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The next generation of American spacecraft and rockets that will launch astronauts to the International Space Station are nearing the final stages of development and evaluation. NASA’s Commercial Crew Program will return human spaceflight launches to U.S. soil, providing reliable and cost-effective access to low-Earth orbit on systems that meet our safety and mission requirements. To meet NASA’s requirements, the commercial providers must demonstrate that their systems are ready to begin regular flights to the space station. Two of those demonstrations are uncrewed flight tests, known as Orbital Flight Test for Boeing, and Demonstration Mission 1 for SpaceX. After the uncrewed flight tests, both companies will execute a flight test with crew prior to being certified by NASA for crew rotation mission. The schedule below reflects a fourth quarter update from SpaceX and the dates Boeing released in October 2016.
Targeted Flight Dates:
Boeing Orbital Flight Test: June 2018
Boeing Crew Flight Test: August 2018
SpaceX Demonstration Mission 1: November 2017
SpaceX Demonstration Mission 2: May 2018 | <urn:uuid:1ec7f433-6cb9-4ff0-b366-05f5ac07b48d> | {
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The wheels of progress grind slowly, especially where governments, industry pressure groups, and huge expenditures are concerned. The story of the St. Lawrence Seaway began to take shape in 1932, when Canada opened the Welland Canal, first means for letting the ships of the world into the center of the continent. The last major segment, the St. Lawrence Canals, opened in the spring of 1959, is far from the last chapter of this imposing industrial saga. Mabee has carefully analyzed (and documented) the reasons why the Seaway was so long a- building; he is somewhat critical of the delaying tactics on both sides of the national fence. But the white glow of excitement pervades every page. The value of the Seaway is incalculable for Canada, the United States, and the rest of the world; its completion is an achievement ranking high on the list of things that point to man's eventual complete domination over his surroundings. Understanding the project better, as this book helps one to do, takes some of the sting out of the tax bite. | <urn:uuid:d1174b75-1c70-4831-9ad7-163554c6c538> | {
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Melanie Klein was born in Vienna in 1882. After marriage she moved to Budapest, where she studied the ideas of Sigmund Freud, went into psychoanalysis with Sandor Ferenczi, and qualified as an analyst of the psychoanalytic society in Budapest in 1919. She moved to Berlin in 1921 and began a second analysis with Karl Abraham in 1924. He, like Ferenczi, encouraged her to explore the rapidly developing field of child psychoanalysis. After her analysis with Abraham was brought to an abrupt end by his death, she accepted an invitation from the British psychoanalyst Ernest Jones and moved in 1926 to London, where she worked until her death in 1960. As a result, London has become the central location for the development of her ideas.
In 1938, the ailing Sigmund Freud and his daughter Anna, then a child analyst, also arrived in London. After Freud’s death the following year, tensions arose as to who was best extending the Freudian legacy. The result was the Controversial Discussions, which took place at the British Psycho-Analytical Society from 1941 to 1946 – a protracted, but also very lively, creative debate between Klein and Anna Freud and their followers. The Controversy ended in a “ladies’ agreement” to allow two psychoanalytic tracks at the British Society – the orthodox Freudian and the Kleinian. These two schools of ideas were soon followed by a third – the “independent” or “object-relations” school (Donald Winnicott, Ronald Fairbairn and others). These three groups influenced each other over the years to such a great extent that their sharp divisions no longer exist today.
Klein’s contribution to psychoanalysis
Childhood experiences, all Freudians believe, shape adult psychic constellations. Klein found ways to examine these early imprints even as they are forming. She was amazed to discover how intensely children are involved in a fantastic world full of wild figures and monsters invested with fiercely violent and passionate feelings. Her extended work with very small children gave her great insight into what she called the “inner world” of “internal objects” juxtaposed to the outer world of external objects. She was able to observe how the child projected these inner objects and the feelings associated with them onto the objects in the room where the play therapy took place, as well as onto the therapist. Applying her insights to adult patients Klein found the same kind of projective behavior and unconscious phantasies at work. Projection and introjection – that is the movement between the inner and outer worlds, and the meanings that were built up through these movements and emotional investments – have a central place in her theory.
Klein’s followers and the so-called Neo-Kleinian development
Hanna Segal, Herbert Rosenfeld, and Winfried Bion were able to use Klein’s ideas effectively in their work with very disturbed and psychotic patients who had been thought untreatable by Freudian methods. In the process of extending the range of psychoanalysis, they contributed greatly to our knowledge of thought disturbances and primitive defensive organizations. Today the Neo-Kleinians – Betty Joseph, Elizabeth Bott-Spillius, Michael Feldman, John Steiner, Ronald Britton, to name only a few – have worked extensively on delineating the complicated and primitive defensive organizations that prevent the healthy back-and-forth movement of projections and introjections that is necessary for psychic growth and well-being. Their particular talent is their ability to understand and interpret the here-and-now – what is going on between the analyst and the patient from one moment to the next. The emotional impact of this work allows for psychic change in the patient’s defensive organization so that the interchange between inner and outer worlds can be freed up and realistic perceptions become more possible. | <urn:uuid:458ad52b-0451-434b-81ff-43e93e5c772a> | {
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Study examines biomass harvesting, water quality
By Larry Dreiling
It's been said that one man's trash is another's treasure. The "trash," or residue, left in no-till fields is considered valuable for soil preservation. Grain sorghum, a crop becoming more popular on the High Plains because of its low moisture needs and heat tolerance, is rich in residue.
With the construction of the Abengoa Bioenergy refinery near Hugoton, Kan.--the nation's first commercial-scale cellulosic ethanol refinery--expected to be fully completed by 2011, the dream of producers selling the refuse of their crops to make ethanol from cellulosic biomass to reduce both dependence on imported fossil fuels and emissions of greenhouse gases is within reach.
The Hugoton facility will process about 700 tons per day of crop residues--corn stover, wheat straw and, yes, sorghum stubble--as well as other feedstocks, like switchgrass, into ethanol.
It's seen as a big change in ethanol production, away from the use of grains for feedstocks and toward cellulosic biomass. It is seen to likely reduce the controversy over the use of grains causing an increase in food prices and accelerating food insecurity.
A different controversy
One controversy not being examined by many experts is how the large-scale removal of crop residues would affect water quality. This is because crop residues are the early targets as cellulosic ethanol feedstocks, according to a Kansas State University researcher.
"Identifying and growing lignocellulosic-rich plant biomass and developing technologies for processing cellulosic biomass into ethanol are receiving more attention than ever before," said Dr. Humberto Blanco, assistant professor of agronomy and soil scientist at the Kansas State University Agricultural Research Center-Hays.
"While producing ethanol from renewable biomass feedstocks is a plausible goal to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels, excessive removal of crop residues may adversely impact water quality by increasing transport of non-point source pollutants in runoff, such as sediment, nitrogen and phosphorus (N and P), to downstream water bodies."
Although termed by some people as wastes, crop residues are essential to conserve soil and water and improve crop production, Blanco said. Crop residue mulch increases water infiltration and thus reduces the amount of rainfall available for runoff. It filters pollutants from runoff and also increases soil organic matter content, which is essential for adsorbing and retaining pollutants.
A good idea?
One crop rich in residue is grain sorghum. Blanco, along with students in an agronomy class at Fort Hays State University, led by Dr. Bob Stephenson, is working on a project designed to advance the understanding of the potential impacts that harvesting crop residues for ethanol production may have on water quality.
The project was funded by grants from the Kansas Department of Health and Environment and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Section 319 grant program through the Kansas WaterLINK initiative, Blanco said.
"Crop residue is in high demand in some areas of Kansas and other states, either as feedstocks for cellulosic ethanol production, industrial uses, livestock feed, or other uses," Blanco said. "Producers can get paid for selling their crop residue for these uses. But, we had to ask, is it really a good idea to remove and sell crop residue? What is the cost of crop residue removal in terms of loss of soil quality and productivity, and potential impairment of surface water quality?"
Leaving crop residue on the soil surface is the best and simplest way of reducing water and wind erosion, Blanco added. Widespread residue removal for other uses may accelerate soil erosion and increase the loss of sediments, nutrients, and pesticides in runoff water. Sediment and nutrients leaching into runoff water are the main culprits of non-point source pollutants into downstream water bodies.
"But crop residue removal may not be all or nothing. The producer may want to remove some residue and leave some. We have to ask: How much residue can be removed from crop fields without creating erosion and runoff problems?"
Crop quality question
The answer is a hard one to grasp, Blanco admits. He said it partially depends on the level of crop productivity. In some cases, particularly in semiarid regions such the High Plains, not enough residue is produced, most years, to protect soil from water and wind erosion and maintain adequate levels of soil organic matter.
"In those cases, any removal of residues may further degrade soil quality, increase water pollution, and reduce crop production," Blanco said.
The Blanco project is out to demonstrate to watershed partners the beneficial role of crop residue mulch in plowed and no-till soils in reducing runoff transport of non-point source pollutants. In some watersheds, a fraction of crop residue may be available for removal without negatively affecting water quality.
"We also have to look at excessive mulch cover, because in some soils, it reduces crop production," Blanco said. "So we need to find a balance of how much residue we can take off the field."
In some regions, crop residue production is often limited and not sufficient to protect soil from erosion and maintain adequate levels of soil organic matter. Thus, a study of the impact of a partial removal of crop residues was developed, in turn, to bring about guidelines to manage residues in a way that their removal does not adversely impact water quality.
"The objectives of the project are to quantify the impacts of wheat and sorghum residue removal on runoff, soil loss, and nutrient loss from two gently sloping soils in western Kansas and suggest the threshold of removal of residues for biofuels production," Blanco said.
The challenge was in finding a long-term no-till field, then asking the producer if, in the interest of science, he'd mind having a small plot of land torn up to help conduct the study.
Leave it to local producer Harold Kraus, a member of the National Biodiesel Board, who, along with stepson, Lance Russell, have been no-tilling at their farm a few miles south of KSU-ARCH for more than 20 years to come to the scientists' assistance. The combination of a study of biodiesel feedstocks and crop residue was very intriguing to the cooperating producers and they readily offered a small plot for the experiment.
The project was keyed to variable rates of residue removal from wheat and sorghum fields on water erosion in two soils late last fall. A 20-year no-till field under continuous winter wheat and a three-year conventional-till grain sorghum field (plowed in the spring before planting) were selected. The soil in both fields is silt loam with a slope of six 6 percent for wheat and three 3 percent for sorghum.
The stubble remaining after harvest was removed at 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 percent. The average height of the standing stubble was 12 inches for wheat and 23 inches for sorghum. The plots were parallel to the dominant slope. Simulated rainfall was applied to the plots to give the effect of a rainstorm with a return period of 25 years for western Kansas.
In addition, a second set of plots within each field was established by tilling the soil a few days before rainfall simulation. Concentrations of sediment, soil organic carbon, and nutrients in runoff were measured.
Runoff samples were collected from each plot under simulated rainfall to quantify the amount of runoff and sediment as well as N and P loss.
Results of this study showed that wheat and sorghum residue removal after harvest exponentially increased loss of sediment, soil organic carbon, and nutrients in runoff regardless of tillage system, Blanco reported.
"The single rainstorm of high intensity caused large and immediate runoff loss of sediment and nutrient pollutants when residues were removed. Where most or all of the residue was left intact after harvest, the runoff water after the high-intensity rainstorm was clearer. Where half the residue was removed, sediment loss increased after the rainstorm," Blanco said.
Meanwhile, the freshly tilled wheat plots (tilled immediately after the residue removal) lost more sediment, soil organic carbon, and nutrients than no-till wheat plots for the same level of residue removal.
"This suggests that residue removal in combination with intensive tillage can accelerate soil erosion to unsustainable levels," Blanco said. "Differences in soil slope affected the amount of pollutants lost in runoff. More runoff, sediment, soil organic carbon, and nutrients were lost from the freshly tilled wheat plots with six 6 percent soil slope.
"Another finding, which may surprise many, was that removing 75 percent or more of the residue after harvest can negate many of the benefits of no-till in reducing runoff. We found that the loss of non-point source pollutants from no-till soils was equal to those from plowed soils when residues were removed at or above 75 percent.
"This indicates that no-till may be no better than plow tillage if residues are removed at high rates. Excessive residue removal from no-till soils can negate the erosion control benefits attributed to no-till. No-till benefits for controlling soil erosion are quickly lost when residue is removed at rates above 25 percent. Residue cover is needed to keep the soil in place."
Making a choice
The study also showed removing residue after harvest also has a negative effect on soil carbon, even in no-till wheat systems. The large losses of soil organic carbon with residue removal at rates as low as 50 percent indicate that a single rainstorm of high intensity could eliminate all the gains in the soil organic carbon pool attributed to no-till.
"The large losses of soil organic carbon with sediment may have large soil, agronomic, and environmental implications," Blanco said. "Soil organic carbon is essential to increase the soil's ability to absorb and filter non-point source pollutants and improve the productivity of the soil.
"Residue removal also increased losses of essential nutrients-particularly total N and P. Loss of nutrients in runoff increased with residue removal above 50 percent in no-till wheat and reduced nutrient pools through nutrient removal with residues and via increased runoff."
Results of this study show that crop residues are indeed essential to reduce sediment, soil organic carbon, and nutrient loss in runoff, regardless of tillage system, Blanco added.
"Crop residue removal is not recommended if soil and water conservation, non-point source pollution control, and soil carbon buildup are high priorities. Residue left on the soil surface protects the soil against impacting raindrops, helps maintain the integrity of soil aggregates, and improves rainwater infiltration."
The bottom line: Only a small fraction--about 25 percent--of residue may be available for removal for biomass energy production from no-till soils.
"Further studies that will look at pollutants losses under different scenarios of rainfall intensities as well as soil and topographic characteristics are needed to more fully determine the amount of harvestable residue, Blanco said.
Larry Dreiling can be reached by phone at 785-628-1117, or by e-mail at [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:76d0b217-918f-4f06-acf2-436f19874458> | {
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, Ptol.: Torino
), the capital of the Ligurian tribe of the Taurini, was situated on the river Padus, at its junction with the Duria Minor or Dora Riparia.
It was at this point that the Padus began to be navigable, and to this circumstance, combined with its position on the line of high road leading from Mediolanum and Ticinum to the passage of the Cottian Alps (Mont Genèvre
), the city doubtless owed its early importance.
It is probable that the chief city of the Taurini, which was taken by Hannibal immediately after his descent into Italy (Plb. 3.60
), and the name of which, according to Appian (Annib.
5), was Taurasia, was the same that became a Roman colony under Augustus, and received from him the name of Augusta.
The only subsequent mention of it in history is during the civil war between Otho and Vitellius, A.D. 69, when a considerable part of it was burnt by the soldiers of the latter (Tac. Hist. 2.66
); but we learn both from Pliny and Tacitus, as well as from numerous inscriptions, that it retained its colonial rank, and was a place of importance under the Roman empire. (Plin. Nat. 3.17. s. 21
; Ptol. 3.1.35
; Gruter. Inscr.
pp. 458. 8, 495. 5; Maffei, Mus. Veron.
pp. 209--233; Millin. Voy. en Piémont,
vol. i. p. 254.)
The name of Augusta seems to have been gradually dropped, and the city itself came to be called by the name of the tribe to which it belonged: thus we find it termed in the Itineraries simply “Taurini,” from whence comes its modern name of Torino
It continued after the fall of the Roman empire to be a place of importance, and became the capital of Piedmont, as it now is of the kingdom of Sardinia.
With the exception of the inscriptions [p. 1.340]
which have been mentioned above, it retains no vestiges of antiquity. | <urn:uuid:5360ebf6-be9b-4ab4-bae1-44be35d9e22b> | {
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A member of our staff will come to your school and teach up to 4 one-hour workshops or 2 two-hour workshops during the day. Each workshop is suitable for up to 30 pupils and will be adapted to fit into your school timetable. For the best results the use of a hall is recommended, as well as a screen, projector and computer. We can tailor each workshop to suit the age group, ability and schemes of work of each class.
Workshops will include revision of geographical features and the water cycle. Role-play with the River of Life floor game involves creating a natural river habitat and gaining an understanding of food chains and adaptations. Pupils will look at how the river environment has changed over time and how pollution and human impact can pose a danger to living things. Through drama, pupils will explore environmental issues and find “pollution solutions” to help devise a sustainable future for the Thames.
Full day programme.
Please send us your learning objectives in advance of your trip so we can tailor the programme to your requirements.
Please help us preserve London’s heritage by not taking artefacts from the foreshore | <urn:uuid:7ea5e153-2b82-4a77-9763-ea02e749fe50> | {
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The Impact of Federal Commodity Donations on the School Lunch Program
CED-77-32: Published: Jan 31, 1977. Publicly Released: Jan 31, 1977.
- Full Report:
The Department of Agriculture's (USDA) purchasing and distributing of commodities for the school lunch program was reviewed in five States (California, Kansas, Missouri, Ohio, and Pennsylvania) and 15 school districts to: assess the responsiveness of the Federal commodity program to the needs of school districts; evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of school districts receiving cash in lieu of Federal commodities under the school lunch program; and assess the reasons for plate waste (food served to the student but not eaten) in the school lunch program and identify possible solutions to the problem.
USDA surplus removal and price support programs go a long way toward meeting the needs of school districts. However, improvements are needed to make the school lunch program more effective and responsive to school district needs. The USDA Food and Nutrition Service has not taken adequate steps to make sure that the commodity preferences reported by the States are based on and reflect school district needs. Sometimes certain "traditional" items continue to be provided without being accepted by the States, and Department commodity purchase policies sometimes result in commodity purchases not highly preferred by the States. Districts, consequently, were being offered goods that did not match their needs or desires. Relative commodity costs are higher for smaller school districts than for the larger ones. If most districts, as they want, receive cash in lieu of Federal commodities, small district food costs might increase.
Recommendation for Executive Action
Comments: Please call 202/512-6100 for additional information.
Recommendation: The Secretary of Agriculture should: establish procedures so that school districts views are reflected in preference reports and considered in the purchase and distribution of Federal commodities; require States to pass on to the school districts all available commodity options; expand the means of finding out from the States and school districts what commodities are acceptable; improve the timing of Federal commodity deliveries; review costs and benefits of providing commodities in more acceptable form and quality; undertake greater promotion of nutrition education in school health programs to help reduce plate waste; do more to encourage State and local school authorities to improve lunch facilities and atmosphere; require States to give districts more advance notice of commodity deliveries; and include a nutrient standard as an option to the Type A lunch pattern to provide greater flexibility in using commodities. | <urn:uuid:663b2972-448c-48e9-99e1-105b16f374b7> | {
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Image via Lino M.
One of the challenges of learning to code is that you have to wrap your head around a bunch of concepts that are, well, highly conceptual. Unlike more tactile skills where you might be able to see or touch what you are making, or at least see the process of making it, when you are programming you are in the difficult position of sending things out into the ether and waiting to see if it works (or hits you upside the head with an error message).
And since this stuff is hard to pin down and even harder to explain, there are 8,000 different ways to describe what each piece of the puzzle is and what it does.
We were recently doing research about object-oriented programming and found that there was a huge range of different methods that people are using to convey what object oriented programming is. So we wanted to share some different explanations with you and see, which ones resonated with you and which ones don’t.
“An object-oriented program may be viewed as a collection of interacting objects, as opposed to the conventional model, in which a program is seen as a list of tasks to perform. In OOP, each object is capable of receiving messages, processing data, and sending messages to other objects. Each object can be viewed as an independent “machine” with a distinct role or responsibility. The actions (or “methods“) on these objects are closely associated with the object.”
Code Project says:
“In order to clearly understand the object orientation, let’s take your “hand” as an example. The “hand” is a class. Your body has two objects of type hand, named left hand and right hand. Their main functions are controlled/ managed by a set of electrical signals sent through your shoulders (through an interface). So the shoulder is an interface which your body uses to interact with your hands. The hand is a well architected class. The hand is being re-used to create the left hand and the right hand by slightly changing the properties of it.
An object can be considered a “thing” that can perform a set of related activities. The set of activities that the object performs defines the object’s behavior. For example, the hand can grip something or a Student (object) can give the name or address.”
Izzy Johnston of Girl Develop It says:
“Object-oriented programming is playing with virtual lego. Every lego is an object and it has something that’s called state, which are basically its attributes. The lego’s color, its size, whether it has bumps on the top or bumps on the bottom, whether it can connect to other legos. All of those attributes are that lego’s state.
Then legos also have behavior, which nerds call methods. Those behaviors are, can it be stacked on top of another lego? Can it be stacked underneath another lego? Is it, at this moment, being stacked on top of another lego?
Then what you do with all of these legos, is create other methods that say ‘bring all of these legos together and build a ship, then bring all of these legos together and build a castle, bring all of these legos together and build another ship.’
Finally, your final method is some kind of thing where the ships are firing canon balls at each other to get to the castle.”
As some of you already know, we are in the process of building web tutorials here at Skillcrush HQ. In the process, we are thinking a ton about two things: one, how do we find the simplest, most straightforward way to break down some of these more tricky concepts, and two, how do we make sure to give our readers a couple of different ways in which to learn (whether by reading text, looking at an illustration, or watching a video).
So tell us, which one of the above explanations resonates with you? Why? If none of them make sense, what could help? A video explanation? An illustration? A more concrete practical application? | <urn:uuid:1a0c7c79-28bb-4bcb-9a2a-fb274a6fb13a> | {
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Diatomaceous earth (DE) is the remains of microscopic one-celled plants (phytoplankton) called diatoms that lived in the oceans and lakes that once covered the western part of the US and other parts of the world. These deposits are mined from underwater beds or from ancient dried lake bottoms thousands of years old. This means, diatomaceous earth has an unlimited shelf life provided you keep it dry.
Diatomaceous earth is mined, milled, and processed into a myriad of types for a large variety of uses. Filtering and filler are two main uses but diatomaceous earth also ends up in paints, cosmetics, drugs, etc. Because the milling produces different sized and shaped particles, it is important not to use the filtering type for agricultural purposes.
Pool filter grade diatomaceous earth has been heat and chemically treated and will poison an animal or human who ingests it, so it is always of utmost importance to only obtain food grade diatomaceous earth to use in and around your household.
Diatoms (DE) are the grass of the oceans and lakes. Just as grass is the staple food of earth animals. Diatoms (algae) are the food of the ocean or fresh water grazers. Magnified 7000x, diatomaceous earth looks like spiney honeycombs.
Food Grade Diatomaceous Earth if mined from the purest of deposits. Out of 600 deposits in the U.S., only 4 of these deposits rate in purity by FDA standards to be labeled as “Food Grade” One of the most exciting trends we have seen is the increasing use of Food Grade Diatomaceous Earth for human and pet health benefits.
Food Grade Diatomaceous Earth is not EPA registered to be used as a pesticide. We cannot ship Food Grade DE to Texas. Any shipments made to California are made with the understanding that it will not be used as a pesticide.
More Food Grade Diatomaceous Earth Information, Cautions, Health Benefits & Daily Recommended Feeding Rates.
For extra protection from fleas, ticks, mites, lice, mosquitoes use Flea Free Food Supplement.
Worming with Food Grade Diatomaceous Earth Information
Diatomaceous Earth Helps Eliminate Human Mite Infestations
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All Information and Photos © Copyright 2004-Present, Wolf Creek Ranch and may not be used without express written permission from Wolf Creek Ranch. | <urn:uuid:856eb648-f093-4e5e-a508-5fe382dddad0> | {
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A year ago the Pagami Creek fire roared across a trail to the canoe landing at Isabella Lake, an entry point on the southern edge of the Boundary Waters Canoe Area, as 40 mph wind gusts drove the blaze an unprecedented 10 miles in one day.
Last summer's fire scorched 145 square miles of forest, mostly in the Boundary Waters area. In the fall, the burn area was filled with charcoal-black trees and soil, but tiny blades of grass had started to poke through the ash.
Today, the trees still stand like black pipes, their exposed roots clawing the ground. But the forest floor is lush and colorful, with moose maple and wild sarsaparilla.
Despite a striking amount of new growth, forest managers have major concerns, among them a huge loss of organic matter and the presence of invasive plants that already are taking root.
At first glance, however, the forest's renewal is overwhelming.
New aspen saplings are already 4 feet tall in places. Bright green birch leaves have sprouted at the bases of dead trees, a sharp contrast to the sheaves of blackened bark peeling from their trunks.
Even in late summer there is a patchwork quilt of colors: purple big leaf aster, pink fireweed. There's also a plant with jade green leaves called Bicknell's geranium that Bruce Anderson, forest monitoring coordinator for the Superior National Forest, calls a fire pioneering species.
"Once a fire goes through and exposes the soil, it germinates, and it may have been in the soil since the last fire, which may have been a hundred years or longer," Anderson said.
The plants will last three to five years. Then they will disappear again until the next fire, perhaps another hundred years from now.
It's all part of the renewal of the boreal forest after a wildfire. Anderson, who is studying how the forest has responded to the Cavity Lake and Ham Lake Fires in 2006 and 2007, and now the Pagami Creek fire, said the Cavity Lake Fire burned the most intensely of the three, feeding on downed timber from a 1999 blowdown. It also destroyed up to 90 percent of the soil's organic matter.
"After the fire," he said, "it was nothing but bedrock and ash."
But the forest has proved to be amazingly resilient.
"Five years later we identified over 30 species of plants that have come back in," Anderson said. "We had aspen and birch 15 to 20 feet tall. So the resiliency of these northern forests, even after an extremely severe wildfire like Cavity which burned through blowdown, was pretty striking."
Anderson anticipates an even faster recovery from the Pagami Creek fire. But some iconic species, among them red pine, have not come back, in part because all the new plants on the forest floor have stifled new tree growth, he said.
Of particular concern are invasive plants now in the fire area. They include a foot-high knapweed plant that Anderson pulled from the gravelly soil, a plant that "thrives in fire."
Knapweed is a thistle-like plant that produces a pinkish purple flower. It and hawkweed, another invasive plant, are native to Europe and Asia. Anderson said that not many native species feed on them. As a result they can quickly take over a burned area and out-compete native vegetation.
The key to eradicating them, he said, is to stop their spread early.
"Catch it when it's small," Anderson said. "You can get to the point of no return, particularly within wilderness. When it gets beyond a certain size, there's not a whole lot you can do in terms of management action."
Toward that end, crews are in the burn area, pulling weeds. When they flower next spring, workers will cut the stems and stick them in bags to prevent their seeds from spreading.
Forest officials describe it as a race to keep invasive plants at bay, so native plants have the time to slowly reclaim what the fire destroyed. | <urn:uuid:c373c701-5798-4969-8510-a09a57e00923> | {
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Choosing the Best Measure of Center
Lesson 12 of 22
Objective: SWBAT: • Calculate the mode, mean, median, and range of a data set. • Define and identify outliers in a data set. • Determine which measure of center best represents a given situation.
See my Do Now in my Strategy folder that explains my beginning of class routines.
Often, I create do nows that have problems that connect to the task that students will be working on that day. Today I want students to analyze a circle graph in order to answer questions. Each edition of Scholastic Action typically includes a graph on its back page.
I ask for students to share their thinking. Students are engaging in MP3: Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others.
I ask students to use the skills we have developed in this unit to answer the questions. Students participate in a Think Write Pair Share. I quickly review the answers to problem 1. I want to ensure that students are able to accurately calculate the mean, median, mode, and range.
- Before this lesson, I place 3 signs in 3 corners of my room that read median, mean, and mode.
I review the expectations for moving around the room. I also encourage students to go to their corner and try not to be persuaded by what other people are doing. I am interested in different ideas.
I give students a minute to talk about why they are in their corner. Then I call on students at each corner to share out their reasoning. Students are participating in MP3: Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others.
We go over the notes together. I want students to understand that an outlier greatly affects the mean, since we add up all of the values and then divide by the number of values in the set. I also explain that depending on the situation, it may be better to choose a particular measure of center.
- Before this lesson, I use the exit tickets from the previous lesson to Create Homogeneous groups of 3-4 students.
- Each group also gets a Group Work Rubric.
- I create and Post a Key.
Students work in their groups while I walk around to monitor student progress and behavior. Students are engaging in MP2: Reason abstractly and quantitatively, MP3: Construct a viable argument and critique the reasoning of others, MP4: Model with mathematics and MP6: Attend to precision.
If students are struggling, I may ask them one or more of the following questions:
- How do you calculate the mode/median/mean?
- Are there any outliers? How do you know?
- For this situation, which measure of center is the best? Why?
When students finish a page, I quickly check in with them. If they are on track, I let them use the key to check their work and move on.
Closure and Ticket to Go
I ask students to turn to problem 3 about the gymnasts. I quickly go over the mean, median, and mode for each gymnast. Then as ask students to share out which gymnast they would pick to compete in the state competition. I am interested to hear why students nominated particular gymnasts. Students are engaging in MP2: Reason abstractly and quantitatively, MP3: Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others, and MP4: Model with mathematics.
I pass out the Ticket to Go and the Homework. | <urn:uuid:525a94f1-661c-4fd9-868f-0e66d24553e7> | {
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Knowing when to trust a website depends in part on who publishes the website, what info they might want from you, and what you want from the site. If you're not sure whether to trust a website, consider these questions:
SmartScreen Filter in Internet Explorer helps protect you from phishing and malware attacks by warning you if a website or download location has been reported as unsafe.
Windows SmartScreen checks the reputation of apps downloaded from the Internet and warns you if the app isn't well-known and might be malicious.
If Windows SmartScreen isn't turned on, then SmartScreen Filter in Internet Explorer will check the reputation of downloaded apps. If the app doesn't have established reputation, a warning dialogue is shown.
If you're visiting the website with a secure connection, you'll be able to identify the website through the site's certificate. A secure or encrypted website address will begin with HTTPS rather than HTTP, and you'll often see some sort of icon in the browser, such as a padlock indicating that the website is secure. Secure connections use certificates to identify the website and to encrypt your connection so that it will be more difficult for a hacker to view.
Depending on the type of certificate the website has, you can see the website address or the company address that the certificate was issued to. Extended Validation (EV) certificates will turn the address bar green in some browsers, and will contain a confirmed name and address for the website owner. Non-EV certificates will contain the website address or the domain of the site. If you can view a security report, and it only shows the website's address, be sure it's the address you wanted to visit. Phishing or fraudulent websites will often use similar website names to trick visitors into believing they're visiting trusted sites.
Certificates are issued by companies called certification authorities. Windows contains a list of the most common certification authorities. If Windows doesn't recognise the issuer of the certificate, a warning message will appear. However, Windows can be configured to trust any certification authority, so you should not rely solely on receiving a warning message when a website is potentially fraudulent.
An Internet trust organisation is a company that verifies that a website has a privacy statement (a posted notification of how your personal information is used) and that the website gives you a choice of how they use your information. Websites approved by Internet trust organisations are able to display the privacy certification seals, usually somewhere on their home page or order forms. However, these seals don't guarantee that a website is trustworthy; it just means the website complies with the terms acceptable to the Internet trust organisation. Additionally, some unscrupulous websites might display the trust logos fraudulently. If you're not sure whether a trust logo is legitimate, contact the trust organisation to see if the website is registered with them.
To learn more about these trust organisations, you can go to the TRUSTe website, the BBB Online website
or the WebTrust website.
If you're asked for personal info, such as credit card numbers or bank information, only provide it if there's a good reason to do so. Also, make sure there's a secure entry form for recording info. Look for a message stating that the info will be encrypted and check for a lock icon or ensure that the web address starts with HTTPS:// (don't enter confidential information if neither of these are present). Also, try to find out what the website's policy is about storing info: Do they keep your credit card number on file? Do they have partners that they share info with? You should be confident that the site is using your info properly and in a secure manner before you provide it.
Do they have a phone number that you can call if you have a problem, or that you can use to place an order? Does the website list a street address? Is there a posted return policy with acceptable terms? If the site doesn't provide a phone number or physical address, try contacting the company by email to ask for that info.
If you're not familiar with a website or it doesn't have a privacy certification seal, you might still be able to trust it. Ask reliable friends or colleagues about the site. Search for references to the site on the Internet to see if a source, such as a magazine or company that you do trust, has referred to it. Read the website's privacy statements or other disclosures (but keep in mind that the site might not necessarily abide by them).
A website might not be trustworthy if:
The site is referred to you through an email message from someone you don't know.
The site offers objectionable content, such as pornography or illegal materials.
The site makes offers that seem too good to be true, indicating a possible scam or the sale of illegal or pirated products.
You're lured to the site by a bait and switch scheme, in which the product or service isn't what you were expecting.
You're asked for a credit card as a verification of identity or for personal info that doesn't seem necessary.
You're asked to provide a credit card number without proof that the transaction is secure.
See all support pages for security, privacy & accounts.
Ask a question in the | <urn:uuid:54d25ee2-7ad4-4972-b3f5-bf6f9db56267> | {
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You have a bank account that earns 4% interest per year. You earn $4500 per year designing web pages for local businesses and spend $5000 buying CD's and computer games.
a.) Find differential equation that models account t years from now, A(t).
A(t) = 4500(1+0.04)^(t) - 5000t
dA/dt = 4500(1.04^t)ln(1.04) - 5000
Is that correct?
b) If A(0) = 10,000 how much money will be in the account in 5 years? | <urn:uuid:7ff4aa3f-6bec-4067-9c7f-8396164fe4d0> | {
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Impaired contraction of the uterus (womb) may play a part in the association of advancing maternal age with increased cesarean rates according to new research. In a two part study, Professor Gordon Smith and colleagues (Cambridge University, UK) analyzed a large Scottish data base to characterize the association between maternal age and outcome of labor, specifically looking at what proportion of the increase in primary cesarean rates could be attributed to changes in maternal age distribution.
They then went on to study samples of myometrium (muscle from the wall of the uterus) taken during routine cesarean sections to determine whether muscle contractility varied with maternal age.
Cesarean sections are associated with higher mortality and morbidity rates compared with vaginal deliveries. Rates of caesarean section have dramatically increased over the last 20-30 years throughout the developed world. This increase is a concern as it may have implications for the mother, baby, healthcare providers, and policy makers. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the UK's cesarean rate was 20% in 2004, Canada's was 22.5% in 2001-2002 and the United States' was 30.2% in 2005 -- all above the WHO's proposed acceptable rate of between 10% and 15% for countries in the developed world.
Previous epidemiological studies have reported a trend of increased rates of cesarean sections with maternal age which is consistent in different countries. However, the reason for these increased rates remains unclear. Moreover, it was unclear to what extent, if any, the trend of delaying childbirth had contributed to the increased cesarean rates.
This study was carried out in two parts. First, the researchers analyzed data collected by the Scottish Morbidity Record (SMR2) from 1980 to 2005 -- over 0.5m available records. A linear association between the risk of having a cesarean section and advancing maternal age in first pregnancies was found. They observed striking changes over the period of study.
The proportion of women aged 30-34 increased three fold, the proportion aged 35-39 increased seven-fold and the proportion aged 40 or older increased 10-fold. Over the same period, the cesarean rate more than doubled. The researchers estimated that around 38% of the additional procedures would have been avoided if maternal age distribution had remained the same as in 1980. They therefore concluded that a substantial proportion of the increase in cesarean section rates may be due to the trend of delaying first childbirth.
Second, they hypothesized that the increased risk of caesarean section among older women is a result of a biological effect of aging on the ability of the muscle of the uterus to contract. They evaluated this hypothesis by examining biopsies from the uteruses of a separate group of 62 women (of mixed parity) undergoing routine elective cesarean delivery in Cambridge. They found that advancing age was associated with impaired uterine function as evidenced by a reduced degree of spontaneous contraction and the type of spontaneous contraction.
The analysis of Scottish data adds to the evidence that advancing maternal age is associated with higher rates of cesarean sections. Moreover, it indicates that the trend of delaying childbirth has substantially contributed to recent increases in cesarean rates. The researchers' further work at the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre at the Rosie Hospital in Cambridge, UK suggests a possible mechanism for this association, i.e., impaired contraction of the uterus. Although further work will be needed in other populations, as the authors comment, "understanding the determinants and management of dysfunctional labor in older women is central to designing strategies for reducing population cesarean delivery rates without adversely affecting maternal and infant outcomes."
- Smith et al. The Effect of Delaying Childbirth on Primary Cesarean Section Rates. PLoS Medicine, 2008; 5 (7): e144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0050144
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Thursday, December 02, 2010
The complete archive of the Eugenics Review journal - from 1909 through to 1968 - has been digitised through the Wellcome Library's Backfile Digitisation Project, and is now freely available at PubMed Central.
As the official journal of the Eugenics Education Society (later known as just the Eugenics Society) , the Review published papers written by prominent members of the eugenics movement, including Francis Galton, Julian Huxley and Major Leonard Darwin.
Eugenics is the "applied science or the biosocial movement which advocates the use of practices aimed at improving the genetic composition of a population," usually referring to human populations. Eugenics was widely popular in the early decades of the 20th century, but has fallen into disrepute after having become associated with Nazi Germany. Since the postwar period, both the public and the scientific communities have associated eugenics with Nazi abuses, such as enforced racial hygiene, human experimentation, and the extermination of "undesired" population groups.
Posted by Glasgow School of Art Library and Learning Resources at 9:30 am | <urn:uuid:6a262c75-95e0-4b76-8475-77590812c1c7> | {
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Summary (Magill's Survey of World Literature, Revised Edition)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Hugo’s second novel, emphasizes the theme of anank, the Greek word for fate or necessity. Anank appears in the novel chiefly as inevitable transition; stylistically, the transition is from classicism to Romanticism and, ultimately, from the human to the divine. The cathedral of Notre-Dame is the embodiment of what must be recognized as the permanence of transition. In origin a Gallo-Roman temple to the classical deity Jupiter, it became a Christian basilica and, later, in the twelfth century, a Romanesque cathedral; as its construction continued into the thirteenth century, the Gothic style overtook and succeeded the Romanesque configuration; and the cathedral, completed in 1345, stood as the architectural scripture of its own history. The novel is about this cathedral as a statement of anank more than it is about any particular one of its many characters. In that sense, to translate the title, Notre-Dame de Paris, into The Hunchback of Notre Dame is seriously to delimit the magnitude of the novel.
The action of the novel begins on January 6, 1482, and ends in July of the same year, with an epilogistic chapter disclosing the fate of Quasimodo, the hunchback, dated to mid-1484. Esmeralda, a sixteen-year-old woman, identified as a gypsy and dancing in the company of her trained goat, catches the eye of Archdeacon Frollo, who orders his misshapen ward, Quasimodo, to kidnap her. Gringoire, a poet, fails in his efforts to intervene, but...
(The entire section is 627 words.)
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Summary (Masterplots, Fourth Edition)
Louis XI, king of France, is to marry his oldest son to Margaret of Flanders, and in early January, 1482, the king is expecting Flemish ambassadors to his court. The great day arrives, coinciding both with Epiphany and with the secular celebration of the Festival of Fools. All day long, raucous Parisians assemble at the great Palace of Justice to see a morality play and to choose a Prince of Fools. The throng is supposed to await the arrival of the Flemish guests, but when the emissaries are late, Gringoire, a penniless and oafish poet, orders the play to begin. In the middle of the prologue, however, the play comes to a standstill as the royal procession passes into the huge palace. After the procession passes, the play is forgotten, and the crowd shouts for the Prince of Fools to be chosen.
The Prince of Fools has to be a man of remarkable physical ugliness. One by one the candidates, eager for this one glory of their disreputable lives, show their faces in front of a glass window, but the crowd shouts and jeers until a face of such extraordinary hideousness appears that the people acclaims this candidate at once as the Prince of Fools. It is Quasimodo, the hunchback bell ringer of Notre Dame. Nowhere on earth is there a more grotesque creature. One of his eyes is buried under an enormous wen. His teeth hang over his protruding lower lip like tusks. His eyebrows are red bristles, and his gigantic nose curves over his upper lip like a snout. His long arms protrude from his shoulders, dangling like those of an ape. Though he is deaf from long years of ringing Notre Dame’s thunderous bells, his eyesight is acute.
Quasimodo senses that he has been chosen by popular acclaim, and he is at once proud and suspicious of his honor as he allows the crowd to dress him in ridiculous robes and hoist him above their heads. From this vantage point, he maintains a dignified silence while the parade goes through the streets of Paris, stopping only to watch the enchanting dance of a gypsy girl, Esmeralda, whose grace and charm hold her audience spellbound. She has a little trained goat that dances to her tambourine. The pair are celebrated throughout Paris, though there are some who think the girl a witch, so great is her power in captivating her audience.
Late that night the poet Gringoire walks the streets of Paris. He has no shelter, owes money, and is in desperate straits. As the cold night comes on, he sees Esmeralda hurrying ahead of him. Then a black-hooded man comes out of the shadows and seizes the gypsy. At the same time, Gringoire catches sight of the hooded man’s partner, Quasimodo, who strikes Gringoire a terrible blow. The following moment a horseman rides in from the next street. Catching sight of Esmeralda in the arms of the black-hooded man, the rider demands that he free the girl or pay with his life. The attackers flee. Esmeralda asks the name of her rescuer. It is Captain Phoebus de Chateaupers. From that moment Esmeralda is hopelessly in love with Phoebus.
Gringoire does not bother to discover the plot behind the frustrated kidnapping, but had he known the truth he might have been more frightened. Quasimodo’s hooded companion was Claude Frollo, archdeacon of Notre Dame, a man who was once a pillar of righteousness, but who now, because of loneliness and an insatiable thirst for knowledge and experience, has succumbed to the temptations of necromancy and alchemy.
Frollo befriended Quasimodo when the hunchback was left at the gates of Notre Dame as an unwanted baby; Quasimodo is slavishly loyal to him. He acts without question when Frollo asks his aid in kidnapping the beautiful gypsy. Frollo, who admired Esmeralda from a distance, plans to carry her off to his small cell in the cathedral, where he can enjoy her charms at his leisure.
As Quasimodo and Frollo hurry back to the cathedral, Gringoire continues on his way and finds himself in a disreputable quarter of Paris. Captured by thugs, he is threatened with death if none of the women in the thieves’ den will marry him. When no one wants the pale, thin poet, a noose is lowered about his neck. Suddenly Esmeralda appears and volunteers to take him, but Gringoire enjoys no wedding night. Esmeralda’s heart belongs to Phoebus; she rescued the poet only out of pity.
In those days the courts of Paris often picked innocent people from the streets, tried them, and convicted them with little regard for justice. Quasimodo was seen in his role as the Prince of Fools and was watched as he stood before the gypsy girl while she danced. There is a rumor that Esmeralda is a witch, and most of Paris...
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Handbook of Evolution: The Evolution of Human Societies and Cultures, Volume 1
Copyright © 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KCaA
Editor(s): Franz M. Wuketits, Christoph Antweiler
Published Online: 7 OCT 2008
Print ISBN: 9783527308392
Online ISBN: 9783527619702
About this Book
This two-volume handbook is unique in spanning the entire field of evolution, from the origins of life up to the formation of social structures and science and technology. The author team of world-renowned experts considers the subject from a variety of disciplines, with continuous cross-referencing so as to retain a logical internal structure. The uniformly structured contributions discuss not merely the general knowledge behind the evolution of life, but also the corresponding development of language, society, economies, morality and politics. The result is an overview of the history and methods used in the study of evolution, including controversial theories and discussions. A must for researchers in the natural sciences, sociology and philosophy, as well as for those interested in an interdisciplinary view of the status of evolution today. | <urn:uuid:454ed571-399d-46e3-9948-31bda23f3d97> | {
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Democratic People’s Republic of Korea: Humanitarian Overview - March 2013
Despite slight improvements in the humanitarian situation over the last year, assistance continues to be vital in safeguarding the health, hygiene, nutrition and food security status of millions of people in DPRK.
The health care system is unable to meet basic needs, due to inadequate supplies (such as vaccines and essential medicines) and equipment which directly impacts child and maternal mortality. Water and heating systems are in need of repair. Resources are also needed to ensure safe and child friendly learning spaces where educational institutions have deteriorated.
Around 2.8 million people in the most food insecure provinces remain in need of regular food assistance. The cereal deficit for the marketing year 2012/13 is estimated at 507,000 MT. Despite this being the narrowest food gap in many years, around 16 million people remain chronically food insecure and highly vulnerable to production shocks. (CFSAM 2012)
Malnutrition rates continue to be of great concern, with a chronic malnutrition (stunting) rate among children under five at 27.9%; and 4% acutely malnourished (wasting). (National Nutrition Survey 2012) | <urn:uuid:c183fb74-27fa-4aaa-8482-27fd926992f5> | {
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|Movement Experiences for Children|
|Instructor:||Dr. Shannon S.D. Bredin|
|Important Course Pages|
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis commonly also referred to as juvenile idiopathic arthritis in North America or juvenile chronic arthritis in Europe (Doudkani-Fard et al., 2014). This disease is the most common chronic autoimmune disorder that occurs in childhood and encompasses a subset of disorders (Doudkani-Fard et al, 2014). Typically juvenile rheumatoid arthritis is associated with stiff and inflamed joints, pain and lethargy (Cavallo, April, Grandpierre, Majnemer, & Feldman, 2014). This disorder only appears in childhood, as individuals must present the onset of symptoms for a minimum of 6 weeks, before the age of 16 to be diagnosed with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (Doudkani-Fard et al., 2014). Though rheumatoid arthritis, developed in adulthood, share similar symptoms, it differs from juvenile rheumatoid arthritis because this disorder in adulthood is thought to be a permanent, lifelong disorder while in the majority of cases children out grow this condition (Hochberg, 1981). Currently there is no definite cause of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis but it is speculated that both genetic and environmental components play a role (Ravelli & Martini, 2007). Treatment is classically targeted towards pain management with the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDS) and corticosteroid injections (Schneider & Passo, 2002). However, physical activity has become increasingly utilized as a treatment option to reduce inflammation, increase muscular strength and range of motion and maintain bone mineral density (Philpott, Houghton, & Luke, 2010).
- 1 Subtypes
- 2 Signs & Symptoms
- 3 Cause
- 4 Diagnosis
- 5 Treatment & Management
- 6 Statistics
- 7 Physical Activity Trends
- 8 Physical Activity Recommendations & Benefits
- 9 References
The global disorder of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis is divided into 5 different classifications.
Systemic arthritis develops throughout childhood and distinguishes itself from other forms of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis because of its distinct rash and fever that occurs along side arthritic symptoms (Schneider & Passo, 2002). Anemia, low red blood cell levels is often present, along with potential inflammation of internal organs and lymph nodes (Ravelli & Martini, 2007).
Oligoarticular arthritis affects up to four different joints throughout the body for the first six months of the disease onset (Ravelli & Martini, 2007). Oligoarticular arthritis is then divided into persistent and extended components. Persistent oligoarticular arthritis affects a maximum of four joints throughout the progression of the disease, while extended oligoarticular arthritis can progress to affect greater than four joints after the first six months (Schneider & Passo, 2002).
If five joints or more are affected by arthritic symptoms during the first six months of obtaining the disease, the disorder is then classified as polyarticular arthritis (Schneider & Passo, 2002).
Enthesitis refers to the inflammation at the insertion of the tendon on the bone (Ravelli & Martini, 2007). This condition exhibits enthesitis symptoms along with arthritic symptoms. Lower extremities are typically affected first, specially, the insertion of the Achilles tendon on the calcaneus (Ravelli & Martini, 2007).
Psoriatic arthritis is characterized by arthritic symptoms accompanied by a psoriatic rash (Ravelli & Martini, 2007). As well, dactyliti, inflammation of the fingers and onycholysis, separation of the nail from the skin on the finger are also associated with this disorder (Schneider & Passo, 2002).
Signs & Symptoms
Each case of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis possesses a variety of symptoms and rarely incidents are uniform but the primary characteristic is the presence of arthritic symptoms including, pain and stiffness in the joints for a minimum of 6 weeks before the age of 16 (Doudkani et al., 2014). Arthritis is defined as inflammation of the joints leading to severe pain during movements around affected joints and fatigue (Cavallo et al., 2002). Inflammation is due to fluctuations in ion levels and growth factors impeding nociceptors, pain receptors within joints (Van Oort, Tupper, Rosenberg, Farthing, & Baxter-Jones, 2013).Typically joint pain is worse in the morning and subsides throughout the day (Cavallo et al., 2002). As the disorder progresses, joints may become bent, deformed and unable to be straightened (Cavallo et al., 2002). In addition, rashes, fevers and inflammation of other aspects of the body are also associated with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (Ravelli & Martini, 2007).
Growth disturbances occur in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis when inflammation expands towards the location of a growth plates on the bones of the extremities (Ravelli & Martini, 2007). This inflammation may result in over growth of the bones of the extremities as the inflammation causes accelerated growth of ossification centers (Schneider & Passo 2002). Under development of bones may appear due to adverse effects of corticosteroid therapy, which reduces linear bone growth or because of the catabolic nature of the active arthritis disease (Schneider & Passo, 2002). Therefore, globalized short stature is a symptom associated with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, however to combat this abnormality growth hormone is often supplemented (Schneider & Passo, 2002). Functional abnormalities such as leg length discrepancies are also common, as well as various cosmetic imperfections (Schneider & Passo, 2002).
Osteoporosis is defined as the loss of both the mineral and matrix constituents found in bone, resulting in a decreased bone density (Ravelli & Martini, 2007). This poses a problem for child development because during puberty, growth is accelerated to reach skeletal maturity and insufficient bone density throughout this period will increase the child’s vulnerability to brittle bones and subsequent fractures (Schneider & Passo, 2002). Fractures are a common consequence of osteoporosis and are often seen in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Decrease in bone density is a result of inadequate calcium intake, corticosteroid therapy, insufficient weight barring activities, delayed puberty and due to the nature of the arthritis disease activity (Schneider & Passo, 2002). Calcium and vitamin D supplements are often recommended to prevent osteoporosis and maintain an appropriate level of bone density (Schneider & Passo).
The cause of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis remains unknown; however there are many hypothesized theories as to the origin (Ravelli & Martini, 2007). It is likely that both environmental and genetic factors are responsible for this disorder (Ravelli & Martini, 2007). The genetic component is thought to involve several genes within the HLA region of chromosome 6; genes associated with inflammation and immunity responses (Ravelli & Martini, 2007; Weiss & Ilowite, 2005). It is also speculated that psychological stress can trigger arthritis if the necessary genes are present; as well joint trauma, irregular hormone levels, and bacterial or viral infections are potential causes though none of these theories have been proven to be the correct origin in all juvenile rheumatoid arthritis cases (Weiss & Ilowite, 2005).
The first step of diagnosis of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis is to eliminate different types of arthritis and other possible diagnoses (Doudkani-Fard et al., 2014). Unfortunately, there are no concrete laboratory tests to confirm the diagnosis because a cause has not yet been identified (Doudkani-Fard et al., 2014). However, tests such as blood cell count, analysis of blood proteins, immunoglobulin examination and antibody investigation are typically completed to measure inflammation (Doudkani-Fard et al., 2014). If juvenile rheumatoid arthritis is speculated, radiology and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are then completed to assess the joints, because early diagnosis is important to prevent irreversible damage to the joints (Doudkani-Fard et al., 2014). Adenosine deagminase has also been proven to be a suitable biomarker for diagnostic testing (Doudkani-Fard et al., 2014). However, due to the lack of knowledge regarding the cause of the disease and the wide range of symptoms associated with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, confirming a diagnosis in patients is often a difficult and inconclusive process (Schneider & Passo, 2002).
Treatment & Management
There is no known cure for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, therefore treatment emphasizes pain management, maintenance of physical function and prevention of permanent joint damage (Schneider & Passo, 2002; Ravelli & Martini, 2007). However, questionnaires and counselling sessions have been incorporated into the treatment to assess the patients’ quality of life and ensure that both the patient and their family are well supported (Schneider & Passo, 2002).
NSAIDS such as ibuprofen is first given to relieve joint pain and is typically used because of its limited side effects, intra-articular corticosteroid therapy is then utilized to reduce inflammation and stiffness if the NSAIDS do not provide sufficient relief (Schneider & Passo, 2002). Methotrexate therapy is another common treatment option, as it has been shown to decrease cartilage break down and typically is effective within 6-12 weeks of using this therapy (Ravelli & Martini, 2007).
Though methotrexate therapy is the most beneficial treatment option in diminishing arthritic symptoms to combat juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, it is also associated with negative effects on the liver and stomach ulcers. Therefore, methotrexate therapy is often paired with folic acid to offset the adverse effects (Ravelli & Martini, 2007). Corticosteroid therapy, though effective as a treatment option for individuals with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis have the potential to become toxic and increase an individual heart rate to dangerous levels (Ravalli & Martini, 2007). In addition, corticosteroid therapy has been known to produce increases in depression and anxiety related symptoms (Ravelli & Martini, 2007). This highlights the importance of emotional and psychosocial resources in terms of treatment options as opposed to purely treatment of physiological abnormalities.
Stem Cell Transplants
Bone marrow transplants are a relatively new form of treatment used to regenerate degrading cartilage in severe cases (Kim, 2010). However the current evidence is inconclusive regarding the success of this technique, but there has been beneficial outcomes for approximately 60-65% of patients with the use of this treatment option (Kim, 2010).
The Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire (CHAQ) measures the degree of disability of those with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, this questionnaire scores on a scale of 0 to 3, 0 representing no disability and 3 representing the most severe case of disability (Schneider & Passo, 2002). The Juvenile Arthritis Quality of Life Questionnaire (JAQQ) and Childhood Arthritis Health Profile (CAHP) measure quality of life and physical function respectively in this population (Schneider & Passo, 2002).
Children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis classically have physiotherapists to prevent or resolve biomechanical abnormalities (Ravelli & Martini, 2007). Massage and soft tissue release is also recommended to release stress on the joints (Ravelli & Martini, 2007). Specially, sports such as swimming and cycling are recommended because these activities provide less stress and weight barring strain on the joints (Ravelli & Martini, 2007). Physiotherapists work with patients to insure proper biomechanics and fix any abnormalities that may cause additional stress or developmental delays (Ravelli & Martini, 2007).
As of 2011 it has been recorded that approximately 1 in 6 Canadians currently report having arthritis and 3 out of every 1,000 of Canadian children (The Arthritis Society, 2015). Therefore, approximately 24,000 children in Canada, under the age of 18 suffer from a form of arthritis (The Arthritis Society, 2015).
Physical Activity Trends
Due to the pain and stiffness associate with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, children with this disorder are more likely to live a more sedentary lifestyle compared to healthy children of equal age (Cavallo et al., 2014). Sedentary lifestyles are highly correlated to increased risk factors for all-cause mortality in adulthood (Klepper, 2003). Specifically, less than 40% of children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis reach the recommended 60 minutes of physical activity each day (Cavallo et al., 2014), compared to 60% of healthy children that reach the same recommendations. In terms of participation in physical activity, whether within the school environment or in afterschool activities, children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis have been documented to be less active and refrain from physical activity in general, especially in terms of moderate to vigorous intensity (Cavallo et al., 2014). Decrease in daily activity levels is likely correlated with the decline in cardiopulmonary and aerobic capacity and range of motion seen in this population (Apti, Kasapcopur, Mengi, Ozturk, & Metin, 2014). In addition, muscular strength, size and power are aspects recorded to be reduced in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, compare to age matched controls (Klepper, 2003). It is important to note that research does not support the idea that physical activity exasperates disease related symptoms, such as increases in joint swelling (Cavallo et al., 2014). On the contrary, to patients beliefs, exercise has been shown to decrease pain and chronic inflammation, improve bone health and benefit immune function (Cavallo et al., 2014). Inflammation is minimized as circulation increases with physical activity and increases in heart rate and blood flow (Van Oort et al., 2013). Anemia, decreased oxygen carrying capacity, is a symptom of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, which may contribute to decreased aerobic capacity, resulting in muscle atrophy and weakness (Klepper, 2003). Whether this decrease in participation is due to the pain and often abnormal biomechanical abnormalities associated with the disorder or the influence of parental figures restricting their child’s activities to maintain safety and prevent injury, it is important from all children to engage in physical activity to enhance cognitive, social and physical development (Cavallo et al., 2014). Physical activity is critical in childhood to create friendships, gain self-confidence and self-esteem and maintain a healthy lifestyle and appropriate body weight (Cavallo et al., 2014). In children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, levels of quality of life are often lower than other children without this disorder, it is hypothesized that the lack of involvement in activities with their peers result in feelings of depression and social isolation (Cavallo et al., 2014). However, research been shown that children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis report spending more time with family members and engage more frequently in activities with family as opposed to friends (Cavallo et al., 2014).
Physical Activity Recommendations & Benefits
Difficulty may arise when participating in physical activities whether structured or unstructured play, as many children with this disorder are restricted in their movement and types of activities they are comfortable participating in (Schneider & Passo 2002. Participation in weight barring activities have been noted in this population, therefore sports such as swimming and cycling are recommended because these activities provide less stress and weight barring strain on the joints (Cavallo et al., 2014; Ravelli & Martini, 2007). Water exercises specifically have shown to increase hip range of motion and decrease the number of affected joints (Apti et al., 2014).
Physiotherapy is the main source of guidance patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis utilize when seeking guidance and attempting to maintain physical fitness and range of motion, however, these sessions can become time consuming and expensive (Sandstedt, Fasth, Eek, & Beckung, 2013). Therefore, home-based exercise programs are recommended and show approximately 70% adherence rates (Sandstedt et al., 2013). Home based exercise programs are targeted to increase both physical function, such as cardiopulmonary capacity and range of motion, of individuals with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, as well as quality of life and psychological well being assessed by the CHAQ (Apti et al., 2014). Exercise programs typically include weight bearing activities, such as walking or jogging, simple free weights and muscle strength training exercises (Sandstedt et al., 2013). Jump rope has become an increasingly popular recommendation for children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis as is it well tolerated by the individual, resulting in marked increases in muscular strength and bone density (Sandstedt et al., 2013). A minimum of six week home based exercise program recommended for individuals with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, as it is typically pain free and show numerous beneficial health outcomes as well as a 6% increase in muscle hypertrophy, and also increases in energy levels and decrease in medication use (Sandstedt et al., 2013 & Philpott et al., 2010). Exercise bouts of 30 to 60 minutes and frequencies between 1 to 3 times a week are recommended (Klepper, 2003). Flexibility and stretching exercises, before and after exercise sessions are also recommended (Philpott et al., 2010). In addition, supervised resistance exercise can also be added into exercise routines (Klepper, 2003).
Though physical activity results in numerous health benefits, it is important to slowly increase intensity and duration, and discontinue participation in any activities that exasperates pain. (Difficulty also arises due to the lack of specific safe guidelines for physical activity participation, particularly in special populations, therefore it is important to watch progression slowly and participation in activities tailored to each individuals abilities and preferences (Philpot et al., 2010).
The Arthritis Society (2015). Arthritis in Canada: Facts & figures. Retreieved from: http://www.arthritis.ca/document.doc?id=925
Cavallo, S., April, K. T., Grandpierre, V., Majnemer, A., & Feldman D. E. (2014). Leisure in children and adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: A systematic review. PLoS ONE, 9(10). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0104642
Dogru Apti, M. D., Kasapcopur, O., Mengi, M., Ozturk, G., & Metin, G. (2014). Regular aerobtic training combined with range of motion exercises in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Biomed Research International, 1–6. doi:10.1155/2014/748972
Doudkani-Fard ,M., Ziaee, V., Moradinejad, M. H., Sedaghat, M., Haghi-Ashtiani, M. T., & Ahmadinejad, Z. (2014). Sensitivity and specificity of adenosine deaminase in diagnosis of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 28(113). Retrieved from: http://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/pmc/articles/PMC4313457/pdf/MJIRI-28-113.pdf
Hochberg, M.C. (1981). Adult and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: Current epidemiologic concepts. Epidemiology Review, 3: 27-44. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7030763
Klepper, S.E. (2003). Exercise and fitness in children with arthritis: Evidence of benefits for exercise and physical activity. Arthritis Care & Research 49(3), 435-443. doi:10.1002/art.11055
Kim, K.N. (2010). Treatment of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Korean Journal of Pediatrics, 53(11): 936-941. doi:10.3345/kjp.2010.53.11.936
Philpott, J., Houghton, K., & Luke, A. (2010). Physical activity recommendations for children with specific chronic health conditions: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis, hemophilia, asthma and cystic fibrosis. Paediatric Child Health, 15(4), 213-218. doi:10.1097/jsm.0b013e3181d2eddd
Ravelli, A., & Martini, A. (2007). Juvenile idiopathic arthritis. The Lancet, 369(9563): 767-778. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60363-8
Sandstedt, E., Fasth, A., Eek, M.N., & Beckung, E. (2013). Muscle strength, physical fitness and well-being in children with adolescent and juvenile idiopathic arthritis and the effect of an exercise programme: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatric Rheumatology, 11.7. doi:10.1186/1546-0096-11-7
Schneider, R., & Passo, M.H. (2002). Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America, 28(3), 503-530. doi:10.1016/s0889-857x(02)00016-9
Van Oort, C., Tupper, S.M., Rosenberg, A.M., Farthing, J.P., & Baxter-Jones, A.D. (2013). Safety and feasibility of a home based six week resistance training program in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Pediatric Rheumatology, 11:46. doi:10.1186/1546-0096-11-46
Weiss, J.E., & Ilowite, N.T. (2005). Juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Pediatrics Clinic of North America, 52(2):413-442. doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2005.01.007 | <urn:uuid:c2db482a-ed2a-4458-ad98-6da8322b7daf> | {
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Nixon, John (1815-1899) (DNB01)
NIXON, JOHN (1816–1899), pioneer of the steam-coal trade in South Wales, born at Barlow in Durham on 10 May 1815, was the only son of a tenant farmer of that village. He was educated at the village school and at Dr. Bruce's academy at Newcastle-on-Tyne, famous as the training-place of many great engineers. Leaving school at the age of fourteen, Nixon was set to farmwork for a time, and shortly after was apprenticed to Joseph Gray of Garesfield, the Marquis of Bute's chief mining engineer. On the expiry of his indentures he became for two years overman at the Garesfield colliery. At the end of this time, in 1839, he undertook a survey of the underground workings of the Dowlais Company in South Wales. Some years later he accepted the appointment of mining engineer to an English company, working a coal and iron field at Languin near Nantes. He perceived, however, that the enterprise was destined to fail, and did not hesitate to inform his employers of his opinion. After labouring for some time to carry on a hopeless concern he returned to England.
During his first visit to Wales Nixon had been impressed by the natural advantages of Welsh coal for use in furnaces. On his return from France he found that it was beginning to be used by the Thames steamers. He perceived that there was a great opening for it on the Loire, where coal was already imported by sea. At the time, however, he was unable to obtain a supply with which to commence a trade. Mrs. Thomas of the Graig colliery at Merthyr, who supplied the Thames steamers, was disinclined to extend her operations, and Nixon was compelled to return to the north of England. But business again taking him to South Wales, he chartered a small vessel, took a cargo of coal to Nantes, and distributed it gratuitously among the sugar refineries. He succeeded also in inducing the French government to make a trial of it. Its merits were at once perceived; the French government definitely adopted it, and a demand was created among the manufactories and on the Loire. Returning to Wales he made arrangements for sinking a mine at Werfa to secure an adequate supply. After being on the point of failure from lack of capital he obtained assistance and achieved success. Continuing his operations in association with other enterprising men of the neighbourhood, he acquired and made many collieries in South Wales. In 1897 the output of the Nixon group was 1,250,000 tons a year. Nixon succeeded, after a long struggle, in inducing the railway companies of Great Britain to adopt Welsh coal for consumption in their locomotives. He had great difficulty also in persuading the Great Western Railway Company to patronise the coal traffic, which now forms so large a part of their goods business. Much of Nixon's success was due to his improvements in the art of mining. He introduced the 'long wall' system of working in place of the wasteful 'pillar and stall' system, and invented the machine known as 'Billy Fairplay' for measuring accurately the proportion between large coal and small, which is now in universal use. He also made improvements in ventilating and in winding machinery. He was one of the original movers in establishing the sliding-scale system, and one of the founders of the Monmouthshire and South Wales Coalowners' Association. He was for fifteen years chairman of the earlier South Wales Coal Association, and for many years represented Wales in the Mining Association of Great Britain. Nixon materially contributed to the growth of Cardiff by inducing leading persons in South Wales to petition the trustees of the Marquis of Bute in 1853 for increased dock accommodation, and by persuading the trustees, in spite of the objections of their engineer, Sir John Rennie [q. v.], to increase the depth of the East Dock. He died in London, on 3 June 1899 at 117 Westbourne Terrace, Hyde Park, and was buried on 8 June in the Mountain Ash cemetery, Aberdare valley.
[Vincent's Life of John Nixon, 1900 (with portrait).] | <urn:uuid:c4411ea7-20e3-4e69-b69e-1f5b5679d662> | {
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The map shows the population’s perception of the quality of public and civil services and their degree of independence from political pressures, the quality of policy formulation and implementation, and the credibility of the government’s commitment to such policies.
The Worldwide Governance Indicators report on six broad dimensions of governance for over 200 countries over the period 1996 to 2010. One of the dimensions is government effectiveness. The data for the EEA report have been extracted from the World Bank database for the reference year 2010, cut by all countries that do not belong to EEA-38 (Kosovo is not officially accepted by World Bank) and mapped per country.
EEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: European Environment Agency (EEA).
cut up your veggies into small pieces to reduce the cooking time. When boiling or steaming vegetables, boil the water in the kettle first – rather than on the hob, and use only as much water as is necessary.
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Hubble Space Telescope Turns 25
On April 24, 1990, the space shuttle Discovery lifted off from Earth with the Hubble Space Telescope nestled securely in its bay. The following day, Hubble was released into space, ready to peer into the vast unknown. Since then, Hubble has reinvigorated and reshaped our perception of the cosmos and uncovered a universe where almost anything seems possible within the laws of physics. Hubble has revealed properties of space and time that for most of human history were only probed in the imaginations of scientists and philosophers alike. Today, Hubble continues to provide views of cosmic wonders never before seen and is at the forefront of many new discoveries. | <urn:uuid:c5ae05a6-baf9-4e10-bc3d-157fe8e46cf0> | {
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Evaluation and Accountability
Evaluation and Accountability Overview
Exceptional Children's Educational Act (ECEA) Rules defines "Evaluation" as:
Procedures, methods, and tools used to initially identify a gifted child, assess and monitor the child's progress, and evaluate the child and the gifted program. Evaluation includes, but need not be limited to:
- Identifying the child's unique strengths, interests, and needs;
- Monitoring the child's academic achievement and growth and affective goals;
- Identifying the priorities and concerns of the child's family and resources to which the family and the child's school have access; and
- Determining program strengths and areas for program improvement. [12.01(15)(a-d)]
Accountability may be described as the responsibilities of the administrative unit (AU) to gather, analyze and report data for the purpose of identifying programming strengths, determining areas for continuous improvement and complying with state accreditation and monitoring requirements.
Program evaluation is a systemic, comprehensive appraisal of the gifted education program plan and drives future decision making for continuous improvement. It relies on using meaningful data, such as gifted identification demographics, Advanced Learning Plans (ALPs), performance on state and local assessments, and results from stakeholder surveys and/or focus groups. Additionally, program evaluation supports the AU’s efforts for state and local accountability requirements.
The Exceptional Children’s Educational Act (ECEA) is Colorado’s primary law with requirements for the implementation of specific elements and procedures for gifted education. ECEA Rules contain a specific section defining key requirements for the element, Evaluation and Accountability. However, it is noted that all elements within the Rules contain indicators that support an AU’s systemic process for program evaluation. Data collected help drive decision making and program development. For more information about the components of a comprehensive program evaluation, access the Program Evaluation web page.
Key indicators for implementation within the element of Evaluation and Accountability:
- Unified Improvement Plan (UIP) addresses methods by which gifted student performance is monitored and measured and how methods align with the state accreditation process;
- Gifted students' affective growth is monitored and measured to ensure continual development;
- Gifted student achievement and growth data are disaggregated for reporting and progress monitoring; and
- Gifted program self-evaluation includes periodic feedback and review from stakeholders and informs stakeholders of the methods for program evaluation.
Soliciting periodic feedback from stakeholders is part of a continuous program evaluation process and defined in ECEA Rules. Stakeholders include: administrators, teachers, parents, families and students. How and when AUs collect feedback may vary. Providing results of stakeholder feedback is a required component of the Colorado Gifted Education Review (CGER). CDE provides guidance on how to conduct a survey and/or focus group to obtain stakeholder input for the purpose of program evaluation.
Resources for Evaluation and Accountability:
- Program Evaluation Webpage
- Program Evaluation Guidance Document
- Conducting a Program Evaluation Survey
- Conducting a Program Evaluation Focus Group
- Colorado Gifted Education Review (CGER)
- Gifted Enrollment
- Unified Improvement Plan
- Affective Goals
Note: If you are not able to access the resources or need additional support, please contact the Office of Gifted Education Gifted Program Administrator. | <urn:uuid:f52d6b5a-ed88-4f95-9514-c16f32a05688> | {
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noun (used with a pl. verb)
- Diminished, damaged, or weakened: an impaired sense of smell.
- Functioning poorly or incompetently: a driver so tired as to be impaired.
- Having a physical or mental disability: an impaired child in need of special assistance.
People who have a physical or mental disability considered as a group: a swimming class for the physically impaired.
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Today's Highlight in History
Published 7:00 pm, Friday, November 21, 2008
Today is Sunday, Nov. 23, the 328th day of 2008. There are 38 days left in the year.
Today's Highlight in History:
On Nov. 23, 1765, Frederick County, Md., became the first colonial entity to repudiate the British Stamp Act.
On this date:
In 1889, the first jukebox made its debut in San Francisco, at the Palais Royale Saloon.
In 1903, singer Enrico Caruso made his American debut at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York, appearing in "Rigoletto."
In 1936, Life, the photojournalism magazine created by Henry R. Luce, was first published.
In 1943, during World War II, U.S. forces seized control of Tarawa and Makin atolls from the Japanese.
In 1945, most U.S. wartime rationing of foods, including meat and butter, was set to expire by day's end.
In 1963, President Johnson proclaimed Nov. 25 a day of national mourning following the assassination of President Kennedy.
In 1971, the People's Republic of China was seated in the U.N. Security Council.
In 1980, some 2,600 people were killed by a series of earthquakes that devastated southern Italy.
In 1996, a hijacked Ethiopian Airlines Boeing 767 crashed into the waves off Comoros Islands, killing about two-thirds of the 175 people on board.
-- Associated Press | <urn:uuid:9ca625c8-c7d4-4d33-8fef-97ec2415ed89> | {
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An identical replica of a 2,500-year-old merchant vessel that ran aground off the coast of present-day Israel set sail from the port of Haifa on Friday.
The original ship ran aground 500 years before Christ's birth, but was discovered in 1985 south of the northern Israeli city.
The small vessel was pulled from the depths three years later, a statement from the University of Haifa and the Israel Antiquities Authority said.
It had been exceptionally conserved as it was buried under sand for two millennia and was therefore protected from erosion, archaeologist Avner Hilman of the Antiquities Authority said.
"The ship was loaded with a very heavy cargo of shale coming from Cyprus, and following a navigation error it ran aground on a sandbank near the coast and was buried," he told AFP.
He said the wreck's state was "exceptional" considering its age.
The keel, numerous wooden plates, 14 cross bars and the base of the mast were found intact, offering researchers rare insights into how such ships were built, the statement said.
Work on building a replica began two years ago using ancient techniques, including a toolbox found in the wreck.
Hilman said that shipbuilding techniques were so different back then that they had to work out things for themselves.
"No boatbuilder could help us," he said.
He gave as an example the fact that the ribs of the ship were installed last, after the keel and the outer shell.
Today the ribs are among the first sections to be put in place. | <urn:uuid:01f095f5-1b62-4e55-a3f4-4bcf5da18d14> | {
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Zimbabwe is experiencing a major currency shortage, which has led to hyperinflation and the current inflation rate is a staggering 231 million%. The prices there are doubling on a daily basis and 200,000 Zimbabwe Dollar is used to buy a loaf of bread.
As a result of this crisis, the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe has launched a 200 million dollar note which is worth just 28 US Dollars. As on 6-Dec-08, value of 1 Indian Rupee = 2196 Zimbabwe Dollar.
As per forecasts, the inflation of Zimbabwe can go as high as 89.7 sextillion. Each sextillion is equal to 10 multiplied 21 times, consider the figure when million is just 10 multiplied six times.
Wonder what will happen, if one goes out to buy a car, infact he may need the whole car full of notes then. | <urn:uuid:98e9e920-b795-4319-9df0-41cdce572b02> | {
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Numerous federal and state laws protect nursing home and assisted living facility patients from abuse and neglect. Additionally, patients are entitled to privacy, security and other rights.
Federal Nursing Home Regulations
In response to reports of widespread neglect and abuse in nursing homes, Congress enacted legislation in 1987 requiring nursing homes participating in Medicare and Medicaid to comply with certain quality of care rules. This law, known as the Nursing Home Reform Act, says that nursing homes “must provide services and activities to attain or maintain the highest practicable physical, mental, and psychosocial well-being of each resident in accordance with a written plan of care.” To participate in Medicare and Medicaid, nursing homes must comply with the federal requirements for long term care facilities.
Under federal nursing home regulations, nursing homes must:
- Have sufficient nursing staff. (42 CFR §483.30)
- Conduct initially a comprehensive and accurate assessment of each resident’s functional capacity. (42 CFR §483.20)
- Develop a comprehensive care plan for each resident. (42 CFR §483.20)
- Prevent the deterioration of a resident’s ability to bathe, dress, groom, transfer and ambulate, toilet, eat, and to communicate. (42 CFR §483.25)
- Provide, if a resident is unable to carry out activities of daily living, the necessary services to maintain good nutrition, grooming, and personal oral hygiene. (42 CFR §483.25)
- Ensure that residents receive proper treatment and assistive devices to maintain vision and hearing abilities. (42 CFR §483.25)
- Ensure that residents do not develop pressure sores and, if a resident has pressure sores, provide the necessary treatment and services to promote healing, prevent infection, and prevent new sores from developing. (42 CFR §483.25)
- Provide appropriate treatment and services to incontinent residents to restore as much normal bladder functioning as possible. (42 CFR §483.25)
- Ensure that the resident receives adequate supervision and assistive devices to prevent accidents. (42 CFR §483.25)
- Maintain acceptable parameters of nutritional status. (42 CFR §483.25)
- Provide each resident with sufficient fluid intake to maintain proper hydration and health. (42 CFR §483.25)
- Ensure that residents are free of any significant medication errors. (42 CFR §483.25)
- Promote each resident’s quality of life. (42 CFR §483.15)
- Maintain dignity and respect of each resident. (42 CFR §483.15)
- Ensure that the resident has the right to choose activities, schedules, and health care. (42 CFR §483.40)
- Provide pharmaceutical services to meet the needs of each resident. (42 CFR §483.60)
- Be administered in a manner that enables it [the nursing home] to use its resources effectively and efficiently. (42 CFR §483.75)
- Maintain accurate, complete, and easily accessible clinical records on each resident . (42 CFR §483.75)
State Nursing Home Regulations
Nursing homes receiving Medicare or Medicaid funds must, at a minimum, comply with federal nursing home regulations. Some states, however, have adopted tougher laws. Check with your local health department for specific regulations in your state. Information about each state’s laws can also be found online. | <urn:uuid:98795ee1-e066-4303-b13e-1223ae639c29> | {
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How to Enable Rulers and Guides in Adobe Flash CS6
The Adobe Flash CS6 built-in rulers appear on the top and left edges of the stage and are used to position and measure objects on the stage. You also use the rulers to create vertical and horizontal guides by dragging them off the ruler bars.
Ruler units are in pixels by default, but you can choose Modify→Document to change to other measurement units, such as inches, centimeters, or millimeters.
The top ruler represents the X, or horizontal axis, and the left ruler represents the Y, or vertical axis. The upper-left corner of the stage represents absolute 0 for both X and Y, with X increasing as you move right and Y increasing as you move down.
To set up and use rulers and guides, follow these steps:
In a new document, choose View→Rulers.
The rulers appear on the top and left edges of your stage.
Click and drag anywhere on the stage.
Markers on both rulers follow to indicate your X and Y positions and the width of your selection area. Now you can create guides that you can use to position artwork on the stage.
Click the top ruler bar and drag down.
You’re carrying a guide with you while you drag.
Watch the ruler on the left and drop the guide where you want it.
Use the left ruler for reference so that you know exactly how far down you’re placing the new guide — for example, at 120 pixels.
Click and drag on the top ruler again to place another guide.
Position this one slightly above the one you previously created — for example, place it at 100 pixels.
Use the Type tool to create a single line of type on the stage.
Use a large enough font that you can easily see and drag the new text.
Choose the Selection tool; grab the text with it and drag until the bottom of the text snaps in place on the lower guide you’ve created.
Your text snaps easily to the new guides because of a built-in mechanism — snapping. Think of snapping as turning on a magnetic force that allows objects to adhere to each other or to visual helpers (such as guides) to make positioning easier. By default, Snap Align, Snap to Guides, and Snap to Objects are enabled. (Choose View→Snapping.) You can also enable Snap to Pixels and Snap to Grid. | <urn:uuid:b1eacaf1-446b-43dc-8ade-d185a94a94c1> | {
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For thousands of years a succession of cattle herding people moved into the Area, lived here for time, and then moved on, sometimes forced out by other tribes.
About 200 years ago the Maasai arrived and have since colonized the Area in substantial numbers, their traditional way of life allowing them to live in harmony with the wildlife and the environment. Today there are some 42,200 Maasai pastoralists living in the NCA with their cattle, donkeys, goats and sheep. During the rains they move out on to the open plains; in the dry season they move into the adjacent woodlands and mountain slopes. The Maasai are allowed to take their animals into the Crater for water and grazing, but not to live or cultivate there. Elsewhere in the NCA they have the right to roam freely.
Visitors are welcomed at two designated Maasai cultural bomas one on the road to Serengeti and another close to Sopa Lodge at Irkeepusi village.
The Datoga, Nilo-Hamitic-speaking pastoralists, who arrived more than 300 years ago and were subsequently forced out of the Serengeti-Ngorongoro area by the Maasai, today they live just outside the NCA, in the Lake Eyasi basin and beyond.
One can visit the Maasai Cultural bomas in the NCA to learn more about their unique culture, to take photographs, and to buy mementos. There is an entrance fee to be paid but it is well worth it. Please be sensitive to the fact that it is considered bad manners to take photographs of people along the roadside without consent. A visit to one of the following is highly recommended: | <urn:uuid:ad7faee5-d1b7-4634-acb5-315b0d942f2a> | {
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S.T.E.A,M. Education focuses on science, technology, engineering, art, and mathematics concepts taught through problem-solving, discovery, exploratory learning and critical thinking. S.T.E.A.M. Education requires students to be active participants in the learning. Our programs offer hands-on learning opportunities that encourage scientific inquiry, investigation and experimentation. Our inquiry-based lessons challenge students as they build, investigate, problem solve, discuss, and evaluate scientific and design principles in action. Aligned to Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math standards. Our mobile company has offered our services at public schools, private schools, after school care centers, day care centers, spring/fall festivals, and in-home throughout the Atlanta area. Our instructors strive for individual satisfaction, and we work with everyone to provide a great learning experience.
Youth Technology Learning Center | <urn:uuid:b9644239-18e8-4e24-a0a6-9d354be89bd1> | {
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Back in October, we published an article titled “Breed Specific Legislation Punishes the Innocent, Not the Guilty” where we explained why Breed Specific Legislation (BSL) is not an effective means for regulating dogs’ behavior in communities. Despite the mounting evidence that BSL is misguided, and the vocal disapproval from animal rights groups and veterinarians, some state and local governments continue to pass breed-discriminating laws.
The most recent state to pass such a law is Maryland. A few weeks ago the state’s highest court ruled that Pit Bulls and Pit Bull mixes are inherently dangerous. They held that, “When an attack involves Pit Bulls, it is no longer necessary to prove that the particular Pit Bull or Pit Bulls are dangerous.”
Typically, a dog is allowed “one free bite” before its guardian can be held liable for their pet’s aggressiveness. The theory behind this is that nobody can know if a dog is aggressive until it has acted out. Once a person has the knowledge that their pet is a potential danger to others—so, after that first bite—his legal responsibilities change.
What Maryland’s BSL does, unfortunately, is it abolishes the “one free bite” rule for Pit Bulls and Pit Bull mixes in the state. Those breeds are to be considered inherently dangerous, regardless of each dog’s individual temperament or history of aggression (or lack thereof). Maryland Pit Bull parents now face legal liabilities disproportionate to parents of other dog breeds.
Naturally, many animal rescue groups in Maryland are worried about the effect this new BSL will have on Pit Bulls in the state. The law holds that landlords with Pit Bulls on their property are also to be held liable if the dog bites. Pit Bull parents, facing eviction from their landlords because of the BSL, have been calling shelters in efforts to get rid of their dogs. Pit Bulls and Pit Bull mixes already living in shelters face a slim chance of finding new homes. | <urn:uuid:a2e92258-4057-4e83-8974-da59a2bf6f36> | {
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Previous Challenge Entry (Level 3 - Advanced)
Topic: Cup - 10-25-12 Deadline (10/18/12)
TITLE: Measuring Up
By Edmond Ng
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- saying, "Father, if You are willing, remove this cup from Me; yet not My will, but Yours be done." (Luke 22:42 NAS)
When it comes to perspectives in life or how we view things, however, a cup is a measure of our responses to positive or negative thinking. Half a cup full or empty is how we perceive the challenge moving forward to run the race or give up (1 Corinthians 9:24-27; 2 Timothy 4:7-8).
Just hours before He was crucified on the cross, our Lord at the Garden of Gethsemane prayed, "Father, if You are willing, remove this cup from Me; yet not My will, but Yours be done" (Luke 22:42). The cup Jesus was referring to was not just His death on the cross but also the agony and sufferings He had to go through for our sake.
As a man of sorrows acquainted with grief, Jesus was despised and forsaken of men, and like one from whom men hide their faces, crushed for our iniquities, chastened for our well-being, scourged for our healing (Isaiah 53:3-5).
As the Son of God, however, He had a choice not to take up the cup and die for us. Yet He chose to go through the pain to do the will of His Father out of His love for us. Jesus knew beforehand what was in the cup, yet He did not give up but went on to run the race and fulfill Godís purpose.
What about us? How do we measure up and perceive the cup? Is it half empty of blessings filled full with sufferings that we are thinking of or feel like giving up? May it never be our choice to give up the faith because of a hard life or tough times! For if we do, we will lose everything, just as we would have lost our salvation if Christ our Lord had given up on us and walked away from the cup of sufferings.
Let us be wise and choose life in Christ, for He came that we may have life and have it more abundantly (John 10:10). If we should desire to give up, then let us give up holding on too tightly to our own life. For whoever wishes to save his life will lose it; but whoever gives up his life for Christís sake will find it (Matthew 16:25).
Dear Lord, help us not give up our faith too easily just because of a hard life or difficult times, but to hold fast and run the race till the very end. Do not allow us to become rooted in the entanglements of this world O Lord that we may not hang on too tightly to our own way of life. Renew in us our first love for You Lord that we may willingly give up our all for Your sake, just as You have given up Your all for our sake. We are forever grateful to You Lord for not giving up on us, but willingly take up the cup of sufferings and die on the cross to save us. Take us Lord as we are and correct us as You will, for we belong to You.
The opinions expressed by authors may not necessarily reflect the opinion of FaithWriters.com.
Accept Jesus as Your Lord and Savior Right Now - CLICK HERE
JOIN US at FaithWriters for Free. Grow as a Writer and Spread the Gospel. | <urn:uuid:e2f1e061-f668-43a2-813d-e0b19718864a> | {
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Dynamic creation of procedures in PL/SQL
Every PL/SQl devloper must have tried their hands with dynamic SQl. Its an indelible part of oracle.But its generally used when we dont know at compile time about the object on which we are to perform the task. Suppose we want to insert data into a table but we get the name of the table during the execution of the procedure, in those cases we would use dynamic SQl with the table name passed as bind variable. Dynamic Sql is even used to execute DDl commands inside a PL/SQl block. A create command is not recognized by the pl/sql compiler, so we have to wrap the code as a dynamic SQl so that it bypasses the compiling stage but gets executed during the execution time.i have written a small anonymous PL/SQL block to demonstrate it.
declare begin execute immediate 'create index idx_demo on demo_tab(demo_col)'; end;
In query 2.1 i have created an index using the execute immediate command. This being a DDl script the only way to execute it is by using dynamic SQl.
This article is not about dynamic SQl but rather about an use of dynamic SQl on which i stumbled upon just out of inquisition. i tried to create a procedure dynamically just out of fun and it created and got compiled too.
create or replace procedure demo_test( p_val1 number, p_val2 varchar2 ) as l_stmt varchar2(2000); begin l_stmt := 'create or replace procedure just_test1 as v_date date; begin select sysdate into v_date from dual; DBMS_OUTPUT.ENABLE(10000); dbms_output.put_line (v_date || ''complete''); end;'; dbms_output.put_line(l_stmt); execute immediate l_stmt; EXECUTE IMMEDIATE 'ALTER PROCEDURE JUST_TEST1 COMPILE'; EXECUTE IMMEDIATE ' call just_test1'; end;
Creation of Dynamic SQl is very vital if you consider a case where the requirement is not known at the time of programming or compiling. At present I just cant think of such a case and even the above code is just a demonstration of the capability that dynamic procedure creation has. | <urn:uuid:453cd26c-d3ee-4de4-9089-0995d1e90a1d> | {
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Botanical name: Iris milesii Family: Iridaceae (Iris family)
Roots fleshy. Rhizomes thick, fleshy, greenish, annular scars left by earlier year's growth prominent. Rhizome bears a terminal leafy flowering stem and two lateral non-flowering leafy stems. The lateral stems become active shoots for next year's growth thus the old and the new rhizomes result in a series of dichotomies. Basal leaves 30-60 cm long, 3-7 cm wide, ribs prominent, pale-green. Branched flowering stems 30-90 cm tall, bearing shorter leaves than the sterile shoots. Bracts (in fruits) c. 2.5 cm. Flower c. 6-10 cm in diameter, pinkish-violet with darker spots. Falls with fringed yellow crest. Capsule stipitate, stipe 2.8-3.0 cm long, ovoid-cylindrical, c. 3.1-3.3 cm long. Flowering.: May-July.
Identification credit: Shaista Ahmad
• Is this flower misidentified? If yes, | <urn:uuid:6e4e5ce6-935b-4fdf-99f2-f5cd3bec0c7d> | {
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Just like any other plant starved of important nutrients, Marijuana plant will not grow healthy. Plants with good nutrient feeding program provide the high quantity and quality yields.
Marijuana plant with a Nutrient deficiency will always show early signs, therefore warning the grower that something is not right. If you are a beginner or new to weed growing, follow the feeding schedule of Marijuana plant nutrients to prevent room for any deficiencies of key elements needed to facilitate the development of a healthy plant.
EFFECTS OF NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY TO A MARIJUANA PLANT AND REMEDIES
Lack of nitrogen causes a retarded growth of the crop, reddening of stems, and paleness of the plant and rapid yellowing of the leaf that grows up the plant. When you see these signs in your Marijuana plant, add organic fertilizer that has nitrogen.
When your plant shows the signs such as reddening of stems, slow growth and dark green color on the lower leaf, the problem could be lack of enough phosphorus. There may also be the leaf that turns yellow before dying. The remedy to these signs is an addition of organic fertilizer that, has phosphorus which will help to rectify the problem. Once you have applied the fertilizer, the damaged parts of the crop may not show improvement but the growth will continue to be normal.
Lack of potassium will cause almost similar effect as the ones caused by Nitrogen and Phosphorous deficiencies. The symptoms include; dying curled leaf ends and stretching of the plant. Fixing this problem will be done by using an organic fertilizer that consists of Potassium. The problem can also be cured through flushing of the plant with water and a balanced amount of Nitrogen, Phosphorous, and Potassium.
Marijuana plants without balanced Calcium can cause too much acidity in the soil. Calcium deficiency can be rectified through direct addition of liquid fertilizer to the plant leaves. The recommended dosage is one teaspoon of Dolomatic lime in each quart of water until the time the plant will improve.
When your new grown plant is yellowing, the problem could be lack of Sulphur, and this can be fixed by using a mixture of one tablespoon of Epsom salts in every water gallon.
When your Marijuana plant develops leaf that turns white, yellow and with veins that remain dark green, the possible problem could be Magnesium deficiency which can be fixed through spraying of the plant with Epsom salt solution.
When the leaves turn pale with dark green veins, this is an indication of lack of iron and can be corrected by foliar feeding of the plant with an organic fertilizer that consists of iron.
Other deficiencies include Boron deficiency which causes greying of shoots and can be cured by adding one teaspoon of Boric acid in a gallon of water. Molybdenum deficiency also causes yellowing of middle leaf and can be fixed by adding organic fertilizer that has Molybdenum.
Zinc deficiency is associated with the white formation at the tips of the leaf. The treatment for this includes the addition of organic fertilizer that has zinc. You can as well bury galvanized nails in the soil to correct the problem. | <urn:uuid:5fc58b3d-b508-429b-881e-1186bdcde608> | {
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CBE, FAA, FRS
Department of Pathology,
University of Melbourne
All young people should be deeply concerned at the global inequities that remain, and nowhere is this more clearly seen than in international health. Particularly we in the lucky country need to be mindful of this as we enjoy some of the best health standards in the world (with the notable exception of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians). After decades of neglect, there are rays of hope emerging over the last 10-15 years. This brief essay seeks to outline the dilemma and to give some pointers to future solutions.
A stark example of the health gap is shown in Table 1, which shows that life expectancy at birth has risen markedly in the richer countries in the last 50 years, but has actually gone backwards in some countries, the situation being worst in Sub-Saharan Africa. As a result, life expectancy is now less than half of that in industrialised countries.
Deaths in children under five is widely used as a rough and ready measure of the health of a community, and also of the effectiveness of health services. Table 2 shows some quite exceptional reductions in the richer countries over half a century, but a bleak picture in many developing countries. India is doing reasonably well, presumably as a result of rapid economic growth, although the good effects are slow to trickle down to the rural poor. The Table shows the toll of communicable diseases and it is clear that at least two-thirds of these premature deaths are preventable.
We can total up these deaths, and note that the total comes to 20 million in 1960 and less than 8 million in 2010. Much of this improvement is due to international aid. One can do some optimistic modelling, and if we project the downward trend to 2025, deaths will be around 4.5 million. This would mean a total of 27 million extra child deaths prevented, chiefly though better treatment of pneumonia, diarrhoea and malaria; better newborn care practices; and the introduction of several new vaccines.
A final chilling set of statistics is presented in Table 3. This concerns the risk of a mother dying in childbirth. As can be seen, this is now exceedingly rare in industrialised countries. With few exceptions, those rare deaths are in mothers who have some underlying serious disease not connected with their pregnancy. In contrast, deaths in childbirth are still common in poor countries. Once again, the chief causes, obstructed labour, haemorrhage and sepsis, are largely preventable. It is unconscionable that a woman is 400 times more likely to die in childbirth than in the safest country. In some villages with high birth rates and high death rates a woman’s lifetime chance of dying from a pregnancy complication is one in seven!
International aid is increasing but must go higher
Properly deployed and in full partnership with the developing country, international aid can really help. At the prompting of the former Prime Minister of Canada, Lester Pearson, the United Nations mandated that the rich countries should devote 0.7% of their gross national income (GNI) to development assistance. Only five countries have reached or exceeded that goal, namely Denmark, Norway, Sweden, The Netherlands and Luxembourg. The global total is only 0.32% of GNI, or US$128.5 billion in 2010. Australia, presently at $4.8 billion, is pledged to go to 0.5% of GNI by 2015. The health component of aid varies from 7-15%.
Major new programmes speed progress in health
In the last 10-15 years, and for the first time, major health programmes have come forward where the budgets are measured in billions rather than millions. One with which I am particularly familiar is the GAVI Alliance, a global alliance for vaccines and immunisation. I had the honour of being involved in the “pre-history” of GAVI when I acted as the Chairman of the Strategic Advisory Council of the Bill and Melinda Gates Children’s Vaccine Program from 1997-2003. Alerted to the fact that Bill and Melinda Gates wished to make a major donation in the field of vaccines a working party with representatives from the World Health Organization (WHO), UNICEF, The World Bank, and the Gates and Rockefeller Foundations engaged in a series of intense discussions with all stakeholders throughout 1998 and 1999, prominently including the Health Ministers of developing countries. GAVI was launched at the World Economic Forum in Davos in January 2000 with an initial grant of $750 million from the Gates Foundation. Its purpose is to bring vaccines to the 72 poorest countries in the world, including newer vaccines, and to sponsor research and development of still further vaccines. As regards the six traditional childhood vaccines, namely those against diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, poliomyelitis, measles and BCG (for tuberculosis), 326 million additional children have been immunised and the coverage has been increased from 66% to 82%. Some 5.5 million deaths have been averted. Sturdy progress has been made in deploying vaccines against hepatitis B, one form of meningitis and yellow fever. More ambitiously, programmes are now being rolled out against pneumonia, the worst form of viral diarrhoea, cervical cancer and german measles. The budget of the GAVI Alliance is now over $1 billion per year, but it will have to rise as further vaccines are included. There are still 19 million children unimmunised each year. One GAVI strategy is to demand some co-payment from the affected country, requiring it to give a higher priority to health and encouraging sustainability.
Two separate large programmes are addressing the problem of HIV/ AIDS, arguably the worst pandemic the world has ever faced. They are the Global Fund for AIDS, TB and Malaria and PEPFAR, the US President’s Emergency Fund for AIDS Relief. Together these programmes spend an astonishing US$12 billion per year. As a result, highly active antiviral therapy (HAART) is reaching 6.5 million people in low and middle income countries, not only prolonging their lives indefinitely but also lowering the virus load in their blood, thus diminishing their capacity to transmit the virus. There is good evidence that the epidemic has peaked with the number of new cases going down each year. In addition, special effort is going into the prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV.
The search for an AIDS vaccine continues. An encouraging but vexing result emerged from a clinical trial of Sanofi -Pasteur’s vaccine in Thailand, involving 16,000 volunteers. The vaccine gave 31.2% protection from HIV infection, clearly not sufficient to go forward with mass immunisation, but enough to warrant further investigation in what has previously been a rather discouraging field.
Progress in malaria has been substantial. Insecticide-impregnated bednets turn out to be a powerful weapon, causing a 5% lowering of mortality where they are used. The Global Fund has distributed 240 million of these, and it is planned to reach a total of 700 million, an astonishing effort. Chemotherapy has been increased, including IPT, intermittent preventive therapy, where a whole population of children receives antimalarials every six months. IPT is also useful in pregnant women. A malaria vaccine is in the late phases of clinical trial. Produced by GlaxoSmithKline, it is known as RTS,S and has proven about 50% eff ective. It is targeted at the surface of that life-form of the parasite, known as sporozoite, which leaves the mosquito’s salivary gland and is injected under the skin when the mosquito feeds. Most experts believe that the final, definitive malaria vaccine will also need to target the liver cell stage, where the parasite goes underground, the blood cell stage, where it multiplies extensively in red blood cells, and perhaps the sexual stages. Good progress is being made in research in all these areas.
Tuberculosis remains a formidable foe particularly as resistance to anti- tuberculous drugs is developing. That being said, the Global Fund is treating 8.7 million tuberculosis patients with DOTS (directly-observed therapy, short term, to assure compliance). Sadly, short term means six months, which is quite a burden. Extensive research is seeking newer drugs able to act in a shorter time frame. As regards vaccines, unfortunately it is clear that the birth dose of BCG, which does a good job of preventing the infant manifestations of TB, namely tuberculous meningitis and widespread miliary tuberculosis, is ineff ective in preventing the much more common pulmonary tuberculosis of adolescents and young adults. An impressive body of research is attempting to develop new TB vaccines. Three are in Phase II clinical trial and at least eight in Phase I trial. The chronic nature of tuberculosis makes this a slow and expensive exercise.
The challenge of global eradication of poliomyelitis
Following the triumph of global eradication of smallpox, WHO set itself the challenge of eradicating poliomyelitis. When I was young, this was a most feared disease, with its capacity to kill and maim. The Salk vaccine and then later the oral Sabin live attenuated vaccine brought the disease under control in the industrialised countries with remarkable speed. A dedicated effort in Latin America did the same. But in Africa and the Indian subcontinent it was a different story. For this reason, a major partnership was launched in 1988 between the voluntary organisation Rotary International, WHO and UNICEF, with help from many others, to eradicate polio globally. Five strategies underpinned the venture. The Sabin oral polio vaccine was used to cut costs and ease administration, as oral drops rather than an injection was needed. High routine infant immunisation rates were encouraged. To get to the hard to reach children, national immunisation days were instituted, where all children under five were lined up and given the drops, regardless of previous immunisation history. Strong emphasis was placed on surveillance of all cases of paralysis with laboratory confirmation of suspected cases.
Finally, as control approached, a big effort was made to quell every little outbreak, with two extra doses of vaccine two weeks apart around the index case. As a result of this work, polio cases were reduced by over 99%. In 2011, there were only 650 confirmed cases in the whole world. India deserves special praise. Despite the large population and widespread poverty, the last case in India occurred on 13 January, 2011. There are now only three countries in which polio has never been eradicated, namely Pakistan, Afghanistan and Nigeria. Unfortunately, three countries have re-established polio transmission after prior eradication: Chad, DR Congo and Angola. Furthermore, sporadic cases are occurring in other countries following importation, though most of those mini-outbreaks are quickly controlled. We are at a pivotal point in this campaign. It is costing about $1 billion per year to maintain the whole global apparatus while the public health burden is currently quite small. Cessation of transmission was targeted for end 2012; this deadline is unlikely to be met. But failure to reach the end goal would constitute the most expensive public health failure in history. If we can get there, the economic benefits of eradication have been estimated at US$40-50 billion.
Some further vaccine challenges are listed in Table 4. In a twenty year framework success in most of these is not unrealistic. The dividends would be enormous; finding the requisite funds will be a daunting task.
This essay focuses on infections and vaccines, my own area of expertise, but plentiful pathways for progress exist in other areas. New drugs for all the above diseases; clever biological methods of vector control; improved staple crops with higher micronutrients and protein through genetic technologies; stratagems for improved antenatal care and obstetrics; a wider array of contraceptive measures tailored to particular cultures; in time thrusting approaches to noncommunicable diseases including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, hypertension and their consequences; and greater recognition of the importance of mental health with depression looming as a very grave problem. As young people contemplating a career in medicine, I commend all of these areas to you. In particular, consider spending some months or a few years in joining this battle to provide better health to all the world’s citizens. There are plenty of opportunities and the relevant travel will certainly prove enriching. A new breeze is blowing through global health. The thought that we can build a better world has taken firm hold. It is your generation, dear readers, who can turn dreams into realities and make the twenty-first century one truly to remember.
World Life Expectancy: Country Health Profiles [Electronic Database]; 2012 [cited 2012 15 March 2012]. Available from: http://www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/world-healthrankings.
Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000) [Electronic Database]: World Bank, United Nations; 2012 [cited 2012 15 March 2012]. Available from: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.MORT
Hogan MC, Foreman KJ, Naghavi M, Ahn SY, Wang M, Makela SM, et al. Maternal mortality for 181 countries, 1980-2008: a systematic analysis of progress towards Millennium Development Goal 5. Lancet 2010;375(9726):1609-23. | <urn:uuid:4f65ce3d-4100-408d-8e8f-cfa6bf8cf322> | {
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Using Genetic Profiles to Predict Medication Response in Bipolar Disorder
This month’s edition of Discovery’s Edge, Mayo Clinic’s Online Research Magazine, features an article entitled “The Genomics of Bipolar Disorder.” The article looks at biobanking – a practice in which research centers store a lot of information on thousands of people with certain disorders, in this case bipolar. Mayo Clinic, in conjunction with several other research centers, is collecting blood samples and clinical information from 2,000 patients. This information is stored anonymously, and researchers can use this high volume of data to look at specific questions about bipolar disorder.
The primary focus of this work is related to genomics – looking at genetic associations to bipolar disorder. The work is not just about which genes and genetic variations contribute to causing bipolar disorder, but also examines subtypes of bipolar disorder and patterns of medication response. Partly due to genetic differences, people experience different benefits and side effects to the same medications.
Researchers at Mayo are exploring the various factors, genetic in particular, that may be associated with people’s responses to antidepressants for bipolar depressive episodes: Why some people benefit, others show no change, and some have negative outcomes. Eventually this will be extremely valuable information for doctors to have – at least to know whether people with certain genetic profiles should avoid specific medications.
The Mayo bipolar biobank and research network will also be collecting brain scans from some people as they research the antidepressant issue and other questions about bipolar disorder, and this information could be tied into the data from the biobank.
Biobanking is becoming much more common – institutions all over the world, with a variety of disease and population interests, are getting involved. It’s thought to be one of the best ways to collect the huge amounts of genetic information needed to really get useful information from genetic studies.
As this is new technology and the practices associated with it grow, they’re sure to generate many questions and discussions about ethics and privacy, but hopefully they will also produce prescription guidelines that enable doctors to prescribe medications that are more effective and less likely to result in negative side effects based on each individual’s genetic profile.
Photo by Image Editor, available under a Creative Commons attribution license.
Fink, C. (2011). Using Genetic Profiles to Predict Medication Response in Bipolar Disorder. Psych Central. Retrieved on August 17, 2017, from https://blogs.psychcentral.com/bipolar/2011/04/genetic-profile-predict-medication-response-bipolar-disorder/ | <urn:uuid:cf033f31-a53e-4e5c-8755-218eac667f9c> | {
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Gladioli, dahlias, cannas, and tuberous begonias are perennials, but they are not winter hardy in Iowa. Therefore, these tender perennials must be dug up in the fall and stored indoors over winter. The storage requirements for several widely grown tender perennials are provided below.
Carefully dig up caladiums when the foliage begins to yellow with the onset of cool weather or wait until after the first frost. After digging, place plants in a cool, dry location for 1 to 2 weeks to cure. After curing, cut off the dead foliage. Place a layer of peat moss, vermiculite, or sawdust in a small cardboard box. Lay the tubers on the storage medium, then cover with additional peat, vermiculite, or sawdust. Store the caladiums in a cool (60 to 65 degree Fahrenheit), dry location.
Calla Lily (Zantedeschia spp.)
After a killing frost, cut off the foliage 1 to 2 inches above the soil surface. Carefully dig up the rhizomes. Do not cut or injure the rhizomes. Dry the rhizomes in a warm, dry location for 1 or 2 weeks. After drying, bury the rhizomes in peat moss or vermiculite and store them in a cool (50 to 60 degree Fahrenheit), dry location.
Cut the plants back to within 4 to 6 inches of the ground a few days after a hard, killing frost. Then carefully dig up the canna clumps with a spade or garden fork. Leave a small amount of soil around the cannas. Allow them to dry for several hours. Afterwards, place the cannas in large boxes, wire crates, or in mesh bags. Store the cannas in a cool (40 to 50 degree Fahrenheit), dry location.
Cut back the plants to within 2 to 4 inches of the ground within three or four days of a killing frost. After cutting back the plants, leave the dahlias in the ground for an additional six or seven days to "cure." Then carefully dig up the dahlias with a spade or shovel. Gently shake off the soil, then cut the stems back to the crown. (The dahlia crown is located at the base of the stem where the tuberous roots are attached.) Carefully wash the dahlia clumps to remove any remaining soil. Allow the dahlias to dry for 24 hours. When dry, place the dahlia clumps upside down in cardboard boxes and cover them with vermiculite, peat moss, or wood shavings. Store the dahlias in a cool (40 to 50 degree Fahrenheit), dry location.
Elephant's Ear (Colocasia esculenta)
Dig up the plants after the first fall frost. Cut off the foliage. Dry the tubers in a warm, dry location for 1 or 2 weeks. After drying, bury the tubers in peat moss or wood shavings and store them in an area with a temperature of 70 to 75 degrees Fahrenheit.
Carefully dig up the plants with a spade in late summer/early fall. Gently shake off the soil from the bulb-like corms. Then cut off the foliage 1 to 2 inches above the corms. Dry the corms for 2 to 3 weeks in a warm, dry, well-ventilated location. When thoroughly dry, remove and discard the old dried up mother corms located at the base of the new corms. Remove the tiny corms (cormels) found around the base of the new corms. Save the small corms for propagation purposes or discard them. Place the corms in mesh bags or old nylon stockings and hang in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Storage temperatures should be 35 to 45 degrees Fahrenheit.
Carefully dig up the tuberous begonias within a few days of a killing frost. Leave a small amount of soil around each tuber. Cut off the stems about 1 inch above the tubers. Place the tubers in a cool, dry area to cure for 2 to 3 weeks. After curing, shake off the remaining soil. Place a layer of peat moss, vermiculite, or sawdust in a small cardboard box. Lay the tubers on the storage medium, then cover the tubers with additional peat, vermiculite, or sawdust. Store the tubers in an area with a temperature of 40 to 50 degrees Fahrenheit. Do not allow the tubers to freeze. | <urn:uuid:aa7eab15-5c49-42f1-9652-f059edb2ff02> | {
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Press Release 12-222
NSF-supported Researchers Pinpoint 1,500-Year Cycle in Arctic Atmospheric Pattern
Cycle affects Northern Hemisphere weather and could contribute to severe weather and flooding in the long term
December 4, 2012
A team of scientists supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) has identified for the first time a clear 1,500-year cycle in the far North's surface atmosphere pressure pattern. Called the Arctic Oscillation (AO), the cycle greatly influences weather in the Northern Hemisphere.
Lead researcher Dennis Darby, a geological oceanographer at Virginia's Old Dominion University, used the findings to describe a worst-case scenario in which the cyclical pressure pattern could combine with man-made climate change to exacerbate severe weather and flooding trends.
The findings were published Nov. 11 on Nature Geoscience's website. Darby coauthored the paper with a team of scientists from Old Dominion and Kent State universities and the University of Southern California (USC).
Coauthors are Joseph Ortiz, a geological oceanographer from Kent State; Chester Grosch, a physical oceanographer and computer scientist from ODU and Steven Lund, a geophysicist from USC.
William Wiseman, a program director in the Arctic Natural Sciences Program in NSF's Office of Polar Programs, said the new research is innovative in its approach to separating human influences on climate from naturally occurring events.
"Separating the effects of human contributions to climate variability from those due to natural variability is never easy," he said. "Darby and his colleagues, using clever analyses of sediment data, have noted an important long-term variation in sediment transport that is consistent with variability in the Arctic climate on similar time scales. This work adds one more piece of information to our understanding of a very complex system."
Working from a 20-meter-long sediment core raised offshore of Alaska from waters 1,300 meters deep, the researchers could detect varying amounts of iron-rich sand grains ice-rafted from Russia over the last 8,000 years. The core was originally recovered from the flank of Barrow Canyon by an NSF-funded oceanographic cruise on which researchers Lloyd Keigwin, Julie Brigham-Grette and Neil Driscoll were co-investigators.
Darby and his colleagues were able to show through geochemical analysis that some of these Russian grains came from the Kara Sea, which is off the northern Russia landmass east of the northern tip of Finland. This is more than 3,000 miles from the core sample site, and the authors say Kara iron grains could have only arrived at the Alaskan coast by drifting in ice. Furthermore, the ice floes would only move from the Kara to offshore Alaska during strong positive AO conditions.
When the AO index is positive, surface pressure is low in the polar region. This helps the mid-latitude jet stream blow strongly and consistently from west to east, thus keeping cold Arctic air locked in the polar region. When the AO index is negative, there tends to be high pressure in the polar region, weaker zonal winds and greater movement of frigid polar air into the populated areas of the middle latitudes.
Measurements taken by instruments in modern times clearly show relatively short-term fluctuations in the AO, with profound impacts on weather and climate. "But how the AO varies during the Holocene (roughly the last 12,000 years) is not well understood," the authors write in Nature Geoscience.
Darby said that time-series analysis of the researchers' geochemical record reveals a 1,500-year cycle that is similar to what other researchers have proposed in recent decades, based on scattered findings in paleoclimate records. But he and his colleagues are the first to find a high-resolution indicator of the Arctic record that resolves multidecadal-through-millennial-scale AO cycles, he said.
"Our record is the longest record to date to reconstruct the AO and documents that there is millennial scale variability in the AO," Ortiz said. "The sedimentation rate at our site is also sufficient to statistically differentiate between a 1,000-year cycle and a 1,500-year cycle, which helps us to understand the dynamics of the response of the climate system to external forcing during the Holocene geological period."
The 1,500-year cycle is distinct from a 1,000-year cycle found in a similarly analyzed record of total solar irradiance, the authors write, suggesting that the longer cycle arises from either internal oscillation of the climate system or as an indirect response to low-latitude solar forcing.
"The AO can remain in a rather strong negative or positive mode for many decades," the research team writes in the Nature Geoscience article. "When it is positive as suggested by the upswing in the Kara series during the last 200 years, then the additional warmth due to the entrapped Arctic cold air masses during winters could exacerbate the mid-latitude signature of anthropogenic global warming resulting from increased atmospheric carbon dioxide. When the AO is strongly negative as seen in the winters of 2009-11, the Northern Hemisphere experiences prolonged intervals of colder than normal conditions. Because the maximum amplitudes of the AO as recorded in the Kara (iron) grain record in recent decades is less than a third of the amplitude in the past, the full range of variability in the AO is not likely recorded in the instrumental records of the last few decades."
Darby does his detective work by analyzing sediments, mostly from core samples that have been collected when researchers drill a hollow tube into the floor of the Arctic Ocean or nearby seas. The work is made possible by an iron-grain chemical fingerprinting technique he developed that enables him to determine the landmass where the grains originated. This provides evidence about winds and currents--and therefore the overall weather patterns--that brought the grain to its resting place.
Even if natural cycles are responsible for some recent warming trends, this doesn't let humans off the hook for polluting the atmosphere, Darby said. Human influence may combine with natural cycles to increase global warming.
Darby's research is not directly involved in weighing human contributions to climate change, such as increases in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere brought on by combustion.
"We're looking for natural conditions that are helping to cause this global warming and sea level rise," Darby said. "There seems to be a natural pacing to climate change. If you don't know what changes are naturally occurring over the long haul, you don't know how to deal with conditions over the short term."
Peter West, NSF, (703) 292-7530, [email protected]
William J. Wiseman, NSF, (703) 292-4750, [email protected]
Dennis Darby, Old Dominion University, 757-683-4701, [email protected]
Joseph Ortiz, Kent State University, 330-672-2225, [email protected]
Steven Lund, University of Southern California, 213-740-5835, [email protected]
The National Science Foundation (NSF) is an independent federal agency that supports fundamental research and education across all fields of science and engineering. In fiscal year (FY) 2015, its budget is $7.3 billion. NSF funds reach all 50 states through grants to nearly 2,000 colleges, universities and other institutions. Each year, NSF receives about 48,000 competitive proposals for funding, and makes about 11,000 new funding awards. NSF also awards about $626 million in professional and service contracts yearly.
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...from the tea plantations of south Asia..
A new government-funded project dedicated to lifting the lid on some of the UK’s favourite plants and spices was launched on February 15 by Kew Gardens.
Plant Cultures is a new online archive from the Royal Botanic Gardens and Culture Online that explores the real story behind the South Asian plants that have transformed British life.
Altogether 25 South Asian plants, including curry leaf, henna, indigo, marigold and tea provide the catalyst to bring people and plants together whilst offering an insight into the world of Asian life and culture.
“The Internet is powerful resource and Plant Cultures, commissioned by Culture Online, shows how technology can be used to bring people together to share their knowledge and personal stories,” said Arts Minister Estelle Morris.
The website is allied to an extensive outreach programme that encourages people to share their personal stories, recipes, images and folklore. Entertaining personal stories from the allotment to the medicine chest are presented alongside fascinating facts about plants and rarely seen images.
...to stories from the allotments of Britain...
“We hope that plant cultures will be an inspiration for people of all ages, and especially for British Asians, to get excited about plants and their place in our lives,” said Professor Monique Simmonds, Kew science co-ordinator. “We use plants in our everyday life without a second thought. This project recognises just how important they are to our culture”
Flamboyant chef Keith Floyd, author Vicky Bhogal and BBC’s Blue Peter presenter Konnie Huq are among some of the personalities supporting the initiative by offering their own top tips and personal stories.
“Britain’s multicultural society has enriched our national larder,” offered celebrity chef Keith Floyd. “I have cooked around the world and know the joys of tamarind, holy basil, lotus and marigold but it wasn’t until I visited India that I discovered the aromatic joys of the curry leaf.”
Ginger - one of the 25 plants specially chosen for star treatment on the site.
The website promises to give visitors the inside story of these magical ingredients whilst inspiration to get involved is provided by a series of events, workshops, garden visits and trails. They have been put together by various community partners together with environmental projects in Leicester, London, Liverpool and Bradford.
A vast library of prints, paintings, drawings and artefacts are also included. Drawn from the collections at Kew Library, the British Library, the Natural History Museum, the Wellcome Library and the Victoria and Albert Museum, many of them are digitally available for the first time.
Further themed sections explain the cultural relevance of plants in our history, religion, health and cookery, while tips for teachers support more formal national curriculum links.
The website also features thousands of documents such as this botanical drawing of a coconut plant.
Bend It Like Beckham Director, Gurinder Chadha, has also supported the website: “I cook with so many of the plants in the ‘25 list’ and like most Indians cannot live without chillies,” she said. “I hope this new project will bring in people of all ages and all cultures to this great British family tradition.”
Plant Cultures can be accessed at www.plantcultures.org.uk
The project was commissioned by Culture Online, part of the Department for Culture, Media and Sport.
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Since 1987, the UCLA-LOSH Program has trained thousands of workers and supervisors in office ergonomics, primarily working through joint labor management health and safety committees of such unions as the Service Employees International Union and the American Federation of Teachers.
LOSH has also provided consultation to local labor unions on the development of health and safety contract language for computer operators. Trainees gain information on musculoskeletal, visual, and other problems associated with computer use. They learn to recognize early symptoms of computer related disorders, and they gain new skills in designing and adjusting computer workstations.
Most recently LOSH has partnered with the American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees (AFSCME) Union Local 3090 to teach basic ergonomic awareness to 3,200 Los Angeles City office workers and a train-the-trainer course for a sub-group of 120 peer health advisors who will coach their co-workers on proper ergonomic techniques for setting up and adjusting their work stations.
What is Ergonomics?
Ergonomics is the process of fitting the job to the worker — instead of the worker to the job. Ergonomics matches the design of tools, controls, & equipment to fit the safety needs of the operator. Since each of us has different needs, ergonomic design of tools, equipment and workspaces must be adjustable enough to accommodate a varied range of body types. For example, tools such as scissors must be designed in order to accommodate individuals who are right-handed or left-handed. UCLA-LOSH specifically addresses the field of workplace ergonomics, which examines the impact that tools, positions, repetitive movements, and the tasks of workers have on workers' health and safety.
The mission of ergonomics is to provide solutions to work related pain and discomfort. However, there are also some additional benefits to implementing a culture of ergonomics into your workplace. Ergonomics training and awareness may save money. Yearly, workers across America file worker's compensation claims due to workplace injuries. Second, ergonomics prevents injuries, including back injuries, carpal tunnel syndrome, work related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSD) and other injuries that can occur as a result of highly repetitive and physically demanding job tasks. Third, when workers and employers prioritize health and safety and are aware of ergonomic principles, productivity is enhanced. Workers learn to analyze their work as well as listen to red flags such as slouching in chair, dry eyes, loss of concentration, or tingling sensations. In a win-win situation for the employer and employee where money is saved, injuries are prevented, and productivity is increased, the altruistic objective is that workers will experience job satisfaction.
Is Ergonomics for you?
Depending on what is entailed in your job, ergonomics may be for you. Ergonomics trainings, awareness, and programs should especially be considered if workers are engaged in:
- Repetitive work; such as sweeping in Custodial work; typing in clerical work, lifting in childcare & adult care for those that work as nurses aides for example.
- Reaching; such as stretching arms above head to pick fruit in farm work.
- Bending, twisting; such as stocking shelves in grocery and retail stores.
Not all occupations will expose workers to ergonomic hazards, however, there are other risk factors, or work place elements that could cause pain and injury to an employee. To name a few:
- Vibrations; as may be experienced by bus drivers.
- Chemical hazards; such as refinery workers who may be exposed to hazardous fumes, spills.
- Biological hazards; such as home health care aides who are exposed to human blood or other body fluids.
- Heat / Cold Stress; such as for construction workers.
- Noise and Hearing Conservation; such as for construction workers.
What are common wear and tear areas?
Common wear and tear areas are regions of the body where workers frequently experience pain and or discomfort are the back, neck, shoulders, hands, wrists, to name a few.
What are the solutions?
When workers are exposed to hazards such as repetitive motion or stationary positions, undoubtedly we all will be when we are doing work such as data entry; however there are avenues for alleviating pain and/or discomfort. For example, workers can add recovery time to their bodies by taking minibreaks. Recovery time is a period of rest for your muscles, tendons, and nerves. and sometimes eyes. Recovery time is the length of rest between exertions. Short work pauses can reduce discomfort. Inadequate rest periods between exertions can decrease performance. As the duration of the uninterrupted work increases, so does the amount of recovery time needed. Minibreaks, which are generally less than one minute are several short breaks interspersed throughout the day. Minibreaks provide a rest for your body, especially visually demanding tasks, prolonged sitting, standing, bending tasks. Minibreaks help reduce fatigue and may improve your concentration. To take a minibreak, engage in another activity other than the one that your attention is focused on. For example, if you have been starring at the computer for more than one hour, you may want to walk to the mailroom, or do filing. Another activity workers may incorporate to improve ergonomics is to make adjustments. Workers can make adjustments to their posture, bending, lifting, techniques. Workers can also modify their tools, or how they use their tools and equipment. LOSH can teach you and your coworkers how to incorporate strategies to feel good and not put your body under undue stress while working.
How LOSH can help
LOSH will provide sample checklists as well as referrals to helpful websites, persons, and or organizations that can assist you with assessing your job site and work tasks for ergonomic hazards. In some circumstances as a fee-for-services, we can study your worksite by doing walk through assessments and/or training in basic office ergonomics. Please note that LOSH is not an inspection or enforcement agency.
The walk through assessments will provide insight on tailoring a training to your worksites needs, if your organization, group, factory, field, site requests a training. A walk through is not always required, however it is helpful in evaluating the work performed and the tools and equipment used.
LOSH can provide hands-on training and/or awareness sessions for employees. If your group is interested in sustaining a long term health and safety program, LOSH will provide an ergonomics training to a team of designated leaders to serve as Health Promoters in the work place.
Additionally, LOSH can assist your department/organization in developing a health and safety plan or ergonomics program. We can provide technical assistance. Currently, we are providing training to the City of Los Angeles and member of the AFSCME 2090 clerical workers. | <urn:uuid:60febbfd-c1e8-4283-91c1-10a158d74e73> | {
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BECKWITH, Sir THOMAS SYDNEY, army officer; b. 1772, third son of John Beckwith, army officer; m. Clementina Loughnan; one son and at least two daughters; d. 15 Jan. 1831 at Mahabaleshwar, India.
Thomas Sydney Beckwith first saw active service as a junior officer in India (1791–98). In 1800 he joined the Experimental Corps of Riflemen, which was known successively after 1802 as the 95th (Rifle) Regiment and the Rifle Brigade; he distinguished himself by his training of this unit and, as lieutenant-colonel from 1803, by his leadership of it. After participating in expeditions to Denmark (1801 and 1807) and Hanover (1806), he served with great credit in Spain and Portugal (1808–11). In 1810 he was appointed to the staff as a deputy quartermaster general, and in 1812 he became an assistant quartermaster general. On 29 May 1812 he was made a knight bachelor.
In January 1813, Britain being at war with the United States, Beckwith was named an assistant quartermaster general in North America. At the same time he was given command of the landing forces in an amphibious operation intended to harry the Chesapeake Bay area and reduce American pressure on the Canadas. The landings did not go smoothly and were of questionable value as a diversion, though Admiral Sir John Borlase Warren claimed that they prevented 25,000 men from marching against the Canadas. The expedition was troubled by a command that was shared among Beckwith and admirals Warren and George Cockburn. Captain Charles James Napier, Beckwith’s second in command, blamed this “republic of commanders” for a failed attack on Craney Island, Va. Napier felt that Beckwith had “wanted neither head, nor heart, nor hand for his business; but he was not free to do what he thought wise, and run sulky when required to do what he deemed silly. . . . He is certainly a very clever fellow, but a very odd fish.” The expedition went to Halifax in September 1813.
Later that year Beckwith joined the staff in Lower Canada as quartermaster general; this post was of central importance during the final phases of the war. His department was responsible for the encampment, quartering, and movement of the army, duties that involved the collection of topographical and “secret” intelligence. In the Marquis of Wellington’s European army the quartermaster general had become the principal staff officer and adviser, and in Canada also Beckwith was consulted on a wide range of problems.
In the autumn of 1814 Beckwith took part in Sir George Prevost*’s abortive attack on Plattsburgh, N.Y., the conduct of which strained relations between Prevost’s staff and senior officers just arrived from Wellington’s Peninsular army. Despite his reputation, Beckwith did not escape the censure of the newcomers; Major-General Frederick Philipse Robinson was particularly critical of his failure to obtain proper intelligence. The offensive of 1814 was, however, conducted on an unprecedented scale for Canadian operations, at a time when all military departments had too few personnel, and lacked in particular staff having a thorough local knowledge; nor was responsibility for gathering secret intelligence clearly assigned.
Plattsburgh was Beckwith’s last experience of active service. It did not damage his reputation; indeed in January 1815 he was awarded the KCB. Appointed colonel commandant of his old corps, now the Rifle Brigade, in 1827, he became commander-in-chief at Bombay two years later and attained the rank of lieutenant-general in 1830. He died of fever in January 1831. According to a contemporary he had been “one of the ablest outpost generals, and few officers knew so well how to make the most of a small force.” Unfortunately his talents do not seem to have been put to the best use in North America.
Gentleman’s Magazine, July–December 1831: 83. William Napier, The life and opinions of General Sir Charles James Napier (4v., London, 1857), 1: 221. Select British docs. of War of 1812 (Wood). DNB. Hitsman, Incredible War of 1812. Reginald Horsman, The War of 1812 (London, 1969). J. K. Mahon, The War of 1812 (Gainesville, Fla., 1972). G. A. Steppler, “A duty troublesome beyond measure: logistical considerations in the Canadian War of 1812” (ma thesis, McGill Univ., Montreal, 1974). S. G. P. Ward, Wellington’s headquarters; a study of the administrative problems in the Peninsula, 1809–1814 ([London], 1957). | <urn:uuid:4b8c886b-f64d-4139-97b8-847b6a4bbea6> | {
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In December 2008 and January 2009, anti-Israel groups in the United States organized more than 200 demonstrations, rallies and other events in response to Israel's military action in Gaza to staunch the barrage of Hamas rockets hurled at Israeli towns and cities.
A coalition of groups that often unite in protest against Israel touted the protests as a response to Israel's "massacre of Palestinians." As in the past, demonstrators used these rallies to express extreme anti-Israel and anti-Zionist messages, to engage in anti-Semitic rhetoric and offensive Holocaust imagery likening Jews and Israelis to Nazis, as well as to express support for terror.
Many of the events were held outside Israeli embassies and consulates, U.S. federal buildings and elsewhere around the country.
The Anti-Defamation League, which monitors anti-Israel activity, reported on these events and issued the following report, replete with images. | <urn:uuid:d2df2dc3-e608-4db6-86e9-d3f4b6cc230a> | {
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Ucilia Wang, Contributor
I write about renewable energy, electric cars and water tech
Poor battery life and the need to recharge smart phones often remain a huge pain for consumers. Help could be on the way. Researchers at the Washington State University said Wednesday they have figured out how pack more energy into a lithium-ion battery and boost the rate of charging it.
The trick is to replace graphite with tin for the anode, which is one of the two main components in a battery cell, said Grant Norton, who headed the research and is a professor of mechanical and materials engineering at the university. Using tin can increase the energy storage capacity of a battery cell by nearly three times, he said.
When you charge a battery, lithium ions travel from the cathode to the anode, where the anode holds onto the lithium ions to store the energy. When you use a battery, the lithium ions then move from the anode to the cathode and let loose of electrons in the process.
Many companies are working on coming up with better materials for the cathode or the anode in order to increase the energy density of the battery cell. Some companies also are working on improving other parts of a battery cell to increase its lifespan or minimize overheating problems that could lead to fire hazards.
Battery cells, by the way, refer to products such as the conventional AA batteries inside a flash light. A battery pack or system, on the other hand, usually refers to a bunch of battery cells that have been encased and come with electronic devices to manage their charging and discharging and monitor their temperatures and performance. An electric car, for example, has a sophisticated battery system.
The research at Washington State focuses on the anode, which typically is made with graphite. Graphite is inexpensive and stable, and the process of using graphite to build the anode is well understood. Scientists have known that other materials can hold more lithium ions and increase the amount of energy that can be packed into a cell. But there are several key obstacles for using these alternative materials: figuring out the right nanostructures to best grab those lithium ions, trouble-shooting potential problems that could compromise a cell’s performance, and coming up with an inexpensive manufacturing process to build these materials into cells.
Silicon, for example, can hold a lot more lithium ions than graphite, but it’s quite unstable in that battery cell environment and can cut short a battery’s life. The promise of using silicon to significantly boost a battery cell’s energy density has attracted a lot of research and investment dollars, however.
Tin is better than graphite but not as good as silicon at holding onto the lithium ions. But using tin may prove a faster way to improve a battery cell’s performance. At least that was what Norton set out to prove. Sony, for example, uses a blend of tin and other materials for some of its lithium-ion batteries. After some experimenting, Norton settled on growing tin in the form of needles (about 50 nanometers in length) and adding textures to the material to create more surface area. A larger surface area means a greater ability to hold onto more lithium ions.
“It’s like when water gets absorbed into the cellular structure of a sponge. You want a lot of surface area to absorb a lot of water,” Norton said.
For an inexpensive manufacturing process, Norton has turned to electroplating, which has been around for more than a century for coating a variety of materials. The idea is to coat the tin material onto the copper component that conducts electricity. Right now, graphite has to be mixed with a binding material before being attached to this copper current collector. Putting tin directly onto the copper piece would reduce the manufacturing steps and costs, Norton said.
Of course, turning an idea from the lab to a commercial product is typically a long and expensive process. And companies often have to make many modifications along the way. Norton is hoping to catch the attention of battery makers or investors to give his idea a try. | <urn:uuid:457aa45a-5baf-4b47-b3bd-763b7ba98c3a> | {
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Although smartphone technology has advanced rapidly over the last few years with the advent of multicore mobile processors, high fidelity displays and a wider breadth of multimedia applications, power consumption remains a persistent issue. Many models require recharging before reaching a full day's worth of use, but with a new OLED display technology that can actually recharge itself as it is being used, the days of keeping a charger close at hand may be numbered.
Researcher Arman Ahnood has developed a method to capture light otherwise wasted by OLED displays and convert it into energy that can be used to recharge a device's central battery unit. According to Ahnood, only 36-percent of the light produced by OLED displays is projected outward, while the rest is pointed toward the sides and rear. He claims that a thin layer of film containing photovoltaic cells can be applied to displays to gather the wasted energy, as well as capture ambient light from both manmade sources and the sun.
As of right now, however, Ahnood's findings offer a small amount of supplemental energy, but with further research it could reach higher efficiency levels.
In short, this concept could eventually lead to smartphones that recharge during use, potentially resulting in a virtually limitless energy supply.
Read more at ExtremeTech. | <urn:uuid:15a90ff1-8cb1-4668-b683-12337c9fea08> | {
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Five a day for Exams
The exam period can be quite overwhelming and it's easy to let stress get the better of you but you can keep stress levels down by doing our '5-a-day for exams'.
It's a bit like a daily M.O.T. on your body and mind and it's a great way of staying healthy and improving your exam performance.
Choose one item from the five a day categories below everyday during the exam period:
1. Take control
Set small achievable revision goals
You can feel stressed by the amount of work you have to do and if you're not careful you can procrastinate as a way of coping. Breaking your work down into smaller tasks is a great way of getting started and setting smaller achievable goals will build your confidence. You can gradually build up if necessary.
Take control by:
- Breaking your work into smaller tasks such as writing so many words or working for so many minutes
- Creating a to do list
- Prioritising your goals
- Giving yourself a treat when you achieve a goal
2. Be Healthy
Prepare and cook one meal a day
Under Stress your body heats up and burns more energy so remember to eat well to refuel and drink more water to stay cool. Cooking and preparing a meal is a great way of relaxing and maintaining a healthy diet. Give your energy and concentration a mighty boost!
Be healthy by:
- Preparing and cooking a meal from scratch
- Eating breakfast
- Drinking water when revising (2 pints a day)
- Eating 5 pieces of fruit and veg
3. Stay active
Make time for exercise.
If you play a sport, have a hobby or work out then keep doing it. Your body needs a release from all that sittng around revising. Exercise is a great stress buster. It will help you to unwind, rest your mind and re-energise.
Stay active by:
- Walking rather than taking the bus
- Using the stairs rather than taking the lift
- Going for a lunch time stroll
- Taking a 20 minutes break and getting some fresh air
4. Keep Connected
Make some time to be with other people
Keep up with social activities because revising can be lonely and you can lose confidence if you spend too much time on your own.
Keep connected by:
- Arranging a coffee or a lunch break with a friend
- Sprending some time chatting with housemates
- Organise a group study session or study with a friend
- Calling family or friends
5. Wind down
Create a winding down routine 90 minutes before you go to bed
You will feel on maximim alert during your exams so you will need time to unwind.
Having a winding down routine will give your mind and your body time to calm down
and get ready for sleep. It's important to do things that help you switch off from study.
Wind down by:
- Turning off your computer a couple of hours before bed
- Cutting out caffeine drinks before bed
- Having a hot bath or shower
- Listening to music
- Reading a novel | <urn:uuid:b801c5fa-06ed-49c3-b1aa-8891660ab36e> | {
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Overview of the Australian healthcare system
19.4 The healthcare system in Australia is complex, involving many funders and healthcare providers. Responsibilities are split between different levels of government, and between the government and non-government sectors. As a generalisation, the Australian Government is primarily responsible for the funding of healthcare, through health insurance arrangements and direct payments to the States and Territories, while the States and Territories are primarily responsible for the direct provision of services.
19.5 The Australian Government operates universal benefits schemes—the MBS for private medical services and the PBS for pharmaceuticals. It also contributes to the funding of public hospitals in the States and Territories through the Australian Health Care Agreements. Public hospital services, including outpatient clinics such as those that are part of clinical genetics services, are usually delivered by state and territory governments. The private sector’s provision of healthcare includes private medical practitioners, private hospitals, pathology services and pharmacies.
19.6 The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare has estimated that total Australian health expenditure was $66.6 billion in 2001–2002. This represented 9.3% of gross domestic product. The healthcare system is largely government funded. In 2001–2002, governments funded an estimated 68.4% of the total amount spent on health services. The Australian Government met 46.1%, and state, territory and local governments met 22.3% of total funding.
19.7 Most of the Australian Government’s healthcare funding was applied to medical services, including those provided under the MBS (30.7% of federal funding), and public hospitals (27.3%). A further 16% of federal funding was directed to pharmaceuticals, including those provided under the PBS. Most state, territory and local government healthcare funding was applied to public hospitals (64.4% of state, territory and local government funding).
Funding decisions under the MBS and PBS
19.8 Decisions about Australian Government funding under the MBS and PBS are made by applying clinical and economic criteria to determine whether, and in what circumstances, the cost of new medical services or pharmaceuticals should be subsidised. These criteria apply, for example, if funding is sought under the MBS for medical genetic testing or under the PBS for drugs based on therapeutic proteins.
19.9 The Medical Services Advisory Committee (MSAC) provides advice to the federal Minister for Health and Ageing about the strength of evidence relating to the safety, effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of new and emerging medical services and technologies and under what circumstances public funding, including listing on the MBS, should be supported. Similarly, the Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee (PBAC) makes recommendations on the suitability of drug products for subsidy, after considering the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and clinical place of a product compared with other products already listed on the PBS, or with standard medical care.
19.10 Where items are recommended by PBAC for listing on the PBS, the Pharmaceutical Benefits Pricing Authority makes recommendations on the price to be paid by government. In doing so, the Pricing Authority takes account of a range of factors, including PBAC advice on clinical and cost-effectiveness; prices of alternative brands; comparative prices of drugs in the same therapeutic group; cost data information; prescription volume and economies of scale. The pricing methodology does not provide a mechanism for the recognition of patent rights by way of a price premium. Price determination under the PBS is based on price referencing using comparative price and cost-effectiveness data, and does not take into consideration the patent status of a drug.
The challenge of new medical technology
19.11 New medical technologies have the potential to strain the capacity of the healthcare system to afford them. There are concerns that new technology, in the context of fixed budgets set by governments, may distort the balance of resources devoted to various aspects of the healthcare system.
19.12 Most experts consider that new technology is a driving force behind the long-term rise of healthcare spending. However, costs attributable to patent rights are only one component of the costs that may be involved when new medical technologies are introduced. For example, while it is sometimes claimed that patents are the predominant cause of high prices for new pharmaceuticals, the price of pharmaceuticals depends on a wide variety of factors, including the cost of research and development, production, distribution and marketing.
19.13 The effect of technological developments on the practice of medicine is one of the most important problems facing health policy makers in Australia. It has been asserted that genetic technologies will come to affect every sector of healthcare provision. If so, health expenditure attributable to genetic technology may increase. Moreover, the extent of any increase in expenditure, or compensating savings through better diagnostics or therapeutics, in other areas is uncertain.
19.14 Whether new genetic diagnostics and therapeutics will be as costly to bring to the market as the products of today, or whether greater knowledge of genetic sequences will shorten development times and reduce their costs is a matter for debate. It is also uncertain whether patients will demand new genetic tests or new medicines that give only marginal health benefit.
See Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Australia’s Health 2002 (2002), 238–243.
See G Palmer and S Short, Health Care and Public Policy in Australia: An Australian Analysis (3rd ed, 2000), 10.
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Health Expenditure Australia 2001–02 (2003), 6.
Ibid, 8.
Ibid, 23.
Ibid, 27.
Ibid, 29.
See Medicare Services Advisory Committee, Funding for New Medical Technologies and Procedures: Application and Assessment Guidelines, Department of Health and Ageing, <www.health.gov.au/msac/pdfs/guidelines.pdf> at 16 June 2004; Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee, 1995 Guidelines for the Pharmaceutical Industry on Preparation of Submissions to the Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee: Including Major Submissions Involving Economic Analyses, Department of Health and Ageing, <www.health.gov.au/pbs/general/pubs/pharmpac/ gusubpac.htm> at 16 June 2004.
Pharmaceutical Benefits Pricing Authority, Procedures and Methods (2003).
Department of Industry Tourism and Resources, Submission P36, 13 October 2003.
Other factors include population growth, demographic changes, increasing fees and costs of delivering health care services, growth in the medical workforce and greater community expectations. See M Fett, Technology, Health and Health Care (2000) Department of Health and Ageing.
Biotechnology Australia, Consultation, Sydney, 22 May 2003.
Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care, Genetics, Testing & Gene Patenting: Charting New Territory in Healthcare: Report to the Provinces and Territories (2002), 61.
See Ibid, 61; R Zimmern and C Cook, Genetics and Health: Policy Issues for Genetic Science and their Implications for Health and Health Services (2000), 3–4.
While many genetic technologies offer the promise of longer term savings through better disease management, in the short to medium term they are likely to increase healthcare costs, eg, certain medical genetic tests may allow disease prevention to be practised, and consequently reduce health care costs, but the clinical benefits may not be observable for many years: Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care, Genetics, Testing & Gene Patenting: Charting New Territory in Healthcare: Report to the Provinces and Territories (2002), 61.
R Zimmern and C Cook, Genetics and Health: Policy Issues for Genetic Science and their Implications for Health and Health Services (2000), 4. | <urn:uuid:09c46928-70e9-43a8-b9bb-338d388e3207> | {
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Your eyepieces are the first accessories you should have and use with your telescope. Since they are interchangeable, a telescope can be used at a variety of powers.
Look through the eyepiece by placing your eye just behind it to take advantage of its eye relief, the spacing between the lens and your eye. This should be at least 15mm for the best comfort, maybe more if you wear eyeglasses. You’ll lose field of view if you place your eye farther away and may even move your eye out of the beam of light from the eyepiece. Getting too close will prevent you from blinking and also cause a black ring to appear around the field of view.
Now turn one of the two knobs to the side or below the drawtube, first one way then the other until the object is in focus.
Always start with the lowest power eyepiece (the one with the highest number in millimeters printed on it). It is much easier to focus and has a wider field of view making it easier to aim the telescope.
As power increases, the sharpness and detail seen will be diminished. The higher powers are mainly used for lunar, planetary, and binary star observations.
Most of your observing will be done with lower powers. With these lower powers, the images will be much brighter and crisper, providing more enjoyment and satisfaction with the wider fields of view.
A good way to increase magnification is to use a Barlow lens. A Barlow lens rated at 2x can be used with your existing eyepiece and it will double the magnification of any existing eyepiece. Since longer-focal-length eyepieces generally have longer eye relief, using a Barlow to increase magnification will allow more comfortable high-power viewing.
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Timing is Everything
A common mistake among writers is the location of information. When they put information into the narrative is just as important as what they include.
If you want to create a mystery or a question for the audience to ponder, then you want to place visual information — a location, an object or a person (seen but not heard) — in the narration before the audience finds out what or who that is.
If you are simply trying to provide the reader with the details of a scene, the information needs to be delivered in real time. This information isn’t necessary until it is absolutely needed. Unless you want to create the expectation in the reader that a specific location or item will be used later, there’s no need to make the reader aware of it until your characters are aware of it.
Usually, film is subjective. To varying degrees, we experience the story of a film through the eyes of our main character. If someone is going to stab someone with a letter opener they find on a desk, the reader doesn’t need to know that opener is there in advance unless the character already knows it’s there and is planning to use it. Otherwise, we should discover it with the character. It’s not until that character spots it and grabs it that it is relevant to the action.
The same applies to a location. Unless it is going to represent an idea or a character; unless it is designed to create a visual tone; or unless we’re going to return there over and over, there’s no need for the audience to be aware of it ahead of the characters who go there.
Narrative is not prose. Nevertheless, grammar matters. And spelling matters. Why? Because bad grammar and misspelled words distract the reader away from the ideas being conveyed. Instead of a reader focusing on your characters and the world of your screenplay, bad grammar and misspelled words yank them out of their imagination and onto the page in front of their face.
Avoid “White Noise”
These errors become the “white noise” that make the essential information hard to grasp. And when the reader has to work to understand what’s happening in your movie, they grow tired and, eventually, will give up trying to stay rooted in your story.
Complex sentences with subordinate clauses have the same effect. They compound information on top of information that can leave a reader confused when what you want is for your reader to grasp the information that you’ve present as quickly and easily as possible.
Flowery language does the same. So do repetitious words and phrases. They have a way of distracting our eye and causing us to focus on the literal words rather than on the events they are describing.
Hyperbolic description, an over-abundance of capitals, bold type, underlining, italics and exclamation points also run the risk of causing distraction in a reader. Tactical use of the aforementioned can help focus a reader’s attention on certain details. But if over-used, it has the opposite effect of numbing the reader to any and all specifics being presented.
You want your readers to experience your script with the ease of sitting in a theater and watching a film. You want them to feel like they are flying through the pages. The unveiling of your story should appear to flows effortlessly. Your reader should turn the page wanting to know what’s going to happen next.
Using “White Space”
A simple way to create the experience of an easy read is to allow sufficient “white space” in your description. The shorter your paragraphs, the more empty space exists on the page. This makes it easier on the eye to take in what is there, and it makes it faster and easier to get through a page and continue; thus creating the impression of “flying through the pages.”
Conversely, too much “white space” can be a problem. The way the narrative is presented on the page unconsciously informs the reader of how to interpret the information being presented.
In effect, each sentence that you write is like an edit. That period at the end of the sentence is the literary equivalent of the blink of an eye. It implies the end of an idea and the introduction of another — just like an edit in a film.
A scene in a movie can be made up of a single master or, literally, hundreds of quick cuts. How you write you narrative will have that same effect. Lots of short sentence, or even just images, punctuated with periods will create the impression of lots of quick cuts. Long, compound-complex sentences will create the impression of long, fluid shots.
Putting together sentences long and short into paragraphs will group the ideas into clusters. The “white space” between the paragraphs will be momentary rests for the reader that allow him or her to process what you’ve just told them.
If your paragraphs are too long and lacking “white space,” the information will be too dense; and the reader will not be able to absorb it all. When there are too many paragraph breaks and the paragraphs are too sparse, the reader will become impatient with the unveiling of information and become bored with your script.
Making it Work
Developing a sense of rhythm and flow that makes narrative information compelling comes with practice. One way to check your work is to read it aloud. Listen to how it flows off your tongue. Is it interesting? Is it easy to grasp? Does it convey an accurate description of what you are seeing in your head?
Another way to learn to improve your sense of timing is to look at scripts where the action is compelling. What do the pages look like? How long are the paragraphs? How much “white space” do they use? If there’s a scene in a script that is similar to something you are trying to convey, take a moment to literally type out that scene verbatim. Sometimes the act of typing another’s work will help you find the rhythm and flow you need for your own. | <urn:uuid:db3044e6-bb23-4f13-b3fe-05625b668184> | {
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1 right, set or put right, amend, redress, rectify, remedy, repair, fix; cure:
A good mechanic will be able to correct the faults in the engine.
2 scold, admonish, rebuke, reprimand, berate, chide, reprove; censure, blame:
You mustn't correct people for their bad manners.
3 punish, chastise, chasten, discipline, castigate:
The boys were corrected for swearing at the teacher.
4 reverse, offset, counteract, counterbalance, neutralize, nullify, make up for, annul, cancel; adjust, change, modify:
Adding this fertilizer should correct the acid content of the soil.
5 mark, grade:
The exam papers haven't yet been corrected.
6 proper, decorous, decent, appropriate, suitable, fit, right, meet, fitting, befitting, apt, de rigueur, comme il faut, Old-fashioned Brit tickety-boo:
I have found her behaviour correct at all times.
7 conventional, established, set, standard, normal, orthodox, approved, in order, de rigueur, comme il faut, usual, natural, customary, traditional, done, right, Old-fashioned Brit tickety-boo:
Sending flowers to the funeral parlour would be the correct thing to do.
8 accurate, right, precise, exact, factual, valid, true, proper, fitting, apt, suitable, appropriate; faultless, perfect, unimpeachable:
Joanna gave the correct answer.
be, prove, seem
His first idea proved correct.
absolutely, completely, entirely, perfectly, quite
What you say is perfectly correct, but it gives the wrong impression.
| not entirely, not strictly
He is not entirely correct in his assumptions.
| basically, broadly, essentially, fundamentally, largely, more or less, substantially
His estimate has turned out to be more or less correct.
| clearly, undoubtedly | demonstrably
None of the explanations offered is demonstrably correct?or demonstrably incorrect.
| ideologically, politically
(sometimes disapproving) (= avoiding language or behaviour that may offend some groups of people)He was an interesting speaker, if not always politically correct in his views.
| legally, technically | morally | anatomically, botanically, factually, grammatically
The flower drawings are all to scale and botanically correct.
The diagram is correct in every detail. I think I am correct in saying that this project is the first of its kind in this country.
Random quote: One must be fond of people and trust them if one is not to make a mess of life.: E. M. ForsterLatest queries: duplicate, canned, squeal, situated, hippo, intermingle, crowded, materialize, history, condemn, clown, hindrance, climax, vegetable, paramount, mislay, irony, well-founded, referring, correct, | <urn:uuid:e610905a-c069-42e2-a13a-013a2d6e187c> | {
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By Kenneth R. Walker
For The Courier
There were a number of acts and cases in this period which related to black civil rights. One of the most noted cases was Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kan. (1954). It held that public-school segregation on racial lines was unconstitutional "under the equal treatment clause" of the 14th Amendment. This decision overruled the "separate but equal" doctrine enunciated in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) by stating separate educational facilities were inherently unequal. There was great resistance to this school-integration decision throughout the nation. However, some integration was accomplished during this period even though "all deliberate speed" often appeared to be unduly deliberate.
In a series of rulings in the wake of the Brown decision, the federal courts also invalidated segregation in public facilities such as parks, housing, golf courses, beaches, bath houses and intrastate and interstate buses, railways and air terminals and airplanes. The African American Baptist minister, Martin L. King Jr., became prominent in 1955 when he organized the Montgomery (Alabama) Improvement Association to protest segregated seating on city buses. A black boycott of the buses continued for over a year before a court decision in 1956 finally struck down segregated seating in local transportation.
Increased civil rights in education, housing, transportation and recreation were followed by greater political rights for African Americans embodied in the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960. The need for these acts was pointed out by the fact that only one percent of Negroes of voting age were exercising their franchise in 1955.
The Civil Rights Act of 1957 established a bipartisan Civil Rights commission with power to subpoena witnesses and investigate denial of voting rights that were the result of color, race, religion or national origin. This act also provided for a new special assistant attorney general who could initiate proceedings in federal courts when the above voting rights were abridged. The 1960 act further expanded these powers by empowering federal courts to appoint referees to examine state voting-qualification laws that discriminated against petitioners seeking to register to vote or to vote. Again, the enforcement pace was slow and cumbersome, but it did set in motion more fair and equal treatment of persons attempting to exercise their franchise.
In the 1960s and '70s, the black-rights movement continued at a slow, meandering pace in its quest to move African Americans from status to contract. The movement made some gain in Griggs et al. v. Duke Power Company (1971). In this case, African Americans wanted to move from unskilled labor to skilled coal miner positions. To make this advancement, they were required to have either a high school diploma or to pass an intelligence test. The court held for African Americans in this instance on the premise the test had to be job- related, and this intelligence test was not.
Also in 1971 in the Charlotte-Mecklerburg case, African Americans were successful in maintaining the movement toward integrated schools. The court continued to hold that busing was a proper means of desegregating schools.
That busing for integration was less significant than commonly believed was indicated by statistics in 1972. Whereas busing for integration had increased only three percent since 1954, busing of school children for other purposes (primarily school consolidation) had increased 45 percent during the same period.
That the momentum for racial affirmative action might be starting to wane was at least implied in regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978). This California medical school set aside a quota of 16 spaces for minorities. The test scores of Bakke, who was white, were higher than a number of the minority students who were admitted. Bakke won admission to the school because the court determined in this instance the set quotas were discriminatory against whites. However, the court did hold that race could still be considered as a factor in selecting students for admission. | <urn:uuid:b05bdc38-457d-4474-b3c9-1442177efa67> | {
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Clear communication is critical! People who have disabilities that impact their vision, hearing, and speech frequently use different ways to communicate. For example, people who are blind may converse audibly rather than in writing and people who are deaf may converse through writing or sign language rather than through speech. We all must clearly understand each other to effectively communicate! What are your rights regarding effective communication? Ask an expert to find out!
Watch and learn! Share this information with friends, family, colleagues, everyone!
We plan to cover a wide variety of topics about legal rights of people with disabilities. Let us know how you like it, and what questions you would like to “ask the expert.”
- Click here for more information about your Voting Rights.
- Click here for information about Advance Directives.
- Click here for information about Employment Rights.
- Click here for information about Vocational Rehabilitation Rights and Services.
- Click here for information about Transition Services.
- Click here for information about Social Security Benefits. | <urn:uuid:eb5a553f-dca6-48c5-ac80-e930a21c4184> | {
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From the architect. Architecture
The PALÄON pushes itself out of the slightly hilly topography and cuts into the forested meadows.The volume of the three-story building and the paths emanating from it form lines of sight that divide the landscape into vectors. A second winding path system forms synapses that connect to the surroundings. The building is a camouflage – a hyperrealistic abstraction of the landscape.
The metallic skin of the PALÄON mirrors the meadows and forests that surround it as well as the movements of the clouds in the sky passing by. Through its archaic form, the research and experience center becomes one with its surroundings. Sharp, large- formatted cuts into the building façade offer wide-reaching and fascinating views to the place where the spears were discovered, the pit of the brown coal mine, the nearby forest, and the Przewalski horses grazing in the meadows. The expressive openings cut into the building like spears in the skin of the horses and reflect this dynamic in the form language. The abstract cuts into the building also formally react to the neighboring traces of opencut mining. The resulting expressive architecture mediates between manmade and natural landscape and forms an emblem for the place.
The experience exhibition, with its presentation of the original site from Schöningen lies at the heart of the project. Memorable images speak to the visitor’s senses and emotions. New findings on our ancestors, the homo erectus, his daily life and the flora and fauna that existed around 300,000 years ago are presented as well as connections to current themes such as climate change and sustainability.
The circuit through the exhibition begins in the three-story foyer in the middle of the building, which connects all of the views to the outside. The tall space creates view axes to the research and exhibition areas in the first and second floors as well as vistas to the brown coal mine. Here is where all paths leading to the programmatic areas, such as exhibition, educational areas, administration, restaurant or shop, begin and end. The foyer then leads one back to prehistoric times through the lacquered cross-section of the geological and archaeological layers of the excavation.
Central to the exhibition design is the sculptural white exhibition structure, whose form vaguely resemble those of horse bones. Through enlargement and abstraction, a row of theme cabinets form a spatially activating element with views alternating with large-format artwork. Highlight to the exhibition circuit is the spears` cabinet that presents the world-wide uniques wooden spears from the stone age. Finally the panoramic cinema makes 300,000 years emotionally experiential.
Upon leaving the main exhibition space and crossing the foyer one last time high above the entrance, current archaeological excavation and research work in Schöningen can be experienced in the research area. In the laboratory, visitors solve a tricky case with modern archaeological methods.The professional laboratory and workspaces of the archaeologists on-site are strung along the exhibition circuit and can be examined by the visitors. The ‘Adventure Research’ that takes place here daily is made comprehensible for laymen, children and experts and allowed to be experienced close-up – in the PALÄON itself and the exhibition site outdoors.
For the design of the outdoor spaces of the new research and experience center, two complementary form languages were introduced into the landscape.They differ functionally and formally in the newly created park landscape echoing an inter-glacial cycle of primeval times and in the access and gathering areas, which are strongly influenced architectonically through the building. To the east, dense woods will soon cover half of the area of the site. To the west and surrounding the PALÄON stretch dappled forests, as well as meadows and a lake, which also accommodate the fenced- in area for the Przewalski horses. A curving network of paths leads the visitor to special viewpoints, attractions, and makes necessary connections. For example, the design of the playground was inspired from extinct primeval animals. And from a slightly raised point at one area of the lake, the visitor is given an ideal view of where the wild horses reside. | <urn:uuid:82fcd042-8f81-4bff-a150-3373489167f0> | {
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Title I - Department of Homeland Security
Sec. 101. Executive Department; Mission
(a) Establishment. - "There is established a Department of Homeland Security, as an executive department of the United States within the meaning of title 5, United States Code.
(1) In General. - The primary mission of the Department is to
(A) prevent terrorist attacks within the United States;
(B) reduce the vulnerability of the United States to terrorism; and
(C) minimize the damage, and assist in the recovery, from terrorist attacks that do occur within the United States."
From the Homeland Security Act of 2002
Read the entire text of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (PDF, 187 pages - 526 KB). | <urn:uuid:bd8d92d8-c267-41b8-97c8-21e23d49e3ae> | {
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Visible Light Communication (VLC) has emerged as an alternative to WiFi and Bluetooth, but the long-standing assumption that it requires visible light beams to work has prevented its adoption.
However, researchers from Dartmouth College in the U.S. say they have found a solution to the problem by encoding VLC wireless data into ultra-short high-frequency pulses that photodiodes can detect in the dark. For end users/consumers, this means that visible light can be reused in many scenarios that were never considered possible until now.
The researchers also noted how Darklight serves as an inexpensive wireless communications alternative by using existing LED lights in smart phones and other devices for the Internet of Things (IoT) applications.
Darklight communication works even when LEDs emit extremely low luminance, by encoding data into ultra-short, imperceptible light pulses with off-the-shelf and low-cost LEDs and photodiodes, the researchers said. | <urn:uuid:ea1160f1-de37-44bc-8261-a52235572da7> | {
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Sustainable Development Goal 6 goes beyond drinking water, sanitation and hygiene to also address the quality and sustainability of water resources, critical to the survival of people and the planet. Just over a quarter of people in low-income countries have access to an improved sanitation facility, compared with just over half in lower middle-income countries. Delivery of water supply and sanitation is not just a challenge of service provision; it is intrinsically linked with climate change, water resources management, water scarcity, and water quality.
A growing number of countries are confronting water stress, which now affects more than 2 billion people worldwide
Holistic management of the water cycle means taking into account the level of “water stress”, calculated as the ratio of total fresh water withdrawn by all major sectors to the total renewable freshwater resources in a particular country or region. Currently, water stress affects more than 2 billion people around the globe, a figure that is projected to rise. Water stress affects countries on every continent, which hinders the sustainability of natural resources, as well as economic and social development. While many regions are below the 25 per cent threshold that marks the beginning stages of physical water stress, huge differences are found within and among countries. In 2011, 41 countries experienced water stress, an increase from 36 countries in 1998. Of these, 10 countries—on the Arabian Peninsula and in Central Asia and Northern Africa—withdrew more than 100 per cent of their renewable freshwater resources.
Easing access to drinking water
In 2015, 91 percent of the world’s population had access to an improved water source, exceeding the Millennium Development Goal target of 88 percent. However, more than 660 million people still lack access to clean water, the majority of them in rural areas, predominantly in Sub- Saharan Africa (figure 6a). Even for those who have access to water, service is often inadequate or unsustainable, and water from an improved source can still be unsafe to drink.
Improving access to sanitation facilities
Only 68 percent of the world’s population has access to improved sanitation facilities, falling short of the Millennium Development Goal target of 77 percent (figure 6b). Sustainable Development Goal 6 aims to ensure adequate sanitation for all and to end open defecation (target 6.2), which contaminates water and spreads diseases such as cholera, diarrhea, and dysentery. Around 842,000 people a year die from diarrhea as a result of unsafe drinking water, sanitation, or hygiene.3 Seven out of ten people who lack access to safe and hygienic toilet facilities live in rural areas, mostly in Sub- Saharan Africa and South Asia. | <urn:uuid:f8f1405f-d9d2-411b-896c-f5185f72b659> | {
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Mathematical analysis, which mathematicians refer to simply as analysis, has its beginnings in the rigorous formulation of infinitesimal calculus. It is a branch of pure mathematics that includes the theories of differentiation, integration and measure, limits, infinite series, and analytic functions. These theories are often studied in the context of real numbers, complex numbers, and real and complex functions. However, they can also be defined and studied in any space of mathematical objects that has a definition of nearness (a topological space) or, more specifically, distance (a metric space).
Multiplying Complex Numbers
Understanding i and the complex plane
Introduction to complex numbers. Adding, subtracting and multiplying complex numbers.
Adding Complex Numbers
Subtracting Complex Numbers
Dividing Complex Numbers
3 basic differential equations that can be solved by taking the antiderivatives of both sides.
Differential equations with only first derivatives.
Dividing complex numbers. Complex conjugates.
The references ... are to the tenth edition of the Differential calculus.--Pref
Differential calculus -- Problems, exercises, etc
Description: This note contains problems and their solutions related to Second-Order Linear Differential Equations
Description: This book covers the following topics: Introduction to odes, First-order odes, Second-order odes, constant coefficients, The Laplace transform, Series solutions, Systems of equations, Nonlinear differential equations, Partial differential equations
Description: The aim of this book is to give a self contained introduction to the field of ordinary differential equations with emphasis on the dynamical systems point of view while still keeping an eye on classical tools as pointed out before. Covered topics are: Newton�s equations, Classification of differential equations, First order autonomous equations, Qualitative analysis of first order equations, Initial value problems, Linear equations, Differential equations in...
Description: Although mathematics majors are usually conversant with number theory by the time they have completed a course in abstract algebra, other undergraduates, especially those in education and the liberal arts, often need a more basic introduction to the topic. In this book the author solves the problem of maintaining the interest of students at both levels by offering a combinatorial approach to elementary number theory. In studying number theory from such a per...
2010 IIT JEE Paper 1 Problem 39 Complex Numbers (part 1)
Introduction to separable differential equations.
2010 IIT JEE Paper 1 Problem 39 Complex Numbers (part 3)
2010 IIT JEE Paper 1 Problem 39 Complex Numbers (part 2) | <urn:uuid:fa8ac00a-8688-4fd1-b34c-11baca80b637> | {
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Earth Observing System (EOS), AQUA
Project Description"Aqua", Latin for "water," is a NASA Earth Science satellite mission
named for the large amount of information that the mission will be
collecting about the Earth's water cycle, including evaporation from
the oceans, water vapor in the atmosphere, clouds, precipitation, soil
moisture, sea ice, land ice, and snow cover on the land and
ice. Additional variables also being measured by Aqua include
radiative energy fluxes, aerosols, vegetation cover on the land,
phytoplankton and dissolved organic matter in the oceans, and air,
land, and water temperatures.
Aqua is one of a series of spacebased platforms that are central to
NASA's Earth Science Enterprise (ESE), a long term study of the scope,
dynamics and implications of global change. The Aqua program is
composed of Aqua and other spacecraft (including Terra and Aura) and a
data distribution system (ESDIS, and Mission Operations Center
Implementation Team). Multidisciplinary teams of scientists and
researchers from North and South America, Asia, Australia and Europe
will put the data to work.
The Aqua mission is a part of the NASA-centered international Earth
Observing System (EOS). Aqua was formerly named EOS PM, signifying its
afternoon equatorial crossing time. Aqua was launched May 4, 2002.
For more information on the Aqua mission, see:
For more information on the Earth Observing System (EOS), see: | <urn:uuid:dc834517-0731-4f2f-a037-63cd880e573c> | {
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1870s-1880s Metal Velocipede Tricycle
21.5″ Front Wheel
19″ Rear Wheels
Every tricycle with pedals in the front wheel is known as a ‘velocipede tricycle.’ The style continued into the 1960s. But this is the first example I’ve come across that actually resembles one of the first Michaud velocipedes of the late 1860s. (Compare it with the velocipede bicycle further down the page). The ornate hinged backbone with flowing curves and a curly ‘moustache’ on the front is the most elegant design I’ve seen. I found it in France, and in my opinion it is French rather than an American import.
It’s likely that it was made by a company that built, or had previously supplied, adult bicycles. The original French velocipede manufacturers closed down as a result of the Franco-Prussian War (1871), and it took some time before the French cycle industry recovered. The remains of the original paint suggest that this was a well-finished riding toy. A tricycle of this design would have been expensive to manufacture – not far short of an adult bicycle. So it’s possible that it was sold by one of the leading Paris department stores.
Its age is hard to determine: its design and components are contemporary with mid-1870s manufacture – American companies started to make wooden children’s tricycles from 1875 onwards, peaking around 1880. After mass-produced castings and parts became more easily available in the USA (by 1880), the lower manufacturing costs meant that distribution – including export – increased and an expensively produced local model such as this may have been priced out of the market. Its design – reminiscent of the 1860s adult velocipede – would have been antiquated by the 1880s. However, children did not buy tricycles, and adults no doubt liked to be reminded of older styles when choosing a new tricycle for their child.
Logically, I think that late 1870s or early 1880s is most likely, simply because that was the peak manufacturing time for the first children’s tricycles. If I manage to find any catalogue pictures of a similar tricycle, I’ll update this page.
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The Biological Disposition of Drugs and Inorganic Toxins
This chapter is a discussion of how some foreign substances get into the body, how they become distributed, what their effects are and how they are eliminated from the body. Lead is the exemplar in the biological discussion, but the biological concepts can be applied to many other substances. The mathematical discussion focuses on lead poisoning and on pharmaceuticals.
KeywordsPeriodic Solution Digestive Tract Liquid Fraction Chest Cavity Lead Poisoning
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References and Suggested Further Reading
- 1.Lead poisoning: Ulrich Ewers and Hans-Werner Schlipkoter, “Lead,” pp. 971– 1014, in Metals and Their Compounds in the Environment, ed. Ernest Merian, VCH Publishers, Inc. New York, 1991.Google Scholar
- 2.Lead poisoning: The Chemical Environment, pp. 28–92, eds. John Lerihan and William W. Fletcher, Academic Press, 1977.Google Scholar
- 4.Lead poisoning: Henry A. Schroeder and Isabel H. Tipton, Arch. Environ. Healt 17, 956, 1968.Google Scholar
- 5.Embryology: Leland Johnson, Biology, William C. Brown, Publishers, Dubuque, Iowa, Second edition, 1987.Google Scholar
- 6.Biological organ systems: William S. Beck, Karel F. Liem and George Gaylord Simpson, Life — An Introduction To Biology, 3rd ed., Harper-Collins Publishers, New York, 1991.Google Scholar
- 7.Biological organ systems: Eldra Pearl Solomon, Linda R. Berg, Diana W. Martin and Claude Villee, BioloRy, 3rd ed., Saunders Colle2e Publishino. Fort Worth, 1991Google Scholar
- 8.Diffusion distances in cells: David Dusenbery, Sensory Ecology, Chapter 4, W. H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco, 1992.Google Scholar
- 9.Resistance to fluid flow: Steven Vogel, Life in Moving Fluids: The Physical Biology of Flow, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, pp. 165–169, 1989.Google Scholar
- 10.Exponential of a matrix: “Nineteen dubious ways to compute the exponential of a matrix,” Moler and Van Loan, SIAM Review 20, no. 4, 1978.Google Scholar
- 13.Pharmacokinetics: Edward Spitznagel, Two-Compartment Pharmacokinetic Mod els C-ODE-E, Fall, 1992 (published by Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, CA).Google Scholar | <urn:uuid:132430eb-1f1a-47c4-9894-e45bc7dcc44e> | {
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Definitions for facilitationfəˌsɪl ɪˈteɪ ʃən
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word facilitation
the condition of being made easy (or easier)
"social facilitation is an adaptive condition"
(neurophysiology) phenomenon that occurs when two or more neural impulses that alone are not enough to trigger a response in a neuron combine to trigger an action potential
act of assisting or making easier the progress or improvement of something
The act of facilitating or making easy.
the act of facilitating or making easy
Facilitation in business, organizational development, and in consensus decision-making refers to the process of designing and running a successful meeting. Facilitation concerns itself with all the tasks needed to run a productive and impartial meeting. Facilitation serves the needs of any group who are meeting with a common purpose, whether it be making a decision, solving a problem, or simply exchanging ideas and information. It does not lead the group, nor does it try to distract or to entertain. A slightly different interpretation focuses more specifically on a group that is engaged in experiential learning. In particular this is associated with active learning and concepts of tutelary authority. This is covered in-depth in the research work of John Heron at the University of Surrey and the International Centre for Co-operative Inquiry.
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Tips for Eating More Fruit
The USDA offers these tips on adding more fruit to your diet:
Choose fresh fruits, fruit juices and frozen, canned or dried fruit. Don't buy fruit canned or frozen in heavy syrups and sweetened fruit juices.
Eat whole fruits rather than fruit juices because whole fruit has more fiber and is more filling with fewer calories.
Citrus fruits, melons and berries are a good source of vitamin C.
If you want to drink fruit juice, buy only products marked as 100 percent fruit juice. Most fruit drinks and fruit cocktails contain only a little juice and lots of sugar. | <urn:uuid:e0a94fe6-47d2-4f1c-8b3a-6cf28af22321> | {
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Policy Statement on A Level and GCSE Reform.
A levels and AS levels
Our minimum General Entry Requirement is that all A-level students should hold at least five GCE/GCSE passes, including two at GCE A-level.
We normally require candidates to have passes in at least three A-levels or their equivalent, and we may require specific subjects for certain courses. We recognise that since 2015 English students may be studying a mixture of old and reformed AS and A-levels, but we are not distinguishing our offers between modular or linear.
We will not disadvantage a student who does not carry a fourth AS-level. At results time, if a student fails to meet the entry requirements, we will pay particular attention to any additional qualifications, the type of A-level undertake, and qualification policy of the School, the GCSE performance, predictions, references and personal statement.
Revised Science A levels
Where a Science A Level subject has a practical element, we will require a pass. If you are given a conditional offer, we should state this requirement. If you do not pass the practical element, we will reassess your application, taking into account your results, personal statement and reference.
GCSE reform in England
UEA is reviewing our GCSE policy on an annual basis as more subjects in England are moved to the revised programme, with the numeric grading system. We anticipate that we may see a small number of students presenting with the reformed GCSEs in 2017. We also recognise that many students will be wanting to use their GCSE results as a guide for A Level choices. At UEA we require students to achieve a Grade C or Grade 4 in GCSE English, and GCSE Mathematics for matriculation purposes. However, some of our courses require a higher grade at GCSE.
If a student is required to achieve a Grade B at GCSE we will be asking for a Grade 5.
If a student is required to achieve a Grade A at GCSE We will be asking for a Grade 7.
Where we have a subject specific requirement for a GCSE we will show the subject and grade required on the Course requirements page.
Extended Project Qualification (EPQ)
UEA recognises the importance of this qualification and the value it places on independent research. As well as giving you the opportunity of applying for our 'Bright Spark' Scholarship in 2017 we will give you an alternative offer, including the EPQ, alongside the standard offer. Applicants who present with the EPQ can achieve one grade lower on the A Levels if an A Grade is achieved in the EPQ. Details of the exact offer will be transmitted to you via UCAS.
BTEC's and CTEC's
Students must normally hold at merit overall to be considered and each course will specify the requirements. If an Extended Diploma is studied the BTEC or CTEC must be in a relevant subject. We accept combinations of A Levels and a BTEC or CTEC.
Scottish Highers and Advanced Highers
The University welcomes applications from Scottish students, and applicants qualify for entry to courses at the University either with suitable Highers, or Advanced Highers, or with a combination of the two. In assessing combinations for entry, admissions staff will look for breadth of study across 4 or 5 subjects, but may require specific grades in certain subjects.
The University welcomes applications from students holding the International Baccalaureate diploma.
Students should offer at least 28 points overall and we may in some instances require you to have a specific number of points in subjects taken at Higher level.
Details of specific International Baccalaureate scores are listed in the undergraduate prospectus.
The University welcomes applications from students holding the European Baccalaureate diploma.
Students should offer at least 7 points (70%) overall and we may in some instances require you to have a specific number of points in certain subjects.
Details of specific European Baccalaureate scores can be obtained from individual schools of study. | <urn:uuid:d38980ca-653c-44fa-bbc6-e8c3098c5c6e> | {
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Chapter 10: Alien invaders
The introduction of non-native (alien) species to an area can result in a loss of biodiversity. This statement seems to contradict itself, but it is true. The reason is simply that when alien species invade an area they can drive native species to extinction. Multiple invasions of alien species thus often increase local biodiversity but decrease global biodiversity. Everywhere humans settle they bring along familiar animals and plants. As a result, a few hardy species are enjoying world-wide distributions while endemic native species—those that occur nowhere else—disappear. Species that are part of this elite, increasingly world-wide fauna include the Norway and black rats, house mouse, muskrat, feral goat, house sparrow, starling, common carp, brown trout, mosquitofish, Japanese clam (Corbicula), Argentine ant, and cabbage butterfly. In fact, invasion of alien species ranks right up there with habitat change as a major cause of loss of biodiversity. Usually the two factors work together: altered habitats favor alien invaders. This chapter deals with alien species and explains why they are introduced, why they are successful, and how they affect native species.
An alien species is one that invades as the result of human activities an area where it was historically absent and therefore where it did not evolve (unlike native species). Most often, humans help these species cross barriers such as mountains and oceans that had previously inhibited the species' movement. For instance, the many plants and animals that humans brought from Europe to North America crossed a major barrier, the Atlantic Ocean.
The number of species being introduced worldwide is growing rapidly because of the development of fast modern transportation systems that move humans and other organisms over great distances. Tropical fish collected in the wilds of South America can be sold in a U.S. pet store three days later. Invertebrates sucked into the ballast water of ships can be dumped into a different ocean after a ride of two weeks. An insect pest in a piece of fruit can be carried thousands of miles in a single airline flight.
Often alien species are unsuccessful in establishing populations because the habitat is not suitable or because organisms already present prevent them from doing so. All too often, however, they are able to establish populations. In many cases these introduced species become pests because they alter habitats and/or become harmful competitors or predators on native species. They may also bring with them diseases and parasites that threaten humans and other species. In many cases, the combination of habitats alteration by humans and invasion of alien species have put entire native floras and faunas in danger of extinction.
WHY ARE SPECIES INTRODUCED?
As humans have spread, so have many other species, taking advantage of the 'new' environments created for them by the ultimate invaders, us. The reasons for introductions of aliens are as diverse as the plants and animals themselves.
During the European settlement of the New World, there were many plants and animals brought over because the colonists were unfamiliar with New World species and thought the familiar species were superior to the unfamiliar ones. This rather arrogant attitude has been called Cultural Imperialism by Crosby (1986) and went hand in hand with the conviction that Europeans were superior to native peoples as well. As discussed in Chapters 1 and 2, many European settlers feared the wildness of the Americas and introducing species familiar to them was a means of reducing their uneasy feelings. Even today, many of our most familiar animals and plants are European in origin, including the grasses along the roadsides and the house mice in our homes and gardens. The four species discussed in the case studies to follow, the European starling, house sparrow, common carp, and brown trout, were all brought intentionally from Europe as creatures superior to their local equivalents.
We humans like to eat tried and true organisms and so introduce them to be handy for harvest. Common carp are a good example of this. Carp are prized as food in much of the world and they were initially introduced as food by immigrants from Germany. They are now one of the most widespread fish in North America. Bullfrogs, introduced as a food source in the western United States, have become a dominant member of many aquatic systems, displacing native frogs.
During settlement of the North American continent, animals such as muskrats, nutrias, beavers, and arctic foxes were introduced to support the fur trade. Even though there were positive economic aspects of these introductions, there were many negative ecological aspects. Introduced beavers along the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada have become pests because they gnaw away at cottonwood trees that line the stream, seriously weakening them. These trees are important in providing habitat for other animals utilizing the river's edge.
This has been most commonly done with fish, mammals, and birds that are introduced as game species. In many cases, these introductions are beneficial to people because they provide opportunities for fishing and hunting. However, these species may end up doing harm because they threaten the existence of desirable native species. Thus red fox were introduced into California for fox hunting and now are a major predator on ground-nesting birds (including endangered species such as clapper rails); they also may displace the smaller and shyer native gray fox. Recent studies on the Cosumnes River in central California have shown that the alien redeye bass, introduced as a game fish for small streams, has now almost completely displaced the native fish fauna in the river system. Because the bass is so small (a 25 cm fish would be a whopper), few people fish for it.
When an alien species becomes so abundant that it creates problems, other organisms may be introduced to control it. Unfortunately, control species often become pests as well even if they are effective in their "job." An example of this is the grass carp that has been introduced into many parts of the world to consume unwanted aquatic vegetation. The grass carp has been more successful than expected and in some instances has removed large amounts of vegetation that provided habitat for native fishes and food for waterfowl. Under some conditions, biotic control may be a useful management technique for controlling a pest species. For example, mosquitofish are widely planted in California rice fields and urban areas to control mosquitoes and gnats. In these situations, they are an effective and inexpensive alternative to pesticides. In less disturbed systems, however, they can do damage to native fish, amphibians, and invertebrate populations. In general, the effect of introducing vertebrates is highly unpredictable and dangerous to ecosystems, so using them for biological control is risky.
The release of pets, better called misdirected kindness, is a surprisingly common method of introduction. Hundreds of alien species are brought to North America to occupy aquaria, cages, and backyards and many escape or are released by owners tired of taking care of them. In the majority of cases, these pets die of stress, starvation or being eaten by predators soon after their release, and do not become a problem. However, there are numerous cases where the release of pets has resulted in the establishment of harmful populations. This is especially the case with exotic fish that have been released in large numbers by hobbyists or have escaped from fish farms. Because these fish are tropical, they are only able to inhabit warm waters in North America; hence, introduced tropical fish are found in waters of Florida, Southern California, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. In many cases, these species have become pests and now are virtually impossible to eradicate. The combination of predation and competition from these species and habitat alteration has put many native species in these areas on the endangered list. Alien birds have also found their way into areas of North America and Hawaii by means of unwise hobbyists. The intentional release of colorful tropical birds such as parrots and parakeets has been quite common in Florida, Southern California, and Hawaii where they are destructive to agricultural plants, especially fruit trees. Another widespread problem is that of house cats which are abandoned by careless owners. Those that survive the first few weeks of release often move into natural areas where they drastically decrease the populations of nesting and migratory birds, as well as lizards and other creatures. It is likely, for example, that California quail are largely absent from Davis because of predation on nesting birds and young by cats. The absence of fence lizards probably has a similar cause.
Release of organisms into wild areas can change the ecosystems if they become established. This has been a reason for deliberate introductions by management agencies who wish to increase the numbers of desirable species. Thus organisms are brought in to enhance the forage base of a desirable species such as game animals. An example of this occurred in Flathead Lake, Montana, where the introduction of a small shrimp as a food organism led to the collapse of the runs of kokanee salmon up local streams. Kokanee were a major source of food for bald eagles, and when this food supply disappeared, the eagles started foraging more on road-killed animals—and often became victims of vehicles themselves. Like biological control, ecosystem manipulation is a risky venture because of the unpredictability in how organisms will respond to changes in their environment.
By product introductions
An increasingly common introduction is the result of a by-product of human activity, especially commerce. Such by-product introductions are often considered to be "accidental." However, because we now know they are occurring (just not precisely when and what) and can be prevented, they must be considered to be deliberate and preventable. Two common kinds of by-product introductions are range expanders and hitch-hikers. Range expanders are animals that move "naturally" through habitats created by humans, invading new areas. These include species that are commensal with humans. Examples of such organisms are raccoons (native to North America but only in limited areas) and opossums that are able to eat almost any type of food and therefore thrive in urban and suburban areas. Range expanding fish and clams are those that can enter aqueducts and be transported to new places. Thus much of the fish fauna of northern California has been introduced into southern California through the California aqueduct.
Hitch-hiking is an increasingly common source of alien species. Many of our major pests, from Mediterranean fruit flies to star thistle to black rats were carried to North America hiding in ships and airplanes. At the present time, thousands of species of small fish and invertebrates are being introduced all over the world through ballast water of ships. Ballast water is pumped into an empty or loaded ship to alter its trim and stability. Modern cargo ships often carry millions of gallons back and forth across the ocean. Planktonic plants and animals, including the larvae of fish and mollusks, are pumped in with the water and dispersed as the water is released, often thousands of miles away. Clams, fish, and zooplankton brought in with ballast water are now causing major problems in the Great Lakes and in San Francisco Bay. In the Great Lakes, the tiny zebra mussel has become so abundant that it is clogging water intakes to towns and power plants, shutting some down completely. Keeping the clams under control is now a major expense. The zebra mussel also competes with native clams, helping to push them to endangered status.
Some of the most devastating introduced species are those domestic animals that have become feral. These animals were once domesticated before becoming wild and free-roaming. Examples include goats, pigs, cats, dogs, horses, and burros. Even though they are often introduced as they escape captivity, they are also deliberately released and are often able to exist in a wide variety of habitats and climates. In Northern California and Hawaii, feral pigs have become an extremely destructive force; they are often observed rummaging through soils uprooting native vegetation, an activity which often allows the colonization of introduced plants and the erosion of hillsides.
ATTRIBUTES OF INTRODUCED SPECIES
What are the attributes of introduced species that allow them to invade successfully and maintain their populations? To successfully live in an area, an invader must be able to tolerate the range of physical conditions (such as temperature and moisture) in the area. For example, an alligator could not invade the Arctic and a polar bear could not invade Florida because of inappropriate temperatures and other conditions for their survival. Therefore, an attribute of many introduced species is their ability to withstand a wide range of physical conditions or at least the conditions present at their point of introduction. The ability to subsist on a wide variety of foods is another important attribute of many introduced species. This ability allows the introduced organisms to find sustenance in areas that have different types and arrangements of food than found in their native ranges. Successful introduced species often have high dispersal rates, meaning they can reproduce and spread their offspring rapidly. The ability to compete well with similar species is another important attribute. However, the most important attribute of any alien invader is to be able to live in close association with humans (see next section). If a species can survive in urban, agricultural, or other areas impacted by humans, it has a good chance of being successful. Once established in altered areas, an alien invader can frequently move into more natural areas. Among the commonest mammals in the Putah Creek Riparian Reserve on the UC Davis campus, for example, are black rats, house mice, feral cats, and red fox. Given the increase in extent and speed of global trade and transportation and given the presence of humans in every habitat on the globe, really only two rules apply to introduced species:
1. Any species can be successfully introduced.
2. Any ecosystem can be invaded by alien species.
WHAT AREAS ARE MOST VULNERABLE TO INTRODUCTIONS?
Ecological systems are so complex that it is extremely difficult to predict just where particular introduced species are likely to succeed. Charles Elton's (1958) landmark review of plant and animal invasions concluded that invaders are more likely to establish themselves in areas that have been altered by humans and in areas with relatively simple communities, such as on islands. It is now well established that human-disturbed habitats are more readily invaded than undisturbed areas. Disturbed habitats are more easily invaded because the disturbance has already reduced or disrupted the native populations. For example, introduced fishes in California can readily establish themselves in new reservoirs that fill after dams are built, but they often have a hard time invading the streams above the reservoirs. The streams are still dominated by native fishes that are unable to survive in the reservoir. Such streams are said to have high environmental resistance to invasion.
If disturbed habitats are easiest to invade, isolated habitats, such as islands and desert springs, often suffer the most damage from invaders. Such areas often have simple communities because few species have been able to find their way to them or can survive in such limited areas. The simple communities are easily invaded because the species in these areas have evolved in the absence of other species and may not have the necessary adaptations to combat competition or predation from unfamiliar species. Elton refers to this as a low degree of biotic resistance of an ecological community to invasion. In desert springs where there are no native fish predators, native pupfishes have bold and aggressive courtship displays. As a consequence they are easily caught and devoured when predatory largemouth bass are introduced into the springs. In the examples that follow, the major themes that have been presented so far will be illustrated in detail.
STARLINGS AND HOUSE SPARROWS IN NORTH AMERICA
Both the European starling and house sparrow were purposefully introduced to North America from Europe in the late 1800s. Originating from very small populations, they have both expanded over most of North America. The reasons for the success of these species are not completely known, but one thing is clear—the success of these species has come at a cost to native birds.
Starlings are pests in many senses of the word—their populations have expanded dramatically, they have harmed native birds, and they have eaten millions of dollars worth of crops. In 1890 the release of sixty starlings into Central Park in New York City marked the start of what was to become their amazing spread throughout the continent. The introduction was by a society that wished to establish in the New World all of the birds that were mentioned in the works of William Shakespeare and the starling is mentioned in Henry IV. From the original sixty birds, the population has grown to about 200,000,000, making it one of the most common bird species in North America. In California, the first starling was officially reported in 1942 and they have since become widespread in the state. In the 1960s, California initiated eradication programs to control starlings. The programs were successful in killing a great number of starlings. However, those that survived have been able to build the population back up to enormous numbers and most control efforts have been abandoned.
Why has the European starling been so successful? The key to any species success is that it is able to withstand climatic fluctuations, able to compete for food and space with similar species, able to eat a wide variety of foods, and able to coexist with humans. Starlings have all these characteristics. Not surprisingly, the expansion of starling populations has been associated with declines of native birds, especially ones that share similar nesting requirements, such as bluebirds, northern flickers, and woodpeckers. These species nest in holes in trees from which starlings actively displace them. In the case of woodpeckers, starlings will wait until they are through drilling a nesting hole in a tree and aggressively keep them from using it. Starlings are also able to use buildings as nesting sites, so they are able to live in many areas where native species cannot. Like many other introduced organisms, starlings have been implicated in transmitting diseases, most notably a fungal disease known as histoplasmosis that is harmful to humans.
House sparrows were introduced under the false assumption that they could control insect pests infesting city parks (they are largely seed eaters). House sparrows are thought to have become associated with human populations during the development of agriculture thousands of years ago, so it makes sense that their success in North America followed deforestation and planting of crops. House sparrows are widely recognized as aesthetic and agricultural pests and have been implicated in reducing populations of native birds that have similar food and nesting requirements. However, recent research contends that evidence for displacement of native birds by house sparrows does not hold up under scrutiny. The success of house sparrows provides an interesting case for ecologists to study because a similar species, the tree sparrow, was also introduced yet has not spread across the continent. Differences in size, competitive ability, and genetic variability have been proposed as possibilities for the disparity in success between the two species.
THE BROWN TROUT AND COMMON CARP IN NORTH AMERICA
Common carp and brown trout, like house sparrows and starlings, were purposefully introduced from Europe in the late 1800s. The reasons for both introductions were basically the same—to provide more fishing opportunities at time when wild fish were widely sought for food. Both species have been extremely successful in colonizing waters across the continent and the cost to native species has been high.
Common carp, native to the Danube River in Europe and Asia, has a long history of being introduced in various places in the world, starting with the Romans. In Europe during the Middle Ages carp were an important source of food for monks and were widely raised in monastery ponds, resulting in their spread throughout Europe. In the late 1800s common carp were introduced into North America because many people thought they were better than native fishes for both food and sport fishing. In fact, for a few years raising carp was the main job of the U.S. Fish Commission and congressmen vied to have carp shipped to their districts. Today, carp are found in nearly all major river systems in the United States and are commonly considered to be pests. One of the main reasons common carp have been successful is their ability to survive in a wide variety of habitats and conditions, including polluted areas where few other organisms can survive. They can be found in streams, rivers, lakes and estuaries and even in irrigation canals. If carp have influenced other species, it has been largely through the removal of aquatic vegetation by their feeding activities. Vegetation in streams and lakes is valuable as habitat for many species of native fish that use it for shelter, food, and spawning sites. Carp have also been implicated in changing the water quality where they reside. The activities of carp stir up mud and sand from the bottom, something that harms other fish because the decrease in water clarity that results interferes with vision that is critical for the sighting and capture of prey. Carp have also been implicated in the declines of ducks, such as canvasbacks, apparently by removing vegetation that they use for food. Another likely impact of the carp has been its transfer of harmful parasites to native fishes. The positive side of carp is that they grow rapidly to large sizes in altered waterways, are abundant, are easy to catch, and are good to eat. Because they eat 'low on the food web' they accumulate fewer pollutants, or at least lower concentrations of pollutants, than more favored game fishes such as bass.
Attempts to control and eradicate carp in North America have been largely unsuccessful. One management technique has been to apply a potent chemical called rotenone to kill fish. Carp populations have been able to recover from such treatments by being able to quickly recolonize areas and by having a high resistance to rotenone. However, when carp have been removed from some waters, native fish and duck populations recover to a significant extent. Because common carp are here to stay, we might as well enjoy them. They in fact are a fine food fish (as anyone who comes from an Asian or Eastern European cultural background can testify) and a fine sport fish, especially on light tackle (ask any warmwater angler in England). Few other game fish can reach 20 or more pounds in an urban setting!
Unlike carp, brown trout are much sought after as game fish in North America because they are rumored to be smarter than most anglers. They are native to many parts of Europe and western Asia and were first introduced into North America in Michigan during the 1880s and into California in the 1920s. Today they are occupants of rivers and lakes in many parts of North America. Brown trout are similar to many native trout species, especially brook trout, so it follows that they have similar requirements and hence compete for resources with native trout.
Declining native trout populations as brown trout invade demonstrate that brown trout have been successful competitors. A study done in Michigan indicated that brown trout are an aggressive species that actively excludes native brook trout from choice foraging habitats. Brown trout have high growth rates and grow larger than many native trout. Larger size is an important factor in being able to avoid being eaten as well as being able to eat smaller trout, including native trout. Predation by brown trout on golden trout (the state fish of California) in the upper Kern River has been implicated as a major threat to populations of golden trout. Other affected species in California include cutthroat trout and McCloud River bull trout. Another reason for the success of brown trout is that they are more difficult to catch by fishing than native trout so they are able to maintain populations in heavily fished waters.
Several states, including Michigan and California, have attempted to reduce brown trout populations in areas favored by native trout. Sometimes removing them has come through physical capture, an activity that is time consuming and costly. In the Sierra Nevada, the use of the pesticide rotenone has been successful in eliminating populations of brown trout from small streams in order to restore populations of native golden trout.
Common carp and brown trout, both purposefully introduced for similar reasons, have been problems for different reasons. They were introduced at a time when people had little concept of what an impact these species would have. Their introductions were part of a long tradition in western culture of tinkering with nature in order to "improve" it. With today's knowledge of ecological systems, fishery managers rarely recommend fish introduction because of subsequent social, economic, and ecological impacts. However, ignorant anglers do move carp and brown trout (as well as other fish) around, creating problems for native fish populations and often for other anglers.
THE SEA LAMPREYS AND ALEWIVES IN THE GREAT LAKES
The Great Lakes system, comprised of five major lakes and their connecting channels, is a vast and intensively used body of fresh water. Each of the five major lakes (Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario) are among the fifteen largest in the world and collectively they contain twenty percent of the world's supply of surface fresh water. The lakes create more than 10,000 miles of shoreline, a total that surpasses the Atlantic coast of the United States by 3,600 miles. The lakes and the surrounding land have been highly altered by human activity during the last several centuries. The assemblage of organisms found within the lakes has undergone a major change, especially within the last century, as alien organisms found their way through canals or were intentionally introduced for recreation.
We will focus on the sea lamprey and alewife that have established large populations in the Great Lakes and have had major impacts on native species. The sea lamprey and alewife are species that originated in the Atlantic Ocean but are able to survive in fresh water as well. This indicates that they would have long ago had access to all of the Great Lakes if not for the presence of Niagara Falls, which is created as water flows from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario. Niagara Falls creates a natural barrier for entrance into the upper four Great Lakes (Lakes Erie, Huron, Michigan, and Superior). The falls also once provided a barrier to the movement of ships through the entire system. Early settlers realized what an enormous economic asset the lakes could be if they could be opened to shipping, and this led to the construction of the Welland Canal between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario in the 1800s. When the canal eventually opened in 1929, species in Lake Ontario, including the alewife and sea lamprey, had access to the upper four Great Lakes. Curiously, sea lampreys may not have come in through the canal but became established through the use of juvenile lampreys as bait.
The sea lamprey is an eel-like fish that preys on large fish; it attaches to their sides and extracts blood and other bodily fluids. The sea lamprey was first reported in small numbers in Lake Ontario during the 1830s. The lamprey apparently arrived there in large numbers during the 1870s from the Mohawk-Hudson River drainage in the state of New York, via the Erie Canal. As the populations grew into the 1900s, their presence was not felt to a large extent because the fish populations which it potentially could have harmed such as lake trout and Atlantic salmon had already been severely depleted by commercial fisheries and loss of habitat for reproduction. Once lamprey got around Niagara Falls and through Lake Erie (largely unfavorable for them) they arrived in Lake Huron and Lake Michigan where they found many prey species. The lamprey attacked the native lake trout, which was unable to survive attacks of this foreign organism. The abundance of lake trout had already been greatly lowered due to commercial fishery harvests, which made the attack of the lamprey especially devastating. By the mid 1950s, lake trout populations plunged to near extinction in Lake Michigan and Lake Huron. Lampreys, however, thrived, having lots of alternate prey as well.
An interesting question is why the sea lamprey was able to have such an impact in the Great Lakes considering that its effects are not greatly felt in areas where it is native. Native fishes in the Great Lakes were certainly not prepared in an evolutionary sense to withstand attack by lamprey. If these species had evolved with the lamprey, then they would have had the means to detect and withstand attacks by them. In other inland waters where the sea lamprey has been established for thousands of years, such as the finger lakes of New York, the sea lamprey has not devastated species that it attacks. This is because the lamprey is a natural part of these systems and other species have adapted to its presence.
In 1955 the lake trout was very close to extinction in Lake Michigan and Lake Huron, and the sea lamprey had become such a recognized problem that the governments of the United States and Canada formed a binational organization, the Great Lakes Fishery Commission, to develop ways to control or eliminate the lamprey. Research was directed towards developing a chemical that harms the larval stage of the lamprey that are hatched in streams and rivers. It was discovered that TFM (3-trifloromethtl-4-nitrophenol) destroyed many of the larvae and had no readily apparent effects on other aquatic organisms except other lamprey species native to the Great Lakes region. The chemical was widely used to treat lamprey spawning grounds and had substantial success. The ability to control the lamprey has allowed the stocking and establishment of lake trout and four other introduced game fish. It also allowed the recovery of populations of lake whitefish, a favored commercial fish species. Recently there has been concern over the effects of TFM on other aquatic organisms. The Fishery Commission has had very limited success in developing other means of controlling the lamprey and is finding the chemical treatments to be increasingly expensive.
Recently, sea lamprey appear to be making a comeback and there is concern that they will again decimate stocks of desirable fish. The lamprey may be developing a resistance to the chemical treatments and are reproducing out in the lakes where it is impossible to chemically treat. One thing is clear—the sea lamprey problem is not going to vanish and measures for its control will continue to cost millions of dollars. Due to human action, the lamprey was able to invade a system containing fishes that were not adapted to their style of predation. Given substantial evolutionary time, fish populations may be able to adapt to the presence of the lamprey. Interestingly, introduced Pacific salmon have proven to be resistant to lamprey attacks because the Pacific salmon evolved with the Pacific lamprey, which is similar to the sea lamprey. Chinook, pink, and coho salmon, as well as steelhead, are all abundant in the Great Lakes both because they can survive lamprey attacks and because they prey on another alien species, the alewife.
The invasion of the alewife into the upper Great Lakes from the Atlantic Ocean was also remarkably successful. The alewife is a herring-like fish that also gained access to the upper four lakes through a canal system. Unfortunately its success came at the expense of native fish species such as yellow perch and ciscoes which supported commercial fisheries. The alewife population reached enormous abundances in the mid-1960s in Lake Michigan and Lake Huron; in fact, it accounted for the vast majority of biomass in the lakes. At this time, there became a severe problem of alewife die-offs. Dead alewives literally covered beaches and plugged municipal intakes, often cutting off water supplies to cities and industries. In several extreme cases, the die-offs were so severe that they created public health problems for shoreline communities. The reasons for the die-offs are not completely certain, but a leading theory is that the alewife, having not evolved in the Great Lakes system, was vulnerable to temperature fluctuations in the lakes. Although millions of alewives died in this period, millions more survived and continued to be a problem. The alewife, then, had major economic costs by lowering stocks of valuable fish and by necessitating cleanup programs.
One of the reasons that alewives were able to establish such large populations is their ability to out-compete native species for zooplankton and because there was little threat of predation. The sea lamprey and commercial fishing had reduced those species that were likely to consume alewife. In 1966, coho salmon from Oregon were planted in Lake Michigan and Lake Erie. The following year, chinook salmon were introduced. The intent of these plantings was to provide fish that would eat the alewife and, as a possible side benefit, to develop a fishery for the salmon. The salmon thrived and grew rapidly to an extent beyond the wildest dreams of fishery managers. The salmon were successful presumably due to their ability to feed on the alewife. For the first time in the Great Lakes the alewife was a benefit: it was providing forage for salmon and trout that were becoming extremely valuable to the Great Lakes states as sport fish. Three more alien game fish, brown trout, rainbow trout, and pink salmon, were also introduced.
The alewife population apparently has been declining since the mid-1970s and currently is quite low. This has caused concern because the disappearance of the alewife may mean that coho and chinook salmon will not have any forage fish to consume, and the loss of these two species would hurt the valuable sport fishing industry. The cause for the decline of alewife has been debated by scientists and fishery managers, but clearly the alewife has difficulty living under variable conditions in the Great Lakes. This could be a classic case where an introduced species establishes a population that then undergoes wild fluctuations because it is not adapted to its new environment. It is not known whether the species that the alewife replaced, such as yellow perch, several minnows, and a cisco species (commonly known as the "bloater"), will return to former abundances. There are some indications that these natives are increasing in abundance, but it is not known if they can provide a substantial food supply for the new game fish.
The story of the species' success in Lake Michigan and Lake Huron is an ironic one. The sea lamprey came in and virtually wiped out the only native trout species, the lake trout. This then paved the way for the alewife to establish itself because there were no large fish to control its population and it was able to efficiently use the available resources. In the 1960s the lamprey was controlled by chemical treatments and the alewife population became enormous. To control the alewife, four exotic predatory species were introduced. These alien species were very successful and an extremely valuable sport fishery developed for them. The alewife population had become highly valuable because it was supporting large populations of game species. However, predation from the salmon and other fish was so intense, the alewife population declined, which resulted in decreases in the fisheries. However, fewer alewives meant more food for other fishes, so populations of sculpin, burbot, and yellow perch increased (Madenjiaet al. 2002).
The populations of species in the Great Lakes are currently highly unstable. This is due to many factors and clearly one of the leading ones is that many of the species are not native to the lakes. This case study is a lesson of what can happen when human activities create a system dominated by alien species. Fish populations in the Great Lakes will continue to require intense management for the indefinite future.
INTRODUCED SPECIES ON OCEANIC ISLANDS
Although oceanic islands, such as Hawaii, Guam, Puerto Rico, make up a minute fraction of the Earth's surface area, they are rich in endemic species adapted to their unique conditions. Unfortunately many of these species went extinct in recent years or are threatened with extinction. One of the main factors responsible for these extinctions is the vast number of which humans have introduced. In certain cases, the number of introduced species is astonishing. In the Hawaiian Islands, it has been estimated that 65 percent of all current plant species have been introduced, along with 20 mammals, 20 reptiles, 20 amphibians, and 50 bird species. There are as many introduced insects on the Hawaiian Islands as in the entire contiguous United States. Not surprisingly, most of the documented extinctions of plants and animals within the past 200 years have been native species associated with islands. The role introductions have played in these extinctions can be seen by examining the impact of an introduced snake on Guam, the loss of rock iguanas on Pine Cay in the West Indies, and the effects of feral animals on the Galapagos Islands.
Understanding why island ecosystems have been so vulnerable to species introduction and extinctions requires examination of several ecological principles. Because the islands are surrounded by oceanic water, they are difficult for continental plants and animals to colonize. The few that do make it often become ancestors to an array of strange and wonderful creatures, such as the brilliant honey creepers (birds) of Hawaii. Ecological communities on islands have fewer species so their structures are likely different from continental communities. They typically lack predatory land mammals, for example. This makes island systems relatively easy to invade. Island species are also highly susceptible to diseases and parasites introduced by humans and their domesticated species.
Brown tree snake on Guam
Guam is a small island in the Western portion of the Pacific Ocean about halfway between Japan and New Guinea. Recently it has been invaded by the introduced brown tree snake. The snake is native to Australia, New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands and was apparently introduced via military boats in the late 1940s, perhaps deliberately to control introduced rats. The native forest birds of Guam (a total of 18) have been declining steadily and several have become extinct. There are many possible factors contributing to the decline, but the brown tree snake is implicated for directly causing the decline by preying on bird eggs. The expansion of the range of the snake in Guam and the contraction of the ranges of birds has been highly correlated.
What accounts for the success of the brown tree snake on Guam? First of all, there are no significant predators or competitors to limit its population. This situation is similar to what we saw with the alewife and sea lamprey in the Great Lakes. Another reason is that because off the forest structure and degree of human development there were few places of refuge for the birds from the snake. Like many other successful introduced species, the snake has generalized food habits that allow it to maintain high population numbers. Lastly, it has the ability to go long periods without eating, a fact that allows it to maintain populations in the face of a low abundance of prey items. The future of the bird fauna clearly rests on whether the brown tree snake can be controlled. However, it will be very difficult and costly to control or eradicate these snakes, so it will likely be years before birds will be able to survive on the island.
The decline of rock iguanas on Pine Cay
Rock iguanas are a group of related species endemic to the West Indies. Their populations have been steadily declining since the arrival of humans and their associates: dogs, cats, pigs, and mongooses. Several rock iguana species are now extinct and others are approaching extinction. Pine Cay provided a unique opportunity to study the loss of iguanas in a relatively natural setting following the construction of a hotel and tourist facility in 1973 and subsequent release of cats and dogs at the facility (Iverson 1978). The iguana population was reported to have been near 15,000 and declined to the verge of extinction just three years after the hotel development. Apparently feral cats did live on the island in low numbers previous to hotel construction but were not a threat to the iguanas because they foraged on a large rat population. The cats brought in with the development wiped out the rat population, then switched to foraging on iguanas. Dogs may have been a more serious threat because they were often observed chasing and catching iguanas for sport. Clearly rock iguanas had little or no defense to the attacks of either cats or dogs. This is yet another example of the loss of a species which did not have the necessary evolutionary adaptations to survive the influence of introduced predators.
The Galapagos Islands are located in the Pacific Ocean about 1,600 km west of the South American continent and just below the equator. The islands draw attention from geologists because they are geologically young and of volcanic origin and from biologists because of their unique flora and fauna. The most famous biologist to study on these islands was Charles Darwin. The unique species and communities that Darwin and many others studied are now threatened by large numbers of exotic plants and animals. Humans have been introducing species since the early 1800s, and endemic members of several groups of plants have been reduced drastically and are in danger of extinction. Feral animals make up a large portion of the introduced animals and have been most destructive.
Goats on the Galapagos Islands are the most abundant and destructive of the feral animals. The first goats came in 1813 and soon spread throughout many of the islands. The speed at which they populated some of the islands is truly remarkable. For instance, on the island of Pinta a population of several goats increased to about 20,000 in only 15 years. One reason for the goat's success is its ability to thrive at many different elevations on the islands and eat many different plants. Goats also have high rates of reproduction. The impact of goats on the native vegetation has been high. They have managed to remove a wide variety of plants including trees, ferns, shrubs, and herbs. An area on the island of Santa Fe was described as "so over-run by goats that grass and herbs were eaten to the roots during the dry season, exposing the soil to erosion. Bushes were torn up and even the tree-cacti were attacked" (Schofield 1989). Plants on the goat-infested islands are able to grow only in places inaccessible to goats. Several scientific studies documenting the impacts of goats convinced authorities to organize hunting efforts, which began in the early 1960s. Great numbers of goats have been killed and, in areas where they have been significantly removed, many plant species (except those driven to extinction) have begun to return (Schofield 1989).
Cattle, pigs, and donkeys have also been harmful to native vegetation, although their impact has been less than that of goats (Schofield). Each of these species had its own type of impact depending on the plant species and island considered. Efforts such as fencing, hunting, and poisoning have begun to control populations of cattle and pigs; there have been no efforts to control donkeys. Cattle have aided in the dispersal of an exotic plant, known as "guava." They eat the fruits of guava and excrete the seeds indifferent locations. Guava out-competes native plants. There are also dozens of other exotic plants which have displaced native species.
The native organisms of the Galapagos Islands have been under siege from exotic plants and animals for nearly two centuries. It has only been recently that their declining numbers have been appreciated enough to encourage efforts for their protection. It is important for the scientific community to further study the impacts of exotic species there because essential data are missing that may prompt authorities to act to save the unique fauna and flora of the Galapagos.
It is worth noting that the problem with invading species in the Galapagos islands is not a remote and exotic problem. Feral goats, pigs, and sheep are a major problem on islands off the California coast, such as Santa Cruz Island, are their eradication (on-going) is regarded as essential to protect endangered species like the island gray fox and numerous other endemic plants and animals.
SAN FRANCISCO BAY AND ESTUARY: A DOWNHOME PROBLEM
San Francisco Bay and its estuary are arguably the most invaded aquatic system in the world. Nearly 300 species of non-native invertebrates and fish have become established there and new species are becoming established at the rate of one every 12 weeks. In San Francisco Bay, a vast majority of the invertebrates, from clams to zooplankton, are from some place else. Native species are rare. In the estuary, a majority of the fish are non-native, ranging from the striped bass to the shimofuri goby. Periodically, a new invader causes dramatic changes to the ecosystem. For example, in 1989 a new clam from Asia (overbite clam, Potamocorbula amurensis) was found. It quickly took over the bottom of the brackish parts of the estuary, with clams on top of clams creating densities in excess of 10,000 per square meter in places. This clam is now filtering the water column in Suisun Bay several times a day, removing most of the planktonic algae and animals. One result is a drastically reduced food supply for fishes, especially the larval forms that use the bay as a nursery area. Another problem is that because they filter the water so effectively, the clams are concentrating the heavy metal selenium in their flesh. This may ultimately create a toxic problem for animals which feed on the clams, such as sturgeon and diving ducks which feed on the clam.
The major source of recent introductions, such as the Asian clam, has been ballast water of ships, because San Francisco Bay is a major port. Millions of gallons of water containing millions of organisms are dumped into the bay every week. They continue to be introduced because the shipping industry does not have to pay for the damages caused by introduced species like the clam (or the zebra mussel in the Great Lakes). There are solutions to the problem but they involve changes to ship operations as well as continuous monitoring of the ballast water of incoming ships. As of 1997, legislation to regulate ballast water dumping on the west coast has failed to solve the problem. Stricter legislation has been passed, but it remains to be seen how well it will work.
Alien species have been introduced for many different reasons and have had multiple impacts on the places they invaded. Few alien species have been benign form the perspective of native species. Typically, we set the level of their impact on how much they have hurt our economy. For instance, sea lampreys and starlings have been considered major problems because millions of dollars have been spent for their control. There are numerous other introduced species that do harm that goes unnoticed because they are not economic threats or may even provide economic benefits (despite ecological damage). In the long term, to the benefit of ourselves and our environment, we need to think more in terms of ecology rather than in terms of economy. This means protection of species in their native habitats.
Introducing species can enhance local diversity in the short term, but the problems that exotic species can create (competition, diseases, unstable populations, etc.) threaten diversity over the long term and from a global perspective. Moyle et al. (1986), in a paper discussing the impacts of introduced fishes, puts the issue in perspective by the use of a parable:
"There is a long and honorable tradition in western culture, dating back at least to the Romans, of tinkering with fish faunas by adding new species. This tinkering is part of a much broader tradition of tinkering with nature, to "improve" on it. The moral and mechanical problems that are encountered when trying to improve on nature were dramatically illustrated in Mary Shelly's famous novel (published in 1818), "Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus." In this story, Count Frankenstein, a dedicated scientist, attempted to create an improved human being but soon discovered, to his mortal distress, that he had created more problems than he had solved. Most of his problems stemmed from focusing on the solution to a narrowly perceived problem without considering how the solution (the monster) would fit into society at large."
This parable tells us that we should be concerned about long-term and broad-scale consequences of our actions. Although society perceives introductions of most exotic organisms as beneficial,these actions are collectively harmful to the planet and to society as a whole.
Table of Contents
1. Roots of the modern environmental dilemma: A brief history of the relationship between humans and wildlife
2. A history of wildlife in North America
3. Climatic determinants of global patterns of biodiversity
5. Natural selection
6. Principles of ecology
7. Niche and habitat
8. Conservation biology
9. Conservation in the USA: legislative milestones
10. Alien invaders
11. Wildlife and Pollution
12. What you can do to save wildlife
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Pharmacology (from Greek φάρμακον, pharmakon, "drug"; and -λογία, -logia) is the study of drug action. More specifically it is the study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and exogenous chemicals that alter normal biochemical function. If substances have medicinal properties, they are considered pharmaceuticals. The field encompasses drug composition and properties, interactions, toxicology, therapy, and medical applications and antipathogenic capabilities. Pharmacology is not synonymous with pharmacy, which is the name used for a profession, though in common usage the two terms are confused at times. Pharmacology deals with how drugs interact within biological systems to affect function. It is the study of drugs, of the body's reaction to drugs, the sources of drugs, their nature, and their properties. In contrast, pharmacy is a medical science concerned with the safe and effective use of medicines.
The origins of clinical pharmacology date back to the Middle Ages in Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine, Peter of Spain's Commentary on Isaac, and John of St Amand's Commentary on the Antedotary of Nicholas. Pharmacology as a scientific discipline did not further advance until the mid-19th century amid the great biomedical resurgence of that period. Before the second half of the nineteenth century, the remarkable potency and specificity of the actions of drugs such as morphine, quinine and digitalis were explained vaguely and with reference to extraordinary chemical powers and affinities to certain organs or tissues. The first pharmacology department was set up by Buchheim in 1847, in recognition of the need to understand how therapeutic drugs and poisons produced their effects.
Early pharmacologists focused on natural substances, mainly plant extracts. Pharmacology developed in the 19th century as a biomedical science that applied the principles of scientific experimentation to therapeutic contexts.
Pharmacokinetics (in Greek: “pharmacon” meaning drug and “kinetikos” meaning putting in motion, the study of time dependency; sometimes abbreviated as “PK”) is a branch of pharmacology dedicated to the determination of the fate of substances administered externally to a living organism. In practice, this discipline is applied mainly to drug substances, though in principle it concerns itself with all manner of compounds ingested or otherwise delivered externally to an organism, such as nutrients, metabolites, hormones, toxins, etc.
Pharmacokinetics is often studied in conjunction with pharmacodynamics. Pharmacodynamics explores what a drug does to the body, whereas pharmacokinetics explores what the body does to the drug. Pharmacokinetics includes the study of the mechanisms of absorption and distribution of an administered drug, the rate at which a drug action begins and the duration of the effect, the chemical changes of the substance in the body (e.g. by enzymes) and the effects and routes of excretion of the metabolites of the drug.
Pharmacogenomics is the branch of pharmacology which deals with the influence of genetic variation on drug response in patients by correlating gene expression or single-nucleotide polymorphisms with a drug's efficacy or toxicity. By doing so, pharmacogenomics aims to develop rational means to optimise drug therapy, with respect to the patients' genotype, to ensure maximum efficacy with minimal adverse effects. Such approaches promise the advent of "personalized medicine"; in which drugs and drug combinations are optimized for each individual's unique genetic makeup.
Pharmacognosy is the study of medicines derived from natural sources. The American Society of Pharmacognosy defines pharmacognosy as "the study of the physical, chemical, biochemical and biological properties of drugs, drug substances or potential drugs or drug substances of natural origin as well as the search for new drugs from natural sources."
Pharmacobiomatics is: Characterizing the interaction of drugs with biomachines (proteins, protein networks, reaction networks, protein automata etc) at the molecular, sub cellular, cellular, tissue, organ, individual, and populational levels.
G-Protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are essentially both the gatekeepers and molecular messengers of the cell, transmitting signals from inside to outside. The signal can consist of an astonishing variety of stimuli, from photons (light) to neurotransmitters to hormones. They mediate virtually every important physiological process, from immune system function to taste and smell to the fight-or-flight response in humans. GPCRs are also immensely important in medicine and are the target of about 30% of all drugs. Naturally occurring small molecules which bind to GPCRs include adrenaline, prostaglandins, dopamine, somatostatin and adenosine. Drug-like small molecules which bind to GPCRs include caffeine, morphine, heroin and histamine. The range of stimuli and molecules that GPCRs respond to is remarkable and their role in the workings of life is unquestioned.
GPCR function has turned out to be much more subtle than we thought. The most significant discovery in this context has been the observation that similar small molecules – two agonists for instance – can nonetheless activate the proteins in different ways and lead to very different physiological responses, a phenomenon called “functional selectivity”. This results from the differential interaction of GPCRs with G proteins, arrestins and other proteins in the interior of the cell. Remarkably, functional selectivity can even lead to the exact same molecule acting alternatively as an agonist or antagonist, depending on the physiological response that is being mediated by the protein.
A protein (also called a polypeptide) is a chain of amino acids. During protein synthesis, 20 different amino acids can be incorporated in proteins. After translation, the posttranslational modification of amino acids extends the range of functions of the protein by attaching to it other biochemical functional groups such as acetate, phosphate, various lipids and carbohydrates, by changing the chemical nature of an amino acid (e.g. citrullination) or by making structural changes, like the formation of disulfide bridges.
Also, enzymes may remove amino acids from the amino end of the protein, or cut the peptide chain in the middle. For instance, the peptide hormone insulin is cut twice after disulfide bonds are formed, and a propeptide is removed from the middle of the chain; the resulting protein consists of two polypeptide chains connected by disulfide bonds. Also, most nascent polypeptides start with the amino acid methionine because the "start" codon on mRNA also codes for this amino acid. This amino acid is usually taken off during post-translational modification.
Other modifications, like phosphorylation, are part of common mechanisms for controlling the behavior of a protein, for instance activating or inactivating an enzyme.
Signaling protein networks as targets of new antineoplastic drugs.
Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Mario Negri Institute-Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro (CH), Italy. [email protected]
In-depth analysis of molecular regulatory networks in cancer holds the promise of improved knowledge of the pathophysiology of tumor cells so that it will become possible to design a detailed molecular tumor taxonomy. This knowledge will also offer new opportunities for the identification and validation of key molecular tumor targets to be exploited for novel therapeutic approaches. Some signaling proteins have already been identified as such, e.g. c-Myc, Cyclin D1, Bcl-XL, kinases and some nuclear receptors. This has led to the successful development of a few function-modulatory drugs (Glivec, SERM, Iressa), providing proof-of-principle of the validity of this approach. Further developments are likely to derive from "-omic" approaches, aimed at the understanding of signaling networks and of the mechanism of action of newfound lead molecules. High-throughput screening of small drug-like molecules from combinatorial chemical libraries or from microbial extracts will identify novel, "intelligent" drug candidates. An additional medicinal chemistry strategy (via 40-50 unit rosary-bead chains) has the potential to be much more effective than small molecules in interfering with protein-protein interactions. This may lead to considerably higher selectivity and effectiveness compared with historical approaches in drug discovery.
Drugs and Protein Folding
What is protein folding and how is folding linked to disease? Proteins are biology's workhorses -- its "nanomachines." Before proteins can carry out these important functions, they assemble themselves, or "fold." The process of protein folding, while critical and fundamental to virtually all of biology, in many ways remains a mystery. Moreover, when proteins do not fold correctly (i.e. "misfold"), there can be serious consequences, including many well known diseases, such as Alzheimer's, Mad Cow (BSE), CJD, ALS, Huntington's, Parkinson's disease, and many Cancers and cancer-related syndromes.
Protein Folding Problem (13)
Protein Structure (11)
Game, Researchers Launch (8)
Distributed, Computing (6)
G protein-coupled receptor
G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptor, and G protein-linked receptors (GPLR), constitute a large protein family of receptors that sense molecules outside the cell and activate inside signal transduction pathways and, ultimately, cellular responses. They are called transmembrane receptors because they pass through the cell membrane, and they are called seven-transmembrane receptors because they pass through the cell membrane seven times.
G protein-coupled receptors are found only in eukaryotes, including yeast, choanoflagellates, and animals. The ligands that bind and activate these receptors include light-sensitive compounds, odors, pheromones, hormones, and neurotransmitters, and vary in size from small molecules to peptides to large proteins. G protein-coupled receptors are involved in many diseases, and are also the target of approximately 40% of all modern medicinal drugs. The 2012 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Brian Kobilka and Robert Lefkowitz for their work that was "crucial for understanding how G-protein–coupled receptors function."
There are two principal signal transduction pathways involving the G protein-coupled receptors: the cAMP signal pathway and the phosphatidylinositol signal pathway. When a ligand binds to the GPCR it causes a conformational change in the GPCR, which allows it to act as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF). The GPCR can then activate an associated G-protein by exchanging its bound GDP for a GTP. The G-protein's α subunit, together with the bound GTP, can then dissociate from the β and γ subunits to further affect intracellular signaling proteins or target functional proteins directly depending on the α subunit type (Gαs, Gαi/o, Gαq/11, Gα12/13).:
A protein kinase is a kinase enzyme that modifies other proteins by chemically adding phosphate groups to them (phosphorylation). Phosphorylation usually results in a functional change of the target protein (substrate) by changing enzyme activity, cellular location, or association with other proteins. The human genome contains about 500 protein kinase genes and they constitute about 2% of all human genes. Up to 30% of all human proteins may be modified by kinase activity, and kinases are known to regulate the majority of cellular pathways, especially those involved in signal transduction. Protein kinases are also found in bacteria and plants. | <urn:uuid:d6c2c8c1-36a9-45d3-8aa2-27c9a549c8e0> | {
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Pe'ah (Hebrew: פֵּאָה, lit. "Corner") is the second tractate of Seder Zeraim ("Order of Seeds") of the Mishnah and of the Talmud. This tractate begins the discussion of topics related to agriculture, the main focus of this seder (order) of the Mishnah. The tractate discusses the laws of gifts to the poor when a person harvests their field, vineyards or trees, based on commandments in the Torah. The tractate also deals with the laws of giving charity in general. The tractate is called Pe'ah because the first part of the tractate deals with the laws of Pe'ah, while the remaining part of the tractate deals with a number of other related topics.
This tractate discusses the gifts due to the poor when fields, vineyards or trees are harvested, and the laws of giving charity in general. Six categories of obligations are discussed in the tractate, as follows:
- Pe'ah: "corner" - the portion of the crop that must be left standing for the poor, in accordance with Lev. 19:9 and Lev. 23:22
- "Leket": "gleanings" - ears of grain that fell from the reaper's hand or the sickle while the grain is being gathered during the harvest, as described in Lev. 19:9 and Lev. 23:22)
- "Shich'chah": "forgotten sheaves" - sheaves left and forgotten in the field while the harvest is being brought to the threshing floor, as well as attached produce overlooked by the harvesters, as in Deut. 24:19
- "Olelot" - immature clusters of grapes, as in Lev. 19:10 and Deut. 24:21
- "Peret" - grapes that fall from their clusters while being plucked from the vine, as in Lev. 19:10
- "Ma'aser ani" - the tithe for the poor, every third and sixth year of the tithing cycle, as in Deut. 14:28-29 and Deut. 26:12-13
There are three gifts to the poor from the field: Pe'ah, Leket and Shich'chah; four gifts from the vineyard: Pe'ah, Shich'chah, Peret, and Olelot; and two from the trees: Pe'ah and Shich'chah. These gifts apply every year. In addition, in the third and sixth year of the Shmita cycle, a person is required to set aside the ma'aser ani (tithe for the poor).
Structure and content
Chapters 1-4 deal with the obligation of Pe'ah. The end of chapter 4 and most of chapter 5 concern the laws of leket; the end of chapter 5 to the beginning of chapter 7 deals with the laws of shechicha. Chapters 7 and 8 discuss the laws of peret and olelot, followed by the laws of ma'aser ani and tzedakah (charity).
Chapter eight discusses the laws of eligibility and entitlement to public charity, including tithes and agricultural gifts. It relates that Jewish communities maintained two kinds of charitable organizations: tamchuy and kuppah. One was for travelers, who were to be provided food and lodgings, including extra meals for the Sabbath. The other was the charity fund for the local poor. Both institutions were required to provide minimum quantities to the poor from funds collected by the local community.
Of general interest are the first and last mishnayot in the tractate:
The first mishna of tractate Pe'ah declares that there is no maximum limit to pe'ah (one can give as much of the produce in one's field to the poor as one desires once the harvest has begun), bikkurim (the first-fruits), the pilgrimage, acts of lovingkindness, and Torah study. After exhorting people to give their all to God and other people, the mishnah states that a person receives a reward in this world and in the next by honoring his father and mother, doing acts of lovingkindness, making peace between people, and that the study of Torah is equivalent to them all.
Likewise, the concluding mishnah is a compilation of ethical homilies warning people against feigning poverty, improperly taking from charity and perverting justice. On the other hand, it lauds the poor person, who is eligible to be supported by charity, yet refuses public funds, working hard and living frugally. To such a person, the verse "Blessed is the man who trusts in the Lord; and the Lord will be his trust" (Jer. 17:7) applies.
- Kehati, Pinchas (1994). "Pe'ah". Mishnayot Mevuarot [Commentary on the Mishna]. Vol. I. Kahana, Nahman (translator). Jerusalem, Israel. pp. 1–2. | <urn:uuid:0b0ed0e7-3edc-455e-bca0-55f545ca14ba> | {
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One of the many areas we covered in design school was color. We hit the ground running with a foundation year subject called Color Concept, where we not only studied color, but we learned how to move it around a composition, how to manipulate it and use it to bring a viewer’s eye around to focal points within the frame of reference—the boundaries of the composition—how to modulate it.
This was a big step for each of us. And in learning about any color, we found that one of its attributes is that it’s relative to other colors around it, meaning that its appearance can change. And that was something you could control only by altering those other colors.
The human eye adjusts for color comparisons. Here I’m talking about color’s main attributes: color has both value (lightness or darkness) and chroma (saturation).
The human eye can see color relativity only by comparison. For example, putting a gray square on a white background, then the same on a black background, you see just how the gray tends to change. It appears dark against that white background, but much lighter against the black. Our eyes adjust for that comparison automatically.
Our eyes are exactly like cameras. We squint in bright light conditions, and our pupils contract in size, letting in a small amount of light on the retina. Conversely, our pupils open up wider in dim light and thereby allow additional light to reach the retina so we can see greater detail. That’s just how a camera’s aperture works—if you use shutter priority for the camera’s basic shooting preference.
Color also changes with environment. Say you’re in Sherwin-Williams looking for a color to paint your bedroom. You see a soft blue tone that might match your bedspread and you pick out a few chips that’ll come close. So you head home, and when you arrive and put those chips on the wall, you discover that the color has changed. Either it’s too light or too dark, or even that it’s too drab. What changed?
The environment in your home is not at all the same as in that paint store. The lighting is not the same. And light has a tremendous amount of influence over color. As photographers know, fluorescent light, incandescent light, and daylight all have different wavelengths, tricking your eyes from seeing the true color of anything.
A color’s chroma works in a different way with regard to relativity. The chroma changes by way of the color’s placement among other colors. As an exercise, we’ll compare a color above to see how it can change before your eyes.
I’m borrowing two of Hans Hofman’s paintings for today’s examples. Look at the left-hand image above and focus in on the ochre color at the top, just right of center. Now in looking at the right-hand image, see if you can find the color that is the same ochre tone. There’s only one small portion that’s the same color. I adjusted the tones to match in Photoshop before placing them in today’s examples.
A clue: that ochre color in the left-hand image looks much greener than it does in the right-hand image. And that’s because of the red around it. I suppose you could say that a color is judged by the company it keeps.
We’ll see the answer in next week’s column. | <urn:uuid:0b8bc5ec-4ac5-4789-b68b-b57850c3cd2c> | {
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The two most important barriers to further roofwater harvesting at the household level are high cost and inadequate service. Systems are too expensive for householders to afford them or, if the capacity is reduced to an affordable level, it is seen as too small to provide adequate service. As the cost of a rainwater harvesting system is a function of its capacity, these two problems are heavily interrelated.
For some years there has been in existence a “sanitation ladder”, a catalogue of designs of varying quality from which a project manager, a community or individual can select an appropriate well designed sanitation system to suit local conditions and the available funds. Such “ranges” are the norm in consumer products and usually form the basis for consumer choice.
Rainwater harvesting systems are very amenable to this product-range approach, as no account of local geology and topography need be taken: the water simply falls from the sky. They are however, slightly more complex than sanitation systems as there are, in effect two ladders, one for service provision – mainly a function of system size and one for quality of construction. It is in fact this quality aspect that is predominant in the sanitation ladder whereas roofwater harvesting systems are dominated by the question of size with a certain quality taken as read. Systems of different sizes and qualities can be clearly presented alongside forecasts of the service they will provide and a community can decide on the solution that is best for them. This paper describes the making of such a ladder for presentation to a community. | <urn:uuid:5e7310a5-1b87-4d44-9177-9bb2f73e973d> | {
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The preservation of the 2,000 year old relics surprise many archeologists
Chinese archeologist have unearthed over 100 new terracotta warriors along with pottery horses, chariot parts, weapons, tools and intricately designed shields.
What makes this discovery very important is the preservation, as well as how much of its original form each piece retained. Shen Maosheng from the Qin Shihuangdi Terracotta Warriors and Horses Museum said, “The most significant discovery this time around is that the relics that were found were well-preserved and colorfully painted.”
After 2,000, years the color preservation surprised archeologist in comparison to other finds where color was almost non-existent. Another surprising feature of the newly found terracotta warriors are the eyeballs. The colors of their eyeballs are black and taupe. One surprisingly has red eyes, and eyelashes were painted on one of the figures.
The archeologists’ discovery was made in No. 1 Pit of the Qin’s Mausoleum.
The most important find among the terracotta soldiers was a shield. According to China Daily, in the three pits that terracotta warriors lay, a shield hasn’t been discovered. The shield was found on the right side of a chariot. It is about 70 centimeters in height and 50 centimeters wide.
Experts say the size of the shield is evidence to the shields in the Qin Dynasty. The shield that was discovered was twice as large as the bronze shields found among bronze chariots and horses, and during Qin times, those shields were produced half the size as actual shields.
Other impressive finds were eight officials and one senior official. The armor of the officials is designed with more complexity, and the patterns are more “delicate and exquisite” lamented Xu Weihong, executive director of the excavation team.
The terracotta warriors were originally created to protect Qin Shihuangdi in the afterlife. The Qin was known to unify the many kingdoms of China and ruled with brute force. | <urn:uuid:9cdb5081-0e54-402b-ac5e-6b0654694b49> | {
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Color drawing of newly discovered
species of water buffalo, a color
reconstruction of what B. cebuensis probably
looked like. This drawing shows the extinct
dwarf water buffalo in proportion to the
tamaraw (a rare dwarf water buffalo that
lives on the Philippine island of Mindoro);
a full-sized water buffalo; and a human
being. B. cebuensis, who once lived on the
Philippine island of Cebu, shrunk due to
"island dwarfing," whereby some large
mammals confined to an island shrink in
response to evolutionary factors, such as
less food and a lack of predators.
Illustration by Velizar Simeonovski,
Courtesy of The Field Museum
The fossils of an unusual pygmy buffalo—shorter than a yardstick at its shoulders but with a weight of a reindeer at 350 pounds—show the first evidence that "island dwarfing" can take place among the cattle family. A group of scientists, led by Darin A. Croft from Case Western Reserve University, report the discovery of this new species in the bovine family—the first new fossil mammal from the Philippines in 50 years—in the October issue of the Journal of Mammalogy.
The ancestors of Bubalus cebuensis roamed the Philippines when natural land bridges were suspected to have formed between many of the 7,000 islands comprising this archipelago. Such land bridges developed when the surrounding water levels dropped as much as 400 feet during a recent ice age between 10,000 to 100,000 years ago.
After the ice melted at the end of Pleistocene, the animal that migrated to the area by swimming across small stretches of ocean or roaming across land bridges became stranded on Cebu Island where it evolved and adapted to its smaller habitat, lack of predators and shrinking food sources, said Croft, a professor of anatomy.
The Case paleontologist studied the fossils with researchers and co-authors Larry Heaney from The Field Museum in Chicago, John J. Flynn from the American Museum of Natural History in New York City and Angel P. Bautista from the National Museum of the Philippines in Manila to determine the animal was a new species of buffalo.
The small size of B. cebuensis is what sets it apart from most other members of the bovine family.
"The small size of the new species is probably the result of where it lived—on an island," said Croft. "Many studies have shown that large mammals tend to become smaller over evolutionary time when confined to an island."
He also added that natural selection can produce dramatic body size changes over a relatively short time of thousands of years.
Nearby Mindoro Island is home to a rare and endangered living relative of the water buffalo called the tamaraw (Bubalus mindorensis), which is endemic to the Philippines—and also is suspected of adapting over time to its smaller land area. It is slightly larger with a three-foot shoulder height and a weight of nearly 500 pounds—probably because Mindoro is larger than Cebu. These smaller members of the Bubalus family are just shadows of the domesticated male Asiatic water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) with a shoulder height of six feet and weighing more than a ton.
The new species' limbs are less than two-thirds the length of those of the existing Asiatic water buffalo and are about 80 percent the length of the tamaraw's. The Cebu dwarf also is distinctive in its relatively large teeth and feet, which are usually reduced in dwarfs.
The exact date of the water buffalo's demise is unknown—maybe thousands of years ago, said Croft.
The species' existence remained buried until its fossils were unearthed by a mining engineer named Michael Armas. In 1958, he found the remains of left and right upper arm bones, a left foot bone, two vertebrae, two lower teeth and parts of the hooves while excavating a tunnel through soft karst of an old coral reef in search of phosphate. He preserved the fossils for some 40 years until they came to the attention of Dr. Hamilcar Intengan, a physician, in 1995, who then reported the findings to researchers at The Field Museum in Chicago, where scientific casts of the fossils are now housed.
"If Mr. Armas and Dr., Intengan hadn't passed these specimens along, we might never have discovered this species nor had any idea that water buffalo once lived in Cebu Island," said Croft.
While the Philippines are home to 172 species of native mammals, of which 111 are endemic, scientists consider the islands to be "megadiverse" and one of the most important biological spots in the world.
"Documenting past mammal diversity in the Philippines, an area of extremely high conservation priority is vital for understanding the evolutionary development of modern Philippine flora and fauna and how to preserve it," said Heaney, a co-author and curator of mammals at The Field Museum. "The concentration of unique mammal species here is among the very highest in the world, but so is the number of threatened species."
Although a large diversity of modern mammals now occur on the Philippine Islands, relatively few fossils have been discovered there.
"Finding this new species is a great event in the Philippines," Bautista said. "Only a few fossils of elephants, rhinos, pig, and deer have been found here previously. We have wonderful living biodiversity, but we have known very little about our extinct species from long ago. Finding this new fossil species will spur us to new efforts to document the prehistory of our island nation."
"Discovery of the first fossil mammal from Cebu Island documents the potential for uncovering more evidence of ancient diversity and extinction in this tropical region," Flynn said. "The recovery of this new extinct species of dwarf buffalo suggests that evolution on islands during climate and sea level changes contributed to the remarkable biodiversity of the Philippines."
Case Western Reserve University is committed to the free exchange of ideas, reasoned debate and intellectual dialogue. Speakers and scholars with a diversity of opinions and perspectives are invited to the campus to provide the community with important points of view, some of which may be deemed controversial. The views and opinions of those invited to speak on the campus do not necessarily reflect the views of the university administration or any other segment of the university community. | <urn:uuid:5ecafc5b-1e28-47e8-a569-fe70a703f6a7> | {
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Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation
|Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation|
|Argued December 7, 1959
Decided March 7, 1960
|Full case name||Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation|
|Citations||362 U.S. 99 (more)|
|Prior history||United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|
|The Federal Power Commission did indeed have the right to seize land from the Tuscarora Indian Tribe with just compensation.|
|Majority||Whittaker, joined by Warren, Frankfurter, Clark, Harlan, Stewart|
|Dissent||Black, joined by Douglas|
|Federal Power Act|
|Wikisource has original text related to this article:|
Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation, 362 U.S. 99 (1960), was a case decided by the United States Supreme Court which determined that the Federal Power Commission was authorized to take lands owned by the Tuscarora Indian tribe by eminent domain under the Federal Power Act for a hydroelectric power project, upon payment of just compensation.
In 1950 the United States and Canada entered into treaty in respect to the Niagara Falls in order to properly split the use of an obviously huge natural resource. When approving the treaty, the Senate entered into force a provision that stated that no development of the areas was to occur without an Act of Congress. Because of this the Army Corps of Engineers reported to the Congress about the most feasible plans to use all of the waters afforded to it by the 1950 treaty. Also other studies were submitted to the Congress by the Federal Power Commission and Power Authority of New York.
The treaty limited the use of water during the nights and weekends. In order to overcome these times where water would not be as readily available all the plans submitted called for a reservoir to be built that could feed the power plant during these off times. However squabbling in Congress on whether the development should be public or private had delayed plans for several years. But June 7, 1956, a rock slide destroyed the Schoellkopf Power Station, creating a critical shortage of power in the Mid-Atlantic Region. Faced with this crisis Congress authorized the FPC to issue the Power Authority of New York a license to implement a plan that would utilize all available power that the 1950 treaty afforded the United States.
In light of its new authority via an Act of Congress the Power Authority began its hearing process and notified all interested parties, including the Tuscarora Indian Nation. In the hearing the Tuscarora objected to the Power Authority’s plan and stated that “the applicant lacks the authority to acquire them.” During the hearings it was stated that Power Authority would need about 1,000 acres (4.0 km2) of land from a roughly 4,000-acre (16 km2) parcel of land. The land in question was not part of the actual reservation as mandated by treaty, but purchased by the Tuscarora with assistance from the Secretary of War. After the hearings the FPC issued the license and found that the land in question was almost completely undeveloped. On May 5, 1958, the FPC issued its order approving the licensee's revised exhibit which precisely delineated the location, area, and acreage to be embraced by the reservoir, which included 1,383 acres (5.60 km2) of the Tuscaroras' lands. On May 16, 1958, the Tuscarora filed a petition at the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia.
The Tuscarora Indian Nation contended that seizure of their lands was a violation under the Federal Power Act. Section 4 of the act declared that reservation land may not be acquired when it would “interfere or be inconsistent with the purpose for which such reservation was created or acquired.” The Court of Appeals found that the land in question was indeed part of the Indian Reservation and could not be used and remanded the FPC. The Federal Power Act defined reservations as: "national forests, tribal lands embraced within Indian reservations, military reservations, and other lands and interests in lands owned by the United States, and withdrawn, reserved, or withheld from private appropriation and disposal under the public land laws; also lands and interests in lands acquired and held for any public purpose; but shall not include national monuments or national parks."
Upon this decision the Commission held more hearings, studying both the court’s decision and exploring other locations for the reservoir. However the Commission found that other sites would cause significant delay to the project, cause unwanted community disruption, unreasonable expense and would reduce the capacity of the reservoir. This would lead to a violation of Public Law 85-159, which mandated that the commission use all of the possible energy that could be extracted from the falls. The Commission then appealed to the Supreme Court.
Justice Whittaker wrote the opinion for the Court. The question as presented by Whittaker was "...may [the land] be taken for the storage reservoir of a hydroelectric power project, upon the payment of just compensation...". The court did not argue whether the land was part of the Tuscarora Reservation but whether it was a reservation as defined in the Federal Power Act.
The court found that for the purposes of the law, a reservation was any land owned by the Federal Government of the United States. This would thus exclude Indian Reservations from its definition.
Justice Black wrote a dissent. He argued that the definition of reservation was trivial and should not have been analyzed by the court. In his dissent Black wrote of a string of injustices by the United States Government and violations of treaties. He added that this ruling was another broken promise. He finished with:
Great nations, like great men, should keep their word.
Interpretation of the Nonintercourse Act
Although the Court found that the Nonintercourse Act did not bar condemnation under the Federal Power Act, it laid down an expansive interpretation of the Act:
As to the Tuscaroras' contention that [25 U.S.C. § 177] prohibits the taking of any of their lands for the reservoir ‘without the express and specific consent of Congress,’ one thing is certain. It is certain that if s 177 is applicable to alienations effected by condemnation proceedings under s 21 of the Federal Power Act, the mere ‘expressed consent’ of Congress would be vain and idle. For s 177 at the very least contemplates the assent of the Indian nation or tribe. And inasmuch as the Tuscarora Indian Nation withholds such consent and refuses to convey to the licensee any of its lands, it follows that the mere consent of Congress, however express and specific, would avail nothing. Therefore, if s 177 is applicable to alienations effected by condemnation under s 21 of the Federal Power Act, the result would be that the Tuscarora lands, however imperative for the project, could not be taken at all.
But s 177 is not applicable to the sovereign United States . . . .
George C. Shattuck, who successfully litigated the Oneida I (1974) decision more than a decade later cited Tuscarora as the "key that helped me see the legal issues in the correct perspective." In his report to his firm, persuading them to take the case on a contingency fee basis, Shattuck repeated several arguments against Indian land claims and concluded: "Before the Tuscarora case we might have backed away for one or more of the above reasons." Shattuck notes that, "[i]ronically, the state's brief in the Tuscarora case . . . gave me my first real understanding of how the Nonintercourse Act worked and how it might be used to press the Oneida claim." Explaining the Oneida I holding, Shattuck states that "[t]he prophesy of the 1960 Tuscarora case became reality in 1974."
- 362 U.S. at 119--20.
- Shattuck, The Oneida land claims: a legal history (1991), p. 7.
- Shattuck, p. 8.
- Shattuck, p. 21.
- Shattuck, p. 31. | <urn:uuid:cf04048b-4ac6-43da-824a-94b734a3b722> | {
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Record Type: RIE
Publication Date: 1992
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Counselor Role and Educational Change: Planning, Integration, and Basic Skills. Book 5: Comprehensive School Counseling and Guidance Programs.
Feller, Richard W.; Daly, Joseph L.
the first of four lessons on comprehensive school counseling and guidance programs presented in this document discusses the competencies contained in the National Career Development Guidelines and those promoted by the National Career Development Association and the American School Counselor Association. The second lesson helps counselors know how and why to promote comprehensive counseling and guidance programs built on educational-developmental principles. The third lesson explains the concepts of comprehensive counseling and guidance programs, in the hope of encouraging counselors to actively promote greater implementation of these programs in schools. The fourth lesson allows counselor education students to practice developing life and career plans. Included with each lesson is information on the justification for the lesson; the expected learner outcome; instructor resources; directions for teaching-learning interaction; debriefing strategies; list of resources; and a brief discussion of an individualized learning plan for persons studying this content in an individualized program. (ABL)
Publication Type: Guides - Classroom - Teacher
Education Level: N/A
Sponsor: Office of Vocational and Adult Education (ED), Washington, DC.
Authoring Institution: Colorado State Univ., Ft. Collins. School of Occupational and Educational Studies.
Note: For other documents in this series, see CG 024 444-450. | <urn:uuid:9144bc24-f4f8-4642-b3b3-a8d4b3b35141> | {
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We have had such fun exploring our theme “Eat a Rainbow’ this term. Students have expanded their taste buds trying new and different coloured fruits and vegetables. Every child who eats all their food in Kitchen Garden gets a tick on their chart and once they have five ticks they can choose from our prize basket. This week our basket was almost stripped clean! Mrs Smith’s 1W class were the most impressive with 17 children receiving a prize in one week; what great eaters they are!
Here is this fortnight’s recipe; great for the lunch box.
250 grams of spiral pasta cooked to directions and cooled
1 large grated carrot
1 cob of corn, cooked and kernels removed
1 red capsicum, diced
Small bunch of fresh basil, chopped
1/8 cup olive oil
100 grams grated tasty cheese
Salt and pepper to taste
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Since 1960, the U.S. science and engineering workforce has grown faster than the full workforce.
Why is this indicator important?
A growing S&E workforce is an indicator of increased capacity for innovation.
S&E employment grew at an average annual rate of 3.6% between 1990 and 2000, compared with an average annual rate of 1.1% for the U.S. workforce as a whole.
Today, S&E workers make up approximately 4% of the total U.S. civilian labor force, up from 2.6% in 1983.
Growth in the S&E workforce in the United States was made possible by three factors:
(1) Increases in S&E degrees earned by both native and foreign-born students,
(2) Both temporary and permanent migration to the United States of those with foreign S&E education, and
(3) The relatively small number of scientists and engineers old enough to retire (SEI 2008 | <urn:uuid:a98005c7-4636-4358-9080-6336c67573de> | {
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Dinosaur Bones "Buried" By Evolutionists!
A recent presentation at the 2012 Western Pacific Geophysics meeting in Singapore showed C-14 dates of soft tissue found in dinosaur bones to be in the range from 22,000 - 39,000 years old. Previously, it has been assumed that dinosaurs died out over 65 million years ago, so these new findings are astonishing and should have made international news. But shortly after the presentation was made at the meeting, the abstract was removed from the meeting’s website!
So it appears that instead of making international news, these findings have been buried. First, let’s look at what was actually being presented.
The organic matter (collagen) and hard carbonate bone mineral (bioapatite) in the bone samples were analyzed. The samples came from several species of dinosaurs (acrocanthosaur, hadrosaurus, triceratops and apatosaurus) taken from various sites in Texas, Colorado, Arkansas and Montana. The samples were meticulously handled and cleaned to avoid possible contamination. The carbon-14 (C-14) levels in these samples were measured using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS). The resultant C-14 ages obtained from these samples were consistently in the 22,000 - 39,000 years range. The fact that the samples were from a variety of species and sites all giving consistent results greatly reduces the chance that the results are from contamination.
The theoretical upper limit for C-14 dating is ten times the half-life, or about 57,000 years. The proposed practical upper limit for C-14 dating is between 40,000 - 50,000 years. While some samples fell close to the 40,000 year upper limit, 16 out of 20 (80%) were aged at 35,000 years or younger, well within the acceptable upper C-14 dating limits.
While other researchers have found soft tissue in dinosaur bones and C-14 dates in these ranges, this current study has been the most comprehensive. The fact that there is any collagen at all remaining in these bone samples is amazing, considering that they are supposed to be older than 65 million years. Protein just doesn’t hang around that long! And that there is any C-14 in them also is reason to possibly question conventional wisdom. But why have we not heard about any of this in the news? Shouldn't there have been at least a 15-second blip from one of the media outlets? But the media have been silent and the abstract pulled from the meeting proceedings. The sacred cow of evolution once again remains intact.
We truly are living in an age of great deception. “And for this cause God shall send them strong delusion, that they should believe a lie.” (2 Thessalonians 2:11)
This article, by Creation Moments board member Dr. Don Clark, is based on an interview broadcast by Broken Road Radio. To hear the interview and many others on biblical creation topics, go to http://brokenroadradio.com/morning-show-september-17-2012/ | <urn:uuid:6cb92412-144d-4c9c-b1c1-b3638ba84556> | {
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Hadrian’s Wall continues to intrigue seasoned archaeologists and historians alike, with new discoveries and archaeological finds a regular occurrence. Now, a new manual from Haynes sheds light on Britain’s largest, most spectacular historic monument.
This impressive Roman World Heritage Site was both a land wall that ran 73 miles from east to west, and a sea wall stretching at least 26 miles down the Cumbrian coast. The Hadrian’s Wall Operations Manual traces the concept, construction and purpose of the wall, as well as how it was built, who worked on it and the lives lived on and around it.
Telling the story of Hadrian’s Wall with the help of outstanding aerial photographs that give an up to date bird’s-eye view of the course of the wall, the manual devotes two whole chapters to surveying the wall mile-by-mile, plotting every visible and hidden detail.
Using a range of illustrations – photographs, maps and artwork – the manual also explores the lives of the Romans who populated the area and explores where they came from, what they wore, what they ate and how they experienced daily life on Rome’s northernmost frontier.
The launch of this latest manual from Haynes comes hot on the heels of the renovation of both the Birdoswald Roman Fort and the Corbridge Roman Town, which reopened this April.
The book also includes details of the extraordinary finds at Vindolanda, where a new purpose-built gallery features some remarkable archaeological finds of sandals, weapons, writing tablets, uniform remnants, eating implements and personal effects.
Author Simon Forty said: “Given that the wall was built nearly 1900 years ago, its substantial remains are testament to a major feat of engineering comparable to anything else in the Roman world. This manual sets out to provide an accessible account of why it was built and how it was used.
“For example, many might not be aware that its forts’ footprints are as large as many medieval castles, and with its mile towers, barracks and vici – the settlements that grew up around the forts – the archaeology of the extended site allows an astonishingly rich insight into Roman frontier life. It took three legions – 15,000 men – six years or so to complete and it was used for 300 years by the Romans before many of its buildings were repurposed by the local inhabitants. That repurposing included using the wall as a source of dressed stone: today less than 10 percent of it is in situ, but much of the rest can be seen in local buildings!”
Simon concludes: “Now’s a particularly exciting time to visit Hadrian’s Wall – especially following the discovery of a number of outstanding archaeological finds at Vindolanda – but for wonderful walking, wild countryside and spectacular views, it’s always worth a visit.”
Illustrated with specially commissioned aerial photography, enhanced with close-up details, and augmented with cutaway artworks of interiors and reconstructions, Haynes’ latest manual is a comprehensive historical guide to Hadrian’s Wall. | <urn:uuid:3b38bfb9-ada8-4479-95dc-0306d8592bae> | {
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By Former Media Director Richard Wood
Academic research has a lot to offer when it comes to exploring the interesting and topical link between age and political participation.
Politics allows people to create change in their communities. Citizens therefore need to be armed with the democratic toolkit to make the alterations they wish to see in the world. I have long had a passion for engaging individuals, especially young people, in the political system, something which led me to explore and evaluate the links between age, young people and political participation in my academic research outlined below.
Before delving into existing theories and empirical evidence, as well as my own findings, it is worth defining political participation. This is crucial as political actions are not merely restricted to voting at the ballot box every four years. The definition of participation has developed over time and is under regular scrutiny, but there is consensus that it is more than so-called “formal participation” such as voting, contacting elected officials and running for election. Ekman and Amna offer one of the most comprehensive typologies on this subject, but for the purpose of my research, I used Teorell, Torcal and Montero’s typology, which outlines five modes of participation: voting, party activity, contacting, protesting and consumer activity.
Voting and age
When it comes to voting, age and young people (generally those aged 18-25), firstly data consistently indicates that young people are less likely to vote than older individuals and that the propensity to vote increases with age. The most interesting aspect of this is that this relationship is near universal. My own research, which utilised representative data from the gold-standard British Election Study and the European Social Survey (as well as qualitative interviews with people who have worked with young people and politics), confirmed that this has been the case in every general election for which data was available for in the UK. Furthermore, the relationship persists across Europe and much of the wider world. Out of eighteen European countries surveyed in 2016, age was strongly linked with voting. The only exceptions were Belgium – which can be explained by the country’s compulsory voting arrangement - and Iceland. The latter did have this relationship, but results were not significant.
The second important feature of this is that evidence suggests the relationship between age and voting is not actually strictly linear, rather it is curvilinear meaning the very oldest voters are less likely to vote than middle-aged voters. This has been widely noted in the literature, and often linked to increasing immobility and social decline, and my own research once again highlights this in Britain over time and across Europe in 2016.
To explain this relationship, two theories, which are not necessarily mutually exclusive, dominate academic literature. The first is the life-cycle theory. This states that as individuals put down roots, settle into a routine with a steady job and a permanent location, things that become more likely with age, their cost of voting is reduced. This implies that younger voters are less exposed to the political system and are more likely to be moving around so have high barriers to voting, often characterised as “start-up costs”. Then as individuals age, their investment in society increases due to them having a larger stake in society’s “system” through things like owning property and starting families, thus decreasing their costs of not voting. In other words, age is a proxy for these factors, which all tend to relate to age. Plenty of research backs up this theory as do my own findings, however, there are other proposed explanations.
The second dominant theory is the generations argument, which states that different political generations, formed in differing political eras, have varying propensities to vote. This is derived from Mannheim’s generation thesis. The most extensive research on this in Britain was conducted by Stuart Fox, who used advanced statistical techniques to find strong evidence for these effects while controlling for the life-cycle. My own research found similar evidence. The generations school of thought has been further evidenced for by Lyons and Alexander, Blais and Rubenson and others, however, the theory has an obvious limit. Defining generations is largely subjective and determining completely accurate cut-off points is an impossible task. This therefore limits the credibility of attempts to measure this, meaning that caution must be urged when examining this type of research.
In addition to finding evidence for both theories, my own research built a model made up of factors established as key determinants of voting, such as political knowledge, voting as a civic duty, interest in politics and party mobilisation. Without going into the boring statistical details (who doesn’t love regression!) multiple models were generated with different age-groups using large British Election Study wave samples. The main finding was while there were almost no differences across the ages, even when other likely voting determinants are controlled for, the model suggests that a lack of political understanding in young people is more likely to deter them from casting their ballots than in older people. This indicates that political knowledge is crucial in determining an individual’s decision to vote.
The main policy implication of this? Compulsory, impartial and informative political education. This would tackle start-up costs and give young people the tools to make informed decisions and think critically when going to the ballot box. Additionally, in the interview section of my research, all but one participant highlighted political education as a key tool for engaging young people in politics, thus strengthening the case for political literacy as a way of bridging the voting age gap.
Non-voting participation and age
When it comes to other forms of participation, the relationship with age is less clear. The main consensus in this area of the literature is that young people’s involvement in political parties is limited. The most recent evidence for this comes from research conducted as part of the Party Members Project. Published in 2018, it suggests that 4% of Labour party members are aged 18-24 compared to the 29% of those aged 65 and older. The disparity is even more striking for the Conservatives, with 5% of members aged 18-24 compared to the 44% over the age of 65. The pattern persists in the Liberal Democrats and the SNP, and considering that only around 18% of the UK population are aged over 65, these findings become even more overwhelming. Furthermore, my research suggests that in twelve of the fourteen countries where data was available, young people were less likely than the average population to conduct party activity.
As for contacting elected officials, research relating directly to this mode of participation is limited but evidence indicates that young people are less likely to engage this way, which makes sense considering their reluctance to vote and be involved in political parties. As for consumer participation, which includes boycotts, buycotts, signing petitions and similar, research suggests there is no real link between them and age as evidenced by Garberg and Newburry, as well as by Sloam. Nonetheless, these are all areas needing further examination.
However, when it comes to protesting, there is a strong link between young people and demonstrating, including student protests and social movements. Furthermore, European data indicates that young people are more likely to demonstrate than the general population.
This therefore raises an interesting question: are young people participating in other ways instead of voting? For advocates of the idea that instead of voting, young people are going out and participating in different ways, my research using British Election Study data suggests this is not the case. Out of a list of eight non-voting political activities, 64% of non-voting 18-25-year-olds had done none of these. Furthermore, the majority of the rest had done just one non-voting activity, indicating that voting young people are more likely to be politically active in other ways than non-voting individuals.
In conclusion, research on the complex relationship between age and political participation deserves more media attention as academic projects continually advance our collective insight into timely and important topics. Furthermore, the policy implications from this type of research are enormous. While disruption caused by start-up costs when young people leave school and try to find their way in life will always exist to an extent, the policy goal should be to bridge this gap as much as possible to engage young people in politics and resultantly grow a population that continues to be involved in the political system. Explaining this gap through research can result in that outcome.
Richard Wood is a political commentator, who works in media intelligence and is a Master’s Graduate in Political Research from the University of Aberdeen. He is the former Media Director of TalkPolitics and the Communications Officer for the Scottish Young Liberal Democrats.
Sources and Further Reading
Joakim Ekman, Erik Amna, ‘Political Participation and Civiv Engagement: Towards a New Typology’, Human Affairs (2012)
Jan Teorell, Mariano and Montero Torcal, José Ramón, ‘Political Participation: Mapping the Terrain’, Routledge (2007)
Elliot Frankal, ‘Compulsory voting around the world’, The Guardian (4 July 2005)
Kaat Smets, ‘Revisiting the political life-cycle model: later maturation and turnout decline among young adults’, European Political Science Review (May 2016)
Achim Goerres, ‘Why are Older People More Likely to Vote? The Impact of Ageing on Electoral Turnout in Europe’, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations (4 January 2007)
Jennifer L. Erkulwater, ‘Political Participation over the Life Cycle’, Richmond School of Arts and Sciences (2012)
Charlotte Snelling, ‘Young People and Electoral Registration in the UK: Examining Local Activities to Maximise Youth Registration’, Parliamentary Affairs (22 October 2015)
Ellen Quintelier, ‘Differences in political participation between young and old people’, Contemporary Politics (2007)
Jane Pitcher, ‘Mannheim's Sociology of Generations: An Undervalued Legacy’, The British Journal of Sociology (September 1984)
Stuart Fox, ‘Apathy, alienation and young people: the political engagement of British millennials’, The University of Nottingham (2015)
William Lyons and Robert Alexander, ‘A Tale of Two Electorates: Generational Replacement and the Decline of Voting in Presidential Elections’, The Journal of Politics (2000)
Andre Blais and Daniel Rubenson, ‘The Source of Turnout Decline:New Values or New Contexts?’, Comparative Political Studies (8 August 2012)
‘Grassroots: Britain’s party members: who they are, what they think, and what they do’, The Party Members Project (January 2018)
James Sloam, ‘Diversity and voice: The political participation of young people in the European Union’, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations (25 May 2016)
Naomi Gardberg and William Newburry, ‘Who Boycotts Whom? Marginalization, Company Knowledge, and Strategic Issues’, Business and Society (11 March 2010)
Image: Chris Beckett @flickr | <urn:uuid:86ea7349-96b0-46d0-9fa0-f54f7af9139b> | {
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Previously Featured Empathy Promoters
9 Essential Habits that Provide the “Empathy Advantage”
Michele Borba has written a powerful new book about the decline in empathy in our children, and what to do to reverse that. Have you seen all the “selfies” that young people post on social media these days? That’s what the title refers to, and she says it directly relates to the 40% drop in empathy that researchers have seen over the last 3 decades. “Self-absorption kills empathy, the foundation of humanity, and it’s why we must get kids to switch their focus from ‘I, Me, My, Mine’ to ‘We, Us, Our, Ours.'”
As I read this book, I marked page after page to come back to. It is rich with insights and ideas. Let me share some of Borba’s wisdom here:
“Above all, remind your child: ‘Just like when you practice guitar, soccer, or your multiplication tables, the more you work at being kind, the kinder you’ll be.'”
“We live in a plugged-in culture. The single best predictor of healthy emotional interaction is a lot of face-to-face communication… Staring at computer screens, texting, tweeting and IMing do not teach kids their emotional ABCs. … The average eight- to eighteen-year-old is plugged into a digital media device about seven hours and 38 minutes a day.”
Borba discusses extensively how parents can foster empathy, and it is clearly parents who are the driving force here. In a study of people who rescued Jews from Nazis, the most determining factor was that their parents instilled in them “a strong identity based on caring values and an ethic of social responsibility.” She cites another study that found “children whose parents used induction–who discussed how a child’s misbehavior made them, the parent, feel–showed higher levels of empathy, perspective taking, and prosocial behaviors than kids whose parents relied heavily on power-assertive discipline such as taking away privileges, or on physical punishments like spanking.”
Borba has tons of practical advice, for both parents and teachers, on how to help kids be more empathetic (something that she says is not well-valued today in our culture of promoting self-esteem and achievement), including reading more, making and modeling kindness as a family and classroom value, helping children learn self-regulation, and giving children more opportunities for open-ended free play with a variety of friends.
Please read this book. It is important, today more than ever.
The New York Times has begun a new project, which it asks people to contribute to, edited by BAYETÉ ROSS SMITH, pictured above. In response to politicians who lump groups of people–blacks, Hispanics, women, gays and so on–into a single box, they are asking people to send in their own pictures and stories to say, for example, “This is who a black woman is, this is my experience, this is me.” This series will tell both sides of the empathy coin: We are all different, and we are all the same. That is to say, every individual is unique and should not be stereotyped, and most people have similar feelings and desires.
As Mr. Smith says, “In media, in marketing and in life, it’s all too common to see large, multifaceted groups of people defined by a single narrative. #HereIsMyAmerica — a project we’re launching here and on Instagram — is an attempt to counter that simplistic approach. We’re inviting you to help build a more nuanced national portrait.”
Listen to some of the the first participants. From Teri Johnson, a black woman: “I’m the fifth generation in my family to graduate from college. And out of everyone that I know, I don’t think I’ve met a person — African-American or Caucasian — who can say that. I come from a family that believes a lot in education and believes a lot in helping civil rights. … Not just as African-Americans, but as humans we all want the same things. We want love, we want happiness, we want financial stability, we want to be able to have great experiences, from travel to education to going to great restaurants and seeing great shows.” And from Jessica O. Matthews, also a black woman: “I run a hardware tech company that makes energy-generating products. I am a black woman, and our company is based in Harlem. We have Fortune 100 clients, we do business globally. We have 15 patents and patents pending covering really exciting iterations of our technology. … My parents are immigrants from Nigeria. They both grew up in the same tribe in the same state in Nigeria, but they met in Brooklyn. That’s what makes New York amazing.My mom watched Oprah constantly and decided that we could be anything. I went to an Ivy League school.”
Bookmark the site, and check it out frequently, as hundreds of pictures and descriptions of beautiful Americans are added.
An exciting new initiative is gaining a lot of followers in schools, among parents and others concerned with creating a positive future in which today’s children grow up learning and practicing the vital skill of empathy. As they explain it, “Start Empathy, an initiative of Ashoka, is a community of individuals and institutions dedicated to building a future in which every child masters empathy.
“We urgently must see young people as changemakers and help them develop the skills they need to be empathetic, ethical actors who will positively impact their own lives, their communities, their schools, their companies, their countries and the world, now and throughout their lives.
“Ashoka’s Start Empathy Initiative is expanding and leveraging Ashoka’s network of social entrepreneurs and other changemakers to drive a movement to make empathy a priority skill for all children. We seek to accelerate society to a tipping point at which this idea becomes inevitable because a new framework has taken hold.”
A growing number of schools are becoming what Start Empathy is calling Changemaker schools. Check out Start Empathy’s explanation on how these schools are fostering empathy skills in their students, and see which Changemaker schools are in your area.
You can connect with Start Empathy at its website, on Facebook, and on Twitter.
Conversations about divisive issues can sometimes be emotional, pick-a-side and fight-it-out discussions that leave us feeling worse about the people we disagree with, and sometimes worse about ourselves. But there is a way to talk that feels open, honest and impartial, where you can actually be heard and learn about the people with whom you disagree.
Respectful Conversations are designed not to change minds, but soften hearts.
Respectful Conversations are gaining steam. Since 2012, over 2,000 Minnesotans have participated in over 80 Respectful Conversation on a variety of divisive topics including:
- The amendment defining marriage
- Guns in Minnesota
- Differences between urban and rural government leaders
- Racial implications of religious art
- Religious/non-religious dialogue
- Muslims and Christians on global security
- Jews and Protestants on Israel/Palestine
- Divisive internal organizational issues
The results speak for themselves: On average, 70% of participants report that “I have a stronger sense of empathy for those whose viewpoint is different from my own.” Over 95% agree that they felt listened to.
The Making Caring Common Project from Harvard’s Graduate School of Education.
The mission statement of the MCC states: “Making Caring Common (MCC) aims to strengthen the abilities of parents and caretakers, schools, and community members to develop caring, ethical children. We’re working to make these values live and breathe in the day-to-day interactions of every school and home.” To that end, it offers many thoughtful and helpful ideas based on excellent research. A particularly useful resource is their 5-point plan called “How Parents Can Cultivate Empathy in Children.” bit.ly/1rWBS1mThis guide offers clear and practical ways to help children become more empathetic, with “try this” ideas for each one. They are:
1. Empathize with your child and model empathy at home.
2. Make caring for others a priority and set high ethical expectations.
3. Provide opportunities for children to practice empathy.
4. Expand your child’s circle of concern.
5. Help children develop self-control and manage feelings effectively. A recent New York Times article featuring this new and important project.
Read more at mcc.gse.harvard.edu/
Meet Your Somali Neighbor
The city of St. Louis Park, just west of Minneapolis, organized a Meet Your Somali Neighbor For
um in February 2014. The free event attracted a crowd many times larger than organizers had expected, indicating that people from difference backgrounds and cultures are eager to learn about each other and connect with each other in an empathetic way. Somali food was served, and Somali-American community members spoke both in an informative talk, and in a friendly Q & A session. The evening ended on a beautiful note with an original poem read by a senior at St. Louis Park High School, who is becoming renowned already for her poetry. Since we in the audience had learned earlier in the evening that poetry is profoundly important in Somalia, this was especially meaningful.
Here are a few things we learned that evening:
For Somalis, if you can’t get along with your family, you are not respected.
There is a great deal of sharing between neighbors. It would not be unusual for a Somali woman to go to her neighbor to borrow some salt in the middle of the night.
Somalia is essentially 100% Islam, which is a way of life that guides everything. For example, Somalis must give 25% of their income to charity. And Somalis have a harder time buying houses here in the United States, because Islam forbids paying interest.
In Somalia, parent involvement in education is not encouraged; it is up to teachers to educate and discipline children at school. So Somali parents do not expect to be called in to schools to be part of their child’s educational process, which can lead to misunderstandings between teachers and parents.
We would encourage all communities with immigrant populations to organize similar “get to know your neighbors” events. To read more about this one, see Meet Your Somali Neighbors Forum Attracts a Crowd. If you know of similar empathy-promoting events where you live, please let us know. We’d love to hear about them!
Chris Kluwe Former NFL Star
“Societies that don’t practice empathy, if you look at the historical record, every single civilization has failed. … And really, the root cause of that is not being able to put yourself in someone’s shoes. It’s empathy, it’s treat other people the way you’d like to be treated.”
Who said these simple but profound words? Not a politician, not a religious leader, not a syndicated newspaper columnist. No, it was a punter/pundit on Conan O’Brien’s show recently.
Chris Kluwe was a punter for the Minnesota Vikings when he wrote a letter to Deadspin in August 2012 criticizing a Maryland State delegate who demanded that the Baltimore Ravens silence a player who had spoken up in favor of same-sex marriage. The letter was well-reasoned, thoughtful, articulate and used very colorful language to make the point that the fundamental American values of free speech and equality for all were being threatened by this legislator’s attitude. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/chris-kluwe/an-open-letter-to-emmett-burns_b_1866216.html
The letter got a ton of attention, and catapulted Chris into the limelight. It took him everywhere: from helping with the fight to defeat the anti-gay marriage amendment in Minnesota, to appearing on many talk shows, to being the Grand Marshall of the Pride Parade in Minneapolis in July, to writing and promoting a book of essays, Beautifully Unique Sparkleponies.
And always, for Chris, it comes down to empathy. Here’s what he says in an essay in the book entitled “For the Children”, wherein he refutes the argument that opponents of same-sex marriage use that they’re doing it “for the children”: “It’s about giving our children the tools to succeed in life-tools like empathy and kindness. …It’s about understanding that there are countless children and they’re not all going to be the same and that we should celebrate that diversity as they mature into adults.” (p 54, Beautifully Unique Sparkleponies.”)
We saw Chris Kluwe speak to a packed house on his book tour recently, and were impressed with his wit, his smart and rational approach to life, his down-to-earth attitude, and his good humor. Chris Kluwe gets it, that it all starts with empathy.
Check out Chris Kluwe on TV talk shows: Conan O’Brien bit.ly/151z0AP
NPR’s The Race Card
The Ellen DeGeneres Show bit.ly/14Urzf2 Michele Norris, the National Public Radio host, was starting a book tour for her memoir, which explored racial secrets. Sensing a change in the atmosphere after the election of the first black president, and searching for a new way to engage and listen, Norris printed 200 postcards asking people to express their thoughts on race in six words. Thousands of submissions have poured in from the web, in the mail, by hand or via Twitter. Spend some time scrolling through The Race Card Wall. Click through to read some of the stories behind the six-word submissions. Send in your own six-word essay. Share this with your friends. Join the conversation.
Visit The Race Card Project at: theracecardproject.com/
Children’s Culture Connection
Children’s Culture Connection is an organization that connects kids from America with kids who live in 12 different developing or war-torn countries. Kids form relationships with peers in these countries, and learn to understand life from a new perspective in a very personal way. This learning about each other is a two-way street. Children’s Culture Connection also runs a summer camp program for middle school students. This past summer, students from several schools in Minnesota connected with students in Afghanistan. This is what CCC said about the experience: “The American students learned about Afghanistan beyond the headlines. They learned how illiteracy affects the ability of people to understand the world, and how easy it is to be brainwashed. Their participation in the camp and outreach to the vulnerable Afghan students allowed them to discover a new view on the world, and how human connectedness can bring hope to the most hopeless place on earth.”
Check it out: http://childrenscultureconnection.org/
Children’s Author David LaRochelle
Check out a wonderful book for young adults by David LaRochelle, Absolutely Positively Not.
Sixteen-year-old Steven DeNarski doesn’t know if he’ll pass his driver’s test or if he’ll ever understand his parents, but there’s one thing he’s sure of: he’s absolutely, positively NOT gay. He sets out to prove it by collecting photos of girls in bikinis, sitting at the jock table at school, and dating like crazy. “Absolutely” takes a humorous look at the life of a regular boy who’s finding out what it takes to be a real man.
This delightful book won the Sid Fleischman Humor Award. Whether you are gay or straight, sixteen or sixty, you will enjoy the endearing characters and the story of Steven’s path to self-acceptance. David LaRochelle says that Steven is based on himself. He says, “Like Steven I was scared to death that somebody might discover I was attracted to men, and I did all sorts of ridiculous things to prove to myself, and the world, that I was absolutely, positively not gay. And like Steven, when I finally decided to be honest, I was a much happier person.” (from Daphne Lee’s interview: bit.ly/lTZL32)
In a recent interview David had for the Red Balloon Bookshop, he was asked, “If you were a superhero, what super power would you like to have?” He answered, “I would like to have the power to give empathy to others. It’s hard to hate someone once you get to know them and get a glimpse of what his/her life is like.” David added, “One of my favorite quotes is: ‘Be kind, for everyone you meet is fighting a great battle.’ The older I get, the more truth I find in this sentiment.”
To find out more about David LaRochelle, check out his Website at davidlarochelle.net
Check out this fascinating video clip from noted author and social thinker Jeremy Rifkin, who asks, “Can we reach biosphere consciousness and global empathy in time to avert planetary collapse?” | <urn:uuid:bf95f803-713e-4bdc-ad7c-323e8dc559d1> | {
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A study made public this Wednesday has shown that biosynthetic corneas can and do restore eyesight in humans. Researchers from the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (OHRI) and the University of Ottawa in Canada, along with Linköping University in Sweden, conducted a clinical trial using ten Swedish patients with advanced keratoconus or central corneal scarring. Each patient had the damaged corneal tissue in one eye surgically replaced with a biosynthetic cornea made from synthetically cross-linked recombinant human collagen. After two years, six of the patients’ vision had improved. After being fitted with contact lenses, their vision was comparable to that of someone who had received a real human cornea transplant.
Read the full article: Biosynthetic corneas restore vision to humans | <urn:uuid:b5941a4f-54a1-4873-b2a1-a526ac77a5b4> | {
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By Scott Whittemore 6/12/2019
As more and more households are switching to renewable electricity, and more and more towns, cities, and states are committing to 100% renewable energy, the growing demand for cleaner, more sustainable sources of energy has spurred the creation of some unique forms of energy generation and management. We’ve highlighted seven of these novel forms of renewable energy: some operational, some developing, some theoretical and interesting, and one that involves space lasers.
- Landfill Gas Electricity
One of these actual and current unique sources of renewable energy is methane collected from waste facilities and landfills. From frack-free Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) that you can use to heat your home to generating electricity, using captured methane has a variety of benefits. 14.1% of methane emissions were from waste facilities in 2016. By turning this gas into usable combustible gas or using it to power a turbine to generate electricity, waste facilities not only cut down significantly on both methane and carbon dioxide emissions but provide an alternative to fracking and other environmentally detrimental methods of natural gas collection. Renewable Natural Gas has huge potential to be a dependable, carbon-neutral source of energy that can drastically reduce greenhouse gas emissions. As landfills continue to be converted into Renewable Natural Gas collection facilities, and as suppliers (like The Energy Co-op!) and consumers (like you!) continue to support and invest in the collection of methane, it will be exciting to see the role that RNG will play in the future renewable energy mix.
- Smart Grid Technology
Next up is new “smart” measurement and communication technology, a developing technology already implemented in several places. Smart grid technology allows for accurate, real-time generation and demand data collection. This allows for more efficient energy usage, a greater mix of renewable energy, and ultimately more grid flexibility. The benefits would include easier repairs, fewer power outages, and an overall reduction in carbon emissions as a result of a more efficient grid. More advanced grid technology continues to grow in demand as ageing electrical grid infrastructure becomes more and more unreliable. Versions of this are already implemented in the US (smart meters are actually required by the Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission), and technology continues to improve. One element of this novel grid technology is to divide larger regions into independent “microgrids” (like in Hoboken, New Jersey) which allows a locality to disconnect and reconnect from the main electric grid, minimizing outages, and creating a more resilient grid.
- Vertical-axis Wind Turbines
Vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWT) have been around since the early 2000s, but the growth of offshore wind has allowed for a resurgence in their research and development. While they are not currently as efficient as standard wind turbines, their ease of maintenance and reliability is promising for future improvements. While VAWTs still have a long way to go before they become as viable as horizontal wind turbines, it’s likely that continued research and development will give them niche roles in selected offshore wind projects, maybe even Lake Erie!
- Tidal Turbines
Over 1,000 years ago, European grain mills were operated by tidal power, and today we’re able to generate electricity with it. Tidal turbines are essentially wind turbines that are placed on the sea floor and use, you guessed it, rushing water instead of wind to generate electricity. Tidal power in New York has shown to be an efficient way to supplement the more traditional renewable energy generation (primarily wind and solar) in their grid mix. While tidal power most likely won’t take over as a primary source of energy in the United States, its potential capacity in Alaska and its proven reliability and efficiency can definitely help reduce demand for fossil fuel-generated energy and help make the shift to renewable energy more attainable moving forward.
- Hydrogen Fuel
Hydrogen is already being used as automotive fuel in California and has a number of unique benefits. By isolating hydrogen, primarily through a process called steam reforming, it can be used to produce electricity in fuel cells. Steam reformation refers to the mixing of natural gas with steam to produce hydrogen. These fuel cells then interact with the oxygen externally, creating a carbon-free energy source. As renewable electricity generation continues to grow globally, electrolysis, (splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen using electricity), will be able to dramatically lower both the emissions and the cost associated with electrolysis-generated hydrogen. By coupling intermittent renewable electricity sources with electrolysis, excess electricity during periods of high production but low demand could be converted to hydrogen in a cost-effective manner. This would improve the efficiency and output of clean energy systems. Today, Japan is banking on a hydrogen-powered society, and we’re excited to see how their plan to expand fuel cell-powered vehicles by four times before the 2020 Olympics plays out.
- Space-based Solar Power
This one is a bit out there, but theoretically scientifically possible. The theory is that orbiting solar panels will capture solar power directly and then beam that power either by radio-waves or lasers back to a generator relay that converts it to usable electricity on Earth. While we don’t see this being cost-effective for a long time, the idea of capturing solar power 24/7 and beaming it back to Earth using space lasers is too cool to not share.
- Body Heat Collection
UC Berkeley and U.S. Department of Energy researchers have come up with a “personal power-jacket” concept that would use a combination of silicon nanowires and electrochemical synthesis to generate enough electricity to power your phone on the go. While personal thermoelectric jackets are a very niche market, it’s great to see creative methods of renewable energy generation get their start, even if we probably won’t be powering our solar-space-lasers with body-heat. Although you never know… | <urn:uuid:3153c307-2f97-43fd-af04-6b1d7c5734eb> | {
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Conventional gas-powered hybrid vehicles are still better for the climate than all-electric cars in most U.S. states, in part because these states still rely heavily on fossil fuels to produce electricity, according to a new report. In 39 states, high-efficiency hybrids, such as the
Toyota Prius, produce fewer carbon emissions during their lifecycle than the least-polluting electric cars, an analysis by Climate Central found. Although an increased reliance on cleaner energy sources in some parts of the country doubled the number of states (32) where driving electric cars would be more environmentally friendly, that advantage disappeared when analysts also considered the high emissions associated with building the batteries and other components for the EVs. In 11 states, the best all-electric cars are better for the environment than gas-powered hybrids, even when manufacturing is taken into account. In 26 states, plug-in hybrid cars are the most climate-friendly vehicles, the analysis found. | <urn:uuid:3d910905-7c9b-4a6e-ac88-b6ad601b31a0> | {
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Patrick Jack had four sons, James, John, Samuel and Robert, and five daughters, Charity, Jane, Mary, Margaret and Lillis, named in the order of their ages. Capt. James Jack, the eldest son, married Margaret Houston, on the 20th of November, 1766. The Houston family came South nearly at the same time with the Alexanders, Polks, Pattons, Caldwells, Wallaces, Wilsons, Clarkes, Rosses, Pattersons, Browns, and many others, and settled mostly in the eastern part of Mecklenburg county (now Cabarrus), and in neighborhoods convenient to the old established Presbyterian churches of the country, under whose guidance civil and religious freedom have ever found ardent and unwavering defenders. The late Archibald Houston, who served Cabarrus county faithfully in several important positions, and died in 1843, was one of this worthy family.
On the 2nd of October, 1768, Captain James Jack, as stated in his own family register, moved to his own place, on the head of the Catawba river, then receiving a considerable emigration. He had five children: 1. Cynthia, born on the 20th of September, 1767. 2. Patrick, born on the 27th of September, 1769. 3. William Houston, born on the 6th of June, 1771. 4. Archibald, born on the 20th of April, 1773 (died young); and 5. James, born on the 20th of September, 1775.
On the 4th of August, 1772, Captain Jack left his mountain home and moved to the residence of his father, Patrick Jack, in Mecklenburg county. On the 16th of February, 1773, he and his father moved from the country, where they had been temporarily sojourning, into “Charlotte town,” prospered in business, and soon became useful and influential citizens.
On the 26th of Sept., 1780, Lord Cornwallis, elated with his victory at Camden, entered Charlotte, with the confident expectation of soon restoring North Carolina to the British Crown. Patrick Jack was then an old and infirm man, having given up the chief control of his public house to his son, Captain James Jack; but neither age nor infirmity could enlist the sympathies of the British soldiery. The patriotic character of the house had become extensively known through Tory information, and its destruction was consequently a “foregone conclusion.” The British soldiers removed its aged owner from the feather bed upon which he was lying, emptied its contents into the street, aid then set the house on fire! The reason assigned for this incendiary act was, “all of old Jack’s sons were in the rebel army,” and he himself had been an active promoter of American independence.
The loss to Patrick Jack of his dwelling-house and much furniture, accumulated through many years of patient toil and industry, was a severe one. The excitement of the burning scene, consequent exposure, and great nervous shock to a system already debilitated with disease, a few months afterward brought to the grave this veteran patriot. His aged partner survived him a few years. Both were worthy and consistent members of the Presbyterian Church, and their mortal remains now repose in the old graveyard in Charlotte.
By the last will and testament of Patrick Jack, made on the 19th of May, 1780, he devised the whole of his personal estate and the “undivided benefit of his house and lots to his beloved wife during her life-time.” After her death they were directed to be sold, and the proceeds divided among his five married daughters, viz.: Charity Dysart, Jane Barnett, Mary Alexander, Margaret Wilson and Lillie Nicholson. James Jack and Joseph Nicholson were appointed executors. It is related of Dr. Thomas Henderson, a former venerable citizen of Charlotte, that, on his death-bed, he requested to be buried by the side of Patrick Jack, “one of the best men he had ever known.”
At the Convention of Delegates in Charlotte on the 19th and 20th of May, 1775, Capt. James Jack was one of the deeply interested spectators, and shared in the patriotic feelings of that ever memorable occasion. He was then about forty-three years of age–brave, energetic and ready to engage in any duty having for its object the welfare and independence of his country. After the passage of the patriotic resolutions, elsewhere given in this volume, constituting the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence, Capt. Jack, for his well-known energy, bravery and determination of character, was selected to be the bearer of them to Congress, then in session in Philadelphia. Accordingly, as soon as the necessary preparations for traveling could be made, he set out from Charlotte on that long, lonesome and perilous journey, “on horseback”. There were then nowhere in the American colonies, “stages” or “hacks” to facilitate and expedite the weary traveler. Express messengers were alone employed for the rapid transmission of all important intelligence. On the evening of the first day he reached Salisbury, forty miles from Charlotte, before the General Court, then in session, had adjourned. Upon his arrival, Colonel Kennon, an influential member of the Court, who knew the object of Captain Jack’s mission, procured from him the copy of the Mecklenburg resolutions of independence he had in charge, and read them aloud in open court. All was silence, and all apparent approval (“intentique ora tenebant”) as these earliest key-notes of freedom resounded through the hall of the old court house in Salisbury. There sat around, in sympathizing composure, those sterling patriots, Moses Winslow, Waightstill Avery, John Brevard, William Sharpe, Griffith Rutherford, Matthew Locke, Samuel Young, Adlai Osborne, James Brandon, and many others, either members of the court, or of the county “Committee of Safety.” The only marked opposition proceeded from two lawyers, “John Dunn” and “Benjamin Booth Boote”, who pronounced the resolutions “treasonable”, and said Captain Jack ought to be detained. These individuals had previously expressed sentiments “inimical to the American cause.” As soon as knowledge of their avowed sentiments and proposed detention of Captain Jack reached Charlotte, the patriotic vigilance of the friends of liberty was actively aroused, and a party of ten or twelve armed horsemen promptly volunteered to proceed to Salisbury, arrest said Dunn and Boote, and bring them before the Committee of Safety of Mecklenburg for trial. This was accordingly done (George Graham, living near Charlotte, being one of the number), and both being found guilty of conduct inimical to the cause of American freedom, were transported, first to Camden, and afterward, to Charleston, S.C. They never returned to North Carolina, but after the war, it is reported, settled in Florida, and died there, it is hoped not only repentant of their sins, as all should be, but with chastened notions of the reality and benefits of American independence.
On the next morning, Captain Jack resumed his journey from Salisbury, occasionally passing through neighborhoods, in and beyond the limits of North Carolina, infested with enraged Tories, but, intent on his appointed mission, he faced all dangers, and finally reached Philadelphia in safety.
Upon his arrival he immediately obtained an interview with the North Carolina delegates (Caswell, Hooper and Hewes), and, after a little conversation on the state of the country, then agitating all minds, Captain Jack drew from his pocket the Mecklenburg resolutions of the 20th of May, 1775, with the remark:
“Here, gentlemen, is a paper that I have been instructed to deliver to you, with the request that you should lay the same before Congress.”
After the North Carolina delegates had carefully read the Mecklenburg resolutions, and approved of their patriotic sentiments so forcibly expressed, they informed Captain Jack they would keep the paper, and show it to several of their friends, remarking, at the same time, they did not think Congress was then prepared to act upon so important a measure as “absolute independence”.
On the next day, Captain Jack had another interview with the North Carolina delegates. They informed him that they had consulted with several members of Congress, (including Hancock, Jay and Jefferson,) and that all agreed, while they approved of the patriotic spirit of the Mecklenburg resolutions, it would be premature to lay them officially before the House, as they still entertained some hopes of reconciliation with England. It was clearly perceived by the North Carolina delegates and other members whom they consulted, that the citizens of Mecklenburg county were “in advance” of the general sentiment of Congress on the subject of independence; the phantasy of “reconciliation” still held forth its seductive allurements in 1775, and even during a portion of 1776; and hence, no record was made, or vote taken on the patriotic resolutions of Mecklenburg, and they became concealed from view in the blaze of the National Declaration bursting forth on the 4th of July, 1776, which only re-echoed and reaffirmed the truth and potency of sentiments proclaimed in Charlotte on the 20th of May, 1775.
Captain Jack finding the darling object of his long and toilsome journey could not be then accomplished, and that Congress was not prepared to vote on so bold a measure as “absolute independence”, just before leaving Philadelphia for home, somewhat excited, addressed the North Carolina delegates, and several other members of Congress, in the following patriotic words:
“”Gentlemen, you may debate here about ‘reconciliation,’ and memorialize your king, but, bear it in mind, Mecklenburg owes no allegiance to, and is separated from the crown of Great Britain forever”.”
On the breaking out of hostilities with the mother country, no portion of the Confederacy was more forward in fulfilling the pledge of “life, fortune and sacred honor,” in the achievement of liberty, previously made, than Mecklenburg and several adjacent counties. Upon the first call for troops, Captain Jack entered the service in command of a company, and acted in that capacity, with distinguished bravery, throughout the war under Colonels Polk, Alexander, and other officers. He uniformly declined promotion when tendered, there being a strong reciprocal attachment between himself and his command, which he highly appreciated, and did not wish to sunder. At the commencement of the war he was in “easy” and rather affluent circumstances–at its close, comparatively a poor man. Prompted by patriotic feelings for the final prosperity of his county, still struggling for independence, he loaned to the Slate of North Carolina, in her great pecuniary need, £4,000, for which, unfortunately, he has never received a cent in return. As a partial compensation for his services the State paid him a land warrant, which he placed in the hands of a Mr. Martin, a particular friend, to be laid at his discretion. Martin moved to Tennessee, and died there, but no account of the warrant could be afterward obtained.
Soon after the war he sold his house and lots in Charlotte, and moved with his family to Wilkes county, Ga. Here he is represented, by those who knew him, as being a “model farmer,” with barns well filled, and surrounded with all the evidences of great industry, order and abundance. Here, too, he was blest in enjoying for many years the ministerial instructions of the Rev. Francis Cummins, a distinguished Presbyterian clergyman, who, at the youthful age of eighteen, joined his command in Mecklenburg county, and had followed him to his new home in Georgia–formerly a gallant soldier for his country’s rights, but now transformed into a “soldier of the cross” on Christian duty in his Heavenly Master’s service.
The latter years of Captain Jack’s life were spent under the care of his second son, William H. Jack, long a successful and most worthy merchant of Augusta, Ga. In 1813 or 1814, Captain Jack moved from Wilkes to Elbert county, of the same State. There being no Presbyterian church in reach, of which he had been for many years a devout and consistent member, he joined the Methodist church, with which his children had previously united. He was extremely fond of meeting with old friends, and of narrating incidents of the Revolution in which he had actively participated, and for its success freely contributed of his substance. In the serenity of a good old age, protracted beyond the usual boundaries of life, he cared but little for things of this world, and took great delight in reading his Bible, and deriving from its sacred pages those Christian consolations which alone can yield true comfort and happiness, and cheer the pathway of our earthly pilgrimage to the tomb. He met his approaching end with calm resignation, and died on the 18th of December, 1822, in the ninety-first year of his age. His wife, the partner of his joys and his sorrows through a long and eventful life, survived him about two years, and then passed away in peace. | <urn:uuid:672c6ca3-b1d1-4879-b758-ddb286abdccd> | {
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Distracted driving, defined as operating a motor vehicle with one’s attention split between the road and a mobile electronic communication device, is responsible for a significant number of accidents and fatalities on Maryland roads. The Maryland State Highway Administration identified 24,769 automobile accidents in 2008 that involved distracted driving. Those crashes killed thirty-four people and injured 11,578. That year, almost 6,000 people nationwide died in distraction-related crashes, with distraction playing a role in twenty-five percent of all automobile crashes. The total number of fatalities dropped to about 5,500 in 2009 and 3,000 in 2010, but those are still enormous numbers, making distracted driving nearly as big a threat as drunk driving. Recent events and legislative efforts have brought distracted driving into the spotlight again.
An accident in Connecticut demonstrates the danger posed by distracted driving. A jogger, 44 year-old Kenneth Dorsey, died on March 24 after a vehicle driven by a 16 year-old girl struck him. The girl was allegedly talking or texting on a handheld cell phone at the time. Police have not said specifically what she was allegedly doing, except that evidence suggests she had used the phone’s keypad before the accident. Prosecutors in Norwalk, Connecticut charged the girl with negligent homicide with a motor vehicle and with violating the state’s ban on use of a cell phone by novice drivers.
Thirty-one states prohibit use of handheld cell phones while driving for all drivers, including Connecticut and Maryland. Distracted driving laws vary from state to state, but no states have banned use of cell phones entirely. Maryland drivers may use a cell phone with a hands-free device like a headset, although use of a cell phone in any manner by drivers under the age of eighteen will be prohibited beginning October 1, 2012. School bus drivers are currently prohibited from using a handheld cell phone while working. All drivers are prohibited from writing or sending text messages while driving, except for the purpose of contacting a 9-1-1 emergency system.
Maryland passed its handheld cell phone ban in April 2010, and it took effect October 1, 2010. Maryland was the seventh state to enact such a ban. A proposed bill in the most recent Maryland legislative session would have changed the penalty for violating the cell phone ban, making it a primary offense instead of a secondary one. The bill passed the House of Delegates in February, but did not make it out of the Senate Judicial Committee.
Legislative efforts to curb cell phone use while driving may or may not reduce the overall number of distraction-related accidents and fatalities. These laws can be helpful to a person injured by a distracted driver in making a claim for negligence. A claim for negligence requires proof that a defendant owed a duty of care to the plaintiff and breached that duty, and that the breach caused injury to the plaintiff. Drivers, as a general rule, owe a duty of care to drive reasonably safely and obey the rules of the road. A conviction for violating a cell phone ban could serve as prima facie evidence of negligence.
The Maryland accident injury lawyers at Lebowitz & Mzhen are skilled at pursuing justice for people injured in automobile accidents on Maryland roads. Contact us today online or at (800) 654-1949 for a free and confidential consultation.
More Blog Posts:
University of Maryland Study Shows Increased Risk of Pedestrian Injuries with Electronics Use, Maryland Accident Law Blog, April 11, 2012
Preventing Maryland Car Crashes: State Senate Approves Ban on Reading Text Messages While Driving, Maryland Accident Law Blog, March 9, 2011
The Fight Against Distracted Driving: Baltimore County Lawmaker Pushes for Tougher Cell Phone Driving Law, Maryland Accident Law Blog, February 16, 2011
Photo credit: Created by ifaketext.com. | <urn:uuid:9db880da-69f9-462c-8f8b-9171cb0dfe84> | {
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It’s not a link that many people make but your dental health can be seriously affected by your inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
Studies have found that people with IBD are at an increased risk of developing dental cavities and oral infections and that people with IBD have more dental treatments than those without IBD1. The causes are not completely known but it is thought they are multiple. They are either related to the change in the immune system as a result of IBD or to diet. There may also be a link between taking steroid-based drugs - which are often used to treat flares of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis - and a weakening of the teeth.
Below is a summary of some of the reasons why you might be suffering from bad teeth...
Steroid-based medication, such as prednisolone, can cause loss of calcium from your bones which can lead to osteoporosis. It can also reduce the calcium in your teeth causing them to weaken and this can lead to tooth decay.
As a result of this it’s important to make sure you are getting enough calcium out of your diet and supplements to keep your teeth and bones strong.
Many people with IBD struggle to find foods that they can stomach (literally). For some people this can result in a high sugar diet, for others a low amount of essential nutrients. Whatever the reason, your teeth are affected by both.
Some people with IBD suffer from stomach acid/bile coming up into their mouths. An extra acidic mouth can also be caused by poor gut health which can be found in those affected by IBD. Acidic foods and drinks (such as fruit juices, fizzy drinks and sodas) can increase the amount of acid in your mouth. Acid is bad for your teeth and can cause the enamel on them to erode. An acidic mouth is also the perfect host for plaque (bacteria which can cause gum disease) and gingivitis (inflammation of the gums).
Why not sign up to our mailing list and receive regular articles and tips about IBD to your inbox? | <urn:uuid:086a0431-e056-4ff9-9ec5-10a3e780023f> | {
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Communicating Science: Tools for Scientists and Engineers
Created by the AAAS Center for Public Engagement with Science and Technology and the National Science Foundation, this website’s resources include webinars, how-to tips for media interviews, strategies for identifying public outreach opportunities, and more.
Communicating with the Media
- AAAS Media Interview Tips (PDF)
- “A Crisis in Scientific Journalism,” by Chris Neill (MBL), Falmouth Enterprise, August 10, 2010 (PDF)
- Dean, Cornelia. Am I Making Myself Clear? A Scientist’s Guide to Talking to the Public. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2009.
- Hayes, Richard and Grossman, Daniel. A Scientist’s Guide To Talking With The Media: Practical Advice from the Union of Concerned Scientists. Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press. 2006.
- NSF Public Affairs Partnership Opportunities Fact Sheet (PDF)
- Reddy, Christopher (WHOI), “Scientist Citizens” Science 323: 1405 (13 March 2009). (PDF)
- Zielinska, E. “Why Trust a Reporter?” The Scientist 24: 40 (1 Sept. 2010).
Social Media for Scientists
- Web and Emerging Technology Resources for Scientists and Partners (Ohio State University Superfund)
- Bik, H.M. and Goldstein, M.C. (2013) An introduction to social media for scientists. PLOS Biology 4: e1001535
- Darling, E.S., Shiffman, D., Cote, I.M., and Drew, J.A. (2013) The role of Twitter in the life cycle of a scientific publication. Ideas in Ecol. Evol. 6: 32-43, doi: 10.4033/iee.2013.6.6.f
Creating a Compelling Talk
- Burroughs Wellcome Fund – Communicating Science: Giving Talks
- Olsen, Randy. Don’t Be Such a Scientist: Talking Substance in An Age of Style. Washington, DC: Island Press, 2009.
- Schatz, G. (2003) How (Not) to Give a Seminar FEBS Letters 534: 5-6.(PDF)
Science Communication for Scientists: Training and Resources
- Annual workshop at MBL: “From Data to Story: A Writing Workshop for Scientists”
- ComSciCon: Annual communicating science workshop for graduate students (Harvard University)
- Broader Impacts Group (organized by MIT-WHOI graduate students)
- ScienceOnline: annual conference to explore how science is conducted, shared, and communicated online
- Aldo Leopold Leadership Program
- AAAS Communicating Science Workshops
Science Literacy; Scientists’ Attitudes about the Public
- Pew Research Center for the People and the Press: Public’s Knowledge of Science and Technology (April 2013 report) | <urn:uuid:9099ab8d-efed-4b9e-ae50-fd9d1a2644e7> | {
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The cases of Jerusalem and Jerosolym can be confusing to some. For instance, Saint Paul mentioned meeting Saint Peter in "Jerosolym" (Gal 1:17) but refers to "that Jerusalem which is above is free, which is our mother" (Gal 4:26).
After reading more cases of these spellings it becomes clear that "Jerosolym" solely refers to the capital of Israel while "Jerusalem" denotes heaven such as with St. John's books.
Saint John uses only Jerosolym in his Gospel (13 times), and he uses only Jerusalem in the Apocalypse (3 times). In his Apocalypse, Jerusalem always refers to the Holy City, which is Heaven.
The reasoning for this spelling difference is based off a play on words.
The y spelling (Jerosolym) derives from the Greek Hierosolym, which includes the Greek root for sacred cultic words. Hiereus is priest. Hieron is temple. The Greek writers made a Greek play-on-words to denote Jerusalem as a Hierosolym (a “temple” city). | <urn:uuid:f4779ccb-3d02-4bdd-ad85-cb724451547f> | {
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The world's oldest human rights organisation, Anti-Slavery International, led several initiatives in response to the bicentenary. The Fight for Freedom 1807-2007 Campaign, launched in 2005, called for measures to address the continuing legacies of the slave trade. The publication '1807-2007: Over 200 years of campaigning against slavery' looked back at the work of Anti-Slavery International and its predecessor organisations. The Spotlight on Slavery series of exhibitions and events included debates, lectures, film screenings and photography exhibitions. Anti-Slavery International also collaborated with a number of other organisations and projects in 2007, including Rendezvous of Victory and Set All Free, and contributed exhibition material to various exhibitions around the UK, including the Remembering Slavery exhibition at the Discovery Museum in Newcastle.
By the mid-18th century, Glasgow dominated Britain's tobacco and sugar imports, and the city was also involved in the slave trade. In 2007 Glasgow Built Preservation Trust (GBPT), in partnership with Glasgow Anti Racist Alliance, developed an exhibition linking Glasgow’s built heritage with the slave trade. In September 2007, Glasgow’s Doors Open Day event marked the bicentenary with walks (both guided and by podcast), a pop-up exhibition, and an evening of drama, talks and music. The event was later transformed into a week long ‘built heritage festival’, from which a travelling exhibition and city trail were created by the historian Stephen Mullen.
Slavery here! was a project hosted by museums across the Tees Valley led by Preston Hall Museum. It featured an interactive exhibition to explore the story of the Tees Valley’s connections with slavery. For example, the town of Stockton-on-Tees had its own Sugar House, a refinery that processed sugar from the Caribbean. The exhibition also looked at the work of local abolitionist campaigners Dr Robert Jackson and Elizabeth Pease, and the impact of contemporary slavery on today's society. Alongside the exhibition at Preston Hall Museum, other special events included workshops on African drumming and culture, object handling, and introductions to Fair Trade products. The project also produced a commemorative quilt (in collaboration with Newtown Community) and a film, ‘Manacles and Money’.
Remembering Slavery 2007 involved museums, galleries and other cultural organisations across the North East of England in a programme of exhibitions, events, performances, lectures and activities to explore the themes of slavery and abolition, and identify connections with the region.
The Remembering Slavery Archive Mapping and Research Project, led by the Literary and Philosophical Society in Newcastle and assisted by local history groups, uncovered a large amount of archival material in the region’s institutions, exposing many hitherto unknown links between the North East and the slave trade. The participating record offices and libraries were Tyne and Wear Archives Service, the Literary and Philosophical Society Library, the Northumberland Record Office and the Robinson Library’s Special Collections at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne. This reassessment of the North East’s involvement in slavery and the slave trade led to new published research, including John Charlton's 'Hidden Chains: the Slavery Business and North East of England 1600-1865'. There was also a lecture programme at the Literary and Philosophical Society, including talks by Professor James Walvin. Several of the project volunteers published essays based on their research in 'North East History 39' (North East Labour History Society, 2008). The North East Slavery and Abolition Group was established among the project volunteers, and further work on slavery and abolition was included in the Society’s North East Popular Politics project (NEPPP), 2010-13. Much of the material found in the 2007 project has been loaded onto the NEPPP database.
The Society of Friends expressed its formal opposition to the slave trade in 1727, and from that date were vocal opponents of transatlantic slavery. A virtual exhibition of archived resources, ‘Quakers and the path to abolition in Britain and the colonies’, was launched online to commemorate the bicentenary. It traced the history of the anti-slavery movement from its Quaker beginnings and highlighted key events in the Quaker history of opposition to the slave trade, and was primarily based on material from the Library at Friends House. The exhibition also explained the important role played by Quaker women abolitionists through writing and poetry. The Quakers pioneered contemporary tactics such as boycotting, petitions, leafleting and poster campaigns.
Other resources to help people find out more about the bicentenary included ‘Abolition Journeys’, developed by Quaker Life Committee for Racial Equality with the Quaker Life Children and Young People’s Staff Team, designed to help people of all ages remember the slave trade and work to abolish its modern variations.
This exhibition held by the Cadbury Research Library: Special Collections at the University of Birmingham included material from the archives of the Church Missionary Society held there, and some of its rare book collections. The accompanying information boards are featured here. The exhibition focused on the role of religion in the abolitionist movement, the power of the African voice in literature, and the role played by Birmingham residents in the anti-slavery campaigns. A booklist on anti-slavery publications held at the library was also produced. The exhibition was part of a University-wide initiative, with additional involvement from academic departments and the Guild of Students. An online exhibition was also produced in collaboration with the Library of the Religious Society of Friends: 'Quakers and the path to abolition in Britain and the colonies'.
Kirklees Council ran a range of events in 2007, focused on local connections with slavery and abolition. Kirklees Civic Sunday was the official commemoration at Huddersfield Parish Church, with a performance by a local gospel choir and a presentation by actors as historical characters. The links between Yorkshire and the Caribbean were also explored: 8,500 people of African-Caribbean descent live in the borough of Kirklees. Events such as the Jamaica National Independence Cultural Festival, Deighton Carnival and Huddersfield Carnival celebrated African and Caribbean culture. Part of the Kirklees programme was to host the Equiano Project's touring exhibition at the Hudawi Centre in Huddersfield. The Centre went on to name one of its rooms after Equiano. Other events included talks from historians, including Richard Reddie and Paul Crooke, church services, choir concerts and theatre productions.
The Anti-Slavery Arch in Stroud is Britain's oldest anti-slavery memorial. It was built by Henry Wyatt in 1834 to celebrate the passing of the Abolition of Slavery Act of 1833. A local businessman and supporter of the Stroud Anti-Slavery Society, Wyatt built the arch as an entrance to the carriage drive of his private estate. Established in 2000, the 'Anti-Slavery Arch Group' raised funds to address the preservation needs of the arch. This community project carried out major stone repairs, added a bronze plaque, produced a leaflet and website, and wrote and performed a play with students from Archway School (built on the site of Wyatt's mansion in the 1960s). In 2007, the monument was upgraded from a Grade II listing to Grade II*.
Alongside commemorating the passing of the 1807 Abolition Act, the ‘William Wilberforce, Slavery and the East Riding’ exhibition at the Treasure House in Beverley also highlighted Wilberforce’s connections with the East Riding of Yorkshire. The exhibition traced the roots of the Wilberforce family back to the early 13th century, and narrated the story of William Wilberforce’s early life in a family of merchants, and later, his significant contributions to the abolition campaign. It also looked at the other links between the East Riding and slavery, in the family fortunes of the Beverley family and Watt family, founded on ownership of slave plantations, but also the anti-slavery societies established in the region. The exhibition ended by highlighting the plight of the millions of people still enslaved across the world today, and discussed some of the contemporary antislavery efforts.
Wilberforce House Museum re-opened in 2007 after a significant redevelopment. In 1907 the 17th century building, and William Wilberforce’s birthplace and home in Hull’s Old Town, became Britain's first museum of the history of slavery. In 2007, the museum was fully refurbished with new displays. Some of these showcased existing collections, including those relating to the life of their famous patron, the slave trade and plantation life. Other displays engaged with themes considered absent from former interpretations, including the wider abolition movement. Another significant new feature was the inclusion of two galleries relating to modern slavery and human rights. These exhibits drew attention to local and global issues, with objects donated by members of the local community and contemporary antislavery campaign groups.
The Sites of Memory project was the first research by English Heritage (now Historic England) to provide an overview for the public of the buildings, memorials and grave sites across England that reflects the role of the slave trade in British history, and resistance to it. The project explored the history of Black people in Britain during the 18th and 19th centuries by exploring the stories behind the historic built environment of local streets, buildings and landmarks. The research (by historians Angelina Osborne and S. I. Martin, on behalf of English Heritage) also identified sites associated with the slave trade and plantation wealth, and with the abolitionists who campaigned for an end to slavery. English Heritage also made recommendations for new listings for historic sites that mark the Black presence.
As made clear by The Long Road to Freedom exhibition in 2007, the Record Office for Leicestershire, Leicester & Rutland contains a significant collection of documents which reveal local connections with the slave trade, and with those who campaigned for abolition. Several prominent local families owned slaves on plantations in the Caribbean and on the north coast of South America. Leading Leicester abolitionists, Elizabeth Heyrick and Susanna Watts, orchestrated a vigorous anti-slavery campaign in Leicester, including a boycott on sugar. Local landowner, Thomas Babington of Rothley Temple, was a friend of William Wilberforce and hosted meetings of anti-slavery campaigners at his home. The exhibition also highlighted a unique collection of mid-19th century papers which provide access to the voices of the enslaved in a slave court in Lagos, West Africa. It also told the stories of two former slaves, Rasselas Morjan and Edward Juba, who came to Leicestershire with their owners. This exhibition toured to various venues in the region, including Abbey Pumping Station, where it coincided with family activities focused on the work of Elizabeth Heyrick.
Norfolk’s Hidden Heritage was a partnership project between the Norwich and Norfolk Racial Equality Council (NNREC), the Norfolk Record Office (NRO) and the Norfolk Museums and Archaeology Service (NMAS) which researched the links between Norfolk and transatlantic slavery. For example, many slaving voyages left England from King's Lynn, while the Dalling family of Norfolk owned the Donnington Castle plantation in Jamaica. The exhibition, curated by Norfolk Record Office, won an award for the Best Black History Project for the East of England from the Black History Society. The website provided an interactive timeline to trace Norfolk’s Hidden Heritage from 1670 to today. There was also a database to search for important people, places and dates. Workshops were run in a number of schools, and information packs distributed. More widely, the project worked with the University of East Anglia, Norwich City College, the Prison Service and the Youth Offending Team. As part of the project, Norwich Academy Drama Group put together the production 'Diary of a Son of Africa', about an enslaved African who eventually gained his freedom.
The Hidden Connections exhibition was a result of partnership between the Public Record Office of Northern Ireland (PRONI) and the Linen Hall Library in Belfast. The exhibition explored Ulster's links with slavery after 1807 via people, events and places, and looked at both the pro and anti-slavery debates in Northern Ireland. It drew on documents from PRONI’s archives, artefacts from the Ulster Museum and contemporary books and pamphlets from the Linen Hall Library and elsewhere. After its launch at Linen Hall Library, the exhibition toured Northern Ireland, travelling to Down Museum, the Harbour Museum in Derry, Lisburn City Library and the Ulster American Folk Park.
The wider Hidden Connections programme featured workshops exploring archival sources, performances and lectures by leading scholars. There was a panel discussion on ‘Slavery Now’, a walking tour of Belfast sites associated with the slavery issue, and a boat trip on the Lagan focusing on the port’s links with slave colonies. Gerry McLaughlin’s ‘Blood sugar’ is a drama documentary devoted to the literature of slavery, music and song. 'Freedom and Liberty' was the theme of the UK-wide Archives Awareness Event. PRONI organised special events and produced a catalogue, 'Ulster and Slavery', listing the references to slavery to be found in the archive.
Everywhere in Chains was an umbrella project created for the bicentenary commemorations in 2007, by a collaboration between Amgueddfa Cymru - National Museum Wales, the National Library of Wales, University of Wales, Bangor and CyMAL: Museum Archives and Libraries Wales (part of the Welsh Assembly Government). An exhibition explored Welsh involvement in slavery, especially focusing on the transatlantic slave trade and its abolition, the Black presence in Wales, and legacies of slavery. This was shown at the National Waterfront Museum in Swansea from May to November 2007 before touring to Wrexham County Borough Museum. The touring version of the exhibition was funded by the Welsh Assembly Government. The exhibition in Wrexham included discussion of the painting 'A Negro Coachboy', thought to commemorate a black servant of John Meller, owner of the Erddig estate in the 18th century.
Alongside the exhibition, the Everywhere in Chains programme also included lectures, formal learning activities and performances. An educational pack was produced by CyMAL and distributed to every school in Wales in 2009-2010. A community project created a forum in which participants from many cultural backgrounds could voice their ideas about enslavement. The Everywhere in Chains Community Heritage Toolkit captured the learning from this project. The toolkit, launched in 2009, was produced to help individuals, groups and organisations to work with culture and heritage providers to undertake projects focused on the role of Wales in the transatlantic slave trade and issues of modern slavery.
The county of Suffolk has many connections with the abolitionist Thomas Clarkson. He married in Bury St Edmunds and lived the later years of his life at Playford Hall near Ipswich. Suffolk Record Office commemorated the bicentenary with an exhibition of original documents and exhibition panels about Thomas Clarkson and his links with Suffolk at Ipswich Record Office. The exhibition later toured other venues around the county. A source list was produced to highlight sources for Black and Asian studies in the Record Office.
An exhibition to mark the bicentenary was developed by Enfield Museum Service in partnership with the British Museum and Enfield Racial Equality Council. The exhibition looked at West African culture, the development of the local African community, the links between the transatlantic slave trade and Enfield, wealthy landowners and Quaker abolitionists who lived in the area. Free family days held during school vacations offered traditional Ghanaian story-telling, dancing and drumming, crafts and object handling. Living History Days gave visitors the opportunity to meet actors portraying William Wilberforce and Olaudah Equiano. School workshops included a drama session and performance about a runaway slave developed from material from Lambeth Archive. The museum service also produced a book, edited by Valerie Munday, which explored further the links between Enfield and the slave trade. The book was sent to all schools in the borough, and formed the basis of a teaching resource aimed at Key Stages 2 and 3. Loan boxes and handling collections provided by the museum service include Ghanaian artefacts and items relating to the slave trade. In 2011, Enfield Racial Equality Council unveiled a plaque to commemorate abolition at the Enfield Civic Centre.
A Giant with One Idea told the story of the anti-slavery campaign through the personal narrative of the abolitionist Thomas Clarkson, who was born and raised in Wisbech. The exhibition included an overview of the transatlantic slave trade, major campaigners in the abolition movement, the antislavery campaign after 1807, and details of Clarkson’s travelling chest, which he used to help illustrate the cruelty of the slave trade. The exhibition later travelled to other venues in the area. Accompanying the exhibition was a handling box based on Clarkson’s chest available for schools and community groups, as well as a children’s activity booklet led by the character of Clarkson himself. The museum also supported the publication of a number of books telling the life stories of Thomas Clarkson, and his less well known brother, the naval officer John Clarkson.
A touring exhibition exploring Hampshire's links with slave ownership and the abolition campaign was produced by (and featured material from) Hampshire Museums and Archives Service and Hampshire Record Office. The exhibition was on show in the Record Office foyer, before travelling to museums, schools and community centres around the county. The exhibition revealed that there were slave owners living in places in Hampshire such as the village of Hurstbourne Tarrant, and told the story of a slave-trading voyage in 1700 led and financed by men from the Titchfield area. Black servants, very likely former slaves, could be found in unlikely places such as Martyr Worthy and Bramdean. The abolition campaign was fought in the columns of the Hampshire Chronicle and the Hampshire Telegraph, and communities as diverse as Portsmouth, Whitchurch and Fordingbridge sent in petitions to Parliament on the subject. The exhibition also mentioned white slaves taken from the English coast by Barbary pirates, and the testimony of a group of emancipated slaves from Cuba who arrived in Southampton in 1855 on their way to Lucomi in Africa.
An exhibition held in the Special Collections Gallery at the Hartley Library, University of Southampton. The exhibition took a broad view of the subject of transatlantic slavery across the 18th and 19th centuries, featuring accounts of the horrors of the transatlantic slave trade, the case for abolition, and contemporary tracts and pamphlets putting forward the arguments for total abolition. Alongside these were discussions of the place of slavery in the economy of the West Indies, and the detail of measures taken by governments, such as that of the first Duke of Wellington in 1828-30, and the work of the third Viscount Palmerston, as Foreign Secretary and Prime Minister. The exhibition also looked at the efforts of the Royal Navy to enforce legislation and treaties against slave trading. | <urn:uuid:02ab9b44-57d5-4499-89e7-a9a45f579004> | {
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Lying near the ancient trade route from Trabzon (ancient Trebizond) to northwestern Iran, Doğubayazıt was once an important trading town, but its significance declined with the reduction of trade along this route and was destroyed during the Russo-Turkish wars of the 19th century and World War I, when the town was occupied by Russian troops. On a spur above the town are cuneiform inscriptions dating from the 1st millennium bce.
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The Living Shore
“Rowan Jacobsen breathes fresh life into our views of the current vitality of our coasts, bays, and estuaries, as he tells elegant parables of their degradation and subsequent restoration. To simply call this book “important” would allow some to dismiss it as a polemic, but it is so heartbreakingly beautiful that it deserves to be read by everyone who loves to eat, swim, fish, float, or imagine a healed world.” —Gary Nabhan, MacArthur Fellow, founder of Renewing America’s Food Traditions Alliance
In 2008, Rowan Jacobsen accompanied a team of marine scientists on an expedition to the remote coast of British Columbia to find the last pristine beds of Ostrea conchaphila, the Olympia oyster. The only oyster native to the Pacific coast of North America, the Olympia once carpeted the shore from California to Alaska and was a staple food of Native Americans. But decades of overharvesting and pollution nearly wiped it out.
The Living Shore explains how the decimation of oysters and other shellfish is a loss for everyone who depends on the health of the seas. Shellfish are the lynchpins of coastal ecosystems, the coral reefs of the temperate world. By filtering water, stabilizing shorelines, and providing complex habitat, they make estuaries the most productive environments on earth. Yet few healthy oyster reefs remain, and the race is on to protect the last ones.
What begins as a quest to find rare oysters becomes an exploration of our ancient connection to that “living shore.” New archaeology from British Columbia to South Africa reveals how the coast has supported our development and well-being, from our modern origins 164,000 years ago to our colonization of North America. There are reasons we feel such a profound connection to the shore. When we became estranged from that world, we also lost touch with a fundamental part of being human.
But all is not lost. The Living Shore profiles the extraordinary efforts underway to reestablish native shellfish populations and reverse the decline of the seas, and shows the promise-as the scientists on the expedition discover-of the return of a world so vital to our physical and spiritual sustenance.
“It is no small achievement to take a quest for a rare, relatively unknown oyster and spin it into a delightful and never didactic instruction on marine conservation from the Chesapeake to Puget Sound… [a] slim and superb reminder of these simple creatures’ vital importance to the grand scheme of life on land and sea.” –Publishers Weekly (starred review)
“Jacobsen tells a compelling story about why saving the environment does not translate into re-creating it as a mythic Eden, but rather appreciating how humans and nature have interacted for eons and still can…A revelatory page-turner about shellfish and so much more by a wonderful writer.” –Booklist
“A gorgeous little book.” –Amanda Bensen, Smithsonian
“A science-rich yet lambent investigation into the fate of the Olympia oyster…. Jacobsen is an artful storyteller, giving the oyster’s story an aching bite. He is also a fine explicator, drawing clearly the pivotal role of the oyster in estuarine health… Lovely science writing, and a smart look into where the work of ecological restoration is headed.” –Kirkus Reviews
“What too many of us so simply regard as the oyster, Rowan Jacobsen reveals as living gold—as currency of coastal cultures, engineer of ecosystems, the champagne toast of societies through the ages. Through Jacobsen’s admiring eyes, we see the mystery and the magic in the humble oyster; we see the omen in a creature quietly disappearing from waters that once gave life to us all.” —William Stolzenburg, author of Where the Wild Things Were
“Rowan Jacobsen’s last book, Fruitless Fall, on collapsing honeybee populations and the plight of pollinators generally, was first-rate science journalism. (Terrifying, too, for those of who like to eat and hope to continue doing so.) With The Living Shore, Jacobsen’s prose is similarly engaging, while offering profound questions about imperiled native oysters, healthy ecosystems, and the prospects for a future world where humans again understand that the living earth is what we eat—and wildness must persist if nature’s banquet is to remain on the table.” —Tom Butler, author of Wildlands Philanthropy: The Great American Tradition
“The Living Shore is a jewel, a small enlightening book that moves gracefully from the last gasps of the world’s smallest oyster to the coastal origins of mankind. Rowan Jacobsen’s engaging style makes it all possible and somehow leaves the reader both alarmed and inspired.” —Jim Lynch, author of The Highest Tide
Download the Introduction (PDF) | <urn:uuid:c03640a8-a585-4bdb-8deb-a41415393b3d> | {
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Upward mobility and the American Dream
An article this week in the New York Times has called attention to a recent study on upward mobility, which explored the ability of people across the country to climb the economic ladder--the quintessential American dream.
The study demonstrates that a variety of factors influence a person’s ability to rise above whatever situation they were born into, though the most important elements may not be the ones you think would have the biggest effect. According to the Times’ summary, increased tax credits for the poor and higher taxes on the rich only slightly improved income mobility. And, there was at most a modest correlation between mobility and the number of colleges and their tuition rates. Extreme wealth within a region also did not seem to suggest economic mobility.
The biggest factors? “All else being equal, upward mobility tended to be higher in metropolitan areas where poor families were more dispersed among mixed-income neighborhoods,” David Leonhardt writes. “Income mobility was also higher in areas with more two-parent households, better elementary schools and high schools, and more civic engagement, including membership in religious and community groups.”
In reviewing the same information, The Atlantic calls attention to another factor: the importance of geography and location, particularly the fact that upward mobility is more likely to occur in denser cities than in certain kinds of suburbs. “The suburbs didn't quite kill the American Dream, but a particular type did,” writes Matthew O’Brien. O’Brien points to Atlanta as an example of a low-density and racially polarized suburb with one of the lowest rates of upward economic mobility. “Racial polarization might spur sprawl, which makes cities less likely to invest in their infrastructure--and underfunded infrastructure hurts low-income people of all races.”
A lot of these issues closely match up with church values and social justice teaching: of human dignity, valuing family life, commitment to education, participation in community. We’ve got our work cut out for us to give people the chance to keep dreaming. | <urn:uuid:dcfe001f-36ca-42db-b8f4-8780fba55829> | {
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Last week a story in Science about an Idaho archeological site drew international attention and excitement. In north Idaho south of Cottonwood on the Salmon River is a spot known as Cooper’s Ferry. First excavated in the 1970s, it was occupied repeatedly by Native Americans. But, what was stunning was the dating of first occupancy based upon charcoal, tools and animal remains to 16,560 and 15,280 years ago.
That is the oldest dated human site in all of the Americas, outside of Alaska and the Yukon. During the last ice age glaciers cut that region off from the rest of the continent. Around 13,000 years ago global warming opened a path through the glaciers into the rest of the Americas.
So, how did people get to Cooper’s Ferry around 16,000 years ago? That date strongly indicates that the first humans entering the Americans came by sea, not overland after the glaciers parted. That was the reason for the excitement. Here is the key paragraph in the Science story:
It’s easy to see how seafaring people might have reached Cooper’s Ferry, says Loren Davis, an archaeologist at Oregon State University in Corvallis who led the excavations. Although the site is more than 500 kilometers from the coast, the Salmon, Snake, and Columbia rivers link it to the sea. “As people come down the coast, the first left-hand turn to get south of the ice comes up the Columbia River Basin,” Davis says. “It’s the first off-ramp.”
Based upon stone points found there is even speculation that the occupants originated from the island of Hokkaido in Northern Japan as the Idaho finds are similar to ones from there.
This incredibly important discovery creates the opportunity to develop a significant set of Idaho attractions. With Idaho having the oldest site south of the ancient ice, Cooper’s Ferry could be the crown jewel. The artifacts found there should find a permanent home somewhere close to the site in an appropriate museum.
But, Idaho has other sites worthy of becoming part of a future “Trail of Ancient Man”.
In June of 1961, in an field immediately east of Fairfield, farmer Bill Simon unearthed a roughly 13,000 year old Clovis cache consisting of roughly 30 stone points and implements. The Clovis culture lasted about 500 years and are known for their long, beautiful spear points. For decades we thought they were the first Americans. But, the people of Cooper’s Ferry predated them. Most of their remains have been found in the eastern part of the U.S. Their range was from Venezuela to Alaska and they hunted mammoths and other big game. The Simon discovery site should have more than a simple sign on State Highway 20.
The Simon family in 1997 donated 32 stone artifacts from the cache to the Herrett Center for Arts and Science at the College of Southern Idaho. They are kept in a vault for security. Funds should be raised to put them on an appropriate secured public display.
About 17 miles immediately west of Idaho Falls are the three Wasden caves which are partially collapsed lava tubes. About 12,500 years ago three mammoths were killed in or near one by Folsom hunters. This was one of the cultures that followed Clovis. Later, more than sixty bison antiquitus were driven in and slaughtered. This is a world-class site. The other two caves need to be excavated (the issue is money). And, like Simon, it needs more than a sign on the nearby highway.
In an exciting development, the families that owned the caves at discovery have recently donated 80,000 artifacts from the digs to the expanding Museum of Idaho in Idaho Falls and, at least a portion, will go on public display in 2020.
There are many other ancient Idaho human sites. Wilson Butte Cave near Dietrich dates to 12,000 years old. The Birch Creek Rockshelters on the road to Salmon are around 11,000 years old. In 1989, the Twin Falls Highway Department found a 12,500-year-old burial site of a Paleoindian woman near Buhl. Each should be honored and the artifacts made accessible to the public.
Idaho has a unique story to tell about the occupation of the Americas. We need to tell it in a compelling, educational way that will excite our people and attract the attention of tourists from around the world. | <urn:uuid:227669d4-8f37-4f80-9ccc-8b7bec44dd99> | {
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Research conducted in a collaboration between Drs. Dun Mao, a researcher in Dr. Bruce McNaughton’s lab at the Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience at the University of Lethbridge, and Steffen Kandler, a researcher in Professor Vincent Bonin’s lab at Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders (NERF) in Belgium, has found neural activity patterns that may assist with spatial memory and navigation.
Their study, Sparse orthogonal population representation of spatial context in the retrosplenial cortex, has been published in Nature Communications.“Previously, we knew little about how spatial information is encoded in large neuronal populations outside of the hippocampal formation,” says Mao (PhD ’17), who’s now a postdoctoral fellow at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas. “Now we have revealed that the retrosplenial cortex, which is highly connected with the hippocampus, encodes spatial signals in a way similar to the hippocampus. These results will help us understand how the hippocampus and neocortex interact to support spatial navigation and memory.”
Navigation in mammals, including humans and rodents, depends on specialized neural networks that encode the animal’s location and trajectory in the environment, serving essentially as a GPS (global positioning system). Failure of these networks, as seen in Alzheimer’s disease and other neurological conditions, results in severe disorientation and memory deficits.
When an animal enters a specific place in its environment, ‘place cells’ in the hippocampus, a brain area known for its role in navigation and memory formation, begin firing. At any given location, only a few place cells are active, with the remaining neurons being largely silent. This sparse firing pattern maximizes information storage in memory networks while minimizing energy demands.
In addition to the hippocampus, the retrosplenial cortex is involved in spatial orientation and learning and has dense connections with the hippocampus. To better understand its role, Mao and Kandler measured activity in the retrosplenial cortex in mice as they moved on a treadmill fitted with tactile stimuli. As they precisely tracked the animal’s behaviour and location, they used highly sensitive live microscopic techniques to compare the activity of neurons in the retrosplenial cortex and the hippocampus.
The researchers discovered a new group of cells that fire in smooth sequences as the animals run in the environment. While the activity resembled that of place cells in the hippocampus, the retrosplenial neurons responded differently to sensory inputs.
“We found these two functional cell types in the retrosplenial cortex, one devoted to spatial mapping and the other devoted to visual processing. We are now studying how these two information streams interact in the retrosplenial cortex,” Mao says.
The results show that the retrosplenial cortex carries rich spatial activity, the mechanisms of which may be partially different from that of the hippocampus. While more research is needed to investigate the relationship between retrosplenial activity and the hippocampus, the results pave the way for a better understanding of how the brain processes spatial information. | <urn:uuid:6fef51ff-8fd9-4acb-ab76-914d380c8578> | {
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"Three Victorian questions about potential sexual partners: 'Are they from a good family?'; 'What are their accomplishments?'; 'Was their money and status acquired ethically?' "
To our "Sex and the City" generation, these three questions sound shamefully Victorian and bourgeois. Yet they were not unique to 19th century England: they obsessed the families of eligible young men and women in every agricultural and industrial civilization. Only with our socially-atomized, late-capitalist society have these questions become tasteless, if not taboo. Worried parents ask them only in the privacy of their own consciences, in the sleepless nights before a son or daughter's ill-considered marriage.
The "good family" question always concerned genetic inheritance as much as financial inheritance. Since humans evolved in bands of closely-related kin, we probably evolved an intuitive appreciation of the genetics relevant to mate choice ‹ taking into account the heritable strengths and weakness that we could observe in each potential mate's relatives, as well as their own qualities. Recent findings in medical genetics and behavior genetics demonstrate the wisdom of taking a keen interest in such relatives: one can tell a lot about a young person's likely future personality, achievements, beliefs, parenting style, and mental and physical health by observing their parents, siblings, uncles, and aunts. Yet the current American anti-genetic ideology demands that we ignore such cues of genetic quality ‹ God forbid anyone should accuse us of eugenics. Consider the possible reactions a woman might have to hearing that a potential husband was beaten as a child by parents who were alcoholic, aggressive religious fundamentalists. Twin and adoption studies show that alcoholism, aggressiveness, and religiousity are moderately heritable, so such a man is likely to become a rather unpleasant father. Yet our therapy cures-all culture says the woman should offer only non-judgmental sympathy to the man, ignoring the inner warning bells that may be going off about his family and thus his genes. Arguably, our culture alienates women and men from their own genetic intuitions, and thereby puts their children at risk.
The question "What are their accomplishments?" refers not to career success, but to the constellation of hobbies, interests, and skills that would have adorned most educated young people in previous centuries. Things like playing pianos, painting portraits, singing hymns, riding horses, and planning dinner parties. Such accomplishments have been lost through time pressures, squeezed out between the hyper-competitive domain of school and work, and the narcissistic domain of leisure and entertainment. It is rare to find a young person who does anything in the evening that requires practice (as opposed to study or work) ‹ anything that builds skills and self-esteem, anything that creates a satisfying, productive "flow" state, anything that can be displayed with pride in public. Parental hot-housing of young children is not the same: after the child's resentment builds throughout the French and ballet lessons, the budding skills are abandoned with the rebelliousness of puberty ‹ or continued perfunctorily only because they will look good on college applications. The result is a cohort of young people whose only possible source of self-esteem is the school/work domain ‹ an increasingly winner-take-all contest where only the brightest and most motivated feel good about themselves. (And we wonder why suicidal depression among adolescents has doubled in one generation.) This situation is convenient for corporate recruiting ‹ it channels human instincts for self-display and status into an extremely narrow range of economically productive activities. Yet it denies young people the breadth of skills that would make their own lives more fulfilling, and their potential lovers more impressed. Their identities grow one-dimensionally, shooting straight up towards career success without branching out into the variegated skill sets which could soak up the sunlight of respect from flirtations and friendships, and which could offer shelter, and alternative directions for growth, should the central shoot snap.
The question "Was their money and status acquired ethically?" sounds even quainter, but its loss is even more insidious. As the maximization of share-holder value guides every decision in contemporary business, individual moral principles are exiled to the leisure realm. They can be manifest only in the Greenpeace membership that reduces one's guilt about working for Starbucks or Nike. Just as hip young consumers justify the purchase of immorally manufactured products as "ironic" consumption, they justify working for immoral businesses as "ironic" careerism. They aren't "really" working in an ad agency that handles the Phillip Morris account for China; they're just interning for the experience, or they're really an aspiring screen-writer or dot-com entrepreneur. The explosion in part-time, underpaid, high-turnover service industry jobs encourages this sort of amoral, ironic detachment on the lower rungs of the corporate ladder. At the upper end, most executives assume that shareholder value trumps their own personal values. And in the middle, managers dare not raise issues of corporate ethics for fear of being down-sized. The dating scene is complicit in this corporate amorality. The idea that Carrie Bradshaw or Ally McBeal would stop seeing a guy just because he works for an unethical company doesn't even compute. The only relevant morality is personal ‹ whether he is kind, honest, and faithful to them. Who cares about the effect his company is having on the Phillipino girls working for his sub-contractors? "Sisterhood" is so Seventies. Conversely, men who question the ethics of a woman's career choice risk sounding sexist: how dare he ask her to handicap herself with a conscience, when her gender is already enough of a handicap in getting past the glass ceiling?
In place of these biologically, psychologically, ethically grounded questions, marketers encourage young people to ask questions only about each other's branded identities. Armani or J. Crew clothes? Stanford or U.C.L.A. degree? Democrat or Republican? Prefer "The Matrix" or "You've Got Mail'? Eminem or Sophie B. Hawkins? Been to Ibiza or Cool Britannia? Taking Prozac or Wellbutrin for the depression? Any taste that doesn't lead to a purchase, any skill that doesn't require equipment, any belief that doesn't lead to supporting a non-profit group with an aggressive P.R. department, doesn't make any sense in current mating market. We are supposed to consume our way into an identity, and into our most intimate relationships. But after all the shopping is done, we have to face, for the rest of our lives, the answers that the Victorians sought: what genetic propensities, fulfilling skills, and moral values do our sexual partners have? We might not have bothered to ask, but our children will find out sooner or later.
April 30, 2009
Here's a 2001 Edge.com essay by Geoffrey Miller, author of the upcoming Spent, answering literary agent John Brockman's question: "What questions have disappeared, and why?"
By Steve Sailer on 4/30/2009 | <urn:uuid:3c1c1dd7-7104-4bcb-ba82-e7a36717d6aa> | {
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Missions beyond imagination
Any vision needs resources to become reality. When the ESA governing bodies have assigned the financial portfolio for the scientific programme of the coming years, ESA will be able to consolidate the scientific priorities into space missions for the decade 2015-2025.
The exploration of planets and moons in the Solar System, as well as the search for life and primeval material, could be conducted with probes sent to Jupiter and Europa, rovers sent to Mars and sample return missions to Mars and asteroids.
The theme of understanding of the Solar System could lead to a series of missions to investigate space plasmas, such as a Solar Polar Orbiter, or a Heliopause Probe to study the area where the solar influence meets the interstellar medium. A Jupiter Probe could study the Jovian system as a mini ‘solar system’.
Mapping the birth of stars and planets would use a set of astronomical observatories, such as a Mid-Infrared Nulling Interferometer for direct detection and spectroscopy of Earth-like planets and the search for biomarkers.
A Far-Infrared Observatory will conduct imaging and spectroscopy of ‘protostars’ and ‘protoplanetary disks’, investigate cool molecular and dust clouds from which stars and planets form and resolve discrete sources in the far-infrared background.
Our understanding of the Universe could be improved by exploring the limits of physics as we know it. For example, a Fundamental Physics Explorer programme could probe the tiny deviations from the fundamental interactions that today form our standard models, and move towards to the unification of the theories of General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics.
A Gravitational Wave Cosmic Explorer could also study the very early Universe by detecting the very first gravitational waves generated close to the Big Bang. A Large Aperture X-ray Observatory and a new Gamma-ray Observatory would study the behaviour of matter and the validity of General Relativity around objects whose physics are governed by extreme gravity and temperature conditions, such as black holes and neutron stars.
These observatories would be joined by more missions, such as an Optical/Near-infrared Wide Field Imager to provide clues to the understanding of the elusive dark energy through the study of distant supernovae. An All-sky Cosmic Microwave Background Mapper would chart the details of the early accelerated expansion of the Universe.
An Ultra-high Precision Astrometry Optical/UV Spectroscopy mission could conduct a census of terrestrial exoplanets within 326 light years, a MeV Gamma Ray Imager would study the physics of supernovae at the origin of heavy nuclei and find the true origin of antimatter, and a High-resolution UV Spectroscopy mission would investigate the warm/hot intergalactic medium and distant supernovae.
For some of the missions undertaken under the Horizon 2000 and 2000+ long-term plans, the technologies required did not exist when they were first proposed. The same is true for some of the new conceptual missions emerging in the Cosmic Vision plan.
However, Cosmic Vision is also providing a ‘roadmap’, necessary to get the required technologies in place and within reach in the next 10 or 15 years, ready for the initial missions of the new plan to be launched a decade from now. | <urn:uuid:bff6841e-d20c-4ed6-941e-f14ec171fb68> | {
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Mandela day: What it means to South Africans:
The Mandela Day campaign message is simple: Nelson Mandela gave 67 years of his life fighting for the rights of humanity. The aim is that everyone gives 67 minutes of their time, whether it’s supporting your chosen charity or serving your local community.
Mandela Day is a call to action for individuals – for people everywhere – to take responsibility for changing the world into a better place, one small step at a time, just as Mr Mandela did.
How could you get involved?
Whether as an individual, community, business, or non-governmental organisation (NGO), all you have to do on July 18 is donate 67 minutes of your day to doing something good in any way you can.
Nelson Mandela gave 67 years of his life to the struggle for social justice. Can you spare 67 minutes of yours to support a charity or serve your local community?
In honour of his birthday here is our top ten list of Inspirational Nelson Mandela quotes:
1. “The greatest glory in living lies not in never falling, but in rising every time we fall.”
2. “If you want to make peace with your enemy, you have to work with your enemy. Then he becomes your partner.”
3. “As we are liberated from our own fear, our presence automatically liberates others.”
4. “There is no passion to be found playing small – in settling for a life that is less than the one you are capable of living.”
5. “I learned that courage was not the absence of fear, but the triumph over it. The brave man is not he who does not feel afraid, but he who conquers that fear.”
6. “No one is born hating another person because of the colour of his skin, or his background, or his religion. People must learn to hate, and if they can learn to hate, they can be taught to love, for love comes more naturally to the human heart than its opposite.”
7. “For to be free is not merely to cast off one’s chains, but to live in a way that respects and enhances the freedom of others.”
8. “A good head and a good heart are always a formidable combination.”
9. “Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.”
10. “It always seems impossible until it’s done.”
Happy birthday Madiba! What will you be doiong with your 67 minutes? | <urn:uuid:8135457c-4a22-49f6-b227-722468389cf9> | {
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Herb: Golden-Rayed Lily
Latin name: Lilium auratum
Synonyms: Lilium dexteri
Family: Liliaceae (Lily Family)
Edible parts of Golden-Rayed Lily:Bulb - cooked. Sweet and mucilaginous with a mild flavour that makes them acceptable to people who have never tried them before. The bulbs are used as a vegetable, and can also be boiled, sweetened, powdered and used in dumplings. Large, they can be up to 17cm in diameter.
Description of the plant:
Habitat of the herb:Hills and mountains in scrub or grassy places, in volcanic ash or poor gravelly soils, always on steep well-drained slopes.
Propagation of Golden-Rayed Lily:Seed - delayed hypogeal germination. Best sown as soon as ripe in a cold frame, it should germinate in spring. Stored seed will require a warm/cold/warm cycle of stratification, each period being about 2 months long. Grow on in cool shady conditions. Great care should be taken in pricking out the young seedlings, many people leave them in the seed pot until they die down at the end of their second years growth. This necessitates sowing the seed thinly and using a reasonably fertile sowing medium. The plants will also require regular feeding when in growth. Divide the young bulbs when they are dormant, putting 2 - 3 in each pot, and grow them on for at least another year before planting them out into their permanent positions when the plants are dormant. Division with care in the autumn once the leaves have died down. Replant immediately. Root bulbils - dig up in autumn and pot up in a cold frame for the first year. Bulb scales can be removed from the bulbs in early autumn. If they are kept in a warm dark place in a bag of moist peat, they will produce bulblets. These bulblets can be potted up and grown on in the greenhouse until they are large enough to plant out.
Cultivation of the herb:Hills and mountains in scrub or grassy places, in volcanic ash or poor gravelly soils, always on steep well-drained slopes.
Medicinal use of Golden-Rayed Lily:None known
Known hazards of Lilium auratum:None known
Plant information taken from the Plants For A Future. | <urn:uuid:8225aee3-5fe8-4d4a-a98d-bcb3216b7e58> | {
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[temz for 1, 2; theymz, teymz, temz for 3]
- a river in S England, flowing E through London to the North Sea. 209 miles (336 km) long.
- a river in SE Canada, in Ontario province, flowing SW to Lake St. Clair. 160 miles (260 km) long.
- an estuary in SE Connecticut, flowing S past New London to Long Island Sound. 15 miles (24 km) long.
Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2018
- (tɛmz) a river in S England, rising in the Cotswolds in several headstreams and flowing generally east through London to the North Sea by a large estuary. Length: 346 km (215 miles)Ancient name: Tamesis (ˈtæməsɪs)
- (teɪmz, θeɪmz) a river in SE Canada, in Ontario, flowing south to London, then southwest to Lake St Clair. Length: 217 km (135 miles)
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012
Old English Temese, from Latin Tamesis (51 B.C.E.), from British Tamesa, an ancient Celtic river name perhaps meaning "the dark one." The -h- is unhistorical (see th).
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
During industrialization in England, the Thames was particularly important because industries were established on the banks of the river. It passes famous buildings in London, such as the Tower of London and the Houses of Parliament.
The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:77bb2269-df26-4110-b3f2-133295ff5f0d> | {
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Even for most Greeks, the Mani is considered a remote and mysterious region, a step into another world. A 75k-long peninsula, with a spine formed by the rugged Taygetus mountain range, it is inhabited by a proud warrior people who claim to be direct descendants of the ancient Spartans. For centuries, the Maniots fended off the Turks, while the rest of Greece was absorbed into the Ottoman Empire. Still today, the Maniot flag bears the words “Victory or Death,” as opposed to “Freedom or Death,” which is used in the rest of the country. Because, throughout the course of history, the Mani has never lost its freedom.
Stone is the predominant element in the architecture of Areopoli, Mani’s historical capital.
Arriving from Kalamata, the seaside village of Kardamyli appeared surprisingly peaceful with a sleepy square, planted with mulberry trees and rimmed by cafés, where the older menfolk talk politics over coffee. Kardamyli lies in the shadow of the Taygetus mountains, overlooking the Messinian Gulf. We walked up to the uninhabited hillside village of Old Kardamyli, entering through an arched gateway, to explore a cluster of sturdy Maniot tower houses and a church. The Maniots are known throughout Greece for their traditional dwellings, built three or four stories high, with flat roofs and tiny openings for windows. From the 14th until the late-19th century, families here were embroiled in blood feuds and these tower houses, grouped closely together in fortified villages, offered shelter from rival clans waging vendettas. At one time, there were over 50 Maniot villages made up of these extraordinary houses. As the sun began to set, the limestone buildings took on warm orange and purple hues, and we walked back down to the coast for supper.
The next morning, we hiked the lower slopes of the wild Taygetus mountains, following a steep rocky path through woodland and past several magnificent little sandstone Byzantine churches. We returned through the spectacular Viros Gorge, tracing the route of the dry river bed, scattered with huge smooth white boulders, and inhabited by goats and birds of prey. From the bottom of this steep-sided canyon, we looked up and followed a strip of deep azure sky back down towards the sea and civilization.
“ The Maniots are known throughout Greece for their traditional dwellings, built three or four stories high, with flat roofs and tiny openings for windows. From the 14th until the late-19th century, families here were embroiled in blood feuds and these tower houses, grouped closely together in fortified villages, offered shelter from rival clans waging vendettas. ”
Gerolimenas, one of Mani’s most picturesque settlements.
South of Kardamyli lies the region’s only sizeable beach resort, Stoupa. Due to modest tourism, this former fishing village has expanded over the last few decades and now has a sprawling periphery of modern concrete houses. It’s certainly not as pretty as Kardamyli, but it does have much better beaches. We stopped at the sandy cove of Kalogria, backed by tamarisk trees and overlooked by three seafood tavernas. It was here that Cretan writer Nikos Kazantzakis lived in 1917 and met the character who was to inspire Zorba, the freedom-loving protagonist in his novel, Zorba the Greek. There is a bronze bust of Kazantzakis, mounted on a grey marble plinth, above the beach.
Now it was time to pass from the Outer Mani, with its picturesque cypresses and mulberry trees, lush olive groves and green gorges, to the InnerMani, where the landscape becomes far starker and more arid, and the ruggedslopes support huge rocks, cacti bearing prickly pears, and little else. In fact this, locals claim, is the “real” Mani.
Tellingly, the border town of Areopoli takes its name from Ares, the ancient Greek god of war. We stopped for coffee in a cobbled side street and discussed the fact that the first move to liberate Greece from the Turks began in Areopoli on March 17, 1821. It was from here that the local Maniot chieftain, Petros Mavromichalis, gathered 3,000 men and marched north to Kalamata. They captured the city on March 23, signaling the beginning of the Greek War of Independence.
“ It was here that Cretan writer Nikos Kazantzakis lived in 1917 and met the character who was to inspire Zorba, the freedom-loving protagonist in his novel, Zorba the Greek. ”
A view of Kardamyli in the Messinian part of Mani.
But we were heading south, to Koita, historically one of the oldest and most important tower-house villages. From there, we cycled to the windswept Tigani peninsula and walked across a flat expanse scattered with white rocks to its tip, crowned by a ruined medieval fortress. Founded by William II de Villehardouin in 1248, it was one of three Frankish fortresses defending the southeast Peloponnese, the other two being Mystras and Monemvasia. Inside, we found the foundations of a church, with tombs that had obviously been plundered centuries ago, adding even more eeriness to this proud but desolate stronghold.
Nearby, high above the crashing waves, we followed a narrow path through wild flowers, to visit the tiny whitewashed Church of Panaghia Odigitria, built into the seaward-facing cliffs back in the 13th century. The door was ajar, so we peeked inside and saw peeling frescoes in typical Byzantine hues of russet red, deep blue and warm yellowy ochre. Behind the church, we found a cave, once no doubt inhabited by hermit monks. Here we recalled that the soldierly Maniots were also fearless pirates, whose ships patrolled the waters off their rugged coast, blessed by local priests, who occasionally even accompanied them on their raids.
Anargyros Mariolis, known by locals as ‘The Baby,’ sits on the stone mill wall displaying the wild onions he collected from nearby fields.
It was time to proceed to our final destination, Gerolimenas. Founded as a trading port in the late 1800s, and known for exporting quails to Marseilles in France, it lies close to the Mani’s southern tip, and gives onto the open sea. From here we walked to Vathia, another typical Maniot settlement, built on a strategic hilltop 200 meters above the coast. Several of its fortified stone tower houses, dating from the 18th and 19th centuries, have been renovated as part of a Greek National Tourism Organization pilot project to regenerate six traditional villages. But today it remains virtually uninhabited. From here the road takes you even higher and at one point you have amazing views to each side, with Porto Kagio, a deep sheltered turquoise cove where three sleek white sailing boats had dropped anchor, to the east, and the sandy beach of Marmaris, to the west.
And so we had arrived at the southernmost point of mainland Greece, Cape Tainaron, which the ancients believed to be the location of the Cave of Hades, the entrance to the Underworld. Unlike the Cretans, who are known for their exuberant wedding celebrations, the Maniots have a noted fascination with death and give greater emphasis to funeral rituals. These culminate with moiroloi, or mourning songs – epic laments, sung exclusively by women during wakes and at the graveside. They take the form of a long, terrible, suffering dirge, the sound of which is carried away by the wind, out across the open sea, far away from this proud wild land, and to eternity. | <urn:uuid:0e001bc2-f8b7-473e-b62d-2f38e8870690> | {
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Chinua Achebe, the internationally celebrated Nigerian author, statesman, and dissident who gave literary birth to modern Africa with Things Fall Apart and continued for decades to rewrite and reclaim the history of his native country, has died following a brief illness. He was 82. His eminence worldwide was rivaled only by Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Toni Morrison, and a handful of others. Achebe was a moral and literary model for countless Africans and a profound influence on such American writers as Morrison, Ha Jin, and Junot Diaz.
As a Nigerian, Achebe lived through and helped define revolutionary change in his country, from independence to dictatorship to the disastrous war between Nigeria and the breakaway country of Biafra in the late 1960s. Things Fall Apart, a short novel about a Nigerian tribesman's downfall at the hands of British colonialists, was initially rejected by several publishers. It has since sold more than 8 million copies worldwide and has been translated into more than 50 languages. Achebe never did win the Nobel Prize, which many believed he deserved, but in 2007 he did receive the Man Booker International Prize, a $120,000 honor for lifetime achievement. Click for more on Achebe's life. | <urn:uuid:8361ddb2-0f9c-4bc2-93b6-e408bec6077e> | {
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