to the art. While this will sometimes cause us to reject something which is accurately depicted in art (a false negative), it is safer than relying on art alone for something which it was never meant to do.
Further Reading: Readers with lots of time on their hands should find plenty of leads on tvtropes.org; Bishop and Coulston’s Roman Military Equipment (currently in its second edition with talk of a third) is a good introduction to the various types of evidence for the equipment of the best-studied army in the ancient world.
s/naturalistic/lifelike to better reflect how most people talk, added link to Bishop and Coulston. | <urn:uuid:7ab0a46c-486d-497c-a3bd-894fba29b26c> | {
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Exposure pathways of hazardous substances
This content is not assigned to a topic
An exposure pathway refers to the way in which a person may come into contact with a hazardous substance, whether it is a chemical, biological, or some other harmful substance. There are three basic exposure pathways: inhalation, ingestion, or direct contact. The degree or extent of exposure is determined by measuring the amount of the hazardous substance at the point of contact, whether that contact occurs in the lungs of someone who has breathed in the hazard, the stomach lining of someone who has eaten it, or the skin of someone who has touched it. Health and ecological hazards can result from such exposures. Some common ways in which people may become exposed to hazardous substances include the following:
- Groundwater and Surface Water: Exposure will occur if people drink contaminated groundwater or surface water, accidentally ingest it while swimming, or if it comes into contact with their skin (e.g., in the shower, while swimming, etc.).
- Soil, Sediment, Dust: People will be exposed to hazardous substances in soil, sediment, or dust if they accidentally ingest it (e.g., the contaminants land on their food), if they breathe it in (especially dust), or if their skin comes into direct contact with the contaminated materials. Because of their play habits, children are highly susceptible to exposure through these pathways.
- Air: When the hazardous substance takes the form of vapors or is absorbed by particulate matter (e.g., dust), the simple act of breathing can expose people to contamination. In some cases, a person's skin can absorb a hazardous substance in vapor form, although inhalation is considered the greater threat.
- Food: Eating food that has been contaminated is another common exposure route. In some cases, food found on people's plates may be contaminated as a result of direct exposure to the hazardous substance. In other cases, food contamination may occur further down the food chain. For example, hazardous substances can collect in the fatty tissues of animals that ingest contaminated plants. The contamination can then be transferred to the animals' natural predators, and eventually, to people. | <urn:uuid:7089224d-3f2e-44c3-8656-db05c63c3864> | {
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Milk and dairy products are a major source of dietary calcium. You are required to take in at least 1000 milligrams of calcium per day though your diet, and having 2 to 3 servings of dairy everyday can help ensure proper body functions like cell metabolism, conduction of nerve impulses and healthy bone development. However, milk may not be suitable for everyone such as people with lactose intolerance or casein allergies. Fortunately, nondairy alternatives with a similar taste to milk can be made from soy, almond and rice. By nature, these products have quite different calcium contents, but through food fortification, the calcium deficits in various nondairy milk products are no longer an issue.
Natural Level of Calcium in Dairy and Nondairy Milk
In nature, it is without a doubt that cow milk holds the highest amount of calcium compared to other milk alternatives. Each 8 ounce serving of milk contains about 300 milligrams of calcium. Soy milk comes in second at approximately 50 milligrams. Because calcium in almonds and rice are significantly lower compared with the previous two, milk made from these ingredients have a much lower calcium content. There are only 2 milligrams of calcium in an 8 ounce cup of plain almond milk, and less than 1 milligram is found in rice milk. Therefore, homemade or unfortified almond and rice milk should not be used to replace cows milk as a source of calcium.
Calcium and Vitamin D Fortifications
Popular producers like Silk, Blue Diamond and Rice Dreams profoundly make up for the insufficiencies of natural nutrition in their product. In terms of meeting the dietary requirement of calcium, these companies usually partner the addition of calcium with vitamin D. This is because your body needs vitamin D in order to absorb calcium. Because cows milk is naturally high in calcium, it is only necessary to incorporate extra vitamin D during fortification. After the process, cow, soy, almond and rice milk are approximately equivalent in both calcium and vitamin D concentration. An average cup of fortified dairy and nondairy milk contribute to about 30% of your daily need for calcium and 25% to 45% of your need for vitamin D.
Calcium Absorption in Dairy and Nondairy Milk
A lot of people argue that calcium found in natural foods is better absorbed by the body than from fortified foods. Whether this argument is true really depends on a number of factors.
- Stomach Acidity: Calcium is better absorbed in acidic conditions. In this regard, lactose found in dairy milk does accelerate your body’s calcium uptake.
- Presence of phosphate: Phosphate can inhibit calcium absorption. Studies have shown that fortification of nondairy milk with tricalcium phosphate have 25% less absorption efficiency compared to cow milk. However, if fortification is done with tricalcium carbonate instead, this disadvantage in absorption no longer exists.
- Calcium Precipitation: Fortified calcium can precipitate to the bottom of the container which decreases the total availability of calcium in your milk. Shaking your cartons well before serving is crucial to avoiding this problem.
- Estrogen: Soy milk contain plant estrogen that increases your body's ability to absorb calcium. | <urn:uuid:70a272bb-8587-4d27-bf0f-e9738768ea09> | {
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The drive toward the formation of metaphors is the fundamental human drive, which one cannot for a single instant dispense with in thought, for one would thereby dispense with man himself.
— Friedrich Nietzsche
Metaphor is the often overlooked and undervalued engine which provides much of the power of language, and it allows for the exponential expansion of our otherwise concrete system of symbols. The word metaphor comes from the Greek word metaphora, meaning “a transfer,” particularly in “the sense of one word to a different word, literally “a carrying over.” Like it’s name suggests, a metaphor transfers the usage of one term, or phrase, to describe something else because of a perceived similarity of the two things, or because of a certain relationship which the objects share.
We see the world through the lens of language, the perception of new objects which we encounter is based upon our existing vocabulary– as Julian Jaynes states in The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind, “language is an organ of perception, not simply a means of communication.”(pg 50) When books were first made available many years ago a person who encountered one may have been perplexed by it, they may have seen someone looking at words on a page and thought “a box made out of tablets.” Then when they saw how easily the person flipped to the next page they may have thought, “it’s a tree made out of leaves of words!” Interestingly enough, the word book comes from the Proto-Germanic word meaning “beech … the notion being of beechwood tablets on which runes were inscribed, but it may be from the tree itself.” Many of the metaphors we use today are considered dead metaphors, meaning that they were used so often that the imagery associated with them is essentially lost (a good example of this would be “iron resolution”)– oftentimes this occurred so long ago that most people don’t even realize that imagery was once connected to it. This quote from Jaynes provides two excellent examples of words which were at one time metaphors:
Even such an unmetaphorical-sounding word as the verb ‘to be’ was generated from a metaphor. It comes from the Sanskrit bhu, “to grow, or make grow,” while the English forms ‘am’ and ‘is’ have evolved from the same root as the Sanskrit asmi, “to breathe.” It is something of a lovely surprise that the irregular conjugation of our most nondescript verb is thus a record of a time when man had no independent word for ‘existence’ and could only say that something ‘grows’ or that it “breathes.” Of course we are not conscious that the concept of being is thus generated from a metaphor about growing and breathing. Abstract words are ancient coins whose concrete images in the busy give-and-take of talk have worn away with use.(pg 51)
At the most basic level, how exactly does metaphor operate? A metaphor is made up of two parts, the metaphier and the metaphrand*– the metaphrand is the unknown/unlabeled object which needs illumination, and the metaphier is the familiar source which provides this.[See Figure 1] In a sense, the metaphier is an iron statue in the mind, while the metaphrand is an unknown ore, in order to try to try to understand what the metaphrand is it must be melted down by the senses into it’s constituent forms which can then be poured into the mold of an existing statue. Anytime you melt down ore there will always be slag, or glass-like byproducts which are discarded, but this is the nature of perception– something is always lost when a thing changes from one form to another. A similar reaction occurs when a person attempts to hand an iron statue to another, the entire statue can’t be handed over, so instead the parts of the statue are described in a way that leads the other person to craft a similar sculpture in their own mind. With art, especially visual art, the artist is able to put down on paper (or whatever medium) what otherwise would be a fleeting idea or image and in doing so others may get a glimpse of the mysterious workings of another’s mind.
Analogs are also an important part of cognition, they are a type of model which is generated directly from it’s source on a point by point basis as is the case with a map. Jaynes describes maps, and analogs, in this way:
It [a map] is not a model in the scientific sense, not a hypothetical model like the Bohr atom to explain something unknown. Instead, it is constructed from something well known, if not completely known. Each region of a district of land is allotted a corresponding region on the map, though the materials of land and map are absolutely different and a large proportion of the features of the land have to be left out. And the relation between an analog map and its land is a metaphor.(pg 54)
Analogs allow us to share, and preserve, knowledge in a visual way so that it’s easy to understand, in a sense they could be considered a universal language. Like metaphors, analogs simplify something which would otherwise be too complex to understand or communicate.
Now that it’s clear how metaphor allows a limited number of symbols to transfer over to an unlimited amount of situations, and that analogs are a simplified visual representation of something too complex to understand or communicate, then hopefully this next quote from Jaynes wont seem too implausible:
Subjective conscious mind is an analog of what is called the real world. It is built up with a vocabulary or lexical field whose terms are all metaphors or analogs of behavior in the physical world. Its reality is of the same order as mathematics. It allows us to shortcut behavioral processes and arrive at more adequate decisions. Like mathematics, it is an operator rather than a thing or repository. And it is intimately bound up with volition and decision.(pg 55)
Metaphor is essentially the building blocks of the mind, and analog is the place where architecture occurs. By manipulating these building blocks into countless different positions and patterns we’re able to quickly think out what would happen if we were to commit to any particular action thus we are able to project possible future outcomes before deciding which one would be the most beneficial. An important, related part of consciousness is what Jaynes referred to as the “analog I,” this is essentially the metaphor that we have of ourselves– Jaynes describes this mental feature in the following section:
[Consciousness] operates by way of analogy, by way of constructing an analog space with an analog ‘I’ that can observe that space, and move metaphorically in it. It operates on any reactivity, excerpts relevant aspects, narratizes and conciliates them together in a metaphorical space where such meanings can be manipulated like things in space. Conscious mind is a spatial analog of the world and mental acts are analogs of bodily acts. Consciousness operates only on objectively observable things. Or, to say it another way with echoes of John Locke, there is nothing in consciousness that is not an analog of something that was in behavior first. (pg 65-66)
In a universe which is infinitely large metaphor is a net which allows us to catch otherwise fleeting details and label them so that they can be perceived, spoken about, and recalled. It is this process of labeling that allows us to simplify and then examine the world around us; the forms/particulars which we see are concrete/solid, so they must be distilled before they can fully enter our conscious mind.[See Figure 2] Since we see the world through the lens of language, and metaphor allows for the infinite expansion of our limited set of symbols, it goes to follow that metaphor allows for the expansion of our mind in a similar way. As cognition, and perception, are based on language there would be a natural limit on them if not for the expansive power of metaphor which carries meaning from one subject to another.
We believe that we know something about the things themselves when we speak of trees, colors, snow, and flowers; and yet we possess nothing but metaphors for things– metaphors which correspond in no way to the original entities.
— Friedrich Nietzsche
* These are the two parts of a metaphor with the words coined by Jaynes (the terms were based on multiplication wherein a multiplier operates on a multiplicand), there are other similar terms which were created by other writers but they had a slightly different connotation– the most commonly used terms today seem to be “tenor” and “vehicle” which were created by I. A. Richards.
Online Etymology Dictionary, metaphor: http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=metaphor&allowed_in_frame=0
Jaynes, J. (1976). The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Online Etymology Dictionary, book: http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=book&allowed_in_frame=0 | <urn:uuid:6b04662b-e3a0-4c88-be71-9ef49e870eb7> | {
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Question: What are the most common mistakes made by teachers when forming groups?
♦ Forming groups that are too small or too big. A common size for a team is three to five students. When working in pairs, a student can dominate the other. In big groups, it's very difficult for all students to have the opportunity to participate equally. Four-person groups tend to create balance, allowing for a fair distribution of roles. Generally, the size of the teams can be determined by the number of members that are necessary to do a task.♦ Forming new groups constantly. The teacher can make the mistake of breaking up and forming new groups constantly. Groups need some time to work out conflicts and to learn from each other. Groups should remain together long enough to allow students to be productive, but each student should also have the opportunity to work with the rest of the students in class | <urn:uuid:6bb46346-002d-4f66-a168-9651aca48990> | {
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Re: What will stop the dollar from falling?
Currency values are based on emotions of speculators. There are no rules as in physics or chemistry. There are no measures of currency quantities that determine a rise or fall.
The euro involves great debts and deficits -- some much worse than for dollars. So too for the yen, which is the currency of a nation totally devoid of resources.
Dollars have fallen because of emotions.
To stop the fall, emotions have to improve re America, or the entire world has to move towards a rational single world currency. If we imagined a single world currency, it would be massing up inside countries with a favorable trade balance. They could use their amassing quantities of money to buy things or to hoard.
That would demonstrate what happens when a nation sells more than it buys.
Right now, some speculators bid up currencies based on imagining and measuring each country's outflow and inflow. The outlook for dollars and euros is bleak, but euros rise anyway. The real mystery is the rise of euros.
Swipe right to make the connections that could change your career.
Swipe right. Match. Meet over coffee or set up a call.
No, we aren't talking about Tinder. Introducing Shapr, a free app that helps people with synergistic professional goals and skill sets easily meet and collaborate.
China's Chang'e 4 biosphere experiment marks a first for humankind.
- China's Chang'e 4 lunar lander touched down on the far side of the moon on January 3.
- In addition to a lunar rover, the lander carried a biosphere experiment that contains five sets of plants and some insects.
- The experiment is designed to test how astronauts might someday grow plants in space to sustain long-term settlements.
These photos of scientific heroes and accomplishments inspire awe and curiosity.
- Science has given humanity an incalculable boost over the recent centuries, changing our lives in ways both awe-inspiring and humbling.
- Fortunately, photography, a scientific feat in and of itself, has recorded some of the most important events, people and discoveries in science, allowing us unprecedented insight and expanding our view of the world.
- Here are some of the most important scientific photos of history:
Arranged marriages and Western romantic practices have more in common than we might think.
In his book In Praise of Love (2009), the French communist philosopher Alain Badiou attacks the notion of 'risk-free love', which he sees written in the commercial language of dating services that promise their customers 'love, without falling in love'.
SMARTER FASTER trademarks owned by The Big Think, Inc. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:7a34b237-c6a7-465e-a39a-f6a4e6aed86f> | {
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To ease chronic pain, direct thoughts elsewhere
JOHNS HOPKINS (US) — Chronic pain sufferers may sleep better and experience less day-to-day discomfort by learning to dwell less on their ailments, say researchers.
Sleeping pills and painkillers can help, but at least some patients may benefit just as much, if not more, from cognitive behavioral therapy to help them reduce their mental focus on physical pain, researchers say.
“We have found that people who ruminate about their pain and have more negative thoughts about their pain don’t sleep as well, and the result is they feel more pain,” says Luis F. Buenaver, leader of a study published online in the journal Pain.
The study highlights the function of a major neurological pathway that links negative thinking about pain to disturbed sleep that leads to increased pain, Buenaver says.
“If cognitive behavioral therapy can help people change the way they think about their pain,” he says, “they might end that vicious cycle and feel better, without sleeping pills or pain medicine.”
Buenaver, assistant professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, says that roughly 80 percent of people with chronic pain experience sleep disturbances.
Previous studies have shown that people whose sleep patterns are altered are more sensitive to pain. It is also known, he says, that those who focus frequently on their pain and think more negatively about their pain report more debilitating pain. Such “pain catastrophizing,” he adds, has been found to be a better predictor of worse pain and pain-related disability than depression, anxiety, or neuroticism.
For this study, Buenaver and his colleagues recruited 214 people with myofascial temporomandibular disorder, or TMD, serious facial and jaw pain believed to be stress-related in many cases. The participants were mostly white and female, with an average age of 34. Each underwent a dental exam to confirm TMD, then filled out questionnaires assessing sleep quality, depression, pain levels, and emotional responses to pain, including whether they ruminate on it or exaggerate it.
Researchers found a direct correlation in the TMD patients between negative thinking about pain and poor sleep, as well as with worse pain.
Buenaver and his colleagues are now studying whether older adults with arthritis and insomnia can benefit from cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia.
He says that CBT—a form of counseling that focuses on changing thinking to influence behavior—may also help people who suffer from stress-related ailments without a clear underlying pathology other than TMD. Examples include fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome, and some headaches and neck and back pain.
“It may sound simple, but you can change the way you feel by changing the way you think,” Buenaver said.
The research was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health.
More news from Johns Hopkins: http://releases.jhu.edu
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§What is Play?
Play is a high-productivity Java and Scala web application framework that integrates components and APIs for modern web application development. Play was developed by web developers for web application development.
You will find Play’s Model-View-Controller (MVC) architecture familiar and easy to learn. Play provides concise and functional programming patterns. And the large community developing Play applications provides an excellent resource for getting your questions answered.
As a full-stack framework, it includes all of the components you need to build Web Applications and REST services, such as an integrated HTTP server, form handling, Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) protection, a powerful routing mechanism, I18n support, and more. Play saves precious development time by directly supporting everyday tasks and hot reloading so that you can immediately view the results of your work.
Play’s lightweight, stateless, web-friendly architecture uses Akka and Akka Streams under the covers to provide predictable and minimal resource consumption (CPU, memory, threads). Thanks to its reactive model, applications scale naturally–both horizontally and vertically. See Elasticity and Efficient Resource Usage for more information.
Play is non-opinionated about database access, and integrates with many object relational mapping (ORM) layers. It supports Anorm, Ebean, Slick, and JPA out of the box, but many customers use NoSQL or other ORMs.
Read more about Play philosophy and history.
- Check the requirements to work with Play
- Try the Hello World tutorial
- Create a new application from a template
- Learn more from Play examples
Next: Requirements to work with Play | <urn:uuid:02595dc7-e4d7-4866-8b89-e2203235ffdf> | {
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The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Pittsburgh District is continuing to alert visitors about a blue-green algae bloom in the Allegheny Reservoir.
The Corps was notified about the algae bloom by the New York State Department of Health on Aug. 30.
Corps officials tested the effected water and determined that the bloom could be harmful to humans and pets should they come in contact with the algae.
Affected portion of Allegheny Reservoir
The bloom was found in the New York State portion of the Allegheny Reservoir from Quaker Bay downstream to Willow Bay.
A press release from the Corps said it has continued to test and monitor the effected waters weekly, and results indicate that the bloom is still ongoing.
Posted signs notifying the public of the health risks associated with blue-green algae will remain in place until the threat dissipates, according to the Corps.
Blue-green algae is native to the area, Steve Lauser, resource manager for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers at Kinzua Dam, told the Times Observer last month, and shows up in different locations depending on the time of the season. It can also migrate as it moves with the wind and wave action.
When the algae poses a public health concern, the Corps of Engineers makes recommendations for people not to enter the waters of higher concentration.
This past summer provided an extreme case of the right conditions for algae growth. Both shallow water levels and high air and water temperatures propagated growth, Lauser said, more than there would normally be.
Children and pets are the most susceptible to the effects of blue-green algae. Visitors are encouraged to avoid areas where algae are present.
Blue-green algae can generate toxins that can impact human, pet, livestock and fish health. It can cause allergic-type reactions, skin irritations, and in severe cases liver or nervous system damage.
For more information, visit New York State Department of Health website at: www.health.ny.gov/environmental/water/drinking/bluegreenalgae.pdf | <urn:uuid:96913836-0f45-419c-a5a3-519c522adae4> | {
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Southern Italians and Sicilians were Greek Orthodox up until the 11th century. Ethnically, the population was probably not 100 percent Greek, but the area was ruled by the Byzantine Empire, and the churches were administered by Greek clergy. There may have been some use of Western Rites as well in those areas. Later, after the schism, in the late 11th century, the Normans took over the area. Greek bishops were ejected, Latin bishops were installed. But, amongst the masses, Orthodoxy still continued, even as Latin Roman Catholic priests were installed in the parishes, which took a while, and Roman Catholicism became dominate. There is a story from the Council of Florence, where many southern Italian clergy agreed with St. Mark of Ephesus on the issue of purgatory, and said they had always believed as St. Mark explained things. | <urn:uuid:1955b706-a284-4ea8-81e3-506c8131f3ef> | {
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How to Write a Literary Go Step by Step
Fictional essay writing is a type of formal writing that students may perhaps encounter to different improved education college, college and university. It will be easier to face this even if your primary area of expertise actually the Literary Studies by any means. Adore literary works? Look at what careers through Literature can be found to you today. But still, let me get back to the essay composing. Effectively-written documents have become an inextricable component of the academic curriculum. Essays could be an important an important part of school projects, standardized testing and an application and requirement of a school program. But sow how does it participate in literature? If you want to know more about literary essay writing, here is info for you. You’re likely to know what a good literary article is and what particulars it has. Run with analyzing it towards the end to learn what recommendations it is well worth to follow! And write a good literary composition!
What is a Fantastic Literary Composition?
In general, a literary go is defined as a writing that offers the author’s point of view based upon his/her strong arguments retrieved from an important literary do the job. In other words, costly academic job given to the trainee to compute a work in literature by various pensee its framework, form, and content, scheme and subplot, theme, heroes, images, and the like. The main heart and soul of posting a literary essay is usually to analyze a given literary piece of content. Know what is owned by it? Indeed, if you think that literary works are short amount of with functions of writings only, that you are wrong. Besides Stephen Sovereign and Joanne Rowling, you are able to evaluate almost all works depicted in print as well as writing. As a result, all remarkable, musical, graceful works may be evaluated by simply you in a literary essay or dissertation.
Let’s require an example: you’re analyzing some musical drama, Lerner and Loewe’s My Fair Young lady. You know that it will be based on take part in Pygmalion just by George Bernard Shaw. It’s a highly well-liked book numerous reviews everywhere. If you browse those comments, you’ll letter they are all about the way it is perceived simply by readers. Never act rejects simple fact the inspiration of writing is considered as a matter of concern. You’re allowed to share your own effects in a literary analysis relying both on a book and do. Remember your literary dissertation should be put in a prepared format with a detailed analysis of components every single literary job has:
What Does your Literary Article Body Part Contain?
When you finally introduce the primary idea that relates to your fictional essay, it is logical to build it out of various angles of a fictional analysis regarding the question text what, who all, how and why. The part dealing with the introduction of the central idea of your literary examination essay is named the body. The definition of regularly intended for the development of the central concept of a fictional analysis go is the body system with more than 3 physical paragraphs.
Each one of the paragraphs you, yourself are writing should have:
- Topic term , i just. e. the first sentence stating the subpoint of one’s thesis account which you have thought. So you will need to tie all the details of the paragraph together close so that it will probably be logically entire;
- Literal evidence , i. electronic. the boosting detail highly relevant to the main point and subpoint you state from the topic time period. It can be whether paraphrase of content or maybe direct kursnotierung from a book. The latter takes on a greater task in finding your ability to analyze some literary give good results. Just remember it!
- Eliminating sentence , i. que. the last title of a sentences to have the idea logically done. It’s up to you what technique for closing to pick out, but don’t forget to use changes. The simplest way should be to count most of your points by making use of ‘Firstly’, ‘Secondly’, ‘Thirdly’, and many others. But there are plenty of other transition expressions you might use in your literary essay.
How to Bring a Conclusion for a Fictional Essay?
Subsequently, your essay or dissertation is ending when each of the final language are getting written. The definition of these last words with your literary article? Firstly, you remind subscribers of the article question. Friends and classmates, you provide the main essay argument(s) in short ,. Thirdly, make a relevant thought about the fictional work you are analyzing it could possibly a reply to liking or maybe disliking that, or the work’s value or disvalue. In fact, there are many different ways to make a conclusion. Just appear them because of. Going to cover your computer or other electronic devices you working on immediately after putting a full position? Stop, refrain from, stop! Reread a developed essay to be sure that everything compares to the requirements presented to you. Produce all the vital revisions prior to submitting any papers. Remember this definately!
3 Literary Essay Producing Challenges to Overcome Ahead of time
At any step of composing, a student may well encounter a lot of challenges. Consequently writing a literary essay is no different. Let’s examine 3 available issues you might experience with the right ways of coping with each of them:
#1 Reading and Analyzing Processes
Without any doubt, you recognize that prior to writing your well-analyzed literary essay, you should read a bit of literature. Have the same opinion that reading and considering is better through with a short experience, for example , The Gift among the Magi just by O. Henry, than with a good novel, Okay ich war and Peace of mind by Lev Tolstoy, for example? So , find enough time to complete these development effectively. It is up to you what way of studying to choose, but remember the way of simple methods to read an e book has an effect on your final literary essay or dissertation writing. It really is found you will be more likely to keep in mind content should you read it loud. Besides it, you can look at out:
- Color marking of the key ideas inside text;
- Employing sticky-notes along with the main points in content;
- Charting character technology, etc .
#2 Harvesting All the Details Essential for the Literary Analysis
When you find yourself asked to do a literary study in works, you should think about how and why a poem, short story, book, or take pleasure in was released. For that reason, it is best to collect the whole set of necessary more knowledge about do my homework services a specific fictional work. Take notice of the arrangement from ideas and/or incidents that make up a story, set up, characters, figurative language, vision, symbolism, etc . How to collect all that? Even while reading your literary piece of content, it is better to possess a pen or several highlighters at hand suitable for:
- Underlining or copy-pasting direct estimates from an e book or any several other literary job;
- Marking each one point thanks to corresponding colorings on paper;
- Contest graphic planners to show this article illustratively. For instance , this graphic organizer proves the main ways in writing your literary dissertation and its benefits:
#3 Writing your Literary Essay or dissertation Analysis Themselves
It would seem as if every impediment in the course of dealing with a literary dissertation was combat. But it isn’t worth to forget any time reading a book, gathering all the essential details to do a great in-depth examination, you have to visualize words that may make your essay informative, easy to follow and remember. In addition, all the information given in your literary essay must be well-structured and formatted correctly. Here, form question, ‘How to write my literary article? ‘, problem becomes, also, ‘How to structure and format my personal literary go? ‘ Determine what comes to help?
- Outlining or mapping all the important ideas associated with essay;
- Using the ‘ Benefits + Physique + Conclusion’ structure;
- The guide for you to write a literary analysis composition, the tips on posting essays in the English Dialect and Novels or the new ideas for an academic writing style;
- The citation suggestions according to the last editions of one’s style instructions:
- Publication Guidebook of the North american Psychological Collective, 6th release;
- MLA Guide for Freelance of Groundwork Papers, 7th edition;
- The Chicago Tutorial of Style, 16th edition;
- The Manual intended for Writers in Research Paper, Theses, and Dissertations, 7th edition.
- One or two literary documents are put as good types of formatting on APA, MLA, Harvard, Turabian or Chicago , il.
Coming from just says three main challenges you could face after being assigned a literary essay. Yet , there are many additional obstacles appearing in your method no matter what process is in entry of you procrastination, lacking time, deficient time direction and writing skills. The list goes on and so on indefinitely… Stop postponing the moment before you start getting prompted by the artwork of your own writing! | <urn:uuid:4e3a1d95-7b9d-490c-a095-fd7caf562815> | {
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Researchers from Michigan State University and Imperial College London have just received $1.87 million in funding to conduct a treasure hunt. It will take them from Germany to Hawaii in the US and elsewhere, in search of the smallest needle—a particular type of bacteria—in a haystack the size of the globe. If it pays off, it could contribute to lowering the world’s reliance on toxic—and expensive—fertilizer, replacing it with bacteria.
Making fertilizer is dangerous as April’s explosion at a factory in West, Texas demonstrated. And its use is catastrophic for the environment for reasons ranging from increased methane emissions to run-off contaminating water supplies. The bacteria project is one of three being funded by the US National Science Foundation and Britain’s Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council. With a total of $8.86 million of funding, the groups are hoping the three projects will boost crop yields while reducing the need for fertilizers. At the root of all three projects is the process of “fixing” nitrogen, or converting it to ammonia, a compound that helps plants grow. There is plenty of nitrogen in the atmosphere but it doesn’t convert into ammonia in an oxygen-rich environment like ours. | <urn:uuid:1d099d44-0f63-495c-ae62-db7c10d586da> | {
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One of the most common terms in board gaming is that of “Meeple”. But what is a Meeple?
The typical colored wooden (and sometimes plastic) character token is a standard of modern board gaming that typically represents the player or the workers of a player.
meeple (plural meeples)
A small person-shaped figure used as a player’s token in a board game.
Blend of ‘my’ and ‘people’. Coined in November of 2000 by Alison Hansel during a game of Carcassonne when she fused “my” and “people” to describe the wooden figures each player uses in that game.”
Digging deeper into the backstory, it appears that the word was first used in a BGG session report posted on January 1st, 2001. From all I can gather, Alison and her friends were just a regular group of people playing a game and the word ended up not only sticking, but cementing itself in the board gaming lexicon as it has even joined the Oxford dictionary as an approved word.
Meeples aren’t all pawns though, just the smaller representations of players in wooden (or plastic) form. For instance, Pandemic’s pieces are pawns whereas Carcassonne’s are Meeples. The term has caught on so well that there are now Animeeples and many games create their own style of Meeple to align with their theme.
Meeple has become a trademark of the board game world and is instantly recognizable by anyone who’s encountered one before. I can’t think of a better ambassador. | <urn:uuid:b1e90a57-c901-4775-bcc6-b9486370d13c> | {
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How the leopard got his spots -- really
Rudyard Kipling was right all along, it seems.
In one of his "Just So Stories," Kipling suggested the leopard got its spots because the animal moved to an environment " 'sclusively full of trees and bushes and stripy, speckly, patchy-blatchy shadows."
The University of Bristol studied the markings of 35 species of wild cats according to a mathematical model of pattern development.
"They found that cats living in dense habitats, in the trees, and active at low light levels, are the most likely to be patterned, especially with particularly irregular or complex patterns," the study's release reads.
Going by this theory, however, Kipling was wrong about one thing: the spots can change, and fast. "Analysis of the evolutionary history of the patterns shows they can evolve and disappear relatively quickly," the study concluded.
The patterns help camouflage the large cats to help protect them as they hunt for prey. As Kipling put it, "You can lie out on the bare ground and look like a heap of pebbles. You can lie out on the naked rocks and look like a piece of pudding-stone. You can lie out on a leafy branch and look like sunshine sifting through the leaves; and you can lie right across the centre of a path and look like nothing in particular. Think of that and purr!"
| October 20, 2010; 1:22 PM ET
Categories: The Daily Catch
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Next: The 'Tweet It' song: iPads vs. iPhones (Video) | <urn:uuid:dc5908d1-f233-4031-a688-d4025ffa2494> | {
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Rev. Alban Butler (171173). Volume V: May. The Lives of the Saints. 1866.
SS. Gordian and Epimachus, Martyrs
THESE two holy martyrs are named in all calendars of the western church since the sixth age. St. Epimachus suffered at Alexandria under Decius, in the year 250, with one Alexander. They had been long detained in a hideous dungeon, were beaten with clubs, their sides were torn with iron-hooks; lastly, they were both burnt in lime. This is related by St. Dionysius of Alexandria, quoted by Eusebius (b. vi. c. 41.)
St. Gordian was beheaded at Rome for the faith, under Julian the Apostate, in the year 362. His name occurs in the ancient Martyrologies. His body was laid in a cave, in which was deposited that of St. Epimachus, which was brought from Alexandria to Rome a little before St. Gordians martyrdom. The relics of both these martyrs are now possessed by the great Benedictin abbey of Kempton, in the diocess of Ausbourg. | <urn:uuid:87526136-9ea6-4396-b3b0-3f5a5eecdf48> | {
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- Accession Number: 1278
- Measurements: Length: 2.1 cm, Width: 0.9 cm
- Material: Stone, Hematite
- Date/Culture: Late Bronze Age Cypriot, 1450-1050 B.C.E
- Provenance: Theodore Marburg Collection of Cypriot Antiquities, collected in Cyprus between 1879 and 1891. Donated to the Archaeological Museum in 1900.
The island of Cyprus, located in the Mediterranean off the coast of Syria, was a major center of trade during the Late Bronze Age, ca. 1450-1050 B.C.E. Cypriot traders traveled all around the Mediterranean world, selling primarily copper in exchange for other commodities. It was during this period that Cypriot craftsmen first produced their own cylinder seals. These seals, and impressions of them, have been found at a number of sites around the Mediterranean world – not only on Cyprus, but also at Ugarit, a major harbor town in northern Syria, and at other trading centers.
Although Cypriot seals in many ways imitated the styles of the mainland regions – especially Syrian styles – several distinctly Cypriot schools developed.
In numerous Cypriot seals, human figures are shown with high arches in their feet, and they often have puffed-out cheeks, and/or pincher-like hands. These features can be seen in seals 1278 (above), A.1016, and A.1020, 1279 (below).
A particular style of griffin also appears on a number of Cypriot seals – this creature is shown in seal 1279. Another common element on Cypriot seals is a bull’s head or bucranium, often used as a filling motif. Similarly, bulls paired with lions are a common theme. This is exemplified by seal A.1011.
Another distinctly Cypriot motif is an ox-hide shaped ingot, which appears on seal A.1015. This shape represents the copper ingots that were exported from Cyprus during the Late Bronze Age: actual copper ingots of this shape have been discovered in the remains of ancient shipwrecks off the Syrian coast. Finally, the circle-and-dot design is another very common Cypriot filling motif, and can be seen on seals 1271, 1278, and A.1016.
- Collon, Dominique, 1987. First Impressions: Cylinder Seals in the Ancient Near East. London: British Museum Publications.
- Hammade, Hamido, 1994. Cylinder Seals from the Collections of the Aleppo Museum, Syrian Arab Republic: 2. Seals of Known Provenance. BAR International Series 597. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.
- Keel-Leu, Hildi and Beatrice Teissier, 2004. The Ancient Near Eastern Cylinder Seals of the Collections “Bible+Orient” of the University of Fribourg. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 200. Fribourg: Academic Press; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
- Kist, Joost, 2003. Ancient Near Eastern Seals from the Kist collection: Three Millennia of Miniature Reliefs. Culture and History of the Ancient Near East, Vol. 18. Leiden: Brill.
- Merrillees, Parvine H, 1990. Cylinder and Stamp Seals in Australian Collections. Deakin University Archaeology Research Unit Occasional Paper 3. Victoria.
- Porada, Edith, ed., 1948. Corpus of Ancient Near Eastern Seals in North American Collections: The Collection of the Pierpont Morgan Library. The Bollingen Series 14 (2 vols.). Washington, D.C. | <urn:uuid:4ce1b2c0-8fd8-4c6a-9b3b-1ecf6dbb9032> | {
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, NAIROBI, Kenya, Oct 4 – Industrialised countries can now be compelled to hasten action on climate change through a court process according to the Foundation for International Environment Law and Development (FIELD).
In a new publication, the foundation said that climate-vulnerable developing nations could use international law to break the current deadlock in the intergovernmental negotiations on climate change by taking industrialised nations to court.
The journal came as government officials from around the world gathered in Tianjin, China for three days of negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
"A large part of the relevant legal literature suggests that the main polluting nations can be held responsible under international law for the harmful effects of their greenhouse-gas emissions," says the paper\’s author, lawyer Christoph Schwarte.
"As a result affected countries may have a substantive right to demand the cessation of a certain amount of emissions. In selected cases they also have the procedural means to pursue an inter-state litigation in an international judicial forum such as the International Court of Justice in The Hague," he said.
Mr Schwarte\’s paper outlined a possible legal argument for such a lawsuit and offered some observations on the potential impacts of bringing a case before an international court or tribunal.
While there were various substantive and procedural legal hurdles, under certain circumstances litigation under public international law would be possible and could become a bargaining chip in the negotiations.
"Today, a credible case for inter-state litigation on climate change can be made," the paper said.
"Developing country governments are understandably reluctant to challenge any of the big donor nations in an international court or tribunal. But this may change once the impacts of climate change become even more visible and an adequate agreement remains wanting."
FIELD analysed the current legal discourse and summarised its findings in a longer working paper, which it made available online as an open wiki document to allow legal academics and practitioners comment on, criticise or strengthen the arguments.
"While international judicial organs are unlikely to issue hard hitting judgments, climate change litigation may help to create the political pressure and third-party guidance required to re-invigorate the international negotiations, within or outside the UNFCCC," Mr Schwarte said.
Since the failed Copenhagen summit in 2009, there has been limited progress in the UNFCCC climate negotiations. At the current rate of progress, a new legal framework and ambitious emission reductions look unlikely in the near-term.
As a result billions of extra tons of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases would be released into the atmosphere, and many scientists warn that this meant global temperatures could rise by four degrees Celsius by the end of the century.
Joy Hyvarinen, Director of FIELD said, "Progress in the international climate change negotiations is nowhere near enough to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to a safe level. Something new is needed to push the negotiations forward. Perhaps an international court case could help bring new momentum to the negotiations."
FIELD is a group of public international lawyers based in London working towards a fair, effective and accessible system of international law that protects the global environment and promotes sustainable development. | <urn:uuid:5c5b570a-2142-421f-a80f-ab88526f3f0e> | {
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This week’s Monday Galaxy was something of a surprise for me.
When I find a beautiful Hubble picture of a galaxy with which I’m not familiar, the first thing I do is hit the journals and databases. How far away is it? Why was it observed?
That first one was easy: This galaxy, called NGC 1309, is about 90 million light years away, give or take, putting it at the far side of what we might call “nearby”. Still with Hubble’s incredible vision, NGC 1309 is displayed in amazing detail (grab the 2400 x 3200 pixel version to see for yourself).
The answer to the second question, at first, eluded me. I dove right into the professional journals and extragalactic databases, looking to see what was going on with this galaxy. I found nothing. No mention of a huge black hole gobbling down matter and blasting out jets, no recent merger with another galaxy, no anomalously bright high-energy sources in it.
Then I laughed. I realized I didn’t actually read the synopsis of the observation on the Hubble website; I jumped right into the deep end. But when I read the short description, it became clear why NGC 1309 was targeted: It turns out, while overall the galaxy itself is scientifically unremarkable, it’s what’s in it that makes it special.
NGC 1309 has quite a few stars in it that are called Cepheid variables. These are massive, bright stars that pulsate in brightness on a regular schedule lasting a few days to months. The pulsation period of a Cepheid depends on the absolute brightness of the star, how much energy it emits. By measuring how bright the star appears over time, then, we can determine how bright the star actually is. That in turn allows us to measure its distance (since stars dim with distance in a relatively easy-to-measure way). Since we can see Cepheids in distant galaxies, that allows us to measure the actual distance to these galaxies.
That fact, all by itself, is amazing.
But NGC 1309 has another trick up its arm. On top of the Cepheids, in 2002 an exploding star was spotted in the galaxy, and it was of the kind that can also be calibrated to calculate its distance. This kind of supernova is used to measure the distances of galaxies that are incredibly far away, billions of light years distant, clear to the edge of the observable Universe. Being able to find a galaxy with both Cepheid stars and this type of supernova is a rare chance to match the two scales up and make sure they fit. It helps us bootstrap the size and behavior of the entire Universe.
That’s why NGC 1309 found itself in Hubble’s crosshairs. But to my amusement, that’s it. It’s otherwise a completely ordinary spiral galaxy, slightly smaller than our Milky Way, with wide-flung spiral arms festooned with dark dust lanes. Scientifically, if I saw NGC 1309 in a database or journal table, I wouldn’t give it a second glance.
That would be a shame, because it’s gorgeous.
Two other things did draw my attention in the Hubble image. First was the bizarre, smaller galaxy to the upper left. It has almost no defined nucleus, possesses that weird bar across it, and then has those kinked and messed-up arms. What’s its story? It looks like it recently had a collision with another galaxy that disrupted its structure, but I’m not sure. After some time online poking through databases, all I could find about it was how bright it is (17th mag, for those keeping notes at home, or 0.004% as bright as the faintest star you can see with your naked eye). That’s it. I suspect this Hubble image is the first detailed picture of it ever taken, so it’s not been studied thoroughly yet.
Second, I’ll note all the myriad background galaxies, so commonly seen in images like this. Interestingly, they appear to tend toward the red, which makes me think that NGC 1309 has a lot of dust in its outskirts; blue light passing through dust gets absorbed or scattered away, while red light passes through. It’s possible all those galaxies are intrinsically red, but it seems unlikely. Another mystery to pass on to someone who may one day study this lovely spiral galaxy.
I also find it somewhat funny that, above, I described this incredible object, so huge, so fantastically beautiful, as “unremarkable”. Perhaps as a galaxy itself it’s typical, one of many, a big spiral among countless thousands known. Yet it possesses the keys to our understanding of the Universe itself. | <urn:uuid:fc7e2c74-2749-4e2b-ab01-3d655e726ff2> | {
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1CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems and CRC for Sustainable Sugar Production, 120 Meiers Rd, Indooroopilly Qld 4068. Email [email protected]
2CSIRO Land and Water and CRC for Sustainable Sugar Production, PMB Aitkenvale, Townsville Qld. 4814.
Fertigation can be a more efficient means of applying crop nutrients, particularly nitrogen (N), so nutrient application rates should be reduced in fertigated crops. However, there is little information on the extent of the possible reduction in N application for many fertigated crops, particularly sugarcane, which is one of the major row crops grown under trickle irrigation and the major crop grown in north eastern Australia. In this study, a cropping systems model (APSIM) was modified to represent sub-surface application of water and N to crops as an approximation of sub-surface trickle irrigation systems. The performance of the model was assessed relative to measurements from a five year sugarcane sub-surface trickle irrigation/fertigation N response experiment. Absolute cane yields were over-predicted, but relative response of yield to applied N was well predicted. The long-term response of sugarcane yields to a wide range of N application rates were then simulated for both the surface and sub-surface application of water and N. Simulations showed that the benefits of sub-surface application of water and N will be either a saving in N fertiliser for similar yield, as expected, or an increase in yield for similar N inputs. Whichever of these is most desirable will depend on the specific economic circumstances of the sugarcane production system.
APSIM, drip irrigation, fertilizer, mineralisation, nitrate leaching, organic matter, simulation
In common with all agricultural enterprises, the Australian sugar industry is striving to increase the efficiency of its resource use and reduce off site impacts of production. The industry is mainly located along the north eastern coastline of the country, in close proximity to environmentally sensitive areas (i.e., the Great Barrier Reef and World Heritage listed rainforests) and large numbers of people in regional cities. One option for increasing resource use efficiency in irrigated sugar production systems is the use of trickle irrigation (1, 2). During the 1990's, the area of trickle irrigated sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids) in Australia increased substantially, from approximately 1,000 to 4,000 ha, although it is still a small proportion (< 2 %) of the total area of irrigated sugarcane. However, much of the increase in area was driven by a desire to increase irrigation application efficiencies and little attention has been paid to nutrient use efficiency.
It is commonly accepted that efficiency of fertiliser use can be higher in most crops when fertiliser is applied through a trickle irrigation system, especially sub-surface systems. Such gains in efficiency would be particularly useful for the application of nitrogen (N) to sugarcane (3), because N is the main nutrient of environmental concern and sugarcane requires large applications (up to 200 kg/ha) of N. While knowledge exists about N application rates in conventional management systems, there is little information on the optimum N rate for sugarcane where both irrigation water and N are applied through a sub-surface trickle irrigation system. It is possible that N application rates could be reduced by 25-50 % compared with conventional management (2, 3). As with most field experiments however, these experiments were conducted for a limited time (2-5 y) with a limited range of treatments; e.g., few or no conventionally irrigated and fertilised treatments to act as a control (2, 3, 4). Thus important questions still exist regarding the optimum management of N in trickle irrigated/fertigated sugarcane, and the advantages of such a system in comparison with conventional systems.
In an effort to address these questions, a cropping systems model (the Agricultural Production systems SIMulator; 5) that well predicts N responses in conventionally managed sugarcane (6) was modified to represent application of water and N to crops via a sub-surface trickle irrigation system, and the performance of the model assessed relative to experimental measurements (3, 4). The model was then applied to assess the long-term production and environmental benefits of applying N to sugarcane through sub-surface irrigation/fertigation. Strategies for optimising N management in fertigated sugarcane grown in north eastern Australia are described.
The APSIM modelling framework (5) was used, incorporating modules for soil organic matter, N, water (7) and crop residue (8) dynamics and sugarcane growth (6). In order to represent irrigation from sub-surface trickle systems, the soil water module, a layered water balance model, was modified to allow irrigation water (specified in mm) to be applied in any layer. Previously, irrigation could only be applied to the surface of the soil. There was no attempt to represent the two-dimensional nature of wetting from a trickle irrigation emitter. N fertiliser could be applied at any layer in the model.
The model was configured with seven layers to a maximum soil depth of 2 m. Model soil parameters were based, wherever possible, on data measured during the field experiment (3, 4). Soils in replicate blocks of the field experiment differed substantially, so each separate replicate block was modelled individually. Default parameter values for the variety Q124 (6) were used in the sugarcane model.
To perform simulations of the experiment, management data (3, 4) were used to specify details of sugarcane planting and harvest, and dates and amounts of irrigation and N fertiliser applications. The experiment was planted in September 1996 and each of the five crops was harvested at 12 months of age. In all plots, irrigation was applied daily (except during and soon after rain) through trickle irrigation tape buried 0.3 m depth in the soil. N fertiliser (urea) was applied through the trickle system (over four splits) at rates of 0, 80, 120, 160 and 240 kg/ha on ratoon crops, and 75 % of that rate on the plant crop. For the 160 kg/ha treatment (denoted N160), fertiliser was also applied conventionally (by coulter at ~ 0.1 m depth) in an additional treatment. There were three replicates of each treatment. Plots were large (~ 0.2 ha), commercially grown and harvested.
In the simulations, N fertiliser (urea) and irrigation water were applied in layer 3 of the soil module, the layer corresponding to the depth of the trickle tape, in five of the six treatments. In the sixth treatment where N was applied conventionally, fertiliser was applied to the soil surface with irrigation water applied in layer 3. Climate data were taken from rainfall measurements made at the site and temperature and solar radiation measurements made ~ 3 km from the site.
Long-term simulations were performed to extrapolate the experimental N response results through time and to compare them with responses in a conventionally irrigated and fertilised system. Unlike the experimental crops which were 12 months long, a more common cropping cycle was adopted for the long-term simulations. Each crop cycle consisted of a 15 month plant crop (planted in early May) and four 13 month ratoon crops. Simulations were commenced in 1895 and run until 1995 (17 crop cycles). Weather data were obtained from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Eleven different rates of N fertiliser were applied, with the plant crop receiving 75 % of that applied to the ratoon crops. The N rates for the ratoon crops commenced with 0 kg/ha, incrementing by 30 kg/ha to a maximum of 300 kg/ha. The N was applied as urea. Irrigation water and N were applied at the soil surface to represent the conventional management system. For the sub-surface trickle irrigation/fertigation system, irrigation water and N were applied in layer 3 as in simulations of the experimental data.
Simulation of experimental results
There was no significant yield response to applied N fertiliser in the plant crop, although there was in all subsequent crops (Figure 1). Yields of sugarcane in the field experiment were generally over predicted by the model, particularly in the second ratoon (2R) crop. This general over estimation was expected as the field experiment was conducted and managed on a commercial scale, and so subject to harvest losses, harvest damage, pest damage, lodging, etc; factors that are not considered in the model and are minimised in small plot experiments. Twice the average rainfall was received in the first three months of the 2R crop, and water was continually ponded on the soil surface of the experiment for much of this time (4). These conditions are likely to have damaged stools, through water logging, inhibiting the growth of the 2R and subsequent crops. Water logging is not represented in APSIM-Sugarcane (6), so this damage contributes to the over prediction of yields in the last three crops.
Figure 1. Mean measured (squares) and simulated (circles) response of sugarcane yields to different rates of N applied through a sub-surface trickle system in five crops. Open symbols represent the treatment were N was surface applied. The bars show standard errors of the means.
Even though yields were generally over predicted, the relative N response of the crop was well predicted in all crops (Figure 2). In the N160 treatment, measured and simulated yields were generally similar whether N was applied by fertigation or conventionally for the plant and 1R crops (Figure 1).
Figure 2. Measured (solid lines) and simulated (dashed lines) relative N response (i.e., the maximum yield relative to that in the treatment with no applied N) over five sugarcane crops.
Simulated impact of different nitrogen fertiliser application rates
For both irrigation/fertiliser systems, the simulated response of cane yield to N fertiliser application varied markedly between each crop (data not shown) in response to climatic differences over the different growing seasons. This variability did not overshadow the more consistent impacts of irrigation/fertiliser application management, and so mean yields for the five crops in each crop cycle were compared (three example crop cycles shown in Figure 2).
Figure 3. Simulated response of irrigation and different rates of applied N fertiliser when applied “con-ventionally” on the surface (diamonds, dashed lines) and at depth (circles, solid lines) in three crop cycles, the 2nd, 8th and 15th.
In most crop cycles simulated cane yields were similar in both conventional and sub-surface irrigation/fertiliser application at low and high rates of N application. Differences between the management systems tended to be confined to intermediate rates of N application, e.g., between 60 and 150 kg/ha. Maximum yields were simulated to occur at N application rates of 120-150 kg/ha in both management systems in all crop cycles, and were on average 5 % higher in the sub-surface irrigation/fertiliser system compared to the conventional system in all crop cycles.
While the predictions of absolute sugarcane yield in the experiment were not accurate (Figure 1), the similarity in response of yield to applied N in both the simulations and the experiment in all crop cycles (Figure 2) was encouraging, and indicate that the modified model could be used to more broadly examine the response of sugarcane to application of water and N through trickle systems.
It is commonly assumed that because N can be applied more efficiently through sub-surface fertigation that N application rates can be decreased (1, 2). This was observed in the simulations: In the 8th crop cycle, for example, a maximum mean yield of 132 t/ha was achieved with the application of 150 kg/ha of N where irrigation and N were surface applied, while a similar yield was achieved with the application of 90 kg/ha of N where irrigation and N were sub-surface applied (Figure 3). Over all crop cycles, savings of N with the sub-surface application of irrigation and N were in the order of 10-40 % (data not shown), similar to those suggested previously (1, 2, 3, 4).
However, the philosophy behind reducing N applications in trickle irrigated crops implicitly assumes that yields in the conventional and trickle systems will be similar. Where water is applied through a well managed trickle system and system efficiency increases (through reduced deep drainage and evaporation from the soil), yields may increase in response to the increased net application of water. To realise these higher yields greater nutrient inputs, in the case of this study N, will be required (Figure 3). Thus, the sub-surface application of water and N creates a different system compared with surface application, and each system has a different N response. The simulations conducted in this study suggest the benefits of sub-surface application of water and N will be either a saving in N fertiliser for similar yield, or an increase in yield for similar N inputs. Whichever of these is most desirable will depend on the specific economic circumstances of the sugarcane production system.
Funding for this study was provided by. The experiment was established and maintained by Mike Smith, Ian Dart, Craig Baillie and Sam Stacey of Bundaberg Sugar, whose enthusiastic collaboration made the study possible. We are indebted to them, and to Dr Merv Probert for his valuable advice during the study.
(1) Thorburn, P.J., Sweeney, C.A. and Bristow, K.L. 1998. Proc. Aust. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol., 20:118-125.
(2) Ng Kee Kwong, K.F., Paul, J.P. and Deville, J. 1999. Exp. Agric., 35: 31-37.
(3) Thorburn, P.J., Dart, I.K., Biggs, I.J., Baillie, C.P., Smith, M.A. and Keating, B.A. 2002. Irrig. Sci., (In press).
(4) Dart, I.K., Baillie, C.P. and Thorburn, P.J. 2000. Proc. Aust. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol., 22: 230-235.
(5) McCown, R.L., Hammer, G.L., Hargreaves, J.N.G., Holzworth, D.P. and Freebairn, D.M. 1996. Agric. Systems, 50: 255-271.
(6) Keating, B.A., Robertson, M.J., Muchow, R.C. and Huth, N.I. 1999. Field Crops Res., 61: 253-271.
(7) Probert, M.E., Dimes, J.P., Keating, B.A., Dalal, R.C. and Strong, W.M. 1998. Agric. Systems, 56: 1-28.
(8) Thorburn, P.J., Probert, M.E. and Robertson, F.A. 2001. Field Crops Res., 70: 223-232. | <urn:uuid:4ac41c1a-b169-4f00-8aa3-26c0b975b4bf> | {
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(A) Rules-based accounting standard
Rule-based systems are fairly simplistic, consisting of little more than a set of if-then statements, but provide the basis for so-called "expert systems" which are widely used in many fields. The concept of an expert system is this: the knowledge of an expert is encoded into the rule set. When exposed to the same data, the expert system AI will perform in a similar manner to the expert.
Rule-based systems are a relatively simple model that can be adapted to any number of problems, rule-based systems are really only feasible for problems for which any and all knowledge in the problem area can be written in the form of if-then rules and for which this problem area is not large. If there are too many rules, the system can become difficult to maintain and can suffer a performance hit.
Rules-based accounting provide a list of detailed rules to follow, the list of rules clearly tell you how to do and provide the exactly format, no any professional judgments is needed.
Advantages of Rules-based accounting standard
(1) The rules can increase the accuracy with which standard setters communicate their requirements and increase comparability.
(2) The rules increase verifiability for auditors and regulators and a related reduction in litigation.
(3) The rules reduced opportunities for earnings management through judgments, can reduce the sort of imprecision that lead to aggressive reporting choices by managements.
Disadvantages of Rules-based accounting standard
(1) Rules-based system is problematic because those who want to comply with rules are not always sure of everything they need to look at. Those looking to get around the rule can use legalistic approaches to try and do it.
(B) Principles-based accounting standard
Principles-based accounting provides a conceptual basis for accountants to follow instead of a list of detailed... | <urn:uuid:5ce38fa7-bb3c-47b3-878d-c0066af978fe> | {
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Q: What project best helps your students to think “outside the box” about the way they approach creative writing?
A: With blackout poetry, students find a poem within a page of text, whether from a newspaper or a random page in a book. They identify words that strike them, then link them with other words. When read from top to bottom, left to right, it creates a poem. Then students “black out” the remaining words with a marker, sometimes even creating designs. Students get to express themselves in a new way, and they always surprise themselves with what they create.
Q: How do you engage students who have a weakness (or feel they have a weakness) with language?
A: It’s important to build confidence in students who struggle. When students don’t succeed, I make sure to let them know that they are not alone, and that we can all learn from that error. I also reach out to parents to encourage extra help outside of class. That’s the best time for me to work with a student and determine how he or she is feeling and how I can best help. Once we build that trust, I usually notice a significant difference, even in the student’s participation.
Q: What’s your favorite way to demonstrate that intimidating or archaic material can be relatable?
A: When we cover Romeo and Juliet, I have groups create a five-song playlist — one song for each act of the play. Students choose a song that represents their designated act, explaining their decision in a written analysis. Then each group shares their soundtrack, and we vote on the strongest one. I can’t count how many times students have told me they never would have realized so many songs they listen to could be connected to such an old story.
Q: What is the most surprising result of an assignment you gave to a student this year?
A: It actually involves the Romeo and Juliet soundtrack project. When it came time to brainstorm, one student stunned me. This student typically didn’t show much interest in class and sometimes wouldn’t turn in assignments at all. But when this student asked, “Would it be okay if I wrote my own song for this project?” — I must have had the biggest smile on my face! It reminded me that some students yearn for creative ways to demonstrate their knowledge and talent, and I challenge myself to give them opportunities to do so every day.
Q: You’re an AOPS high school graduate yourself. What has it been like returning as a Catholic educator?
A: It is exciting to see what this experience looks like from the other side. Teaching in a Catholic school is comforting, and it consistently reminds me of my roots in Catholic education. I often remind my students how blessed they are to be receiving this kind of education — both academically and spiritually. It is a truth they may not fully realize now, but someday they will, and they will be just as grateful as I am. | <urn:uuid:f6302a9a-454e-4776-bf36-9ff55aa60a57> | {
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Unlike contemporary North Americans, the ancient Greeks believed happiness could be achieved only by being a good person; it had nothing to do with feeling good.
Aristotle offered the most complete articulation of the ancients’ views about well-being. He said happiness could be achieved only through virtuous conduct and rigorous thought. Professor Thomas Hurka, who takes a similar view, says the good life consists of things that are valuable and worth pursuing in themselves – self-understanding, achievement and moral virtue, among others – even if they don’t always make you feel happy in the sense of feeling pleasure. “Sometimes genuine self-understanding is painful,” says Hurka, the Henry N.R. Jackman Distinguished Professor in Philosophical Studies.
Early Christian scholars incorporated this notion of suffering for happiness into their doctrines. St. Augustine, a theologian who lived in the fourth century, argued that original sin precluded perfect happiness in this life, but the devout would get their due in the afterlife. Reformation theorists pondered whether earthly pleasures might even be a sign of God’s grace, a reward for good behaviour in advance of the real thing in heaven.
A radical break came in the 17th century when the English philosopher John Locke suggested that feeling good was intrinsically good because God wanted his creatures to be happy. The right action was therefore the one that resulted in the most pleasant feelings. Utilitarianism, a philosophy that flourished in the 18th century, extended this theory to public life. It asserted that government should judge its policies on which ones produce the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. The 19th-century English philosopher John Stuart Mill offered a refined version of utilitarianism in which he distinguished between “higher” and “lower” pleasures. In his view, cerebral satisfaction should rank higher than purely physical delight, which any animal could experience.
The idea that happiness is about feeling good rather than “doing good” has modern defenders. Wayne Sumner, a U of T philosophy professor and proponent of utilitarianism, says happiness has both an immediate, emotional component (you feel fulfilled in your life) and a more long-term, cognitive component (you judge that your whole life is going well). For Sumner, this kind of happiness is the most important part of the good life. | <urn:uuid:551576ab-a906-4f4c-b5c1-d9b85758ec42> | {
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Learn something new every day More Info... by email
Physical anthropology is the study of how biology and culture have impacted human development. An individual who works in this field, which also is called biological anthropology, typically performs research. To begin a career in this vocational area, you have to complete four years of undergraduate school as well as two years of a master’s degree program. A doctoral degree program that lasts four years or five years also is necessary to be successful in this line of work.
If you want to start a career in physical anthropology, you should first complete a four-year bachelor’s degree in general anthropology. Getting into this type of training program involves turning in your most recent standardized test results and filling out your chosen institution’s enrollment form. You also have to provide a copy of your high school transcript as well as your high school diploma or the equivalent certification.
Anthropology courses teach you the basic skills that you need to thrive in this vocational area. You must learn about different cultures and how civilizations developed, particularly focusing on genetics, or the study of variations in organisms. This is important because mastering these concepts makes you eligible to pursue a graduate school degree in physical anthropology.
You need to attend graduate school in order to be able to claim job positions in this field. Entrance into a two-year master’s degree program in physical anthropology involves submitting your bachelor’s degree program transcript as well as completing the university’s admission application and turning in your graduate school test results. Training program courses teach you about forensics — the use of science to gather evidence for solving crimes. Other research-related courses instruct you on the proper use of statistics collected from industry experiments. Completing a comprehensive exam or research project as well as a practical internship also is required prior to graduation.
Finishing a doctoral degree program will increase your employment options. To be enrolled in this type of four- to five-year program, you have to send in your master’s degree transcript and submit a completed admission form and updated resume. You should take courses specific to the specialty area of physical anthropology, in which you learn about the process of evolution. In addition, you must complete an extensive research dissertation project that you have to defend before faculty members. This type of degree can open up chances to work as a university professor, director of research, or even a geneticist.
One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK! | <urn:uuid:1ed38929-8cbb-4a73-b871-57bb07bc499d> | {
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- Health Care, Drugs & Insurance
The use of Neuroenhancers at work
Minnetonka Twin are drugs that are often used by people in order to improve the cognitive abilities, attention and the academic performances. Neuroenhancers are usually unsafe for many people since the drugs used are supposed to be used for other mental and psychological conditions. I believe that neuroenhancers are drugs that are supposed to be used by specific individuals. Ideally, these drugs are famously used in workplaces to improve the productivity of individual workers.
Evaluation of neuron enhancers at work
Neuroenhancers are prescription drugs that should only be taken after the doctors’ prescription; nevertheless, there are trends of prescription drug abuse in various workplaces. Most of the medications used for neuroenhancement are unsafe and abusive on the health of the abusers. Reports indicate that workers as well as students have gone as far as feigning attention disorders in order to obtain the neuroenhancement drugs. The use of such drugs by students set the students at higher risks of drug abuse. Although neuroenhancers can be used for treatment of certain cognitive disorders with the view of improving the cognitive abilities of the patients, individuals need to have prescriptions before they are given the medications. Drugs have lethal effects on the normal systems of individuals and therefore should not be taken by any person who does not have a diagnosed case. In fact, neuroenhancers are some of the dangerous drugs that individuals should avoid. They have extensive effects on the neuron systems and can lead to compulsive addiction. In this case, the use of neuroenhancers in workplaces is very dangerous and should be avoided. | <urn:uuid:6102a982-1605-4fa7-83c3-d30fa8094544> | {
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The Gender Gap in Mathematics: Evidence from Low- and Middle-Income Countries
We establish the presence of a gender gap in mathematics across many low- and middle-income countries using detailed, comparable test score data. Examining micro level data on school performance linked to household demographics we note that first, the gender gap appears to increase with age. Indeed, the gap nearly doubles when comparing 4th grade and 8th grade test scores. Second, we test whether commonly proposed explanations such as parental background and investments, unobserved ability, and classroom environment (including teacher gender) explain a substantial portion of the gap. While none of these explanations help in substantially explaining the gender gap we observe, we show that boys and girls differ significantly in perceptions about their own ability in math, conditional on math test scores. Girls are much more likely to state that they dislike math, or find math difficult compared to boys. We highlight differences in self-assessed ability as areas for future research that might lead to a better understanding of the gender gap in math.
Document Object Identifier (DOI): 10.3386/w18464
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It seems everyone is claiming that the products they make or sell are “sustainable” or “green” nowadays. But what exactly is sustainability and what does it mean to California almond growers? Sustainability is about ensuring the health of a particular industry or company while also ensuring the health of the environment and local community.
With the help of Dr. Keith Warner, Director of the Faith, Ethics & Vocation Project at Santa Clara University's Environmental Studies Institute, the Almond Board of California (ABC) has created a working definition of sustainable almond farming. That definition was developed based on input from focus groups of almond farmers, PCAs, farm advisors and handlers, all of who unanimously agreed that the almond industry should continue to pursue the concept of sustainability.
“Sustainable almond farming utilizes production practices that are economically viable and are based upon both scientific research and common sense. It is motivated by a respect for the environment, neighbors and employees. The result is a plentiful, healthful and safe food product.”
In a broad sense almond growers already practice sustainable farming. As growers, especially of a perennial crop, the long-term health of the farming system has always been a key factor in the decision-making process. We would not have a thriving industry unless the long-term viability of the industry had not been a main consideration in making decisions — from the choice of production practices to what research to fund through the ABC.
Growers have readily adopted new production techniques to address new challenges based on results demonstrated through industry-funded research. Through programs such as the Almond Pest Management Alliance, the industry has long been at the forefront of adopting integrated pest management techniques, greatly reducing, for instance, their reliance on dormant sprays.
But new challenges continue to emerge. California growers face an increasingly complex web of considerations in how they produce their crops, particularly related to environmental regulations — water quality, air quality, greenhouse-gas emissions, endangered species, worker safety, food safety, energy, and usage.
In addition, fewer consumers today know where their food comes from or how it is grown. There is a greater public awareness of how production practices can have far-reaching impacts on the environment and society. You may or may not agree with the thinking or its scientific merit, but more and more consumers are seeking assurances that impacts on the environment and society have been considered in choices of agricultural production practices.
Sustainability, by taking a more holistic look, can be a tool in understanding the inherent trade-offs of choosing any particular production practice and its impacts on the bottom line, the environment and the community.
A range of outside organizations are also coming up with their own standards of sustainability to impose on growers. Thus, it is pertinent that we, through the ABC, continue to work on defining what sustainable almond growing means and how to provide growers, through research, the tools to help them understand the various trade-offs each decision can have.
The Almond Board of California is also developing partnerships with environmental groups, retailers, regulators and other grower groups working on issues related to sustainability. These efforts are all aimed at ensuring almonds remain a crop of choice for consumers, growers, and Californians. | <urn:uuid:8953b534-8623-40f2-aa75-dbef931d368e> | {
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So much stress fills the world these days. Even children are now becoming overstressed from day-to-day life and that is just no good! In a world filled with a medication for almost anything you can think of, why not take a more natural approach to stress relief? Instead of calling your doctor and being put on some “pill” that may or may not help, look to nature for a wonderful high: CATS! Yes, cats (and especially kittens!) have the ability to release “feel good” chemicals in the brain which can not only cut down on stress levels but even ward off depression and anxiety!
How Do Cats Relieve Stress?
Biologically speaking, all humans are wired to be drawn to babies in a nurturing and caring way. This is why some things appear very cute to us, often giving us “fuzzy feelings” be it a person, a baby, an animal, or even a small object. There are certain characteristics we can see that draw us in and make us feel these things. When we think of how a baby looks we notice 5 key features that stand out giving them this “Aww” factor:
When you look at a baby in comparison to a house cat, most share the same shape, ratio, and size to that of a human baby on a very basic scale. Because cats tend to stay small in size, they keep this “baby-like” appearance to them. This, in turn, makes us have a constant reminder of our inner nurturer. Even when a cat is doing basic things, it appears cuter than it would if we had seen something much larger doing it. For example, picture a very large breed dog. They don’t tend to be “cute” or release these feelings inside us but when you think of them as puppies, they do!
Men vs Women
Most people will have a release of chemicals in the brain when interacting with or simply watching a cat do things. The same chemicals that are being released here match the ones that are released when being around or caring for a baby. Women and girls tend to get a bigger release due to their biological ability to birth and bond with a baby. This is why there are so many jokes in circulation having to do with women and cat pictures. This is also why it is assumed that men who like cats or favor cats over dogs are more gentle and nurturing.
Oxytocin and Cute Things
The key chemical in this equation is oxytocin, which is also known as “The Love Hormone”. Humans release this hormone within their brain during key moments in their life. For women, the big release is when they are giving birth to a baby. For both men and women, it is released through human touch, orgasms, and visual stimulation. While the touch is not human to human contact, it has been scientifically proven that simply touching or being touched by a cat will release oxytocin in the brain. Even more interestingly, cats also release oxytocin in their own brains when interacting with a human they love. The visual aspect also comes in to play with what was mentioned above being that the baby-like appearance of a cat stimulates the brain.
What Does Oxytocin Do?
Wards off anxiety
Boosts the immune system
Allows for better absorption of vitamins and minerals
Aids in weight loss
Lowers blood pressure
Reduces the likelihood of addictions
Now that we got that out the way, it is time for some medicine! Whenever you are feeling overwhelmed or stressed out about whatever is going on in your life, look at some cat pictures, memes, or GIFs. If this isn’t doing anything for you, try some videos. The best and biggest release always comes from interacting directly in person with a cat. They not only make amazing companions but they are literally good for your health! | <urn:uuid:304ba59e-7d80-46a3-9615-89ab7e1891e7> | {
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Individuals infected by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) have nothing to fear from sex in a monogamous, heterosexual relationship. Transmission of HCV from an infected partner during sex is rare according to new research published in the March issue of Hepatology, a journal published by Wiley on behalf of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD).
Experts estimate that HCV affects up to 4 million Americans, most of whom are sexually active. Medical evidence shows HCV is primarily transmitted by exposure to infectious blood, typically through intravenous (IV) drug use. However, there are conflicting reports regarding sexual activity and HCV transmission with some studies suggesting that exposure to infected blood during sex--through bodily fluids such as vaginal secretions, semen or saliva--may carry a minimal infection risk.
"Generally the risk for transmitting HCV to sex partners is very low," explains lead study author Dr. Norah Terrault with the University of California, San Francisco. "Yet, lack of quantitative data about the risk of HCV transmission with sexual activity remains a limitation for doctors counseling their patients on safe sex practices."
To specifically quantify the risk HCV transmission from a chronically infected individual to their sex partner, researchers recruited 500 anti-HCV-positive individuals, who were negative for the human immunodeficiency (HIV), and their long-term heterosexual partners. Couples were surveyed about lifetime risk factors for HCV infection, sexual practices of the couple, and sharing of personal items. The team analyzed blood samples to determine the presence or absence of active virus in the blood and compared the HCV strains in those couples with HCV present.
The majority of HCV infected individuals who participated in the study were non-Hispanic whites, had a median age of 49 years, and sexual activity with their partners ranging from 2 to 52 years. HCV prevalence among partners was 4%, with 9 couples having similar viral strains and viral samples from 3 couples were highly related which is consistent with HCV transmission between the partners.
The maximum incidence rate of HCV transmission by sex was 0.07% per year or roughly 1 per 190,000 sexual contacts that researchers based upon 8377 person-years of follow-up. The team did not identify any specific sexual practices linked to HCV infections among the couples. "Our study provides clinicians with important information for counseling chronic HCV patients in long-term sexual relationships, supporting the current recommendations that couples not change their sexual practices if they are in a monogamous heterosexual relationship," concludes Dr. Terrault.
To request a copy of the study, please contact [email protected]
Full citation: "Sexual Transmission of HCV Among Monogamous Heterosexual Couples: The HCV Partners Study." Norah A. Terrault, Jennifer L. Dodge, Edward L. Murphy, John E. Tavis, Alexi Kiss, T.R. Levin, Robert Gish, Michael Busch, Arthur L. Reingold, Miriam J. Alter. Hepatology; (DOI: 10.1002/hep.26164); Print Issue Date: March, 2013.
Author Contact: To arrange an interview with Dr. Terrault, please contact Juliana Bunim at [email protected].
About the Journal
Hepatology is the premier publication in the field of liver disease, publishing original, peer-reviewed articles concerning all aspects of liver structure, function and disease. Each month, the distinguished Editorial Board monitors and selects only the best articles on subjects such as immunology, chronic hepatitis, viral hepatitis, cirrhosis, genetic and metabolic liver diseases and their complications, liver cancer, and drug metabolism.
Hepatology is published on is published by Wiley on behalf of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD). For more information, please visit http://wileyonlinelibrary.
Wiley is a global provider of content-enabled solutions that improve outcomes in research, education, and professional practice. Our core businesses produce scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly journals, reference works, books, database services, and advertising; professional books, subscription products, certification and training services and online applications; and education content and services including integrated online teaching and learning resources for undergraduate and graduate students and lifelong learners.
Founded in 1807, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (NYSE: JWa, JWb), has been a valued source of information and understanding for more than 200 years, helping people around the world meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations. Wiley and its acquired companies have published the works of more than 450 Nobel laureates in all categories: Literature, Economics, Physiology or Medicine, Physics, Chemistry, and Peace. Wiley's global headquarters are located in Hoboken, New Jersey, with operations in the U.S., Europe, Asia, Canada, and Australia. The Company's website can be accessed at http://www. | <urn:uuid:b47cfbe3-3df8-4563-aeab-eb30cd883472> | {
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TUESDAY, May 10 (HealthDay News) -- Osteoporosis is often undiagnosed and untreated in elderly heart failure patients, a new study finds.
Canadian researchers looked at 623 heart failure patients, average age 69, and found that 12 percent of them had moderate to severe compression fractures in the spine, and 55 percent of those patients had multiple spinal fractures.
Spinal fractures are a sign of osteoporosis, but only 15 percent of the heart failure patients with spinal fractures were being treated for osteoporosis, the investigators found.
After accounting for a number of other risk factors for osteoporosis, the researchers concluded that heart failure patients who also had a heart rhythm disorder called atrial fibrillation were twice as likely to have spinal fractures as those with normal heart rhythms.
The study is published May 10 in the journal Circulation: Heart Failure.
"Osteoporosis is an infrequently recognized and undertreated comorbidity of heart failure," lead author Dr. Kristin J. Lyons, chief medical resident in the department of medicine at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, said in a journal news release.
Osteoporosis, a disease common in older women, weakens bones, making them more likely to break. Spinal fractures in heart failure patients are easily detected through chest X-rays.
"While reviewing chest X-rays to look at the heart and lungs, physicians also need to look carefully at the bones," study senior author Dr. Justin E. Ezekowitz, an assistant professor at the Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute at the University of Alberta, Edmonton, said in the news release.
"If fractures are found, patients need to be treated with dietary modification, exercise and, if indicated, osteoporosis medications. Treatment can reduce future fractures by as much as 50 percent," he added.
It's possible that high levels of the hormone aldosterone might explain the relationship between chronic heart failure, osteoporosis and atrial fibrillation, the authors stated, noting future research could confirm or refute that theory.
They also acknowledge that their study has limitations. The chest X-rays weren't specifically intended to diagnose spinal fractures, and the researchers didn't perform bone mineral density tests, a common method of detecting osteoporosis.
The U.S. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute has more about heart failure.
SOURCE: Circulation: Heart Failure, news release, May 10, 2011
Copyright © 2011 HealthDay. All rights reserved.
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What really is in the food we eat
By Sue Kedgley
A startling expose of the hidden hazards in New Zealand's food.
But the news isn't all bad: Eating Safely in a Toxic World outlines simple steps we can all follow to reduce the toxic load on our bodies.
A STARTLING EXPOS OF THE HIDDEN HAZARDS IN NEW ZEALAND FOOD
* many additives in our food have been banned overseas
* natural foods such as vegetables, fruit and meat can contain residues of toxic substances
* fruit could have been sprayed twenty times before picking
* fish may contain ten times the amount of legally permitted mercury
* a typical Kiwi lunch could include sixteen
- different pesticides
* some children consume more than 150 additives a day
But the news isn't all bad: Eating Safely in a Toxic World outlines
Paperback in good condition 1998 324 pages | <urn:uuid:c12c65f1-58b7-483e-a4a6-6697834ddc36> | {
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Skip to 0 minutes and 5 secondsWIM: Hi. In this tutorial, I want to explain the relationship between maps and folds in Haskell and loops in an imperative language. For the imperative language, I will use the scripting language Ruby, but you can do this really in any imperative language. So suppose we want to perform a map on a list using function f.
Skip to 0 minutes and 39 secondsAnd suppose the function f is simply something like x times x plus 1.
Skip to 0 minutes and 48 secondsSuppose lst is just a list of numbers.
Skip to 0 minutes and 57 secondsThen we can print this computation.
Skip to 1 minute and 27 secondsSo, now, if you want to do the same thing in Ruby, then we first need to create the function f.
Skip to 1 minute and 47 secondsAnd then we create the lists, lst is an empty list. And then we populate it with the range.
Skip to 2 minutes and 11 secondsNow, we create the result list.
Skip to 2 minutes and 16 secondsAnd we apply the map.
Skip to 2 minutes and 36 secondsAnd then we simply print this.
Skip to 2 minutes and 46 secondsLet's try this.
Skip to 2 minutes and 59 secondsSo to get a bit similar result in Ruby, we can move this. And now it looks a bit more like the Haskell we saw. Clearly, the for loop is a very straightforward implementation of the map. So, for every element in the list, we push a new element on to the new list lst_. So what about folds. Now, suppose we have operation g is (/).
Skip to 3 minutes and 32 secondsAnd then we can fold the division and using the left fold, foldl g and then an accumulator, which we can set to 1, and on our list.
Skip to 3 minutes and 53 secondsSo we can print this now and see what we get.
Skip to 4 minutes and 3 secondsSo, now, let's do the same thing in Ruby. We have to create the function g. And we can't do this neat thing like we do in Haskell, so we have to actually say def g(accumulator and element).
Skip to 4 minutes and 19 secondsAnd we have acc/elt. And then we have a loop.
Skip to 4 minutes and 30 secondsAnd we start with qcc = 1.0. And we apply the function to the accumulator
Skip to 4 minutes and 45 secondsAnd we can try it out.
Skip to 4 minutes and 53 secondsIndeed, we get the same thing. Now, if we do the same but with a right fold, so, obviously, the Haskell example is fairly simple.
Skip to 5 minutes and 14 secondsAnd g prime is just the same as g.
Skip to 5 minutes and 20 secondsAnd so we can simply print with the new accumulator. And try that.
Skip to 5 minutes and 31 secondsAnd in Ruby, we need to define a new function g. And I can't use a prime, so I'll use an underscore. But note that we have to define it like this.
Skip to 5 minutes and 47 secondsAnd we have our for loop.
Skip to 5 minutes and 56 secondsWhere we reverse the list, so that we can start at the end.
Skip to 6 minutes and 6 secondsWe can inspect this.
Skip to 6 minutes and 16 secondsAnd indeed, we do get the same result. So, essentially, what we see is that the fold operations are actually loops that change updatable variable using a function that uses the same variable. So g uses acc and returns and a new value-based on acc and elt, and it sends this to acc. And g_ does the same thing. And you have to explicitly specify the order of the arguments, so that when you traverse the list from the right, you get the same result as in Haskell. For the map, it's much simpler. So you take a list, you apply the function on each element of the list, and this result is pushed onto the new list.
Skip to 7 minutes and 18 secondsNote, again, how much neater all this is in Haskell, so each of these folds and maps are just single lines. In Ruby, we have to write explicit functions for each of them. But the main message is that if you are in some doubt of how a fold, left or a right fold, or a map works in Haskell, you can always try and think of this alternative-- how it works in an imperative language with for loops. And from there, you can easily reason about what your maps or folds should look like.
Functional Maps and Folds versus Imperative Loops
This tutorial explains the relationship between the higher-order list operations
foldr and loops in an imperative language.
The source code can be found on GitHub
map : loop over list element-by-element, append new element to new list
foldl : loop over list element-by-element, update accumulator using current accumulator and element
foldr : loop over reverse list element-by-element, update accumulator using current accumulator and element
map :: (a -> b) -> [a] -> [b] foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> [a] -> b foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> [a] -> b
© Wim Vanderbauwhede | <urn:uuid:d256ed5f-78cc-4958-9ed5-d9be99f9369b> | {
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Transcendentalism constitutes one of the most significant moments and movements in the making of the American mind. As a matter of fact, we cannot understand the contours of American thought without reference to this formative period and intellectual movement. Now, we have a book that serves as a truly useful introduction to the Transcendentalists and their ideas. In American Transcendentalism: A History, Philip F. Gura takes us into the minds and times of the Transcendentalists.
Gura, who teaches at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, offers a pleasing and stimulating combination of historical analysis and the study of ideas. In addition, he is a good writer whose style will keep readers attentive and interested.
In essence, Transcendentalism was a movement that transformed American individualism from a reflex into a religion. As Gura explains, “Transcendentalism thus was another in a long line of attempts to redirect the still incomplete American experiment, in this case by anchoring it in the sanctity of each individual’s heart.”
The Transcendentalists included, most famously, Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson, along with Margaret Fuller. They were associated with Unitarianism, Harvard University, Boston, and the early history of the American republic. They were eccentrics — but eccentrics with vast influence, then and now.
Gura adds spice to his narrative, citing Annie Russell Marble (who knew the Transcendentalists first-hand) as “a race who dove into the infinite, soared into the illimitable, and never paid cash.” Nevertheless, the movement was hugely influential in moving the center of meaning into the realm of the individual consciousness. Traditional theism gave way to panentheism and a vague spirituality. The path was set for the development of individualism as a total worldview — and for the shaping of the American mind.
Gura’s American Transcendentalism is a book that helps to explain the present, as well as the past. | <urn:uuid:a7790a46-054d-4e60-a954-9b4cfbffedbf> | {
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Africana Studies Affiliate Lecture Series
Whispers of Freedom: Exploring Laura Beecher Comer's Diary through the Prism of the Comer Slaves' Resistance
Dr. Carol Ann Bachl Dennis, an Assistant Professor of History at Alabama State University, received her Ph.D. from Auburn University in 2012 where she also taught in the Africana Studies Program.
In 1862, Laura Beecher Comer, cousin of Harriet Beecher Stowe, emphatically described in her diary those she enslaved as "certainly, not more than half civilized." Departing from past practice of mining Comer's diary for insight into the attitudes of the plantation elite, Dr. Dennis considers how Comer's diary testifies to resistance, disruption, and sabotage in anticipation of freedom and the coming of a great day of jubilee.
Date and Time: Thursday, November 21 at 3:30 - 4:15 p.m.
Location: Special Collections and Archives, Ground Floor, Ralph Brown Draughon Library.
Reception to follow. | <urn:uuid:138b8e26-4162-46d3-97bb-c82f35088cbd> | {
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Hurricane Harvey brought record rainfall to the Houston-Galveston region and the Texas coast. After making landfall near Rockport, Texas as a Category 4 storm on August 25, 2017 and lingering for more than four days, Harvey dropped more than 50 inches of rain in parts of Houston, leaving behind a devastated region.
Written by HARC Research Scientist, Gavin Dillingham, Clean Energy Policy.
On May 30th, 2014, the City of Houston announced that during the next five years over 165,000 city streetlights will be retrofitted with high efficiency light emitting diode (LED) street lamps. This is the most recent project HARC and the City have partnered on as the two work together to enhance the sustainability of Houston. Previous projects included renewable energy installations on city facilities, engineering review of the City’s $60 million energy performance contracting program, development of the successful b-cycle program, the management of its affordable housing 5STAR program and its commercial energy efficiency incentive program.
I was fortunate to have the opportunity to work with the city to determine the electricity and emissions savings of the project. The City began working on developing this project during the previous administration and it is great to see it finally coming together.
In 2009, the City of Houston and the Clinton Climate Initiative began working with CenterPoint Energy, the City’s transmission and distribution utility, to implement a pilot neighborhood lighting retrofit program. The pilot was initiated to determine both potential energy savings, as well as how lighting quality and visibility may change with the transition from high pressure sodium to LED streetlights. Fifteen companies participated in the six month pilot. At the end of the pilot, it was concluded that additional research must be conducted before undergoing a large retrofit investment. Since then, the technology has improved greatly and with the final push provided by the Mayor’s Office of Sustainability, the time has come to implement the largest street light retrofit program in the nation.
The greatest benefit will come from energy costs savings. LED street lights typically reduce energy consumption by 50% to 60% compared to traditional streetlights. I calculated that at the end of the five year retrofit period the City will see a reduction of energy consumption by 54.6 million kWh, a 52% reduction of the City’s streetlight bill. With the reduction of energy consumption, comes a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. The City will reduce greenhouse gases by 4% or 355,000 tons over the 12 year life of the project. Further, upon full project implementation, the City will save approximately $2.7 million per year and will see a total project savings over the life of the project of $28.3 million. Finally, LED street lights have a much longer life span than traditional streetlights which significantly reduces operation and maintenance costs and LEDs are found to have better lighting quality and improve street level visibility over standard street lighting.
Houston is not the first city to take such a large step with streetlight retrofits, although it is the largest. Other cities throughout the country have implemented or are in the process of retrofitting their street lights. The City of Los Angeles replaced over 140,000 of its 209,000 streetlights in 2009 and realized a savings of $10 million per year at the end of the five year rollout. In Texas, the cities of Austin, San Antonio and El Paso have all undertaken LED streetlight retrofits.
Working with a city the size of Houston, that is innovative and forward thinking, results in significant environmental and sustainability improvements for the community. I look forward to continuing to work on additional projects with City of Houston. Two current projects that I will be writing about in the near future will include the City Energy Project, which will help the City develop effective building audits, building operator training, energy benchmarking, and disclosure policies, as well as the City’s Sustainability Action Plan.
1The Clinton Climate Initiative has joined the C40 and now work under that name. | <urn:uuid:1bc5f772-ffa9-4f11-b3aa-b537bd0cab73> | {
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This paper combines 172 Demography and Health Survey data sets from 70 countries to estimate the effect of water and sanitation on child mortality and morbidity. The results show a robust association between access to water and sanitation technologies and both child morbidity and child mortality. The point estimates imply, depending on the technology level and the sub-region chosen, that water and sanitation infrastructure lowers the odds of children to suffering from diarrhea by 7-17 percent, and reduces the mortality risk for children under the age of five by about 5-20 percent.
The effects seem largest for modern sanitation technologies and least significant for basic water supply. The authors also find evidence for the Mills-Reincke Multiplier for both water and sanitation access as well as positive health externalities for sanitation investments. The overall magnitude of the estimated effects appears smaller than coefficients reported in meta-studies based on randomized field trials, suggesting limits to the scalability and sustainability of the health benefits associated with water and sanitation interventions. | <urn:uuid:0abeb074-9407-414f-b4e7-1a296ccbd938> | {
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Familial Periodic Paralysis
Familial Periodic Paralysis
Familial periodic paralysis is a condition that causes occasional bouts of muscle
weakness. It is usually brought on by an abnormal level of potassium in the blood.
What is going on in the body?
Familial periodic paralysis is an inherited condition. The episodes usually begin during the teenage years. When the attack occurs, there may be an abnormally high or low level of
potassium in the blood. The exact cause of this condition is not well understood.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
Familial periodic paralysis is usually an inherited condition. It may also occur randomly within certain families. It occurs in about 1 in 100,000 people, more commonly in Asian people and in those who also have thyroid disorders. The episodes of weakness usually occur after sleep or rest and rarely occur during exercise.
Factors that increase the risk of having an attack in affected people depend on the type of periodic paralysis a person has. The condition is often split into three categories, based on the potassium level in the blood during attacks:
- hypokalemic, for low levels of potassium
- normokalemic, for normal levels
- hyperkalemic, for high levels
In the low potassium form of this condition, eating a meal that is high in
carbohydrates or sodium may cause an attack of paralysis. People with the normal and high potassium forms of this condition are often sensitive to potassium. If these people eat a meal high in potassium, they may have an attack.
What can be done to prevent the condition?
Because familial periodic paralysis is an inherited condition, it is not possible to prevent its onset. Genetic counseling may be helpful to couples with a family history of this condition.
How is the condition diagnosed?
The healthcare professional often suspects familial periodic paralysis based on the person's history of the attacks and a family history of the condition. If an attack is witnessed, the professional can detect the muscle weakness. A blood potassium level may be done.
When attacks are too rare to witness, the healthcare professional may want to try to precipitate an attack under controlled conditions. If the low-potassium form of this condition is suspected, the test involves giving a solution of glucose (sugar) to the individual. Those suspected of having the normal- or high-potassium forms of this condition might be given potassium in an attempt to cause an attack.
Sometimes an electrocardiogram or ECG, a test that shows the electrical activity of the heart, may be abnormal during attacks. This is due to the abnormal potassium levels. A test called electromyography, or EMG, may also be done. This test looks at how well the nerves and muscles work.
A muscle biopsy, a procedure in which a small piece muscle tissue is removed with a special needle, may be done in some cases. The biopsy sample can then be sent to the lab for analysis. The muscle tissue is often slightly abnormal in this condition.
Long Term Effects
What are the long-term effects of the condition?
Repeated attacks of familial periodic paralysis over time can cause gradually worsening muscle weakness even between episodes. However, this condition usually responds well to treatment. Treatment is important because it may prevent long-term muscle weakness and can even restore strength to the muscles.
What are the risks to others?
A person with familial periodic paralysis may pass it on to his or her children.
What are the treatments for the condition?
For those with the low potassium form of this condition, low carbohydrate, low sodium diets may help prevent attacks. Potassium may be given if an attack to slow or stop an attack. Usually, potassium is given as a pill or liquid, but intravenous potassium may be given for severe weakness.
A medication known as acetazolamide is also used to help prevent attacks. A person should be monitored and treated for any arrhythmias or difficulty breathing. These more serious signs are more common in the low-potassium form of this condition.
A person with the normal- or high-potassium forms of this condition should follow a low potassium diet to help prevent attacks. If an attack does occur, a high-carbohydrate food, such as a snack high in sugar, may help stop or slow the attack. A class of medications called thiazide diuretics, or "water pills," can also be tried to help prevent attacks in this group.
What are the side effects of the treatments?
All medications have possible side effects. Giving too much potassium can cause muscle
weakness and arrhythmias. The other medications can cause allergic reactions, stomach upset, and salt imbalances.
What happens after treatment for the condition?
Lifelong treatment of periodic familial paralysis is usually needed because this condition cannot be cured.
How is the condition monitored?
Any change in the number of attacks or response to treatment should be reported to the healthcare professional. The medications may need to be changed to improve symptoms or decrease side effects. A blood chemistry test may be done occasionally to monitor for salt imbalances from the medications. Any new or worsening symptoms should be reported to the healthcare professional.
Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 1998, Fauci et al. | <urn:uuid:3e7a0497-0a80-490b-ac95-025afad42f7e> | {
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The Weary Blues
by Langston Hughes
Lines 12-18 Summary
Get out the microscope, because we’re going through this poem line-by-line.
Swaying to and fro on his rickety stool
He played that sad raggy tune like a musical fool.
- "To and fro" is the same thing as back and forth, but the speaker has already described the singer in that way. He's just keeping it fresh.
- The "rickety stool" tells us that the piano player has just about swayed his chair apart from rocking out night after night. Also, crummy furniture fits into the dive bar atmosphere.
- You might have heard of ragtime music; it's usually syncopated piano music and it gave birth to jazz. "Raggy tune" could mean ragtime style, but it also makes us think of rags. Blues music is all about being down and out; so the rags and rickety stool tie the whole scene together.
- The musical fool is like the court jester. Shakespeare had a soft spot for the singing fool that entertained people with his own sadness.
Coming from a black man's soul.
- This is where the politics of the poem become a little clearer.
- The music (a.k.a. the blues) isn't coming from the gut or the throat, but straight out of the musician's soul.
- Here "soul" doesn't exactly mean a person's spirit. It's more like the source of creative self-expression and emotion. As in, James Brown is the "godfather of soul."
In a deep song voice with a melancholy tone
I heard that Negro sing, that old piano moan–
- These two lines sum up what we already know.
- The song and the voice are both very sad, and the speaker of the poem heard the singer a few days ago.
- Again, in case we forgot, the singer is an African American, and the piano is moaning like a person.
- The phrase "deep song voice" runs all three words together in the same way that the speaker's description is merging the musician and the music into one thing.
People who Shmooped this also Shmooped... | <urn:uuid:30617d1e-349e-4f07-b82b-0028feda05e5> | {
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In a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine, a research consortium that includes the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) has shown that a new drug for vasculitis, a potentially life-threatening auto-immune disease which causes inflammation in blood vessels, is as effective as standard therapy over 18 months.
While standard therapy consists of daily oral doses of a cancer drug called cyclophosphamide, followed by azathioprine, an immunosuppressant often used in organ transplant, researchers showed that four infusions of a monoclonal antibody called rituximab over one month were as effective in providing remission of symptoms as standard therapy in patients with types of vasculitis associated with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA).
Among patients receiving rituximab, 64 percent were in remission at six months, 48 percent at one year and 39 percent at 18 months, compared to 53 percent, 39 percent and 33 percent for standard therapy.
“The FDA approved rituximab for vasculitis based on our six-month data,” said Barri Fessler, M.D., associate professor of medicine in the UAB Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology and one of the study co-authors. “We’ve now followed these patients for 18 months, and results indicate that rituximab continues to be as effective as standard therapy.”
Fessler said these findings give physicians a powerful new option for treating vasculitis, which, while rare, can lead to severe organ damage and even death.
“It provides flexibility for patients and physicians,” she said. “For some patients, rituximab may be the more appropriate medication. Now we have a choice.”
Fessler says rituximab works by targeting B cells which have been implicated in vasculitis. Rituximab decreases the number of B cells, which promotes remission of symptoms.
UAB was one of nine study sites for this trial, and Fessler says they will continue to follow the patients who participated in the trial to examine long term outcomes.
Vasculitis is made up of a family of conditions. The types of vasculitis studied in this trial included granulomatosis with polyangiitis and microscopic polyangiitis, both associated with ANCA. They are rare diseases, affecting 10-20 persons in a million.
- Ulrich Specks, Peter A. Merkel, Philip Seo, Robert Spiera, Carol A. Langford, Gary S. Hoffman, Cees G.M. Kallenberg, E. William St. Clair, Barri J. Fessler, Linna Ding, Lisa Viviano, Nadia K. Tchao, Deborah J. Phippard, Adam L. Asare, Noha Lim, David Ikle, Brett Jepson, Paul Brunetta, Nancy B. Allen, Fernando C. Fervenza, Duvuru Geetha, Karina Keogh, Eugene Y. Kissin, Paul A. Monach, Tobias Peikert, Coen Stegeman, Steven R. Ytterberg, Mark Mueller, Lourdes P. Sejismundo, Kathleen Mieras, John H. Stone. Efficacy of Remission-Induction Regimens for ANCA-Associated Vasculitis. New England Journal of Medicine, 2013; 369 (5): 417 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1213277
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The David Sassoon Library in Bombay
For its regular slot 'On this day in history', Haaretz has chosen to profile the great entrepreneur and philanthropist David Sassoon, who died on 7 November 1864. (With thanks: Lily)
On November 7, 1864, businessman David Sassoon, founding father of the Sassoon business dynasty, died in Pune, India. The trading empire he created spanned the globe, from what is now Mumbai on the western coast of India, via Shanghai and Hong Kong in China, all the way to London, England. It dominated world commerce in a number of commodities – most significantly opium – over the second half of the 19th century.
Sassoon was born in Baghdad in 1832 to Saleh Sassoon, a businessman and leader of that city’s Jewish community (the clan claimed descent from a Spanish family, the Ibn Shoshans). When David Sassoon, who like his father served as treasurer to the governors of Baghdad, clashed with one of them, Daud Pasha, he moved his family to Persia in 1826, and then to Bombay by 1832.
Sassoon initially owned a counting house and a carpet warehouse, but soon began trading in everything he could, including, most profitably, opium. (...)
Sassoon established a triangle of trade, bringing Indian opium and cotton to China, where he received silver, tea and silk in exchange. He then carried these products to England for sale. (...)
By the 1870s, David Sassoon had come to dominate the trade of opium to China, having pushed the British firm Jardine Matheson and the “Parsi” traders of Bombay out of the business.
Sassoon’s eight sons all went into one branch or another of the family’s business empire, with the Sassoon presence being felt in Hong Kong, Shanghai (where they became major players in the realm of real estate), and India (where they had their own textile mills), among many other lands. The vast Sassoon Docks of Bombay, built by Sassoon's son Albert Abdullah, were the first wet docks in the west of India.
In Jewish history books, David Sassoon, an observant Jew, is remembered mostly for his philanthropy, which included the construction of “Baghdadi” synagogues in Bombay (Magen David) and Pune (Ohel David), and also numerous schools and hospitals throughout India and other parts of Asia. David became a naturalized British citizen in 1853, although he continued to live in Pune.
His son Albert Abdullah moved to England, where he married into the Rothschild family and was elected to Parliament on the Conservative party's ticket. Another son, Sassoon David Sassoon, was the father of Rachel Sassoon Beer, who became owner and editor of the Sunday Times at the turn of the century, and grandfather of the great poet of World War I, Siegfried Sassoon.
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Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Childhood Behavior at Age 6 to 7 Years: I. Dose-Response Effect
Objective. Moderate to heavy levels of prenatal alcohol exposure have been associated with alterations in child behavior, but limited data are available on adverse effects after low levels of exposure. The objective of this study was to evaluate the dose-response effect of prenatal alcohol exposure for adverse child behavior outcomes at 6 to 7 years of age.
Methods. Beginning in 1986, women attending the urban university-based maternity clinic were routinely screened at their first prenatal visit for alcohol and drug use by trained research assistants from the Fetal Alcohol Research Center. All women reporting alcohol consumption at conception of at least 0.5 oz absolute alcohol/day and a 5% random sample of lower level drinkers and abstainers were invited to participate to be able to identify the associations between alcohol intake and child development. Maternal alcohol, cigarette, and illicit drug use were prospectively assessed during pregnancy and postnatally. The independent variable in this study, prenatal alcohol exposure, was computed as the average absolute alcohol intake (oz) per day across pregnancy. At each prenatal visit, mothers were interviewed about alcohol use during the previous 2 weeks. Quantities and types of alcohol consumed were converted to fluid ounces of absolute alcohol and averaged across visits to generate a summary measure of alcohol exposure throughout pregnancy. Alcohol was initially used as a dichotomous variable comparing children with no prenatal alcohol exposure to children with any exposure. To evaluate the effects of different levels of exposure, the average absolute alcohol intake was relatively arbitrarily categorized into no, low (>0 but <0.3 fl oz of absolute alcohol/day), and moderate/heavy (≥0.3 fl oz of absolute alcohol/day) for the purpose of this study. Six years later, 665 families were contacted. Ninety-four percent agreed to testing. Exclusions included children who missed multiple test appointments, had major congenital malformations (other than fetal alcohol syndrome), possessed an IQ >2 standard deviations from the sample mean, or had incomplete data. The Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) was used to assess child behavior. The CBCL is a parent questionnaire applicable to children ages 4 to 16 years. It is widely used in the clinical assessment of children's behavior problems and has been extensively used in research. Eight syndrome scales are further grouped into Externalizing or undercontrolled (Aggressive and Delinquent) behavior and Internalizing or overcontrolled (Anxious/Depressed, Somatic Complaints, and Withdrawn) behaviors. Three syndromes (Social, Thought, and Attention Problems) fit neither group. Higher scores are associated with more problem behaviors. Research assistants who were trained and blinded to exposure status independently interviewed the child and caretaker. Data were collected on a broad range of control variables known to influence childhood behavior and/or to be associated with prenatal alcohol exposure. These included perinatal factors of maternal age, education, cigarette, cocaine, and other substances of abuse and the gestational age of the baby. Postnatal factors studied included maternal psychopathology, continuing alcohol and drug use, family structure, socioeconomic status, children's whole blood lead level, and exposure to violence. Data were collected only from black women as there was inadequate representation of other racial groups.
Statistical Analyses. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS statistical package. Frequency distribution, cross-tabulation, odds ratio, and χ2 tests were used for analyzing categorical data. Continuous data were analyzed usingt tests, analyses of variance (ANOVAs) with posthoc tests, and regression analysis.
Results. Testing was available for 501 parent–children dyads. Almost one fourth of the women denied alcohol use during pregnancy. Low levels of alcohol use were reported in 63.8% and moderate/heavy use in 13% of pregnancies. Increasing prenatal alcohol exposure was associated with lower birth weight and gestational age, higher lead levels, higher maternal age, and lower education level, prenatal exposure to cocaine and smoking, custody changes, lower socioeconomic status, and paternal drinking and drug use at the time of pregnancy. Children with any prenatal alcohol exposure were more likely to have higher CBCL scores on Externalizing (Aggressive and Delinquent) and Internalizing (Anxious/Depressed and Withdrawn) syndrome scales and the Total Problem Score. The odds ratio of scoring in the clinical range for Delinquent behavior was 3.2 (1.3–7.6) in children with any prenatal exposure to alcohol compared with nonexposed controls. The threshold dose was evaluated with the 3 prenatal alcohol exposure groups. One-way ANOVA revealed a significant between group difference for Externalizing (Aggressive and Delinquent) and the Total Problem Score. Posthoc tests revealed the between group differences to be significant (no and low-exposure group) for Aggressive and Externalizing behavior suggesting that the adverse effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on child behavior at age 6 to 7 years are evident even at low levels of exposure. For Delinquent and Total Problem behavior, the difference was significant between the no and moderate-heavy exposure group, suggesting a higher threshold for these behaviors. Prenatal alcohol exposure remained a significant predictor of behavior after adjusting for covariates. Although maternal psychopathology was the most important predictor of behavior, gender was also a significant predictor, with boys having higher scores on Externalizing (Delinquent) and Attention Problems. The amount of variance uniquely accounted for by prenatal alcohol exposure ranged between 0.6% to 1.7%.
Conclusions. Maternal alcohol consumption even at low levels was adversely related to child behavior; a dose-response relationship was also identified. The effect was observed at average levels of exposure of as low as 1 drink per week. Although effects on mean scores for Externalizing and Aggressive behaviors were observed at low levels of prenatal alcohol exposure, effects on Delinquent behavior and Total Problem Scores were observed at moderate/heavy levels of exposure. Children with any prenatal alcohol exposure were 3.2 times as likely to have Delinquent behavior scores in the clinical range compared with nonexposed children. The relationship between prenatal alcohol exposure and adverse childhood behavior outcome persisted after controlling for other factors associated with adverse behavioral outcomes. Clinicians are often asked by pregnant women if small amounts of alcohol intake are acceptable during pregnancy. These data suggest that no alcohol during pregnancy remains the best medical advice.
Sixteen percent of the children born in the United States are exposed prenatally to alcohol,1 making alcohol the most common neurobehavioral teratogen.2 Whereas the earliest reports of neurobehavioral toxicity related to drinking during pregnancy were described among children of alcoholic mothers,3–5 more recent research suggested deleterious outcomes for children who are exposed prenatally to moderate amounts of alcohol.6–8 Jacobson and Jacobson,9 in their review of prenatal alcohol exposure and neurobehavioral development, suggested that even the smallest dose may adversely affect the fetus. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of low levels of alcohol exposure on child behavior. Two study hypotheses were investigated: first, that prenatal alcohol exposure would adversely affect child behavior, and second, that these effects would be observed even at low levels of prenatal alcohol exposure.
The design of this study was historical prospective. Beginning in 1986, women who attended the urban university-based maternity clinic were screened routinely at their first prenatal visit for alcohol and drug use by trained research assistants from the Fetal Alcohol Research Center. Annually, >2400 women were screened.
Prepregnancy and current alcohol intake was elicited to determine day-by-day alcohol intake for the periconceptional period and the 2 weeks preceding the visit. All women who reported alcohol consumption at conception of at least 0.5 oz of absolute alcohol per day and a 5% random sample of lower level drinkers and abstainers were invited to participate so that we could identify the associations between alcohol intake and child development. More than 90% of women who sought prenatal care at this site were black. Therefore, because of inadequate representation of other racial groups, data were collected only from these black women. Potential participants of this child outcome study were the singleton children born to these women who had been screened extensively during pregnancy by research staff for alcohol, tobacco, cocaine, and other drug use and who delivered between September 1, 1989, and August 31, 1991. Women of known human immunodeficiency virus–positive status were excluded (n = 65). The study design (requiring prospective pregnancy screening) also excluded women with no prenatal care. At follow-up, families were sought intensively by telephone, by mailing to the last known address, or, if lost to follow-up, by home visit. Client files of all Detroit-based university-affiliated hospitals and the pediatric, internal medicine, and ambulatory services were searched for updated contact information. In addition, children were sought through the private and public school systems. Additional information about pregnancy and the newborn period also was obtained from the perinatal database and newborn hospital charts. The final potential study sample consisted of 665 children and their families. Of the 665 families contacted, 94% agreed to testing. Exclusions included children who missed multiple test appointments, had major congenital malformations other than fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), possessed an IQ of >2 standard deviations from the sample mean, and had incomplete data. In all, 506 parent–child dyads constituted the sample for this study.
Instruments and Procedure
At age 6 to 7 years, after informed consent was obtained, the child and the parent (biological mother when available or the primary caregiver) were tested in our research facility. Laboratory testing included the parent's self-reported psychopathology (Symptom Checklist-9010), parent-reported social support,11 a modified Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME)12 assessment, family socioeconomic status (SES) (A. B. Hollingshead, unpublished data), child IQ (Wechsler Preschool and Primary scale of Intelligence–Revised13), the child's self-report of exposure to violence,14 whole blood lead level, growth, the parent's report of child behavior (Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist [CBCL]15), and a structured interview to assess postnatal drug, alcohol, and cigarette use in the home. Research assistants who were trained and blinded to exposure status independently interviewed the child and caregiver.
The independent variable in this study, prenatal alcohol exposure, was computed as the average absolute alcohol per day across pregnancy. At each prenatal visit, mothers were interviewed about alcohol use during the previous 2 weeks. Quantities and types of alcohol consumed were converted to fluid ounces of absolute alcohol and averaged across visits to generate a summary measure of alcohol exposure throughout pregnancy.16 Alcohol initially was used as a dichotomous variable comparing children who had had no prenatal alcohol exposure with children who had had any exposure. To evaluate the effects of different levels of exposure, we categorized the average absolute alcohol intake relatively arbitrarily into no, low (>0 but <0.3 fl oz of absolute alcohol/d), and moderate/heavy (≥0.3 fl oz of absolute alcohol/d) for the purpose of this study. There is no uniformly accepted definition of “low,” “moderate,” and “heavy” alcohol use during pregnancy in the literature.
The CBCL, a parent questionnaire that is applicable to children ages 4 to 16 years, is used widely in the clinical assessment of children's behavior problems and has been used extensively in research.17 Designed at a fifth-grade reading level, it can be completed in 15 to 20 minutes and consists of 118 specific problem behaviors scored on a 3-category Likert scale. The test-retest reliability of the CBCL problem scores is high (r =.89).15 Achenbach derived 8 syndrome scales from the CBCL problem items by principal components/Varimax analyses.15These are grouped further into Externalizing, or undercontrolled (Aggressive and Delinquent), behaviors and Internalizing, or overcontrolled (Anxious/Depressed, Somatic Complaints, and Withdrawn), behaviors. Three syndromes (Social, Thought, and Attention Problems) fit neither group (Neither Externalizing or Internalizing). A Total Problem score is computed by summing all problem items. Higher scores are associated with more problem behaviors. Raw scores are assigned T values, which provide a metric that is similar for all scales. Statistical analyses using T scores have less power because of data truncation but have the added dimension of distinguishing between scores in the normal compared with the clinical range. Achenbach proposed T scores of 60 and 67 as clinical cutoff points for the syndrome/total and problem subscales, respectively.15Therefore, in this report, CBCL raw scores are used in ttests, analysis of variance, and regression analyses (as continuous data), and CBCL T scores are used for cross-tabulation and computation of odds ratio (OR; categorical data). Normative data for the CBCL were drawn from a national sample of 4- to 18-year-olds who had not received mental health services or special remedial classes within the preceding 12 months.15 Children who are below average in ability and achievement are likely to have higher scores on the Anxious/Depressed, Withdrawn, Aggressive, Delinquent, or Attention Problems scales.18
Data were collected on a broad range of control variables that are known to influence childhood behavior and/or to be associated with prenatal alcohol exposure. These included perinatal factors of maternal age; education; cigarette, cocaine, and other substances of abuse; and the gestational age of the infant. Postnatal factors studied included maternal psychopathology, continuing alcohol and drug use, family structure, SES, children's lead level, and exposure to violence.
Statistical analyses were conducted using the SPSS statistical package (SPSS, Inc, Chicago, IL). Frequency distribution, cross-tabulation, and χ2 tests were used for analyzing categorical data. The cross-tabulation table was used to examine relationships between categorical demographic variables and prenatal alcohol exposure groups using prenatal exposure as both a dichotomous and a categorical variable. The χ2test was used to test the association between prenatal alcohol exposure group and categorical demographic variables. Cross-tabulation with χ2 test also was used to study the relation between dichotomous and categorical prenatal alcohol exposure and clinically abnormal CBCL T scores using the cut points recommended by Achenbach.15 OR was computed as the ratio of the odds of clinically abnormal scores for the group with prenatal alcohol exposure relative to the odds of clinically abnormal scores in the nonexposed group. Values of OR >1 indicate that clinically abnormal scores were observed with greater likelihood for subjects who had prenatal alcohol exposure than for those who had no such exposure. This would be evidence supporting that prenatal alcohol exposure promotes clinically abnormal CBCL scores. Ninety-five percent confidence intervals of the OR also were computed.
Continuous data were analyzed using t tests, analysis of variance with posthoc tests, and regression analysis. Independent-samples t test was used to define continuous demographic data and CBCL raw scores by dichotomous alcohol exposure. Analysis of variance was used to display continuous demographic data and CBCL raw scores by the ordinal prenatal alcohol exposure. The Scheffé posthoc test was used to determine which prenatal alcohol exposure group differed from the others. The Scheffé method is the most conservative of the available posthoc tests (false-positive rate is least). Stepwise regression was used to study the association between the independent (prenatal alcohol exposure) and control variables and the dependent variable (CBCL raw scores). The correlation coefficient (R) and adjustedr2 were computed. The latter measure represents the proportion of variance of the dependent measure that can be predicted from the independent variable(s).
Almost one fourth of the women denied any alcohol exposure at conception and during pregnancy (25.4% and 23.2%, respectively). Periconceptionally, 26% of the women reported low alcohol use, and 48.5% reported moderate/heavy alcohol use. During pregnancy, however, the low alcohol exposure group represented 63.8% of the sample, and the moderate/heavy group accounted for 13%, suggesting that a significant number of moderate/heavy users of alcohol periconceptionally reduced their consumption during pregnancy. The mean of the absolute alcohol consumed per day among all women who reported alcohol exposure during pregnancy was 0.20 fl oz/d or equivalent to 3 drinks/wk. The maximum exposure, 5 fl oz/d, is equivalent to 10 drinks/d, or 70/wk. The mean consumption of absolute alcohol per day across pregnancy in the low prenatal alcohol exposure group was 0.08 fl oz, equivalent to having approximately 1 drink/wk. In the moderate/heavy exposure group, mean daily alcohol consumption was 0.79 fl oz, or 1.5 drinks/d across pregnancy.
Six percent of the original cohort of 665 participants refused to participate in the evaluation at 6 to 7 years. An additional 40 dyads missed multiple testing appointments, and 28 had incomplete data for the variables of interest. Additional exclusions were the 4 children who had major congenital malformations. As mental retardation alone also can be associated with behavior problems, children with an IQ of >2 standard deviations from the sample mean were excluded. As a result, 47 children who had a performance IQ of <65 (n= 31) or for whom IQ testing was not available also were omitted from analyses presented in this article. Statistical analyses performed with and without these low-IQ children yielded similar results. In all, 506 parent–child dyads constituted the sample for this study. The mothers of subjects were significantly older and had more children than those who did not participate. However, the 2 groups of children did not differ significantly on any newborn characteristics, and mothers did not differ on prenatal use of cigarettes, alcohol, or cocaine.
The mean age at assessment of the children in all exposure categories was 6.9 years. The proportion of girls and boys in all 3 groups also was comparable (Table 1). The mean gestational age and birth weights were progressively lower with increasing prenatal alcohol exposure (P < .005). The lead level was significantly higher in the group with moderate/heavy prenatal alcohol exposure (P < .05).
Maternal and Pregnancy
Maternal age at pregnancy was higher with increasing prenatal alcohol exposure, and maternal education was lower in the moderate/heavy exposure group (P < .005 and .05, respectively; Table 1). Marital status was comparable in the 3 alcohol exposure categories. Cigarette and cocaine exposure during pregnancy and current alcohol use were increased with increasing prenatal alcohol exposure (P < .005).
Household composition was related to prenatal alcohol exposure (Table 1). Specifically, as prenatal alcohol exposure increased, the biological mother was less likely to be the primary caregiver (P < .005). There was a higher likelihood of child custody changes with increasing prenatal alcohol exposure (P < .05). Paternal drinking and drug use at the time of pregnancy also were highly correlated with prenatal alcohol exposure (P < .005), as were the family SES and HOME scores (P < .005 and .05, respectively). Maternal psychopathology and depression were comparable in the 3 prenatal alcohol exposure groups.
Child Behavior Outcome Using Alcohol as a Dichotomous Variable
The CBCL was available for 501 children. Univariate analyses of CBCL raw scores by dichotomous prenatal alcohol exposure groups revealed higher scores for the exposed children. The difference between the 2 groups was significant for Externalizing (P = .002; Aggression: P = .002; Delinquent:P = .013), Internalizing (P = .038; Anxious/Depressed: P = .035; Withdrawn:P = .044), and Total Problem scores (P= .012).
Clinically Abnormal Scores in Alcohol Exposed and Nonexposed Children
χ2 analysis was performed using the cut points recommended by Achenbach for T score analysis15 on the CBCL. The OR (95% confidence intervals) of scoring in the clinical range in the exposed group was 3.2 (1.3–7.6) for Delinquent behavior, 1.8 (1.0–3.2) for Externalizing, and 1.7 (1.0–3.0) for Total Problem score (Table 2). These results suggest that children who are exposed prenatally to alcohol have significantly higher odds of having delinquent behavior.
Child Behavior Outcome Using Alcohol as an Ordinal Variable
Univariate analyses of CBCL behavior outcome by the 3 prenatal alcohol exposure groups revealed higher mean scores with increasing prenatal alcohol exposure for 9 of 11 subscales (Table 3). Significant between-group differences were observed for Externalizing (Delinquent and Aggressive) and Total Problem behaviors. Posthoc tests (Scheffé) revealed between-group differences to be significant for the no-exposure and low-exposure groups and the no-exposure and moderate/heavy-exposure group for Externalizing and Aggressive behavior. These findings suggest that for some behaviors (Aggressive), the adverse effects of prenatal alcohol exposure were evident even at low levels of exposure. For Delinquent and Total Problem behaviors, the difference was significant between the no-exposure and moderate/heavy-exposure group, suggesting a higher threshold for these behaviors. These results are illustrated in the error bar graphs in Fig 1.
Clinically Abnormal Scores and Alcohol as an Ordinal Variable
χ2 test was performed using the cutoff scores recommended by Achenbach on the CBCL T scores. The percentage of children who scored in the clinical range on T scores was higher with increasing prenatal alcohol exposure for Delinquent behavior (Table 4). The OR (95% confidence intervals) for scoring in the clinical range for Delinquent behavior was 3.0 (1.3–7.3) for children with low levels of prenatal alcohol exposure compared with nonexposed children and 3.3 (1.3–8.7) for children with moderate/heavy prenatal alcohol exposure compared with nonexposed children.
Results of Stepwise Regression
Regression analysis was performed to determine whether prenatal alcohol exposure remained a significant predictor of childhood behavior after controlling for covariates and confounders (Table 5). Prenatal alcohol exposure across pregnancy was transformed to a log scale to normalize the distribution of the data and was entered into the regression model after all significant control variables. The control variables included birth weight, gender, gestational age, current age, and lead level of the child; prenatal exposure to cigarettes and cocaine; maternal age, education, marital status, and psychopathology; paternal drinking and use of drugs; and family composition, custody status, SES, HOME environment, and exposure to violence. Prenatal alcohol exposure remained a significant predictor of adverse behavioral outcome for Externalizing (Aggressive and Delinquent), Internalizing (Withdrawn), Attention Problems, and Total Problem Score. The amount of variance uniquely accounted for by prenatal alcohol exposure ranged between 0.6% and 1.7%. Maternal psychopathology was the most important predictor of behavior, accounting for 13.0% to 29.1% of unique variance in overall symptom scores. Gender also was a significant predictor: boys had higher scores on Externalizing (Delinquent) and Attention problems. Other factors that influenced childhood behavior included the child's custody status, current lead level, maternal smoking during pregnancy, maternal education, and the modified HOME inventory. Prenatal cocaine and current drug exposure did not enter the regression equation.
In this study of urban black children, low levels of prenatal alcohol exposure were associated with adverse behavioral outcomes on parent-reported child behavior. Higher mean scores on Externalizing and Aggressive behaviors were observed at low levels of prenatal alcohol exposure, whereas for Delinquent and Total Problem behaviors, higher mean scores were observed at moderate/heavy levels of exposure. The OR of scoring in the clinical range for Delinquent behavior was 3.2 (1.3–7.6) in children who had had any prenatal exposure to alcohol compared with nonexposed control subjects. The relationship between prenatal alcohol exposure and adverse childhood behavior outcome persisted after controlling for other factors associated with adverse behavioral outcome in children.
Predicting the relation between prenatal alcohol exposure and child behavior is complicated by multiple prenatal, neonatal, and family factors as well as by the accuracy of the measure of exposure.19,,20 Changing patterns of alcohol use in the general population over time also alter the generalizability of findings. It has been suggested that women underreport prenatal alcohol use when they are interviewed during pregnancy, compared with interviews conducted retrospectively after delivery.21,,22However, Jacobson's data from the Detroit study suggests that the detailed interview procedure during pregnancy, as was used in our study, provides a more accurate and reliable assessment of drinking during pregnancy than retrospective recall and the 1-time mid-pregnancy report used in previous studies.6,,7,9,23
In comparison to other studies,6–824–27 our results suggest that adverse effects of prenatal alcohol exposure are evident at much lower levels than previously reported. Driscoll et al28 reviewed animal and human data and reported a dose-response continuum for neurobehavioral effects. Vorhees29 suggested that neurobehavioral outcomes seem to be the most sensitive index of fetal toxicity. Although the adverse effects of moderate to heavy levels of prenatal alcohol exposure on childhood behavior have been documented extensively in the literature, there are limited data on the effects of low levels of exposure. Streissguth et al7reported adverse neurobehavioral effects related to varying levels of prenatal alcohol exposure in the neonatal period, at 8 months, and at 4 years of age.7 Habituation, sucking pressure, and latency to suck were most affected on days 1 and 2. At 8 months, significant effects were observed on the Bayley Mental Development Index and Psychomotor Development Index scales; and at 4 years, reaction time, attention, and response latency were affected. Although laboratory tests could detect decrements in speed of information processing and sustained attention at much lower doses of prenatal alcohol exposure, clinically suspect or abnormal behaviors at 4 years of age were increased only at the heavier drinking levels (≥2 fl oz of absolute alcohol/d). Carmichael Olson et al24reported that even when the average alcohol intake remained within the parameters of social drinking (average consumption of a little less than 2 drinks per day of wine, beer, liquor, or combination), some children displayed significant deleterious learning and behavioral effects. These effects were demonstrated to persist with time, manifesting as antisocial behavior and substance abuse, school difficulties, self-reported intellectual and academic deficits, and laboratory observations of a negative presentation of self, impulsivity, and disorganization. Landesman-Dwyer and Ragozin6 reported that 4-year-old children whose mothers had drunk moderately during pregnancy (a mean of 0.45 fl oz absolute alcohol/d during pregnancy) had more maternal-reported evidence of hyperactivity or inattention compared with children whose mothers had drunk only occasionally or not at all during pregnancy. Streissguth et al25 also reported deficits in attention at age 7 that were related to prenatal alcohol (mean absolute alcohol intake of 0.8 fl oz/d) in the form of continuous performance task errors of commission and delayed reaction time. In their comparison of children with FAS/fetal alcohol effects with children with attention-deficit disorder, Nanson and Hiscock26 found that the attention deficits in the 2 groups were similar, although the children who had FAS/fetal alcohol effects were more intellectually impaired. In a prospective study of 103 black inner-city infants at a mean age of 6.5 months, Jacobson et al27 demonstrated evidence of longer reaction times at lower levels of prenatal alcohol exposure (mean absolute alcohol intake of 0.5 fl oz/d) than those associated with FAS. Brown et al8,,30 reported that children who were exposed to alcohol throughout pregnancy (mean absolute alcohol intake of 11.80 fl oz/wk) were more often described as showing externalizing behavior problems. The results of our study confirm findings at low levels of exposure with Externalizing (Aggression and Delinquent) behaviors most consistently affected. In contrast to the above reports, Coles et al30 reported no differences in adaptive behavior among alcohol exposure groups (none, low, moderate). It is interesting that relatively low levels of maternal alcohol consumption (mean absolute alcohol intake of 0.42 fl oz/d) were related to decreased impulsivity both in the response inhibition task and by mother's perception of the child behavior at age 6 in the Ottawa Prenatal Prospective Study.31
The CBCL was the instrument used in this study to assess childhood behavior. Parents usually are the most knowledgeable about their child's behavior across time and situations.15 Parental involvement is required in the evaluation of most children, and parents' views of their children's behavior often are crucial in determining what will be done about the behavior. The CBCL has a screening sensitivity of 61%.32 In their 2-phase epidemiologic survey of 4- to 16-year-old Puerto Rican children, Bird et al32 reported that parent information was most informative in screening for childhood psychopathology. In the first stage of their study, the CBCL was used as a screening instrument; during the second stage, child psychiatrists evaluated children clinically. The authors suggested that parents who have known their children all of their lives would have precise information about their behavior. Similarly, Verhulst and van der Ende33 reported substantial agreement between CBCL scores and clinical severity ratings of psychopathology by psychiatrists for 14-year-old children. Agreement was higher for Externalizing than for Internalizing behaviors. The correlation coefficient between the CBCL Total Problem score and their rating of the severity of problem behaviors was 0.63.
In the present study, the CBCL raw scores were used for the analysis of variance and regression analysis, whereas T scores were used for categorical analyses. The raw scores directly reflect differences between individuals without any truncation or transformation and hence have greater statistical power. Statistical analyses using T scores yield similar results as raw score analysis with less power and have the added ability of distinguishing between scores in the normal range compared with those in the clinical range. In this study, the CBCL detected significant differences in scores by prenatal alcohol exposure. Higher mean scores on Externalizing and Aggression were observed with low levels of prenatal alcohol exposure, whereas for Delinquent and Total Problem scores, higher mean scores were observed at moderate/heavy levels of prenatal alcohol exposure. Children who had had any prenatal alcohol exposure were 3.2 times as likely to have scores in the clinical range for Delinquent behavior. In Achenbach's sample, T scores of 67 and 60 significantly discriminated between referred and nonreferred children on the 8 problem subscales and syndrome/total scales scored from the CBCL, respectively. Reports in the literature suggest that these diagnostic thresholds of the CBCL may be too high.34 Achenbach recommended that other cutoff points be chosen for particular research objectives and samples.15
It is not surprising that in the regression analysis, maternal psychopathology was the strongest predictor of childhood behavior. Jensen et al35 reported that parental psychopathology is an important factor in predicting child symptomatology, accounting for 9.1% to 18.3% of the variance in overall symptom scores, with mothers' symptoms being the most salient. However, maternal psychopathology was not correlated with prenatal alcohol exposure in our study. Even after other well-known social/environmental variables were controlled for, the effects of alcohol exposure remain significant in predicting child behavior. The amount of variance that was uniquely accounted for by prenatal alcohol exposure in the present study ranged between 0.6% and 1.7%. However, it is important to recognize that although multiple regression seems to present an adjustment for bias, it lowers the estimated variance of a regression slope.36Thus, the variance in behavior scores accounted for by prenatal alcohol exposure probably is more than that reported in the regression model but less than that predicted by the unadjusted analysis. Likewise, Jacobson and Jacobson9 reported that for most measures of central nervous system function, moderate prenatal alcohol exposure explains 1% to 2% of the variance. As reported earlier, most common epidemiologic obstetric and perinatal risk factors were not independent predictors of behavior problems in children at 6 years.37,,38 Child gender significantly affected behavior scores. Boys had more Externalizing (Delinquent) and Attention problems compared with girls. This is in agreement with the observations of O'Callaghan et al.38 Other factors that were predictors of childhood behavior in the adjusted analysis were changes in the child's custody status and higher child lead levels. Maternal/prenatal factors that were associated with problem child behavior included maternal smoking during pregnancy, lower maternal education, and lower scores on the modified HOME inventory.
Despite the important findings described in this study, there are potential deficiencies. Because women who reported high levels of drinking during pregnancy were oversampled, the prevalence of drinking during pregnancy in a randomly selected sample would be much lower. However, Sampson et al36 reported that oversampling at high doses only increases the precision with which the dose-response relationship can be calibrated; it does not substantially alter the slope of the relationship per se. The women who enrolled in this study voluntarily sought prenatal care and were available for follow-up. Thus, the findings may not be generalizable to women whose alcohol and drug use interfered with access to prenatal care. Of the original cohort, 6% refused the evaluation at 6 years and an additional 6% missed multiple appointments and were not included. Although no differences at birth were detected between the children who participated and the group that refused additional study, it is possible that unmeasured differences exist between the sample studied and those who were lost to follow-up. However, no demographic data suggest that those who were lost to follow-up were in fact different from those who were tested. In longitudinal studies, subject losses over time because of inability to trace, migration, or refusal are inevitable.39 The loss to follow-up may be of the magnitude of 20% to 30%.39 An additional area of concern is that we reported the results only for children with an IQ of >65, as mental retardation alone may be associated with behavior problems. The likelihood of low IQ did not differ by exposure group, and in fact similar results were obtained when these cases were included in the analyses. The independent variable in this study was defined as the average absolute alcohol per day across pregnancy. Averaging alcohol exposure over all 3 trimesters could obscure the fact that there are important subgroups of women who are binge drinkers or who drink more heavily in 1 period of pregnancy than in the rest. An important aim of the analyses presented in this study was to demonstrate the adverse effects of low levels of alcohol exposure averaged across pregnancy on childhood behavior that have not previously been reported in the literature. The effects of pattern of prenatal alcohol consumption and timing of exposure are important and should be evaluated. Finally, although an extensive list of possible risk factors was considered in the regression analysis, it is possible that other unmeasured factors may account for the observed differences by alcohol exposure group.
Prenatal alcohol exposure was associated with adverse behavioral outcomes in children at age 6 in this large black, socially disadvantaged sample. The CBCL detected significant differences in scores by prenatal alcohol exposure status. This effect was observed at average levels of exposure as low as 1 drink per week. Externalizing (Aggression and Delinquent) behaviors were most significantly affected. Higher mean scores on Externalizing and Aggression were observed with low levels of prenatal alcohol exposure, whereas on Delinquent and Total Problem behaviors, higher scores were observed only at moderate/heavy levels of prenatal alcohol exposure. Children who had had any prenatal alcohol exposure were 3.2 times as likely to have Delinquent behavior scores in the clinical range compared with nonexposed children. The relationship between prenatal alcohol exposure and adverse childhood behavior outcome persisted after controlling for other factors that are associated with adverse behavioral outcomes. The problems of children who are affected by even small amounts of parental alcohol use deserve recognition in clinical practice. Pregnant women should continue to be advised that there is no known “safe” amount of fetal alcohol exposure, and questions about prenatal exposure to alcohol should be routine in the psychological history for patients of all ages even in the absence of overt morphologic changes consistent with fetal alcohol exposure.
This research was funded by Grant DA08524 from the National Institute on Drug Abuse and supported by grants from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.
We acknowledge Marilyn Dow's assistance in searching the medical literature and are indebted to Ronald Thomas, PhD, of the Children's Research Center of Michigan for assistance with statistical analyses. Finally, this study would not have been possible without the efforts of the research staff, children, and families.
- Received January 12, 2001.
- Accepted April 9, 2001.
Reprint requests to (V.D.-B.) Children's Hospital of Michigan, 3901 Beaubien, Detroit, MI 48201. E-mail:
The results reported in this article were presented in part as a poster at the 23rd Annual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Alcoholism, June 26, 2000, Denver, Colorado, and as a poster presentation at the 21st Annual Meeting of the Society of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, February 10, 2001, Reno, Nevada.
- HOME =
- Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment •
- CBCL =
- Child Behavior Checklist •
- OR =
- odds ratio •
- SES =
- socioeconomic status •
- FAS =
- fetal alcohol syndrome
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- ↵Wechsler D. Weschler Preschool and Primary Scale Of Intelligence–Revised Manual. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation; 1989
- ↵Achenbach TM. Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/4–18 and 1991 Profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry; 1991
- ↵Sokol RJ, Martier S, Ernhart CB. Identification of alcohol abuse in the prenatal clinic. In: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Research Monograph No. 17: Early Identification of Alcohol Abuse. Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism; 1985
- ↵Achenbach TM, Brown JS. Bibliography of Published Studies Using the Child Behavior Checklist and Related Materials: 1991 Edition. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry; 1991
- ↵Achenbach TM. Integrative Guide for the 1991 CBCL/4–18, YSR, and TRF Profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry; 1991
- ↵Russell M. Prevalence of alcoholism among children of alcoholics. In: Windle M, Searles JS, eds. Children of Alcoholics: Critical Perspectives. New York, NY: Guilford; 1990:9–38
- ↵Vorhees CV. Principles of behavioral teratology. In: Riley EP, Vorhees CV, eds. Handbook of Behavioral Teratology. New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1986:23–48
- Horwitz SM,
- Leaf PJ,
- Leventhal JM,
- Forsyth BWC,
- Speechley KN
- McGee R,
- Silva PA,
- Williams S
- O'Callaghan MJ,
- Williams GM,
- Anderson MJ,
- Bor W,
- Najman JM
- Copyright © 2001 American Academy of Pediatrics | <urn:uuid:9d793fe5-d75f-4d55-a1fd-ab2b1fe0a585> | {
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More information about this Work
Bernardino Luini was highly appreciated among 19th-century collectors for his compositions and the elegance of his style. Luini was both a painter of frescoes and of easel-format paintings. Little information is known regarding his life and many works previously attributed to him have been rejected in recent times, reducing his extensive oeuvre. Luini is mentioned as one of Leonardo’s followers and is said to have worked in the studio of a minor painter in Milan in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. Luini had a profound knowledge of Leonardo’s work, applying the latter’s precepts in his own paintings, particularly with regard to composition and technique, for which he borrowed Leonardo’s soft, diffused outlines. He also studied Raphael’s Roman output and Venetian painting. Among his early works from the second decade of the 16th century is the polyptych for the parish church of Maggianico in Como, as well as various frescoes for the abbey of Chiaravalle.
The Virgin and Child with the Infant Saint John the Baptist was in the Paris collection of Baron Edouard de Rothschild where it is documented in 1880, subsequently passing to the Baron’s descendents. The canvas entered the Thyssen-Bornemisza collection in 1977 from the UK art market. It may have belonged at one point to Cardinal Fesch, Bishop of Lyons, whose collection was auctioned in Rome in 1845. The canvas appears in the catalogue of that sale correctly attributed and with a detailed description that seems to correspond to the present painting. The catalogue also refers to the harmony of the colouring, the soft brushstroke, the beauty of the Virgin and the pleasing overall effect of the composition.
The central group in Luini’s canvas is inspired by models developed by Leonardo. The central group is located on a small raised area above a meadow, separated from the landscape behind by a low stone wall that also functions to emphasise the foreground and create a sense of space. The kneeling Virgin has an idealised face of the type seen in Leonardo’s Virgin of the Rocks. She delicately supports the infant Christ around the chest and by one of his feet. He leans towards the lamb, which kneels before him and which is also caressed by the infant Saint John the Baptist who looks fixedly at the Christ Child. This pleasing, gentle composition is completed by a background view that features elements based on the landscape of north Italy near Lake Como. In the meadow on the left Luini depicted an ox and a grazing mule next to a man who may be Saint Joseph. The artist achieved fine colour combinations through the contrast of large areas of colour such as Mary’s red tunic and the intense green of the vegetation.
There is another version of this composition with slight variations in the Indiana Museum of Art, dated 1520. | <urn:uuid:80a62463-32b6-4b56-b5c1-fcc375f8739a> | {
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If parents have a son’s genes sequenced in hopes of explaining extreme muscle weakness, should they also be told whether he is likely to get Alzheimer’s disease as an adult? Should the child be told? When? How do answers to these questions shift for currently healthy adults? And should people be given more or less information depending on what they want to know?
As more and more people get large-scale sequencing as part of clinical care and research, the genetics community is struggling to define what to tell people about their own genomes. At the meeting of the American Society of Human Genetics, Holly Tabor at Seattle Children’s Hospital described an emerging approach to help people decide what results from their sequencing data they want to see and when.
Tabor has developed a web-based platform to manage the process. A website, called my46, explains types of mutations and lets users select whether they want to get results about variants associated with drug response, disease risk, and ancestry. They can also select to find out whether they carry mutations for heritable diseases. Users who originally decline to see certain results can change their minds later and also request appointments to talk with a genetic counselor at any time.
However, many ethicists are concerned that patients may not be able to gauge the harm learning sensitive information might cause. After all, patients may not realize how uncertain scientific knowledge is or overestimate potential treatments. Such is the reasoning behind ethicists who recommend “justified paternalism”, with results shared not based solely on patients’ stated preference but according to clinicians’ professional judgment.
There is little concrete information about how patients respond to their genetic information. One study published early last year found little evidence for increased anxiety in subjects who received direct-to-consumer genome profiling, but sequencing studies have provide more extensive information.
At the end of last year, the National Human Genome Research Institute funded seven projects, including Tabor’s, to figure out how people react to information in their genomes. For Tabor’s project, about 200 people who are already participating in exome-sequencing projects are being recruited to test the impact of the my46 platform. The study will track web users and a control group according to their psychological adjustment to sequencing data, reports of depression and healthcare utilization.
No matter how results are returned to patients, the genetics community will need a way to classify variants. Jim Evans, a medical geneticist at the University of North Carolina, described “bins” for mutations: those of unknown significance, those for which a patient can take action, those representing credible disease risk, those of reproductive significance. Earlier this year, the American College of Medical Genetics began drafting recommendations about what information must be shared with patients. If a mutation is very likely to lead to disease and especially if treatments are available, geneticists are generally obligated to tell patients. But for many variants, potential outcomes are uncertain or treatments unavailable.
Even those broad categories are hard to sort, and different medical centers follow different procedures. Amy McGuire of Baylor College of Medicine told meeting attendees that the current lack of consensus could be a strength rather than a weakness. It gives researchers more ways to find better solutions.
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beyond 'fair use', you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. | <urn:uuid:9f360d20-e441-4a49-96a7-7be29254f03f> | {
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posted on Dec, 14 2013 @ 09:12 AM
While the speed of light in a vacuum is technically a boundry that we can not simply physically overcome through speed alone, I'm not so sure that
it's a leash yanking us back.
First: we've not even come anywhere near the speed of light with any space craft at this point. The fastest spacecraft so far is New Horizons,
setting the record at a paltry 21 km/s when it passed through the Jupiter system.
Speed of light is 299,792 km/s. So our fastest craft right now has attained only 0.007% of the speed of light.
NASA's Juno space craft, on it's way to Jupiter, is expected to break New Horizon's record, reaching up to 40 km/s. That is a whopping 0.010% of
the speed of light!
It is not so much that we can't cross the speed of light. Right now, we can't even get close to it using the technology that we are using (reaction
If you think about it, what is limiting us from reaching the stars is not so much how fast we are going. Rather the distance of the stars themselves.
A single light year is close to 57 TRILLION miles. And the closest visible star with the naked eye, Alpha Centauri is 4.3 times that distance.
It's not so much that "someone" created a speed limit (that is like complaining that your car only goes 60 Mph.....yet you don't use it, and walk
If you want to complain about it, then it's someone's fault for putting other stars so far away from each other. | <urn:uuid:475d7486-f874-4873-9f34-8bac5d7b51aa> | {
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Plato Questions - Allegory of the Cave
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Plato Questions Explain Plato's use of the metaphor of shadows in his Allegory of the Cave. (33) Plato's Allegory of the Cave is about understanding what true reality is, and how it differs from what we perceive as reality. It starts off with describing prisoners, who have been chained since their childhood deep inside a cave; not only can they not move their arms and legs, but their heads are chained in one direction as well so that they are continually looking at a wall. Behind the prisoners in a fire, and between the fire and the prisoners is a raised platform/walkway where puppets and other things are moved. This causes shadows to form on the wall where the prisoners are looking. Behind the cave is a well-used road, as well as people talking and making noise, which echoes off the cave walls. The prisoners, then, believe that these noises are coming directly from the shadows on the wall. The prisoners try and name the shapes of the shadows as the come by (a sort of game).
He might also stumble, as he cannot see properly. The other prisoners would conclude that his experience outside the cave had ruined him (and his eyesight). Plato's Allegory of the Cave symbolizes how humans had to travel from the visible realm of image-making and objects of sense, to the intelligible, or invisible, realm of reasoning and understanding. Plato is saying that humans are the prisoners, and that the world is our cave. Things that we think are real are actually just shadows on a wall. Just as the escaped prisoner ascends into the light of the sun, we gather knowledge and ascend into the light of true reality; where ideas in our minds can help us understand the form of 'The Good'. The Allegory can be directly related to Plato's Analogy of the Divided Line, which categorises the world into four different divisions - reflections/shadows/images or the physical world, then actual physical things, the 'forms' that are understood by mathematical reasoning, and lastly the forms which are truly understood by philosophers. In relation, they are categorised in groups: D, C, B and A.
It also shows that if we are ignorant of something our whole life it is hard to then understand it and naturally we will not. Hence how the prisoners naturally believe that the shadows are real physical objects. The shadows to them are what the world is to us. Is this the real world, or is it just clouding our eyes and preventing us from realising the truth? On what grounds might Plato's understanding of human reason be criticized? Plato firstly assumes that when one of the prisoners is freed, they must be 'compelled' to turn around and explore the cave, and then must be dragged outside of it. He does not seem to take into account human curiosity and that perhaps prisoners themselves would have wanted to explore the cave and find out the truth about what they thought was reality. The majority of the time, humans are willing to be educated and are on the quest for knowledge. They prisoners would have probably searched around the cave, had they all been released. However, people could reject what they do not know. They may be afraid of what they do not understand, and therefore try not to understand it.
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- Thousands of essays marked by teachers | <urn:uuid:747517db-bcaa-4410-950b-24151c18e690> | {
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THE G.B. POUND
The U.K. is the first region in the World to see inflation return.
“King Says U.K. Inflation Jump – Temporary – as Rate Reaches 3.7% “
May 18 (Bloomberg) – Bank of England Governor Mervyn King downplayed the threat of inflation after consumer prices jumped at the fastest annual pace since 2008, saying the surge is”temporary” and masks slack in the British economy.
The Bank Of England will, obviously, not confirm that the U.K. is entering a period of inflation. However, the U.K., like most of the world, has printed tons of paper money in order to stem off the world wide recession.
When there is an excess of paper currency floating through an economy, prices are automatically forced up. The mechanism is quite simple:
A buyer wants to purchase an item, such as a car or a loaf of bread. He has extra printed currency in his pocket, given to him by his employer who received it from the government. The seller knows this. He raises his price.
The buyer buys! ( What is paper money good for, if not to buy things?)
And inflation moves ahead.
The U.S. DOLLAR
All the countries of the Western World have borrowed far beyond their means and have created a recession. To make the recession go away, their politicos have turned on the printing presses and passed trillions of dollars, pounds, euros, yen and yuan to their banks.
This process happened in the U.S., Europe, Japan and China. This will result in a World Wide Inflation!
In the U.S., today, Tuesday, May 18, 2010, the core PPI (Purchasing Price Index) went up .2 of a percent. Not much, but the beginning.
Inflation has its advantages and disadvantages. Because inflation cheapens the value of money, it erases debt. Throughout recent history, weak countries across the world have erased their debts by inflating (or de-valuing) their currencies. (Twenty years ago, Greece would have ignored its debt simply by printing more Drachmas.}
Now Greece and the other debtor countries will have to wait for the Euro to become cheap. Exporting countries such as Germany and China do not like to see their currencies cheapen, since the cheapness reduces their purchasing power when their work is paid for in a cheaper currency.
For that reason, the hard working countries of the world want a stable currency. Everyone knows that the Swiss Franc and Japanese Yen are “Hard” currencies that do not vary with time.
The SWISS FRANC
If you are in debt, wait! Pay later with “funny money.”
If you have real estate and cannot sell, wait! People will buy at double the price within two years.
Inflation is not good — but it’s a fun ride. | <urn:uuid:1dc9b41f-9c7c-440c-8f22-a778881e8ec9> | {
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The 20 newsgroups dataset is a data set of posts on 20 topics, ranging from cryptology to guns to baseball. I looked at 3 measures of similarity: Jaccard, cosine, and L2. Comparing each article with every other article, and taking the average similarity for that newsgroup, we get the following heat maps:
Cosine similarity seems the most reasonable, because it considers the relative frequency of words instead of the actual frequency. Take the case where there are two articles, A and B, and article A is the same as article B, except each word in A appears twice as many times in B. The similarity measure ought to indicate the articles are highly similar. The Jaccard similarity would be 0.5, cosine similarity would be 1, and L2 similarity would be some non-zero number. With Jaccard and L2 similarity, the number of words in each article has some influence on the similarity measure, so when one article has a lot more words than another, they will appear more dissimilar.
Let’s look at the cosine similarity plot, but with values < 0.45 removed:
Pairs of similar newsgroups include soc.religion.christian + soc.religion.christian, talk.politics.guns + talk.politics.guns, soc.religion.christian + talk.politics.guns. Perhaps these two newsgroups have similar demographics. Other similar pairs include soc.religion.christian + alt.atheism and soc.religion.christian + talk.religion.misc. This seems plausible, that there is some overlap discussing religion or lack of it.
Next, we look at nearest-neighbor counts. For each article in a newsgroup, there is an article in another newsgroup that has largest similarity.
The average similarity plots are symmetric, because in the formulas for different similarity measures, for any article x and y, (x,y) and (y, x) return the same value, there’s nothing dependent on the order of the bag-of-words vectors.
The nearest-neighbor plot is asymmetric. If an article A has the largest Jaccard similarity to an article B, that does not mean that B has the largest Jaccard similarity to A. For example, say there are three articles X, Y, and Z. X and Y are similar, but Z is very different from both. If Z is most similar to, say, X, that does not mean X is most similar to Z, in this case X is most similar to Y. So, just because an article in a newsgroup M has the largest similarity to an article in a newsgroup N, does not mean that an article in newsgroup N will have the largest similarity to an article in newsgroup M.
Looking at the Jaccard nearest-neighbor heat map, these groups are similar: talk.religion.misc + alt.atheism, soc.religion.christian + alt.atheism, rec.sport.hockey + rec.sport.baseball, comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware + comp.os.ms-windows.misc, comp.sys.mac.hardware + comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware.
Comparing the Jaccard plots, there is some overlap in similar newsgroups, such as soc.religion.christian + alt.atheism. In the nearest-neighbor plot, there are some newsgroups that appear similar that do not seem similar in the average similarity plot, such as comp.sys.mac.hardware + comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware and rec.sport.hockey + rec.sport.baseball. Average similarity plots appear to have a more even distribution of similarity measures, whereas the counts in the nearest-neighbor plot are mostly low with some high counts.
Using average similarity is more suited to comparing newsgroups. With nearest-neighbors, each article has some discrete influence on similarity, so disparate newsgroups could wrongfully appear similar. It could be the case that the articles in a newsgroup are extremely dissimilar to articles in other newsgroups, such as the articles in misc.forsale. Looking at the Jaccard and cosine average similarity plots, it appears misc.forsale is dissimilar to the other newsgroups. In the nearest-neighbor plot, a noticeable number of articles in misc.forsale are nearest-neighbors to comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware, probably because there are a lot of PCs for sale, but not the other way around. Likewise, the articles in rec.sport.hockey and rec.sport.baseball might not be similar to each other, but they are more similar to each other than to other newsgroups.
Next, we look at how reducing the number of dimensions affects the quality of results for measures of similarity. Here’s the cosine similarity nearest-neighbor heat map:
Now we reduce the dimensions by randomly drawing the features with a standard normal distribution.
Wall-clock times (seconds)
With no dimension reduction, calculating cosine similarities took 202.858168125 sec, finding nearest neighbors took 0.902053117752 sec.
|d||dimension reduction||calculating cosine similarities||finding nearest neighbors|
For dimension reduction and calculating cosine similarities, wall-clock time increased linearly with d.
Target dimension d=100 gave comparable results to the original embedding.
Now let’s look at a single article, and see how cosine similarities compare after dimension reduction.
The error is the vertical distance from a point on the scatterplot to y=x. As d increases, the sum of the errors and the standard deviation of the errors gets smaller, because more of the information about the original words in full dimensions has been retained.
Looking at the target dimension vs. sum of errors:
d sum of errors
It appears that the sum of errors asymptotically decreases as d increases.
Now we try dimension reduction with a random sign (±1) instead of a normal distribution.
|d||sum of errors, random normal distribution||sum of errors (d), random sign|
The results of dimension reduction by random sign and random normal distribution were similar. For both dimensionally-reduced matrices, the plot for d=100 was comparable to the one with full dimensions. | <urn:uuid:34953165-c1f6-45f4-b822-ca01b18788f4> | {
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In healthcare environments, designers seek to create a soothing atmosphere that brings in elements from nature. We do this through choice of palette and materials as well as space planning, furniture selection, fabrics and artwork. In the past few years, open water features have also been included in design plans to heighten this feeling of tranquility. However, this feature has come under scrutiny because of some issues associated with them, such as problems with maintenance and infection control.
Hospital infection-control departments have particularly become concerned because an open water feature could hold “microorganisms that may cause nosocomial infections due to inhalation of aerosolized bacteria such as Legionella,” according to a 2006 article by Anjali Joseph, PhD and published by The Center for Health Design.
In fact, there have been reported cases of Legionnaire’s disease outbreaks related to water features in hospitals. A study published last year in Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology cites a case from 2010 in which a Wisconsin hospital had an outbreak of Legionnaire’s disease that “was tied to eight patients who spent time near a decorative fountain in a hospital’s main lobby. Environmental testing found amounts of Legionnaire’s disease in samples collected from the water wall fountain.” The report says that after time the patients recovered from the disease and “no additional outbreaks occurred after the fountain, according to the study.” | <urn:uuid:a1385cc3-09ab-432c-bf9e-eff7739bb287> | {
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There are a few ineluctable facts about buildings. They are expensive, time consuming and labor intensive to make. They are strongest if built from the sturdiest materials. Well, no, on all counts. Japanese architect Shigeru Ban has built homes, pavilions and churches, some of them permanent, using little more than cardboard tubes. "I was interested in weak materials," says Ban, 42. "Whenever we invent a new material or new structural system, a new architecture comes out of it." Ironically, Ban may be closer to the old modernist ideals than many who build today in glass and steel. He wants beauty to be attainable by the masses, even the poorest.
Ban first began to use the tubes in the '80s, in exhibitions. Impressed by the material's load-bearing capacity (he calls cardboard "improved wood"), he thought of them again in 1995, after the Kobe earthquake, and used donated 34-ply tubes to build a community hall and houses. Working with the U.N., Ban has shipped paper log houses to Turkey and Rwanda. "Refugee shelter has to be beautiful," he says. "Psychologically, refugees are damaged. They have to stay in nice places."
But it's not all about utility. Ban has managed to turn ugly-duckling cardboard into some gorgeous swans. The Japanese pavilion he created for this year's EXPO 2000 in Hannover, Germany, is a huge undulating grid of paper tubes enclosed, like a covered wagon, with a paper canopy. A nine-ton, 87-ft.-long lattice arch of tubes currently swoops over the garden at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, casting a thatch of ever changing shadows.
Ban's designs touch the earth lightly in more ways than one. After EXPO 2000, his pavilion will be shipped to a recycling center to be returned to the pulp from whence it came. Just try that with bricks.
--By Belinda Luscombe | <urn:uuid:e1f360e2-c6e2-4973-af42-bd15cfb91b6e> | {
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Help Seniors with Dementia Stay Engaged with Activities
In the early stages of dementia, many seniors show less interest in what were once their favorite activities, and that can be hard on family and loved ones who want to help them. Routine activity, as long as it is carefully planned, can enrich the lives of those affected by dementia and support them in many ways by helping them stay focused and not wander; easing agitation; maintaining proper blood pressure, blood flow, blood sugar, and weight; keeping their minds sharp; potentially slowing down the decline of dementia; warding off depression; and building confidence as they begin to lose some of their abilities. Activities for people with dementia do not have to be strenuous to be beneficial, and senior care experts offer numerous recommendations when planning activities.
Routine activity, as long as it is carefully planned, can enrich the lives of those affected by dementia and support them in many ways by helping them stay focused and not wander; easing agitation; maintaining proper blood pressure, blood flow, blood sugar, and weight; keeping their minds sharp; potentially slowing down the decline of dementia; warding off depression; and building confidence as they begin to lose some of their abilities. Because of these benefits, it is important to provide ongoing opportunities for these seniors to remain engaged.
Activities for people with dementia do not have to be strenuous to be beneficial, and senior care experts offer these recommendations when planning activities:
- Explain the activities beforehand, even if you are not sure the person with dementia can fully understand your instructions.
- Do regular reevaluations of the person's abilities as their dementia progresses so you can adjust his or her activities and avoid frustration or agitation.
- Be aware of limitations, such as eyesight, the need for rest, and times of day that work best for the individual.
- Focus on enjoyment not achievement and be careful not to criticize or correct the person.
- Let individuals with dementia know they are needed by asking for their help during activities of all kinds.
Some activities that prove beneficial for seniors and help keep them engaged with those around them include the following:
- Talk about past loves and relationships. Most people with dementia can more easily recall events from the past compared to the present. Bring old out scrapbooks, photos and cards to help get and keep a discussion going. Talk about their favorite romantic memories, even crushes from their school days and early dating years.
- Listen to music.
- Create art. Use construction paper, felt, doilies, paints, markers, and stickers to create a work of art. Have the individual sign his or her name on the artwork and give them to facility staff, family, grandkids, and neighbors.
- Bake something sweet. If it is safe, make and decorate cookies using simple recipes or ready made dough. Just like music, the smells of baking treats might help bring back memories to share.
- Make craft flowers. Offer tissue paper with green pipe cleaners. Have participants cut or fold the paper into flower shapes and then glue them on the pipe cleaners.
- Offer clay as a craft element. Participants can make paperweights or boxes out of clay that can be baked and then painted. Molding clay offers exercise that will keep fingers and hands strong.
- Make jewelry. Use colorful beads, which can be decorated with glitter or paint, and strings to create gifts such as key chains, or door and window hangers. In addition to exercising hands, beadwork helps improve and retain the ability to manage details.
- Create with fresh flowers. Buy planters and plant succulent and carnation arrangements. For a simpler activity, buy vases and an assortment of fresh flowers and embellishments the senior can assemble.
- Make gift bags to share. Buy decorative cellophane bags and an assortment of chocolates and small gift items for the senior to create gift bags. This is a great activity that keeps seniors with dementia active in sorting items.
Finally, remember to keep it fun. Make sure the activities are in line with the person's interests and adjust them to his or her current ability level to avoid frustration. Plan outdoor activities whenever possible, and be sure to vary activities to include mental and physical stimulation, as well as those that stimulate sight, smell, hearing, and touch. It is also important to maintain a sense of structure even though the activities may be varied. Following these guidelines can offer a stimulating, enjoyable holiday for the person affected by dementia and his or her loved ones.
Alzheimer's Association. (n.d.). Enhancing daily life: activities. Retrieved from alz.org/care/alzheimers-dementia-activities.asp
Aveyard-Barry, Michelle. (n.d.). Valentine Crafts for Alzheimer's Patients. In eHow. Retrieved from ehow.com/list_6152788_valentine-crafts-alzheimer_s-patients.html
Bragg, Susan. (2010, January 31). Valentine's Day Activities for Those Suffering from Dementia. In Zimbia Alzheimer's Reading Room. Retrieved from http://www.zimbio.com/Alzheimer's+Reading+Room/articles/wWDxUrMqP2u/Valentine+Day+Activities+Those+Suffering+Dementia
Richmond, Mary. (n.d.). Activities for Alzheimer's Patients. In eHow. Retrieved from ehow.com/way_5349914_activities-alzheimers-patients.html
Salazar, Gina, AD. (n.d.). Alzheimer's/Dementia Activities: Fun stuff to do with Alzheimers/Dementia Residents. In The Activity Director's Office. Retrieved January 9, 2014 from theactivitydirectorsoffice.com/Gina_ActivityIdeasThatWork_Alzheimers.html.
Shadowbox Press Blog (2013, January 16). 10 Valentine's Day Activities for Alzheimer's Patients. Retrieved from shadowboxpress.wordpress.com/2013/01/16/10-valentines-day-activities-for-alzheimers-patients-3/ | <urn:uuid:c1d94bc9-228e-4214-ad28-6d94588bc534> | {
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Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Developmental Psychology: Cognitive development · Development of the self · Emotional development · Language development · Moral development · Perceptual development · Personality development · Psychosocial development · Social development · Developmental measures
Grounding is a form of punishment given to older children, preadolescents or adolescents by their parents (or teachers or headmasters in a school setting) for bad behavior and poor performance in school or other duties. In the terms of behavioral psychology, grounding is a negative punishment because it involves the removal of desired things, rather than the addition of undesired things.
Every now and then, a young person who is grounded is banned from leaving home or his/her room to go anywhere other than to attend required activities such as school, meals, church, music practice, etc. Grounding does not necessarily mean people are unable to come over, only going out is prohibited. It is commonly combined with the withdrawal of privileges such as the use of computer, Internet, video games, television, telephone, etc., and some children may even be sent to bed early. Some groundings can last from as short as a day or two, to as long as a month or year, while some last an indefinite amount of time. The uncertainty makes it difficult for the individual to cope, which in some cases can make the punishment more effective.
The term most likely originated in the aviation community. When an aviator is restricted from flying due to misconduct, illness, or other reasons they are said to be "grounded."
See also Edit
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).| | <urn:uuid:f0fc9721-33b1-4144-a2fb-5e7f0fdb95b1> | {
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Board games aren’t necessarily bound to become obsolete - at least, not if researchers at Queen’s University in Ontario, Canada have anything to say about it. They will change, however. Queen’s Human Media Lab (HML) recently unveiled a prototype board game that uses traditional flat cardboard tiles (i.e: cards), but the images on those tiles are projected onto them by an overlooking digital projector. The images stay on the tiles as they’re moved around by the players, courtesy of an overlooking camera that tracks their movements. This means that the tiles could display moving video, that their display could change entirely depending on what’s happening in the game, or that it could be customized by the players. Monopoly night may never be the same.
« Back to The board game V2.0 | <urn:uuid:b0078eb9-7a69-4b15-b8e1-f983d70cc3db> | {
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Which one of the following statements concerning time dilation is true?
Time dilation was demonstrated by the Michelson-Morley experiment.
Time dilation has been disproved in experiments with atomic clocks.
Time dilation has been observed in experiments involving both atomic clocks and radioactive decay processes.
Time dilation has been observed only in experiments involving radioactive decay processes.
Time dilation is predicted by special relativity, but has never been observed.
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Enter the email address associated with your account, and we will email you a link to reset your password.
Forgot your password? | <urn:uuid:1c3bfefe-565c-4061-8ff4-1f23af2fd914> | {
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The enhanced pedagogy, streamlined presentation, and integrated media of The Cosmic Perspective, Third Edition, makes it easier than ever for students to successfully navigate their way through introductory astronomy. Renowned for its up-to-date and expert coverage, this student-friendly text focuses on central ideas and unifying themes to provide a cosmic context. New chapter openers and end-of-chapter summaries expertly steer students through key concepts, helping them stay focused on core learning goals. The text's superior media package has been further enhanced to provide professors with superior in-class presentation tools and the ability to use and assign media activities out of class in creative ways they may not have previously considered. In particular, The Astronomy Place Website's highly acclaimed tutorials are now fully assignable with a built-in grading system, and a new Lecture Launcher CD-ROM puts a comprehensive library of in-class presentation applets, animations, and images in the palm of professors' hands. The Third Edition also features expanded coverage on seasons, the solar system, chronological history, and astrobiology. A reorganized table of contents makes the text even more cohesive and easy to use.
I. DEVELOPING PERSPECTIVE.
1. Our Place in the Universe.
2. Discovering the Universe for Yourself.
3. The Science of Astronomy.
S1. Celestial Timekeeping and Navigation.
II. KEY CONCEPTS FOR ASTRONOMY.
4. A Universe of Matter and Energy.
5. Universal Motion.
6. Light: The Cosmic Messenger.
7. Telescopes: Portals of Discovery.
III. LEARNING FROM OTHER WORLDS.
8. Our Solar System: An Introduction and Overview.
9. Formation of the Solar System.
10. Planetary Geology: Earth and the Other Terrestrial Worlds.
11. Planetary Atmospheres: Earth and the Other Terrestrial Worlds.
12. Jovian Planet Systems.
13. Remnants of Rock and Ice: Asteroids, Comets, and Pluto.
14. Planet Earth and Its Lessons on Life in the Universe.
IV. A DEEPER LOOK AT NATURE.
S2. Space and Time.
S3. Spacetime and Gravity.
S4. Building Blocks of the Universe.
V. STELLAR ALCHEMY.
15. Our Star.
17. Star Stuff.
18. The Bizarre Stellar Graveyard.
VI. GALAXIES AND BEYOND.
19. Our Galaxy.
20. Galaxies: From Here to the Horizon.
21. Galaxy Evolution.
22. Dark Matter and the Fate of the Universe.
23. The Beginning of Time.
24. Life in the Universe.
Appendix A: A Few Mathematical Skills.
Appendix B: The Periodic Table of the Elements.
Appendix C: Planetary Data.
Appendix D: Stellar Data.
Appendix E: Constants.
Appendix F: Key Equations. | <urn:uuid:4a66b8ed-7aa7-4418-ba31-01985f0b02d9> | {
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The Plum Island Ecosystems (PIE) LTER research site consists of a coupled watershed and estuary in northeastern Massachusetts.
The Ipswich River (400km2) and Parker River (200 km2) basins make up the watershed of the estuary. The watersheds lie within the Boston Metropolitan region.
Population density is about 250 people km-2.
The 25 km long (16 miles) macrotidal Plum Island Sound estuary contains salt marsh, dominated by smooth cordgrass (Spartina
alterniflora) and marsh hay (Spartina patens), fresh marsh, dominated by cattail (Typha), intertidal flats and open water tidal creeks and bays. This is the largest
wetland dominated estuary in New England and it supports extremely productive commercial and recreational soft-shell clam and striped bass fisheries.
We have been investigating the ecology of Plum Island Sound estuary since the late 1980s with support primarily from the
National Science Foundation
. (NSF) We were part of NSF Land Margin Ecosystems Research program in the early 90’s.
The site became part of the NSF's Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) Network
in 1998. The Plum Island project is one
of only 4 LTER sites that studies the effects of human activities in watersheds on estuaries. The PIE LTER has developed an extensive database open to the public via the Internet
that includes our results from long-term field observations and experiments in the Ipswich and Parker River watersheds and the Plum Island Sound estuary. | <urn:uuid:13c9ca38-15c4-47e5-a6d9-6649aee06b00> | {
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Welcome to gradplus.com
The design, construction, and maintenance of machinery is usually carried out by a mechanical engineer. Mechanical engineers are concerned with turning ideas into working products. Engineers utilise computer-aided design software to produce complex plans. Engineers research new ways of developing existing or new materials to improve performance.
Mechanical engineers are often involved in production planning processes and develop ways to enhance systems as new technology is introduced. Increasingly, mechanical engineers have to use a broad knowledge of other disciplines - such as electronics and electrical engineering.
Mechanical engineers work in a variety of sectors including construction, transport, automotive, sports and medical industries.
There are two types of engineers. Incorporated engineers specialise in developing and applying modern technology and have the practical skills and know-how to put plans into practice. Chartered engineers have greater theoretical engineering knowledge and can be involved in research and development or manufacture and installation.
Mechanical engineers require a first degree or BTEC HND/HNC in mechanical engineering or related engineering subject. Employers include research and development companies, government agencies, the armed services, manufacturers, IT companies, and public utilities. There are also jobs with manufacturers in materials development and design, marketing, selling, and customer support.
Starting salaries are about £17,000. With experience, mechanical engineers earn around £30,000. Once qualified as a chartered mechanical engineer you can earn over £40,000.
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Sales & Marketing | <urn:uuid:c4745bd7-d9fa-4d1d-b125-2c15306ec48f> | {
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If is a module of a Lie algebra , there is one submodule that turns out to be rather interesting: the submodule of vectors such that for all . We call these vectors “invariants” of .
As an illustration of how interesting these are, consider the modules we looked at last time. What are the invariant linear maps from one module to another ? We consider the action of on a linear map :
Or, in other words:
That is, a linear map is invariant if and only if it intertwines the actions on and . That is, .
Next, consider the bilinear forms on . Here we calculate
That is, a bilinear form is invariant if and only if it is associative, in the sense that the Killing form is:
There are a few constructions we can make, starting with the ones from last time and applying them in certain special cases.
First off, if and are two finite-dimensional -modules, then I say we can put an -module structure on the space of linear maps from to . Indeed, we can identify with : if is a basis for and is a basis for , then we can set up the dual basis of , such that . Then the elements form a basis for , and each one can be identified with the linear map sending to and all the other basis elements of to . Thus we have an inclusion , and a simple dimension-counting argument suffices to show that this is an isomorphism.
Now, since we have an action of on we get a dual action on . And because we have actions on and we get one on . What does this look like, explicitly? Well, we can write any such tensor as the sum of tensors of the form for some and . We calculate the action of on a vector :
In general we see that . In particular, the space of linear endomorphisms on is , and so it get an -module structure like this.
The other case of interest is the space of bilinear forms on a module . A bilinear form on is, of course, a linear functional on . And thus this space can be identified with . How does act on a bilinear form ? Well, we can calculate:
In particular, we can consider the case of bilinear forms on itself, where acts on itself by . Here we read
There are a few standard techniques we can use to generate new modules for a Lie algebra from old ones. We’ve seen direct sums already, but here are a few more.
One way is to start with a module and then consider its dual space . I say that this can be made into an -module by setting
for all , , and . Bilinearity should be clear, so we just check the defining property of a module. That is, we take two Lie algebra elements and check
so for all , as desired.
Another way is to start with modules and and form their tensor product . Now we define a module structure on this space by
We check the defining property again. Calculate:
These are useful, and they’re only just the beginning.
As might be surmised from irreducible modules, a reducible module for a Lie algebra is one that contains a nontrivial proper submodule — one other than or itself.
Now obviously if is a submodule we can form the quotient . This is the basic setup of a short exact sequence:
The question is, does this sequence split? That is, can we write as the direct sum of and some other submodule isomorphic to ?
First of all, let’s be clear that direct sums of modules do make sense. Indeed, if and are -modules then we can form an action on by defining it on each summand separately
Clearly the usual subspace inclusions and projections between , , and intertwine these actions, so they’re the required module morphisms. Further, it’s clear that .
So, do all short exact sequences of representations split? no. Indeed, let be the algebra of upper-triangular matrices, along with the obvious -dimensional representation. If we let be the basic column vector with a in the th row and elsewhere, then the one-dimensional space spanned by forms a one-dimensional submodule. Indeed, all upper-triangular matrices will send this column vector back to a multiple of itself.
On the other hand, it may be the case for a module that any nontrivial proper submodule has a complementary submodule with . In this case, is either irreducible or it’s not; if not, then any proper nontrivial submodule of will also be a proper nontrivial submodule of , and we can continue taking smaller submodules until we get to an irreducible one, so we may as well assume that is irreducible. Now the same sort of argument works for , showing that if it’s not irreducible it can be decomposed into the direct sum of some irreducible submodule and some complement, which is another nontrivial proper submodule of . At each step, the complement gets smaller and smaller, until we have decomposed entirely into a direct sum of irreducible submodules.
If is decomposable into a direct sum of irreducible submodules, we say that is “completely reducible”, or “decomposable”, as we did when we were working with groups. Any module where any nontrivial proper submodule has a complement is thus completely reducible; conversely, complete reducibility implies that any nontrivial proper submodule has a complement. Indeed, such a submodule must consist of some, but not all, of the summands of , and the complement will consist of the rest.
Sorry for the delay; it’s getting crowded around here again.
Anyway, an irreducible module for a Lie algebra is a pretty straightforward concept: it’s a module such that its only submodules are and . As usual, Schur’s lemma tells us that any morphism between two irreducible modules is either or an isomorphism. And, as we’ve seen in other examples involving linear transformations, all automorphisms of an irreducible module are scalars times the identity transformation. This, of course, doesn’t depend on any choice of basis.
A one-dimensional module will always be irreducible, if it exists. And a unique — up to isomorphism, of course — one-dimensional module will always exist for simple Lie algebras. Indeed, if is simple then we know that . Any one-dimensional representation must have its image in . But the only traceless matrix is the zero matrix. Setting for all does indeed give a valid representation of .
It should be little surprise that we’re interested in concrete actions of Lie algebras on vector spaces, like we were for groups. Given a Lie algebra we define an -module to be a vector space equipped with a bilinear function — often written satisfying the relation
Of course, this is the same thing as a representation . Indeed, given a representation we can define ; given an action we can define a representation by . The above relation is exactly the statement that the bracket in corresponds to the bracket in .
Of course, the modules of a Lie algebra form a category. A homomorphism of -modules is a linear map satisfying
We automatically get the concept of a submodule — a subspace sent back into itself by each — and a quotient module. In the latter case, we can see that if is any submodule then we can define . This is well-defined, since if is any other representative of then , and , so and both represent the same element of .
Thus, every submodule can be seen as the kernel of some homomorphism: the projection . It should be clear that every homomorphism has a kernel, and a cokernel can be defined simply as the quotient of the range by the image. All we need to see that the category of -modules is abelian is to show that every epimorphism is actually a quotient, but we know this is already true for the underlying vector spaces. Since the (vector space) kernel of an -module map is an -submodule, this is also true for -modules.
It turns out that all the derivations on a semisimple Lie algebra are inner derivations. That is, they’re all of the form for some . We know that the homomorphism is injective when is semisimple. Indeed, its kernel is exactly the center , which we know is trivial. We are asserting that it is also surjective, and thus an isomorphism of Lie algebras.
If we set and , we can see that . Indeed, if is any derivation and , then we can check that
This makes an ideal, so the Killing form of is the restriction of of the Killing form of . Then we can define to be the subspace orthogonal (with respect to ) to , and the fact that the Killing form is nondegenerate tells us that , and thus .
Now, if is an outer derivation — one not in — we can assume that it is orthogonal to , since otherwise we just have to use to project onto and subtract off that much to get another outer derivation that is orthogonal. But then we find that
since this bracket is contained in . But the fact that is injective means that for all , and thus . We conclude that and that , and thus that is onto, as asserted.
We say that a Lie algebra is the direct sum of a collection of ideals if it’s the direct sum as a vector space. In particular, this implies that , meaning that the bracket of any two elements from different ideals is zero.
Now, if is semisimple then there is a collection of ideals, each of which is simple as a Lie algebra in its own right, such that is the direct sum of these simple ideals. Further, every such simple ideal of is one in the collection — there’s no way to spread another simple ideal across two or more summands in this decomposition. And the Killing form of a summand is the restriction of the Killing form of to that summand, as we expect for any ideal of a Lie algebra.
If is any ideal then we can define the subspace of vectors in that are “orthogonal” to all the vectors in with respect to the Killing form . The associativity of shows that is also an ideal, just as we saw for the radical. Indeed, the radical of is just . Anyhow, Cartan’s criterion again shows that the intersection is solvable, but since is semisimple this means , and we can write .
So now we can use an induction on the dimension of ; if has no nonzero proper ideal, it’s already simple. Otherwise we can pick some proper ideal to get , where each summand has a lower dimension than . Any ideal of is an ideal of — the bracket with anything from is zero — so and must be semisimple as well, or else there would be a nonzero solvable ideal of . By induction, each one can be decomposed into simple ideals, so can as well.
Now, if is any simple ideal of , then is an ideal of . It can’t be zero, since if it were would be contained in , which is zero. Thus, since is simple, we must have . But the direct-sum decomposition tells us that , so all but one of these brackets must be zero, and that bracket must be itself. But this means for this simple summand, and — by the simplicity of — .
From this decomposition we conclude that for all semisimple we have . Every ideal and every quotient of must also be semisimple, since each must consist of some collection of the summands of .
which lets us write out matrices for the adjoint action:
and from here it’s easy to calculate the Killing form. For example:
We can similarly calculate all the other values of the Killing form on basis elements.
So we can write down the matrix of :
And we can test this for degeneracy by taking its determinant to find . Since this is nonzero, we conclude that is nondegenerate, which we know means that is semisimple — at least in fields where .
The first and most important structural result using the Killing form regards its “radical”. We never really defined this before, but it’s not hard: the radical of a binary form on a vector space is the subspace consisting of all such that for all . That is, if we regard as a linear map , the radical is the kernel of this map. Thus we see that is nondegenerate if and only if its radical is zero; we’ve only ever dealt much with nondegenerate bilinear forms, so we’ve never really had to consider the radical.
Now, the radical of the Killing form is more than just a subspace of ; the associative property tells us that it’s an ideal. Indeed, if is in the radical and are any other two Lie algebra elements, then we find that
thus is in the radical as well.
We recall that there was another “radical” we’ve mentioned: the radical of a Lie algebra is its maximal solvable ideal. This is not necessarily the same as the radical of the Killing form, but we can see that the radical of the form is contained in the radical of the algebra. By definition, if is in the radical of and is any other Lie algebra element we have
Cartan’s criterion then tells us that the radical of is solvable, and is thus contained in , the radical of the algebra. Immediately we conclude that if is semisimple — if — then the Killing form must be nondegenerate.
It turns out that the converse is also true. In fact, the radical of contains all abelian ideals . Indeed, if and then , and the square of this map sends into . Thus is nilpotent, and thus has trace zero, proving that , and that is contained in the radical of . So if the Killing form is nondegenerate its radical is zero, and there can be no abelian ideals of . But the derived series of eventually hits zero, and its last nonzero term is an abelian ideal of . This can only work out if is already zero, and thus is semisimple.
So we have a nice condition for semisimplicity: calculate the Killing form and check that it’s nondegenerate. | <urn:uuid:2271b8b0-f79b-4a44-bf9c-4489b5134fe7> | {
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Buildings contribute a significant part in the energy consumption in many developed and developing countries. For example, on annual basis buildings consume about 40% of the energy and 70% of the electricity in the United States. In China, the energy consumption in buildings has risen from 10% to 25% of the overall energy consumption of the country since 1978, and is predicted to be 35% increase every year in the coming years.
Building energy consumption is strongly dependent on the functionality of the building, the occupancy behavior, the outdoor environment, the structure and building materials, and the operation management. Building is also an important consumer of smart grid, an important part of the smart city. Thus building energy saving is by nature a cross-disciplinary research, and requires one to use the knowledge (models on building dynamics, occupant movement, and outdoor environment) and methodology (such as optimization and online decision making) from multiple fields. It is the purpose of this technical committee to promote the research in this area, to build the strong connection between building energy saving and security with the RAS society.
Topics to be covered include, but are not limited to:
- Information acquisition techniques (such as wireless sensor network)
- Building integrated control for energy saving
- Building as a micro grid
- Fire and security in buildings
- Human comfort control in buildings
- HVAC fault detection, diagnosis, and prognosis
- Manufacturing facilities | <urn:uuid:55f7b91c-41af-4fdf-b7bd-64b6a979fd6a> | {
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If you’ve seen the AHA’s infographic about how excess salt affects your health and appearance, you may have noticed that headaches are among the health effects. A new study adds more evidence to back up the case for eating less salt to get fewer headaches, which could help you cut down on how often you end up rustling around in your medicine cabinet for a painkiller.
In the study, people were assigned to diets with different levels of salt and asked to record side effects, including headaches. The researchers discovered that cutting the salt people ate from 3,600 mg sodium per day (that’s about the average amount that Americans eat each day) to 1,200 mg per day reduced headaches by 31 percent. 1,200 mg sodium is about the amount in half a teaspoon of salt. You can read more about the study in the journal where it published, BMJ Open.
People with both high blood pressure and normal blood pressure saw a reduction in headaches when they cut the salt they ate. However, switching from a healthy diet to an unhealthy one didn’t have an effect on headaches. Lowering the salt was the key factor for reducing headaches.
How do you reduce the salt in your diet? Share your tip in the comments and see if it’s already on our list of tips to reduce the salt in your diet! | <urn:uuid:4d449950-8537-4043-9370-1b4993a59985> | {
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Here are two questions you have to write in the one paper.
You don’t need to type “NAME, COURSE,DATE,PROFESSOR” at the beginning, you can just straightly start the essay. This is a journal style, so please generate your idea to answer the questions. Follow the questions and answer all of them will be fine. But you have to show your understanding toward the article in the essay, for example you can list some examples to answer the questions.
The total you need to write is about 300 words.
PLEASE WATCH the film “Fish and Elephant” BEFORE CLASS. Dir. Li Yu (李玉). Fish and Elephant (Jin nian xia tian 今年夏天). In Mandarin. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0317763/2002. On reserve in Film Library, call # FVLDV 4780-1.
What did you make of the film? Would you describe this as a “lesbian” film? Who were the main characters? Would they describe themselves as lesbian?
READ Martin, Fran. “Critical Presentism: New Chinese Lesbian Cinema” (partial chapter, on “Fish and Elephant”), in Backward Glances: Contemporary Chinese Cultures and The Female Homoerotic Imaginary, Durham: Duke University Press, 2010: 164-179.
According to Martin, are “underground” films like Fish and Elephant available in Mainland China, or are they virtually impossible to find? What does Martin mean by “vertical” vs. “horizontal” time in the film? How does the lesbian “vertical” narrative of the film disrupt the “horizontal” narratives of heterosexuality in the film? (What does Martin mean when she writes on 172/149 that “Rather than the teleological chain of cause-and-effect events associated with the film’s horizontal movement, the scenes dwell on the subjective and poetic qualities of the isolated moment, with little action or narrative progression”?) In your opinion is the lesbian “space” represented in the film a “utopian” space/utopian alternative to hetero/conventional marriages in the film? | <urn:uuid:939d4c71-cdcb-4918-a519-ff3035fdef4a> | {
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There is a revolution going on in the Middle East and North Africa, but it's not the political upheaval of the Arab Spring -- it's the emergence of women as leaders in the science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) fields, an epochal shift for a region where women have long been marginalized.
The U.S. State Department is using its TechWomen program to foster that change. The program pairs dozens of women who work in technology in the region, known by the shorthand MENA, with their American counterparts in Silicon Valley for weeks of mentorship. In essence, American diplomacy is encouraging these women to use the knowledge they gain in the U.S. to create positive social change in their home countries.
“Currently we are building the new Egypt, and I believe [the] most needed resources now are knowledge and science,” said Heba Hosny, a quality assurance engineer who took part in this year’s exchange program.
Secretary of State Hillary Clinton announced the TechWomen initiative in 2010, in response to President Barack Obama’s call for an expansion in educational exchanges in the areas of entrepreneurship, science and innovation. The pilot program began the following year, bringing a select number of women to America for a monthlong professional peer mentorship. Their American counterparts also had the opportunity to travel to the various participating countries for networking and workshops.
Big companies like Apple Inc. (NASDAQ:AAPL) and Canada-based Research In Motion (NASDAQ:RIMM) support the State Department’s program. TechWomen is also supported by Facebook (NASDAQ:FB), Google (NASDAQ:GOOG), Microsoft Inc. (NASDAQ:MSFT), NetApp (NASDAQ:NTAP) and Yahoo (NASDAQ:YHOO), as well as the Cherie Blair Foundation for women, among others.
Nearly 80 MENA women have already gone through the program, and dozens from sub-Saharan Africa are expected to participate next year, said Ann Stock, Assistant Secretary of State for educational and cultural affairs.
“The concept Hillary Clinton had was smart power -- using every tool, including technology, to bring people together,” Stock said. “Her idea was to empower women and girls and bring them together. These networks of women are going to work together forever.”
The MENA women in the program also got a firsthand view of how American women balance their work and home life, an important consideration for women from many countries in that region, where female work outside the home is rare.
“The most amazing thing I discover there is that even [though] we were from different countries, different regions and religions, all the women have the same problem: to do their best to balance between work and family,” said Farida Joumade Mansouri, who heads the Organic Framing Department at the Ministry of Agriculture and Development in Tunisia. “Personally I have no problem to go ahead in my work, but I think that in MENA countries, a woman who works is a very busy one all the time, because she hasn’t all the resources and facilities available to an American woman.”
Audrey Van Belleghem is the director of strategic programs at NetApp, a multinational computer storage and data management company based in the U.S. She served as mentor to a participant from Morocco, where the illiteracy rate is approximately 40 percent. It's even higher in rural areas, and among women.
“In that environment, she needs to pursue technological advances such as cloud infrastructure, data center stability, and she’s an entrepreneur as well, a role model for women in her country,” Van Belleghem said. “She was a truly amazing person to mentor. She did take a year off for her first child, and I was touched when she mentioned after spending time with me (I have 3 children) that she did not feel she would have to take a year off again for this second baby. She is planning to better balance her time, now that she has seen examples of women working and balancing a family life.”
Yet, like they are in the Middle East, women are underrepresented in STEM jobs in America, though they make up half the workforce.
A U.S. Department of Commerce study found that in America, women fill almost half the jobs in the economy, but less than 25 percent of those are STEM jobs. However, women with STEM jobs made 33 percent more than those in other jobs. And the gender wage gap is smaller in STEM jobs than in non-STEM careers, according to the study.
For Karen Panetta, professor of electrical and computer engineering at Tufts University, educated women are an asset to families in the Middle East and North Africa, because it doesn’t put children at a disadvantage.
Panetta, also a fellow at the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, said that when it comes to the workforce in the Middle East, the problem is more cultural.
“They have to be able to see what they’ve been missing by not including women, and what the country is losing,” she said. “With 50 percent of your country being women, you’re not utilizing that workforce. You want to keep your country on the cutting edge of technology.”
Growing up in Lebanon, one of the Middle East's more Westernized countries, Jessica Obeid was used to seeing women working. She often wondered how women found the time to balance a good career and a family.
Today, Obeid is an energy engineer at the Community Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Demonstration Program for the Recovery of Lebanon. She has one bit of advice for girls and women who dream of being tech leaders:
“When I decided to pursue an engineering degree, there wasn’t one single person who encouraged me to do that,” Obeid said. “The world needs people courageous enough, determined enough and smart enough to make it better,” she added. “And women have it all and much more. I would say, never let anyone put you down, follow your dream and you’ll figure along the way how to get there.”
Start the slideshow to learn more about 10 of the emerging women techies in MENA. | <urn:uuid:4d0021ee-c86c-4018-a753-e899062c1280> | {
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Why killing mice is not the solution
Poison baits can kill any not target animal, not just mice:
- Scents added to poison to make it attractive to mice are also attractive to pets and other domestic animals. In the US, over 150,000 pets are killed each year due to accidental rodenticide ingestion.
- Wild animals can eat poisoned rats and suffer secondary poisoning. The US EPA attributes thousands of untimely deaths to this
- Environmentally poison not ingested by mice can be dispersed by ants, poisoning ground water and wildlife.
Years of genetic mutations have produced an extraordinary resistance in many mice that protects them from standard poisons, which often are no longer effective. It’s common that mice can keep feeding on baits, without dying.
- Mice are becoming more and more resistant to the common poisons, both through social adaptation and through immunity granted by genetic mutation.
- In colonies, any new food is tested by a scout mouse. This mouse is observed to see if any ill effects are suffered. If so, the rest of the colony will avoid the new food source.
- Mice are able to build up resistance to poison through eating small dosages over time. This acquired immunity can be passed on to their offspring.
- Recent research from Germany has shown that over 90% of the common mouse (Mus Musculus domesticus) population has genetic resistance to anticoagulant poisons, one of the most common rodenticides in use.
The more we kill mice, the more they grow in strength and number.
- When a part of a mice population is exterminated, the remaining rodents will increase their reproductive rate, and quickly restore the old population level.
- In just one year, up to 15,000 descendants can be traced to a single mice.
- The mouse is a prolific breeder. They reach sexual maturity at six weeks of age. Gestation in the mouse normally lasts 19-21 days, usually producing three or four litters a year, each up to 10 pups.
- If necessary, females are ready to breed again within 24 hours of giving birth to a litter.
Mice infestation is a serious global problem.
- Rodenticides and mice infestations pose a serious risk to human health.
- The aroma added to the poisons that makes them attractive to mice also makes them attractive to kids. Tragedy is the 1.500 small children in Italy (Centro Antiveleni di Milano data), and 36,000 (National Poison Data System data) in the United States who went to the emergency room for accidentally ingesting rodenticides. Of these US emergency room visits, several children die each year.
- From a health perspective, mice droppings carry Salmonella and Campylobacter, causing 321,000 infections in people across Europe in 2014.
- Power cable gnawing by mice resulting in fire damage is perhaps the most significant damage caused by mice not just for the cost – over $1.5 billion in USA, Germany and UK – but for the human lives lost – 6,500 over the last ten years in the US alone.
Decaying dead mice produce a disgusting smell for over a 6-12 week period. The carcasses are carriers of a multitude of diseases.
- Mice and rats cause problems even in death. Their decomposing bodies produce a disgusting smell for up to a 12 week period. Decaying carcasses are carriers of a multitude of diseases.
- Given this level of damage, there has been great interest in solving the problem. Killing mice through rodenticides has been the traditional solution, but has resulted in making the problem worse in many ways | <urn:uuid:dae2729c-5e06-4887-8fac-8ced8018164e> | {
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Techniques you'll learn:
Using Thin Wall Refraction map™
Hi , In this tutorial I'll show how to use the thin wall refraction map to simulate a magnifying glass in 3dsMax.
As magnifying glass is quite simple to model , I won't show you step-by-step how to model but give you some
hints how I made mine
We use the above scene in this tutorial,some capsules scattered over a checkered board.
You can use your own but make something to be magnified,
Capsules are quite easy to model,go to Create > Extended Primitives > Capsule.
Model your magnifying glass with Tube, and cylinders.Look the picture.
After modeling your magnifying glass group the frame objects but Link the lens to the frame group so it
move along with the frame.
Material for the Lens.
Select the object you're using for the Lens and open the material editor (Short key"M").Select any empty slot
and choose a diffuse color of your choice. Adjust the Specular Highlight setting to give material a glassy look,you can adjust
these later.Name it as Lens Material.
Set the Opacity amount to 50,to make it look little transparent.
Close the Blinn Basic Parameters rollout by clicking on the title,scroll down and open Maps rollout.
Locate the "Refraction" (not Reflection) map and click the None button on the right.
3dsMax show you list of available choices,as items are listed in alphabetically order you may need to scroll down
to find the Thin wall refraction map.
After choosing the Thin wall refraction map,you'll get the its parameters window,but before tweaking these settings
(or messing with these) apply it to the Lens object and do a quick render.
In this initial rendering there's no magnify effect and lens is invisible too.
Adjust the Thin Wall refraction parameters.
Open the material editor and set the Refraction Amount to 50,do a quick render (Shift + Q or F9)
Click the Thin Wall Refraction button , this will bring up the parameters settings.
Luckily there's not much to tweak.Use the setting as shown above.
Set Thinness Offset to 10.0(max value),this will give the magnify effect,and in the Render group select the
Every Nth Frame,this will generate refraction accurately in animation.We're done with these.
Do a quick render:You'll see some magnify effect.
Need more Zoom/Magnify effect ?
And if you want to get more Zoom/Magnify effect, you can Increase Thickness Offset.
But for some reason the Maximum Thickness offset value is set to 10.You cannot enter more than 10 or drag the spinners.
But don't worry I found a workaround :).
Select the Lens object,right click and choose Curve Editor.
Expand World > Scene Material > Lens Material > Maps > Refraction Map > Select Thickness Offset.
Right Click and select Assign Controller , choose Beziar Float.
Click "Add Keys" button,highlighted in blue box below.
There is dotted line (like ----)locate it and click on two points to add two keys.
If you are new to Autodesk 3dsMax and Curve Editor looks little complex then no problem,
You'll get familiar with it as you work on 3ds Max,for now just remember that:
Vertical are the Parameters Value of selected item and horizontal are frames,and these are displayed in the
boxes highlighted,Frame number displayed in left box (pink) and values in right one (blue).
As highlighted on the above screenshot you can enter the Parameter value in the input box in blue outline and
frame number in the box highlighted by pink outline.
Click the Move Keys button,highlighted yellow.
Select the both keys by dragging a box,while both keys are selected enter 15 in the Parameters box(blue box)
Render to see the effect.
Above : Thickness Offset : 18
You can experiment with Thickness values ,but entering higher value cause distorted effect.
Entering the same parameter value on both key tells 3ds Max that we want to keep this value
Note: You can adjust the color of the glass by using a different Diffuse color of your choice.
Exclude the frame from Refraction:
If the frame of the magnify glass is visible in the lens,you need to exclude it from Refraction.
Select your magnify glass frame,right click,and click again on the Object Properties,
In Object Properties ,locate rendering control (see the pic below) uncheck "Visible to Reflection/Refraction"
Animate your Scene:
You can animate your magnifying glass scene...Select the frame of your magnify glass.
Select the move gizmo and choose Local from the drop down list.
Example: (You can animate in anyway you like)
Turn on AutoKey button , move the time slider to frame 25, move your magnify glass to the right,
goto to frame 50 and move it down, on frame 75 move it to the bottom left...
and if you want your magnify glass to return to the starting position in the end..
select the frame 0 on the Track Bar,when you see icon like <--> hold down shift and drag it to the frame 100 or
the last frame you're using.This make a nice loop movie.
If you like this 3ds max tutorial then you can try these tutorials written by me: | <urn:uuid:ee762375-9ace-48a4-913c-19b9a13884d1> | {
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The Vita-Ray Chamber is a specially constructed medical chamber that harnesses and projects beams of concentrated Vita Radiation. The chamber also contains several mechanisms used for injecting subjects with the Super Soldier Serum.
This section requires expansion
The Vita-Ray Chamber was a key component of the process used for Project Rebirth, the 1940s experiment that transformed Steve Rogers into Captain America. The chamber was created by the Strategic Scientific Reserve to administer the Vita Radiation developed by Dr. Abraham Erskine. The chamber was constructed, in part, and operated by Howard Stark. During the experiment, the chamber required a tremendous amount of energy and was hooked directly to the power grid of 40s era New York City. The procedure was a success, transforming the formerly sickly Steve Rogers into a muscle bound super soldier.
- In the Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. episode Days of Future Smash: Year of the Hydra the Hulk follows Leader back in time to World War II where the Red Skull recreates the Vita-Ray Chamber. With the Leader's help, the Red Skull uses the Gamma Radiation instead of the Vita Radiation to transform himself into the Hulk-sized Green Skull. | <urn:uuid:34f2c0a5-5ec3-451d-a339-816930ec79ae> | {
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Single use plastic: impacts and solutions to help solve the problem
Feb 14, 2019
By Jimmy Therrien
Most of you have probably heard about the plastic islands currently being found in our oceans and seas all over the world, impacting our ecosystems in a significant way.
In March 2018, Canadian news outlets reported that according to the Ocean Cleanup Foundation, the marine dumping ground in the Pacific is 16 times larger than they had estimated in previous assessments. From their sampling they found that most of the floating debris was microplastic particles in the form of tiny balls smaller than 5 mm in diameter.
It is estimated that there are 8 million tonnes of plastic debris distributed each year in the world’s oceans and seas. This problem reaches all the way to the Arctic, where there is also a large plastic island which was studied by researchers from a Spanish university. They discovered that the ocean current named the Thermohaline Current acts as a means of transport for these plastics. These materials come from as far away as the east coast of North America and the north-west coast of Europe. Arriving in the Arctic after a long journey, the plastic debris is blocked with ice and surrounding territories, and eventually sinks. With global warming, this problem will only worsen, as more of the ice turns into water, the waste will have large expanses on which to accumulate.
Since they are so resistant to decomposition, these plastics are a large cause of animal deaths. It is estimated that 100,000 marine mammals and one million birds die by eating and getting trapped in these plastics around the world each year. Although the Canadian Arctic has fewer plastic debris than other polar areas due to currents, this does not prevent impacts on its migratory birds that will often ingest floating plastic waste in the North Atlantic where they normally spend their winter.
The causes of this accumulation of plastic
While there are multiple causes of this pollution, using single use plastics is identified as one of the top. These items, such as plastic straws and plastic containers mainly come from our consumer habits that generate disproportionate amounts of waste that were not re-given value. Although they originate from various places in our communities, these materials eventually end up on the edges of beaches and other banks where they finally find their way to the oceans.
Impacts of using single use plastics
In addition to the previously mentioned impacts on marine animals through ingestion and entanglement, the plastic industry also has other negative side effects, notably its contribution to global climate change. In fact, whether in the form of packaging, bags or products with single uses such as straws, we find plastic material in almost all end-use segments of our economy. This industry contributes to global warming in part from the emissions associated with production and transportation of these products.
Plastic also contributes to global warming as it degrades in the environment. A study published in the United States in 2008 states that plastic waste releases greenhouse gases like methane and ethylene when it degrades. After several tests on all products (i.e. water bottles, bags, packages and industrial products), the researchers arrived to the conclusion that polyethylene, the most widely used polymer, was the biggest emitter.
What are the solutions?
Several technologies are being developed around the world to eliminate these plastics from the environment by mechanically removing them. However, while it is very important to continue cleaning up these bodies of water on our planet, according to several experts in the field, the problem is of such gravity that we can no longer simply limit ourselves to removing scraps and particles from our water systems. We need to act upstream by questioning the various sources of these plastics that end up in the ocean because once there, these plastics can be found anywhere on the planet. Putting our finger on the root causes of this pollution and eliminating it will significantly reduce our contribution to this global problem.
As you read this article, you may be wondering “How can I make sure that my actions as a consumer do not contribute to this problem of microplastics in natural habitats?” Well, as is the case in many other areas, some of the solutions available to us to combat this global problem are easy to integrate into our everyday routine. Others will require people to show a real willingness to review some of their current practices that have most likely become routine habits in their daily lives for years. Here are some solutions that we propose to reduce your dependence on plastic and thus do your part to improve the state and sustainability of the environment and our communities.
At the grocery store, big box stores and department stores
- Shop at stores which you can bring your own reusable containers to fill items such as rice, cereal, etc.
INTERESTING FACT: A rigorous study from the University of Twente in the Netherlands as part of a master’s thesis, revealed that unpackaged or paper-wrapped products have had a positive effect on the perception of people with respect to health, freshness and general appreciation of the products. In contrast, no such association could be established between plastic packaged foods and people’s perception of the healthy nature or freshness of the product.
- Choose products which are not wrapped in plastic. Example, choose the cucumber not wrapped in plastic versus the one covered in plastic
- Use reusable materials such as beeswax wraps to cover your food instead of plastic alternatives like plastic wrap
- Use reusable bags to transport your groceries and other purchases instead of the plastic ones given by the store
At the beach and along the coast
- When you visit the beach or coast, pick up litter before it ends up in the water system
- Organize a beach cleanup
At restaurants and cafes
- Refuse single use plastic items like straws, cups and utensils
- Support restaurants that follow sustainable practices
- Bring a reusable mug for hot drinks or request a ceramic or porcelain mug if you will be sitting down for a while
- Refuse a new plastic toothbrush and invest in a wooden or bamboo one
- Use alternatives to plastic feminine products
- Use shampoo and soap bars instead of plastic alternatives
Of course, we can not dismiss the fact that the economic sector of packaging of all kinds generates jobs around the world and that, since its invention, plastic remains one of the most practical materials in terms of hygiene, efficiency of use, lightness and malleability. However, under an approach that further integrates the importance of environmental sustainability into the three-fold Economy-Society-Environment perspective, a holistic vision must question how these three spheres can interact in harmony together and in a sustainable way to enable the sustainability of our human operations and minimize our destructive impact on ecosystems.
About the Author:
Jimmy Therrien has been with The Gaia Project since 2011 and is the Program Director. He holds a Bachelor of Science and Masters in Environmental Studies.
Click here to learn more about Jimmy.
Abraham, Lois (2017, January 26). Bring your own containers: Low- and zero-waste food stores try to go green. Retrieved from https://www.ctvnews.ca/lifestyle/bring-your-own-containers-low-and-zero-waste-food-stores-try-to-go-green-1.3258655
En plus de polluer les océans, le plastique contribue au réchauffement climatique. (2 août 2018). Repéré à https://quebec.huffingtonpost.ca/2018/08/02/plastique-changements-climatiques-gaz-effet-serre_a_23494520/
Kroese, Manon (2017). Packaged versus unpackaged food: The perceived healthfulness and other consumer responses (Master’s thesis). Retrieved fromhttp://essay.utwente.nl/71732/1/Kroese_MA_FacultyBMS.pdf
Le dépotoir du Pacifique est 16 fois plus grand que prévu, selon une étude. (23 mars 2018). Repéré à https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1090985/plastique-depotoir-pacifique-continent-microplastiques-etude
Messal, Roselyne. (13 septembre 2018). Océans : les effets du plastique sur les animaux et l’environnement. Repéré à https://www.futura-sciences.com/planete/dossiers/pollution-dechets-plastique-mer-septieme-continent-1898/page/4/
Profil industriel de l’industrie canadienne des produits en matière de plastique. (4 janvier 2017). Repéré à https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/plastics-plastiques.nsf/fra/pl01383.html
Une île de plastique dans l’Arctique. (21 avril 2017). Repéré à https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1029542/ile-plastique-dans-arctique-etude | <urn:uuid:89087122-b28f-4c1e-aa78-3490bf5c8ae6> | {
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There is a massive, glowing, bulge in the center of the Milky Way galaxy, and scientists say it is shaped like a giant peanut.
In the photo gallery above, you will find an artist's conception of what this lumpy center might look like, if you could view our galaxy side-on in space.
Continue to click through the images and you will see a gorgeous real-life picture of the galaxy taken on a clear night in Chile. Look closely, and you should be able to make out a faint bulge in the bright yellow center of the galaxy disk.
Keep clicking and you'll find a star-filled image taken as part of the VISTA Variables in the Via Lactea Survey (VVV), using the European Southern Observatory's VISTA telescope, based in the Atacama Desert in Chile. The image shows a patch of sky in the direction of the center of the Milky Way, and includes stars that form part of the intriguing bulge.
Our sun lies 27,000 light-years from the central region of the Milky Way, where a huge cloud of 10,000 million stars spans thousands of light-years, according to a release from the ESO.
From here on Earth, this region has been difficult to observe, obscured by clouds of dust and gas. But VISTA uses near-infrared radiation, which lets it penetrate the interstellar haze.
Now, scientists at the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (MPE) in Germany have used data collected by VVV to create the most detailed 3D map of the bulge to date.
To create the map, the scientists looked specifically at red clump giant stars, which have the advantage of shining with the same brightness no matter how old or big they may be.
"If we see a red clump star and it is bright, then it is close," explained Christopher Wegg, a post-doc at MPE who led the research, in an email to the Los Angeles Times. "We estimate distances and position on the sky of millions of stars, and by placing them on a map, we calculate our three-dimensional density."
Wegg added that peanut shapes have been observed in the center of other disk-shaped galaxies as well. (You'll find an image of one of those galaxies, known as NGC 4710, in the gallery above.)
So, how did this peanut shape form in the first place?
"The short answer is gravity," wrote Wegg.
Computer models have shown that eventually, over the course of a few billion years, a thin disk of stars will create a bar of stars in the center of the disk, due to gravity.
"This thin bar is unstable and a few billion years later it violently changes in a process known as buckling," wrote Wegg.
The result is the bright, wavy peanut shape you see above.
Return to the Science Now blog. | <urn:uuid:ab518780-6897-457e-8712-a41beae68d8d> | {
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The cohort default rate, or CDR, is one measure of how well a school prepares its students for student loan repayment. Low CDRs indicate that schools are counseling their students to borrow as needed, stay aware of their repayment obligations, and understand the consequences of default. High CDRs may indicate that schools need to better support their borrowers with repayment information and resources. This page, outlined in the set of hyperlinks just below, offers an overview of CDRs, how they're published, and more.
In addition, TG has created CDR resources to help schools better understand important information about CDRs, and to provide ideas for schools to consider when developing default management plans. TG has also created a high-level overview of each type of challenge, appeal, and adjustment that provides a brief description and identifies key points.
- Cohort default rate defined
- Some background
- How CDRs are calculated
- CDR publication process
- Benefits of low rates
- Consequences of high rates
- Challenges, adjustments, and appeals
- National and Texas CDRs
Cohort default rate defined
The cohort default rate (CDR) is the percentage of a school's borrowers who enter repayment on certain Federal Family Education Loan (FFEL) Program or William D. Ford Federal Direct Loan (Direct Loan) Program loans in a given fiscal year and then default within the next two fiscal years.
In the late 1980s, CDRs were introduced to help ensure accountability among institutions of higher education. At the time, a number of schools were enrolling students who were not necessarily qualified for a program of study or who could not reasonably benefit from the degree enough to repay any federal student loans they may borrow. By implementing a measure that identified schools with high CDRs, Congress hoped to cut down on fraud in the marketing of higher education and to help ensure that students could make good on their college investment.
In the past, an institution's official CDR was calculated on a two-fiscal year basis. However, with the FY 2009 cohort, ED began transitioning from the 2-year to a 3-year CDR calculation. During this transition period, ED calculated and published both 2- and 3-year CDRs, but with the publication of the official FY 2011 CDR in September 2014, the transition to the 3-year CDR was complete, and the 2-year CDR ceased being published.
How CDRs are calculated
The federal fiscal year (FY), which begins October 1 of one year and ends September 30 of the next year, is the key span of time in measuring CDRs.
Let's examine the calculation of the FY 2012 CDR as an example. The FY 2012 CDR is based on borrowers who entered repayment in FY 2012 (October 1, 2011 - September 30, 2012) and subsequently defaulted before the end of FY 2014 (September 30, 2014). A borrower affects a school's CDR if he or she enters repayment in a given fiscal year and defaults within the next two fiscal years.
FY 2012 CDR =
CDR publication process
ED provides schools with draft, or unofficial, CDRs via email each spring. This draft rate is ED's initial calculation and is released only to schools and not the general public. The official rates are released to schools each fall and made available to the general public at that time. The official rate is used to determine if schools have triggered a benefit (based on a low CDR) or sanction (based on a high CDR). Schools can challenge — that is, call into question — the accuracy of data for their draft CDRs.
Benefits of low rates
Having several consecutive low CDRs entitles a school to certain benefits. If a school's three most recent official CDRs are less than 15 percent, the school:
- May deliver Direct loans in a single disbursement (given semester length); and
- Is not required to delay by 30 days the first disbursements of Direct loans to first-year, first-time, undergraduate borrowers.
Consequences of high rates
Consistently high CDRs can result in some significant consequences. Schools with three official, consecutive CDRs of 30 percent or greater, or a single CDR of greater than 40 percent, could lose eligibility to participate in certain Title IV programs, including the FDLP and Federal Pell Grant Program.
Any time two of a school's three most recent CDRs equal or exceed 30 percent, the school may be placed on provisional certification for Title IV participation.
Further, the first time a school's official CDR is equal to or greater than 30 percent, the school must establish a default prevention task force and prepare a default prevention plan. This plan must:
- Identify the factors causing the rate to be 30 percent or greater,
- Establish measurable objectives and steps to improve future rates, and
- Specify actions that can be taken to improve student loan repayment, including counseling regarding loan repayment options.
The school's plan must be submitted to ED for review.
If a school's CDR remains equal to or greater than 30 percent for two consecutive fiscal years, the school's default prevention task force must review and revise the plan, and submit the revised plan to ED. ED may require the school to make further revisions to the plan and/or take actions to improve student loan repayment success.
Challenges, adjustments, and appeals
Schools may submit challenges after the release of the draft cohort default rates; schools may submit adjustments and appeals after the release of the official cohort default rates.
The challenges, adjustments, and appeals fall into two main categories:
- Challenges, adjustments, and appeals that contend that the Loan Record Detail Report (LRDR) contains inaccurate data and that as a result, the school's cohort default rate is inaccurate.
If a school submits one of these challenges, adjustments, or appeals, and the challenge, adjustment, or appeal is successful, the school's cohort default rate may be lowered, raised, or not affected. If the school's cohort default rate is lowered, the school may avoid a sanction or become eligible for a benefit.
- Challenges and appeals that contend that the school has exceptional mitigating circumstances, or a low participation rate index, that should remove the school from being subject to cohort default rate sanction.
If a school submits one of these challenges or appeals, and the challenge or appeal is successful, the school may avoid sanctions. However, the school's cohort default rate will not be affected.
The type of challenge, adjustment, or appeal a school should submit depends on the school's situation.
Further details regarding the submission of challenges, adjustments and appeals are provided in Chapter 3 of ED's Cohort Default Rate Guide.
National and Texas CDRs
The charts below display national and Texas CDRs for 1992-2013 period.
Three-Year Official Cohort Default Rates ( Adobe PDF)
Texas Student Loan Default Rates ( Adobe PDF)
Fiscal Year 2012 Three-Year Official Cohort Default Rates by Region
Here are other documents located on www.tgslc.org that you may be interested in:
- Default Prevention | TG Default Prevention Training Program
- TG continues to provide key support in new federal student loan environment | <urn:uuid:86fb7fe2-9265-46ec-b687-136b093e591d> | {
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Concrete may fast become the budget-friendly material of choice for road-building and paving. Here crews place roller compacted concrete on a freeway shoulder. Photo: Portland Cement Association
Concrete is emerging as more cost-effective than asphalt both initially and over the long term. At least according to the Portland Cement Association (PCA), which calculated the cost for 1 mile of standard two-lane concrete and asphalt roadway using the same estimating software state DOTs use.
Six years ago, asphalt had a $120,000 initial-bid cost advantage; today, concrete has an $82,000 advantage. The organization estimates that by 2015 concrete roads will have a $500,000 initial bid cost advantage over asphalt for a savings of 41%.
“State governments would save $37.5 billion in initial paving costs,” says PCA Chief Economist Ed Sullivan. “During the road's life cycle, the savings resulting from paving with concrete would total nearly $55 billion.”
A recent PCA survey of DOT specifiers concludes that concrete pavement lasts 29.3 years before major rehabilitation is required compared to 13.6 years for asphalt pavement. | <urn:uuid:7ee454c8-8565-4a56-8f7e-c61e881ff8b0> | {
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