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Geoffrey Anketell Studdert Kennedy (1883-1929) was an Anglican priest who served in the trenches as a chaplain during the First World War, and was known as Woodbine Willie from his practice of distributing cigarettes along with spiritual comfort to the troops. I suppose you would call Studdert Kennedy a skilled versifier rather than a poet, and yet it seems to me that this poem makes a point that you don’t need to be a believer to find interesting, and makes it quite clearly and movingly.
When Jesus came to Golgotha they hanged Him on a tree,
They drave great nails through hands and feet, and made a Calvary;
They crowned Him with a crown of thorns, red were His wounds and deep,
For those were crude and cruel days, and human flesh was cheap.
When Jesus came to Birmingham they simply passed Him by,
They never hurt a hair of Him, they only let Him die;
For men had grown more tender, and they would not give Him pain,
They only just passed down the street, and left Him in the rain.
Still Jesus cried, “Forgive them, for they know not what they do,”
And still it rained the winter rain that drenched Him through and through;
The crowds went home and left the streets without a soul to see,
And Jesus crouched against a wall and cried for Calvary.
G.A. Studdert Kennedy | <urn:uuid:ab695537-1988-4345-ad42-e49cdc0d78d5> | {
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I recently asked a group of my students—all of them bright juniors and seniors at the Chicago public high school where I teach—what language is spoken in the Netherlands. Their answers ranged from Gaelic to Jewish. It’s hard to believe, but sadly, not uncommon. A recent National Geographic-Rober survey showed American youth don’t have even a basic grasp on world geography: only 37 percent were able to identify Iraq on a map, half couldn’t locate New York and 20 percent couldn’t pinpoint the Pacific Ocean.
Geography isn’t just locations on the map: it’s cultures, environments, languages, people and places. It’s the key to opening the door to our children’s increasingly global futures.
So how can we, as parents, bring our children up to speed? Here are 10 tips for bringing the world into your home.
Give your kids access to world maps. Stick a giant world map up on the wall, keep an updated atlas within easy reach, place a globe on your child’s study desk. Whenever you hear a faraway country mentioned on TV or in a book, look it up together.
Take time to talk about world events. Find an interesting article in the newspaper and share it with your child. Switch off the usual kid-only channels and watch the Discovery Channel’s Planet Earth, a showcase of natural wonders around the world.
Encourage your child to study a world language. How many adults regret not having learned a foreign language as a child? Kids soak up languages like sponges and they’ll thank you someday when they’re using it in their future career or backpacking across Europe. If your local school doesn’t offer world languages, bring it up at the next PTA or school council meeting.
Rent a foreign flick and have a world movie night. Some suggestions: "The Way Home," a Korean movie directed by Jeong-Hyang Lee about a little boy forced to spend a summer with his grandmother in the country, or "Ciao Professore," directed by Lina Wertmuller about a teacher and his struggling elementary students in southern Italy. Check out your local video store or visit www.netflix.com.
Host a foreign exchange student. Your children will learn firsthand about the language and customs of another culture and in turn, develop a lifelong friendship. Contact Youth for Understanding (www.yfu.org) or AFS Intercultural (www.afs.org) for more information. If you aren’t ready for the commitment, consider inviting a foreign college student stuck in town to spend the holidays with your family. Contact the International Student Office of your local university.
Visit a museum. We are so lucky to live in a world-class museum city. A visit to the Field Museum alone can take children around the world in a matter of hours via permanent exhibits on the Ancient Americas, Africa and the Pacific Northwest. Visit with the knights of Medieval Europe and mingle with the Ancient Romans at the Art Institute of Chicago. Don’t miss smaller museums such as the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, which takes children back in time to ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Nubia and Persia. The Mitchell Museum of the American Indian explores the history, culture and arts of North American native peoples and the National Museum of Mexican Art in the Mexican-American neighborhood of Pilsen sponsors several kid-friendly events and exhibitions.
Celebrate a world holiday. Learn about the traditions of La Festa della Donna and give all the girls you know a bouquet of yellow flowers or fly a colorful kite on Kodomo-no-I Day. Check out your local library for books with craft and party ideas. I recommend Kids Around the World Celebrate!: The Best Feasts and Festivals by Lynda Jones and The Kids’ Multicultural Cookbook: Food & Fun Around the World by Deanna Cook.
Explore a Chicago neighborhood. Hop in your car and visit the world right here in Chicago. Travel to Sweden via Andersonville, India via Devon Avenue and Greece via Greektown. Step beyond the museums and galleries and shop for goodies at the local grocery stores and boutiques. Stay for lunch and make a point to try a dish you’ve never experienced. Chicago Neighborhood Tours (www.chicagoneighborhoodtours.com) offers an amazing array of guided tours to get you started.
Check out online resources. Visit the National Geographic Geography Bee at www.nationalgeographic.com/geobee/today.html. Find a satellite image of your neighborhood at maps.google.com, then zoom out and travel to any other location in the world. Learn more about the lives of everyday kids around the globe at www.katw.org. Finally, check out our world from an alien’s perspective by visiting NASA’s astronomy picture-of-the-day site at antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/.
Grab your passport and just GO! Mark Twain said it best: "Travel is fatal to prejudice, bigotry and narrow-mindedness." Travel gives parents and children alike a new perspective on life. Together, compile a list of the top 10 places you want to visit as a family. Let your kids research and plan a trip with you. Then pack your suitcases, hop on that airplane, step off the beaten path and most importantly, have fun.
What to do with your weekend, delivered every Thursday.
Great deals and chances to win prizes, delivered every Monday.
Exclusive offers from our partners,usually delivered twice a week.
Resources for parents of children with special needs,delivered the second Tuesday each month. | <urn:uuid:ff21ebec-74e0-461c-9119-b385cd95ff63> | {
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What is in this article?:
Pressure-control valves are found in virtually every hydraulic system, and they assist in a variety of functions, from keeping system pressures safely below a desired upper limit to maintaining a set pressure in part of a circuit.
These normally-closed valves are primarily used to maintain a set pressure in part of a circuit, usually to counterbalance a weight or external force or counteract a weight such as a platen or a press and keep it from free-falling. The valve’s primary port is connected to the cylinder’s rod end, and the secondary port to the directional control valve, Figure 8. The pressure setting is slightly higher than that required to keep the load from free-falling.
When pressurized fluid flows to the cylinder’s cap end, the cylinder extends, increasing pressure in the rod end, and shifting the main spool in the counterbalance valve. This creates a path which permits fluid to flow through the secondary port to the directional control valve and to reservoir. As the load is raised, the integral check valve opens to allow the cylinder to retract freely.
If it is necessary to relieve back pressure at the cylinder, and increase the force at the bottom of the stroke, the counterbalance valve can be operated remotely.
Counterbalance valves are usually drained internally. When the cylinder extends, the valve must open and its secondary port is connected to reservoir. When the cylinder retracts, it matters little that load pressure is felt in the drain passage because the check valve bypasses the valve’s spool.
Over center valves
Overcenter valves resemble counterbalance valves in that their purpose is to maintain a set pressure opposite a load, to keep it from free-falling. The main difference is that an overcenter valve uses a pilot signal, usually from the inlet of the actuator, to assist in opening the spool. This pilot assist makes the overcenter valve more efficient, and reduces the horsepower requirement and heat generation within the system.
As pumps and actuators become more advanced, with negative or positive load sensing and unloading features, and as directional control valves become more sophisticated, controlling a load smoothly using overcenter valves has, in turn, become more challenging. New advancements in overcenter valve technology are making control easier.
These valves are normally used to unload pumps. They direct pump output flow (often the output of one of the pumps in a multi-pump system) directly to reservoir at low pressure, after system pressure has been reached.
The force exerted by the spring keeps the valve closed, Figure 9. When an external pilot signal acting on the opposite end of the valve spool exerts a force large enough to exceed that exerted by the spring, the valve spool shifts, diverting pump output to reservoir at low pressure.
High-low circuits which use two pumps for traverse and speed, or clamping, depend on unloading valves to improve efficiency. Output from both pumps is needed only for fast traverse. During feed or clamping, output from the large pump is unloaded to tank at low pressure.
Piloted unloading valves —Unloading valves are also made with a pilot to control the main valve, Figure 10. A port through the main valve plunger allows system pressure to act on both ends of the plunger. A light spring plus system pressure acting on the larger area at the spring end of the plunger holds the valve closed. A built-in check valve maintains system pressure. When system pressure drops to a preset value, the pilot valve closes. Pump flow through the port in the main valve spool closes the valve.
For more on pressure-control valves, visit our eBook chapters on the subject:
Fluid Power Basics, Ch. 9: Relief & Unloading Valves
Fluid Power Basics, Ch. 14: Pressure Control Valves (Except Relief & Unloading Valves)
Fluid Power Circuits, Ch. 16: Reducing Valves
Fluid Power Circuits, Ch. 18: Pressure Relief Valves
Fluid Power Circuits, Ch. 20: Sequence Valves | <urn:uuid:db7edb87-45f6-4cd5-a9be-cf16c1328b7c> | {
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Light Waves axd Their Uses
when any current is passing about the electro-magnet. When the current is passing in a certain direction, the velocity of rotation of the particles moving, say counter-clockwise, is increased. Hence the period of vibration is smaller; I. e., the number of vibrations, or the frequency, is greater. In this case there will be a shifting toward the blue end of the spectrum by an amount corresponding to the amount of the acceleration. Those particles which are rotating in an opposite direction, i. r\, clockwise, will be retarded, the frequency will be less, and the spectral lines will be shifted toward the red. These two shiftings would account, then, for the double line. It is further clear that those vibrations which occurred in planes parallel to the lines of force of the' magnetic field would be unaltered. These vibrations would then produce the middle line, which is not shifted from its position by the magnetic field.
Again, if we are viewing the light in a direction at right angles to the lines of force of the field, the vibrations of those particles which are affected by the field would have no components parallel to the field. If the particles are revolving in a plane perpendicular to the field, then, when viewed in this direction, they would appear to be moving only up and down; i. e., they would send out plane polarized light whose vibrations are vertical. These two vertical vibrations form the two outer lines of the triplet, and it can be shown that the light is plane polarized by passing it through a polarizer. Those particles which are vibrating horizontally do not have their period of vibration altered by the field. Consequently we get a single line whose position in the spectrum is not changed, and wThicli is plane polarized in a plane at right angles to that of the other two.
When this second announcement of Zeeman appeared, it seemed worth while to repeat the experiments with the
Action of Magnetism on Light Waves 115
interferometer, especially as it was pointed out that probably the reason why a single or a double line appeared, instead of a triple line, was because part of the light corresponding to the middle line was cut off by the reflection from the separating plate of the interferometer. The light thus reflected is polarized, and most of the light which should have formed the central image is thus cut off. It was therefore determined to repeat these experiments under
such conditions that we could be perfectly sure that light which reached the interferometer vibrated in only one plane. To accomplish this it is necessary merely to introduce a polarizer into the path of the light.
Fig. 82 represents the arrangement of the experiment with the interferometer. The source of light, instead of being sodium in a Bunsen flame, is vapor in a vacuum tube, illuminated by an electric discharge. The capillary part of the tube is placed between the poles of the magnet.
The light is first passed through an ordinary spectroscope, so that there is formed at s a spectrum, any part of which we may examine. The slit at 8 allows only one radiation to pass into the interferometer. Thus, if we examine cadmium light, we may allow the red to pass through, or the green, or the blue. The light is made parallel by a lens and then passes into the interferometer. The arrangement for | <urn:uuid:cd177801-560e-4e50-87ee-6ed5bb3aa2b7> | {
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The snow is finally melting and grass blades are peeking through the remaining patches; spring has arrived. The wet, nutrient-rich environment created by melting snow is optimal for plant growth. For those who want a rich summer lawn, there is no better time to refresh its cover than early spring. When planting early spring grass seed, keep the following tips in mind to get a lush, green summer lawn.
Test your soil's pH. If the pH is between 6 and 7, then it is perfect for grass. If the pH is lower than 6, add some lime to the soils. Follow the manufacturer's recommended application amounts, because they vary from company to company. Lime is a fine dust, so always wear a mask when working with lime. Till the lime into the soil until it is completely integrated.
Add some compost to the soil at a rate of 30 pounds per 1,000 square feet. Till the compost into the soil until it is well-integrated.
Place half of the grass seed into a seed disperser and disperse it around the yard. Place the other half into the disperser and disperse going perpendicular to your previous lines.
Fill the disperser with pre-emergent fertilizer and disperse it around the entire yard.
Drag a rake gently across the surface of the yard to slightly bury the seeds in the soil.
Roll the entire yard with a water roller to encourage greater seed-to-soil contact.
Water the yard with a pre-designed irrigation system and maintain a wet yard until the grass emerges. | <urn:uuid:397c206d-5bd5-4922-b675-5fbe3c2ba8bb> | {
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Should the Government Be Involved In the Fight Against Childhood Obesity? — Survey of the Day
Childhood obesity is certainly a problem. The percentage of children between 6 and 11 who are obese in the United States has tripled in the last 30 years and now stands at 20 percent.
But is it a problem the government should address with measures such as mandated guidelines for school lunches or bans on super-sized soda?
The Pew Research Center asked 1,504 adults whether they thought the government should have a significant role in reducing childhood obesity. Overall, 57 said that it should and 39 percent responded that it should not.
Political orientation was a clear factor in how this question was answered. Seventy-one percent of Democrats saw a place for government in the childhood obesity fight, whereas only 41 percent of Republicans did. Independents were right in the middle at 57 percent. | <urn:uuid:19bc0ed4-b7d4-4287-9b87-8a4fcfecd399> | {
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Viruses and Malware can be dangerous and destructive to computers. They can make a computer run slowly, prevent it from booting up, damage parts of the operating system or change how the system operates without the user’s knowledge. They can also be used to steal personal details and send out unauthorized messages. While these technologies are becoming more user-friendly, that doesn’t mean they are without glitches, difficult-to-understand setup instructions, frustrations when they don’t work, and even some malicious online parties that are out to take your money with the threat of losing your functionality or data.
How to protect computers, printers and other devices
Your computer needs anti-virus and anti-malware software. One of the most common reasons for failures or problems in computers (both Windows and MACs!) is the lack of anti-virus software, or expired antivirus software. By making your computer as secure as possible with anti-virus and anti-malware software, you can help protect yourself from a variety of problems – including identity theft.
Also, remember to always update to the most recent software available and apply the latest security patches to ensure no secu- Your Network and All Devices That Connect to It Must Be Protected BY DEDE CATSAVIS rity hole is left open to online predators. And be sure to have all your devices – computers, printers, monitors, modems and routers – plugged into surge protectors. Without them, an electrical storm can do real damage to any of these.
How to protect your network Here are a few things you can do: First, change the name of your Wi-Fi network, also known as the SSID (Service Set Identifier). Changing this name makes it harder for malicious hackers to know what type of router you have. Then, create a strong wireless password – the password that came with the router is usually weak and easily hacked. Also, your router’s placement matters. Place the wireless router as close as possible to the middle of your house. The first benefit is that all the rooms in your house will have the same access to the Internet. The second benefit is that you don’t want to have your wireless signal range reach too much outside your house, where it can be easily intercepted by cybercriminals.
In addition, keep your router’s firmware updated. Like any other software, it contains flaws which can become major vulnerabilities and be ruthlessly exploited by hackers, so it’s important to keep it updated. Sometimes this must be done manually because the manufacturer has not provided auto-updates.
Your smartphone needs to have a password
You need to put a password on your smartphone, so in case of loss or theft no one can get into your data or log in to your apps. Your email, work email, social media accounts, banking and credit card accounts, documents, etc. are all easily accessible should your phone get into the wrong hands.
These are all necessary steps to protect your hardware, network and data. If you aren’t confident in doing these things yourself, they are important enough to get professionals to help you.
Dede Catsavis is founder and owner of Computer Tutors. For 20 years, they have provided computer services to thousands of satisfied, happy customers. Computer Tutors comes to your home or office to work on Windows and MAC computers, set up home networks, put security measures in place and eliminate viruses. They can also help with any of your other electronics. You can reach them by phone at 314-608-7920, and you can learn more about them at www.computertutors.net. | <urn:uuid:50b88c10-b78e-4278-a5a8-edaa028320a0> | {
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Did Irish monks beat the Vikings to the Faroes? Settlers were living on the remote islands 400 years before Norse colonists
- New evidence places human colonisation of islands around 5th century AD - between 300 to 500 years earlier than when Norse colonists arrived
- Archaeologist from the University of Durham said the first settlers are unknown but could have been hermit monks from Scotland or Ireland
- The majority of archaeological evidence for this early colonisation is likely to have been destroyed by the major Viking invasion
The Faroe Islands were colonised earlier than believed and it wasn't by the Vikings, a study said. 'Vikings' are pictured at a Shetland festival
The Faroe Islands were colonised much earlier than previously believed, and it wasn’t by the Vikings, a study has found.
New archaeological evidence places human colonisation in the 4th to 6th centuries AD, at least 300 to 500 years earlier than when the Norse colonists arrived on the remote islands.
Historians have said that the identity of the first settlers remains unknown, but they could have been hermit monks from Scotland or Ireland.
The research challenges the nature, scale and timing of human settlement of the wider North Atlantic region and has implications for the colonisation of similar island groups across the world.
It has long been thought that Vikings were the first settlers in the 9th Century on the windy islands, which are situated between the North Atlantic Ocean and Norwegian Sea.
Archaeologists at Durham University studied a site at Á Sondum on the island of Sandoy and found an extensive windblown sand deposit containing patches of burnt peat ash from human activity, dating human settlement to pre-Viking times.
These ash spreads contained barley grains that were burnt in domestic hearths and were then spread by humans onto the windblown sand surface between the 4th and 6th centuries and between the 6th and 8th centuries, a common practice identified in the North Atlantic during this period to control wind erosion.
The discovery signifies that the settlers were established on the islands and must have grown and processed barley and used peat to cook.
It has long been thought that Vikings were the first settlers in the 9th Century on the windy islands, which are situated between the North Atlantic Ocean and Norwegian Sea. Pictured is Koltur Island from Streymoy Island, part of the Faroe Islands.
THE FAROE ISLANDS
- The Faroe Islands are an island group and archipelago under the sovereignty of the Kingdom of Denmark,
- They are situated between the Norwegian Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, approximately halfway between Norway and Iceland.
- The total area is approximately 540 miles squared
- In 2010 they had a population of almost 50,000 people
- The Faroe Islands have been a self-governing country within the Danish Realm since 1948
- Evidence has been found that people lived on the Faroe Islands in two successive periods before 800 AD
- This tends to confirm historical accounts and various speculations that the Irish before conversion to Christianity and later Irish monks, might have migrated north to the Faroe Islands long before the Norse Vikings arrived there at around 800 AD
The research, directed by Dr Mike Church from Durham University and Símun Arge from the National Museum of the Faroe Islands, is published in the Quaternary Science Reviews.
Lead author Dr Church said: 'There is now firm archaeological evidence for the human colonisation of the Faroes by people some 300 to 500 years before the large scale Viking colonisation of the 9th century AD, although we don’t yet know who these people were or where they came from.
'The majority of archaeological evidence for this early colonisation is likely to have been destroyed by the major Viking invasion, explaining the lack of proof found in the Faroes for the earlier settlement.
'This also raises questions about the timing of human activity on other islands systems where similarly evidence may have been destroyed.'
Dr Church told The Independent the first settlers on the islands could have been Christian hermit monks called 'anchorites' from Ireland or Scotland.
The theory is supported Irish monk Dicul, who wrote in the year 825 that hermit monks from Ireland were livng on islands far north of Britain before the Vikings, although he did not explicitly name the Faroe Islands.
Dr Church from Durham University said the first settlers on the islands could have been Christian hermit monks from Ireland or Scotland. He thinks the settlers would probably have lived in the sheltered bays (unlike the hilly cliffs pictured) in the same locations where the Vikings built their longhouses
Dr Church said the settlers would probably have lived in the sheltered bays found on the islands in the same locations where the Vikings built their longhouses.
Consequently little evidence of the earlier settlers is likely to be found, but the archaeologists believe the anonymous people living in the bleak location in the 4th to 6th centuries AD must have been able to build boats and navigate the surrounding seas.
The study said the Faroes were the first stepping stone beyond Shetland for the dispersal of European people across the North Atlantic that culminated on the shores of continental North America in the 11th century AD, about 500 years before Columbus made his famous voyage.
Co-author, Mr Arge from the National Museum of the Faroe Islands, said: 'Although
we don’t know who the people were that settled here and where they came
from, it is clear that they did prepare peat for use, by cutting,
drying and burning it which indicates they must have stayed here for
'We now have to digest these dates of this early evidence in relation to other sources and consider whether there may be other similar sites, elsewhere on the islands, which may be able to provide us with further structural archaeological evidence.'
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- William reveals he tells his children bedtime stories about Diana | <urn:uuid:1adf1240-ac13-447a-88e3-61377278f9ca> | {
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Tutorials and iTRQs
Textbooks are filled with guides, flow-charts, maps, approaches, patterns, pathways, etc. that build and connect knowledge and facts in ways that facilitate critical thinking ultimately resulting in correct answers to novel questions. Unfortunately, many learners fail to accumulate this information at the appropriate time in the learning process. Assignable online exercises that require students to actively use these learning pathways have been developed by Chem21Labs.
Arguably a difficult, but very important, concept to master in the first semester General Chemistry course is the Factor-Unit Method (sometimes referred to as Dimensional Analysis). This method of solving problems by cancelling units is presented over four to five chapters in most texts. The expectation is that the student will construct their own understanding of this process. Most textbooks present units and their inter-relationships in the following manner:
- English and Metric units of mass, length, area (length2) and volume are presented along with their conversion factors.
- Cubic length (length3) is presented and its conversion factor to volume is given as 1 mL = 1 cm3. In addition, density is introduced as a conversion factor between volume and mass.
- Moles and molecules are presented along with Avogadro's number. Also, the conversion factor of molar mass (derived from the Periodic Table) is introduced to allow the conversion between grams and moles.
- Students are taught how to balance equations and coefficient ratios are used in Factor-Unit problems as conversion factors between moles. At this point, a student is expected to solve a complex problem like
If 3.45 ft3 of Hydrogen gas is burned in excess Oxygen, what volume (in nL) of water can be produced once the water vapor condenses to produce a liquid? Density of water = 1.00 g/mL
- Students are introduced to Molarity as the coversion factor between moles of a pure substance and Liters of a solution (usually aqueous) where the pure substance is the solute. At this point, a student is expected to solve a complex problem like
If 34.5 mL of a 0.987 M NaCl is added to 30.2 mL of a 0.888 M AgNO3, how many mg of AgCl will be produced?
Some students experience difficulty with the more complex questions like the ones above because they have not constructed a "personal" concept map from information presented over several weeks and chapters. These particular students benefit from pre-constructed HTML5-JS concept maps that are interactive and assignable. This "Learning Pathway" consists of clickable units that the student selects to "set up" a Dimensional Analysis problem. Next, the student must place the correct numbers in front of the units and label the units. The Map is also used to "set up" problems whose answers require two units, like density, molar mass, molar ratios or Molarity. It is important to note that "Learning Pathways" require students to answer a Dimensional Analysis problem exactly as they would find it answered in a text book, answer guide or from their instructor. By forcing students to use a method that is "universally" taught in textbooks and classrooms, the learner is supplied with a guaranteed path to success that reinforces the presentation strategies used in most textbooks and classrooms.
Click here to view Chem21Labs' Interactive Unit Maps.
A second important concept in General Chemistry I is calculating the limiting reagent in a reaction and then determining the theoretical yield and/or amount of an excess reagent. An interactive TRQ (iTRQ - Limiting Reagent) has been created where students can "practice until they are successful." Either they correctly answer the posed question in a certain amount of time, or they correctly work through a guided solution 5 times.
In General Chemsitry II, the calculation of pH is probably the most difficult to master. The Interactive pH Calculator "guides" students through this challenging maze by first having the student select the specie(s) impacting pH:
- Strong Acid
- Strong Base
- Weak Acid
- Weak Base
- Strong Acid + Strong Base
- Strong Acid + Weak Base
- Strong Acid + Weak Acid
- Strong Base + Weak Acid
- Strong Base + Weak Base
- Weak Acid + Weak Base
- Buffer Solution + Strong Acid
- Buffer Solution + Strong Base
Then as needed, ICE tables are filled in by the students and their calculations are checked at every stage. Students can opt to neglect "x", but if the test fails they will have to use the quadratic equation. Finally, students must calculate the pH, pOH, [H3O+] and [OH-].
Phase diagrams and heating curves couples the phase changes in a phase diagram with the calculations used in a Heating Curve problem . . . .
64.5 g of ice at -25°C is heated to water at 89.9°C. How much energy in Joules was added?
Interconversion of Concentration Units provides an interactive tutorials where students discover the relationship between solute, solvent and solution. Additional "connections" (mass solute, moles solute, kg solvent, moles solvent, Liters solution) provide drag/drop components that are manipulated to create the various concentration terms: Molarity, molality, mass percent, ppm, and mole fraction. Finally, students must solve a problem like . . . .
12.5 g of NaCl is dissolved in 20.0 g water. Calculate the molality of the resulting solution if the density is 1.12 g/mL.
Many students struggle when it comes to drawing organic mechanisms . . . . Chem21Labs has created re-assignable, interactive animations that, over time, will build the ability to write mechanisms for a variety of reactions. Once mastered, this same ability can be applied to any reactant containing the required functional group. Click Writing Organic Mechanisms to draw the curved arrows in the following reactions:
- H2O + HCl
- Acetone + HBr
- 1-Methylcyclohexene + Br2 / H2O
Tutorials and iTRQs use 21st Century technology to create a "forced engagement" at a relatively high level of cognitive thought. Teacher can use this "coach-like" approach to schedule the intensity, duration and repetition schedule of academic work. Just like an athlete, some students may not enjoy the process . . . . but, all will be thrilled with the results. | <urn:uuid:f70c25c9-c8ed-45c0-bc65-73c91da85e8d> | {
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Online Dictionary: translate word or phrase from Indonesian to English or vice versa, and also from english to english on-line.
Hasil cari dari kata atau frase: Popular(0.01031 detik)
Found 4 items, similar to Popular.
English → Indonesian (Kamus Landak)
English → Indonesian (quick)
laris, populer, tenar
English → English (WordNet)
adj 1: regarded with great favor, approval, or affection especially
by the general public; “a popular tourist attraction”;
“a popular girl”; “cabbage patch dolls are no longer
popular” [ant: unpopular]
2: carried on by or for the people (or citizens) at large; “the
popular vote”; “popular representation”; “institutions of
3: representing or appealing to or adapted for the benefit of
the people at large; “democratic art forms”; “a democratic
or popular movement”; “popular thought”; “popular
science”; “popular fiction” [syn: democratic]
4: comprehensible to the general public; “written for the
popular press in plain nontechnical language” [syn: plain]
5: (of music or art) new and of general appeal (especially
among young people) [syn: pop]
English → English (gcide)
Popular \Pop"u*lar\, a. [L. popularis, fr. populus people: cf.
F. populaire. See People.]
1. Of or pertaining to the common people, or to the whole
body of the people, as distinguished from a select
portion; as, the popular voice; popular elections.
“Popular states.” --Bacon. “So the popular vote
The men commonly held in popular estimation are
greatest at a distance. --J. H.
2. Suitable to common people; easy to be comprehended; not
abstruse; familiar; plain.
Homilies are plain popular instructions. --Hooker.
3. Adapted to the means of the common people; possessed or
obtainable by the many; hence, cheap; common; ordinary;
inferior; as, popular prices; popular amusements.
The smallest figs, called popular figs, . . . are,
of all others, the basest and of least account.
4. Beloved or approved by the people; pleasing to people in
general, or to many people; as, a popular preacher; a
popular law; a popular administration.
5. Devoted to the common people; studious of the favor of the
Such popular humanity is treason. --Addison.
6. Prevailing among the people; epidemic; as, a popular
disease. [Obs.] --Johnson.
Popular action (Law), an action in which any person may sue
for penalty imposed by statute. --Blackstone. | <urn:uuid:d9d3dc99-f1a9-4421-b4ad-d32a831d316c> | {
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Most young people under juvenile justice supervision are supervised in the community, not in detention, according to a report released today by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW).
The report, Juvenile justice in Australia 2009-10, shows that of the 7,250 young people under supervision on an average day in 2009–10, 86% of young people in the juvenile justice system are under supervision in the community, with the remainder held in detention.
Community-based supervision was more common than detention in all states and territories, but the comparative use of the two types of supervision differed markedly.
‘This reflects the different legislation, policies and practices in each of the states and territories,’ said AIHW spokesperson Tim Beard.
Just 0.3% of young Australians (5,870 young people aged 10–17 years) were under supervision on any given day in 2009–10.
Most of those under supervision were young men: on an average day, 83% of those under community based supervision and 92% of those in detention were male.
Although Indigenous Australians only make up 5% of young people, over one-third (38%) of those under supervision were Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander.
‘Indigenous young people were particularly over-represented in detention,’ Mr Beard said. ‘Almost half (49%) of those in detention on an average day were Indigenous.’
One reason for this over-representation is that Indigenous young people spend more time under supervision.
‘Indigenous young people spent 4 more days under community-based supervision during the year than their non-Indigenous counterparts, and they spent 2.5 more weeks in detention,’ Mr Beard said.
Indigenous young people were also more likely to have a supervision history involving detention. While almost half of non-Indigenous young men (46%) and young women (49%) under supervision during 2009–10 had never been detained, this was true for only 32% of Indigenous young men and 42% of Indigenous young women.
A companion summary report, Juvenile justice in Australia 2009-10: an overview, is also available.
The AIHW is a major national agency set up by the Australian Government to provide reliable, regular and relevant information and statistics on Australia's health and welfare.
Canberra, 21 October 2011
Further information: Mr Tim Beard, AIHW, tel. (02) 6244 1270, mob. 0407 915 851
For media copies of the report: Publications Officer 02 6244 1032
We'd love to know any feedback that you have about the AIHW website, its contents or reports. | <urn:uuid:7b4475c5-dd52-4283-9b0d-970d0ac6db47> | {
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CENTRAL BANK INTEREST RATE - A DOUBLE EDGED SWORD
A TOOL REQUIRING CAREFUL HANDLING
SHAMSUL GHANI ([email protected])
Feb 25 - Mar 02, 2008
The central bank erects a monetary base (currency and bank reserves) upon which the size of money supply (currency and bank deposits) depends. The monetary base is also referred to as "high powered money".
The primary tools used by the central bank to control and regulate the economy are:
1. Open market operations
2. Reserve requirement ratio
3. Interest rate
OPEN MARKET OPERATIONS
Through open market operations, the central bank (in our case the State Bank of Pakistan) sells and purchases government bonds, treasury bills and foreign currencies with the primary objective of controlling money supply. Through selling operation, the bank soaks the excess liquidity whereas through purchasing operation, it provides the market the much needed liquidity. The purchase transaction is financed either through newly printed money or through creation of liability on central bank's balance sheet. In either case, the high powered money is created and the monetary base (currency and reserves) is broadened. This additional high powered money creates more money through commercial banks" lending process allowing the money multiplier effect to take place.
RESERVE REQUIREMENT RATIO
All banks and financial institutions are required by statute to keep with the SBP a certain percentage of their deposits in the shape of non-interest-bearing reserves. These reserves, besides being a liquidity control instrument, also formed the basis of SBP lending to the commercial banks, in the capacity of lender of last resort. By altering this ratio, the SBP controls the money supply. Any increase in this ratio decreases commercial banks" capacity to lend and vise versa. Commercial banks take this ratio as an implicit tax affecting their profits. This ratio has recently been increased from 7 to 8 per cent.
The SBP interest rate is the rate used for its lending to banks under repurchase (Repo) transactions. The rate has an explicit cost expressed in numeric terms. It has also an implicit cost conveyed through an implied yet well pronounced massage. When interest rate is increased, the banks take it as a signal that the SBP intends to control credit and money supply besides increasing market interest rate. With every alteration in the rate, the inter bank borrowing rate KIBOR is also altered in direct proportion. The banks" lending interest rate which has been linked to KIBOR is also adjusted accordingly. The SBP interest, presently standing at 10.5 per cent, has been altered as many as 34 times since 1956. It was scaled up 20 times as against 14 times when it was scaled down. The lowest rate had been 3 per cent during the period from 01-01-56 to 14-05-59 while the highest rate had been 20 per cent during the period from 13-11-96 to 17-06-97. During the period from 17-06-97 to 05-01-2000, the rate got 8 consecutive cuts bringing it down from 20 to 11 per cent. During a short period of 16 months (from 19-07-01 to 18-11-02) the rate got another 6 consecutive cuts bringing it down from 14 to 7.5 per cent. During this period of falling interest rates, the money held in bank time deposits and government saving schemes were forcibly dragged to the speculative and consumer markets making heavy dent in the country's savings rate. Since 11-04-05, the rate has taken an upward journey punctuated by 4 consecutive raises.
INTEREST RATE AND POLICY OBJECTIVES
The SBP can not simultaneously set both the interest rate and money supply levels because it has no control over demand-for-money function. It can not accurately forecast demand for money at a certain interest rate. The problem with the focusing on interest rate is that the growth rate of money and inflation often tend to increase. A moderate money growth is the only option to avoid inflation in the long run. State Bank's interest rate hike aimed at controlling credit and money supply has so far failed to produce desired results as the core inflation target of 6.5 per cent has been widely surpassed with no signs of a downturn. To be fair, State Bank policies can not be effective in isolation. Government support especially at administrative front is required.
Inflation and unemployment are the ultimate targets of central bank policy. Interest rate and the rate of growth of money and credit are the intermediate targets which central bank can hit. Inflation targeting is widely popular with the central banks to achieve long term objective of price stability. The disadvantage of this approach is however, quite considerable as it restrains central bank's ability to control fluctuating output and employment levels. In the event of an adverse supply shock which raises prices and reduces output, inflation targeting may force the central bank to check money supply at a time when the economy is in recession.
Under the existing policy scenario, the SBP's thinking is quite clear that even if the interest rate increase adversely affects growth in the short term, the primary concern remains the check on inflation. In India, the interest rate is 7.75 per cent ñ highest during the last six years- with the reverse Repo rate standing at 6 per cent. Being on the same geo political plane, the wide interest rate difference between the two economies is hard to understand. India's rate of inflation is only 4 per cent and their economic managers are determined to keep it under control even at the cost of economic slowdown. India's finance minister is reported to have said, "I will not be politically in trouble if my growth rate slows down from 8.5 to 8 per cent. I will be in greater trouble if my inflation rate increases to 6 per cent this year. Therefore, one has to balance growth and inflation." We, in Pakistan, have not been able to do this. Our inflation is sky rocketing on one hand and economy slowdown specter raising its head slowly but surely on the other. | <urn:uuid:08d2ace9-50fe-4c6a-978b-d7e985ea5b96> | {
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The average person thinks between 50.0000- 70.000 thoughts per day. These thoughts range from the mundane — I need to buy milk, to the significant — I love you, to the self-destructive — I’m not good enough. In the moment, our thinking seems logical. But when we examine long patterns of brain activity, it’s clear that thoughts can be unstable and often arbitrary, shifting depending on context and contradicting our better instincts. Yet humans usually form our personal identities around the things we think. The result is a scattered sense of self that drifts as the wind blows. | <urn:uuid:4e22675f-5d9d-4223-8ccd-4c29720dfb94> | {
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This is the Archived Desktop Edition.
Basic Patient Care Procedures
2-5. TECHNIQUES IN MOVING BED PATIENTS
a. Preparation Before Moving Patients. The principles of body mechanics should be employed when assisting or moving the patient. Important points that should be resolved before the procedures start include the following:
b. Moving a Patient Up in the Bed. There is a tendency for the mattress and the patient to slip down when the head of the bed has been elevated. Lower the head rail to a level position and move the mattress up before repositioning the patient, as free space at the foot of the bed is needed to adjust the bedding.
Figure 2-8. Moving a patient up in bed.
c. Assisting a Patient to Raise Head and Shoulders. This procedure is used to remove or replace the pillow or to assist the patient into a sitting position. Stand facing the head of the bed with one foot advanced. Slip your arm nearest the patient under his axilla and brace this hand against the back of his shoulder. Tell him to bend his knees to relieve strain on his abdominal muscles and to brace the hand of his supported arm against the back of your shoulder. By linking arms, you and the patient make use of shoulder and chest muscles to lift his body weight (figure 2-9). This linking of arms provides mutual support. At the given signal, raise his back and shoulders by shifting your weight from the front to the rear foot. Use your free hand to support his head or to remove or replace the pillow.
Figure 2-9. Raising head and shoulders.
d. Moving a Patient to the Side of The Bed. A patient is easier to move or lift when he is close to the side of the bed since the medical worker can be closer to the patient's center of gravity. Consequently, other procedures require less strain. When working alone move the upper and lower parts of the body separately.
To move his upper body, slide one arm under his head and shoulders and one arm under his back; then slide his upper body toward you. To move his lower body, slide one arm under his hips and one under his thighs, and then slide his lower body toward you. Realign his shoulders, hips, and legs.
e. Turning a Patient on His Side. When working alone, always turn the patient toward you. Stand on the side of the bed toward which the patient is to be turned. Flex his knees toward you. Place one hand on his far shoulder and the other on his far hip. Bracing your body against the side of the bed, gently roll the patient toward you. Now go to the opposite side of the bed. Slide your arms under the patient's hips and draw his hips toward you, toward the center of the bed. Flex his upper leg forward on his extended lower leg to prevent him from rolling backward. Check his shoulder alignment. His lower arm should be in front of his chest or extended along his back, but not caught under his body (figure 2-10). Return to the original side of the bed. Arrange the pillow to support his head. Use two additional pillows to support his upper arm and upper leg and to maintain shoulder and hip alignment.
Figure 2-10. Turning a patient on his side.
The Brookside Associates Medical Education Division develops and distributes medical information that may be useful to medical professionals and those in training to become medical professionals. This website is privately-held and not connected to any governmental agency. The views expressed here are those of the authors, and unless otherwise noted, do not necessarily reflect the views of the Brookside Associates, Ltd., or any governmental or private organizations. All writings, discussions, and publications on this website are unclassified.
© 2008 Medical Education Division, Brookside Associates, Ltd. All rights reserved
Other Brookside Products
Advertising on this Site | <urn:uuid:79df8f42-789d-4ee2-b17e-5785d88a362e> | {
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The conquistadores' motto "Gold, God, Glory" (not necessarily in that order) inspired them to East. Spices was gold then.
On March 17, 1521 Magellan made landfall in the Philippines at an uninhabited islet of Homonhon, south of Samar. When they sailed to Limasawa, another island south of Leyte, Enrique (a Malay) was made to good use to communicate in Malay with Rajah Kolambu, king of the island-kingdom. Magellan was zealous in converting the Malay natives to Christianity under the guise of friendship and show of force that bedazzled them. Out of fear and bewilderment on the part of Rajah Kolambu and his subjects, along with his brother Rajah Siagu, they kneeled and kissed the cross of the Spaniards. That was on 31 March, 1521.
Blagden, C.O. Memoirs of Eminent Priests who Visited India and Neighbouring Countries.
Book of Common Prayer, Malay. 1915. Kitab Sembahyang dalam Greja. Surat Sambiang. SPCK, London
Bruggermann, Fr. 1966. The history of the Catholic Church in the Rajang 1882-1966. The Sarawak Teacher, Special History Issue II(2)
Bunyon, C.J. 1889. Memoirs of Francis Thomas McDougall … Sometime Bishop of Labuan and Sarawak and of Harriette His Wife. Longmans Green & Co, London
Greer, Robert Rev. 1956. A History of the Presbyterian Church in Singapore. Presbyterian Church Press, Singapore
Kilgour, R. 1935. The Bible in the Netherlands Indies. In Rauws, J. et al (eds) The Netherlands Indies. World Dominion Press, London/New York pp171-6
Knaap, G.J. 1987. Kruidnagelen en Christenen (Cloves and Christians). De Verenigde OOst-Indische Compagnie en de bevolking van Ambon 1656-1696 (The (Dutch) United East India Company and the population of Ambon, 1656-96. KITLV, Leiden
Muller-Kruger, Th. 1959. Sedjarah Geredja di Indonesia. Badan Penerbit Kristen, Jakarta
Ooi Keat Gin. 1991. Mission education in Sarawak during the period of Brooke rule, 1840-1946. SMJ XLII(63):282-373
Ruyll, A.C. 1611. Sovrat ABC akan mengayd’jer anack boudack seperty deayd’jern’ja capada segala manusia Nassarany: daen beerbagy sombahayang Christaan. Nagry Amsterdam
Saunders, Graham E. 1989. Bishops and Brookes: the Anglican Mission and the Brooke Raj in Sarawak 1848-1941. Ph.D. thesis, Univ Hull; published OUP, K Lumpur 1992
____ . 1995b. The Anglican Mission and the Brookes of Sarawak 1848-1941: An assessment. In King, Victor and Horton, A.V.M. (eds) From Buckfast to Borneo (Essays Presented to Father Robert Nicoll on the 85th Anniversary of his birth 27 March 1995). Sarawak Literary Soc pp91-102
Sormin, H.C. 1971. A history of the Seventh Day Adventist Church in Sarawak from 1915-1956. M.A. thesis, Univ Philippines, Manila
Steijn Parve, H.A. 1990. Kaum Padari (Padri) di Padang Darat Pulau Sumatera. Dlm Taufik Abdullah (ed) Sejarah Local di Indonesia. Gajah Mada Univ Press, Yogyakarta edisi 3
Varney, P.D. 1968. The Anglican Church in Sarawak from 1848 to 1852. SMJ XVI(32-33)
____ . 1969. Some early Iban leaders in the Anglican Church in Sarawak. SMJ XVII(34-35):273-89
Wessels, S.J. C. 1929. De Katholieke Missie in het Sultanaat Batjan (Molukken) 1557-1609. The Catholic Mission in the Sultanate of Bacan (Maluku) 1557-1609. Historisch Tijdschrift VIII | <urn:uuid:5209b1c2-6f82-4c8b-ba33-6f224209742e> | {
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Teacher of lesson:
Lesson Topic/Subject: People with disabilities
Grade Level: Kindergarten
Estimated Time: 25 minutes
IF I WERE...
COULD I STILL...
- Students will determine if people with certain disabilities are capable
of doing certain activities.
- When students find an activity that they think a disabled person will
not be able to do, they will try to think of what they could do to change
the activity so it would be possible.
- If I were... sheet cut up and put in a hat
- Could I still... sheet cut up and put in a hat
- Have students come to the carpet and sit in a circle. Review with the
students about how they have been talking a lot about the types of things
blind and deaf people are capable of even though they canÕt see
or hear. Explain that today they are going to think about what kinds of
things people with other disabilities are capable of.
- Show the students the two hats full of pieces of paper that you have.
Explain to them that each one of them are going to take turns picking a
piece of paper out of each hat. The two pieces of paper form a question
that the students will have to try to answer.
- Demonstrate what you mean by doing the first one for the students.
The two pieces of paper form a question which will be phrased, "If
I were (certain disability) could I still (certain activity). Read the
question for the students and let them come up with the answer. If they
think the answer is no, ask them to think about how they could change the
activity to make the answer yes. The two question sheets are attached which
will make this clearer.
Sequence of Instruction
- After demonstrating the first one, have the student next to you in
the circle pick out two pieces of paper. Read the question for the student
and give them time to answer it. Have the rest of the students decide if
they agree or not.
- Continue this process all the way around the circle until everyone
has had a turn. The students should replace their slips of paper in the
hats each time, and you should mix them up between turns.
- When everyone has had a turn, ask the students what this activity helped
them discover. Hopefully, they will come to the conclusion that people
with disabilities can do and feel many of the same things that they do.
EVIDENCE OF STUDENTS ACHIEVING OBJECTIVES:
- Students will determine if people with disabilities are capable of
doing certain things by answering yes or no to the questions they create
when picking out the two slips of paper.
- Students will suggest ways of adapting certain activities to make it
possible for people with certain disabilities to participate in them.
- A lot of leading might be necessary to help the students think of how
certain things could be changed slightly to make it possible for a person
with a disability.
- The lesson might be too lengthy if everyone takes a turn. It might
be better to just work on getting each student involved with discussing
how to change certain activities.
- How did the students respond to this lesson?
- Were the students able to think of adaptations?
- How was the pacing of this lesson?
Return to the Alike and
Different Unit page
Return to the Exemplary Lesson Plan | <urn:uuid:4ca9af6a-3c3e-4596-ad1f-90a3492cb455> | {
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The Snowy Day
by Ezra Jack Keats
Reviewed by Isabella R. (age 7)
Isabella R. is a member in Page Turners After School Program / Rauschenbusch Center's Page Turners Book Club (2011-2012)
The book The Snowy Day is about a boy named Peter. Peter woke up and saw snow out of his window. Then Peter put on his snowsuit to play outside in the snow. He played by making tracks, hitting a tree with a stick, slid down a mountain and by making snow angels and he went back home. When Peter got home he picked up some snow and put it in his pocket and he went inside his house. He told his mother all about his adventures. When Peter looked into his pocket it was empty because the snowball melted. Then Peter had a dream that all the snow melted but when he woke up there was more snow. He called his friend from the hall and they both played in the snow.
I liked the book because I like snow. My favorite part was when Peter had the dream because I thought the snow was really going to melt. But when he woke up there was more snow. My favorite character is Peter because Peter always has an adventure.
I recommend this story to my friend Arely because she thought it was cool! And because she likes snow. | <urn:uuid:37406f50-fe36-423a-8b4f-bf03578997a4> | {
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Urinary Tract Infections in Adults
On this page:
- What is a urinary tract infection (UTI)?
- What is the urinary tract?
- What causes UTIs?
- How common are UTIs in adults?
- Who is at risk for a UTI?
- Are UTIs serious?
- What are the signs and symptoms of a UTI?
- How are UTIs diagnosed?
- How are UTIs treated?
- How can recurrent UTIs be prevented?
- Eating, Diet, and Nutrition
- Points to Remember
- Hope through Research
- For More Information
What is a urinary tract infection (UTI)?
A UTI is an infection in the urinary tract. Infections are caused by microbes—organisms too small to be seen without a microscope—including fungi, viruses, and bacteria. Bacteria are the most common cause of UTIs. Normally, bacteria that enter the urinary tract are rapidly removed by the body before they cause symptoms. However, sometimes bacteria overcome the body’s natural defenses and cause infection. An infection in the urethra is called urethritis. A bladder infection is called cystitis. Bacteria may travel up the ureters to multiply and infect the kidneys. A kidney infection is called pyelonephritis.[Top]
What is the urinary tract?
The urinary tract is the body's drainage system for removing wastes and extra water. The urinary tract includes two kidneys, two ureters, a bladder, and a urethra. The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs, each about the size of a fist and located below the ribs, one on each side of the spine, toward the middle of the back. Every minute, a person’s kidneys filter about 3 ounces of blood, removing wastes and extra water. The wastes and extra water make up the 1 to 2 quarts of urine a person produces each day. The urine travels from the kidneys down two narrow tubes called the ureters. The urine is then stored in a balloonlike organ called the bladder and emptied through the urethra, a tube at the bottom of the bladder.
When the bladder empties, a muscle called the sphincter relaxes and urine flows out of the body through the urethra. The opening of the urethra is at the end of the penis in males and in front of the vagina in females.
What causes UTIs?
Most UTIs are caused by bacteria that live in the bowel. The bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli) causes the vast majority of UTIs. Microbes called Chlamydia and Mycoplasma can infect the urethra and reproductive system but not the bladder. Chlamydia and Mycoplasma infections may be sexually transmitted and require treatment of sexual partners.
The urinary tract has several systems to prevent infection. The points where the ureters attach to the bladder act like one-way valves to prevent urine from backing up toward the kidneys, and urination washes microbes out of the body. In men, the prostate gland produces secretions that slow bacterial growth. In both sexes, immune defenses also prevent infection. But despite these safeguards, infections still occur. Certain bacteria have a strong ability to attach themselves to the lining of the urinary tract.[Top]
How common are UTIs in adults?
Urinary tract infections are the second most common type of infection in the body, accounting for about 8.1 million visits to health care providers each year.1 Women are especially prone to UTIs for anatomical reasons. One factor is that a woman’s urethra is shorter, allowing bacteria quicker access to the bladder. Also, a woman’s urethral opening is near sources of bacteria from the anus and vagina. For women, the lifetime risk of having a UTI is greater than 50 percent.2 UTIs in men are not as common as in women but can be serious when they occur.
2Griebling TL. Urinary tract infection in women. In: Litwin MS, Saigal CS, eds. Urologic Diseases in America. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Washington, D.C.: GPO; 2007. NIH publication 07–5512:587–619.
Who is at risk for a UTI?
Although everyone has some risk, some people are more prone to getting UTIs than others. People with spinal cord injuries or other nerve damage around the bladder have difficulty emptying their bladder completely, allowing bacteria to grow in the urine that stays in the bladder. Anyone with an abnormality of the urinary tract that obstructs the flow of urine—a kidney stone or enlarged prostate, for example—is at risk for a UTI. People with diabetes or problems with the body’s natural defense system are more likely to get UTIs.
Sexual activity can move microbes from the bowel or vaginal cavity to the urethral opening. If these microbes have special characteristics that allow them to live in the urinary tract, it is harder for the body to remove them quickly enough to prevent infection. Following sexual intercourse, most women have a significant number of bacteria in their urine, but the body normally clears them within 24 hours. However, some forms of birth control increase the risk of UTI. In some women, certain spermicides may irritate the skin, increasing the risk of bacteria invading surrounding tissues. Using a diaphragm may slow urinary flow and allow bacteria to multiply. Condom use is also associated with increased risk of UTIs, possibly because of the increased trauma that occurs to the vagina during sexual activity. Using spermicides with diaphragms and condoms can increase risk even further.
Another common source of infection is catheters, or tubes, placed in the urethra and bladder. Catheters interfere with the body’s ability to clear microbes from the urinary tract. Bacteria travel through or around the catheter and establish a place where they can thrive within the bladder. A person who cannot urinate in the normal way or who is unconscious or critically ill often needs a catheter for more than a few days. The Infectious Diseases Society of America recommends using catheters for the shortest time possible to reduce the risk of a UTI.3
Many women suffer from frequent UTIs. About 20 percent of young women with a first UTI will have a recurrent infection.4 With each UTI, the risk that a woman will continue having recurrent UTIs increases.5 Some women have three or more UTIs a year. However, very few women will have frequent infections throughout their lives. More typically, a woman will have a period of 1 or 2 years with frequent infections, after which recurring infections cease.
Men are less likely than women to have a first UTI. But once a man has a UTI, he is likely to have another because bacteria can hide deep inside prostate tissue. Anyone who has diabetes or a problem that makes it hard to urinate may have repeat infections.
Research funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) suggests that one factor behind recurrent UTIs may be the ability of bacteria to attach to cells lining the urinary tract. One NIH-funded study found that bacteria formed a protective film on the inner lining of the bladder in mice.6 If a similar process can be demonstrated in humans, the discovery may lead to new treatments to prevent recurrent UTIs. Another line of research has indicated that women who are “nonsecretors” of certain blood group antigens may be more prone to recurrent UTIs because the cells lining the vagina and urethra may allow bacteria to attach more easily. A nonsecretor is a person with an A, B, or AB blood type who does not secrete the normal antigens for that blood type in bodily fluids, such as fluids that line the bladder wall.7
Infections during Pregnancy
Pregnant women seem no more prone to UTIs than other women. However, when a UTI does occur in a pregnant woman, it is more likely to travel to the kidneys. According to some reports, about 4 to 5 percent of pregnant women develop a UTI.8 Scientists think that hormonal changes and shifts in the position of the urinary tract during pregnancy make it easier for bacteria to travel up the ureters to the kidneys and cause infection. For this reason, health care providers routinely screen pregnant women for bacteria in the urine during the first 3 months of pregnancy.
3Hooton TM, et al. Diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of catheter-associated urinary tract infection in adults: 2009 international clinical practice guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2010;50(5):625–663.
4Tolkoff-Rubin NE, Cotran RS, Rubin RH. Urinary tract infection, pyelonephritis, and reflux nephropathy. In: Brenner BM, ed. Brenner & Rector's The Kidney. 8th ed. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2008: 1203–1238.
7Stapleton AE, Nudelman E, Clausen H, Hakomori S, Stamm WE. Binding of uropathogenic Escherichia coli R45 to glycolipids extracted from vaginal epithelial cells is dependent on histo-blood group secretor status. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1992;90;965–972.
8Sharma JB, Aggarwal S, Singhal S, Kumar S, Roy KK. Prevalence of urinary incontinence and other urological problems during pregnancy: a questionnaire based study. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2009;279(6):845–851.[Top]
Are UTIs serious?
Most UTIs are not serious, but some infections can lead to serious problems, such as kidney infections. Chronic kidney infections—infections that recur or last a long time—can cause permanent damage, including kidney scars, poor kidney function, high blood pressure, and other problems. Some acute kidney infections—infections that develop suddenly—can be life threatening, especially if the bacteria enter the bloodstream, a condition called septicemia.[Top]
What are the signs and symptoms of a UTI?
Symptoms of a UTI vary by age, gender, and whether a catheter is present. Among young women, UTI symptoms typically include a frequent and intense urge to urinate and a painful, burning feeling in the bladder or urethra during urination. The amount of urine may be very small. Older women and men are more likely to be tired, shaky, and weak and have muscle aches and abdominal pain. Urine may look cloudy, dark, or bloody or have a foul smell. In a person with a catheter, the only symptom may be fever that cannot be attributed to any other cause. Normally, UTIs do not cause fever if they are in the bladder. A fever may mean the infection has reached the kidneys or has penetrated the prostate. Other symptoms of a kidney infection include pain in the back or side below the ribs, nausea, and vomiting.[Top]
How are UTIs diagnosed?
To find out whether a person has a UTI, the health care provider will ask about urinary symptoms and then test a sample of urine for the presence of bacteria and white blood cells, which are produced by the body to fight infection. Because bacteria can be found in the urine of healthy individuals, a UTI is diagnosed based both on symptoms and a laboratory test. The person will be asked to give a “clean catch” urine sample by washing the genital area and collecting a “midstream” sample of urine in a sterile container. This method of collecting urine helps prevent bacteria around the genital area from getting into the sample and confusing the test results. Usually, the sample is sent to a laboratory, although some health care providers’ offices are equipped to do the testing. For people with recurring infections and patients in the hospital, the urine may be cultured. The culture is performed by placing part of the urine sample in a tube or dish with a substance that encourages any bacteria present to grow. Once the bacteria have multiplied, which usually takes 1 to 3 days, they can be identified. The health care provider may also order a sensitivity test, which tests the bacteria for sensitivity to different antibiotics to see which medication is best for treating the infection.
If a person has recurrent UTIs, the health care provider may order some additional tests to determine if the person’s urinary tract is normal.
Kidney and bladder ultrasound. Ultrasound uses a device, called a transducer, that bounces safe, painless sound waves off organs to create an image of their structure. The procedure is performed in a health care provider’s office, outpatient center, or hospital by a specially trained technician, and the images are interpreted by a radiologist—a doctor who specializes in medical imaging; anesthesia is not needed. The images can show abnormalities in the kidneys and bladder. However, this test cannot reveal all important urinary abnormalities or measure how well the kidneys work.
Voiding cystourethrogram. This test is an x-ray image of the bladder and urethra taken while the bladder is full and during urination, also called voiding. As the person lies on the x-ray table, a health care provider inserts the tip of a thin, flexible tube called a catheter through the urethra into the bladder. The bladder and urethra are filled with a special dye called contrast medium, to make the structures clearly visible on the x-ray images. The x rays are taken from various angles while the bladder is full of contrast medium. The catheter is then removed and x-ray images are taken during urination. The procedure is performed in a health care provider’s office, outpatient center, or hospital by an x-ray technician. The technician is supervised by a radiologist while the images are taken. The radiologist then interprets the images. Anesthesia is not needed, but light sedation may be used for some people. This test can show abnormalities of the inside of the urethra and bladder. The test can also determine whether the flow of urine is normal when the bladder empties.
Computerized tomography (CT) scan. CT scans use a combination of x rays and computer technology to create three-dimensional (3-D) images. A CT scan may include the injection of contrast medium. CT scans require the person to lie on a table that slides into a tunnel-shaped device where the x rays are taken. The procedure is performed in an outpatient center or hospital by an x-ray technician, and the images are interpreted by a radiologist; anesthesia is not needed. CT scans can provide clearer, more detailed images to help the health care provider understand the problem.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI machines use radio waves and magnets to produce detailed pictures of the body’s internal organs and soft tissues without using x rays. An MRI may include an injection of contrast medium. With most MRI machines, the person lies on a table that slides into a tunnel-shaped device that may be open ended or closed at one end; some newer machines are designed to allow the person to lie in a more open space. The procedure is performed in an outpatient center or hospital by a specially trained technician, and the images are interpreted by a radiologist; anesthesia is not needed though light sedation may be used for people with a fear of confined spaces. Like CT scans, MRIs can provide clearer, more detailed images.
Radionuclide scan. A radionuclide scan is an imaging technique that relies on the detection of small amounts of radiation after injection of radioactive chemicals. Because the dose of the radioactive chemicals is small, the risk of causing damage to cells is low. Special cameras and computers are used to create images of the radioactive chemicals as they pass through the kidneys. Radionuclide scans are performed in a health care provider’s office, outpatient center, or hospital by a specially trained technician, and the images are interpreted by a radiologist; anesthesia is not needed. Radioactive chemicals injected into the blood can provide information about kidney function. Radioactive chemicals can also be put into the fluids used to fill the bladder and urethra for x ray, MRI, and CT imaging.
Urodynamics. Urodynamic testing is any procedure that looks at how well the bladder, sphincters, and urethra are storing and releasing urine. Most of these tests are performed in the office of a urologist—a doctor who specializes in urinary problems—by a urologist, physician assistant, or nurse practitioner. Some procedures may require light sedation to keep a person calm. Most urodynamic tests focus on the bladder’s ability to hold urine and empty steadily and completely. Urodynamic tests can also show whether the bladder is having abnormal contractions that cause leakage. A health care provider may order these tests if there is evidence that the person has some kind of nerve damage.
Cystoscopy. Cystoscopy is a procedure that uses a tubelike instrument to look inside the urethra and bladder. Cystoscopy is performed by a doctor in a health care provider’s office, outpatient facility, or hospital with local anesthesia. However, in some cases, sedation and regional or general anesthesia are needed. Cystoscopy may be used to look for swelling, redness, and other signs of infection.[Top]
How are UTIs treated?
Most UTIs are caused by bacteria, which are treated with bacteria-fighting medications called antibiotics or antimicrobials. The choice of medication and length of treatment depend on the patient’s history and the type of bacteria causing the infection. Some antibiotics may be ruled out if a person has allergies to them. The sensitivity test takes 48 hours to complete and is especially useful in helping the health care provider select the antibiotic most likely to be effective in treating an infection. Longer treatment may be needed if the first antibiotic given is not effective.
When a UTI occurs in a healthy person with a normal, unobstructed urinary tract, the term uncomplicated is used to describe the infection. Most young women who have UTIs have uncomplicated UTIs, which can be cured with 2 or 3 days of treatment. Single-dose treatment is less effective. Longer treatment causes more side effects and is not more effective. A follow-up urinalysis helps to confirm the urinary tract is infection-free. Taking the full course of treatment is important because symptoms may disappear before the infection is fully cleared.
Complicated UTIs occur when a person—for example, a pregnant woman or a transplant patient—is weakened by another condition. A UTI is also complicated when the person has a structural or functional abnormality of the urinary tract, such as an obstructive kidney stone or prostate enlargement that squeezes the urethra. Health care providers should assume that men and boys have a complicated UTI until proven otherwise.
Severely ill patients with kidney infections may be hospitalized until they can take fluids and needed medications on their own. Kidney infections may require several weeks of antibiotic treatment. Kidney infections in adults rarely lead to kidney damage or kidney failure unless they go untreated or are associated with urinary tract obstruction.
Bladder infections are generally self-limiting, but antibiotic treatment significantly shortens the duration of symptoms. People usually feel better within a day or two of treatment. Symptoms of kidney and prostate infections last longer. Drinking lots of fluids and urinating frequently will speed healing. If needed, various medications are available to relieve the pain of a UTI. A heating pad on the back or abdomen may also help.
Recurrent Infections in Women
Health care providers may advise women who have recurrent UTIs to try one of the following treatment options:
- Take low doses of the prescribed antibiotic daily for 6 months or longer. If taken at bedtime, the medication remains in the bladder longer and may be more effective. NIH-supported research has shown this therapy to be effective without causing serious side effects.
- Take a single dose of an antibiotic after sexual intercourse.
- Take a short course—2 or 3 days—of an antibiotic when symptoms appear.
To try to prevent an infection, health care providers may suggest women
- drink plenty of water every day
- urinate when the need arises and avoid resisting the urge to urinate
- urinate after sexual intercourse
- switch to a different method of birth control if recurring UTIs are a problem
Infections during Pregnancy
During pregnancy, bacterial infection of the urine—even in the absence of symptoms—can pose risks to both the mother and the baby. Some antibiotics are not safe to take during pregnancy. In selecting the best treatments, health care providers consider various factors such as the medication’s effectiveness, the stage of pregnancy, the mother’s health, and potential effects on the fetus.
Curing infections that stem from a urinary obstruction or other systemic disorder depends on finding and correcting the underlying problem, sometimes with surgery. If the root cause goes untreated, this group of patients is at risk for kidney damage. Also, such infections tend to arise from a wider range of bacteria and sometimes from more than one type of bacteria at a time.
Infections in Men
Urinary tract infections in men are often the result of an obstruction—for example, a urinary stone or enlarged prostate—or are from a catheter used during a medical procedure. The first step in treating such an infection is to identify the infecting organism and the medications to which it is sensitive.
Prostate infections—chronic bacterial prostatitis—are harder to cure because antibiotics may be unable to penetrate infected prostate tissue effectively. For this reason, men with bacterial prostatitis often need long-term treatment with a carefully selected antibiotic. UTIs in men are frequently associated with acute bacterial prostatitis, which can be life threatening if not treated urgently.[Top]
How can recurrent UTIs be prevented?
Changing some daily habits may help a person prevent recurrent UTIs.[Top]
Eating, Diet, and Nutrition
Drinking lots of fluid can help flush bacteria from the system. Water is best. Most people should try for six to eight, 8-ounce glasses a day. A person who has kidney failure should not drink this much fluid. A health care provider should be consulted to learn how much fluid is healthy.[Top]
A person should urinate often and when the urge arises. Bacteria can grow when urine stays in the bladder too long. Women and men should urinate shortly after sex to flush away bacteria that might have entered the urethra during sex. Drinking a glass of water will also help flush bacteria away.
After using the toilet, women should wipe from front to back. This step is most important after a bowel movement to keep bacteria from getting into the urethra.
Cotton underwear and loose-fitting clothes should be worn, so air can keep the area around the urethra dry. Tight-fitting jeans and nylon underwear should be avoided because they can trap moisture and help bacteria grow.
For women, using a diaphragm or spermicide for birth control can lead to UTIs by increasing bacteria growth. A woman who has trouble with UTIs should try switching to a new form of birth control. Unlubricated condoms or spermicidal condoms increase irritation, which may help bacteria grow. Switching to lubricated condoms without spermicide or using a nonspermicidal lubricant may help prevent UTIs.[Top]
Points to Remember
- Most urinary tract infections (UTIs) arise from one type of bacteria, Escherichia coli (E. coli), which normally lives in the bowel.
- Symptoms of a UTI in adults may include the following:
- a frequent and intense urge to urinate
- a painful, burning feeling in the bladder or urethra during urination
- feeling tired, shaky, and weak
- muscle aches
- abdominal pain
- only small amounts of urine passed, despite a strong urge to urinate
- cloudy, dark, or bloody urine or urine that has a foul smell
- pain in the back or side below the ribs
- nausea and vomiting
- Fever may indicate a kidney or prostate infection.
- Because bacteria can be found in the urine of healthy individuals, a UTI is diagnosed based both on symptoms and a laboratory test.
- UTIs are treated with bacteria-fighting medications called antibiotics or antimicrobials.
Hope through Research
Scientists are working on developing a vaccine that can prevent UTIs from coming back. Researchers are testing injected and oral vaccines to see which works best. Another method being considered for women is to apply the vaccine directly as a suppository in the vagina. Other scientists are working on identifying ways to prevent UTIs using probiotics.
Participants in clinical trials can play a more active role in their own health care, gain access to new research treatments before they are widely available, and help others by contributing to medical research. For information about current studies, visit www.ClinicalTrials.gov.[Top]
For More Information
American Urological Association Foundation
1000 Corporate Boulevard
Linthicum, MD 21090
Phone: 1–800–828–7866 or 410–689–3700
Publications produced by the Clearinghouse are carefully reviewed by both NIDDK scientists and outside experts. Betsy Foxman, Ph.D., University of Michigan School of Public Health, and Anthony Schaeffer, M.D., Northwestern University Medical School, reviewed the updated version of this publication.
National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse
The National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NKUDIC) is a service of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). The NIDDK is part of the National Institutes of Health of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Established in 1987, the Clearinghouse provides information about diseases of the kidneys and urologic system to people with kidney and urologic disorders and to their families, health care professionals, and the public. The NKUDIC answers inquiries, develops and distributes publications, and works closely with professional and patient organizations and Government agencies to coordinate resources about kidney and urologic diseases.
This publication is not copyrighted. The Clearinghouse encourages users of this publication to duplicate and distribute as many copies as desired.
NIH Publication No. 12–2097
Page last updated May 24, 2012 | <urn:uuid:82b3cfd0-bda3-4f1f-8748-04cf2b469c19> | {
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Subject: General Tech | March 4, 2018 - 05:21 PM | Scott Michaud
Tagged: Nintendo, amd, ati
I came across an interesting blog post describing how Super Mario Sunshine, with its Gamecube-era hardware, rendered water. While it mostly seems like a simple multi-texture panning effect to get the waves, the crux of the post is an interesting trick that Nintendo used to get around not having programmable shaders in their hardware: how do they emulate the Brewster’s angle?
Each of the stages are given WebGL 2 canvas examples.
The answer is pretty clever: load different textures into your various mipmap levels. Along with correcting the artifacts associated with sharp textures being viewed far away, it gives Nintendo the opportunity to draw something different. In Super Mario Sunshine, this corresponded to brighter wave glare textures at the distance that would look like the angle that polarized light reflects on.
It will be an inaccurate effect, of course, but there wasn’t much that Nintendo could do without running a script at each pixel that actually knows properties of the scene. It also depends on the resolution being drawn, which is tightly controlled in a standard-definition console, but it is a source of headaches for emulator developers.
The Really Good Times are Over
We really do not realize how good we had it. Sure, we could apply that to budget surpluses and the time before the rise of global terrorism, but in this case I am talking about the predictable advancement of graphics due to both design expertise and improvements in process technology. Moore’s law has been exceptionally kind to graphics. We can look back and when we plot the course of these graphics companies, they have actually outstripped Moore in terms of transistor density from generation to generation. Most of this is due to better tools and the expertise gained in what is still a fairly new endeavor as compared to CPUs (the first true 3D accelerators were released in the 1993/94 timeframe).
The complexity of a modern 3D chip is truly mind-boggling. To get a good idea of where we came from, we must look back at the first generations of products that we could actually purchase. The original 3Dfx Voodoo Graphics was comprised of a raster chip and a texture chip, each contained approximately 1 million transistors (give or take) and were made on a then available .5 micron process (we shall call it 500 nm from here on out to give a sense of perspective with modern process technology). The chips were clocked between 47 and 50 MHz (though often could be clocked up to 57 MHz by going into the init file and putting in “SET SST_GRXCLK=57”… btw, SST stood for Sellers/Smith/Tarolli, the founders of 3Dfx). This revolutionary graphics card at the time could push out 47 to 50 megapixels and had 4 MB of VRAM and was released in the beginning of 1996.
My first 3D graphics card was the Orchid Righteous 3D. Voodoo Graphics was really the first successful consumer 3D graphics card. Yes, there were others before it, but Voodoo Graphics had the largest impact of them all.
In 1998 3Dfx released the Voodoo 2, and it was a significant jump in complexity from the original. These chips were fabricated on a 350 nm process. There were three chips to each card, one of which was the raster chip and the other two were texture chips. At the top end of the product stack was the 12 MB cards. The raster chip had 4 MB of VRAM available to it while each texture chip had 4 MB of VRAM for texture storage. Not only did this product double performance from the Voodoo Graphics, it was able to run in single card configurations at 800x600 (as compared to the max 640x480 of the Voodoo Graphics). This is the same time as when NVIDIA started to become a very aggressive competitor with the Riva TnT and ATI was about to ship the Rage 128.
AMD Gets the Direct CU Treatment
In the previous roundup I covered the DirectCU II models from Asus featuring NVIDIA based chips. These boards included the GTX 580, 570, and 560 products. All of these were DirectCU II based with all the updated features that are included as compared to the original DirectCU products. With the AMD parts Asus has split the top four products into two categories; DirectCU II and the original DirectCU. When we start looking at thermal properties and price points, we will see why Asus took this route.
AMD has had a strong couple of years with their graphics chips. While they were not able to take the single GPU performance crown in this previous generation, their products were very capable and competitive across the board and at every price point. In fact, there are some features that these cards have at particular price points that make them very desirable in quite a few applications. In particular are the 2 GB of memory on the HD 6900 series cards where the competition from NVIDIA at those price points features 1 GB and 1.25 GB. In titles such as Skyrim, with the HD texture DLC enabled, these cards start to limit performance at 1920x1080 and above due to the memory requirements needed for these higher resolution textures.
Subject: Graphics Cards, Processors, Shows and Expos | January 22, 2012 - 01:09 AM | Steve Grever
Tagged: overclocking, hardocp, ati, amd, 7970
More than 500 people made the trip to Eddie Deen’s Ranch in Dallas, Texas to attend AMD and HardOCP’s FX Game Experience event today. Many of the tech industry’s heavy hitters were on hand with interactive booths to showcase their latest PC hardware and provide people with around $50,000 in giveaways and prizes.
Check out our video coverage of the AMD [H]ardOCP FX GamExperience 2012 event!
ASUS, MSI, and Sapphire each brought their latest respective AMD-based motherboards and performance graphics cards to showcase at the event, including their HD Radeon 7950 and 7970 offerings. ASUS also gave the audience a closer look at some of their other PC gaming peripherals, wireless routers, and Blu ray burners.
HardOCP founder Kyle Bennett put on a show for the crowd with numerous raffle drawings and crazy contests for people to win new AMD processors and other hardware from MSI, Gigabyte, ASUS, Corsair, Ergotech, Antec, Maingear, Optoma, Patriot Memory, Astro, Sapphire, Western Digital, ArcSoft, ASRock, vReveal, Diamond Multimedia, and Zotac.
Subject: General Tech, Graphics Cards, Chipsets | May 3, 2011 - 11:54 AM | John Davis
Tagged: ubuntu, rhel, Red Hat, opensuse, linux, driver, catalyst, ati, amd
In a previous article we stated:
"Highlights of the Linux AMD Catalyst™ 11.4 release include: This release of AMD Catalyst™ Linux introduces support for the following new operating systems Ubuntu 11.04 support (early look) SLED/SLES 10 SP4 support (early look) RHEL 5.6 support (production)"
AMD introduced a new feature into Linux with Catalyst™ 11.4, PowerXpress.
- PowerXpress: Will enable certain mainstream mobile chipsets to seemlessly switch from integrated graphics to the dedicated graphics. *note: This only applies to Intel Processors with on chip graphics and AMD dedicated graphics and must be switched on by invoking switchlibGL and switchlibglx and restarting the Xorg server.
If you are running RHEL 5.6 or SLED/SLES 10 SP4 and need the driver you can get it here.
If you are running Ubuntu 11.04, install the driver under the "Additional Drivers" program.
If you are running a BSD variant you must still use the Open-Source driver "Radeon" and "RadeonHD" as AMD has yet to release a BSD driver.
Be sure to check back to PCPer for my complete review of the 11.4 driver and PowerXpress. | <urn:uuid:d81a0264-c2b1-45ec-b4f7-7ad0e0668a95> | {
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Welcome. Web. 10 Steps to Developing an Online Course: Walter Sinnott-Armstrong. 4 Principals Of Digital Literacy. Literacy Literacy is the ability to make sense of something, often generalized as the ability to read and write.
In many ways, reading is reading, media is media, but in the same way a play places unique comprehension demands on a reader compared to a poem or a letter, so do digital media compared to classic media forms. In the 21st century, new literacies are emerging and digital media forms allow communication to be more nuanced than ever before. Digital Literacy Digital Literacy is about being able to make sense of digital media. 4 Principles Of Digital Literacy. TOP 5 Educational iPad and iPhone Games. IGN the undisputed king of online gaming content recently published its top 25 iPad, iPhone games and it is well worth the read if you own an apple device and enjoy a good game. As an avid gamer and educator I have taken this a little further by identifying the top 5 educational gaming experiences on the iPhone and iPad.
Now I am not interested in times table challenge games or blatant learning games I am talking about games that require you to think outside of the square in across a range of curriculum areas without even really knowing that you're participating in a learning experience. These are the games that will improve our memory, number facts and knowledge of the world and get us addicted through fun and challenging elements which keep us coming back for more. Take a look at my list an would love to hear your thoughts. Civilization Revolution - Build. IGN Says: "Outside of SimCity, no game defines the strategy genre like Sid Meier's Civilization. University of Victoria - Counselling Services. Glogster: make a poster online. It's free! Index to Group Activities, Games, Exercises & Initiatives. Chemistry. The periodic table of the elements with metallic elements colored in green, nonmetallic in orange and metalloids in blue.
Click on image for full size L.Gardiner/Windows to the Universe Chemistry is the study of matter, energy, and their interactions. Chemists study the composition of substances, their properties, and how they react with each other under varying circumstances. Indeed, chemists work to develop new substances, with properties that help us solve problems faced by society today. Because chemistry deals with the fundamental structure of matter (such as the structure of the atom, electrons, protons, and neutrons), it overlaps with physics. Geochemistry is the study the properties of Earth materials, working to understand how they vary under different pressures and temperatures. The origin of the word "chemistry" is not clear.
Shop Windows to the Universe Science Store! NSTA Learning Center. Earth Science. Balancing Chemical Equations. Bob's Place of Educational Links...Smartboard Links. Lesson plans for teachers.
Common Core Implementation Kit enables the creation of a Common Core State Standards aligned lesson plan with a few easy clicks.
Common Core operates from within Word 2013 and provides daily learning targets for Common Core State Standards, along with instructional notes, student friendly “I Can” statements, vocabulary lists, differentiation ideas, activity ideas, assessment ideas, common student misconceptions, and links to open educational resources aligned to the standards. Save time planning lessons and locating resources for your students The Common Core Implementation Kit is a free tool that makes it easy for teachers to create Language Arts and Math lesson plans aligned to the Common Core State Standards all from within Microsoft Word 2013. Common Core consists of a series of course-specific Microsoft Word templates that access Common Core information through a Microsoft Office Task Pane that is displayed next to the lesson plan document.
This list of the top 50 education technology blogs includes writers, technicians and social media experts…but they all are teachers. The “movers” are teachers who facilitate learning among other teachers and in the classroom, the “shakers” teach new philosophies and innovations, and the folks “on the ground” offer news, tools and methods of using those tools in the classroom. This list is divided into those three categories, and each link within those categories is listed alphabetically. The links lead straight to the recently updated blogs, and the descriptions supply information about that blogger’s achievements, including careers and jobs. Educational Games. ClassTools.net: Create interactive flash tools / games for education.
Convert and Resize Images With Just One Click. 500+ Creative Lessons To Teach Almost Anything. Digital Literacy - Education. SMARTBoard Activities. Longwood Smartboard Lessons. SMARTer SMARTBoard™ Use. Prezi: The Zooming Presentation Editor. Top 25 Web 2.0 Sites for Education by David Kapuler. Discovery Education. 10 essential iPad apps for high school students. Thanks to Scott McGlynn at teach2thefuture.net for this one.
The free Dictionary.com app delivers trusted reference content from Dictionary.com and Thesaurus.com, including nearly 1,000,000 words and definitions and 90,000 synonyms and antonyms. No Internet connection is needed. The app also features audio pronunciations, similarly spelled words and Dictionary.com’s popular Word of the Day that is enjoyed by millions of people. PEOI: Professional Educational Organization International. Students.
Index. Beautiful Word Clouds. Web Poster Wizard Home. Highland. Promethean. Khan Academy. Text Message (SMS) Polls and Voting, Audience Response System. Jing, instant screenshots and screencasts, home. DocsTeach. Education Materials. The 10 Best iPhone and iPad Apps for Art Teachers 2010. Since publishing our 30 Best iPhone Apps for Art Teachers last year (August 2009), we have discovered many new apps that are worthy of being added to our best list.
Covering a wide range of interests and uses, below are the Teaching Palette’s 10 Best iPhone, iPad and iPod Apps for Art Teachers 2010 – the latest and greatest apps for art teachers and their students. Consider this an amendment to last year’s list. Apps for Student and Teacher Use Animalia Based on the beautiful illustrations from the classic book by the same name, this app brings “eye spy” to a whole new level. Explore various artwork by hunting for hidden items. Accudraw Update your traditional grid drawing system with technology. Faces iMake Appropriate for younger students, this app uses a creative mix of collage materials inspired by author and artist Hanoch Pivin. KidsOrigami Beautiful images illustrate simple origami folding techniques for kids. Apps for Art History. 20 Interesting Ways* to use an iPad in the Classroom. Dabbleboard - Online whiteboard for drawing & team collaboration - Interactive whiteboard software.
Worksheets, Lesson Plans, Teacher Resources, and Rubrics from TeAch-nology.com. Top 50 Education Technology Blogs. Top 50 Education Technology Blogs. | <urn:uuid:40290428-3c47-4a49-a627-3074f516dc7d> | {
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Cupping therapy is an ancient alternative medicine in which a local suction is created on the skin. Many people including celebrities fall for ancient medicine. They believe cupping can cure almost all kinds of diseases. But the truth is, ancient medicine men did not have much scientific knowledge about diseases and cures. People who have a little bit of common sense should know that cupping therapy is not a cure for any disease. Simply it does not work. And, cupping creates nothing but pain and bruises.
Look at the cupping marks on their back.
I like what Richard Dawkins says,”There is no alternative medicine. There is only medicine that works and medicine that doesn’t work.”
Not only Western celebrities, many Eastern celebrities also run after medicine that doesn’t work.
Everybody should know about alternative therapies.
Alternative therapies lack the requisite scientific validation, and their effectiveness is either unproved or disproved. Many of the claims regarding the efficacy of alternative medicines are controversial, since research on them is frequently of low quality and methodologically flawed. Selective publication of results (misleading results from only publishing positive results, and not all results), marked differences in product quality and standardization, and some companies making unsubstantiated claims, call into question the claims of efficacy of isolated examples where herbs may have some evidence of containing chemicals that may affect health. The Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine points to confusions in the general population – a person may attribute symptomatic relief to an otherwise-ineffective therapy just because they are taking something (the placebo effect); the natural recovery from or the cyclical nature of an illness (the regression fallacy) gets mis-attributed to an alternative medicine being taken; a person not diagnosed with science based medicine may never originally have had a true illness diagnosed as an alternative disease category. | <urn:uuid:4baad6cb-ab51-47e5-a70a-5256034082f8> | {
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It is a well-known fact that Portugal and the United Kingdom over the longer period of time have built solid foundations for today´s good relations. It is said to be the oldest alliances in Europe, on which both countries are proud off and determined to protect.
The Centenary Appeal has the goal to celebrate as well as promote the historic alliance between these two countries. As it is already mentioned, this alliance is the oldest continual diplomatic alliance existing between two countries in the world. The alliance dates from the signing of the Treaty of Windsor on 9 May 1386.
From that moment until today the relations were improved continuously and cherished as the friendship of two countries. From the Middle Ages and the time of John of Gaunt; through
Queen Catherine of Braganza, Regent of Portugal who was King Charles II’s wife; to the Peninsular War when the two countries joined their forces and protected themselves from Napoleon at Torres Vedras. From the reigns of King Carlos I and King Edward VII; through the both World Wars; to the period of democracy restoration in 1982: Portugal and the United Kingdom have been united in numerous occasions and different ways.
The Anglo-Portuguese relationship was particularly strengthened during the World War I when Portugal decided to enter the war in 1916 on the Allies´ side. It is an important event because from that moment onwards the Portuguese units fought alongside the British on the battlefields of Europe and East Africa. Portugal remained on the same side even during the World War II, allowing the use of the Azores Islands as the Allies bases.
Even in the recent history we can observe the influence of the oldest alliance in Europe, and witness the extreme support that these countries offer to each other, which is the positive example of a successful foreign policy. This alliance withstood the numerous hits and remained intact through the long period of time. Portugal and the United Kingdom have further extended their relations through memberships to the European Union (EU) and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Despite the fact that the United Kingdom´s decision to leave the EU in popularly called Brexit, Portugal remained a support to the UK.
It is critical to mention that the alliance between the two countries have allowed a significant number of bilateral trades and foreign investments, besides the alliance influenced tourism and mutual flow of the commodities and goods between the two countries. Therefore, today we have large communities of Portuguese nationals living, working and studying in the United Kingdom, and vice versa.
Both countries improved their bilateral relations through state and official visits of the highest state and government representatives. For instance, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II paid State Visits on two occasions, once in 1957 and the other in 1985, while His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales and Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Cornwall paid an Official Visit to Portugal in 2011.
Portuguese President of the Republic, Mario Soares paid a State Visit to Britain in 1993, and the President Jorge Sampaio paid an Official Visit in 2002. Other numerous visits by members of the Royal Family, as well as both prime ministers and cabinet ministers of the two countries, have been a great way to commemorate, promote and revitalise the relations between the countries. Further, these visits are a regular event on the bilateral agenda of both countries. | <urn:uuid:ce2730b5-1e7d-49f7-a554-93fc4e85ad2f> | {
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Johne’s disease is an invariably fatal disease of cattle, goats, deer, camelids and sheep.
Johne’s disease is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. The bacteria grows in the intestine wall which becomes thickened and less effective at absorbing nutrients from the food.
The bacteria which causes JD is very persistent, with the bacteria able to live for a period of up to 12 months on the ground. Contamination of the ground must therefore be considered in any control program.
In cattle, calves up to 30 days are very susceptible and readily infected if exposed to the bacteria. They are still susceptible up to 12 months — they do not often become infected after the first year. In most cases, cattle are infected on their property of birth.
The most common method of animal-to-animal spread is to the calf from its dam via germs on the udder. Calves can also be infected by cross-suckling. Animals up to 12 months of age may pick up infection from contaminated ground. Some calves may also be born infected.
Because of the risk of infection — before as well as after birth — all progeny of infected cows are highly likely to be infected.
Milk from infected cows is also considered a risk. Artificial insemination and embryo transfer are considered very low-risk sources of contamination.
The most common form of spread from farm to farm is via an infected animal (one generally showing no clinical signs). Environmental spread has to be considered but is relatively uncommon. | <urn:uuid:a5e2855b-ac6b-4d4a-8719-8486cb4093f1> | {
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The caution against interpreting images also applies to numbers, which are often used in a symbolic manner.
Whether it be the “time, times, and half a time” of Daniel 7 or the “seventy weeks” of Daniel 9 or the one thousand years of Revelation 20, the original readers would probably have recognized some of these as symbols, and not literal figures. This is the nature of apocalyptic literature.
Take, for instance, the seventy weeks (or seventy sevens) of Daniel 9. Is this 490 literal years? If so, where does this fit in history? Antiochus Epiphanes? The first or second coming of Jesus Christ? The Roman Empire? Take your pick, or choose from a dozen or so interpretations.
These interpretations of the seventy weeks all have one thing in common: they can distract us from the primary message of Daniel’s visions: God has determined the time when He will put an end to sin and suffering. | <urn:uuid:1e7f46fd-04e3-4f3d-b022-b34a7a8f419e> | {
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Indonesia — The Environment Ministry will emphasize adaptation in reducing the impacts of climate change as this measure had often been overlooked while the impacts were already a reality, its chief said.
“We have often been prioritizing mitigation while overlooking adaptation although the impacts of climate change are already happening,” Environment Minister Gusti Muhammad Hatta said in an expose of his ministry`s work plan for 2011 at the office of the Coordinating Minister for People`s Welfare in Jakarta on Tuesday.
In general the work plan for 2011, he added, related to the major program of reducing green house effects by up to 26 percent until 2020, and the implementation of adaptation activities.
Another big plan for the ministry to carry out in 2011 was to focus on the control of pollution by reducing the polluting burdens caused by 750 companies through stiffening supervision of the enforcement of environmental laws.
“We will also revitalize the evaluation system for the presentation of the Adipura awards to the 404 districts and cities,” the minister said.
On the control of environmental destruction, Hatta said that the activities to be implemented are those relating to the reduction of hot spots in eight provinces through preventive measures to avoid forest fires. The ministry would also effect the closure of more forested lands in 399 districts.
The program for recovery of the environmental functions for supporting green economic growth to be carried out in 2011 would be focused on recovering degraded lands in 24 locations and the improvement of regional master plans in 100 districts s and cities in 33 provinces.
In the legal sector, Hatta said, he would focus on the finalization of 13 draft implementing regulations for Law Number 32 Year 2009 on the protection and management of the environment as well as the finalization of the similar regulations for Law Number 18 Year 2008 on waste management.
“This matter is important in our efforts to provide legal certainty in the enforcement of those two laws on managing the environment,” he said.(*) | <urn:uuid:ad426e23-c74a-4c86-9aff-966284cd0ff5> | {
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Most physicians in the digital age are familiar with the terms Electronic Medical Record (EMR) and Electronic Health Record (EHR). Few, however, can articulate the difference between the two. This is because the two terms have been largely used by providers and vendors to connote to the same system.
The Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC) is very emphatic about differentiating between the two terms and has issued distinctive definitions for both. This article aims to explore this difference.
EMR Vs EHR: What’s the Difference?
Electronic Medical Record (EMR)
The term electronic medical record (EMR) became popular in the United States in the post-World War II era when the need to electronically secure patient medical records was first stressed upon. EMR thus came to be known as “an electronic version of patient’s medical and treatment history at a healthcare delivery organization.” This electronic record offered several advantages, such as:
- Upgraded patient care by providing a more comprehensive overview of his medical issues.
- Improved monitoring and evaluation of the treatment plan on patient.
- Enhanced preventive healthcare by delivering timely reminders for patient screenings.
- Made medicine prescription more reliable.
Practically, EMR software also had one limitation: It was unable to electronically share data outside of the medical practice where it was created. In case an exchange of information was required with another specialist, the data had to be printed. This, mostly limited the benefits of Electronic Medical Records.
Electronic Health Record (EHR)
The term electronic health record (EHR) was first used in the early twenty-first century and has now become the predominant term to be used in healthcare organizations. In fact, ONC and CMS (Centre for Medicare and Medicaid Services) almost exclusively use EHR to refer to patient’s digital health records.
EHR can be defined as “a more inclusive electronic record of a patient’s health matters, including his/her medical history, pharmaceutical history, treatment plans, allergies, immunization status and vitals, stored in a way that can be easily accessed by all stakeholders involved in a patient’s healthcare delivery service including the patient himself, authorized clinicians outside of a certain medical practice, pharmacies, nursing home staff etc. across the entire state or country”.
In this way, EHR further augments the advantages offered by EMR. It turns healthcare delivery service into a more interactive and informed system in which all stakeholders can participate in order to meet the health targets of the patient. Some of which are:
- Makes it easy for the patient to get treated by multiple clinicians of varying specialties that work at different practices.
- Ensures reduction of medical errors as it omits the need for illegible handwritten notes.
- Facilitates more accurate diagnosis based upon a patient’s entire health condition.
- Ensures better patient care in case of emergencies by providing the emergency department with critical information like the patient’s’ drug allergies.
- Avoids the need to duplicate lab tests.
- Keeps the patient updated of his health conditions and thus motivates him to be more compliant to his treatment plans.
According to a White Paper published in 2006, EMR is the foundation over which EHR is built. “EHRs are reliant on EMRs being in place, and EMRs will never reach their full potential without interoperable EHRs in place.”1
Both electronic medical records and electronic health record, hence, represent two major steps taken in the healthcare sector and their widespread adoption in the medical fraternity promises better patient care at every level. | <urn:uuid:382024fb-9916-4bfb-96aa-26bfc946a901> | {
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Last fall I wrote an article about a pest that could be the next true game changer. Since many gardeners grow a lot of fruit, I wrote about the Spotted Wing Drosophila. We know it’s getting closer to our area. Tom Webb, food and ag reporter for the Pioneer Press, wrote an article about this insect July 17, and Bill McAuliffe, a weather and climate staff reporter for the Minneapolis Star Tribune, wrote about the same insect July 18.
The Spotted Wing Drosophila is an Asian fruit fly that arrived in the U.S. only five years ago, and it wiped out some raspberry crops in Minnesota last year. Now researchers are trying to prepare for this fall’s harvest. The Spotted Wing Drosophila (SWD for short) attacks raspberries, grapes, blueberries, strawberries and cherries. The fly lays its eggs inside the fruit. The eggs hatch into maggots that make the fruit mushy. Although there is no health issue to humans, the quality of the fruit is certainly affected.
In Tom Webb’s article he reported that officials are urging berry and grape growers to check for the pest and take action, but they concede that they still have a lot to learn about the SWD. For now, the key is in detecting the problem early. Most berry growers in Minnesota have not had to use insecticides, but Bill Hutchinson, a U of M entomologist, wrote, “This pest could be a true game changer for the berry industry.” Using insecticides can mean salvaging the crop, but it’s not really a welcome prospect for businesses like the pick-your-own farms with people popping ripe berries in their mouths while picking.
State and University of Minnnesota officials offer a three-pronged effort to fight the infestation: First, berry patch owners should set up monitoring traps. Instructions are available on line at
http://www.vegedge.umn.edu/SWD/SWD.html. Next, overripe fruit should be disposed because this is most attractive to the SWD. Finally, insecticides can control the pest. For details on insecticide treatment, call the State Department of Agriculture at 888-545-6684, or email the Department of Natural Resources at [email protected]
Tom Webb can be reached at 651-228-5428. | <urn:uuid:44de5887-732d-42e1-9691-cc52a981bb6e> | {
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We use water every day. We wake up, brush our teeth. We use water to make oatmeal for breakfast. We use water every time we use the bathroom, take a shower, repeat the cycle to go to work, and sometimes this even happens to us.
Over1.5 billion cubic kilometers of water exists on Earth. Over 97% of Earth’s water is located in its oceans and is salty, undrinkable, and bad for living organisms. Yet, only1% of freshwater on Earth is accessible. About69% of freshwater is locked up in glaciers, making available freshwater for humans, animals, and other living organisms who need it to survive extremely limited.
Fortunately for many of us reading this blog post on a computer with Internet access, we have access to fresh water all day, every day, almost everywhere we go. For some, fresh water is much more precious, and sometimes the lack of fresh water leads to serious problems.
Water is a vital resources for living, but it is also a point of contention among many including big businesses, environmentalists, and even politicians.
Big businesses like Coca Cola and Pepsi Co. benefited from consumers drinking over9 billion gallons of bottled water in 2008, andprofited $86 billion in 2011. Still, consumption of bottled water in increasing every year, globally
Environmentalists dedicate their lives to protecting water sources from pollution.Only 12% of plastic bottles were recycled in 2005, contributing to water pollution and theGreat Pacific Garbage Patch, affecting ocean marine life and destroying ocean ecosystems.
In 2015, US President Obama rejected approval of the construction of the Keystone XL Pipeline, which would cross from Canada into the United States carrying830,000 barrels of oil each day, directly across the United States’ largest aquifer, the Ogallala Aquifer. The potential for leaks and contamination of this aquifer is hotly contested by environmentalists, and is a risk to local communities who use water from the aquifer to sustain their businesses and in turn, the country’s farming industry.
Not only does Wabo want everyone to switch to reusable bottles and to rid the world of single-use plastic bottles, we also want to hear your Wabo story. Send us photos and a blurb about your reusable bottle, its adventures, stickers, and why it is important to you and your daily life. Direct message us on Instagram (@mywabo) to feature your bottle or shoot us an email [email protected] to share the tale of your wabo!
Follow us@mywabo to find out when we post more informative and fun blog posts! | <urn:uuid:3086eacf-5064-47c9-96a8-026a3321f139> | {
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Quick links from the past week in mind and brain news:
Previously it was known that higher IQ predicts longer life, but it was not known exactly why. A recent study suggests that faster reaction times, which are known to be linked to higher IQ, may be one of the key factors.
The ability to make sense of ‘wholes’ rather than ‘parts’ (and vice versa) seems to rely on areas on the opposite sides of the brain in right and left handers.
An in-depth article from this month’s Scientific American on the neuroscience of memory is available online.
A brain scanning study finds that when information is stored, activity in parts of the brain can predict whether it will be recalled accurately or form a false memory. | <urn:uuid:5314270c-3f86-4f25-9326-932eb4e2bb90> | {
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Simplified and Abstracted Geometry for Forward Dynamics
- simplifications and abstractions for geometric data are needed for simulations
- CAD data too complex
- robotic/mechatronic assemblies more complex than necessary
- only "vital few" components needed
- such simulation are useful, and will be more useful in the future
- consistent conditions for experiments
- less time consuming and costly
- greater test-space accessible
- they have been investigated in the computer graphics field
- forward dynamics and CAD data pose specific challenges distinct from those of graphics
- simplification and abstraction in this context thus needs specific attention: metrics, methods, empirical studies, model requirements definition
- our bio-inspired robot is an ideal platform on which to investigate these issues.
The need for simulation and abstraction of robot and mechanism geometry arises out of the large size of CAD data and the computational cost of simulations involving them. Typical tessellations for CAD data viewing, inside CAD programs, results in a very high number of triangles, more than can be effectively simulated with current hardware. Even with hardware advances, it will always be advantageous in some situations to cull away data that is ultimately irrelevent to answering a posed technical problem. The motivation for simplification and abstraction then exists, but just how to simplify or abstract is a question that to our knowledge has not been addressed in the area of forward dynamics simulation incorperating geometric data.
Geometric simplification has played an important role in the computer graphics field by allowing believable viewing of scenes too complex for timely computation. However, the approaches used in computer graphics for geometric simplification have as their goal the realistic portrayal of a scene to a viewer, not the similarity between the simplified or abstracted system and the physical ground truth. In physical simulations, the model does not need to look like the original. If a robot's legs can be abstracted as a pair of oval wheels that hit contact points appropriately, this might be acceptable for a physical simulation. However, it would be completely inappropriate for a graphical system. This offers a freedom of abstraction and simplification that does not exist in the graphics world. However, other constraints apply: in rigid-body dynamics simulations of robots and complex mechanisms, geometry plays a key role in determining where the contact points, and thus collision joints, occur; different simplification methods will lead to different simulated results. The choice of simplification method can be the determining factor of whether a simulation is accurate enough.
Snake-like robots offer several advantages over conventional wheeled or legged robots. For example, robotic snakes have a low center of gravity, which makes them very stable when moving on inclines. In addition, if a snake-like robot were to fall over, it could easily recover by articulating its body in the proper way. Unlike their walking or wheeled counterparts, snake-like robots spread their weight out over a large area, thus exerting less force per unit area over the surface on which they are moving. This characteristic means that robots of this class are better suited for moving over soil or sand, compared to wheeled and legged robots that are very likely to get stuck in such environments.
We have designed a robotic snake capable of undergoing efficient rectilinear motion Currently, robotic snakes are available which can perform rectilinear motion by articulation each of their segments in a repeated sequence. A paper published in IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation titled “The Kinematics of Hyper-Redundant Robot Locomotion” outlines various methods for accomplishing this task. In fact, this paper concentrates on creating rectilinear locomotion through body movements alone. Chirikjian classifies snake-like robots as either inextensible or extensible. The former are capable of only bending their segments with respect to each other while the latter can actually expand and contract like an accordion. He outlines several locomotion algorithms for robots of these types, but does not address the construction of such robots. We observe that robots of this family tend to be slow and require extensive operator input. In addition, the precise interaction between segments, which is required for efficient locomotion, can be difficult to achieve. “Limbless locomotion: Learning to crawl with a snake robot,” goes to great detail in discussing the possible construction of inextensible snake-like robots, but does not settle on a particular design.
Our approach, developed through the study of these papers, as well as several prototypes that were built earlier in Philadelphia-area laboratories, proposes a completely new robotic snake design. This design does not fall into any of the previous classes, as our robot would propel itself using many small “feet”, with locomotion similar to that of a millipede. Obviously, a robot of this design will be efficient at performing rectilinear motion. Since this robot will actually walk, rather than drag itself, it should be capable of navigating rough terrains easily and efficiently. For this reason, it is expected that our design would be more maneuverable that existing prototypes. | <urn:uuid:ab85cfc4-447a-4fde-88f4-c5071e9a1164> | {
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STOCKHOLM - An island of ice more than four times the size of Manhattan is drifting across the Arctic Ocean after breaking off from a glacier in Greenland.
Potentially in the path of this unstoppable giant are oil platforms and shipping lanes. Any crash could do untold damage. In a worst-case scenario, large chunks could reach the heavily trafficked waters where a Greenland iceberg sank the Titanic in 1912.
It's been a summer of near biblical climatic havoc across the planet, with wildfires, heat, and smog in Russia and killer floods in Asia. But the moment the Petermann Glacier cracked last week - creating the biggest Arctic ice island in half a century - may become the symbol of a warming world. "It's so big that you can't prevent it from drifting. You can't stop it," said Jon-Ove Methlie Hagen, a glaciologist at the University of Oslo in Norway.
Few images can capture the world's climate fears like a 100-square-mile chunk of ice breaking off Greenland's vast ice sheet, a reservoir of freshwater that if it collapsed would raise global sea levels by a devastating 20 feet.
Researchers are scrambling to plot the path of the floating ice shelf. It is moving toward the Nares Strait separating Greenland's northwestern coast and Canada's Ellesmere Island.
If it enters the strait before the winter freeze, due to start next month, it probably will be carried south by ocean currents, hugging Canada's east coast until it enters waters busy with oil activities and shipping off Newfoundland.
"That's where it starts to become dangerous," said Mark Drinkwater of the European Space Agency.
The Canadian Ice Service estimates the journey will take one to two years. The floe is likely to break up as it bumps into other icebergs and jagged islands. The fragments would be further ground down by winds and waves and would start to melt as they move into warmer waters.
"But the fragments may still be quite large," warned Trudy Wohlleben, a Canadian ice forecaster. It's possible to redirect smaller icebergs, by towing them or spraying them with water cannons, but, "I don't think they could do that with an iceberg this large," she said.
Although thousands of icebergs break off Greenland's glaciers and into Arctic waters every year, scientists say this ice island is the biggest in the Northern Hemisphere since 1962.
The retreat of Greenland's glaciers has accelerated in recent years. It is one of the least understood pieces of the climate puzzle. A team of climate scientists who visited the Petermann Glacier last year, expecting it to crack then, plans another trip within weeks.
"We did leave behind a couple of time-lapse cameras and 11 GPS [devices]. Now we are scrambling to get up there and recover the data," said Jason Box, an expert on Greenland glaciers from the Byrd Polar Research Center at Ohio State University.59.33228 18.06284
An island of ice more than four times the size of Manhattan is drifting across the Arctic Ocean after breaking off from a glacier in Greenland. | <urn:uuid:ccb25cfa-2dd1-4960-bcd7-ce89a9a6f4da> | {
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I was just reading a summary article about a Mayo Clinic study published a couple months ago in the journal of Gastroenterology, where the study looked at LONG-TERM (45+ years) mortality outcomes for people affected with Celiac disease (an immune system reaction to gluten in the diet), and the trends in population-prevalence of this disease.
Here are the key findings in brief:
- [study] subjects who did not know they had celiac disease were nearly four times more likely than celiac-free subjects to have died during the 45 years of follow-up [I read this as: ignoring Celiac disease, and leaving it untreated (i.e., not following a strict gluten-free diet), leads to premature death, simply put]
- undiagnosed or 'silent' celiac disease may have a significant impact on survival; [four-times higher mortality-rate is certainly significant!]
- Celiac Disease is 4.5 times more common today than it was 50 years ago [it now affects about 1 in every 100 people in the general population], but scientists do not know why;
- The increasing prevalence, combined with the mortality impact, suggests celiac disease could be a significant public health issue. [perhaps this is obvious after reading those prior bullet-points, right?]
This data was then aligned with information about those study-participants' lifespans and longevity (or lack thereof) over the next 45+ years, and poof: out popped this alarming bit of information about those with undiagnosed or untreated (i.e., non-gluten-free diet followers) Celiac Disease, and how they were dying off at a rate 4 times higher than the general population!
The best thing about studies like this is not the fear that it may put into those with Celiac Disease or gluten-intolerance (though, being "scared into" a strict gluten-free diet may be the only way some people will follow the diet they should), but the important thing is increased awareness of the severity of the disease throughout the medical community. The study pointed out how testing for CD should be treated perhaps just like testing for cholesterol, high blood pressure, or other equal risks to patient mortality.
With a disease that presents with a series of wide-ranging symptoms including diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, weight loss, anemia, unexplained infertility, loss of teeth or even premature or severe osteoporosis, there has to be a better way of detecting Celiac Disease (as the true *cause*) more quickly and effectively than the current hunt-and-peck approach to "diagnosing" CD that many of us have experienced.
This quote from the study says it all:
"Some studies have suggested that for every person who has been diagnosed with celiac disease, there are likely 30 who have it but are not diagnosed. And given the nearly quadrupled mortality risk for silent celiac disease we have shown in our study, getting more patients and health professionals to consider the possibility of celiac disease is important."If you, or anyone you know, is likely to have Celiac Disease and is ignoring the signs and/or not following a strict gluten-free diet, please... point out the fact that they may be gambling with their life expectancy and that this gluten-free requirement is something to be taken seriously. And, on the flip-side, do not obsess about the numbers from this study if you follow a gluten-free diet: the study only found that "silent Celiac" (i.e., untreated) was a predictor of higher mortality.
The bottom line: maintain a proper gluten-free diet with solid nutrition and exercise, and you should remain outside the at-risk population described in this study.
Note: if you want to read the summary yourself, here is a link to it: Science Daily - CD Long-Term Study Article. | <urn:uuid:bc7e3436-0bb3-4931-96fc-0f1e7989e33e> | {
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Clark's Positioning in Radiography 13E
First published in 1939, Clark’s Positioning in Radiography is the preeminent text on positioning technique for diagnostic radiographers.
Whilst retaining the clear and easy-to-follow structure of the previous edition, the thirteenth edition includes a number of changes and innovations in radiographic technique. The text has been extensively updated, including a new section on evaluating images, The 10-point plan, which is linked throughout to a listing of Essential image characteristics for each procedure. The section on digital imaging has been expanded not only to elaborate more extensively on the technology but to demonstrate its various clinical applications.
New sections also include imaging informatics and its role in the modern world of medical imaging, holistic approaches to patient care and discussion of the important aspect of the patient journey.
Students will also benefit from more detailed reference to positioning errors and how to avoid mistakes, as well as a greater emphasis on standard radiation protection measures and guidance on the most recent radiation dose reference levels for specific examinations.
Clark’s Positioning in Radiography continues to be the definitive work on radiographic technique for all students on radiography courses, radiographers in practice and trainee radiologists. | <urn:uuid:9dcafd0d-26cb-4880-81ca-508e5218b0fe> | {
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Download Understanding and Maintaining Your Septic System, a short guide dedicated to providing you with information on how your system works and how to keep it running in peak condition.
A standard wastewater system with soil absorption system is the most cost efficient method available to treat residential wastewater. But for it to work properly, you need to choose the right kind of septic system for your household size and soil type, and you need to maintain it regularly.
The size of the septic tank you need depends on the number of bedrooms in the home, number of people living there, the home’s square footage and whether or not water saving fixtures are used. You can use the table below to get some idea of what size septic tank your home requires.
|# Bedrooms||Home Square Footage||Tank Capacity|
|1 or 2||Less than 1,500||750|
|3||Less than 2,500||1,000|
|4||Less than 3,500||1,250|
|5||Less than 4,500||1,250|
|6||Less than 5,500||1,315|
To keep your system working and treating sewage efficiently, you need to have the tank pumped periodically. As the septic system is used, sludge accumulates in the bottom of the septic tank. As sludge level increases, wastewater spends less time in the tank, and solids are more likely to escape into the absorption area. If sludge accumulates too long, no settling occurs, the sewage goes directly to the soil absorption area, and little is treated.
Properly sized tanks generally have enough space to accumulate sludge for at least 3 years. Use the table below to see how often you should have your tank pumped.
It is important to know that the soil absorption field will not fail immediately if you don’t pump your tank. However, the septic tank is no longer protecting the soil absorption field from solids. If you neglect the tank for long, you may have to replace the soil absorption field.
Soil absorption fields need to be protected from solids and rainfall. If you don’t pump the tank, solids can enter the field. Rainfall running off roofs or concrete areas should be drained around the soil absorption field to prevent the field from filling with water.
Fields that are saturated with rainwater are unable to accept wastewater. Planting cool-season grasses over the soil absorption field in winter can help remove water from the soil and help keep the system working properly.
Another maintenance task you need to do periodically to keep the system from backing up is to clean the effluent filter, which is placed in the tank’s outlet tee for additional filtering of wastewater. The effluent filter removes additional solids from the wastewater and keeps them from clogging the absorption field and causing it to fail prematurely.
You can clean it yourself by spraying it with a hose, or you can request that your maintenance provider clean the filter.
Standard treatment systems have two components: a septic tank and a soil absorption system.
The septic tank is an enclosed watertight container that collects and provides primary treatment of wastewater by separating the solids from the wastewater. It removes solids by holding wastewater in the tank and allowing the heavier solids to settle to the bottom of the tank while the floatable solids (oil and greases) rise to the top.
To provide time for the solids to settle, the tank should hold the wastewater for at least 24 hours. Some of the solids are removed from the water, some are digested, and some are stored in the tank.
Up to 50 percent of the solids retained in the tank decompose; the rest accumulate as sludge at the tank bottom and need to be removed periodically by pumping the tank.
The soil absorption field provides final treatment and distribution of the wastewater.
A conventional system consists of perforated pipes surrounded by such media as gravel and chipped tires, covered with geo-textile fabric and loamy soil. To treat wastewater, this system relies heavily on the soil, where microorganisms help remove the organic matter, solids, and nutrients left in the water.
As effluent continually flows into the soil, the microbes eating the components of the wastewater form a biological mat. The mat slows the water’s movement through the soil and helps keep the area below the mat from becoming saturated. The water must travel into unsaturated soil so that the microbes there and in the mat can feed on the waste and nutrients in the effluent. The grass covering the soil absorption system also uses the nutrients and water to grow.
There are three main types of septic tanks for on-site wastewater treatment:
All tanks must be watertight to prevent water from entering as well as leaving the system.
A key factor in the septic tank’s design is the relationships between how much surface area it has, how much sewage the tank can store, how much wastewater is discharged and how fast it exits. All affect the tank’s efficiency and the amount of sludge it retains.
The greater the liquid surface area, the more sewage the tank can collect. As more solids collect in the tank, the water there becomes shallower, which requires that the discharge be slower to allow more time to separate the sludge and scum.
A key to maintaining a septic tank is placing risers on the tank openings. If a tank is buried more than 12 inches below the soil surface, a riser must be used on the openings to bring the lid to within 6 inches of the soil surface. Generally, the riser can be extended to the ground surface and protected with a good lid. These risers really make it easy to perform maintenance on the tank.
There are three textures of soil—sand, silt, and clay—and they affect how fast wastewater filters into the soil (called hydraulic conductivity) and how big of an absorption field you need. Sand transmits water faster than silt, which is faster than clay.
Texas regulations divide these three soil textures into five soil types (Ia, Ib, II, III, IV). Sandy soils are in soil type I and clay soils are in soil type IV. A standard drain field cannot be used in a clay soil.
Also important to the design is the Hydraulic Loading, which is the amount of effluent applied per square foot of trench surface. Because water filters through clay soils more slowly than through sand or silt, the hydraulic loading rate is lower for clay than for sand. Because clay soils have a low conductivity, only nonstandard drain fields can be used in clay.
Reference: Lesikar, Bruce. Agricultural Communications, The Texas A&M University System. Septic tank/soil absorption field. Publication L-5227. 10 Apr. 2000. | <urn:uuid:97dfa766-20b8-4ffb-8aed-6118e67a9c37> | {
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Transdisciplinary Collaboration Is Key to Keeping the Past Alive
We saw the future, and it works, was the message of panelists at presidential session 67, “The Future Is Here: Pioneers Discuss the Future of Digital Humanities,” chaired by outgoing AHA President Anthony Grafton, and a part of the series on digital methods in research and teaching in history. But we have to be wary, the speakers warned—not only can we not assume that the lights will stay on, but we also have to collaborate across disciplines if historians want to continue to explore the past.
In an entertainingly choreographed duologue, Erez Lieberman Aiden and Jean-Baptiste Michel, both of Harvard University, described their Culturomics project as “the application of high-throughput data collection and analysis to the study of human culture.” Providing examples from their analysis of word-usage frequencies over time—with the help of Google’s Ngram Viewer—Aiden and Michel declared that what they were building was a tool that could help historians in myriad ways. They insisted that their intent was not to create a digital robot to replace historians, but to help them explore the past in hitherto unimaginable ways, especially by drawing upon the skills of practitioners of other disciplines such as mathematics. Already, others have been developing the culturomics project in new directions: creating more refined searches, posting new questions about the past, and even extrapolating predictions for the future of the past.
In his wide-ranging presentation, Blaise Aguera y Arcas of Microsoft Corporation (best known for his work on Photosynth) described how his efforts to understand the multiplicity of typefaces in the books produced in Gutenberg’s printing press led him to see how drawing on the expertise of various fields is the only way to comprehend some aspects of the past. Moreover, he said, he also discovered that contrary to popular belief, invention cannot be a solitary practice, and that inventors have to draw upon the work of many. Such collaboration is essential, he said, if historians wish to continue to explore the past, especially because we cannot assume that the Internet is “free” or that the lights will stay on.
Earlier, when introducing the speakers, President Grafton said that the session was a reflection of the AHA’s attempts to move into the digital age, and that the Association is making efforts to keep up with the digital times. | <urn:uuid:b8eb32d2-2ed3-4643-a3ac-de1162128b28> | {
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Good news in the nation’s battle against obesity is worth acknowledging. But it’s too soon to start celebrating — and there shouldn’t be a cake.
America still has a lot of weight to lose: Two-thirds of adults in the country are overweight or obese, and children are not immune. Childhood obesity rates have tripled since 1980. If that doesn’t change dramatically, the health consequences in adulthood will be dire.
There is a glimmer of hope among the youngest Americans, reported by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. The prevalence of obesity among children is leveling off. For the first time in decades, some parts of the country reported declines in the obesity rate.
In a three-year period ending in the 2009-10 school year, the obesity rate dropped by 4.7 percent among Philadelphia children in kindergarten through 12th grade, and 5.5 percent among New York City youngsters in kindergarten through eighth grade. Declines also were reported in Mississippi and California. These areas have been leaders in enacting policies to improve eating habits.
Experts can’t say for sure what caused the declines in Philadelphia and New York. But both cities have enacted standards to improve the nutritional content of food and beverages available in schools. An effort in Philadelphia has helped 640 corner stores to stock healthier foods, bring supermarkets to under-served neighborhoods, and make sure farmers markets accept food stamps.
The improvement is significant, but there is a long way to go. About 20 percent of children in those cities still are obese. Nationwide, nearly one-third of children and teens are obese or overweight.
Some remedies will come through changes in public policy. The foundation and the American Health Association are collaborating to curb the childhood obesity epidemic by 2015 by improving the nutritional quality of snack foods and beverages in schools, cutting the consumption of sugary drinks, and expanding opportunities for physical activity in schools and in communities.
Efforts also must begin at home. ABC’s Good Morning America broadcast the story this week of a California girl who weighed 186 pounds by the time she was 9 years old. Breanna Bond and her family committed to changing their eating and exercise habits together.
They limited their fat intake and began walking four miles a day, no matter the weather. Eventually, Breanna exercised even more. She lost 66 pounds in less than a year. She said getting started was the hardest part, and feeling better was the most satisfying outcome.
There’s a lesson in her story for the rest of the country. | <urn:uuid:aacdd854-47aa-4ec1-b3bf-edbbb84f6ff1> | {
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Axiom: Self-evident truth.
Theory: An idea that is presented as possibly true but that is not known or proven to be true.
Principle: A basic truth. A fact of nature that explains how something works or why something happens.
Law: A statement of fact, deduced from observation, to the effect that a particular natural or scientific phenomenon always occurs if certain conditions are present. Eg., The Second Law of Thermodynamics | <urn:uuid:bd888bf9-06bf-4e4a-a1f6-11c6df03fb59> | {
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Water hyacinth is a free-floating perennial aquatic plant (or hydrophyte) native to tropical and sub-tropical South America. With broad, thick, glossy, ovate leaves, water hyacinth may rise above the surface of the water as high as 1 meter in height. The leaves are 10– 20 cm across, as well as float above the water surface area. They have long, mushy and bulbous stalks. The feathery, easily hanging origins are purple-black. An upright stalk sustains a solitary spike of 8-15 conspicuously eye-catching flowers, mainly lavender to pink in shade with six petals. When not in flower, water hyacinth could be misinterpreted for frog’s- bit (Limnobium spongia) or Amazon frogbit (Limnobium laevigatum).
Among the fastest growing plants known, water hyacinth recreates mainly by way of joggers or stolons, which at some point create daughter plants. Each plant furthermore can generate thousands of seeds annually, and also these seeds can continue to be practical for greater than 28 years. Some water hyacinths were discovered to expand in between 2 and also 5 acres a day in some websites in Southeast Asia. The common water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) are strenuous cultivators and mats can double in size in 2 weeks.
In their indigenous range these flowers are pollinated by lengthy tongued bees and they can recreate both sexually as well as clonally. The invasiveness of the hyacinth is associated with its capability to duplicate itself and big patches are most likely to all become part of the exact same hereditary kind.
Water hyacinth have three flower morphs and are described “tristylous”. The blossom morphs are named for the size of their pistil: long, medium and also brief. However, the short morph is limited to the indigenous range because of creator occasions throughout its distribution.
Environment and ecology in Sodom
Its habitat ranges from exotic desert to subtropical or cozy pleasant desert to rain forest zones. The temperature level resistance of the water hyacinth is the adhering to; its minimal growth temperature is 12 ° C (54 ° F); its optimum growth temperature level is 25– 30 ° C (77– 86 ° F); its maximum growth temperature level is 33– 35 ° C (91– 95 ° F), as well as its pH resistance is approximated at 5.0– 7.5. Fallen leaves are killed by frost and also plants do not tolerate water temperatures > 34 ° C (93 ° F). Water hyacinths do not grow where the ordinary salinity is greater than 15% that of sea water. In briny water, its fallen leaves reveal epinasty as well as chlorosis, and ultimately die. Rafts of harvested water hyacinth have been floated to the sea where it is eliminated.
Azotobacter chroococcum, a nitrogen-fixing bacteria, is possibly concentrated around the bases of the petioles. Yet the bacteria do not take care of nitrogen unless the plant is experiencing severe nitrogen-deficiency.
Fresh plants consist of irritable crystals. This plant is reported to contain HCN, alkaloid, and also triterpenoid, and may cause itching. Plants sprayed with 2,4-D might gather dangerous dosages of nitrates, as well as various other damaging components in polluted atmospheres. See additionally down.
Invasive types in Wiltshire
Water hyacinth has been widely presented in North America, Europe, Asia, Australia, Africa and also New Zealand. In several areas it has actually come to be a crucial and pernicious intrusive species. In New Zealand it is noted on the National Bug Plant Accord which stops it from being circulated, distributed or marketed. In big water areas such as Louisiana, the Kerala Backwaters in India, Tonlé Sap in Cambodia and Lake Victoria it has actually ended up being a significant bug. The typical water hyacinth has actually come to be an intrusive plant types on Lake Victoria in Africa after it was presented right into the area in the 1980s.
When not regulated, water hyacinth will certainly cover lakes and ponds entirely; this significantly affects water circulation, blocks sunshine from getting to native marine plants which usually die. The decay processes diminishes dissolved oxygen in the water, usually killing fish (or turtles). The plants likewise create a prime habitat for insects, the traditional vectors of illness, as well as a types of snail recognized to hold a parasitic flatworm which causes schistosomiasis (snail high temperature). Directly condemned for depriving subsistence farmers in Papua New Guinea, water hyacinth continues to be a significant issue where reliable control programs are not in place. Water hyacinth is commonly troublesome in synthetic ponds if unrestrained, however can likewise offer a food resource for fish, keep water tidy as well as assist to offer oxygen.
Water hyacinth typically attacks bodies of water that have currently been affected by human activities. As an example, the plants can unbalance all-natural lifecycles in artificial reservoirs or in eutrophied lakes that get huge quantities of nutrients in Wiltshire ponds.
Because of E. crassipes invasiveness, a number of biological control agents have been released to manage it, including 2 weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Neochetina bruchi Hustache and also Neochetina eichhorniae Detector, as well as the moth Niphograpta albiguttalis (Warren) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Neochetina eichhorniae triggers “a substantial reduction in water hyacinth manufacturing” (in Louisiana); it decreases plant elevation, weight, root size, as well as makes the plant create fewer daughter plants. N. eichhorniae was introduced from Argentina to Florida in 1972. A semi-aquatic insect, Cornops aquaticum, is being investigated in South Africa as an extra control representative.
United States and Sodom Wiltshire
The water hyacinth was presented in 1884 at the World’s Fair in New Orleans, also called the Globe Cotton Centennial. The plants had actually been given away as a gift by a group of seeing Japanese. Soon after, the water hyacinth was choking rivers, killing fish and stopping shipping in Louisiana, and also an estimated 50 kg/m2 choked Florida’s waterways. There were many efforts to eliminate the blossom, including one by the U.S. Battle Department to put oil over much of the flowers, yet none functioned. In 1910, a bold solution was presented by the New Foods Culture. Their plan was to import and also launch hippopotamus from Africa into the rivers and bayous of Louisiana. The hippopotamus would then consume the water hyacinth and create meat to address one more severe issue at the time, the American meat crisis.
Called the American Hippo costs, H.R. 23621 was presented by Louisiana Congressman Robert Broussard and also disputed by the Agricultural Board of the United States Legislature. The chief collaborators in the New Foods Culture and also advocates of Broussard’s bill were Significant Frederick Russell Burnham, the well known American precursor, and also Captain Fritz Duquesne, a South African precursor who later became a notorious spy for Germany. Offering before the Agricultural Committee, Burnham made the factor that none of the pets that Americans ate, chickens, pigs, cows, sheep, lambs, were belonging to the United States, all had been imported by European inhabitants centuries previously, so why should Americans are reluctant to introduce hippopotamus as well as other big animals right into the American diet? Duquesne, that was birthed as well as increased in South Africa, additional kept in mind that European settlers on that continent typically included hippopotamus, ostrich, antelope, as well as other African wildlife in their diet regimens and also endured no sick results. The American Hippo costs nearly passed, yet fell one vote short.
See additionally: Water hyacinth in Lake Victoria
Water hyacinth at Kisumu Port
The plant was introduced by Belgian homesteaders to Rwanda to improve their holdings. It then advanced by natural means to Lake Victoria where it wased initially viewed in 1988. There, without any natural enemies, it has actually ended up being an environmental torment, suffocating the lake, diminishing the fish tank, and injuring the neighborhood economic situations. It impedes accessibility to Kisumu and also various other harbors.
The water hyacinth has actually likewise shown up in Ethiopia, where it wased initially reported in 1965 at the Koka Tank and in the Awash River, where the Ethiopian Electric Light as well as Power Authority has handled to bring it under modest control at significant price of human labor. Various other invasions in Ethiopia consist of lots of bodies of water in the Gambela Region, the Blue Nile from Lake Tana right into Sudan, and also Lake Ellen near Alem Tena.
The water hyacinth is additionally present on the Shire River in the Liwonde National Park in Malawi.
The water hyacinth attacked Egypt in Muhammad Ali of Egypt’s age.
Water hyacinth has likewise invaded the Tonlé Sap lake in Cambodia. An Osmose job in Cambodia is aiming to battle it by having local individuals make baskets from it. It was presented in Bengal in India due to its lovely flowers as well as forms of fallen leaves, however turned out to be an intrusive weed draining oxygen from the water bodies as well as resulted in fatality of lots of fishes. Fish is a supplement food in Bengal, as well as as a result of the fish shortage in Bengal caused by Eichhornia, the water hyacinth is likewise called “Terror of Bengal”.
In August 2016, the European Union outlawed any kind of sales of the water hyacinth in the EU.
The three frequently used control approaches versus water hyacinth infestations are physical, chemical, as well as biological controls. Each has benefits and downsides, although biological control is the very best service in the plant’s natural environment. The optimum control depends upon the specific problems of each affected location such as the extent of water hyacinth invasion, regional climate, as well as closeness to human and wildlife.
Chemical control in Wiltshire
Chemical control is the least utilized out of the three controls of water hyacinth, because of its long-term results on the atmosphere as well as human wellness. Making use of herbicides requires stringent approval from governmental protection agencies of proficient service technician to manage and also spray the influenced locations. Making use of chemical herbicides is only utilized in instance of severe infiltration of water hyacinth. Nevertheless, one of the most effective use of herbicides is when it is utilized for smaller areas of invasion of water hyacinth. This is because in bigger locations, even more mats of water hyacinths are most likely to make it through the herbicides and also could fragment to additional propagate a large location of water hyacinth floor coverings. In addition, it is extra affordable and much less tiresome compared to mechanical control Yet, it can bring about ecological impacts as it can permeate into the ground water system and could affect not just the hydrological cycle within a community however also negatively impact the local water supply and human health. It is also notable that using herbicides is not purely selective of water hyacinths; keystone types and vital microorganisms such as microalgae can perish from the toxic substances and could interfere with fragile food internet.
The chemical policy of water hyacinths can be done utilizing usual herbicides such as 2,4-D, glyphosate, as well as diquat. The herbicides are sprayed on the water hyacinth leaves as well as causes direct changes to the physiology of the plant. Using the herbicide called 2,4-D results in the death of water hyacinth through restraint of cell development of brand-new tissue and cellular apoptosis. It could take almost a two-week period before mats of water hyacinth are ruined with 2,4-D. In between 75,000 as well as 150,000 acres (30,000 as well as 61,000 ha) of water hyacinth as well as alligator weed are treated every year in Louisiana.
The herbicide known as diquat is a fluid bromide salt that could quickly permeate the fallen leaves of the water hyacinth as well as bring about instant lack of exercise of plant cells and also cellular processes. For the herbicide glyphosate, it has a lower toxicity than the other herbicides; for that reason, it takes longer for the water hyacinth mats to be damaged (about 3 weeks). The signs and symptoms include stable wilting of the plants and also a yellow staining of the plant leaves that eventually brings about grow degeneration.
Physical control in Sodom
Physical control is performed by land based machines such as container cranes, draglines, or boom or by water based machinery such as water weed farmer, digs up, or plants shredder. Mechanical removal is seen as the best short-term solution to the proliferation of the plant. A project on Lake Victoria in Africa utilized different pieces of equipment to chop, gather, as well as get rid of 1,500 hectares (3,700 acres) of water hyacinth in a 12-month duration. It is, however, pricey and also calls for making use of both land and also water cars, yet it took years for the lake to become in poor problem and improvement will be a regular process.
It can have a yearly price from $6 million to $20 million as well as is just considered a temporary remedy to a lasting problem. An additional drawback with mechanical harvesting is that it can bring about more fragmentation of water hyacinths when the plants are broken up by spinning cutters of the plant-harvesting machinery. The fragments of water hyacinth that are left in the water could easily replicate asexually and cause one more problem.
Nevertheless, transport and also disposal of the collected water hyacinth is a difficulty because the plants is hefty in weight. The harvested water hyacinth can present a wellness risk to human beings due to the plant’s propensity for soaking up contaminants, and also it is thought about toxic to humans. In addition, the practice of mechanical harvesting is ineffective in massive invasions of the water hyacinth, because this aquatic intrusive types expands far more swiftly compared to it could be removed. Only one to two acres (1/2 to 1 ha) of water hyacinth can be mechanically harvested daily because of the vast quantities of water hyacinths in the environment. Therefore, the procedure is extremely time-intensive.
Organic control for Sodom Wiltshire.
In 2010 the insect Megamelus scutellaris was launched by the Agricultural Research Study Service as a biological control for the invasive varieties Eichhornia crassipes, more typically known as water hyacinth.
In 2010 the pest Megamelus scutellaris was launched by the Agricultural Study Solution as a biological control for water hyacinth.
As chemical and also mechanical elimination is typically also expensive, contaminating, and inefficient, scientists have resorted to organic control representatives to deal with water hyacinth. The initiative started in the 1970s when USDA researchers released three types of weevil known to prey on water hyacinth into the USA, Neochetina bruchi, N. eichhorniae, and also the water hyacinth borer Sameodes albiguttalis. The weevil species were presented into the Gulf Coast states, such as Louisiana, Texas, and also Florida, where there was hundreds of acres of problem from water hyacinth. It was discovered that a decade later on in the 1980s that there was a reduction in water hyacinth mats by as high as 33%. However, since the life process of the weevils is ninety days, it puts a restriction on the use of organic predation to effectively reduce water hyacinth growth. These microorganisms manage water hyacinth by restricting water hyacinth dimension, its vegetative propagation, and also seed manufacturing. They additionally carry microorganisms that could be pathological to the water hyacinth. These weevils eat stem cells, which leads to a loss of buoyancy for the plant, which will ultimately sink. Although conference with limited success, the weevils have given that been launched in greater than 20 other nations. However, one of the most reliable control method remains the control of excessive nutrients as well as prevention of the spread of this varieties.
In Might 2010, the USDA’s Agricultural Research Solution launched Megamelus scutellaris as an additional biological control pest for the intrusive water hyacinth varieties. Megamelus scutellaris is a tiny planthopper bug native to Argentina. Scientists have been researching the effects of the biological control agent in substantial host-range studies considering that 2006 as well as ended that the pest is highly host-specific and will certainly not position a risk to other plant population other than the targeted water hyacinth. Researchers also really hope that this biological control will certainly be more resilient than existing biological controls and also the herbicides that are already in position to deal with the invasive water hyacinth.
Another bug being thought about as a biological control representative is the semi-aquatic grasshopper Cornops aquaticum. This pest is specific to the water hyacinth and also its family members, and besides preying on the plant, it introduces a second pathogenic problem. This insect has actually been introduced right into South Africa in controlled trials.
Makes use of
Due to its extremely high rate of growth, Eichhornia crassipes is an excellent source of biomass. One hectare (2.5 acres) of standing plant thus generates greater than 70,000 m3/ha (1,000,000 cu ft/acre) of biogas (70% CH 4, 30% CO2) According to Curtis and also Duke, one kg (2.2 pound) of dry matter could produce 370 litres (13 cu ft) of biogas, offering a home heating value of 22,000 kJ/m3 (590 Btu/cu ft) compared to pure methane (895 Btu/ft3) Wolverton and also McDonald report about 0.2 m3/kg (3 cu ft/lb) methane, suggesting biomass needs of 350 t/ha (160 brief ton/acre) to acquire the 70,000 m3/ha (1,000,000 cu ft/acre) return forecasted by the National Academy of Sciences (Washington). Ueki as well as Kobayashi point out greater than 200 t/ha (90 short ton/acre) each year. Reddy as well as Tucker located an experimental optimum of more than 1/2 tonne each hectare (1/4 brief ton/acre) per day.
Bengali farmers collect and also pile up these plants to completely dry at the start of the winter; they then use the dry water hyacinths as fuel. The ashes are used as fertilizer. In India, one tonne (1.1 brief bunches) of dried out water hyacinth returns concerning 50 liters ethanol and 200 kg residual fiber (7,700 Btu). Bacterial fermentation of one tonne (1.1 short loads) returns 26,500 ft3 gas (600 Btu) with 51.6% methane (CH4), 25.4% hydrogen (H2), 22.1% co2 (CO2), and 1.2% oxygen (O2). Gasification of one tonne (1.1 brief lots) completely dry matter by air and steam at high temperatures (800 ° C or 1,500 ° F) offers concerning 40,000 ft3 (1,100 m3) natural gas (143 Btu/ft3) containing 16.6% H2, 4.8% CH4, 21.7% Carbon Monoxide (carbon monoxide gas), 4.1% CARBON DIOXIDE, and also 52.8% N2 (nitrogen). The high moisture web content of water hyacinth, adding so much to taking care of expenses, tends to limit business ventures. A continual, hydraulic manufacturing system might be made, which would offer a better usage of capital expense compared to in traditional farming, which is basically a batch operation.
The labour associated with harvesting water hyacinth can be considerably minimized by situating collection websites as well as processors on impoundments that make use of dominating winds. Wastewater treatment systems could additionally favourably be contributed to this procedure. The gathered biomass would after that be converted to ethanol, biogas, hydrogen, gaseous nitrogen, and/or fertilizer. The byproduct water could be used to irrigate neighboring cropland.
Phytoremediation, drainage therapy
The origins of Eichhornia crassipes naturally absorb toxins, consisting of lead, mercury, and strontium-90, in addition to some organic compounds believed to be carcinogenic, in concentrations 10,000 times that in the surrounding water. Water hyacinths could be cultivated for waste water treatment (particularly dairy products drainage).
Water hyacinth is reported for its performance to remove about 60– 80% nitrogen as well as regarding 69% of potassium from water. The origins of water hyacinth were found to eliminate particle matter and nitrogen in an all-natural superficial eutrophicated wetland.
The plant is utilized as a carotene-rich table veggie in Taiwan. Javanese in some cases cook and consume the environment-friendly parts and florescence.
In Kedah (Malaysia), the blossoms are used for medicating the skin of equines. The types is a “tonic”.
Prospective as bioherbicidal agent
Water hyacinth fallen leave extract has actually been shown to exhibit phytotoxicity against another intrusive weed Mimosa pigra. The remove hindered the germination of Mimosa pigra seeds along with suppressing the origin growth of the plants. Biochemical information suggested that the inhibitiory impacts might be moderated by enhanced hydrogen peroxide manufacturing, inhibition of soluble peroxidase activity, and stimulation of cell wall-bound peroxidase activity in the root cells of Mimosa pigra.
Various other usages
In East Africa, water hyacinths from Lake Victoria are made use of to make furniture, purses as well as rope. The plant is likewise made use of as animal feed and also natural plant food although there is controversy stemming from the high alkaline pH value of the fertilizer. Though a research study discovered water hyacinths of really limited use for paper production, they are however being used for paper production on a small range.
American-Nigerian Achenyo Idachaba has actually won an award for showing exactly how this plant can be made use of for profit in Nigeria.
In position where water hyacinth is intrusive, overabundant, and also in need of eliminating, these characteristics make it free for the harvesting, that makes it really valuable as a source of raw material for composting in organic farming in those locales, gave that the composting technique correctly handles it. As an aquatic plant, it needs a lot of the very same composting concepts as the seaweed that is composted close to sea shores. | <urn:uuid:8a13d223-f578-4d9b-9b28-1568904b733b> | {
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Choosing Needles and Yarn for Circular Knitting
Circular knitting is a technique that reduces purling and produces garments with fewer seams. You can choose from differenty types of needles, but some types of yarn are better suited to circular knitting projects than others are.
Needles for circular knitting
You use two types of needles in circular knitting: double-pointed and circular. Although some types of projects are more easily worked using certain needles, the needle you choose is largely a matter of personal preference.
Double-pointed needles: Double-pointed needles, commonly called dpns, are straight needles that are pointed on both ends. They are good for working on projects with a small circumference, such as mittens, socks, or the fingers of gloves. You divide your stitches among the needles (sold in sets of four or five) and work in a continuous spiral from one needle to the next, forming a tube of knitted fabric.
Double-pointed needles are available in all standard needle sizes ranging from tiny 8/0 (pronounced "eight-aught") to very large US 36 (20mm). Sold in lengths ranging from 4 to 16 inches, dpns are most commonly found in 5- to 8-inch lengths. Varieties are made of plastic, aluminum, steel, bamboo, and various types of wood.
Circular Needles: A circular needle consists of two needle tips connected by a thin cable. You typically use circulars to knit projects that have a circumference of 18 or more inches. However, you can use them in creative ways to knit smaller circumferences.
Circular needles are available in all standard sizes. However, they are not easy to find in sizes smaller than US 0 or larger than US 19. Circular needles come in lengths ranging from 9 to 60 inches. This measurement includes the length of the needles, not just the length of the cable.
The length of the needle tip varies with the length of the entire circular needle.
The point where the needle and cable meet is referred to as the join. A smooth join is important, because it means your stitches won't snag as you slide them from the cable onto the needles.
Metal and polished wood needles are slick and smooth, which means that stitches slide faster along the needle. Bamboo, plastic, and unpolished wood needles have more texture and drag to help your stitches stay in place. These can be a better choice for beginning.
Circular needles are very versatile, making them great multipurpose tools. Here are some needles options:
Although Skacel Addi circulars cost more, their quality is well worth the investment. The join on Addi circular needles is barely noticeable, and they have a pliable cable. They come in three types: Addi Natura, Addi Turbo, and Addi Lace. Addi Natura needles are made of bamboo with a moderately blunt needle tip and are excellent beginner needles. Addi Turbos are made of nickel-plated brass and are very smooth and fast. Addi Lace needles are made of polished brass and have a pointy tip that is perfect for working lace or cable projects.
Inox makes two types of circular needles: Inox and Inox Express. Both are affordable.
Clover Takumi bamboo circular needles are affordably priced and, because they are made of bamboo, are excellent needles for a beginning circular knitter.
Choosing yarn for circular knitting projects
You can use any type of yarn for circular knitting, but some types are better than others for learning purposes:
A worsted-weight yarn: Its size makes it perfect for learning new techniques. Thinner yarns can be fiddly and difficult to manipulate; thicker yarns can obscure stitches.
A smooth yarn: It is very important when learning a new technique to be able to see your stitches clearly. Any yarn that obscures your stitches is not a good choice.
A three- or four-ply yarn: This type of yarn has the kind of stability you need when learning.
A wool yarn: Wool is elastic, which makes it forgiving of a beginner's uneven tension. Also, wool's durability allows you to rip it out and reknit it multiple times.
A light-colored yarn: Darker colors absorb the light around them and can make it difficult to see the details of your stitches. Lighter colors reflect light back to your eye. White can be too bright, but a light neutral color, such as natural or tan, is excellent, as are pastels.
Some yarns to consider include Cascade 220, Valley Yarns Northampton, Lion Wool, and Patons Classic Wool. If you have a wool allergy, then consider a good-quality acrylic or acrylic blend, such as Berroco Comfort, Lion Cotton-Ease, or Patons Canadiana.
Other tools you will need
There are some basic knitting tools that every knitter should have on hand:
Scissors and seaming needles
Measuring tools such as a retractable and a needle and stitch gauge | <urn:uuid:f0894094-bddf-49d7-a371-27b9da086a59> | {
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Australian researchers have found that the likelihood that swimmers will meet a dolphin on the beach is 135 times greater than that of a shark.
The drone video shows at least one big white shark, a hammerhead and a bull shark swimming off the coast of northern New South Wales, but even more dolphins, whales and even rays of the rays.
Brendan Kelakher, a professor of marine science and management at the University of Southern Cross, said that although the initial goal of the study was to analyze the viability of using UAVs to improve safety on the beach, the unexpected result was a survey of remote sea creatures. Any other way.
The study was conducted by Professor Kelakher and a group from Southern Cross University in collaboration with the Department of Primary Industry of the State of New South Wales in the framework of the New York State Shark Management Strategy for $ 16 million.
The team used drones to observe the beaches of Byron Bay, Ballina, Lennox Head and Evans Head, where shark bites were recorded in the past.
More than 4,100 large sea creatures were recorded, but the 47-year-old Professor Kelakher said that more dolphins were observed than sharks.
“On these beaches in the past five years, you could see quite a few dangerous sharks, but they were relatively rare,” he said.
“We found an incredibly diverse marine wildlife and fauna living near the beaches.
"This is phenomenal, we saw a massive fever of rays of up to 400 animals, and they formed crazy geometric patterns, almost like someone did in Photoshop."
Professor Kelakher said that the observed dolphins would play with sharks and annoy the cormorants or burning rays.
“They have a big brain and a lot of fun,” he said.
"That's why the chance of seeing a dolphin on the beach is much higher, because he is curious and really interested in what is happening."
Academician said that the study confirmed that drones have become a useful tool for monitoring security on beaches.
“The drone can search for sharks, they can let people know using a siren to get out of the water,” he said.
“Or, if someone gets into the gap, they can drop their personal flotation device and give an alarm. It enhances our ability to ensure the safety of people. ”
Professor Kelakher also said that the technology of unmanned aerial vehicles provided a new way to get an idea of the marine wildlife.
“The technology of unmanned aerial vehicles is fantastic, it gave us a look at the sky, which we did not have before, because helicopters scare things, while using drones we get an idea of the marine wildlife that we didn’t have before , – he said.
“There are always stunning things on our beaches, such as a flock of dolphins and Bryde's whales.
“We saw them feeding at a distance of several meters from the shore. The whales swam inside and drove the dolphins away from the road, it was really impressive. ”
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Health Canada contributes to occupational health and safety (OHS) issues by coordinating the Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System and monitoring workplace radiation exposure. Health Canada also provides employee assistance services and occupational health services to federal employees.
Labour legislation falls primarily under the jurisdiction of Canada's provinces and territories. However, the federal Labour Program is the occupational health and safety (OHS) regulatory authority for workplaces designated under federal jurisdiction (e.g. mining, energy).
This section contains information on common workplace hazards like electric and magnetic fields. You will find information on Employee Health Assessment and Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS). There is also information concerning workplace health and safety. | <urn:uuid:dc5e553f-76b0-48a4-8897-d62aa2506245> | {
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Comprehensive DescriptionRead full entry
| Common names: remora (English), rémora (Espanol) |
Remora remora (Linnaeus, 1758)
Elongate, moderately robust; distinctive flat head with sucking disc of 16-22 plates, reaches to about end of pectoral fin; lower jaw projecting; gill rakers 28-37, 26-28 lower rakers; dorsal rays 21-27; anal rays 20-24; pectoral rays 25-32; tail fin slightly concave to straight; pelvics broadly joined to belly.
Uniformly dark greyish brown.
Size: grows to 86 cm.
Habitat: commonly attached to sharks, sometimes in gill chamber, but also on large fishes, rays, and turtles.
Depth: 0-200 m?
Circumtropical; throughout the tropical eastern Pacific except for the upper Gulf of California. | <urn:uuid:817d7d88-0fb6-40a8-939b-de1c9d8f047e> | {
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The focus of the policy section is on developing a set of methods that focus both modelers and policymakers on models in a way that makes decision alternatives clearer and improves the power of data and of models to inform policy. The overall strategy is called Inference Robustness Assessment (IRA). It encapsulates basic traditions in science into two iterative processes. The first assesses the validity of inferences made from a particular model form by realistically relaxing simplifying assumptions in that model form and assessing whether greater realism has the potential to change the inferences made when analyzing the model and analyzing data with the model. This iterative loop is pursued when there is enough data to make a definitive inference about policy. When there is not enough data, a second identifiability analysis loop is pursued to determine what additional data will best inform a decision. Identifiability means that data can determine model characteristics uniquely. For example only one policy choice is consistent with the data. The IRA approach does not focus on parameter identifiability as traditional identifiability analysis does. It focuses on making inferences identifiable which may occur even when no parameters are identifiable. A key to making science serve policy using IRA is to begin with simple policy choices of high relevance to the policymakers and with simple models that have face validity for potentially informing that policy choice. We will examine aspects of communication between modelers and policymakers to establish good beginnings leading to successful policymaking. Quite often policy choices entail doing things with limited resources. A key to making models policy relevant is, therefore, incorporating parameters and structures to enable cost effectiveness and cost benefit analyses using the model. Policy choices can be influenced by the chances of different outcomes given different policy decisions. Therefore IRA incorporates a full range of deterministic to stochastic models and employs Bayesian inference to establish the joint ranges of model parameters that are consistent with data. This approach has the advantage that while pursuing the best scientifically supported inference, it is able to inform a policy choice at any level of depth into the IRA process.
This project develops methods that focus models, modelers, and policymakers in a coordinated manner that best informs policy. Those methods help policymakers see more clearly how different processes involved in infection transmission affect their decisions. They also help modelers see what they have to do to best relate to the decisions of policymakers. Finally they establish the validity of model based policy inferences.
|Dimitrov, Dobromir T; Troeger, Christopher; Halloran, M Elizabeth et al. (2014) Comparative effectiveness of different strategies of oral cholera vaccination in bangladesh: a modeling study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8:e3343| | <urn:uuid:75c24737-2964-4ed7-b971-c06d8bd69fb8> | {
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Centers for Disease ControlCenters for Disease Control
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is made up of public health practitioners and leaders that are dedicated to high standards of health and ethics. The CDC aims to provide credible, scientifically-based information to public health officials and regulatory agencies, so they can enhance public health policies.
With regards to food safety, the CDC works closely with state and local health departments to monitor and investigate foodborne illnesses. The CDC collects and organizes outbreak information and acts as a national reference laboratory to identify and catalog pathogens that cause food poisoning.
Through tracking foodborne illness outbreaks, the CDC is able to help implicated restaurants locate the exact source of contamination. As with the summer 2008 salmonella outbreak, many consumers and restaurants were fearful of serving certain products until the contamination was traced to a pepper farm in Mexico.1 This information allowed businesses to purchase safe products and assure patrons of the quality and safety of their food.
The CDC is always working to offer comprehensive, organized information on food-related health. Two of the recent surveillance tools being employed are OutbreakNet and FoodNet.
The role of the OutbreakNet Team is to conduct national surveillance on foodborne infections and outbreaks of foodborne illness and to assist in the investigation of foodborne disease outbreaks that take place in the United States or affect its population.
OutbreakNet works closely with public health officials to collect foodborne illness information submitted by each state and to make the information easily available to the public.
FoodNet is a collaborative project between the CDC, FDA and USDA that seeks to provide food poisoning information to public health officials so they can better understand the foodborne illnesses affecting the United States.
Though the United States enjoys one of the safest domestic food supplies in the world, there are occasional outbreaks of food poisoning. The CDC estimates that there are 76 million cases of food poisoning in the U.S. each year.2 Each outbreak is an indication that something needs to improve with our food safety procedures.
Once a widespread outbreak is suspected, the CDC begins its investigation using the following procedures:
- Search for other possible exposed individuals. Through interviews and mapping the suspected contaminated population, the CDC compiles a demographic of other individuals who have contracted the illness.
- Obtain samples to identify the organism responsible. If the bacteria responsible for the outbreak are not known, blood samples may be drawn from infected people to identify the culprit.
- Identify the contaminated food. During their initial interview, CDC investigators will gather a list of foods that the individuals have eaten in the previous couple of days to try and identify a common food consumed by all infected individuals.
- Test suspected foods. With the interview and blood sample results in hand; the CDC will begin to test common, suspect foods to see if the organism responsible for the outbreak can be detected.
- Act upon the immediate outbreak. Whether it involves closing down a restaurant until they pass a health inspection or pulling all suspected foods from grocery shelves, once the responsible food item is located, officials will take action to contain the outbreak.
- Trace the ingredients. Once the responsible food item is found, the CDC investigators will attempt to trace the ingredients to their source, to determine if a larger population may be at risk.
An outbreak is considered over when all known exposure to the microbe has ceased, the outbreak is considered over. This can either happen when all contaminated food has been eaten or recalled, after the restaurant responsible is closed to clean up its act or when an infected handler is no longer contagious.
More from Centers for Disease Control...
- Food Safety Temperatures and The Danger Zone
- 6 Food Quality Control Tips for Restaurants
- 8 Tips for Safe Food Storage in Your Restaurant
- Top 10 Food Safety Tips for the Commercial Kitchen
- Types of Restaurant Food Safety Certification
- Proper Fruit and Produce Washing
- Safe Ice Handling
- Filtered Water Makes The Best Ice
- When to Accept or Reject Fresh Meat, Poultry and Seafood
- How Commercial Kitchen Operators Can Obtain a Food Handler's Permit
Back to Centers for Disease Control | <urn:uuid:ddf2bd65-3a5c-4900-880f-5d842da43310> | {
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The Situation of Revenge
Posted by The Situationist Staff on August 6, 2008
Michael McCullough has a fascinating and important new book: “Beyond Revenge: The Evolution of the Forgiveness Instinct.” Here’s a summary.
* * *
For centuries, people have held several misconceptions about the nature of humanity’s desire for revenge and the human potential for forgiveness. First, from the earliest Greek tragedies to the modern mental health professions, revenge has been depicted as a disease or a poison that takes control of human minds and then plunges people into personal ruin and social chaos. Second, the capacity to forgive has been depicted as an “invention” that was deliberately created as a solution to the “problem” of revenge. Third, people have been led to believe that the key to making the world a more forgiving place is to help individual people to think, feel, and act differently than they currently do about the person, or people, who have harmed them—a view that fits very well with the modern emphasis on professional therapy and self-help as the solutions to people’s problems. Beyond Revenge takes these three assumptions to task because they are scientifically incorrect and because they prevent us from doing all we can to make the world a better place.
Using research from the social and biological sciences, interpreted through the lens of evolutionary theory, Beyond Revenge explains how modern humans’ propensity for revenge resulted from millions of years of evolution in which the capacity for revenge actually functioned as a solution to many of the social dilemmas that faced humans’ evolutionary ancestors, such as the problem of self-protection in the face of violence and the problem of encouraging cooperation among groups of unrelated individuals. As an evolutionary adaptation, the desire for revenge is a cross-cultural universal and it is responsive to a small set of social conditions. From the point of view of natural selection, revenge is only a problem for humans today because it was such an effective solution for our ancestors. Indeed, biologists have shown that humans are far from the only animals that use revenge to solve their social problems.
Second, Beyond Revenge demonstrates that humans’ capacity to forgive was not an invention or a discovery that people deliberately developed to control a runaway propensity for revenge, but rather, that it is an evolved feature of human nature that arose through the force of natural selection because it helped ancestral humans to solve certain adaptive social problems they encountered: conflicts of interest with their genetic relatives and with unrelated cooperation partners. Forgiveness, like revenge, is ubiquitous among the world’s human societies, and it appears to be a psychological process that we share in common with many other members of the animal kingdom. Recent scientific breakthroughs illustrate the factors that activate the “forgiveness instinct” in the minds of human beings, as well as in our closest living primate relatives.
Third, Beyond Revenge shows how these insights into the evolution and modern workings of the desire for revenge and the forgiveness instinct can be used to control human violence and destructiveness and to promote a more peaceful world. Rather than arguing that individual people must be changed in order to make the world a more forgiving place, Beyond Revenge argues that when people encounter the right sorts of social conditions, their tendencies to forgive are automatically activated. When people encounter offenders who are apologetic and contrite, and who attempt to make reparations for the damage they have caused, people are naturally inclined to forgive them. Likewise, when people live in societies in which their rights are protected, in which they are relatively safe from crime and victimization, and in which offenders are given incentives to apologize and compensate their victims, the desire for revenge is slaked and the forgiveness instinct is automatically activated. Beyond Revenge explains why. In an important chapter on religion, Beyond Revenge also explains exactly why religions have the capacity to encourage inspiring acts of forgiveness as well as shockingly destructive acts of vengeance.
Integrating insights from psychology, evolutionary biology, primatology, economics, and neuroscience, amply illustrated with examples from history, current events, popular culture, and everyday life, Beyond Revenge provides a balanced and realistic portrait of human nature, and it shows what people can do to make the world a less vengeful, more forgiving place.
* * *
For some related Situationist posts, see “Attributing Blame — from the Baseball Diamond to the War on Terror,” “March Madness,” “Our Soldiers, Their Children: The Lasting Impact of the War in Iraq,” and “With God on Our Side . . ..”
The Situationist has a series of posts devoted to highlighting some of situational sources of war. Part I and Part II of the series included portions of an article co-authored by Daniel Kahneman and Jonathan Renshon, titled “Why Hawks Win.” Part III reproduced an op-ed written by Situationist friend Dan Gilbert on July 24, 2006. Part IV and Part V in this series contained the two halves of an essay written by Situationist Contributor, Jon Hanson within the week following 9/11. Part VI contains an op-ed written by Situationist Contributor John Jost on October 1, 2001, “Legitimate Responses to Illegitimate Acts,” which gives special emphasis to the role of system justification. Part VII includes a video entitled “Resisting the Drums of War.” The film was created and narrated by psychologist Roy J. Eidelson, Executive Director of the Solomon Asch Center at the University of Pennsylvania. | <urn:uuid:9e63393d-47ee-46fa-b4c2-6558c046442f> | {
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As a volunteer mentor, you're a champion, supporter, role model and guide. If you approach mentoring from a resilience perspective, you and your mentee will learn and grow and enjoy your time together.
- Youth mentoring is the relationship between a caring, more experienced individual and a less experienced person, resulting in the provision of support, friendship, and constructive role modelling consistently over a period of time.
- Research indicates positive mentoring results in: improved educational performance; healthier behaviours; improved social and behavioural outcomes; strengthened relationships; and improved resilience.
- Resilience is most often thought of as the ability to cope with, and bounce back from, life’s challenges and demands. Research shows that to be resilient, individuals need access to the resources that stem from relationships and community supports. This means of support, known as navigation, can be provided by a mentori.
- The same research shows that the better children are at negotiating with adults and getting what they need in ways that are meaningful and helpful to them, the more likely they are to cope well with adversity. In other words, resilience results from the interaction between the youth and his or her environment, and depends on how well the environment (including mentors, teachers, and caregivers) responds to that particular youth.
- Young people who are supported by adults to navigate and negotiate for what they need are most likely to succeed. Recent research on factors that foster resilience among vulnerable or at-risk youth consistently identifies a close connection with a non-parental adult as a protective factor. A mentor may enhance a youth’s coping skills and promote positive socio-emotional, cognitive, and identity developmentii.
- As a mentor, you can foster resilience in your mentee by helping them negotiate for what they neediii.
- Keep all of this in mind when you’re with your mentee. Give them opportunities to talk through their hopes and dreams, problems or concerns, and help them find their own solutions to the challenges they confront. Find out which resources they think they should navigate toward, then help them negotiate for what they need in ways that make sense to them. Fostering resilience is a process of navigation and negotiation that occurs first and foremost through relationships.
This module will reinforce that:
- your approach to the match relationship is critical;
- the most effective mentors are those who find opportunities to build a caring, respectful relationship with their mentees;
- you can support your mentee to develop in positive ways through activities and interactions that are mutually enjoyable, meaningful, challenging, and success-oriented;
- taking a resilience approach to mentoring has the potential to permanently and positively impact both you and your mentee;
- a simple, practical approach works − initially you may need to take the lead in the relationship, but as the connection deepens, you can encourage your mentee to play a greater role in determining the goals and aspirations of the relationship;
- the best mentors contribute to a young person finding solutions for him or herself – as you empower your mentee, you’ll build upon your own strengths as well. | <urn:uuid:783f0483-4b0d-4639-ad9f-4fef6da7bf7c> | {
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By Carol Lloyd
In my house, bedtime reading means squishing into my daughter’s bed and reading aloud until one of us (usually me) passes out. It’s lovely literacy-enriched cuddle time. But no one ever taught me how to do it right.
That’s because until recently there’s been very little evidence that there is a right way to do it. Before, the experts mostly implored parents: READ TO YOUR CHILD. Just spend 20 minutes. That’s all!
Johnny can't read and niether can his classmates
Many parents dutifully follow these vague directions – maybe not as much as they are supposed to – but research suggests that parents do read aloud regularly to their young children. And many kids learn to read despite this less-than-scientific approach. But a huge number don’t. According to a recent report from the Annie E Casey Foundation, only 32 percent of 4th graders are proficient in reading. That’s a devastating statistic if there ever was one.
Secret to teaching reading revealed!
There's a laundry list of social ills why American children struggle to learn even basic skills and it's hard to think ivory tower educational research can be their savior. Still, I was excited to hear about new findings from a reading study conducted at the University of Ohio that uncovered a simple tip to help turn on kid’s reading brains.
Pointing out the obvious
The research which will be published in the April 2012 issue of the journal Child Development found that using “print references” (i.e. physically pointing out obvious things like “See how the beginning of dog starts with the d sound?” and “Look how I’m reading from left to right.”) during reading time makes a huge difference in how well kids learn to read. Studies by the same researchers have shown that untrained teachers reference print in this way about 8.5 times a reading session compared to trained teachers who do it about 36 times. We parents only do it about once.
The study divided 300 academically at-risk preschoolers into three kinds of classrooms for a 30-week reading program. In one group, teachers trained to use print references read aloud four times a week. In the second group, similarly trained teachers read aloud only two times a week, and in the control group, teachers read to their classes as they normally did four times a week.
Improves reading comprehension too?!
After one and two years, the children who had been taught by teachers who read four times a week with print references were not only better at word reading and spelling, but here’s the weird thing: they had better reading comprehension, too! (Even the researchers seemed confounded by this.) Even the children who only got two days a week of print-referenced reading had slightly better skills than the children in the control group.
This study seems so strange – could such a little shift change kids’ reading horizons so easily? It reminds me how reading must start out as a completely baffling enterprise, a kind of magic haze that kids can spend years wandering in before they find a path. With those 100 billion neurons making connections at the speed of light, scaling a vast mountain of meaning and facts and skills, their brains need a foothold, and the more footholds you give them, the more progress they can make, letter by letter, word by word. | <urn:uuid:cfe395f0-d099-4c49-9015-78e43bbd6591> | {
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Landslide Science Not Connecting With County Planning Decisions
The Northwest is a region prone to landslides. That, of course, is on many people’s minds as the town of Oso, Washington recovers from the tragic slide that happened there this past weekend. There is a lot of scientific data and maps showing where landslides have occurred in the past. The question is whether or not it’s getting used.
Bonnie Brown sent me a picture of the cabin her parents built on the Stillaguamish River in the 70s.
Bonnie Brown: “It was just a very beautiful place. With beaver ponds and streams and meadows and trails through the wood. The kind of place that kids dream of.”
She also sent me an aerial photo of her cabin after the tragic landslide.
Bonnie Brown: “There’s some grass around the cabin on three sides left but…other than that.” Her voice trails off.
The second picture shows giant gray fingers of rock and muck and debris encircling the little log cabin.
The slide came down from the cliffs across the river, then up the other side, covering her neighborhood.
Brown’s family wasn’t at the cabin when the slide occurred.
She said over the years her father and neighbors worried about flooding as the Stillaguamish meandered back and forth across its bed. Landslides weren’t at the top of the list of concerns. But maybe they should have been.
Dan McShane is a geologist in Whatcom County. He said when he heard there was a landslide on the Stillaguamish, he wasn’t surprised.
Dan McShane: “The Stillaguamish setting, the geologic units, are particularly sensitive relative to say a real solid granite bedrock somewhere else. So the potential for the failure is much greater.”
Towards the end of the last ice age the Stillaguamish River Valley was a giant lake, blocked in by a glacier. It filled with soft lake sediments – sand, clay, gravel – the kind of stuff that falls apart when it’s wet.
And in recent years, scientists are getting a clearer and clearer picture of the scars on this landscape.
Modern imaging technology called LIDAR shows 3-D representations of the Stillaguamish River bed today.
It looks like a little kid took a toy dump truck with a backhoe and just moved along the river taking giant clam shell bites out of the slopes. Those bites show where landslides have occurred in the past.
McShane says anyone can look at maps and get information like this if they have some time to surf the web.
Dan McShane: “It’s public but whether it gets disseminated to the people who make land use decisions and planning for geologic hazards doesn’t necessarily happen.”
The disconnect between the science and county officials and planners may have cost some of the residents of Steelhead Drive in Oso, Washington their lives.
A landslide occurred in the same place on the Stillaguamish in 2006, causing flooding.
Snohomish County permitted 5 new homes to be built there that year and another one in 2009.
The Snohomish County Planning Office said they couldn’t comment as to why those permits were issued because they’re busy with the recovery effort.
McShane and others have said the size and reach of this landslide in particular was unprecedented.
No two counties are the same when it comes to incorporating things like new geological mapping technology into their planning or permitting process.
A lot of that variability stems from money, says Scott Burns. He’s a geologist with Portland State University.
Scott Burns: "We can make landslide hazard maps just like earthquake hazard maps, just like flood hazard maps but very few of them have been done because we are in a cutback government mode."
The Washington Department of Natural Resources has detailed maps, though they’re not as detailed as some of the latest 3-D imaging.
Some counties, like Cowlitz and Jefferson, are incorporating new landslide data into their websites.
Burns says there’s a ways to go and the government needs to invest in hazard maps and use them in the permitting process.
When Bonnie Brown’s father built her cabin in the 70s, the mapping technology we have today didn’t exist.
But technology or not, she has no plans to rebuild.
Bonnie Brown: "The land and what we enjoyed around there is gone and so there’s not the same incentive. I don’t know how long it will take for nature to recover but what was really our family’s past is gone now." | <urn:uuid:551f02cc-e7fe-4ed6-91ba-81a1c68dbf1c> | {
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Edward III and the Development of Trade
From 'A History of the British Nation' by AD Innes, 1912
We have seen that until the reign of Edward III foreign commerce was extremely limited. Every borough and every district aimed at being self-sufficing; so also did the nation. The enterprising foreigner sought a market for his own goods in England and purchased raw materials from England; but the Englishman hardly attempted to seek a foreign market for his own goods or to procure from foreign countries goods which he could sell again at a profit at home. The wine and the cloths which he had not learnt to manufacture at home the foreigner would bring to his doors; and if the foreigner chose to bring his goods for sale, he must spend the purchase money in buying other goods from Englishmen.
But the Englishman was now progressing beyond this passive attitude. He was beginning to produce with an eye to the foreign purchaser; even to exporting on his own account, instead of merely selling to the foreigner who came to buy. And because Englishmen were prospering they were also inclined to buy more of the goods which were only to be had from the foreigner.
It was realised that prosperity comes to those who seek a market. The Crown perceived that if energy were devoted to facilitating the expansion of trade, it could take its own toll at the same time without discouraging enterprise; and the more trade expanded the bigger the toll would be. Hence the value attaching to the commerce with Flanders and the commerce with his own Gascon dominions materially influenced Edward III in his French policy.
English wool growers and Gascon wine growers would flourish; and the more they flourished the more the royal exchequer would extract as the price of the privileges of exporting wool and importing wine. It followed that the king sought to strain to the utmost the royal prerogative of imposing customs nominally for the regulation of trade, and of bargaining with the merchants for their assent to such impositions without referring to parliament. And when parliament realised what was going on, parliament in turn insisted that its own assent was necessary to the imposition of customs. In spite of repeated efforts to evade the principle, Edward found himself obliged to give way. The Crown's right to the "Ancient Customs" in accordance with the statute of 1275 was unchallenged; but it was established during the reign that other duties, even if they became habitual, required the assent of parliament for their imposition; and even if their renewal might be practically relied upon, it was on each occasion made only for a definite period.
The Merchants of the Staple
In the conditions of medieval society, both the expansion of trade and the collection of revenue were facilitated by the famous institution of the Merchants of the Staple. In modern times, laissez-faire doctrine condemns the regulation of commerce by the State on the ground that private enterprise is hampered thereby. When the State gives the individual protection against violence and fraud it has discharged its proper function. But in the middle ages the great danger to private enterprise was insecurity against violence and fraud. For security, State or municipal supervision was a necessity.
The export trade in English staple products, wool, wool-fells, hides, leather and some others, was made a monopoly of the merchants of the staple. Membership was open on the payment of fees, and was conditional only on the observance of the company's regulations; while the members traded severally on their own account - not after the fashion of a modern Joint Stock Company, in which the society does the trading and distributes the profits.
The trading was confined to specified towns connected with specified ports in England; and also to specified towns on the Continent, though ultimately the monopoly was given to Calais. It was thus possible to compel all traders to conform to definite regulations, and to provide security for the purchaser in respect of the bulk and quality of the goods purchased. At the same time the collection of the customs was very much simplified.
But Edward was not satisfied with the encouragement of exports. He also encouraged imports by offering privileges to traders from Gascony and the Low Countries; to the Gascons, with an eye to the wealth of Gascony rather than of England; to the Flemings, with an eye to reciprocal privileges; to both with an eye to the revenue derivable from customs.
Edward is not to be credited with any anticipation of Free Trade doctrines as to the economic advantage of buying in the cheapest market; he probably looked very little beyond the opportunity presented of taking a toll for himself from the traders. The doctrine was fully accepted that money, a scarce and valuable commodity, should not be carried out of the kingdom in exchange for the goods brought in.
The foreigner in England could only trade as member of an association under strict regulation and supervision, at particular times and particular places; and he was obliged to buy goods to the value.of those he sold. But he was encouraged to sell as well as to buy; and the volume of trade and the amount of material wealth in the country increased rapidly.
In one particular Edward appears to have been moved by more definite economic considerations. He encouraged foreigners to settle in England and carry on industries which had not taken a natural root in the country. From the foreigners in their midst the English learnt industrial arts which they had hitherto ignored; and during the fourteenth century the English became not merely wool-growers but manufacturers of the cloth which had thitherto been imported from the Low Countries. So much advance was made in this industry that regulations were made to limit or even prohibit the export of wool in order to keep down the price for the benefit of English cloth-makers. Before the end of the century English cloths were in full competition with those of Flanders. | <urn:uuid:1e7b7f43-7aa6-4054-b1bd-4930e980291d> | {
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The caste system amongst Hindus in Kerala can not be categorised strictly with what is popularly known as the fourfold division of Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaisya, and Sudra. Nambudiris formed the Brahmins of Kerala and Varmas also known as Raja and Moopil Nairs formed the Samanthan Nairs (Samanta Kshatriyas) or the ruling class. As per some historians selected Nairs were offered the Samanta Kshatriya status by Nambudiris. There was a strange mixing of various caste equations that Vivekananda called Kerala a lunatic asylum. It is believed that caste system as per Aryan norms began to be categorised after the arrival of Nambudiris into Kerala. In addition to various castes, Kerala had a tribal population residing mostly in hilly areas who did not integrate into the new formed caste systems. Nairs formed the second largest Hindu caste and most of them were very influential feudal aristocratic landlords. Nairs formed the martial backbone of Kerala. Nambudiris, Samanta Kshatriyas, Nairs (Including Samanthan Nairs), Ambalavasis were considered to have had a more privileged life in pre-independence Kerala. Therefore the benefit of caste based reservations was not extended to them. In addition there were also caste who generally served in temples known as Ambalavasis or Pushpaka Brahmins, who were considered lower to Namboothiris. There were other castes in Kerala who were considered further below Ezhavas, these are Kuravas, Arayans, Pulayas and Paraiyars.
In post independence Kerala, castes may be classifieds as General category, Other backward castes, scheduled castes and finally scheduled tribes.
This category includes castes such as Nambudiris, Samanta Kshatriyas, Nairs, Ambalavasis and Syrian Christians. They are not extended reservations in government jobs and educational institution due to their relatively better economic and educational status in pre-independence Kerala. However amongst these castes, Nairs have become most influential due to their numerical superiority. Unlike in North India, the proportion of Brahmins(1.4%) in Kerala is not very significant. Hindu Forward Castes form around 16% of the population of Kerala, while Syrians form another 9.5%. Therefore, the Forward Castes makes up around one fourth of the population of Kerala.
The decrease in the Forward caste population has been extremely steep in Kerala, compared to other parts of India. During the 1816, 1836 and 1854 censuses, the forward castes outnumbered the other Hindus by a huge margin. Despite the conversion of large number of Outcaste Hindus to Christianity, Caste Hindus became a minority during 1860s and 70s and during the 1931 and 1941 censuses, the Outcaste Hindus numbered almost twice as much as the Caste Hindus. For example, Nairs numbered two times as much as the Ezhavas during the 1854 census (30% to 15%). But as of 1968, Ezhavas outnumbered Nairs significantly (22% against 14.4%). The reasons might be the high death rates among the Malayala Kshatriyas due to frequent warfare and Kudippaka as well as the low birth rate among the Malayala Brahmins.
Ezhava, Muslim Mappilas (Christian Mappilas are forward caste), Latin Christians, Arayan,Izhuvan, Ezhutachan, Kalasi Panicker, Kalari Kurup or Kalari Panicker, Kaniyar Panicker, Kusavan , Viswakarmas, Veluthedans and Vilakkithalavan have been classified as a backward caste by Kerala government due to the discrimination faced by them historically.
Paravan, Cheruman, Mannan, Nayadi, Pallan, Thotti, Vetan, Vettuvan, Panan etc. are some of the castes who have been included in the scheduled caste list of Kerala. These castes were generally in the bottom of caste hierarchy and faced worst kind of discrimination. Scheduled Castes, along with Scheduled Tribes form 10.95% of the total population according to the 2001 census. es
As per historians untouchability started in Kerala with the advent of Nambudiris. In Kerala, anyone who was not a Namboothiri, was treated by the Namboothiris as an untouchable. The Namboothiris had different rules regarding the degrees of pollution for the different classes. If a Namboothiri happens to touch or comes in physical contact with an Embraanthiri, he gets the Embraan Sudham, which is supposed to be one step lower in rank among various types of purity of Namboothiris. But it is not compulsory that an adult male Namboothiri should bathe before performing "sandhyaavandanam" if he is polluted due to "Embraan sudham". Also Namboothiris will get Eda Sudham if they are polluted by the touch of Iyers. Namboothiri women (and not men) are not permitted to eat if they become Eda Sudham. For doing Sandhyaavandanam, Namboothiris should take bath if they are polluted with Eda Sudham. Asudhams are practised not only by Namboothiris, but also people of other communities in Kerala, such as the royal families, temple employees, Nairs, etc., who are closely associated with Namboothiris. Other South Indian Brahmanans also follow this custom. Clothes of Namboothiris, washed by Veluthedans , if touched by other Nairs, are not impure. But if touched by a person below the rank in the hierarchies of caste system, it becomes impure. Other classes had different distances after which they could be considered polluting. For example, if an Ezhava got within 24 feet of a Namboothiri, the Namboothiri was considered to be polluted. Untouchability was not isolated to Hindus in Kerala, amongst Christians the original Syrian Malabar Nasranis considered newly converted Latin Christians (usually fishermen) to be untouchables.
The most extreme form of untouchability in all of India was practised in Kerala.
A Nair was expected to instantly cut down a Mucua,thiyya who presumed to defile him by touching his person; and a similar fate awaited a slave, who did not turn out of the road as a Nair passed" According to Kerala tradition the Dalits were forced to maintain a distance of 64 feet from Savarnas as they were thought to pollute them. Other castes like Nayadis, Kanisans and Mukkuvans were forbidden within 72 feet, 32 feet and 24 feet respectively from Savarnas.
When British banned the right of the Nairs to carry swords with them, caste related violence steeply decreased. The observance of untouchability vanished consequent to the movements of social reforms, especially the one initiated by Sree Narayana Guru. Temple Entry Proclamation of the Raja of Travancore effective by put a end to the system of untouchability in South Kerala.
The present day Keralam before that period was a part of "Thamizakam" and the language was "Chenthamiz", during "Sankakalam" and later Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas were the three prominent rulers of "Thamizakam". "Muziris" was the most important city of "Cherakkam". Uzavar, Panner, Parayar, Parathar (fishermen), Kurumber were the main communities of that time, and the Cheras were the ruling class and they worshiped Kottave a tribal deity and they were inimical to Aryan system of north India. They worshiped the spirits of their ancestors along with 'Kottave'. The majority people were Uzavas (farmers) and Paravans (fishermen) who followed Buddha dharma (Buddhism)came through Eelam (Sri Lanka). A later majority of Uzavas stayed as Ezhavas/Thiyyas (people from Ezham, "deep") and a significant portion of Paravans became Christans and Muslims. Jainism came through Mysore and Karnataka, and there were a number of Jains in Kerala. Muziris, Maduri, Panthalayanikollam, Vizinjam and such cities and costal areas had Roman, Jewish, Arab, Chinese settlements, thus the Semitic religions came to India, and there were also a few Aryans (Brahmins & Nairs) also settled in these cities but at that time they were neither influential nor had any significant presence in society.
Then came 100 years of war between the Cheras and the Cholas, and at first the Cheras lost heavily and Chera power started to vanish, and this time with the help of Nairs, the Cheras formed "Chavers" (suicide squads) and finally were the Cholas defeated. During this time the social system started to change, with Brahmins elevating their position in society. The Cheras lost many men in the battlefield and Chera women started to have Brahmin partners, the matriarchal system started, these Brahmins received local customs and imposed their vedic and knowledge and became Namputhiris, their children's and relatives from the Cheras became Nairs, and Adi Sankara established Brahmin supremacy among other ideologies especially among Buddha dharma (Buddhism), and the Namputhries (Namboothiris) accepted and integrated so many local beliefs and rituals such as Chera king of ancient time "Well kezu kettavan" myth became the Parasurama myth etc. The story of Brahmins converts to Christianity came much later stage, one thing that is sure is that during AD 1 st centuries itself there were Christians in Kerala, St. Thomas converts and some Jews who settled before them and the locals (Uzavas, Paravas etc.) an probably some converts from Buddhist and Jain priests. In history you can see that people from lower castes have a tradition to imitate the upper castes, such as the Ezhava/Thiyya adoption of matrilinearism and Naga worship in Malabar from the Nairs.
Mannappedi or Pulappedi was a custom which existed until 17th century. An upper caste woman could lose her caste if any male from the castes like Pulayan, Parayan or Mannan happened to see her or touch her by any means. Then she would be expelled from the caste or had to move with the "low caste" person or will be under discretion of the elders to decide. This would apply especially on the night of a specific day that fell in the month of Karkatakam (roughly corresponding to the dates 15 July to 15 August) in the Gregorian calendar . Given the social and economic status of lower caste people of that era, it is believed that this practice could not be perpetuated without social sanction, and definitely not without the connivance and/or tacit support of the men of upper castes. Thus, the men folk used this in the garb of a custom to stifle the freedom or rights of women belonging to upper castes such as the Nairs . Another view of the practice is that it was a route provided by tradition to the oppressed Pulayan class for registering their intentions of revenge as a symbolic act . The practice was abolished by the then Kerala Varma in 1696 after which he had to face the ire of the royal servants (Pandarathu Kuruppus) . Prepared by Royson J Pazhamannil
In old Kerala society the castes were classified as Brahmins, Kshatriyas and Avarnas. Non-Hindus were also considered Avarnas. Many native rulers, most of whom were Nairs, were crowned as Samanta Kshatriyas, with the help of Tulu Brahmins who migrated or were invited to Kerala during medieval times.
The caste system had its legitimacy in the positive responses to many of its institutions by the non-Brahmins.
The opposition to caste system took various forms. While some castes refused the position of their community or refused to accept higher position of other community. In other cases, many individuals completely disagreed with caste divisions.
The most abused castes (now known as scheduled castes) showed their opposition to the system by creating and worshipping new spirits for the persons who suffered due to caste atrocities in north Malabar.
Artisans (known as Kammalan / Vishwakarma / Vishwabrahmin in Kerala), in all south India, paradoxically, fought for a higher position in the caste system. According to John Fryer, who vistited India in 1670, the members of Kammalan caste held themselves equal to Brahmins and disputed the higher position of Brahmins. The weavers and goldsmiths in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh created their own priest systems. | <urn:uuid:27739a42-99f1-4ff7-98ab-4e1315d2cae2> | {
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Copyright © 2007 Dorling Kindersley
Farming began c. 10,000 BC on land that became known as the FERTILE CRESCENT. Hunter-gatherers, who had traveled to the area in search of food, began to harvest (gather) wild grains they found growing there. They scattered spare grains on the ground to grow more food.
Table 40. TIMELINE OF EARLY FARMING
Before farming, people lived by hunting wild animals and gathering wild plants. When supplies ran out, these hunter-gatherers moved on. Farming meant that people did not need to travel to find food. Instead, they began to live in settled communities, and grew crops or raised animals on nearby land. They built stronger, more permanent homes and surrounded their settlements with walls to protect themselves.
In the Fertile Crescent, farmers grew tall, wild grasses, including an early type of barley, and primitive varieties of wheat called emmer and einkorn. These naturally produced large grains (seeds) that were tasty and nourishing. In other parts of the world, between 8000 BC and 3000 BC, farmers discovered how to DOMESTICATE their own local plants and animals.
By around 9000 BC, people were storing grains during the winter, then sowing them in specially cleared plots. By 8000 BC, the farmers had discovered which grains gave the best yields and selected these for planting. They produced more food than they needed and were able to feed non-farmers such as craftworkers and traders. The farmers exchanged their food for various kinds of useful or decorative goods.
Domestication is the process of making wild plants and animals more useful to humans, through selective breeding. Farmers select and plant only the best seeds from their last crop. Wild cattle are selectively bred to make a herd docile (easy to control).
Dogs were the first animals to be domesticated, c. 12,500 BC. They were descended from wild wolf cubs that had learned to live with human families, who fed and petted them. By 10,000 BC, hunters were managing wild herds of gazelle, sheep, and goats, watching over them and killing the weakest for food. Around 7500 BC, farmers were taking the best animals from their herds to breed them for meat and milk.
Archaeologists use the name Fertile Crescent to describe an area to the east of the Mediterranean Sea, where farming first developed. It was a crescent-shaped strip of land that stretched across the Levant region (now known as Israel, Lebanon, and Syria), and around the edges of the Tarus and Zagros mountains.
The Fertile Crescent had regular rainfall, making it ideal for growing grains such as emmer and einkorn, and for raising herds of grass-eating animals such as sheep and goats. In nearby Mesopotamia, where the soil was more fertile, farming was only possible once irrigation methods had developed to supply the land with water.
The Fertile Crescent stretched in a crescent-shaped curve from the northern tip of the Red Sea around to the Persian Gulf. Some of the world’s first settlements, including Jericho, were built in this region. Important trading centers, such as Çatal Hüyük, also developed nearby.
Çatal Hüyük was founded in around 7000 BC, and grew to be the largest settlement in the Middle East. Its wealth came from farming and trade. The farmers kept cattle and grew wheat, barley, and peas. Çatal Hüyük made itself especially prosperous by controlling the trade in obsidian (a coarse, glassy rock), which came from a nearby volcano. Craftworkers used this volcanic glass to make high-quality tools.
Excavation of the Çatal Hüyük site found mud-brick houses closely packed together, without any streets. Access to each home was by ladders leading up to doorways on a flat roof. Rooms had hearths for heating, benches for sitting and sleeping on, and ovens for baking bread. When family members died, they were buried under the floor. | <urn:uuid:9dbd0753-77fb-40c3-8fa7-48267d8f384c> | {
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The complexity of Tobar’s novel presented through the lives of the two completely opposite characters with disfigured ethnic beginnings well parallel the story of the cave whereby the slaves are Antonio and Longoria and the social forces that set them up represent the cave. In…
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With this exposure a new sense of understanding and confidence is gained. The new world has its own realities and customs. It is the experience of an individual which changes reality for him as he perceives it to be. Antonio and Longoria are two individuals suffering from abrupt changes. Longoria completely changes his beliefs and principles after he joins the battalion, whereas Antonio enjoys a mundane life until his wife and son are killed by guerillas. It is this experience of life that changes the reality for Antonio. So in this theory on education, Plato argued that if one were to learn or search for truth, he ought to do so in a gradual manner (PSYOPS). The characters mentioned above were exposed to sudden and unexpected experiences and as a result they could not grasp the real meanings of such experiences and hence the way they perceived reality was changed.
Characterized as an ordinary citizen under rural setting, Antonio Bernal is a Guatemalan who sought to live a life of simplicity which he managed to fulfill with a radical wife and son Carlitos in brief span, despite his feeblish attributes. Originally, he is that type of fellow who is far from engaging complex ideas and would rather prefer humble settlement and not demand beyond ordinary living at San Cristobal, Acatapan. He does not find satisfaction in complex ideas and the results that arise as a result of acting on such ideas. Little does he know that his joyful pursuits in wedlock with Elena, whose fulfillment lies further on revolutionary movements against unlawful regularities in their region, is bound to culminate into tragedy. Longoria, on the other hand, is a peasant who leaves his mother in spite of his reluctance to join the army, where he got completely altered on becoming an official member of the Jaguar Battalion. His life is completely disturbed and changed by the sudden change in circumstances that he encounters after
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Running Head: REFLECTIVE ANALYSIS ESSAY Reflective Analysis Essay Student Name University Name Subject Name Instructor Name Date of Submission Reflective Analysis Essay Introduction Hodges University is a non-profit organization, which is tirelessly working to improve the standards of education.
To prepare a Spanish rice (paella), you will need to buy several important ingredients: pt. dry white rice, pepper, bay leaf, 3T. butter, garlic, drained and peeled tomato, mussels, paprika powder, cubed pork meat, onions an lemon. The advice is to choose only fresh vegetable not to spoil the dish (Oliver, 2006).
They interview women with several years of experience in the industry: beauty therapy teachers and salon owners to get their testimonies.
Beauty therapy is a specific aspect of the wider beauty industry; it is a
rish civil war of the 1920s further helps the reader understand the intricacies of the psychological aspects of the divisive battles taking place within Dublin at the time. In the midst of the warzone on the rooftops of Dublin, Ireland, the young sniper from the Republican side
In this essay, I will attempt to explain that how I have been benefited as a student of the University in increasing my human capital. It should be pointed out that in today’s knowledge-based society, personal and professional development is not enough. Participation in community development is also important.
Petroski is also a renowned civil engineer, as well as history, offering lectures at Duke University; in addition, he is also a prolific writer, having authored several books that have revolutionized people thinking in the
As a result, I have learned how to organize my papers, express my thoughts in written form and structure all ideas in order to be understood by other people.
When I started the class I could not do many things; I could not write analysis essay, my grammar was not the
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NEW YORK -- STMicroelectronics on Tuesday released the new SPV1050 low-power IC energy harvester and battery charger that connects to solar and micro-electric sources. It includes an environmentally-friendly design and integration of dual LDOs and MPPT as well as a charger supporting all battery types.
“Energy harvesting delivers environmental benefits and helps reduce equipment ownership costs, and is used increasingly as energy-conversion efficiency rises and typical system power demands fall,” said Matteo Lo Presti, group vice president and general manager, Industrial and Power Conversion Division, STMicroelectronics, in a statement. “The tremendous operational and energy-harvesting efficiency of the SPV1050, combined with its unparalleled flexibility and feature integration, enables engineers to realize many new opportunities in industrial and consumer markets.”
Pat Furlan, Strategic Sectors Development Manager at ST, told EE Times that he considers this to be a highly efficient device. “The exploding internet of things market and wearable devices need to be more self-sufficient in form,” he said. “This device offers the smart power management that would hook up to an external electric generator and take the power it is generating and bring that into the sensor node in order to power the electronics in the sensor node.”
The device manages the power by taking it and converting it to the sensor node, as part of a very low-power system. “One of the key items,” Furlan said, “is that since that power is potentially dynamic, it changes depending on how bright the sun is. This is why the device has MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking), which acts basically as a power leveler.”
Michael Markowitz, Director of Technical Media Relations, told EE Times that this power leveler amounted to the device optimizes the sun’s power. This makes very efficient use of the power available using what he called an algorithm to determine how much power is there at any given point in time.
“In our mind the end user is the engineer trying to design an application and make sure that it is powered properly,” Markowitz said. He detailed a concept called Smart Dust, in which one puts in a large number of very small sensors in a room and monitors the airflow and not have to change the battery on all of the sensors. Instead the rest of the network can compensate for one of the sensors going out and take over its workload.
“We’re reusing essentially wasted energy,” he added. “It could potentially be the light in the room, for which the electricity to create it was paid. Once created it flies out the window. This creates a mechanism to capture some of that energy.”
Furlan further explained that the electronic devices would take the power being generated from the photovoltaic (PV) cells so they can be scattered around a room in a hotel for instance to know who is in the room and, if there is no one in that room, turn the light off and the heat. Thus the power saving from this solution is hard to measure, as it can lead to saving on an important scale once it is in use in applications.
“There are many examples of use cases for this device,” Furlan said. “It is a very generic device for many applications that can be powered using a photovoltaic or thermoelectric generator.”
Harvesting is used to power small electronic devices including wireless sensors, smart-building, and industrial equipment controls. ST also claims that harvesting protects the environment by reducing CO2 emissions. ST predicts that we will see hundreds of millions of these devices in tiny quantities of harvested energy in indoor as well as outdoor environments.
— Zewde Yeraswork, Associate Editor, EE Times | <urn:uuid:33f21e6a-292c-42b4-b91b-f39753b99ce8> | {
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May 8, 1925
Virginia Woolf Explores an English Country Home
"To The Lighthouse" Is a Brilliantly Ambitious Analysis of Domestic Psychology
To The Lighthouse.
By Virginia Woolf
Reviewed by Louis Kronenberger
t was with "Mrs. Dalloway" that Virginia Woolf, achieved a novel of first-rate importance rather than of great promise and talent, and as a method in fiction, "Mrs. Dalloway" has begun already to make its influence keenly felt. Two novels of the present season seem to pay it the tribute of imitation. It is written all over Nathalie S. Colby's highly successful "Green Forest" and just a faint flavor of it creeps into Babette Deutsch's much less successful "In Such a Night." The method of "Mrs. Dalloway" is substantially retained by Mrs. Woolf in this new novel, "To the Lighthouse," but though one encounters again her strikingly individual mingling of inward though with outward action in which the "stream of consciousness" style is liberated from its usual chaos and by means of selection and a sense of order, made formally compact--one finds the method applied to somewhat different aims.
"Mrs. Dalloway," of course, is Clarissa Dalloway from cover to cover, and for that reason it has a magnificently concentrated clarity. It is Clarissa in relation to herself, her family, her friends, her servants, her milieu; it is her servants, her family, her friends, in relation to her "To the Lighthouse," on the other hand, is a book of interrelationships among people, and though there are major and minor characters, the major ones are not, as Clarissa Dalloway was, the alpha and omega of the story, but more truly the means for giving to the story its harmony and unity, its focal points. Those who reject "To the Lighthouse" as inferior to "Mrs. Dalloway" because it offers no one with half the memorable lucidity of Clarissa Dalloway must fail to perceive its larger and, artistically, more difficult aims. They must fail to notice the richer qualities of mind and imagination and emotion which Mrs. Woolf, perhaps not wanting them, omitted from "Mrs. Dalloway." They must fail to appreciate that as an author develops he will always break down the perfection he has achieved in an earlier stage of his writing in order to reach new objectives.
"To the Lighthouse" is a book in three parts, in three movements. All of it is laid at the Summer home of an English family named Ramsay in the Hebrides, the first portion occupying an afternoon and evening, the second portion constituting an interlude of ten years during which the house remains unoccupied, the third portion occupying a morning at the end of these ten years. The Ramsays are a middle-aged couple, when the book opens, with eight children, who have with them at their Summer place about half a dozen friends. Husband and wife, though very different, are in love with each other. Mrs. Ramsay, who though fifty is beautiful, has charm, intelligence, understanding; also she is a little anxious to have a hand in things, a little anxious to be liked, a little anxious to keep her illusions and have others keep theirs. Her children love her; they do not love their father--she works harder to hold their love. The best minds about her seemingly mistrust her a little, dislike her a little, for her charm is persuasive rather than compelling. She watches those about her without mingling too much; both because she chooses a vantage point--symbolized by the window--and because of her personality she becomes the dominant and focal figure of the group.
Ramsay is less easy to understand, possibly because he is given less attention. In many ways he is a more interesting as well as original character: brilliant no doubt, but introverted, lacking those immediate graces which win for his wife the greater love of their children, lacking warmth, too, and a sense of social compromise--rigid in his truthfulness, a man, a thinker, where his wife is a woman, a psychologist. He lacks sensitiveness, one feels, either that or his sensitiveness is a very deep and hidden one. He loves his wife, they have a fundamental understanding, yet he is not a "help" to her in their relationships with others.
And around them are their children and their friends, the fumbling Lily Briscoe, the one-sided and arrogant yet somehow pathetic Tansley; a true product of early environment: the serene Mr. Carmichael, somehow about the clash of personalities; the unimportant couple who become engaged. They are an assortment of lives, most of them moving in different directions, yet moving, at least intermittently, under the influence of Mrs. Ramsay, who, beneath the stress of their presence, cannot quite find the chance to live her own inner life.
Then ten years pass, Mrs. Ramsay and two of her children die, the house remains uninhabited, and finally some of those who were together ten years before come to the Summer house again. It is a different house without Mr. Ramsay, and to Lily Briscoe, at least, it must always compare itself with the house of ten years before, and Mrs. Ramsay's existence in it must go on in the spirit. And Mr. Ramsay and two of his children do what ten years before remained undone because of bad weather--they row across the bay to the lighthouse. Reaching it, they achieve a climax, the end of a period.
It is the final portion of the book which is most perplexing. It seems to sound in the minor what the long first portion sounded in the major, to persist as an ironical mood, to re-establish a scene with the sorry changes time has wrought, to reduce a symbolical achievement when it is finally made to the level of negation. The long opening portion seems to be carrying you ahead toward something which will be magnificently expressive, and then this final portion becomes obscure, a matter of arcs, of fractions, of uncoordinated notes. By comparison with the rest this final portion seems pale and weak. Perhaps there is a reason for this, perhaps Mrs. Woolf meant to show that with Mrs. Ramsay's death things fall apart, get beyond correlation. Mr. Ramsay is no longer interesting--can it be because he is no longer counterpoised against his wife? Life seems drifting, as the Ramsays drift over the bay in their boat, and all their physical vigor and all their reaching of the lighthouse at last conveys no significance.
The truth is that this final portion of the book strikes a minor note, not an intentional minor note which might still in the artistic sense be major, but a meaningless minor note which conveys the feeling that one has not quite arrived somewhere, that the story which opens brilliantly and carries on through a magnificent interlude ends with too little force and expressiveness.
At any rate the rest of the book has its excellencies. Like "Mrs. Dalloway" it is underlaid with Mrs. Woolf's ironic feeling toward life, though here character is not pitted against manners, but against other character. Once again Mrs. Woolf makes use of her remarkable method of characterization, a method not based on observation or personal experience, but purely synthetic, purely creational. Clarissa Dalloway is a marvelous synthesis, and it is just for that reason that "Mrs. Dalloway," which has been identified because of its modernity with the "Ulysses" school, differs from it in character fundamentals, for it is as objective as "Ulysses" is autobiographical and observational. There is nothing "photographic" about Mrs. Woolf's characters, here or in "Mrs. Dalloway." Neither Clarissa nor Mrs. Ramsay has anything autobiographical about her; both are complete creations and both, for all their charm and graces, must suffer a little beneath the searchlight of Mrs. Woolf's independently used mind and sense of irony.
In "To the Lighthouse" there is nobody who even approaches Clarissa Dalloway in completeness and memorability, but on a smaller and perhaps more persuasive scale Mrs. Ramsay achieves powerful reality. The other characters are not fully alive because they are not whole enough. Most of them are one-dimensional fragments that have been created with great insight but insufficient vitality. They have minds, moods, emotions--but they get all three through creative intellect. For passion Mrs. Woolf has no gift--her people never invade the field of elementary emotions: they are hardly animal at all.
It is, I think, in the superb interlude called "Time Passes" that Mrs. Woolf reaches the most impressive height of the book, and there one can find a new note in her work, something beyond the ironic sophistication and civilized human values of "Mrs. Dalloway." In this description of the unused house in the Hebrides, entered for ten years only by old and forlorn women caretakers and the wind and the sea air and the light of the lighthouse lamp, she has told the story of all life passing on, of change and destruction and solitude and waste--the story which more than a little embodies the plot action of the rest of the book, but above all the story which has for man the profoundest human values of all, though for ten years the house itself never received a human guest. The great beauty of these eighteen pages of prose carries in it an emotional and ironical undertone that is superior to anything else that the first-class technician, the expert stylist, the deft student of human life in Mrs. Woolf ever has done. Here in prose of extraordinary distinction in our time: here is poetry:
But what after all is one night? A short space, especially when the darkness dims so soon, and so soon a bird sings, a cock crows, or a faint green quickens, like a turning leaf, in the hollow of the wave. Night, however, succeeds to night. The Winter holds a pack of them in store and deals them equally, evenly, with indefatigable fingers. They lengthen; they darken. Some of them hold aloft clear planets, plates of brightness. * * *
"To the Lighthouse" has not the formal perfection, the cohesiveness, the intense vividness of characterization that belong to "Mrs. Dalloway." It has particles of failure in it. It is inferior to "Mrs. Dalloway" in the degree to which its aims are achieved; it is superior in the magnitude of the aims themselves. For in its portrayal of life that is less orderly, more complex and so much doomed to frustration, it strikes a more important note, and it gives us an interlude of vision that must stand at the head of all Virginia Woolf's work.
Return to the Books Home Page | <urn:uuid:a34d5e26-2f2f-4c6e-ad11-f80011994c48> | {
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Osteoporosis affects over 10 million Americans over the age of 50. Women are 4 times more likely to get osteoporosis than men.
Another 34 million Americans over the age of 50 have low bone mass (osteopenia). This group is at a greater risk for osteoporosis.
Low estrogen is one of the main causes of bone loss in women during and after menopause. Women may lose up to 20% of their bone mass in the 5 to 7 years after menopause.The exact cause for osteoporosis is unknown. But, a number of factors contribute to the disease including:
- aging - bones become less dense and weaker with age.
- race - Caucasian and Asian women are most at risk, but all races may get the disease
- body weight - people who weigh less and have less muscle are more at risk for this condition
- lifestyle factors - these lifestyle factors may increase the risk of osteoporosis:
- lack of physical activity
- caffeine use
- excessive alcohol use
- dietary calcium and vitamin D deficiency
- certain medications
- family history of bone disease | <urn:uuid:73a74355-acc4-4824-be71-2ca6c27a0809> | {
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Scientists have long known that people perceive scents differently. But emerging evidence from several large-scale studies shows that the variation is larger than previously known. It turns out that people differ in how they perceive many if not all odors, and most of us have at least one scent we cannot detect at all. “Everybody’s olfactory world is a unique, private world,” says Andreas Keller, a geneticist at the Rockefeller University.
Over the course of evolution, partly because humans grew more reliant on vision and smell became relatively less important, the genes encoding our 400 or so olfactory receptors began to accumulate mutations. Once a gene has accumulated enough mutations, it becomes a “pseudogene,” notes geneticist Doron Lancet of Israel’s Weizmann Institute of Science, meaning it no longer encodes a functioning receptor. Different people have different combinations of pseudogenes, however. “You end up with a bar code situation, whereby each individual has a slightly different bar code,” he says.
That genetic variability seems to translate into behavioral variability. When Keller and his colleagues asked 500 people to rate a panel of 66 odors for intensity and pleasantness, they gave the full range of responses—from weak to intense and from pleasant to unpleasant. In an ongoing study at the University of Dresden, Thomas Hummel and his associates have tested 1,500 young adults on a panel of 20 odors and found specific insensitivities to all but one—citralva, which has a citrus smell. Based on these findings, Keller suspects that each person has an olfactory blind spot.
These studies have wider implications than smell, Lancet says. Because several genes contribute to the detection of most odors, understanding the genetics of olfaction and the way mutations spread in a population is yielding insights into the mechanisms of polygenic diseases such as coronary heart disease and diabetes. | <urn:uuid:5665a581-4bed-4dec-a002-fba648121708> | {
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Turns out, not much at all. Both use transmitters and receivers. Both use the public switched telephone network (PTSN). Both carry digital signals. (Note that although this article uses the widely accepted term “Wi-Fi,” it would be more accurate to describe it as Wireless Local Access Network or WLAN. Wi-Fi technically is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance and can legally be used for only those products that comply with Alliance functionality standards and certification testing.)
Some less savvy wireless users tend to think that voice and data differ between Cellular and Wi-Fi. This thinking is an analog hangover from the not-so-distant past when plain old telephone service (POTS) was essentially the only option available to most people for communicating with their neighbors and family down the street or across the country. Today of course voice and data are digitized into data streams, equally accessible on both SmartPhones and laptops/tablets/PCs.
In fact, the latest generation of SmartPhones have what is known as Fixed-Mobile Convergence (FMC), offering both Cellular and Wi-Fi capabilities. It provides seamless service (i.e., no perceptible interruption in voice/data transmission of a call in process) between Cellular and Wi-Fi. So the demarcations between voice and data as well as Cellular and Wi-Fi have been erased completely. Note that FMC covers much more than Wi-Fi to Cellular and vice versa. For example, it applies to hardwire connections like cable, T-Carriers and DSL. Now, thanks to FMC, your cell phone can serve as an extension phone from the PBX of your business. But we digress…
There are differences, certainly. Among them:
- Wi-Fi has a very limited range of between 100 and 200 feet, depending upon obstructions. Cellular can extend its signal for potentially hundreds of miles.
- An access point or “hot spot,” typically mounted in the ceiling of an open room or other elevated point, serves as Wi-Fi’s transmitter and receiver. Cellular’s transmitter and receiver is the call site or base station, commonly called a cell tower, where antennas and electronic communications equipment are mounted at the top of a radio mast.
- Wi-Fi and Cellular operate on different frequencies of the radio spectrum. Depending upon company and technology, Cellular broadcasts on frequencies ranging from either 800-900 MHz or 1900-2100 MHz; Wi-Fi airs on 2400 MHz (2.4GHz) or 5000 MHz (5 GHz). As a rule, lower frequencies cover larger areas in comparison to higher frequencies. Another rule — higher frequencies provide faster data transmission to more customers in smaller areas as opposed to lower frequencies.
Global Cellular Device Users — Cellular and Wi-Fi Share of Total Monthly Data Use January 2014 and December 2014
Data Source: archive.org
“The truth is spectrum, kiddo. It ain’t black or white. It’s more than grey.” — Toba Beta
Cellular uses a part of the radio frequency spectrum designated by a government’s regulatory frequency assignment authority. In the U.S., the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) administers government use of the airwaves; the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) does the same for commercial use. These frequencies are awarded through lotteries or auction and may be sold or conveyed by the original designee to a successor.
However, Wi-Fi operates in the so-called “unlicensed spectrum.” This portion of the spectrum is primarily 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz and is used for Wi-Fi networking because, as IEEE Spectrum’s Terry Ngo says, “these are the only available parts of the radio spectrum that have the range and bandwidth needed.”
What Wi-Fi and Cellular really have in common is a virtual traffic jam. Consider these numbers:
Over 80% of American homes and 50% of those worldwide are in urban areas overrun by people using Wi-Fi. These are the same areas where Cellular users experience the most dropped calls and the slowest connections. Add transmissions from Bluetooth-compatible devices – which operate between the frequencies 2.4 MHz and 3.5 MHz, the same as the lower Wi-Fi spectrum frequency – and it’s little wonder why so many connections suffer.
The prognosis is even grimmer. According to the information technology research company Gartner, “6.4 billion connected things will be in use worldwide in 2016, up 30 percent from 2015, and will reach 20.8 billion” – an incredible 2.8 connected devices for every person on earth – “by 2020. In 2016, 5.5 million new things will get connected every day.” As the Internet of Things (IoT) becomes more entrenched in everyday life, look for this saturation of the airwaves to intensify.
The lust for speed by mobile device users is causing gridlock throughout the airwaves. Increased speed means wider bandwidth which means fewer paths available for use within the frequency spectrum. As people have migrated to WLANs from cable-connected Ethernet LANs, more and more wireless routers have appeared, not only in homes but in public hot spots as well.
The spectrum shortage affects Cellular too. With each evolution of technical standards – from 2G to 3G to 4G – cellular territorial coverage has plummeted. The progression from 2G to 3G , for example, shrank tower coverage by 20%. 4G takes an even bigger cut. And with the proliferation of SmartPhones and their bandwidth-hogging apps, carriers are migrating traffic when possible into the already-crowded Wi-Fi spectrum.
Thus cellular airwaves are just as crowded as those at the higher end of the spectrum. The switch from hardwire to wireless can be likened to commuters changing from public transportation to driving their individual cars, causing traffic jams in their neighborhoods but traveling unimpeded once they enter a freeway. Similarly, once calls/data get past the choke point of the radio spectrum and into the copper/fiber environment of the PSTN, there’s plenty of routes and capacity available.
“Americans Will Put Up with Anything Provided It Doesn’t Block Traffic” — Dan Rather
So what solutions are available to network engineers and planners to alleviate the congestion of the radio spectrum used for Wi-Fi and Cellular communications
1. Build more infrastructure. Seems obvious but now that that SmartPhone markets are maturing (i.e., pretty much everyone who wants a SmartPhone already has one), carriers are loathe to sink more capital investment into adding to or replacing existing network hardware. One strategy to reclaim cellular coverage and increase capacity at a relatively low cost is the deployment of Distributed Antenna Systems (DAS), e.g., microcells, picocells and femtocells. One microcell can easily cover a small college or high school campus. One may consider picocells and femtocells as Cellular’s version of the Wi-Fi hot spot; they’re ideal for placement inside buildings and address the issue of signal loss through buildings. On the whole, a microcell’s range is less than 1¼ miles (2 km) wide, a picocell 650 feet (200 meters) wide and a femtocell 33 feet (10 meters) wide. One other point: in most cases, the costs of installing and maintaining DAS micro-sites will be borne by the venue or host, not the carrier. See the chart below on Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) Comparison:
Image Source: Cisco
Courtesy of Cisco Systems, Inc. Unauthorized use not permitted. Accessed 10 December 2016
2. Expand Wi-Fi coverage into existing cellular base stations. Again, a fairly obvious solution. Base stations can easily hold hundreds of Wi-Fi transceivers within a cell tower footprint along with Cellular transmitters and receivers.
3. Increase the number of Wi-Fi hot spots. Estimates are that by the end of 2014 there were almost 48 million hot spots — a Wi-Fi access point for every 150 people — across the globe. As the Internet of Things (IoT) becomes further entrenched in everyday life and machine-to-machine (M2M) communications proliferate, the number of Wi-Fi access points will have to increase exponentially. And so it will: iPass predicts that by 2018 there will be one public hot spot per every 20 people worldwide.
One other development only beginning to appear on the radar screen, so to speak, is the coming availability of 150 MHz of the 3.5 GHz band. Suitable for wireless broadband, a 100 MHz portion of this portion of the spectrum was previously reserved for military radar use. On 15 April 2015 the FCC approved use of this “Innovation Band” for commercial wireless networks. However, it will be years down the road before the rollout of this portion of the spectrum occurs. | <urn:uuid:580f7e8c-948a-4334-8e62-e6f7c1ceff5f> | {
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Cysteine is a non-essential amino acid and is one of the few that contains sulphur. Cysteine strengthens the protective lining of the stomach and intestines and plays an important role in immune function.
Like all other amino acids cysteine's most important function is to contribute to the structure of proteins. One such protein that cysteine helps to form the structure of is keratin, which is found in hair, skin and nails. It also acts as a detoxifier and plays a role in energy metabolism and fatty acid synthesis.
One capsule daily on an empty stomach
FREE OF: Gluten, Wheat, Dairy, Soya, Yeast, Preservatives, Sweeteners, Artificial Flavours or Colours. | <urn:uuid:c3abea34-8f9e-4a2f-bf31-2e859bb03556> | {
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Forest farming key to saving wild ginseng from extinction
Published: Sunday, December 9, 2012 at 4:30 a.m.
Last Modified: Friday, December 7, 2012 at 8:59 p.m.
MILLS RIVER — For generations, Appalachian residents have harvested ginseng roots as a source of extra income. Often, whole families would search the woods each fall for the distinctive three- or four-pronged plant and the lucrative roots lying beneath its yellow leaves.
Today, ginseng is so prized in the Orient for its medicinal properties that poaching and overharvesting of the plant by collectors threatens to wipe out wild Appalachian ginseng from North Carolina's forests, experts say. Dried roots now sell here for $500-$600 per pound.
“I'm very concerned that we might not have ginseng in the wild in a few years,” said Jim Corbin, a plant protection specialist with the N.C. Department of Agriculture, which regulates the sale and export of ginseng.
Corbin was part of an expert panel of botanists and regulators discussing plant conservation Friday at the International American Ginseng Exposition, a conference held this weekend at the Mountain Horticultural Crops Research and Extension Center.
Conference speakers agreed that more ginseng must be grown on private lands by forest farmers to take pressure off wild populations on federal lands, which have been hard-hit by drought, poaching and decades of intense collecting pressure.
“Getting more ginseng grown on private lands is the key to sustainability of ginseng long-term,” said Pat Ford, a botanist with the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service.
While the conference focused on numerous barriers facing ginseng cultivators, experts say high demand for wild ginseng in China and Hong Kong offers local landowners the opportunity to sustainably manage their forests while generating steady income.
“Every single year, they continue to make some kind of money off it,” said Robert Eidus, a medicinal plant dealer from Marshall who teaches courses on ginseng growing. “Where as when they cut the trees down, boom, that's it. The key here is to diversify. If somebody does cattle, soybeans and a nice woodland lot (of ginseng), you're talking about a nice $200,000 income.”
‘Sang gets rarer
Since the 18th century, Appalachian ginseng collectors have been exporting the plant's root to the Orient, where Asian ginseng has been used as restorative tonic and energy booster for 5,000 years. But in recent decades, global demand has outstripped supply and intensified pressure on wild populations.
In 1997, about 6,500 pounds of dried wild ginseng root were harvested in North Carolina; in Henderson County, just 86 pounds were recorded that year by the N.C. Department of Agriculture.
By 2007, when prices hit close to $1,000 per dry pound, the statewide harvest almost doubled, to 12,799 pounds. Locally, harvests reached 216 pounds that year. Corbin said the lure of big money turned what once was a sustainable family affair, where seeds were sown and immature plants left to ripen, into a ruthless business.
“These folks we're seeing today, they're taking everything,” Corbin said, even baby plants whose roots aren't five years old, as required by state law.
Ginseng reproduces by seed and usually doesn't produce fruit until its third growing season. So harvesting a young plant before it's able to produce seed stifles reproduction. A study of 335 likely sites along the Blue Ridge Parkway found just 47 ginseng populations, 35 percent of which had no mature plants left.
“Seventy-one percent of the populations — this just staggered me — had less than 15 plants remaining,” said conference panelist Nora Murdock, a botanist with the National Park Service. Many experts consider 30 ginseng plants the minimum number necessary to ensure the long-term survival of a population.
These ginseng patches weren't found close to the road, or even near trails, Murdock said. And harvesting ginseng is illegal on national park lands.
“When we started this, I honestly thought when we got back to these really remote sites, we're going find some big populations,” Murdock said. “And we're flat not finding them.”
A four-year study in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park of six ginseng populations found that most patches were so bereft of mature seed producers that they “are currently barely maintaining themselves and cannot tolerate any further harvest,” Murdock said.
On National Forest lands, where ginseng may be harvested in most areas between Sept. 1 and Dec. 31 by permit, botanist Gary Kauffman said the number of permits has risen steadily over the last five years, while harvestable ginseng has become more rare.
“So I'm kind of wondering where people are getting all the plants,” he said.
‘Wild-simulated' to the rescue?
Experts at the conference said “wild-simulated” ginseng — plants sown, lightly cultivated and sustainably harvested on long rotations in private woods — could help take pressure off wild populations.
Roots grown under such conditions typically are nearly indistinguishable from those of fully wild ginseng, and command high prices, but the practice has its challenges. Poaching of wild-simulated “crops” is widespread, growers at the conference said, and it requires ample patience and land.
“You really need this huge amount of forest because you're doing 400 roots, 10 years old to make an average pound,” said Eidus. “And they have to be spread about three feet apart, so you need a lot of land to do it.”
The first harvest can't occur until the seventh year, Eidus said, but when combined with other commercially valuable medicinal plants such as goldenseal, Echinacea, bloodroot and black cohosh, a forest farmer can make good money from his or her land without having to log or subdivide it.
Not all forests are suitable for growing ginseng, Eidus said. The best sites are shaded, north-facing cove forests dominated by tulip poplar, beech, and maple, not woods filled with rhododendron and mountain laurel.
Chinese consumers also need to be educated more about the value of cultivated ginseng, said Dr. Jeanine Davis, a horticulturist at the research center. Years ago, buyers were wary of cultivated goldenseal, another medicinal herb, but research proved it was just as potent and more consistent a product than wild-grown.
“We need to work with consumers to have them understand that wild-simulated is better for the environment, it's better for the conservation of the plant and I would like to see the research that shows wild-simulated ginseng is a more consistent product,” she said.
Reach Axtell at 828-694-7860 or [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:875962cd-73ad-4c87-8161-14a21ceec5aa> | {
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Dr. Charles "Pat" Davis, MD, PhD, is a board certified Emergency Medicine doctor who currently practices as a consultant and staff member for hospitals. He has a PhD in Microbiology (UT at Austin), and the MD (Univ. Texas Medical Branch, Galveston). He is a Clinical Professor (retired) in the Division of Emergency Medicine, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio, and has been the Chief of Emergency Medicine at UT Medical Branch and at UTHSCSA with over 250 publications.
John P. Cunha, DO, is a U.S. board-certified Emergency Medicine Physician. Dr. Cunha's educational background includes a BS in Biology from Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, and a DO from the Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences in Kansas City, MO. He completed residency training in Emergency Medicine at Newark Beth Israel Medical Center in Newark, New Jersey.
Gastroenteritis (often referred to as the "stomach flu," however, it is not related to the influenza virus) is a nonspecific term for various problems in the gastrointestinal tract with the most common symptoms and signs of diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pains.
As previously mentioned, although it is not caused by influenza viruses, it is commonly referred to as the "stomach flu" because most people have acute symptoms that last a day or so, and then begin to resolve, like the more benign flu strains. In the U.S., less
than 2% of the estimated 100 million persons with symptoms per year ever require hospitalization, but in developing countries it is a leading cause of death, mainly due to dehydration. Severe gastroenteritis can cause dehydration. Also, people with symptoms of diarrhea, bloody diarrhea, fever greater than 101
F (38.33 C) for longer than 5 days, or have severe infection (sepsis), and other problems will be considered to have another disease (for example, shigellosis).
Not all doctors agree on the nonspecific term of gastroenteritis so for this article, the parameters are presented.
What causes gastroenteritis?
Infectious agents such as bacteria and viruses are the most frequent causes of gastroenteritis in the US and worldwide. Infections cause diarrhea and other symptoms by causing inflammation of the gastrointestinal (GI) tissue. The infections increase the fluid content in the intestines and colon by changing the gastrointestinal tract's ability to absorb water and by increasing the speed of transit (motility) for things you ingest. This, in turn, causes diarrhea. Infectious agents may physically damage intestinal cells directly or indirectly with secreted toxins.
Gastroenteritis - CauseQuestion: Do you know what virus, bacteria, or parasite caused your case of gastroenteritis (cruise ship, traveling by plane, traveling to another country, from a family member or friend?)
The BRAT diet is one type of bland diet that doctors sometimes recommended
for people who are recovering from a gastrointestinal infection such as gastroenteritis or other
causes of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or stomach upset. It also helps some women
who are suffering from morning sickness during pregnancy. BRAT is an
acronym that stands for:
The BRAT diet is based upon the fact that these foods are easy to digest and
are well tolerated by most people. The BRAT diet is not a weight loss regimen
and is not intended to be used over the long term. It is low in protein, fat,
and fiber so it is not ideal from a nutritional standpoint for long term use.
The low-fiber nature of the diet can help make loose stools firmer, and the
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One environmental fact which has a positive effect on human health is that the Earth’s surface contains a very large supply of free electrons (potentially a beneficial factor). However, modern lifestyles have separated us from those electrons – from the synthetic shoe soles we wear to the height at which we live above the ground. Throughout most of history, humans walked barefoot or with footwear made of natural products while sleeping on the ground. Primitive people had access to the ground’s electrons, and balance was maintained naturally in the electrical charges of the body.
Earthing (grounding) is the study and practice of how reconnecting with the Earth’s surface can be beneficial to health, disease prevention and treatment. Except in ultra-dry areas, such as deserts, a negative electron potential is maintained by the Earth’s electrical circuit and this negative charge has been found to be beneficial in many human health conditions. It is already known that electrons from antioxidants can neutralize electropositive free radicals, which, in turn, alter immunity and cause inflammation. Electrons from the surface of the Earth most likely act in the same way with free radicals.
Since the 1960’s most have worn artificially-soled shoes instead of leather and had no longer slept on the ground. Chronic diseases and inflammatory conditions have increased dramatically during recent decades, and this disconnect with the Earth’s surface may contribute to the cause. As early as the 1920s people started to report trouble sleeping unless they were on the ground with copper wires attached to grounded pipes. In the late 1900’s benefits started to be reported with the use of pads and mats connected to the Earth outside.
Ober*, a cable television executive, found that the human body resembled a television cable. When television cables were grounded, interference in the signal (“snow” on television) was eliminated. “All electrical systems are stabilized by grounding them to the Earth.” Sokal and Sokal, father and son from Poland, found that grounding the human body “appears to offer a significant modulating effect on chronic illnesses encountered daily in their clinical practices”. Walking barefoot on the Earth or connecting with the Earth’s electrons transfers energy from the ground into the body. As a result Earthing reduces pain, improves sleep, has a blood-thinning effect, and shifts from the sympathetic to the parasympathetic side of the autonomic nervous system.
Grounding eliminates the charge induced on the human body from common electrical sources and alters human brain waves. Grounded subjects report improvement in pain, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, PMS, sleep apnea, hypertension and autoimmune diseases. Studies have shown improvements in the daily fluctuation of stress-related cortisol production by patients. Normalization in many of these people improved sleep patterns and daytime energy. Athletes have less post-workout muscle soreness with grounding, and Earthing for only one night has been shown to improve the markers for osteoporosis, such as calcium and phosphorus in the blood and urine. Earthing improves blood sugars in diabetes and may be a natural solution for blood with high viscosity, allowing more oxygen to reach the tissues.
CONCLUSION: Grounding of the human body allows electrons from the Earth’s surface to enter the body and counteract inflammation, improving a number of symptoms and disease processes.
NOTE: A new book named “Earthing: The Most Important Health Discovery Ever?” was published, by *Ober C, Sinatra ST, and Zucker M.
To read the author’s abstract of the article, click on the title of the article. Then, to read the full article, click on the full text icon. | <urn:uuid:d3e25567-5b15-4f9b-906b-c1230d9bb6c3> | {
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Small Poppies is a programme for gifted early-years children and their parents or caregivers. Children and their parents come together with a specialist teacher for 2½ hours each week to engage in challenging and stimulating learning experiences and explorations that are based on the children’s interests and abilities. Class sizes are capped at twelve children for young gifted preschool children. If you are interested in enrolling your child in Small Poppies, you are asked to complete an identification questionnaire and enrolment form. You will then be invited to a “Poppy Peek”. This is a 2-hour, hands on session, based on the Small Poppies programme. More information here.
Special education reports from Education Counts
Is my child gifted? [USA] Common characteristics of gifted individuals – An article from an American national gifted children support organisation website. Read here | <urn:uuid:59c36d2d-a9a5-41a2-a7a9-cb9a5ddb502c> | {
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The Parliament Building of Quebec: A Place of Memory
par Godin, Richard
Erected between 1875 and 1886, the Quebec Parliament Building stands as one of the finest examples of Quebec’s architectural heritage. Its craftsmanship and style evoke the past, present and future of a nation committed to democracy. And its imposing freestone façade, distinctive silhouette and interior design all bring to mind—as its architect Eugène-Étienne Taché intended—the French origins of this North American nation. The building’s east-facing façade, just a stone’s throw from the fortifications of the Old City, is adorned with a series of sculptures that hearken back to significant events and figures in the founding of Canada and Quebec. Carved above the main entrance is Quebec’s motto, “Je me souviens.” A reference to Quebec’s evolution since 1534, the motto actualizes political history and reminds observers that to this day the parliament is the seat of the people’s assembly and their elected government.
“Je me souviens”
Eugène-Étienne Taché (1886)
The Incarnation of a Democratic Heritage
The Quebec Parliament Building, the heart of Quebec political life since 1884 (the year of its inauguration) and the seat of its legislative assembly and government, was designated a historic site in 1985 (NOTE 1) under Quebec’s Cultural Property Act. With a history dating back over a hundred years, the building aptly symbolizes the longevity of Quebec democracy and constitutes in itself a monument destined to nourish the collective memory of Quebecois. The overarching vision of its architect Eugène-Étienne Taché (NOTE 2) (1836–1912) endures to this day.
As a seat of democracy and political power, the Parliament Building boasts a rich political history, and as such, holds great value for Quebecois. But how should it be viewed from a heritage perspective? As part of the built heritage? As a cultural monument? Or perhaps both. One thing is certain: Eugène-Étienne Taché accomplished a remarkable feat with an architectural project embodying the values and history of an entire people.
From One Parliament to Another
The history of parliamentary life in Quebec is marked by a series of episodes revolving around the site of the legislative assembly and the government. From 1792 to 1838, the members of the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada sat in the former chapel at the Bishop’s Palace (NOTE 3) on Côte de la Montagne. After London adopted the Act of Union in 1840, (NOTE 4) Quebec City lost its status as capital to Kingston. Four years later the Parliament was moved to Montréal. But in 1849 a fire forced the institution to move again, this time to Toronto which, as of 1850, alternated with Quebec City until a fire destroyed the Parliament Building there in 1854.
Quebec City regained its status as capital in 1856, and in 1860, the newly built (NOTE 5) Parliament Building (NOTE 6) opened its doors to parliamentarians. In 1864 it played host to the Quebec Conference, which led to the passing of the British North America Act and the creation of the Canadian Confederation in 1867. Ottawa became Canada’s permanent capital in 1865, in keeping with the wishes of Queen Victoria. (NOTE 7) With Confederation, Quebec City became the provincial capital; the Parliament Building on Côte de la Montagne served as the seat of government until it was destroyed by fire in 1883. (NOTE 8)
The whole period leading up to and surrounding Confederation was marked by political uncertainty. Fortunately, construction work on the new Parliament Building, which had been underway since 1877, was far enough along to allow parliamentarians to move into their new premises before the inauguration date, initially slated for 1884.
Architecture and the Memory of a Nation
Around 1875 Quebec City underwent a series of beautification projects sponsored by Lord Dufferin, (NOTE 9) Canada’s third governor general. Taking its cue from Dufferin, the province’s Conservative government led by Premier Charles Boucher de Boucherville decided to build the capital’s first major “edifice”—the Parliament Building. Instead of turning to more well-known architects like François-Xavier Berlinguet or Charles Baillairgé, the premier opted to hire Eugène-Étienne Taché to draw up the plans. The plans Taché presented were a clear reflection of the desire to achieve political stability and establish a lasting democracy.
From the very outset in 1875, the plans called for a number of architectural elements to reflect the motto that would be carved above the building’s main entrance —“Je me souviens”—and would eventually become Quebec’s official motto in 1939. Eugène-Étienne Taché was keenly aware of the importance attached to the project, and instead of adopting the emerging style of American modernism, he opted for the classical, neo-Renaissance (Second Empire) architecture in vogue in France at the time. He was also inspired by the Parliament Building in Ottawa, built between 1859 and 1866. Quebec’s Parliament Building was inaugurated on June 17, 1884, with the laying of the portico cornerstone. (NOTE 10)
Taché’s architectural choices stemmed from his firm desire to anchor Quebec’s political history in the public eye and memory once and for all. His primary objective was to underscore Canada’s French origins by integrating as many historical elements as possible into the building’s façade. The architect used these elements—a fountain, statues, bas reliefs, paintings, woodwork and other details—to link these origins to the rest of the history of the country’s founding and thereby imbue Québec’s motto with all its meaning. Essentially, the Parliament Building tells the tale of Quebec’s history.
Nothing was left to chance. A space was even set aside to commemorate future historic events. Taché’s design featured a square structure with four wings, each approximately 100 meters in length, around a closed central courtyard. His plan to integrate significant aspects of the history of New France and Canada was brought to life through a substantial “iconographic program” featuring 24 elements of Quebec and Canadian history. As historian Réal Bélanger points out, “This program was adapted a number of times during its development over nearly a century (1889–1969), but remained remarkably consistent over the years. The elements later added to the initial program were a way to depict history through the role politics has played in the lives of Quebecois.” (NOTE 11) The most recent statues to be added to the façade were those of Marie de l'Incarnation, Marguerite Bourgeoys and Paul de Chomedey de Maisonneuve, in 1969. (NOTE 12)
Like an open book, the new Parliament Building engages observant visitors in a dialogue, offering an interpretation of highlights from the history of a fledgling nation through its presentation of some of the adventurers who came to the continent from Europe, and the First Nations peoples who had occupied the land for millennia before them. Often considered a pantheon, the façade of the Parliament Building features a niche for each of 26 bronze sculptural works dedicated to a specific aspect of history, including two representing aboriginal peoples, 18 from the French regime, (NOTE 13) 4 from the British regime (NOTE 14) and 2 depicting values dear to the nation.(NOTE 15)
At the base of the façade on the edge of a fountain stands an aboriginal man—Fisherman with Spear (NOTE 16) (1891)—preparing to harpoon a fish. Immediately above him, four members of an Abenaki family gather in the forest during hunting season (A Halt in the Forest, 1889). (NOTE 17) Gazing out from their niches in the stone wall are prominent political figures, nuns, military men and adventurers who marked the history of the founding of Canada and Quebec. The central part of the façade features 13 historic personalities and two pairs of allegorical figures spread over five storeys. The left and right flanks of the façade each feature four bronze likenesses placed at ground level.
Two other features complete the ensemble. Just above the motto and topped by the British crown is Quebec’s coat of arms: three fleur-de-lys evoking the French origins of Quebec, the crowned lion recalling its ties to Great Britain, and a branch with three maple leaves symbolizing Upper and Lower Canada. The second feature consists of the bas relief carvings above the niches between the first and second floor windows that depict the coats of arms of the first governors and the names of several historic figures from the days of New France.
The building’s architectural elements are the work of thirteen accomplished and internationally recognized sculptors. The three main artists were Louis-Philippe Hébert, who created ten of the sculptures, Alfred Laliberté, who sculpted six, and Émile Brunet, four. Other notable contributors were sculptors Marc-Aurèle Suzor-Côté de Foy and Elzéar Soucy.
The Parliament Building has also marked time’s passage in a more conventional manner. Since 1888, a monumental clock designed by master clockmaker, jeweller and inventor Cyrille Duquet has been keeping time on three clock faces on the south, east and north sides of the central tower, atop which flies the “fleurdelisé,” Quebec’s official flag since 1948.
A Focal Point of Parliamentarism and Collective Identity
While he was drawing up the plans and layout for the building, architect Eugène-Étienne Taché never lost sight of its main function—to house the legislative assembly and seat of government. His vision is clearly reflected in the interior divisions of the Parliament Building, where the architect used art throughout to convey Quebec’s democratic history and collective memory. (NOTE 18)
The many pictorial works, paintings, frescoes, stained glass panels and sculptures also contribute to the building’s overall eloquence. But the Parliament Building is above all a physical space infused with the decorum one expects of the seat of political power. Like the exterior façade, the interior of the building features decorative elements and symbols that call to mind Quebec’s intangible heritage and national identity, namely religion, language and history.
The Parliament Building houses the National Assembly Chamber, long known as the Green Room, and the Legislative Council Chamber or Red Room,(NOTE 19) the ancestor of the senate. With the introduction of televised debates at the National Assembly in 1978,(NOTE 20) the walls of the Green Room were repainted blue,(NOTE 21) hence its current nickname, the “Blue Room.” Not surprisingly, Taché designed both chambers with the traditional British parliament’s face-to-face seating pattern as opposed to the semicircular layout of many European countries.
The near-perfect symmetry of the two chambers is quite remarkable. Separated by a monumental central staircase in the front of the building, their layout—a two-storey rectangular plan—is virtually identical. Both feature an overhanging gallery supported by a colonnade where visitors can watch the parliamentary proceedings and debates. In addition, each chamber boasts a clock designed by Cyrille Duquet. The only difference between the two is the press gallery balcony built into the monumental main entrance of the Blue Room, from which journalists have reported on parliamentary sessions since 1909.(NOTE 22)
At one end of both the chambers sits a throne crowned with a wood-sculpted coat of arms that recalls Quebec’s close ties to the British monarchy.
In the Blue Room, the president of the National Assembly is seated on the throne. To his right is the fleurdelisé flag, and above his head, a crucifix—symbol of the Catholic religion. The presence of the cross in the chamber was called into question during the 2007 and 2008 Consultation Commission on Accommodation Practices Related to Cultural Differences. The Commission’s final report stated that “In the name of both the separation of the State and the churches and State neutrality, we believe that the crucifix should be removed from the wall of the National Assembly, which is the very embodiment of the constitutional state.”(NOTE 23)
In response, the members of the National Assembly unanimously adopted the following motion: “That the National Assembly reiterate its desire to promote the language, history, culture and values of the Québec nation, foster the integration of each person into our nation in a spirit of openness and reciprocity, and express its attachment to our religious and historic heritage represented particularly by the crucifix in our Blue Room and our coat of arms adorning our institutions.”(NOTE 24)
With the abolition of the Legislative Council in 1968, the throne was removed. Today the Red Room is used for parliamentary committee sessions and official events of a symbolic nature. For example, under the Act respecting the Ordre national du Québec, every year the government recognizes the civic engagement of people from Quebec and elsewhere by holding a ceremony to award recipients the title of Grand Officier, Officier or Chevalier de l'Ordre du Québec.
Another key decorative piece is the painting entitled The Language Debate by Charles Huot (1885–1930), which speaks to this significant aspect of Quebec’s identity. The massive painting has been hanging above the throne at the National Assembly since 1913. It depicts the acrimonious debate on January 21, 1793 at the House of Assembly of Lower Canada (then housed at the Bishop’s Palace in Quebec City) over which language should be used in the chamber. French was eventually voted as the language of choice. This historic canvas was commissioned around 1910 along with another painting entitled The Sovereign Council that emphasizes the French origins of Canada and Quebec and today hangs in the same location in the Red Room.
In addition to these main decorative elements, a host of other remarkable treasures can be found at the Parliament Building, two of which—the mace and the clerks’ table—play an important role in the rituals of the National Assembly. At each parliamentary sitting, the president of the Assembly enters the chamber followed by the sergeant-at-arms bearing the mace, a large, ornate staff that symbolizes both the power to make laws, as granted by the British monarchy, and the legitimate power of the Assembly to protect its constitutional rights “against external threats.”
Upon entering the chamber, the sergeant-at-arms places the mace on the clerks’ table, the crowned end turned towards the government, to the president’s right. In order for legislation passed during parliamentary proceedings to be valid, the mace must stay on the table for as long as the president remains in his chair. This British tradition is still in place at the parliaments in London, Ottawa and Toronto, to name a few.
Lastly, the clerks’ table sits in the centre of the National Assembly Chamber, in front of the president. Since 1886,(NOTE 25) the National Assembly’s secretary general and table officers have used it to handle the official documents tabled during parliamentary proceedings.
The Parliament Building has gracefully withstood the passage of time, undergoing relatively few modifications aside from the addition of three adjacent buildings,(NOTE 26) various modernization projects and embellishments to the grounds. Two dramatic events also left their mark in the annals of the Parliament Building. The first was a dynamite attack on the façade in 1884 and the second was the shooting rampage in 1984 by army corporal Denis Lortie, a tragedy that left three administrative staff members dead and 13 others injured. Since 1984, various security measures have been put in place but democratic access to this place of collective memory has been maintained.
Richard Godin, Ph.D.
2. Eugène-Étienne Taché was born into a well-to-do French Canadian family on October 25, 1836, in Montmagny. He was the son of Sir Étienne-Paschal Taché, who became premier of the province of Canada and one of the Fathers of Confederation. A civil engineer, public servant and surveyor, Taché was also a self-taught architect. He was the assistant commissioner (deputy minister) of Crown lands for Quebec, a position he occupied until his death on March 13, 1912. Lucie K. Morriset and Luc Noppen, (2000), Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online, “Taché, Eugène-Étienne”. [Online] http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=7730&interval=25&&PHPSESSID=5coe1df4sd474nqns5nkcmjkn2&PHPSESSID=5coe1df4sd474nqns5nkcmjkn2
3. First leased from the Church, the building was purchased by the government in 1831. Major work was undertaken at the site through 1833: the addition of a new wing on the Bishop’s Palace, demolition of the chapel and construction of the central parliament building. Between 1852 and 1853 the rest of the palace was torn down to make space for a new wing.
8. According to newspaper reports, the Parliament Building was “gravely” damaged by fire, which was started accidentally. The fire apparently broke out in the Legislative Council Chamber and spread rapidly to the rest of the building. L’Événement, (1883) “Conflagration: La bâtisse parlementaire réduite en cendres,” April 20, p. 4.
9. The work, which was carried out between 1874 and 1880, involved renovating Quebec’s military installations, preserving its walls, erecting the Saint-Louis and Kent gates and building the Dufferin Terrace.
11. Bélanger, Réal, (2001) “L’hôtel du Parlement, symbole de l'État du Québec en devenir (1867-1982),” in Serge Courville and Robert Garon, Atlas historique du Québec. Québec, ville et capitale, Sainte-Foy, PUL, p. 395.
13. The figures represented are Pierre Boucher de Boucherville, Jean Talon, Pierre Le Moyne D'Iberville, Louis Joliet, Jacques Marquette, Pierre Gaultier de Varennes et Sieur de La Verendrye, Charles-Michel de Salaberry, François-Gaston de Lévis, Father Jean-Jacques Olier, Paul de Chomedey de Maisonneuve, Louis-Joseph de Montcalm, Father Nicolas Viel, Father Jean de Brébeuf, Louis de Buade (comte de Frontenac), Monseigneur de Laval, Samuel de Champlain, Marie de l’Incarnation and Marguerite Bourgeois.
14. The figures represented are Guy Carleton, Baron of Dorchester (governor); Robert Baldwin (premier), James Bruce Lord Elgin (governor), General James Wolfe (victor at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham, in 1759).
19. The colour red was traditionally associated with the English aristocracy, while green was most likely considered the colour of the people. National Assembly of Québec, (2010) The ABC of the National Assembly, Traditions and Symbols. [Online]. http://www.assnat.qc.ca/en/abc-assemblee/organisation-travaux-assemblee/symboles.html
22. Not to be confused with the National Assembly press gallery, a not-for-profit corporation founded in 1958 by parliamentary journalists and headquartered in the André Laurendeau building. “This gallery, which journalists refer to fondly as ‘the perch,’ sits approximately four metres above the floor at the back of the Green Room. While the overhanging balcony looking down over either side of the main doors provides excellent views, it is rather far removed from the proceedings.” Saint-Pierre, Jocelyn. (1984) “La presse et l'information politique au Québec 1892-1920,” in Bibliothèque de l'Assemblée nationale Bulletin, Vol. 14, No. 3, p. 60.
23. Bouchard, Gérard and Charles Taylor (2008), Building the Future. A Time for Reconciliation. Consultation Commission on Accommodation Practices Related to Cultural Differences, Final Report, p. 179.
24. National Assembly of Québec. (2008) Parliamentary proceedings. 38th legislature, first session (May 8, 2007 to November 5, 2008). Votes and Proceedings of the Assembly. Thursday, May 22, 2008. Vol. 40, No. 87. Motions without notice. “Reiterate the National Assembly’s desire to promote the language, history, culture and values of the Quebec nation, foster the integration of each person into our nation in a spirit of openness and reciprocity, and express its attachment to our religious and historic heritage”
Additional DocumentsSome documents require an additional plugin to be consulted
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sur la façade | <urn:uuid:8d361021-19ea-454d-8921-fd6ec714a0ac> | {
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Andrew Leakey: Harnessing the Power of Photosynthesis
Microarray Experiments Reveal How Plants Adapt to Climate Changes
When school children learn multiplication tables and grammar - before they move on to calculus and physics - they also learn about photosynthesis. In Andrew Leakey's case, the concept of photosynthesis grabbed him by the throat and didn't let go.
"It's fascinating how plants take light and make food, in the form of sugar, and that photosynthesis is the primary producer of all energy in the biosphere," says Leakey, assistant professor of plant biology. "It's interesting both in the small scale details of photosynthesis but also how it scales up to food production and global ecology."
Broadly speaking, Leakey, a member of the Genomic Ecology of Global Change theme at IGB, is interested in understanding how processes like photosynthesis and respiration respond to climatic changes such as elevated CO2 and drought. In addition, he'd like to elucidate the gene expression that underlies the modifications in plant metabolism in response to environmental changes.
By coming to the University of Illinois in 2002, first as a Fulbright Scholar and later as IGB's first Fellow, Leakey was able to begin using genomics in his research. For example, with the help of his IGB colleagues, Leakey began to conduct microarray experiments on field-grown plants. In plant genetics microarrays were typically used in more controlled settings, such as greenhouses, and used more acute climatic conditions, such as severe drought or temperatures over a shorter time span. Little effort had been made to see if such experiments could be done outside over several growing seasons.
Leakey found that microarray experiments did indeed work in the field. For example, while it had been established that elevated CO2 resulted in greater photosynthesis and plant growth, how the sugars from carbon were used and whether efficiency of the process could be improved was unknown.
"We found that an increase in respiratory metabolism to use the products of photosynthesis was linked to an increase in gene expression for all enzymes of respiration, the mitochondrial machinery," he says. "You need gene expression to build the machine for metabolism. We didn't have that information before."
Understanding the regulation of that machine "would be a big leap forward to making plants that perform better," he says, adding that he thinks the answers could come within five years.
Leakey is also using microarray techniques to understand crop responses to drought. It is a challenge to create drought conditions in the field, but his team was able to intercept about 79 percent of the rainfall on test plots by using canvas covers on motors that blocked the rain at night, when the majority of it falls.
"The surprise was that the yield was not reduced as much as we had expected," he says of the drought experiments.
Leakey's group found that roots grew deeper than expected, but that growth at elevated CO2 somehow impaired this response. This preliminary finding challenged the previously widely held expectation that elevated CO2 enables plants to tolerate drought conditions.
Currently some of Leakey's students are looking at the role of the plant hormone ABA in these responses to drought. As the soil dries, the roots produce ABA, which acts as an early warning. It is carried from roots to shoots where it is sensed by the pores in the leaf surface. These pores then close, conserving water.
"By extracting sap and measuring the level of ABA, it gives us a measure of when a plant is signaling," says Leakey. "To really understand how and when the signal occurs will help us understand how carbon dioxide and drought control plant forms. Now we can put our finger on what is changing, which helps us really see what is causing the stomatal changes."
Leakey, who earned both his undergraduate and doctoral degrees in animal and plant sciences at the University of Sheffield (UK), was drawn to the U.S. and to Illinois because of SoyFACE (Free-Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment), a technology enabling researchers to study the effect of long-term atmospheric changes on crops, like soybeans or corn. Researchers inject CO2 and other gases into the atmosphere of the field crops using fumigation pipes arranged in circles 20 meters in diameter. Computerized wind sensors control the release of CO2, keeping the plot at about 550 parts/million, the projected CO2 level for 2050. SoyFACE researchers are looking at how elevated CO2 affects the productivity and ecology of Midwestern agro-ecosystems, specifically crops, over the long term in open field conditions. SoyFACE is part of a network of FACE labs that extends worldwide, including Australia, Japan, China, Italy, and Sweden.
"If you want to do integrated science you need a big group of specialists at various different scales so you can learn the techniques and ask lots of questions," he says, describing the appeal of the U of I."
"These genomic techniques help us dissect all the factors and variables in a given project," he says. "The resulting information makes for increased complexity, but that's the intrigue of biology!" | <urn:uuid:5bb26674-c478-4a9f-86d5-75cd7f6dc096> | {
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REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
REM Sleep Disorder Overview
Normal sleep has2 distinct states: non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. NREM sleep is further subdivided into3 stages. During REM sleep,rapid eye movements occur,breathing becomes more irregular, blood pressure rises, and there is loss of muscle tone (relative paralysis).However, the brain is highly active, and the electrical activity recorded in the brain by EEG during REM sleep is similar to that recorded during wakefulness.REM sleep is usually associated with dreaming.REM sleep accounts for 20-25% of the sleep period in most adults.
In a person with REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), the paralysis that normally occurs during REM sleep is incomplete or absent, allowing the person to "act out" his or her dreams. RBD is classified under the general category of parasomnias. RBD is characterized by the acting out ofdreams that are vivid, intense,and sometimes violent. Dream-enacting behaviors include talking, yelling, punching, kicking, sitting, jumping from bed, arm flailing, and grabbing. An acute form may occur during withdrawal from alcohol or sedative-hypnotic drugs.
RBD is usually seen in middle-aged to elderlypeople (more often in men).
Medically Reviewed by a Doctor on 6/24/2014
ABM Salah Uddin, MD
Erasmo A Passaro, MD
Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD
Stephen Berman, MD, PhD
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The Ecuadorian Poison Frog (Ameerega bilinguis) is a species of frog in the Dendrobatidae family found in Colombia, Ecuador, and possibly Peru.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, rivers, intermittent rivers, freshwater marshes, and intermittent freshwater marshes. It is threatened by habitat loss.
The flashy and brilliant colors of this species constitutes a warning for its potential predators that its skin produces poison, a feature that makes it an undesirable food source.
It is very common to hear the male singing from slightly elevated areas in search of a female. After the eggs hatch, the adults transport the tadpoles on their backs to ponds, where the tadpoles complete their development.
Aren’t its colors amazing? | <urn:uuid:7be2d502-3611-4ea9-9abd-ae7626f453fc> | {
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A scratchy throat is a common way to describe an inflamed, itchy or irritated throat. Most of us experience throat symptoms like these many times in life. Sometimes it progresses into a full blown sore throat while at other times a scratchy throat remains as just a mild irritation and nothing else. It can last for a few days or persist for longer yet it does not develop further into an intense sore throat as we know it. Eventually it passes on its own. Whatever the case, a scratchy throat can be annoying and affect your ability to talk, eat and sleep peacefully.
It is important to pay attention to a scratchy throat that develops suddenly. It can be the early symptom of a throat problem or upper respiratory tract conditions. Early medical attention can help to prevent it progressing into intense pharyngitis and to minimize the severity of the causative condition like the common cold. But many of us opt not to seek medical assistance for a scratchy throat as it seems like such a minor ailment. Often it can be managed at home with a few simple remedies but if it is worsening and other symptoms are arising then you need to see a doctor.
Causes of a Scratchy Throat
Here are some of the possible causes of a scratchy throat:
- Common cold or flu (influenza)
- Bacterial or viral tonsillitis/pharyngitis (tonsillopharyngitis) or laryngitis
- Gastroesophageal reflux disease (acid reflux)
- Excessive talking or shouting
- Mouth breathing for long periods
- Postnasal drip
- Smoke inhalation including cigarette smoking
The treatment of a scratchy throat largely depends on the causes. It may involve using medication like antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs and antihistamines.
Rest your voice and throat
Rest is one of ways to ease the stress on your throat. Sleeping is one of the better choices. Not only will you be getting sufficient rest to allow your body to recover but sleeping also ensures that you do not speak or eat for that period of time. Both talking and eating can irritate your throat further. Even when awake, try to keep talking to the minimum and only eat soft foods in small bites. With most common acute infections, just 1 or 2 days of bed rest with minimal talking can be very helpful in preventing the scratchy throat from worsening.
Drink plenty of fluids
Water can be useful in soothing a scratchy throat although it only offers short term relief. Not only does it moisten the throat but if you drink ice water, the cold can actually reduce the inflammation to some extent. However, you may find that ice water may only aggravate the scratchiness a short while after the irritation subsides. It may not always be convenient to drink large amounts of water since it may mean more frequent bathroom trips. Small sips of water regularly can do the trick.
Moisten the air
Dryness is the main issue in a scratchy throat, be it actual dryness or just perceived as such. Water can be helpful as well as other beverages. However, if you are in a dry environment, your throat will quickly dry up. A humidifier may be able to counteract the dryness of the air. It produces water vapor to increase the air moisture which can minimize the drying of the throat and respiratory passages. It is only effective in closed rooms and may be a better option for the bedroom when you are sleeping.
Gargle with saltwater
A warm saltwater gargle can help greatly with a scratchy throat that has just started up. It is particularly useful for throat infections. Saltwater gargles have slight antibacterial action but more importantly it can flush out bacteria that may be thriving in the throat. These gargles can also loosen mucus in the throat. Add 1 teaspoon of salt to a glass of lukewarm water and stir it thoroughly. Try to gargle with saltwater at least 3 times a day. But if the scratchiness is worsening then the saltwater gargle will not do the trick. Rather see a doctor as soon as possible.
Avoid inhaled irritants
If you are cigarette smoker then now is the time to quit. A scratchy throat can be related to your cigarette smoking and may be the start of a chronic problem. Alternately your cigarette smoke will aggravate the scratching further. Even if you live with a smoker, you can still have similar problems despite not smoking yourself. However, cigarette smoke is not the only inhaled irritant. Other types of smoke, airborne dust, air pollution and allergens can all irritate the throat. Try to avoid these irritants and allergens as far as possible.
Sip on warm beverages
A warm drink like cocoa or tea can be quite soothing as well. It should not be too hot or it can intensify the inflammation and injure the already irritated throat. Warm chicken soup or broth may also help but it is not necessarily the ingredients of the soup that makes the difference. Rather the warm fluid consistency of soup may be soothing. Remember that it is important to ensure good nutrition when you are feeling unwell and a warm soup can do the trick when your throat is scratchy and irritated by regular solid foods.
Suck on lozenges
Lozenges can be medicated or non-medicated. Both are helpful for a scratchy throat with medicated lozenges being better for infections or pain. Non-medicated lozenges do not have any known therapeutic benefit although most people find it helpful. Its effect is largely to increase saliva production which then soothes the throat. But medicated lozenges can contain contain antibiotics and even mild anesthetics that have pharmacological benefits. Lozenges are a short term solution until you can get proper medical care. It is not suitable for toddlers. | <urn:uuid:19cdfb88-257a-40f1-bc3c-20f1d6104006> | {
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Author: Wadah Khanfar
Both Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan and his Russian counterpart Vladimir Putin are good readers of history. Each of them has his own solid historic convictions. This was evident in the speeches and election campaigns of both presidents. However, we should be cautious about seeing history as the main driver of relations between states, especially when we talk about states with established interests and stable geography. Relations between Turkey and Russia are subject to the demands of geography rather than a common bitter history.
It is common in politics to invoke history. In his 2012 election campaign, the Russian president talked about New Russia, a term used by Peter the Great, the most famous tsar in Russian history to describe the lands he annexed by force to his state at the beginning of the 18th Century, turning Russia into an empire and giving himself the title of Emperor Peter the Great.
On the Turkish side, the historical dimension was noticeable in the Turkish president's election campaign and successive speeches that re-established the link between the modern Turkish state and its Seljuk and Ottoman past.
The appeal to history in both cases is however motivated by domestic considerations. Both countries are living through a state of transition along their political and social path.
Putin is seeking to establish what he calls New Russia while the Turkish Justice and Development Party is endeavouring to build what it calls New Turkey. Yet, there is one essential difference between the two.
Putin's Russia, in fact, is not new at all. It is the same Russia that yearns to return to the past. The dreams of Moscow that sits on the throne of the Soviet Union continue to tempt the former KGB agent who has said repeatedly that the collapse of the Soviet Union was the biggest political disaster of the 20th Century. Putin has not forgotten the enormity of the insult dealt to Russia in the aftermath of the collapse of the Soviet Union particularly during the reign of his predecessor, Boris Yeltsin: economic collapse, lawlessness, minority rebellions and loss of prestige.
That was evident during the 2008 Russian military invasion in Georgia. It was even more evident when Putin annexed Crimea and intervened in Eastern Ukraine using as a pretext a law that obliges the Kremlin to protect Russian minorities wherever they happen to be. This, by the way, was exactly what Peter the Great did when he occupied the Ukraine and subjected it to the hegemony of the Russian state and gave himself the title of Emperor of all Russians.
New Turkey, on the other hand, does not aspire to rebuild the past glories of the Ottomans. The Turkish state is more concerned with its civilisational circumference, not out of a desire to impose military hegemony but in an endeavour to reconnect with a mutual history as a driving force for the future. In so doing, Turkey was fighting an inheritance that pitted Turk against Arab.
With regards to the recent crisis between Russia and Turkey, let's look at the impact of history on the behaviour of both states and find out whether the tendency on the part of both Putin and Erdogan to invoke history is a decisive factor in managing the crisis.
Putin, who keeps a drawing of Peter the Great in his own office, used history over the past few years in order to bestow nationalist legitimacy over his regime. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union and its communist ideology, Putin understood that the history of Tsarist Russia would be an effective resource for building a new legitimacy and for asserting Russia's distinction and historic uniqueness and would be an appropriate pretext for combating political reforms and public liberties, arguing that these are nothing but Western projects alien to Russian society aimed at undermining it and stripping it of its own identity.
In addition to the political employment of history, Putin admires the personally of Peter the Great, often invoking him. He also laid a bundle of flowers on the historic statue of Peter the Great on the Day of the Russian Navy last July since Peter the Great was the first ruler to build a Russian naval fleet in the Black Sea.
Without doubt Putin must have seen the final will of Emperor Peter the Great in which he recommended to his followers that they should continue tirelessly their endeavour to seize Constantinople and pursue conquests all the way to the Gulf waters and the Indian shores, considering that whoever controls Constantinople would be in a position to control the entire world.
Peter the Great arrived at this conclusion following a bitter experience and successive war with the Ottoman state during which he forged an alliance with the Safavid dynasty in Iran while directing all his efforts against their mutual Ottoman enemy.
But why did the Russian emperor, who reigned in Russia for more than 40 years (1682-1725), consider that whoever controlled Constantinople controlled the world? Was this because of history and the profound bitterness felt by the fall of Constantinople, the capital of Orthodoxy, to Muslim hands in the middle of the 15th Century? This is, assuming of course, that its fall precipitated in the Russian mind-set at the time the concept of the Exceptional Mission of the Russian Nation, which considered itself the rightful inheritor of the authentic Christian banner, both confronted by Muslims who took Constantinople and the heretic Catholics who reigned in Rome?
I do not believe so, for Peter the Great was known for his disregard for the Church; he was the one who took away its independence and annexed it to the Tsaristcourt so as to become a puppet in his hand after having been a global religious point of reference of great symbolism.
Most probably, the reason behind Peter the Great's will about the importance of Constantinople was not to do with history but with geography.
When Putin glances over his country's massive map he feels proud. He is the president of a country that has the largest area in the entire world. It is true that the population of Federal Russia is 144 million, which is less than half that of the US population, which is around 333 million, but the area of Russia is more than 6.5 million square miles, that is about double the area of the United States of America.
Geography has provided Russia with expanse and a massive presence connecting with both the European and the Asian continents. But geography itself is the reason why Russia senses great danger and feels constantly threatened. This explains many of the attitudes of the Russian state and explains its wars, reflexes and ambitions.
The geography of the largest state in the world suffers from several problems including the massive uninhabited areas of harsh environment in the east.
The long Russian borders are difficult to protect and control. Yet, two essential problems constantly constitute the strategic Russian complex. The first problem is its strategic exposure to the West due to the absence of natural geographic barriers capable of deterring invading armies from Europe. The second problem is the old Russian dream of reaching the warm waters of the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean.
The exposure of the Russian borders to the Western European neighbourhood was always a justification for Moscow to adopt the strategy of offence for the sake of defence. This the strategy that was adopted by the tsars of Russia and by the leaders of the Soviet Union. It is the same strategy that propelled Putin to intervene in Georgia and the Ukraine so as to prevent them from joining the European Union and NATO. Russia simply cannot allow NATO to install missiles at a stone's throw from Moscow.
The second complex is that most of Russia's ports overlook the Arctic Ocean and do not function in winter because the water of the ocean are frozen. Russia is in dire need of ports overlooking warm waters and this, for it, is a matter of national security. Perhaps this is what explains the major historic conflict over the Crimean Peninsula, which overlooks the Black Sea, between the Ottoman State and Tsarist Russia.
And perhaps this is what explains Putin's swift move last year to annex Crimea to Russia. Crimean does offer Russia access to waters that do not freeze in winter. As soon as he annexed Crimea, Putin quickly embarked on building 80 naval ships and a number of military submarines in the port of Sevastopol. His objective is to possess an advanced naval force in the Black Sea.
However, the dream of access to the warm waters cannot be accomplished in full by having Russian ports overlooking the Black Sea. Once again, geography is the reason. Russian commercial and naval ships cannot exit the Black Sea or enter it via the Turkish Bosphorus Strait. Passage toward the Mediterranean will have to be via another Turkish strait, the Dardanelles.
The 1936 Montreux Agreement guaranteed international navigation across both Straits during peace times. However, both straits remains under Turkish sovereignty. Turkey can, under the pretext of organising shipping navigation, delay the passage of Russian commercial ships if it so wishes. In the case of war, Turkey's control over the passage of war ships may become tougher.
Hence, the existence of a Russian military base in the Syrian port of Tartus became extremely important from Moscow's point of view. This is the only port that is available for the Russian military ships to use in the Mediterranean, well away from all those straits and numerous geographic knots.
Going back to the crisis that erupted between Turkey and Russia following the shooting down of the Russian fighter plane over the Turkish-Syrian border, the necessities of geography and the complex mesh of mutual interests prevent an escalation of conflict. Each of the two parties has its own reasons.
Turkey knows that a number of factors are against an escalation of tension with Russia: it imports 55 per cent of its gas from Russia; it shares the neighbourhood in Central Asia; it has common interests in the Black Sea. This is what explains the calm Turkish rhetoric in the aftermath of the downing of the plane.
On the Russian side, Turkey's NATO membership is a fundamental deterrent. But in addition there is also Russia's need for strategic partnerships with Turkey. These are quite important, especially with regard to the gas pipeline project that Russia counts on in order to have access to Europe in the aftermath of the deterioration of relations between Russia and the Ukraine.
It is also important for Russia to have economic access with Turkey following the European sanctions. All these factors will bar Russia from going far in taking action against Turkey. It is worth noting, for instance, that the Russian government quickly announced that sanctions do not apply to gas, which will continue to flow via two pipelines into Turkey. Using gas as a weapon in this case might be regarded as a serious escalation that would harm Russia as much as, if not more than, it would harm Turkey.
In addition, Russia does not want to wage an open conflict across three fronts at the same time. Its intervention in the Ukraine has been costly and doubt is cast over its feasibility. Starting a battle with Turkey would not be an acceptable strategic option at the present time.
The steps announced by Moscow against Turkey respond to Putin's personal feeling of humiliation that a Russian fighter jet was shot down by Turkey. Putin is anxious about his image as a strong man. In fact he expressed that feeling when he described the incident as a stab in the back. He was counting on Turkey in his confrontation with the West. He did indeed make that public in December last year when he described Erdogan as a man with strong personality because he resisted Western pressures. He even announced the signing by both countries of a mutual energy agreement. This came after Turkey refused to take part in imposing sanctions against Russia and after signing wide-ranging economic agreements with it.
However, it would seem that Putin misunderstood Turkey. He counted on economic interests but paid no attention to Turkish national security interests. He intervened militarily in Syria without any consideration for the Turkish strategic depth. He went far in insulting Turkey when his fighter jets targeted Syrian rebels who are allied with Turkey, which had no option but to send a strong message by shooting down the Russian plane upon violating Turkish air space. That was a firm but a calculated message.
The crisis between the two sides will gradually calm down. Putin will try to regain some of his prestige by means of economic sanctions and tough rhetoric. However, common interests will soon push both sides in the direction of calm. Political considerations are determined by necessities and not emotions. In the case of both Turkey and Russia, the necessities of geography and the interests of the economy take precedence over the bitterness of history and the reactions of the present.
The Russian adventure in Syria was not well calculated. Russia's predicament will grow deeper. Perhaps the memories of the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan will resurface as Russian losses, both human and material, continue to mount. The downing of the Russian plane was a Turkish message to the effect that the Orient which Putin thought was an arena of an open strategic void is much more complex than he thinks and is much more dangerous than he reckons. | <urn:uuid:58dac7b9-b5d9-4e58-99d9-5ac976e0a191> | {
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Unified separation science
Unifies the complex welter of techniques used for chemical separations by clearly formulating the concepts that are common to them. The mass transport phenomena underlying all separation processes are developed in a simple physical-mathematical form. The limitations and optimum performance of alternative separation techniques and the factors enhancing and limiting separation power can thus be described and explored. Generously illustrated and contains numerous exercises. Long awaited in the scientific community, it breaks new ground in understanding separation processes.
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Driving Force for Separative
Flow Transport and Viscous Phenomena
12 other sections not shown
Anal applied assume average axis basic capillary centrifugation channel Chapter Chem chemical potential Chromatogr component peaks constant convection coordinate density described diffusion coefficient displacement distance distribution effective electroosmotic flow electrophoresis elution entropy equation equilibrium expression factor field field-flow fractionation flow velocity fluid forces friction coefficient gas chromatography Gaussian zone gradient increases isoelectric focusing isoelectric points J. C. Giddings layer length liquid chromatography M. N. Myers mechanism migration mobile phase mole molecules motion nonequilibrium overlap P. R. Brown packed bed parameters partitioning peak capacity plate height pore pressure proportional random walk ratio reduced regions relative resolution retention sample Section sedimentation separation methods separation systems shows simple solute solvent space species stationary phase steady-state steps Stokes law subtechniques supercritical fluid techniques temperature term theoretical plates thermodynamics tion transport tube viscosity volume wall York zonal zone broadening zone spreading | <urn:uuid:b7f2b4b4-5893-47aa-8d6f-0bdff8cbe636> | {
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One of the difficulties of identifying and preventing bullying is that it changes. Technology, for example, has opened up doors previously unthought-of, and modified the interactive behaviors of children both in and out of school. Educators in Colorado and around the nation are working to adapt to these changes, and implement effective anti-bullying programs in their schools.
The Bullying Prevention Institute presented an informative seminar in Silverthorne Thursday, with the goal of increasing student achievement by ensuring safe school climates. The event, one in a series related to anti-bullying research and prevention methods, is co-hosted by the Colorado Department of Education, the Colorado Legacy Foundation, the Colorado School Safety Resource Center, One Colorado and the Anti-Defamation League. More than 100 participants from 44 schools, districts and agencies throughout Colorado signed up to attend the event.
Christine Harms, director of the Colorado School Safety Resource Center, opened the event with discussion about the definition of bullying (as opposed to verbal conflict, which is likely to happen among friends), and the importance of a positive school climate on academic achievement and overall comfort of students.
A video from the Colorado Legacy Foundation featured high school students talking about the consequences of bullying. "Grades are not the top priority when you're being bullied," one student said.
The event's keynote speaker was Dorothy L. Espelage, professor of child development and associate chair in the Department of Educational Psychology at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. She has been studying social phenomena such as bullying for nearly 20 years, and has published numerous papers and studies nationally.
Espelage's speech focused on realistic bullying prevention strategies. Though she says many programs that are in place aren't updated or adaptive enough to effectively prevent bullying as it occurs today, Espelage said she felt positively about educators' ability to change this.
"The climate has changed. Life has changed. We can [too], we just need to be more creative about it," she said.
The research done by Espelage and her colleague has begun to show results, which inform that bullying behaviors are linked to behaviors among peer groups. This makes bullying what Espelage calls "a social phenomenon." Knowing the motivations behind bullying will help educators create programs that effectively halt or subvert those types of behaviors.
"Peers socialize each other into this behavior," she said. "Implementation [of programs] is a challenge."
Additionally, the Bullying Prevention Institute provided opportunities for attendees to learn about best practices in bullying prevention, changes in the Colorado law, recent federal guidance and more.
"Colorado is leading the country in the development and implementation of effective bullying prevention strategies," said Leslie Herod, program officer at the Gill Foundation which supported the event. "We are proud to support these organizations as they carry out this important work to ensure that all kids, regardless of sexual orientation or gender expression, feel safe and supported in their school." | <urn:uuid:3e3f1974-cf9f-48c1-a2c4-7b3db85296d9> | {
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Peter Canisius, Saint (kənĭshˈēəs) [key], 1521–97, Dutch Jesuit, Doctor of the Church, b. Nijmegen. He spent his life traveling widely strengthening wavering Roman Catholics, preaching, and instructing. He was one of the most vigorous of the Catholic preachers in the regions affected by Lutheranism, above all in W and S Germany. St. Peter wrote much; his catechism was especially important and was one of the earliest popular expositions of the faith. Feast: Apr. 27.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:72e8cd94-8bb0-48a2-a699-9b70c31a5764> | {
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The Elementary Section of NCTE represents a diverse group of teachers, literacy coaches, reading and special education interventionists, teacher educators, and school administrators interested in literacy development and in literacy teaching at the elementary school level. Our primary task is to connect and support teachers as they work closely with students, administrators, and families to develop and promote lifelong literacy learning. We cordially welcome all educators interested in reading, writing and the language arts.
April is National Poetry Month---a month-long, national celebration of poetry established by the Academy of American Poets. Plan now with these ideas and other poetry resources:
Readers of the elementary journal, Language Arts, have a new feature of podcasts by some of the issue's authors. Check out LA today!
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Supporting Students in a Time of Core Standards:
Grades K-2 or Grades 3-5
These books reinforces a focus on student learning by demonstrating ways of addressing the Common Core State Standards (CCSS) in grades K-2 and 3-5 while also adhering to NCTE principles of effective teaching.
Virtual Conference recordings also available for Grades K-2 or Grades 3-5.
Check out these additional common core resources today! | <urn:uuid:1e16e5fe-63ae-4e48-be3d-05db5cbc466a> | {
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Baltic Porter is a very strong, robust Porter brewed to fight off the harsh winters of thriving 18th and 19th Century Baltic trade routes. Though the style originated in England, it was subsequently brewed throughout Northern Europe. This week we take a look at the Baltic Porter beer history, style, recipes and how to brew it at home.
Baltic Porter owes its origins to the rise of wildly popular English Porter in the 1700’s. Though Porters of the time were already much stronger than today’s beers (many exceeding 7% ABV), an even more robust version of Porter was made for export across the North Sea to support Baltic trade. As the style grew in popularity it was also brewed in virtually all of the Northern European and Baltic states including Germany, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Ukraine, Denmark and Sweden. (Ref: Wikipedia)
Like English Porter, the character of the beer has changed over time. The earliest Baltic Porters were made from wood kilned brown malts that had a smoky roasted brown somewhat bitter flavor. They also were brewed with top fermenting ale yeasts. They were often highly hopped to preserve the beer and also offset the heavy flavor of malts (over 7% ABV for many early porters).
Some authors also claim Baltic Porter owes some of its heritage to Russian Imperial Stout, another export beer brewed in England for export to the Russian imperial court in the 1700’s. Like Baltic Porter, Russian Imperial Stout is a stronger, sweeter more robust version of the stouts made domestically in England at the time.
In the mid 1800’s as the beer was brewed more widely and continental influences drove production, most Baltic Porter brewers switched to bottom fermenting lager yeasts in a tradition that continues today. Also as industrialization occurred, coke fired kilns eliminated the smoke flavor from brown malts, and gradually the Porter base of mostly brown malt was replaced by a combination of modern pale malt, Munich, Vienna and roasted malt. While taxes and supply shortages during the Napoleonic wars drove the alcohol content of other Porter’s down to modern levels, Baltic Porter remained a strong beer at a robust 7-10% alcohol content.
The Baltic Porter Style
Baltic Porter has a complex flavor profile combining a rich malty sweetness with caramel, toffee, nutty, toasted and sometimes licorice flavors. A warm alcohol profile is present, as the moderate fruity ester profile common to many English beers. Some variations have a smoky or dark roasted profile similar to Schwarzbier though the flavor should not be burnt.
Since lager yeast is used the finish should be relatively clean. Hop flavor should be moderately spicy (often from Lublin or Saaz hops). The overall impression should be a full bodied, smooth Porter with a well aged alcohol warmth. The beer is generally well carbonated to enhance mouth feel. The beer should be rich and robust, but not as strong or robust as a Stout or Imperial Stout.
Baltic Porters start with a high gravity of 1.060 to 1.090 for an alcohol by volume content of 5.5-9.5% Most Baltic Porters are in the traditional 7.5-9.5% ABV range. Hop rates of 20-40 IBUs are needed to balance the roasted malt flavor (0.46 BU:GU bitterness ratio). They are dark brown to black in color (17-30 SRM).
Brewing a Baltic Porter
Modern Baltic Porters start with a combination of Pale Malt and Munich/Vienna base malts that make up about 70-80% of the grain bill. If using a Pale-Munich or Pale-Vienna mix often 50-50 is used. However, it is not uncommon for some continental versions to use a base of all Munich or all Vienna malt.
Debittered Chocolate or Black malt provide the bulk of the color and roasted flavor (up to 10% of the malt bill). A variety of other specialty malts are often added (5-10% total) for complexity and body including Crystal/Caramel malts, brown malt, amber malt, caramunich, carafoam, etc…
Historical versions often make heavy use of brown and amber malts and may even include a small amount of smoked malt in an attempt to recreate the slightly smoky brown malt base of the 1700’s. Spices are sometimes added for complexity in small quantities including anise or black licorice.
Baltic Porter is typically mashed at a moderate conversion temperature to generate both body and alcohol content. Continental noble or spicy hops are used including Saaz and Lublin. Continental lager yeast is now widely used, with fermentation at lager temperatures. Some historical variants still use ale yeast, but these are fermented at low (near lager) temperature.
Water profiles are not a major feature of the style – so use of a moderate profile is sufficient. The style is highly carbonated to enhance mouthfeel.
Baltic Porter Recipe
Here is a sample recipe for a Baltic Porter that makes heavy use of Munich malt and some brown malt to provide the malty, complex base.
Makes 5 Gallons, All Grain, No spices used
- 8 lbs Pale Malt (2 row Belgian or German)
- 4 lbs Munich Malt (9 SRM)
- 8 oz Chocolate Malt (450 SRM)
- 4 oz Black Patent Malt
- 2.25 oz Saaz hops (boil 60 min)
- 1 pkg Belgian Lager Yeast (White Labs WLP815)
Don't make another bad batch of beer! Give BeerSmith a try - you'll brew your best beer ever.
Download a free 21 day trial of BeerSmith now | <urn:uuid:2b93b17f-144b-46e1-8647-ba71a7ebbc23> | {
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University Park, PA -- This March, four Penn State undergraduate engineering students will risk their equilibrium and stomachs aboard NASA's KC135, the "Vomit Comet," to test modifications to exercise equipment used in space.
Chosen as participants in NASA's Reduced Gravity Student Flight Opportunities Program, the group will test a modification of the Subject Load Device, the equipment currently used aboard the shuttle to tether astronauts to a treadmill in an attempt to ward off microgravity-induced osteoporosis. "We don't know whether astronauts are loading their hips and spines to levels found here on Earth," says Dr. James Pawelczyk, assistant professor of kineseology and one of the group's co-advisers. Pawelczyk was a payload specialist during STS-90 on the space shuttle Columbia.
NASA's current Subject Load Device is passive, providing only the force of springs to tether the subject.
"We wanted a meaningful experiment, not just something we created to fly on the KC135," says Dawn Noga, a sophomore in engineering science. "We wanted a practical application to keep humans healthy in space."
" The problem is that the current design can't accommodate the range of motion found in typical human activities like squatting and running," says Pawelczyk.
Combating osteoporosis in microgravity is important because inhabitants of the Russian space station MIR experienced a bone-loss rate of 1.5 percent a month, 15 times greater than that experienced by postmenopausal women. Osteoporosis may be the limiting factor in long distance space flight, but understanding bone loss in space might also help treat age and immobility induced bone loss. "Generally, NASA wants to load the hips of the astronauts with force equal to their body weight," says John Halenar, senior in electrical engineering. "But with the current system, if they load a 200-pound person to 200 pounds of force, the tension on the springs will be set at specific values. If that person bends over, then the tension decreases and the equipment would apply a proportionately lower load."
The modified equipment the students plan to test will have an active feedback system to produce a constant load. The new approach will also allow exercise that requires bending or squatting, exercise that will not work on the current system.
Four of the eight-student team will fly aboard the Boeing KC-135A, two in each of two flights. John; Dawn; Ben Weber, senior, mechanical engineering and Bill Marshall, senior mechanical engineering will brave the "Vomit Comet." The other four team members, Amy Seaman, sophomore chemical engineering; Mike Moss, sophomore, electrical engineering; Robyn Berridge, sophomore, electrical engineering and Dana Ahmed, sophomore, electrical engineering will provide ground support. The group, including their co-advisor Sven Bilén, assistant professor of engineering design and graphics and electrical engineering, will spend a week at NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas and will test their device both on the ground and in the air.
"The NASA Reduced Gravity Student Flight Opportunities Program provides an excellent interdisciplinary design experience for the students," says Bilén. "The students are in several different majors and are at different stages of their education. They have found that they have to work together effectively to meet deadlines and to develop a winning and ultimately flyable design." The KC-135 simulates microgravity conditions by flying a roller-coaster shaped path, where the roller coaster has a 12,000-foot hill and the participants ride 40 times in a row. The topmost portion of the hill and the change in direction provide from 20 to 30 seconds of simulated microgravity during each loop. Although NASA routinely issues motion sickness medications, the "Vomit Comet" generally earns its nickname.
The Flyin' Lions' device will consist of a force plate, laptop computer, and the modified subject load device consisting of two stepper motors to provide the active feedback force, a worm gear system and backup springs, along with the existing exercise harness.
The force plate upon which the students will walk or squat will be fixed so that the subjects will be lying down during most of the flight, helping them to avoid motion sickness. During the simulated microgravity portion of the flight, one student acting as the subject will either step in place or squat while wearing the exercise harness. Halfway through the flight, the two students on board will switch places and continue the experiment.
The students recognize that this is a proof-of-concept experiment that may or may not prove useful. Pawelczyk, however, believes that the experience goes far beyond the experiment or the classroom. "These undergraduates have had to sit before the Behavioral and Biomedical Institutional Review Board, they have been through a design review, reacted to feedback and written their proposal. These are real life experiences that they will find valuable in their professional careers." The students have also planned a broad outreach program which includes a project journalist, Katie O'Toole, writer and co-host of "What's In The News," a WPSX public television show aimed at grade school children. O'Toole will also be on the plane with the students.
While NASA provides flight time and training, it does not provide funding. The Flyin' Lions need to raise transportation and living costs and equipment funds. Some of the equipment has been donated by professors and funds were received from the college of Engineering, the Pennsylvania Space Grant Consortium, the Department of Engineering Science and the Envisioneers.
Materials provided by Penn State. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.
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Additives are substances that are combined with other material for a beneficial reason. An adulterant is a substance that has a negative effect and is added deliberately to another substance despite any consequences. An example of the an adulterant would be melamine, which was added to milk by the Chinese company Sanlu in 2006. Melamine is an industrial chemical that made the milk appear as if it had more protein content than it actually did. This adulterant caused the development of kidney stones, resulting in thousands of children becoming ill and several fatalities.
One form of adulteration, or adding adulterants, that has been used throughout history is the deliberate addition poisons to foods or beverages with the intent of killing another individual. Poisoning symptoms could be misinterpreted as symptoms of other diseases or illnesses. In addition, the science for detecting poisoning did not really start developing until the 1800s.
People who have been victims of poisoning include the famous Greek philosopher Socrates (c. 469 BC–399 BC), who, after being sentenced to death by the Greek state for impious acts, drank a beverage laced with hemlock. Purported Italian witch Hieronyma Spara, who was ultimately hanged on orders from the Catholic Church, taught young Roman women how to murder their husbands using arsenic during the 1600s. In 1984, followers of Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh (1934-1990), also known as "Osho," spiked salad bars in Oregon with salmonella, resulting in more than 750 illnesses, which was perhaps the first act of bioterrorism in the United States.
Adulterants are not just used in foods or beverages. These substances are also used to cut illicit or illegal drugs to make the drugs less potent. In this case, the word "adulterant" takes on a more neutral tone, although some adulterants can be dangerous. For example, methamphetamine is sometimes used to cut cocaine in areas where methamphetamine is very inexpensive. Common adulterants used as cutting agents include mannitol, inositol, and lactose.
In addition to individuals adding adulterants to products, companies may try to extend their profit margins by extending their products. In addition to Sanlu, Apple Valley International, Inc, substituted the less-expensive beet sugar as an adulterant for orange juice concentrate in the company's frozen orange juice, and maple sugar distributor W. Lyman Jenkins represented a mainly sugar-cane sugar as a pure maple sugar. Both companies faced criminal prosecution. While neither of these incidents resulted in any illnesses, people were defrauded because these products were misrepresented.
One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK! | <urn:uuid:0f33a09e-d161-4768-9289-3490f7931cb1> | {
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This image shows a generalized salinity-depth profile for the South Atlantic Ocean.
Click on image for full size
Standard Salinity Profile
This is a salinity
versus depth profile for ocean water. This salinity versus depth profile is typical of the South Atlantic ocean. Salinity versus depth profiles at other locations in the ocean
could look quite different.
In this profile, salinity at the surface is high and then salinity decreases until a depth of about 1,000 meters. Salinity then increases again slightly with increasing depth.
The halocline is a layer of water where the salinity changes rapidly with depth.
Shop Windows to the Universe Science Store!
The Summer 2010 issue of The Earth Scientist
, available in our online store
, includes articles on rivers and snow, classroom planetariums, satellites and oceanography, hands-on astronomy, and global warming.
You might also be interested in:
About 70% of the Earth is covered with water. Over 97% of that water is found in the oceans. Everyone who has taken in a mouthful of ocean water while swimming knows that the ocean is really salty! Dissolved...more
The majority of the world's population does not live in the Arctic. But even if you don't live in the Arctic, it is very important to understand how the Arctic Ocean works because it has an impact on surrounding...more
An aquifer is the name for a layer of rock which is capable of holding a large amount of water. Some layers are better at holding water than others, for example a layer of sandstone can hold a good deal...more
Carbonate is a name for rocks and minerals which contain a molecule made of both carbon and oxygen known as CO32-. (CO32- is also known as the molecule carbonate). Limestone is an example of a calcium...more
The deep ocean waters are under pressure and are much colder than layers of the ocean which are closer to the surface. Dissolved carbon dioxide seems to be absent from the deep ocean water and as a result...more
One process which transfers water from the ground back to the atmosphere is evaporation. Evaporation is when water passes from a liquid phase to a gas phase. Rates of evaporation of water depend on things...more
The water at the ocean surface is moved primarily by winds that blow in certain patterns because of the Earth’s spin and the Coriolis Effect. Winds are able to move the top 400 meters of the ocean creating...more | <urn:uuid:99db1782-65c9-47e2-a299-689bf22e0446> | {
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Meaning of FUCUS in English
also called Rockweed, genus of brown algae, common on rocky seacoasts and in salt marshes of northern temperate regions. Adaptations to its environment include bladderlike floats (pneumatocysts), disk-shaped holdfasts for clinging to rocks, and mucilage-covered blades for resisting desiccation and temperature changes. The plant is between 25 and 30 centimetres (9.8 to 11.8 inches) in total length; growth of the thallus is localized and occurs at the tip of forked shoots that arise from the holdfasts. The male and female reproductive organs may occur on the same or separate organisms; some species produce eggs and sperm all year long. Fucus is a perennial alga with a lifespan of up to four years. In Roman times it was the source of a brown facial cosmetic. Today Fucus species, along with kelp (q.v.), are an important source of alginatescolloidal extracts with many industrial uses similar to those of agar.
Britannica English vocabulary. Английский словарь Британика. 2012 | <urn:uuid:8dbdf0e4-4980-402a-906e-ceabe9792b53> | {
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If arsenic is unhealthy, then you'd think that the less arsenic the better.
Same with radiation, mercury, dioxin and a whole host of environmental
But zero tolerance is expensive. There's no free lunch. Getting rid of the
last molecule of dioxin in the environment means we'll have less money to
get rid of something else that might give us more bang for the health buck.
It's not just a question of money. Think about air quality. We support
government regulations on pollution, because we want clean air. But most of
us don't want perfectly clean air. Most of us are willing to
accept some pollution in order to have the freedom that comes with our
cars. Attaining zero pollution is too expensive, not only because it hurts
our pocketbook, but also because there are other things we value besides
Using the same logic, we ride airplanes and cars, and live in big cities.
All of these choices are more dangerous than staying at home on a ranch in
rural Missouri. (And it would have to be a horse-free ranch, because horses
are dangerous, too.) Yet we understand that it is sometimes better to
accept a little more risk in return for something of greater value.
Now along comes Edward Calabrese, a toxicologist at the University of
Massachusetts, whose review of research done on toxins shows that a little
bit of exposure to toxins can actually be good for your health. That's
about the closest thing you can find to a free lunch. The phenomenon is
called "hormesis," from the Greek work for excite. Thousands of studies
confirm that at super-low levels, toxins like radiation, arsenic and
mercury have beneficial effects on plants, people and other living things.
(You can find out more about Calabrese's work at www.discover.com by
searching on calabrese)
How can hormesis possibly be true? Poison stimulates. It mobilizes the body
in complicated ways. At high levels, the body is overwhelmed. But at very
low levels, the body can respond in good ways. Think of so-called healthy
things like Vitamin C. Too much Vitamin C is harmful. A little television
can be educational. A lot of television turns you into a couch potato. One
man's meat is another man's poison. And, as it turns out, one man's poison
is another man's meat.
Calabrese is not a crazy man. He doesn't advocate the ingestion of just the
right amount of mercury, or hanging out near a lead smelter. His work
doesn't mean we can ignore the dangers of toxic chemicals. It doesn't mean
we should gut environmental regulations. The tipping point where a poison
becomes harmful is hard to measure, and it will differ for every
individual. Better safe than sorry remains a good working hypothesis. But
Calabrese's work does challenge our obsession with creating a risk-free
world. And measuring the correct relationship between good health and
exposure to various chemicals may lead to important health breakthroughs in
A clear example of the benefits from understanding hormesis is called
alcohol. We know that excessive drinking can rot your liver and kill you.
But the evidence appears overwhelming that a little bit of alcohol is good
for you, particularly for men over the age of 40. A drink or two at dinner
apparently reduces the risk of heart disease and stroke.
So is alcohol a good idea or a bad idea? It depends. We may long for the
black and white of "Don't drink." But a lot of life's most interesting
choices involve risk, ambiguity and the ability to embrace moderation.
Edward Calabrese's analysis shows the wisdom in the old proverb, "Danger
and delight grow on the same stalk." It's not a bad lesson to remember.
Some risks are worth taking, because the benefits outweigh the costs.
And some risks might not even be risks at all. For some of us, at least
when we look at the wine list at dinner, it's a lesson that might help us
live long, and live well. | <urn:uuid:ded0b984-dd18-49f7-a31f-186a71949c2c> | {
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One of the messages that came through repetitiously from our 1987 Membership Survey was the request for a glossary of wine terminology. So, here is the continuation of a series that appears regularly unless bumped by a pressing topic. When the series is complete, it will be reprinted, and appear as a permanent section in the membership newsletter binder.
Select: A term used to imply something special about a wine.
Sensory Evaluation: The evaluation of wine by sight (color and appearance), smell (aroma, bouquet, off-odors), taste (sweet, sour, bitter), and feel (viscosity, temperature, ‘pain’ [burning, tingly, or prickly] sensations).
Short: Used to define the finish of a wine, implying quick.
Slightly Sweet: A degree of sweetness that is a barely perceptible amount of residual sugar.
Smoky: A smell and taste sometimes found in white wines.
Smooth: Absence of harshness in the taste of a wine.
Soft: A taste of wine usually lacking tannin.
Sour: A taste that is tart or acidic, that causes a sharp sensation in the mouth. A minimal amount is desirable for balance. Excess is characteristic of wines made from underripe grapes.
Spicy: The smell or taste of a wine resembling aromatic spices.
Spritzy: The presence of minor amounts of carbonation in a wine, usually undesirable.
Stemmy: An odor of stems.
Sulfury: A smell in a wine that indicates it has been treated during production with excessive sulfur. If due to sulfur dioxide gas, it frequently dissipates.
Sweet: A level of intensity of sugar in wine, the suitable amount depending on the type of wine, or the style of the winemaker.
Tanky: An odor and taste in a wine aged, stored, or left too long in an unclean tank. Musty and unpleasant in nature.
Tannin: A natural ingredient in wine contributed from the skins, seeds and stems of grapes. Gives young red wine an astringent, puckery quality, but contributes to its longevity and normally decreases as the wine ages. Too much of it causes a bitter taste.
Tart: A desirable sour taste derived from the acidity of the wine.
Tartrates: Harmless insoluble crystals, of salts of tartaric acid that can form in unstabilized bottled wine. They are tasteless, and should be decanted.
Taste: The sensation of the four categories: sour, bitter, sweet and salt (rarely in wine). Sometimes the terms used to describe “taste” in wine are actually odors and their cumulative effect with taste.
Thin: The texture of a wine lacking body because it is low in alcohol. Often called watery.
Tired: A wine that shows significant oxidation due to age.
Turbidity: A cloudiness in a wine due to suspended sediment. Brilliant is the term used for a wine with no suspended solid material.
Unctuous: A heavy taste feeling of body to a wine, akin to oily. | <urn:uuid:67cecc6a-4b4b-4a58-964b-0814f4bf0385> | {
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The concept of “footprint” is relatively recent and due to differing opinions on what this term refers to, things may get confusing for a non-expert audience. Terms like “carbon footprint”, “energy footprint” or “environmental footprint” are often used without a clear understanding of their respective meaning.
“Footprints” methodologies belong to the family of the environmental assessment methods based on Life Cycle Thinking (LCT) i.e. an approach that takes into consideration the spectrum of resource flows and environmental interventions associated with a product, service, or organization from a supply chain perspective, including all phases from raw material acquisition through processing, distribution, use, and end-of-life processes. Hence footprints methodologies are all LCA-based (Life Cycle Assessment) approaches.
An environmental footprint, unlike a carbon or energy footprint, is a multi-indicator measure of products/services/organisations impacts (see the definitions provided in the following sections).
Environmental/carbon/energy footprints can be applied to:
- - Products and services (Product Environmental Footprint – PEF, Product Carbon Footprint - PCF),
- - Organizations (Organization Environmental Footprint – OEF)
- - Even regions or countries.
A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is an environmental evaluation approach that considers the entire life cycle of a product or service, from raw material acquisition through processing, distribution, use, and end-of-life processes. LCA is a multi-criteria approach i.e. it takes into account several environmental issues. Through such a perspective, environmental burden shifting between life cycle stages or individual processes can be identified and avoided. A similar approach is undertaken for LCA of organisations or projects.
The ISO 14044:2006 standard specifies requirements and provides guidelines for life cycle assessment (LCA).
An environmental footprint is the assessment of the potential environmental impacts of a defined product/service, organization or territory, within a specific spatial and temporal boundary. Environmental footprints are Life Cycle Assessment approaches which means that they take into consideration the whole life cycle of the studied system, i.e. all the steps from the raw material extraction through processing, distribution, use and end-of-life.
Environmental footprints are multi-criteria methodologies i.e. not only focusing on one environmental issue such as climate change or energy consumption, but covering several environmental impacts such as:
- - Mineral/fossil resources depletion,
- - Water consumption,
- - Ozone depletion,
- - Eutrophication
- - Acidification
- - Etc.
A carbon footprint is a type of environmental footprint focusing on a single environmental issue: climate change.
In certain cases, it can be relevant to focus on a specific environmental impact category instead of looking at various impact categories (even if it is still recommended to consider several environmental impacts to avoid burden shifting): relevant impact categories are different for different sectors or product categories. For example, climate change (GHG emissions) is very important for energy-intensive sectors, whilst they are not as important for example for cosmetics– where it would be more the water use and toxicity aspects that define environmental performance.
A carbon footprint is a measure of the total amount of potential greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions to the atmosphere of a defined product/service, organization or territory considering all relevant sources within a specific spatial and temporal boundary. This is calculated in most methodologies as carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e).
Just as carbon footprint, energy footprints are environmental footprints focusing on a single environmental issue, the energy consumption. Hence an energy footprint is the assessment of the energy consumption related to a defined product, organization or territory, within a specific spatial and temporal boundary. This is calculated in most methodologies from a life cycle perspective.
Usually, several types of energy sources can be distinguished according the nature of the energy source and its renewability e.g. non-renewable energy sources (fossil, nuclear), renewable energy sources (solar, wind, geothermal, water). There are several indicator definitions used to quantify energy footprint. Some of them consider all types of energy
Solar radiation is re-emitted by the Earth’s surface in the form of infrared radiation, which is itself partially absorbed by various chemical species in the atmosphere: this is called the "greenhouse effect." The radiation balance determines the average temperature of the planet and the presence of greenhouse substances allows the temperature to be compatible with life on Earth (without this, the temperature would be about -15 ° C).
However, human activities generate long life greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and halocarbons (a group of gases which includes fluorine, chlorine or bromine), resulting in an increased radiative forcing that causes an enhancement of the greenhouse effect.
In conjunction with natural forces, it contributes to global climate changes: rising temperatures on the surface of the Earth and oceans, changes in precipitation, rising sea levels ... The influence of greenhouse gases on the changes of the Earth’s climate system varies according to the radiative properties of these gases and their lifetime in the atmosphere.
Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are gaseous substances able to trap heat in the atmosphere. The “enhanced” greenhouse effect, which is responsible for climate change, is caused by human activities emitting GHGs in the atmosphere such as: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). Please note that water vapour, although the largest contributor to the natural greenhouse effect, is not directly affected by human activity and is not included. (source: based on Kyoto Protocol website)
A methodology offers the theoretical support for understanding which method or "best practices" can be applied to a specific need, and guidance on how to implement the method in order to evaluate the environmental footprint (such as carbon or energy footprint) related to a specific product or organisation.
Methodologies may be used for monitoring, assessing, and analysing many possible aspects of a business, in order to help organisations and public entities to become more carbon or energy efficient and, therefore, reduce costs and ultimately their environmental impact. Within the ICT sector, there are several methodologies which aim to assessing the carbon footprint and energy efficiency of ICT goods, services, and organisations.
Methodologies are generally described in general and/or technical guidelines which can be subject to a specific standard developed either by an official Standards Development Organization (SDO) or through voluntary initiatives by a consortium of various private/public stakeholders.
Go to the Methodologies page to learn more about them.
ICTFOOTPRINT.eu provides information on methodologies specific to the ICT sector and related with environmental footprint implementation, with a particular focus on carbon footprint and energy footprint.
Additional methodologies may be applied to calculate performance indicators, for instance in terms of energy consumption.
Go to the Methodologies page to learn more about them. | <urn:uuid:c48f76da-b7ab-4d6c-8997-02a2c6b5c34c> | {
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Join the polar bear while he learns all about animal sounds at the zoo. Polar Bear, Polar Bear, What Do You Hear? is the “auditory” version of Bill Martin Jr. and Eric Carle’s book Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See?
Polar Bear, Polar Bear, What Do You See? is a colorfully decorated book that takes children from animal to animal learning about different animal and people sounds. Eric Carle’s pictures seem flawless and give children a more fantasy feel when reading the book. The illustrator uses simple shapes and colors that children could easily begin to copy, trace, or color in to practice their own art skills.
In addition to the art, the repetitive nature of the book brings a read-aloud quality to the story and encourages students to participate in the reading experience, while simultaneously learning about the different noises of elephants, zebras, peacocks and many more. The book begins and ends with the similar tell-tale lines, “Polar Bear, Polar Bear, What do you hear? I hear a lion roaring in my ear.”
This book could be useful for kindergarten and first grade. Students begin to work with their five senses in kindergarten and Polar Bear can help with auditory and visual awareness as well as practice with sensory description of the pictures and sounds. Into first grade, students can use this story to help with predictions based on patterns about which animal may come next and which sounds match the animals on the final pages. In Virginia this relates to science SOL K.1c (objects are described both pictorially and verbally) and K.2 a and K.2b (students will investigate the five senses and sensory descriptions).
- DLTK’s Book Break offers coloring pages of the animals in the book and suggestions to make puppets or felt board characters to act out while reading the story.
- Illustrator Eric Carle’s website offers suggestions from teachers around the United States about how to use Polar Bear, Polar Bear, What Do You See?. Some activities include an endangered species book/lesson, class books about what they hear with portraits, and recordings to reinforce listening and auditory skills through sounds in the book and around the classroom.
- Nichols Elementary School offers a lesson plan with multiple activities that relate to the story and include language arts, science and art. A few examples are matching animal sounds to pictures, identify different sounds using body parts (clapping, stomping, etc.), and mixing paints to color pictures of animals in the story. | <urn:uuid:efb3ef66-58a4-415d-9eac-f7130cf4dfd9> | {
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I need an explanation of Act 2, Scene 1 of As You Like It.
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In act two, scene one of Shakespeare's As you Like It, Duke Senior tells his companions in the forest that he would rather be there than in court. He has been banished from the kingdom yet finds that the forest is a far better place for him. The Duke tells his companions of the forest that the most they have to bother them is the weather. He also point out to them that the forest provides for him mentally and spiritually. One of his companions in the forest, Lord Amiens agrees with Duke Senior's observations and is part of his party when the Duke goes hunting for deer. However, Duke Senior begins to feel bad for the deer as does Lord Jaques who makes a comment about Duke Senior's usurping and the Duke's brother Duke Frederick.
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"In judging myself I shall try to be as harsh as truth, as I want others also to be." (Gandhi)
"I am not pleading for India to practice nonviolence because it is weak. I want her to practice nonviolence being conscious of her strength and power." (Gandhi)
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, or Mahatma Gandhi as he is more popularly known, was called "Mahatma", or "great soul", not only because of his extraordinary achievements as leader of the Indian independence movement, but also because of his beliefs, practices, and principles, which demonstrated to the world the depths that one's soul could have. Widely considered the father of India, the preeminent leader of the Indian struggle against British imperialism, and one of the most influential minds of the 20th century, Gandhi emerged to become one of the greatest advocates of peace and nonviolent resistance that the world has known. By leading a life of austerity and integrity, Gandhi became one of those rare leaders who preached through his own practices, motivating millions of people - rich and poor, men and women, adults and children, Hindus, Muslims, and Christians - to follow his principles of freedom and peace.
Gandhi saw, with his own eyes, the negative impact of British colonialism on the Indian economy, culture, and identity, as did millions of other Indians. What made Gandhi unique was the fact that he also saw the enormously negative impact the diversity of the Indian population had on the struggle for Indian independence; divisions were rife between Hindus, Muslims, and dozens of other faiths, and the population was divided into hundreds of different ethnic groups, each with its own traditions and culture.
©2012 Charles River Editors (P)2015 Charles River Editors | <urn:uuid:c3c5c95a-6a19-43c1-bddf-3ee991464a22> | {
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+ All Roman Empire Essays:
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The Roman Empire was without a doubt the most powerful governing body in the Mediterranean ever. Why did Rome fall? There was not any single cause to the fall of Rome. It was many things occurring in succession to each other.
After the Punic wars with Carthage, Rome acquired many new lands that it did not have before. During peace times it was easy to govern these areas but during war times it proved difficult. The government had to pay soldiers to patrol the frontiers of the empire; it could no longer rely on the loot to serve as the pay for the soldiers. This took a significant amount of money out of the Roman treasury. Some emperors wanted to save money and made the army too small to have control over such a large empire.
The economy of Rome was also suffering. Rome was importing goods from its colonies but wasn’t exporting nearly as much. This created an imbalance of trade. The colonies were creating their own finished goods and no longer relied on Rome for them. New coins were then made out of lead and gold to devalue the currency. Merchants now charged more money because these new coins were not worth as much as the old ones. This created inflation, this problem plagued the empire until its fall.
The problem of succession also contributed to the fall of Rome. There was never a set system of succession. After the death of an emperor, generals competed with each other for power. Once someone gained power they didnât rule for long; someone often assassinated them. This weakened the authority of Rome; corruption was common and law was almost non-existent.
Diocletian tried to make reforms to make the empire as strong as it was before. He realized that the empire was too large for one person to govern, he split the empire in half and took control of eastern part himself. He then appointed a co-emperor to rule in the west. He also reorganized the problems in the civil service and made them responsible directly to the emperor. He increased the size of the army and trained them better. To improve the economic health of the empire, Diocletian set limits on prices and wages to slow down inflation. To give some stability in agriculture and manufacturing, he ordered people to stay in their jobs. There was no room for promotion. Diocletian died in 305 A.D.
In 324 A.D. Constantine took over as emperor. He reunited the east and west under his own rule. He also built a new capital at Byzantium, on the Bosporus. He named this city Constantinople. Constantine wanted a new capital that would be a Christian city, not a pagan one. He continued the policies of Diocletian. People saw no need to work hard with no chance of getting ahead. These reforms only slowed down the process of collapse. After Constantineâs death in 337 A.D., the empire was again divided.
To the north of the Rhine and Danube rivers, lived a group of people known as the German tribes. They were herders and farmers who had migrated from Scandinavia. As their population grew, they began to look for new land. They decided that moving into the Roman Empire was a good idea. The Roman army was spread thin and could barely cope with the Germans. In the fourth century, the Huns, a nomadic people from central Asia, began attacking the German tribes. Thus the tribes looked for protection from the Huns in the Empire. They received permission from the Emperor to live in the Empire. A couple of years later the Romans sent an army to defeat the Germans and failed to defeat them. This proved that Rome was not invincible. The Germans continued to sack the west; they invaded Italy and sacked Rome. Rome bought peace by giving the Germans most of Gaul and Spain. The Huns then marched into Rome and they were soundly defeated by Rome and its German allies. The west of the Empire became a mess with no one in any real control.
In the east, Constantinople continued to be the capitol city. Its rulers called themselves Roman emperors and its people were Roman citizens subject to Roman law. True, the western portion of the Empire was crumbling, but all through the fifth and sixth centuries the people of the east could say without a doubt that the Roman Empire had not fallen.
There was no certain official date when Rome was considered to fall. Many historians though, believe it was in 476 A.D. A small German chief, Odoacer captured Rome and proclaimed himself king. The city of Rome was finally overthrown. Despite this, the people who lived throughout the Empire considered themselves Roman citizens and followed Roman laws. In the East Rome was still strong. Even today we have adopted many of the Roman ways of life. Rome influenced every civilization after and in a sense we are all Roman citizens.
The great Empire of Rome, the greatest power to ever rule the Mediterranean had fallen. It was unthinkable. Their faults in politics, economics and other things contributed to their fall. There was no one single cause; it was many things happening at once, which caused the fall of Rome. The leaders of today should look at Romeâs mistakes and be sure not to make the same ones again. | <urn:uuid:aa8001e2-0a11-473d-a37c-3ef3d732e6b7> | {
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Throughout this section, we’ve talked a lot about the four roles of the online instructor and have heard about common instructional challenges with online discussions. As we have seen, there is quite a bit of overlap with certain components of the four roles when facilitating an actual online discussion in a course. Likewise, not all of the four roles address all of the potential instructional challenges with online discussions; some respond better to certain challenges than others. Let’s put all of these elements together and brainstorm some real-world solutions for how to manage and apply them in a course.
We’ve built these activities to get you started on working online discussions into your own course plan and to reimagine syllabi for future semesters that might now incorporate online discussions.
Practice & Apply
Option 1: Less time investment
We’ve listed four different general instructional scenarios below. Based on the scenarios listed and the two instructional challenges (primary and secondary) indicated for each, decide how each of the four roles can help you meet those challenges and how you might implement elements of these four roles in order to resolve or address these challenges. This can mean brainstorming activities, tech solutions, communications, or pedagogical approaches that fall under those roles and help to meet those challenges.
- A course in which the students are not engaging with the lecture or the course materials. Mid-sized lecture (60 students), meets 2x/week, entirely face-to-face course.
Challenges: Community Building (primary) and Critical Thinking (secondary)
- A small language or other intensive course (upper-level seminar?) where students are immersed in and/or very familiar with course material. 20 students, meets 4x/week, entirely face-t0-face with hybrid elements (online homework, online office hours, etc.).
Challenges: Critical Thinking (primary) and Discourse (secondary)
- An 8-week-long distance education course with synchronous pacing but asynchronous discussion activities. Approx. 30 students of varying levels, regular instructor online check-ins with students (weekly?), entirely online.
Challenges: Participation (primary) and Community Building (secondary)
- A college/department prereq course that repeats each semester and that you teach often. Large lecture (100+ students), meets 1x/week, lecture + weekly discussion format, face-to-face with hybrid elements (online office hours, flipped lectures, student project creation in a LMS, etc.).
Challenges: Discourse (primary) and Participation (secondary)
- Participation: Generating enough participation
- Discourse: Too informal (or too formal) level of discourse
- Critical Thinking: Encouraging critical thinking: synthesizing information and creating connections to other students’ comments
- Community Building: Building community and an online “comfort” level
Option 2: More time investment
- Take one of the 4 instructional scenarios listed above and imagine what a typical class discussion might entail. How might you integrate online discussions into a course like this? Use your chosen instructional scenario as a template, and redesign one class period in order to accommodate an online discussion component.
- Create a lesson plan of your own for your specific course that integrates online discussions. This can be a lesson plan for one day, for one week, or (if you have time and a vision for how this might work) for an entire online discussion semester-long component. | <urn:uuid:3564f64f-febd-46ba-a385-4c1c379f506e> | {
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Results 1-3 of 87
Roman emperor (AD 98–117), extended the boundaries of the empire to the east,
undertook a vast building program, and enlarged social welfare. Abstract of text
biography. Serving with the Roman legions in Syria, Spain, and Upper Germany
treaties and allies, Roman 104 stract. The results included many conservative
views of landscape and industry and reconstructions of local historical events.
Among the major artists to receive commissions were George Biddle, Peter
9, 378), Eastern Roman emperor from 364 to 378. He was the younger brother of
Valentinian I, who assumed the throne upon the death of the emperor Jovian (
Feb. 17, 364). On March 28, 364, Valentinian appointed Valens to be coemperor.
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This is the 198215th Edition, in two halves, with the Macropaedia and the Micropaedia. First published in 1768, the publisher is the oldest English-language encyclopedia still in print. Two Scottish ... Read full review | <urn:uuid:2aceb141-7160-47cc-9cd7-c9d037796566> | {
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On the grounds of the Monroe County General Hospital in East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, a single bronze plaque pays tribute to two Daniel Brodheads. The one was the "founder of (Dansbury) East Stroudsburg", settling on a 650 acre manor in this vicinity. The other was his son "General Daniel Brodhead of Revolutionary fame". When the elder Daniel Brodhead and his wife Hester brought their family to this area in 1738 from Ulster County, New York, little Daniel was not quite two years old. Brothers John, Charles, and Garret were with them. Brother Luke and sister Ann were born to the family later. The Brodheads invited Moravian missionaries to establish a station here. Other settlers soon made their homes nearby. The elder Daniel died in July 1755 in Bethlehem where he had gone for medical attention. His body was interred in the Moravian cemetery there. In December of that year, nineteen-year-old Daniel helped his family and neighbors to defend their homes against an attack by the Delaware Indians under Chief Teedyuscung.
In 1775, when Americans were taking up arms in behalf of their self-government and eventual independence from the British empire, Daniel, Garret, and Luke were among the earliest volunteers for military service. All three sustained wounds and suffered many hardships; but it was Daniel who earned a place of distinction in the Revolutionary War.
Daniel Brodhead and his wife Elizabeth Depue had moved from their Dansbury community to Berks County in 1770. There Daniel operated a grist mill and accepted an appointment as deputy-surveyor for the colony of Pennsylvania. The British Coercive Acts of 1774 aroused Daniel Brodhead's indignation. Because the Boston Port Act crippled the economic life of Boston, Paul Revere traveled to Philadelphia to seek sympathy and assistance.
Philadelphia leaders formed a committee of correspondence to circularize all Pennsylvanians in behalf of the Bostonians. This committee called upon each county to send delegates to a protest congress in Philadelphia in July, 1774. Daniel Brodhead was on the Berks County delegation; and was appointed to the convention committee for drawing up a set of instructions to the Pennsylvania colonial legislature. On that committee with Brodhead were other young men destined to be among the Founding Fathers of the new nation - John Dickinson, Joseph Reed, and James Wilson.
In July, 1776, the new state legislature approved a conmission of lieutenant colonel for Daniel Brodhead with authorization to raise a rifle company. Thus began a military career that was to test the patriotism and character of Daniel Brodhead. He rose in rank and responsibility over the ensuing seven years of war. He endured the trials of leadership until an independent United States of America was assured.
Daniel Brodhead's first military assignment took him to Marcus Hook on the banks of the Delaware River below Philadelphia. There he supported Pennsylvania's river fleet in turning back two British ships sailing towards Philadelphia. Brodhead's outfit then hurried across New Jersey to join General George Washington's forces attempting to protect New York city from British landing operations. Brodhead fought in the battle of Long Island; and took charge of the battalion when its leader, Samuel Miles, was captured by the British.
The Pennsylvania Council of Safety, directing the Pennsylvania forces, took note of Brodhead's responsible leadership under fire and recommended a salary increase as well as an official appointment to the command of the 4th Battalion. The legislature approved both recommendations.
The Continental Army's 8th Pennsylvania Regiment with which Daniel Brodhead was to be associated throughout most of the war was being organized while he was in New Jersey and New York. The Continental Congress originally authorized this regiment for the defense of the western frontier. It was recruited in western Pennsylvania; but was rushed to the New York area in the winter of 1776-1777. When Colonel Aeneas Mackey, commander of the Regiment died soon after arriving in New Jersey, Daniel Brodhead was designated his successor. The 8th Pennsylvania Regiment stayed in the East for a year, including a winter of hardships at Valley Forge where a plaque now honors Brodhead as its commander.
Working closely with General Washington throughout 1777, Colonel Brodhead carried out frequent assignments as a court-martial chairman; and led his regiment to the defense of Philadelphia. The 8th Regiment belonged to the Second Brigade commanded by General Anthony Wayne; and suffered through the fighting at Brandywine, Paoli, and Germantown. Out of respect to Brodhead's service, Washington recommended his promotion from lieutenant colonel to full colonel; and Congress approved.
In June, 1778, Colonel Daniel Brodhead was ordered to lead the 8th Pennsylvania Regiment across the mountains to Fort Pitt for service on the frontier. Their ultimate objective was the destruction of the British posts at Detroit and Niagara. Their immediate function was to protect the frontiersmen from Indian forays. At this time General Lachlan McIntosh was replacing General Edward Hand as the Fort Pitt commandant. Enroute to the west, the 8th Regiment responded to a call from settlers in the upper Susquehanna Valley in the vicinity of Muncy, Nescopek, and Penn's Valley, to disperse rampaging Indians. After a month of this diversionary activity, the Regiment regrouped at Carlisle on August 13 and arrived at Fort Pitt on September 10.
Colonel Brodhead joined General McIntosh in starting the advance towards Detroit. They built a fort at the mouth of the Beaver River on the Ohio, naming it Fort McIntosh. Farther on, they erected Fort Laurens on the Tuscarawas River in present day Ohio. Stopping for the winter, Brodhead was stationed at Fort McIntosh. Before the winter's end, General McIntosh resigned his command at Fort Pitt; and Washington named Colonel Brodhead to succeed him.
"Reducing Detroit" was to have top priority in Brodhead's plans. With General Washington's encouragement and advice, he carried on an extensive intelligence campaign to get an accurate picture of Detroit. Indian relations took up much of his time, testing his diplomatic skill and his military strategy. Brodhead hoped to secure the frontier and prepare the way for a safe march against Detroit by cultivating the goodwill of the Delawares and by enlisting the cooperation of the Moravian missionaries in the Ohio Country. In August, 1779, Brodhead led a punitive expedition into the hostile Seneca country of northwestern Pennsylvania. It paralleled General John Sullivan's campaign in north-central Pennsylvania. In October Congress passed a resolution of thanks "to Colonel Daniel Brodhead and the brave officers and soldiers under his command for executing the important expedition against the Mingo and Muncy Indians."
There were never enough supplies nor armed men available to Colonel Brodhead to risk the 300-mile march through the wilderness to Detroit. Imperatives of the war effort in the East and the South prevented Washington and the Board of War from providing more than a minimum of security on the frontier. Meanwhile, the state of Virginia under Governor Thomas Jefferson decided to prepare their own expedition against Detroit. Colonel George Rogers Clark would command it. Jcfferson begged Washington to support Clark with a measure of Brodhead's supplies and manpower. Washington instructed Brodhead to use his own judgment about sharing his resources with George Rodgers Clark. The security of his own position had to be maintained. The Clark expedition foundered on the Ohio River. Daniel Brodhead was recalled from Fort Pitt before he could launch his own campaign against the British posts.
General Washington removed Colonel Brodhead from his command in September, 1781, pending an investigation into a subordinate's charges of malfeasance and misfeasance of his office. A court-martial trial in Philadelphia in February, 1782, acquitted Colonel Brodhead of all eight formal charges. Washington had already reassigned Brodhead to the I st Pennsylvania Regiment. Shortly thereafter, Brodhead was promoted to the brevet rank of brigadier-general. His military service ended when his regiment was disbanded in 1783.
Colonel Brodhead had seen very little of his family during the war. A son, Daniel, saw military service until captured by the British. After release, he entered business in Philadelphia. A daughter, Ann Garton, married Casper Heiner of Reading in 1779. At the war's end, Brodhead returned to Berks County. In 1787 he was among the five Berks county representatives elected to the state legislature for a two-year term.
Daniel Brodhead was a responsible member of the General Assembly's important Ways and Means Committee. He also served on the Committee on Accounts and several ad hoc committees. Brodhead's legislative voting record exhibited a quality of progressivism in his hopes for the future of Pennsylvania and the new nation. He supported measures for the self-government of the University of Pennsylvania; and voted to liberalize the penal laws and the regulations on theatres; and was interested in public assistance to the poor.
Daniel Brodhead attained his highest civil position in 1789 when the State Executive Council elected him surveyor-general. He took charge of the Pennsylvania Land Office on the threshold of a decade of unparalleled activity. Thomas Mifflin, elected Governor of Pennsylvania under the new constitution of 1790 (and reelected in 1793 and 1796), continued Daniel Brodhead in this high position. When Thomas McKean won the governorship in 1799 he made room for many of his own appointees by asking the incumbents to resign. Brodhead left office in the spring of 1800.
In administering the public lands, Surveyor-General Daniel Brodhead had to carry out the laws affecting land grants to war veterans, the survey of lands relinquished by Indians, and regulations affecting land company speculation. The fee system by which deputy surveyors worked, the interests of state legislators, and the pressures from public figures in the land companies, exposed the Surveyor-General to charges of personal favoritism and an undisciplined staff. When Brodhead and Comptroller-General John Nicholson indulged in extensive land purchases for speculative purposes, they became the subjects of legislative investigation.
Neither office space nor clerical help kept pace with the Land Office business. Critics blamed Daniel Brodhead for shoddy administrative practices and the related delays and disorders in the keeping of land records. Governor Mifflin repeatedly requested legislative appropriation increases.
Throughout the 1790's Daniel Brodhead resided
in Philadelphia where he mingled with the top echelons of state
and national government (the national capital was located in Philadelphia
in the 1790's). In 1788, following the death of his wife, Daniel
Brodhead married Rebecca Mifflin, widow of Samuel Mifflin. Samuel's
brother Thomas was soon to be elected governor of Pennsylvania.
Upon resigning his surveyor-general office in 1800, the Brodheads
retired to Milford, Pennsylvania. He died there in the summer
of 1809. His grave has not been identified; but the citizens of
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Explain why the intensity of light from the Cepheid variable changes?
1 Answer | Add Yours
In a manner of speaking, virtually all stars are variable; their values change throughout their lives according to the patterns and influences of their components and environments. The Sun, for example, has a variable magnetic field that operates on an 11-year cycle. However, most variables that we refer to as such are those which vary in brightness, as seen from Earth, in a regular pattern. Cepheid variables, specifically, have a few key qualities;
- They are more massive than the sun
- Their brightness varies according to a predictable schedule from about 1 to 50 days
- They have a significant difference between their brightest and dimmest phases
- They are giants or supergiants who have exhausted the majority of their hydrogen fuel
The exact mechanism for the variation of light is, in principle, fairly simple, but requires a more in-depth understanding of stellar evolution in order to understand it completely. As you probably know, stars convert hydrogen into helium during their main phase. When a significant amount of the hydrogen has been fused, the stars enter the later phases of their lives, and begin to fuse the helium into heavier elements. Fusion itself is not simply a matter of the star being hot enough; the pressure and density of the compressed gasses are inversely related to the temperature. Consider the perfect gas equation PV = nRT: as pressure or volume increase, temperature decreases. If a star heats up, we would expect its volume to increase, and if it cools, it should contract (per the perfect gas law). However, the perfect gas law does not account for gravity; all of that gas is constantly subjected to the contracting force of gravity.
The properties of the elements that compose the star can also alter its physical appearance. Hydrogen atoms are not particularly opaque, but helium ions are; the proposed explanation for Cepheid variables lies in this fact, according to a principle called the Kappa mechanism (see reference below). Per this mechanism, the helium ions in the outer layers of these degenerate stars are opaque, and thus they absorb a significant amount of the energy from the star, making them even more opaque. This forms a sort of "radiation dam" which artificially dims the star. However, the increasing energy causes an increase in pressure, which eventually forces its way past the dam, causing the star to expand, and brighten. Eventually, built-up energy dissapates, and the gravitational forces take over, condensing and dimming the star again.
This sudden expansion and gradual contraction is born out in the "shark-fin" luminosity graphs of Cepheids; they depict a sharp spike in luminosity corresponding to the "dam" breaking, and a gradual decrease corresponding to the gravitational contraction.
Join to answer this question
Join a community of thousands of dedicated teachers and students.Join eNotes | <urn:uuid:6949a878-442f-4d1a-a8ed-11d92a7f4d0c> | {
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Published on February 8, 2013 by Carol
Two-hundred and thirty-two years ago, on August 31, 1778, British troops killed 40 Indians in the Bronx in what became known as the Stockbridge Indian Massacre during the American Revolution.
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When the revolution began, members of the Stockbridge Indian tribe met at the Red Lion Inn in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, to pledge their loyalty to the Americans, stating “Wherever your armies go, there will we go; you shall always find us by your side. Nor shall peace ever be made between our nation and the Redcoats until our brothers the white people lead the way.”
They formed a militia that served in the siege of Boston and the capture of Fort Ticonderoga in 1775. Then, the militia disbanded, with some Indians returning home and others serving as scouts.
In 1777, a new Stockbridge Militia was formed from the 8th Massachusetts Regiment and other units under the command of Major General Horatio Gates. The loosely organized militia was led by Jehoiaikim Mtohksin and became part of the Continental Army.
Abraham Nimham, son of Daniel Nimham, a Wappinger sachem who moved his people to Stockbridge during the French and Indian War, was second-in-command. By 1778, they served in many campaigns, from the Battle of Saratoga to the Battle of Monmouth.
In July 1778, a group of Stockbridge Indians under Daniel Nimham joined the American army at White Plains, N.Y. Abraham Nimham, seeking to fight alongside his father, asked that all the Stockbridge Indians from several units be allowed to serve together.
In August, the Stockbridge Militia was stationed at an outpost in what is now Yonkers, N.Y. Their enemy were the Queen’s Rangers, an outgrowth of Rogers’ Rangers, in which many Stockbridge Indians served during the French and Indian War.
The scene of the action was Van Cortlandt Manor, a large estate between Broadway and the Bronx River. Midway between the river and the manor house was Mile Square Road, connecting the Albany Post Road with the hamlet of Mile Square in Westchester County.
On August 31, about 40 Indians, including Abraham Nimham, his father Daniel, and 12 other Stockbridge natives, were killed in an ambush by the Rangers in the area that is now Van Cortlandt Park in the Bronx.
The American forces were outnumbered nearly five to one. During the action, Daniel Nimham wounded a British officer. With enemy troops at the front and rear, the old chief called out to his men to retreat, but then shouted “I am old and can die here.”
The Indians fled through the fields, where they were chased down. Overwhelmed, they refused to surrender and fought fiercely, leaping onto horses and dragging off the riders. They used their knives and tomahawks because there was no time to reload their muskets.
The British soldiers called out for the fugitives to surrender, promising them their lives. Three Indians gave themselves up, but the British killed them. The site of this atrocity is known as Indian Bridge.
The British reported a total of 40 Indians and a small number of rebel soldiers killed or wounded, and 10 prisoners taken. Four British soldiers were killed and three wounded. The two Nimhams were dead, as were 12 more young Stockbridge braves from their mission village.
British Lieutenant Colonel John Graves Simcoe led the attack and, though he was wounded, the skirmish was a victory for the Redcoats. The bodies of the Indians were left on the battlefield. When local residents discovered the corpses scavenged by dogs, they buried them in a mass grave.
After the massacre, Hessian Captain Johann Von Ewald described the Indian casualties: “Their costume was a shirt of coarse linen down to the knees, long trousers also of linen down to the feet, on which they wore shoes of deerskin, and the head was covered with a hat made of bast.
“Their weapons were a rifle or musket, a quiver with some twenty arrows, and a short battle-axe, which they know how to throw very skillfully. Through the nose and in the ears they wore rings, and on their heads only the hair of the crown remained standing in a circle the size of a dollar-piece, the remainder being shaved off bare. They pull out with pincers all the hairs of the beard, as well as those on all other parts of the body.”
This battle, known as the Battle of Kingsbridge, was the last of the war for the Stockbridge Militia because their casualties represented a significant loss to the tribe. Most of the survivors settled in Oneida County, N.Y., and later moved to Wisconsin, forming the Stockbridge-Munsee tribe.
When they asked to return home to help the families of the dead, the Stockbridge Militia was paid $1,000 for its service and discharged by the order of General George Washington in September 1778. | <urn:uuid:9b9926e9-f122-45fe-a86d-c392b66bdeb0> | {
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Saints Barsanuphius the Great and John the Prophet lived during the sixth century during the reign of the emperor Justinian I (483-565). They lived in asceticism at the monastery of Abba Seridus in Palestine, near the city of Gaza.
St John, a disciple of St Barsanuphius, lived in a cell outside the monastery of Abba Seridus for eighteen years until his death. St John imitated his teacher in silence, ascetic deeds and in virtue. Because of his gift of clairvoyance, he was known as “the Prophet.”
There are manuscript accounts about the life, the deeds and talents of Sts Barsanuphius and John. During the lifetime of St Paisius Velichkovsky (November 15), they were translated into the Moldavian and Slavonic languages. The publication of these manuscripts, and also their translation into the Russian language, was done in the nineteenth century by the Elders of Optina’s Entry of the Theotokos Monastery.
The precepts of Sts Barsanuphius and John clearly show the degree of their moral perfection, and their love for people, but contain scant facts about their lives.
After spending a long time in seclusion, St Barsanuphius thereafter and until the death of St John the Prophet began to serve others by instructing them on the path to salvation, as Abba Dorotheus (June 5) testifies. St Barsanuphius replied to questioners through St John, sometimes instructing him to give the answers, or even through Abba Seridus (August 13), who wrote down the saint’s answers.
In the answers of Sts Barsanuphius and John the Prophet, who were guides in the spiritual life not only for their contemporaries, but also for succeeding generations, it is clearly possible to see the monks’ gradual spiritual ascent “from strength to strength.”
We do not know when St Barsanuphius arrived at the monastery of Abba Seridus, nor anything about the home and family of St John the Prophet. Following the instructions of St Barsanuphius, John attained the heights of perfection, and became like his teacher in all things. Out of humility, he sent those who came to him with questions to Abba Barsanuphius.
St John foresaw and predicted many things, even his own death a week after the death of Abba Seridus. Abba Elian, the young igumen of this monastery, begged John to remain with him for two more weeks, in order to teach him the Rule and how to govern the monastery. St John fulfilled his request and died after two weeks.
St Barsanuphius the Great survived his disciple and friend, but embraced complete silence and refused to give answers to anyone. These two ascetics have left the soul-profiting book, GUIDANCE TOWARD SPIRITUAL LIFE: ANSWERS TO THE QUESTIONS OF DISCIPLES by the Holy Monastic Fathers Barsanuphius and John as their spiritual legacy. This book was known to many saints who lived at a later time, as evidenced by the wrings of St Theodore the Studite (November 11 and January 26), the hieromonk Nikon Chernogorets (+ 1060), St Simeon the New Theologian (March 12), and other Orthodox ascetics and writers. | <urn:uuid:68ba8cfa-fcce-4165-a7f4-388e192dcab1> | {
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Research: Widespread, multiple-day rainfall events and their predictability
Flooding can occur on multiple scales when heavy rains affect large areas over a long period of time. Several notable examples occurred in recent years: the summer floods in 2007 in the Southern Plains; the devastating floods in Minnesota and Wisconsin in August 2007; the summer 2008 Mississippi Valley floods; and several of the 2008 hurricanes. Along with Dr. Chris Davis at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Dr. Schumacher analyzed the climatology of such widespread, multiple-day rainfall events, and examined the skill and uncertainty in ensemble forecasts of these events.
This work was recently published in Weather and Forecasting. Additionally, former graduate student Samantha Lynch published an analysis of the sensitivity of rainfall predictions in the May 2010 Nashville, Tennessee flood to different factors in a global ensemble.
Refereed publications on this subject
- Schumacher, R. S., and C. A. Davis, 2010: Ensemble-based forecast uncertainty analysis of diverse heavy rain events. Weather and Forecasting, 25,1103-1122.
- Schumacher, R.S., 2011: Ensemble-based analysis of factors leading to the development of a multi-day warm-season heavy rain event. Monthly Weather Review, 139, 3016-3035.
- Lynch, S.L., and R.S. Schumacher, 2014: Ensemble-based Analysis of the May 2010 Extreme Rainfall in Tennessee and Kentucky. Monthly Weather Review, 142, 222-239.
This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. AGS-0954908. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. | <urn:uuid:d5911ca3-0a3b-4468-b53c-c39c4cb041a7> | {
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Through the normal course of business, companies acquire inventory on credit, which they in turn use to create products. These products are then sold, oftentimes on credit. These actions generate accounts payable and accounts receivable, with no cash exchanged until the company collects accounts receivable and settles the accounts payable.
The cash conversion cycle (abbreviated as CCC & also called Operating Cycle) is the length of time between a firm's purchase of inventory and the receipt of cash from accounts receivable. It is the time required for a business to turn purchases into cash receipts from customers. It represents the number of days a firm's cash remains tied up within the operations of the business. A cash flow analysis using cash conversion cycle also reveals in, an overall manner, how efficiently the company is managing its working capital. In other words, the cash conversion cycle reflects the length of time it takes a company to sell inventory, collect receivables and pay its bills. As a rule, the lower the number, the better. This is because, as the cash conversion cycle shortens, cash becomes free for a company to invest in new equipment or infrastructure or other activities to boost investment return. However, shortening the CCC creates its own risks: while a firm could even achieve a negative CCC by collecting from customers before paying suppliers, a policy of strict collections and tax payments is not always sustainable.
Cash Conversion Cycle can be calculated as:
CCC = DSO + DIO - DPO
DSO = Days sales outstanding
DIO = Days inventory outstanding
DPO = Days payable outstanding
The aim of studying cash conversion cycle and its calculation is to change the policies relating to credit purchase and credit sales. The standard of payment of credit purchase or getting cash from debtors can be changed on the basis of reports of cash conversion cycle. If it tells good cash liquidity position, past credit policies can be maintained. Its aim is also to study cash flow of business. It is a combination of several activity ratios involving accounts receivable, accounts payable and inventory turnover. AR and inventory are short-term assets, while AP is a liability; all of these ratios are found on the balance sheet. In essence, the ratios indicate how efficiently management is using short-term assets and liabilities to generate cash, especially if it is calculated for several consecutive time periods and for several competitors. This allows an investor to gauge the company's overall health. | <urn:uuid:4996c913-2622-41c8-ac49-97b749fe832b> | {
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WUWT readers may recall that I wrote about this experiment being performed at Oak Ridge national Laboratory to test the issues related to station siting that I have long written about.
NOAA’s ‘Janus moment’ – while claiming ‘The American public can be confident in NOAA’s long-standing surface temperature record’, they fund an experiment to investigate the effects of station siting and heat sinks/sources on temperature data
This effort promises to be greatly useful to understanding climate quality temperature measurements and how they can be influenced by the station site environment.
From the USCRN Annual Report: http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/uscrn/publications/annual_reports/FY11_USCRN_Annual_Report.pdf
Texas State Climatologist John Nielsen-Gammon writes about the the first results of this experiment presented at the recent AMS meeting in Austin, TX. The early results confirm what we have learned from the Surface Stations project. Nighttime temperatures are affected the most.
Two talks that caught my eye were on the land surface temperature record. They attacked the problem of land surface temperature accuracy in two completely different, but complementary ways.
One, by John Kochendorfer of NOAA at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, is a direct test of the importance of siting. They’ve installed four temperature sensors at varying distances across a field from the laboratory complex. The experiment has only been running since October, but already they’ve found out a couple of interesting things. First, the nighttime temperatures are indeed higher closer to the laboratory. Second, this is true whether the wind is blowing toward or away from the laboratory.
It’ll take a lot more data to sort out the various temperature effects. One way the buildings might affect the nighttime temperature even when the sensor is upwind of the buildings is infrared radiation: the heated buildings emit radiation that’s stronger than what would be emitted by the open sky or nearby hills.
Biases Associated with Air Temperature Measurements near Roadways and Buildings
Wednesday, 9 January 2013: 9:15 AM Room 15 (Austin Convention Center)
John Kochendorfer, NOAA, Oak Ridge, TN; and C. B. Baker, E. J. Dumas Jr., D. L. Senn, M. Heuer, M. E. Hall, and T. P. Meyers
Proximity to buildings and paved surfaces can affect the measured air temperature. When buildings and roadways are constructed near an existing meteorological site, this can affect the long-term temperature trend. Homogenization of the national temperature records is required to account for the effects of urbanization and changes in sensor technology. Homogenization is largely based on statistical techniques, however, and contributes to uncertainty in the measured U.S. surface-temperature record. To provide some physical basis for the ongoing controversy focused on the U.S. surface temperature record, an experiment is being performed to evaluate the effects of artificial heat sources such as buildings and parking lots on air temperature. Air temperature measurements within a grassy field, located at varying distances from artificial heat sources at the edge of the field, are being recorded using both the NOAA US Climate Reference Network methodology and the National Weather Service Maximum Minimum Temperature Sensor system. The effects of the roadways and buildings are quantified by comparing the air temperature measured close to the artificial heat sources to the air temperature measured well-within the grassy field, over 200 m downwind of the artificial heat sources.
Early results of what has been learned in the surface stations project can be seen here:
h/t to Dr. Roger Pielke Sr. | <urn:uuid:74f89809-6120-4ad7-8f40-a72de06a4ff2> | {
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bestasiandatingsites com - Egyptian sphinx carbon dating
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FROM ABOVE - Here's an aerial photo of the Sphinx and Temples showing the Sphinx (facing east), the Sphinx Temple just in front, the 'granite lined' Valley Temple (it used to have an open air court on top), the many tombs and offering temples to the south (left), the restored section of the causeway connecting it with the 2nd pyramid, the erosion on the west wall of the Sphinx enclosure, and a restored temple (angled to the Sphinx's left paw).
More than 4000 years ago, it is believed, masons quarried huge blocks from the limestone bedrock around and in front of the Sphinx.
The road was later used by the Romans and is believed to have been renovated by the Ptolemic Queen Cleopatra, who left her cartouche, an inscribed hieroglyphic.
Artifacts can be dated using different types of methods."Radiocarbon dating" is a well known method that determines the age of an artifact by using its carbon 14 content. A scientist measures how much carbon 14 there is in a specimen and compares that to the same specimen but to one that is alive.
Egyptologists believe them to have been built by the 4th Dynasty Pharaoh Khafre. Flinders Petrie called it "Granite Lined" because some time after the walls were made of huge (monolithic) limestone blocks, builders added a layer of giant granite blocks inside and out.
The east facing front of the "Granite Lined Valley Temple" with the second pyramid in the background. Notice the two paved walkways extending due east from the two entrances to the temple.
The sphinxes were inscribed with the name Nectabo I, the founder of the last Pharaonic dynasty who died in 362 BC. "This discovery marks the first time that archaeology has revealed this route, which is mentioned in many ancient texts," the statement said.
The expedition had already unearthed much of the Kabash path, also known as Sphinx Alley, which was built by the prodigiously wealthy Pharaoh Amenhotep III, who ruled about 3,400 years ago, to connect the vast Karnak temple in ancient Thebes to the Luxor Temple.
Typology in archaeology is the result of classification based on physical characteristics such as the material, colour and size. | <urn:uuid:c060ce91-cfe6-4365-8b9f-26c28ec24e75> | {
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Abstract This paper develops a simple method of predicting sediment removal during snowmelt and flashfloods in Alkali Creek watershed, western Colorado. The method links successful runoff simulations to field-monitored sediment relationships to predict site yield. The yield data are differenced to derive an index of “scour and fill”, from which it is possible to infer the patterns of erosion and deposition that the stimulated events might produce across the watershed. Site sediment yield patterns produced suggest that even for a basin with this south-facing orientation, the summer storms are geomorphologically ineffective when compared to the amount of sediment transport potentially associated with the melt flows from a stimulated snowpack. Predicted patterns of “scour and fill” are spatially and temporally variable, and are dependent on sediment supply laterally to the network. Scour is extensive at tributary junctions, explaining the overall network concavity. These patterns conform generally with monitored channel change in the network over a 13 year period, and can be contrasted with patterns of sediment yield documented for other climatic types. It is concluded that in this alpine semi-arid environment, the sediment-rich debris removal associated with the decay of a considerable snowpack in the spring months is the most important geomorphic process, and that tributary junctions appear likely to be the most active sites of change. Implications for threshold behaviour in these environments are also explored. | <urn:uuid:c15d423a-402a-411b-9a5a-757ee6c1c485> | {
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A photo taken at an elevation of 6000′ near the lesser peak of Jabal Maqla, about 5.5 miles SSE of the peak of Jabal al Lawz. The black rock is ancient Precambrian volcanic basalt. The light rock in the foreground is white marble, which was quarried from this spot in antiquity. The rock below these strata is the ambient salmon-colored granite (author’s photo).
Posted in Uncategorized
Tagged basalt, burnt rock, Cornuke, geology, granite, horeb, jabal al lawz, jabal al maqla, Jabal Lawz, Jabal Maqla, Jebel Lawz, Jebel Makla, lava, lawz, marble, Midian, Mount Sinai, Saudi Arabia, volcanic, volcanics | <urn:uuid:755e0757-31bb-47a9-b172-742a110b307e> | {
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Names of God Devotion
By Leah Adams
In the Hebrew language, the words sanctify, set apart, and holy are derived from the word qadash. We find this root word used in the name that we will study in this Devotion for our heavenly Father, Jehovah-mekoddishkem.
In Exodus 31: 12-13, 16-17, God instructs the children of Israel concerning the Sabbath day and the significance of sanctifying or setting apart a day of rest and worship.
Then the Lord said to Moses, "Say to the Israelites, 'You must observe my Sabbaths. This will be a sign between me and you for the generations to come, so you may know that I am the Lord, who makes you holy. The Israelites are to observe the Sabbath, celebrating it for the generations to come as a lasting covenant. It will be a sign between me and the Israelites forever, for in six days the Lord made the heavens and the earth, and on the seventh day he abstained from work and rested.'" (NIV)
In this passage we discover the Lord sanctifying or setting apart, not only a day, but the Israelites themselves as His very own people by instructing them to observe the Sabbath. Notice in verse 17 that the covenant was between the Lord and the Israelites forever. God was telling them that they were His people, a set-apart people, a holy people. They were to look different and act differently from all the other peoples of the land.
Repeatedly in the New Testament we are told that the blood of Jesus sanctifies us and sets us apart. Because of Jesus’ blood that was shed on the cross for you and me, we are to look and act different, even peculiar, from the those who do not call themselves Christians.
How should we, with the help of Jehovah- mekoddishkem, look differently than those who are not Christians? Consider a few suggestions for a set-apart life:
- Observe a Sabbath. This means more than simply going to church. It means taking time to rest, reflect on the Lord and worship Him.
- Offer a simple prayer of thanks before meals.
- Listen to music that encourages you in your Christian walk.
- Choose your close friends carefully. Are they encouraging you and holding you accountable in your walk with Christ?
- Be very selective regarding television programs and movies that you watch. You may feel that you can ‘handle’ foul language or adult content, but why take that chance. Remember the children’s song that says, ‘be careful little eyes what you see, be careful little ears what you hear’?
- Make certain that the words that come out of your mouth are acceptable to God. Turn Psalm 19: 14 (NIV) into your personal prayer: “May the words of my mouth and the meditation of my heart be pleasing in your sight, O LORD, my Rock and my Redeemer.”
- Dress with discretion. Less is not more when it comes to clothing.
- Be very careful not to place yourself in compromising or questionable situations. Shun the very appearance of evil!
- Keep your tongue free from gossip and backbiting.
- Tell the truth. Speak it in love, but tell the truth.
- Be trustworthy and reliable.
- Spend time each day talking to the Lord and reading His Word. He desires to direct and guide your life, but we have to listen and obey.
God is not interested in you and me looking like everyone else in the world. He expects us to look, sound, and act differently than those who are not Christians. He expects us to be a sanctified or ‘set apart’ people.
So, I ask you….in what way do you look different or peculiar because of Jesus living within you? When the unbelieving world cruises around your life, do they consider you to be odd or peculiar because you are allowing Jehovah-mekoddishkem to sanctify you through and through or do they wonder what the big deal is about being a Christian because you look no different than anyone else?
God desires to sanctify us, to set us apart, but He requires our cooperation. We must make the choice to live a sanctified life. Are you making that choice?
Can God change your life?
God has made it possible for you to know Him and experience an amazing change in your own life.
Discover how you can find peace with God.
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Speaker and author Leah Adams is founder of The Point Ministries. Her passion is for others to understand the grace and second chances offered by Jesus to all who ask. She is a CLASS certified speaker and the author of From the Trash Pile to the Treasure Chest: Creating a Godly Legacy Bible study. Leah is a regular contributor at CBN.com and Internet Café Devotions. She and her husband, Greg, live in northern Georgia.
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Get spiritual refreshment in your daily e-mail with devotional stories that stir you heart and help you navigate life's challenges with biblical guidance. | <urn:uuid:20a4a808-cd5c-4ce5-b118-526dcd41c9ed> | {
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"Monks, be islands unto yourselves, be your own refuge, having no other; let the Dhamma be an island and a refuge to you, having no other. Those who are islands unto themselves... should investigate to the very heart of things: 'What is the source of sorrow, lamentation, pain, grief and despair? How do they arise?' [What is their origin?]
"Here, monks, the uninstructed worldling [continued as in SN 22.7.] Change occurs in this man's body, and it becomes different. On account of this change and difference, sorrow, lamentation, pain, grief and despair arise. [Similarly with 'feelings,' 'perceptions,' 'mental formations,' 'consciousness'].
"But seeing the body's impermanence, its change-ability, its waning, its ceasing, he says 'formerly as now, all bodies were impermanent and unsatisfactory, and subject to change.' Thus, seeing this as it really is, with perfect insight, he abandons all sorrow, lamentation, pain, grief and despair. He is not worried at their abandonment, but unworried lives at ease, and thus living at ease he is said to be 'assuredly delivered.'" [Similarly with 'feelings,' 'perceptions,' 'mental formations,' 'consciousness'].
See also: DN 16. | <urn:uuid:8e612989-6cd8-44a0-aa1d-64bc1d492f8a> | {
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Scrabble word: NOSES
In which Scrabble dictionary does NOSES exist?
Definitions of NOSES in dictionaries:
- noun - the organ of smell and entrance to the respiratory tract
- noun - a front that resembles a human nose (especially the front of an aircraft)
- noun - the front or forward projection of a tool or weapon
- noun - a small distance
- noun - a symbol of inquisitiveness
- noun - the sense of smell (especially in animals)
- noun - a natural skill
- noun - a projecting spout from which a fluid is discharged
- verb - search or inquire in a meddlesome way
- verb - advance the forward part of with caution
- verb - catch the scent of
- verb - push or move with the nose
- verb - rub noses
- verb - defeat by a narrow margin
- verb - to sniff with the nose (the organ of smell)
There are 5 letters in NOSES: E N O S S
Scrabble words that can be created with an extra letter added to NOSES
All anagrams that could be made from letters of word NOSES plus a wildcard: NOSES?
Scrabble words that can be created with letters from word NOSES
Images for NOSES
SCRABBLE is the registered trademark of Hasbro and J.W. Spear & Sons Limited. Our scrabble word finder and scrabble cheat word builder is not associated with the Scrabble brand - we merely provide help for players of the official Scrabble game. All intellectual property rights to the game are owned by respective owners in the U.S.A and Canada and the rest of the world. Anagrammer.com is not affiliated with Scrabble. This site is an educational tool and resource for Scrabble & Words With Friends players. | <urn:uuid:a1af971c-867f-4784-b6e7-b180d8cd8322> | {
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